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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

Hard processes are known to provide us with valuable information about the quark and gluon structure of hadrons in terms of parton distributions and parton distribution amplitudes. The generalized parton distributions (GPDs) , entering the QCD description of the hard exclusive processes, interpolate, in a sense, between usual parton distribution, distribution amplitudes and elastic hadron form factors (for a review see e.g. ). GPDs are determined by the low energy physics, therefore their dependence on the quark mass, small momentum transfer, etc. can be studied with help of chiral perturbation theory (ChPT).

In the present paper we develop the ChPT for the simple case of the GPDs in the pion and two pion distribution amplitudes ($`2\pi `$DA). We present the results at the one loop level of the ChPT. In this way we compute the leading non-analytic corrections of the type $`p^2\mathrm{ln}(p^2)`$ (where $`p^2m_\pi ^2t`$) to GPDs. Such corrections are universal and allow us to get an insight into structure of the GPDs. Additionally the leading non-analytic chiral correction to GPDs can be immediately translated to corresponding correction for the exclusive hard processes such as $`\gamma ^{}\pi \gamma \pi `$, $`\gamma ^{}N2\pi N^{}`$, $`\gamma ^{}\gamma \pi \pi `$, etc. Such chiral corrections to the hard exclusive processes are computed in the present paper for the first time.

## 2 Chiral expansion for the light-cone matrix elements

In this section we discuss the matching of the light-cone quark-gluon operators to the operators in the effective field theory.

The generalized parton distributions (GPDs) and distributions amplitudes are defined as various matrix elements of the quark-gluon operators on the light cone. Let us introduce left and right twist-2 quark operators on the light cone:

$`O_{fg}^L(\lambda )=\overline{\psi }_g\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda n}{2}}\right)n/{\displaystyle \frac{1+\gamma _5}{2}}\psi _f\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda n}{2}}\right),`$
$`O_{fg}^R(\lambda )=\overline{\psi }_g\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda n}{2}}\right)n/{\displaystyle \frac{1\gamma _5}{2}}\psi _f\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda n}{2}}\right).`$ (1)
Here the vector $`n^\mu `$ is the light-cone vector $`n^2=0`$, $`f,g`$ stand for flavour indices. It is always assumed the colour gauge link along a straight line between the points $`\lambda n/2`$ and $`\lambda n/2`$. In the effective field theory the operators (2) are matched to the operators formulated in terms of effective degrees of freedom:

$`O^{L,R}(\lambda )=FO_{\mathrm{eff}}^{L,R}(\lambda ),`$ (2)
where $`O_{\mathrm{eff}}^{L,R}(\lambda )`$ is an effective hadronic operator with the same quantum numbers (but not necessarily with the same twist) as the quark operators (2) and $`F`$ is the generating function for the c-number coefficients which are input for effective field theory. In order to make sense out of decomposition (2) we need to have systematic power counting rules for construction of the hadronic operator $`O_{\mathrm{eff}}^{L,R}(\lambda )`$.

As usually we are going to use the Goldstone bosons of spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking as degrees of freedom for the construction of the effective operators. The standard power counting of the chiral perturbation theory (ChPT) uses the fact that the Goldstone bosons do not interact at zero momentum. Therefore on the level of this effective field theory, the expansion amounts to a derivative expansion of the effective Lagrangian  (see  for introduction to ChPT). The lowest order term reads:

$`_{eff}=_2+\mathrm{}={\displaystyle \frac{F_\pi ^2}{4}}_\mu U^\mu U^{}+\chi U^{}+\chi ^{}U+\mathrm{}`$ (3)
where the Goldstone boson fields $`U(x)=\mathrm{exp}(i\pi ^a(x)\tau ^a/F_\pi )`$, $`\chi =2B\mathrm{diag}(m_u,m_d)`$111We use standard notation for quark condensate $`\overline{\psi }\psi =F_\pi ^2B+O(p^2\mathrm{ln}p)`$ and dots denote higher order terms. We consider two flavour case and do not introduce external fields for brevity. The fields $`U,\chi `$ that occur in the effective Lagrangian are subject to the following chiral counting rules:

$`UO(p^0),_\mu UO(p^1),\chi O(p^2)`$ (4)
where $`p`$ is small momentum, i.e. small parameter of chiral expansion. From (4) one finds that the leading order effective Lagrangian (3) is of order $`p^2`$. We would like to emphasize, that locality together with condition $`UU^{}=1`$ plays important role in derivation of the chiral expansion .

On the other hand, the description of the many hadron hard reactions grounds on the QCD collinear factorization. In such approach the non-perturbative part associated with a soft physics is parametrized by the matrix elements of some non-local light-cone operators. These objects appear as natural constructing blocks and it is convenient to keep these operators non-local without transition to a series of the local operators. Such approach is useful in the higher energy phenomenology and we would like to follow this philosophy in the effective theory.

Therefore, to perform the matching (2) in terms of the effective fields the standard counting rules (4) should be slightly extended. The point is that although after the QCD factorization the soft part of the hard processes does not contain the hard momenta, it still “remembers” about them. In the operators (2) such “memory” is reflected by the dependence on the light-cone vector $`n^\mu `$ and we have to specify the chiral order of this parameter.

Let us mention that the light-cone decomposition of any four-vector $`V^\mu `$ reads:

$`V^\mu =V^+\stackrel{~}{n}^\mu +V^{}n^\mu +V_{}^\mu .`$ (5)
Here are $`n^\mu `$ and $`\stackrel{~}{n}^\mu `$ are light-cone vectors $`n^2=\stackrel{~}{n}^2=0`$ which we normalize as $`n\stackrel{~}{n}=1`$. These two vectors define two-dimensional plane, the perpendicular plane is called transverse plane. The vectors from the transverse plane $`V_{}^\mu `$ by definition satisfy $`nV_{}=\stackrel{~}{n}V_{}=0`$. The physical observables are obviously invariant under rescaling of the vector $`n`$, $`i.e.`$ under transformation $`n^\mu cn^\mu `$ where $`c`$ is an arbitrary nonzero constant. This invariance corresponds to the boost invariance of the physical observables. It is convenient to fix the normalization of the light-cone vector $`n^\mu `$ by condition like $`np=1`$ where $`p`$ is one of the small external momenta entering the soft part of the amplitude. Such condition implies that the light-cone vectors $`n^\mu O(1/p)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{n}^\mu O(p)`$, where $`p`$ assumed to be a generic soft momentum as in power counting (4).

To summarize, we have to construct the effective hadronic operator in eq. (2) using as building blocks chiral fields $`U(x)`$ and their derivatives with counting rules:

$`nU(x)O(p^0),\stackrel{~}{n}U(x)O(p^2),_{}U(x)O(p).`$ (6)
Using these building blocks one can derive that in effective field theory the operators (2) are matched to the operators in terms of Goldstone degrees of freedom with the same quantum numbers:

$`O_{fg}^L(\lambda )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{iF_\pi ^2}{4}}{\displaystyle _1^1}d\beta {\displaystyle _{1+|\beta |}^{1|\beta |}}d\alpha F(\beta ,\alpha )[U\left({\displaystyle \frac{\alpha +\beta }{2}}\lambda n\right)n\stackrel{}{}U^{}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\alpha \beta }{2}}\lambda n\right)]_{fg}+\mathrm{},`$
$`O_{fg}^R(\lambda )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{iF_\pi ^2}{4}}{\displaystyle _1^1}d\beta {\displaystyle _{1+|\beta |}^{1|\beta |}}d\alpha F(\beta ,\alpha )[U^{}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\alpha +\beta }{2}}\lambda n\right)n\stackrel{}{}U\left({\displaystyle \frac{\alpha \beta }{2}}\lambda n\right)]_{fg}+\mathrm{}`$ (7)
Here $`F(\beta ,\alpha )`$ is the generating function of the tower of low-energy constants and $`\stackrel{}{}`$ denotes $`\stackrel{}{}\stackrel{}{}`$. The low-energy constants are characteristics of the structure of the pion, they are not determined in the effective field theory. The ellipsis in eqs. (2) stands for operators which do not contribute to the one and two pion matrix elements of the operators $`O^{L,R}`$ or which are of higher orders in the chiral counting. Note that if one would consider the chiral corrections say for three pion distribution amplitudes one would need to add additional operators to eq. (2). In the next section we consider chiral expansion of some light-cone matrix elements at the leading order using formulae (2).

Let us note that for the gluon light-cone operators the construction of the corresponding effective operators is actually the same as for the singlet quark operators. The only difference that for gluon operators we have to introduce an independent generating function $`F_G(\beta ,\alpha )`$. We do not discuss the gluon distributions in the present paper because their discussion repeats almost word by word that for the singlet quarks distributions.

## 3 Light-cone matrix elements in the leading order of chiral expansion

In order to see the physical meaning of the generating function $`F(\beta ,\alpha )`$ in (2) we compute the GPDs of the pion and $`2\pi `$DAs in the leading order of chiral expansion. GPDs of the pion are defined as:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d\lambda }{2\pi }e^{i(nP)x\lambda }\pi ^b(p^{})|\mathrm{tr}\left[\widehat{T}O^{L+R}(\lambda )\right]|\pi ^a(p)}=\{\begin{array}{cc}2i\epsilon ^{abc}H^{I=1}(x,\xi ,t),\mathrm{for}\widehat{T}=\tau ^c& \\ 2\delta ^{ab}H^{I=0}(x,\xi ,t),\mathrm{for}\widehat{T}=1& \end{array}`$ (10)
Here we introduced the nonsinglet $`H^{I=1}`$ and singlet $`H^{I=0}`$ GPDs of the pion. In what follows we use the standard notations for kinematical variables: $`P=\frac{1}{2}(p+p^{})`$, $`\xi =\frac{n(p^{}p)}{n(p+p^{})}`$ and $`t=(p^{}p)^2`$. Now substituting the expressions for the light-cone operators in the effective theory (2) into the definition of GPDs (10) and computing the corresponding matrix elements at the tree level we obtain the following expressions for GPDs in the leading order of ChPT (denoted $`\stackrel{o}{H}`$):

$`\stackrel{o}{H^I}(x,\xi )={\displaystyle [d\alpha d\beta ]F^I(\beta ,\alpha )\left[\delta (x\xi \alpha \beta )(1I)\xi \delta (x\xi (\alpha +\beta ))\right]}.`$ (11)
Here we introduce the notations $`F^{1,0}(\alpha ,\beta )=\frac{1}{2}(F(\beta ,\alpha )\pm F(\beta ,\alpha ))`$ and $`[d\alpha d\beta ]`$ stands for the integration over the rombus $`|\alpha |+|\beta |1`$, see Fig. 1. In the first term of eq. (11) one recognizes immediately the double distribution representation for the GPD . The second term222which contributes only for the singlet GPD in eq. (11) corresponds to the D-term contribution  to the GPDs. Note that the D-term for the pion GPD is also fixed in terms of the double distribution due to the soft pion theorem of ref.

$`\stackrel{o}{H}{}_{}{}^{I=0}(x,\xi =\pm 1)=0.`$ (12)
From this simple exercise we learned that the generating function $`F(\beta ,\alpha )`$ for the low-energy chiral constants coincides in the leading order of ChPT with the double distribution for the pion in the chiral limit and at zero momentum transfer squared. This implies that the function $`F(\beta ,\alpha )`$ is related to the quark distributions in the pion in the chiral limit ($`m_\pi =0`$):

$`{\displaystyle _{1+|\beta |}^{1|\beta |}}𝑑\alpha F^{I=0}(\beta ,\alpha )={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left[\theta (\beta )\stackrel{o}{q}(\beta )\theta (\beta )\stackrel{o}{\overline{q}}(\beta )\right],`$ (13)
$`{\displaystyle _{1+|\beta |}^{1|\beta |}}𝑑\alpha F^{I=1}(\beta ,\alpha )=\theta (\beta )\stackrel{o}{q}(\beta )+\theta (\beta )\stackrel{o}{\overline{q}}(\beta ).`$ (14)
The first moment of these distributions is related to the forward matrix elements of the energy momentum tensor and vector current respectively. This gives:

$`{\displaystyle [d\alpha d\beta ]F^{I=0}(\beta ,\alpha )\beta }`$ $`=`$ $`M_2^Q`$ (15)
$`{\displaystyle [d\alpha d\beta ]F^{I=1}(\beta ,\alpha )}`$ $`=`$ $`1.`$ (16)
where we introduce notation for the fraction of the pion momentum carried by quarks and antiquarks $`M_2^Q=_0^1𝑑xx(q(x)+\overline{q}(x))`$. Using these equations and (11) one can easily obtain first moment for GPD $`H^{I=1,0}`$:

$`{\displaystyle _1^1}dxx\stackrel{o}{H}{}_{}{}^{I=0}(x,\xi )`$ $`=`$ $`(1\xi ^2)M_2^Q`$ (17)
$`{\displaystyle _1^1}dx\stackrel{o}{H}{}_{}{}^{I=1}(x,\xi )`$ $`=`$ $`1.`$ (18)
The interpretation of the generating functions $`F^I(\beta ,\alpha )`$ as DD’s means that these functions depend on the factorization scale $`\mu `$. The functional dependence from this parameter is described by the evolution equations . For the sake of simplicity we do not write this argument explicitly but imply it.

Because the matching of the operators (2) is universal, the same effective operators (2) can be used to define the pion and two-pion distribution amplitudes in the leading order of ChPT.

The pion DA is defined as:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d\lambda }{2\pi }e^{i(np)u\lambda }\pi ^a(p)|\mathrm{tr}\left[\tau ^bO^{LR}(\lambda )\right]|0}=i\delta ^{ab}F_\pi \varphi _\pi (u).`$ (19)
In the leading order of ChPT we obtain for the pion DA in the chiral limit (refereed to as $`\underset{\pi }{\overset{o}{\varphi }}`$):

$`\underset{\pi }{\overset{o}{\varphi }}(u)={\displaystyle [d\alpha d\beta ]F^{I=1}(\beta ,\alpha )\delta (u\alpha \beta )}.`$ (20)
Comparing this expression with eq. (11) we recover that

$`\underset{\pi }{\overset{o}{\varphi }}(u)=\pm \stackrel{o}{H}{}_{}{}^{I=1}(u,\xi =\pm 1).`$ (21)
This is again in an agreement with the soft pion theorem of ref. .

The two-pion DAs ($`2\pi `$DAs) are defined as:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d\lambda }{2\pi }e^{iu\lambda (n(p+p^{}))/2}\pi ^a(p)\pi ^b(p^{})|\mathrm{tr}\left[\widehat{T}O^{L+R}(\lambda )\right]|0}=\{\begin{array}{cc}i\epsilon ^{abc}\mathrm{\Phi }_{2\pi }^{I=1}(u,\eta ,m_{\pi \pi }),\mathrm{for}\widehat{T}=\tau ^c& \\ \delta ^{ab}\mathrm{\Phi }_{2\pi }^{I=0}(u,\eta ,m_{\pi \pi }),\mathrm{for}\widehat{T}=1& \end{array}`$ (24)
with the kinematical variables $`\eta =\frac{n(p^{}p)}{n(p+p^{})}`$ and $`m_{\pi \pi }^2=(p+p^{})^2>0`$. The leading ChPT order expression for $`2\pi `$DAs (referred to as $`\underset{2\pi }{\overset{o}{\mathrm{\Phi }}}`$) has the form:

$`\stackrel{o}{\mathrm{\Phi }}{}_{2\pi }{}^{I}(u,\eta )={\displaystyle }[d\alpha d\beta ]F^I(\beta ,\alpha )[\eta \delta (u\alpha \eta \beta )(1I)\delta (u\alpha \beta ))].`$ (25)
We see that the $`2\pi `$DAs are expressible in terms of the same double distribution. In Fig. 1 we illustrated how to obtain pion GPDs, D-term and pion and $`2\pi `$DAs from the double distribution $`F(\beta ,\alpha )`$. From eq. (15) we obtain

$`{\displaystyle _1^1}duu\stackrel{o}{\mathrm{\Phi }}{}_{2\pi }{}^{I=0}(u,\eta )`$ $`=`$ $`(1\eta ^2)M_2^Q`$ (26)
$`{\displaystyle _1^1}du\stackrel{o}{\mathrm{\Phi }}{}_{2\pi }{}^{I=1}(u,\eta )`$ $`=`$ $`1.`$ (27)
Again, using (25) and (20) one easily obtain soft pion theorems :

$`\stackrel{o}{\mathrm{\Phi }}{}_{2\pi }{}^{I=0}(u,\eta =\pm 1)`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (28)
$`\stackrel{o}{\mathrm{\Phi }}{}_{2\pi }{}^{I=1}(u,\eta =\pm 1)`$ $`=`$ $`\pm \underset{\pi }{\overset{o}{\varphi }}(u).`$ (29)
## 4 Leading non-analytic chiral corrections to GPDs and DAs

In what follows we consider the next-to-leading chiral corrections of the type $`p^2\mathrm{ln}(p^2)`$ with $`m_\pi ^2tm_{\pi \pi }^2p^2`$. These leading non-analytic contributions to the pion GPDs and DAs are universal in the sense that they are expressible completely in terms of the leading order generating function $`F(\beta ,\alpha )`$. The corresponding corrections are obtained computing the loop diagrams shown on Figs. 2,3. The divergencies contained in the one loop graphs can be removed by renormalization of the coupling constants which appear in the NLO of ChPT. Then loop contributions depends on the chiral renormalization scale $`\mu _\chi `$. A change in this scale however only adds a constants which will shift running couplings. Because we compute only the leading non-analytic terms the detailed discussion of this subject is outside of our consideration.

### 4.1 Generalized Parton Distributions

Computing diagrams on Fig.2 for the case of pion GPDs we obtain the following expressions for them with leading non-analytic corrections included:

$`H^{I=0}(x,\xi ,t)`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{o}{H}{}_{}{}^{I=0}(x,\xi )`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\theta [|x|\xi ]}{2(4\pi F_\pi )^2}}[m_\pi ^22t]{\displaystyle _1^1}d\eta \mathrm{ln}[m_\pi ^2(1\eta ^2){\displaystyle \frac{t}{4}}]\stackrel{o}{\mathrm{\Phi }}{}_{2\pi }{}^{I=0}({\displaystyle \frac{x}{\xi }},\eta )`$
$`H^{I=1}(x,\xi ,t)`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{o}{H}{}_{}{}^{I=1}(x,\xi )(1{\displaystyle \frac{m_\pi ^2\mathrm{ln}m_\pi ^2}{(4\pi F_\pi )^2}})`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\theta [|x|\xi ]}{2(4\pi F_\pi )^2\xi }}{\displaystyle _1^1}d\eta [m_\pi ^2(1\eta ^2){\displaystyle \frac{t}{4}}]\mathrm{ln}[m_\pi ^2(1\eta ^2){\displaystyle \frac{t}{4}}]{\displaystyle \frac{}{\eta }}\stackrel{o}{\mathrm{\Phi }}{}_{2\pi }{}^{I=1}({\displaystyle \frac{x}{\xi }},\eta ).`$
In both equations $`\stackrel{o}{H^I}`$ and $`\stackrel{o}{\mathrm{\Phi }}_{2\pi }^I`$ are the leading order expressions given by eq. (11) and eq. (25) correspondingly. For convenience we do not write explicitly the dependence on $`\mu _\chi `$ assuming it in all logarithms:

$`\mathrm{ln}\left[m_\pi ^2(1\eta ^2){\displaystyle \frac{t}{4}}\right]\mathrm{ln}\left[m_\pi ^2/\mu _\chi ^2\right]+\mathrm{ln}\left[1(1\eta ^2){\displaystyle \frac{t}{4m_\pi ^2}}\right]`$ (32)
Nontrivial contributions with two pion DAs $`\stackrel{o}{\mathrm{\Phi }}_{2\pi }^I`$ originated from the diagram Fig. 2(b). Appearance of two pion DAs is a direct consequence of the presence of the two pion state in the $`t`$-channel. From eq. (4.1) and eq. (4.1) we see that in both cases the leading non-analytic in $`t`$ chiral corrections are nonzero only in the so-called ERBL-region $`|x|\xi `$. This shows that the $`t`$-dependence of GPDs can not be reduced to popular factorized ansatz $`H(x,\xi ,t)=H(x,\xi )F(t)`$.

At the points $`x=\pm \xi `$ chiral corrections nullifies (except trivial $`t`$-independent term in the isovector GPD), because it is expected that the two-pion distribution amplitudes nullify at the end points:

$`\stackrel{o}{\mathrm{\Phi }}{}_{2\pi }{}^{I}(u=\pm 1,\eta )=0.`$ (33)
Such behaviour at the points $`x=\pm \xi `$ is very important for validity of the factorization theorem in different hard exclusive reactions.

Let us mention that DD’s $`F^I(\beta ,\alpha )`$ depend on the factorization scale $`\mu `$. From physical point of view, the evolution in $`\mu `$ and computing chiral corrections are independent operations and hence must commute with each other. Using formulae (4.1) and (4.1) one can easily see that this property takes place. Consider, for simplicity, the leading logarithmic approximation for the evolution in factorisation scale $`\mu `$. To this accuracy one can construct multiplicatively renormalizable moments:

$`H_n^I(\xi ,t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _1^1}𝑑xH^I(x,\xi ,t)C_n^{3/2}(x/\xi )`$ (34)
$`\mathrm{\Phi }_n^I(\eta ,m_{\pi \pi })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _1^1}𝑑u\mathrm{\Phi }_{2\pi }^I(u,\eta ,m_{\pi \pi })C_n^{3/2}(u)`$ (35)
where $`C_n^{3/2}(u)`$ is a Gegenbauer polynomial. Their evolution is given by simple equations333We consider only isovector case I=1 for simplicity:

$`H_n^{I=1}(\xi ,t|\mu ^2)`$ $`=`$ $`L(\mu ,\mu _0)^{\gamma _n/\beta _0}H_n^{I=1}(\xi ,t|\mu _0^2)`$ (36)
$`\mathrm{\Phi }_n^{I=1}(\eta ,m_{\pi \pi }|\mu ^2)`$ $`=`$ $`L(\mu ,\mu _0)^{\gamma _n/\beta _0}\mathrm{\Phi }_n^{I=1}(\eta ,m_{\pi \pi }|\mu _0^2)`$ (37)
where $`L(\mu ,\mu _0)=\alpha (\mu ^2)/\alpha (\mu _0^2)`$, $`\gamma _n`$ and $`\beta _0`$ is leading order anomalous dimension and QCD $`\beta `$-function respectively.

Computing the Gegenbauer moments of eq. (4.1) we obtain:

$`H_{2n}^{I=1}(\xi ,t|\mu ^2)`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{o}{H}{}_{2n}{}^{I=1}(\xi |\mu ^2)(1{\displaystyle \frac{m_\pi ^2\mathrm{ln}m_\pi ^2}{(4\pi F_\pi )^2}})+`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2(4\pi F_\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _1^1}d\eta [m_\pi ^2(1\eta ^2){\displaystyle \frac{t}{4}}]\mathrm{ln}[m_\pi ^2(1\eta ^2){\displaystyle \frac{t}{4}}]{\displaystyle \frac{}{\eta }}\stackrel{o}{\mathrm{\Phi }}{}_{2n}{}^{I=1}(\eta |\mu ^2).`$
Using (36) and (37) we obtain that above equation remains unchanged. In other words, chiral corrections are decoupled from evolution as it should be.

Chiral loops generate corrections to the soft pion theorem (12). Taking limit $`\xi \pm 1,t0`$ we obtain:

$`H^{I=0}(x,\xi =\pm 1,t=0)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{m_\pi ^2\mathrm{ln}[m_\pi ^2]}{2(4\pi F_\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _1^1}d\eta \stackrel{o}{\mathrm{\Phi }}{}_{2\pi }{}^{I=0}(x,\eta ).`$ (39)
Whereas the soft pion theorem (21) does not get corrections of the order $`m_\pi ^2\mathrm{ln}(m_\pi )`$

$`H^{I=1}(x,\xi =\pm 1,t=0)`$ $`=`$ $`\underset{\pi }{\overset{o}{\varphi }}(u)+O(m_\pi ^2).`$ (40)
Now we consider various limiting cases of the obtained results for the chiral expansion of the pion GPDs.

Sum rules
The first Mellin moment of the non-singlet GPD $`H^{I=1}`$ is the related to the pion electromagnetic form factor

$`{\displaystyle _1^1}𝑑xH^{I=1}(x,\xi ,t)=F_\pi ^{\mathrm{e}.\mathrm{m}.}(t).`$ (41)
Integrating the the one-loop result (4.1) we obtain the well known result for the leading non-analytic contribution to the pion e.m. form factor

$`F_\pi ^{\mathrm{e}.\mathrm{m}.}(t)=1{\displaystyle \frac{m_\pi ^2\mathrm{ln}m_\pi ^2}{(4\pi F_\pi )^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(4\pi F_\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑\eta \left[m_\pi ^2(1\eta ^2){\displaystyle \frac{t}{4}}\right]\mathrm{ln}\left[m_\pi ^2(1\eta ^2){\displaystyle \frac{t}{4}}\right].`$ (42)
The second moment of the singlet GPD $`H^{I=0}`$ is related to the form factors of quark part of the energy momentum tensor:

$`{\displaystyle _1^1}𝑑xxH^{I=0}(x,\xi ,t)=2\theta _2(t)2\xi ^2\theta _1(t),`$ (43)
where $`\theta _{1,2}(t)`$ are the pion form factors of the quark part of the energy momentum tensor :

$`p^{}|T_Q^{\mu \nu }|p=2P^\mu P^\nu \theta _2(t)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(g^{\mu \nu }\mathrm{\Delta }^2\mathrm{\Delta }^\mu \mathrm{\Delta }^\nu )\theta _1(t).`$ (44)
Computing the second Mellin moment of our results for the singlet GPD (4.1) we obtain the leading non-analytic corrections for the energy momentum tensor:

$`\theta _2(t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}M_2^Q\left(1+O(p^2)\right)`$ (45)
$`\theta _1(t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}M_2^Q\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{m_\pi ^22t}{(4\pi F_\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑\eta (1\eta ^2)\mathrm{ln}\left[m_\pi ^2(1\eta ^2){\displaystyle \frac{t}{4}}\right]\right),`$ (46)
This result coincides with that of ref. .

Forward limit and parton distributions in the transverse plane
In the forward limit, $`i.e.`$ $`\xi 0,t0`$ the GPDs $`H^{I=0}`$ and $`H^{I=1}`$ are reduced to the singlet and non-singlet quark distributions in the pion correspondingly. It is easy to see from eq. (4.1) that the singlet quark distribution in the pion does not receive non-analytical chiral corrections. The same conclusion was reached in refs. . As to nonsinglet quark distribution, the forward limit of eq. (4.1) gives:

$`q(x)=\stackrel{o}{q}(x)(1{\displaystyle \frac{m_\pi ^2\mathrm{ln}m_\pi ^2}{(4\pi F_\pi )^2}})+\delta (x){\displaystyle \frac{m_\pi ^2\mathrm{ln}m_\pi ^2}{(4\pi F_\pi )^2}}.`$ (47)
This is exactly the result obtained recently in refs. . Note that two limits $`\xi 0`$ and $`m_\pi 0`$ do not commute The above result is obtained by taking the limit $`\xi 0`$ before the limit $`m_\pi 0`$.

Let us now consider more general limit when $`\xi 0`$ but $`t0`$. In such limit the GPDs can interpreted as the Fourier transform of the probability distribution of partons in the transverse plane . Taking this particular limit we again obtain that the singlet GPDs has no the non-analytic chiral corrections, whereas the result for the the non-singlet GPDs can be written as:

$`H^{I=1}(x,0,t)`$ $``$ $`q(x,t)=\stackrel{o}{q}(x)(1{\displaystyle \frac{m_\pi ^2\mathrm{ln}m_\pi ^2}{(4\pi F_\pi )^2}})`$ (48)
$`+`$ $`\delta (x){\displaystyle \frac{1}{(4\pi F_\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑\eta \left[m_\pi ^2(1\eta ^2){\displaystyle \frac{t}{4}}\right]\mathrm{ln}\left[m_\pi ^2(1\eta ^2){\displaystyle \frac{t}{4}}\right].`$
The probability distribution of partons in the transverse plane is obtained from the above result by the Fourier transformation :

$`f(x,b_{})={\displaystyle \frac{d^2\mathrm{\Delta }_{}}{(2\pi )^2}H(x,0,\mathrm{\Delta }_{}^2)e^{ib_{}\mathrm{\Delta }_{}}}.`$ (49)
As the expression (48) is valid only for small values of $`t`$ we are able to derive only the behaviour of $`f(x,b_{})`$ at large values of the impact parameter $`b_{}`$:

$`f(x,b_{})`$ $``$ $`\delta (x){\displaystyle \frac{1}{(4\pi F_\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3\pi b_{}^4}}\mathrm{for}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi F_\pi }}b_{}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{m_\pi }}.`$ (50)
From eq. (48) we can also obtain the leading chiral contribution to the average width of the $`b_{}`$ distribution

$`b_{}^2={\displaystyle d^2b_{}b_{}^2f(x,b_{})}={\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\delta (x){\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{ln}m_\pi ^2}{(4\pi F_\pi )^2}}.`$ (51)
We see that the width of the parton distribution in the transverse plane is divergent in the chiral limit. This divergent piece arises from the contribution of the long-range pion cloud. Note that partons which are “responsible” for the divergent chiral contribution are “concentrated” in the region of small 444More precisely at $`xm_\pi ^2/(4\pi F_\pi )^2`$ $`x`$.

Extrapolation to $`t=0`$
Generalized parton distributions can be probed in the hard exclusive reactions. Usually the point $`t=0`$ is not accessible directly in these processes. Our results for the leading non-analytical corrections for the GPDs allow us to study the extrapolation of the GPDs to the point $`t=0`$. Exactly at $`t=0`$ the expression for the pion GPDs with leading non-analytic chiral corrections included has the form:

$`H^{I=0}(x,\xi ,t=0)`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{o}{H}{}_{}{}^{I=0}(x,\xi )`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\theta [|x|\xi ]}{2(4\pi F_\pi )^2}}m_\pi ^2\mathrm{ln}(m_\pi ^2){\displaystyle _1^1}d\eta \stackrel{o}{\mathrm{\Phi }}{}_{2\pi }{}^{I=0}({\displaystyle \frac{x}{\xi }},\eta )`$
$`H^{I=1}(x,\xi ,t=0)`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{o}{H}{}_{}{}^{I=1}(x,\xi )(1{\displaystyle \frac{m_\pi ^2\mathrm{ln}m_\pi ^2}{(4\pi F_\pi )^2}})`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\theta [|x|\xi ]}{(4\pi F_\pi )^2\xi }}m_\pi ^2\mathrm{ln}(m_\pi ^2)\stackrel{o}{\varphi }{}_{\pi }{}^{}\left({\displaystyle \frac{x}{\xi }}\right).`$
Also from eqs. (4.1,4.1) we can easily obtain the leading non-analytic contributions to the “slopes” of the $`t`$-dependence of the GPDs. The result is:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}H^{I=0}(x,\xi ,t)|_{t=0}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\theta [|x|\xi ]}{(4\pi F_\pi )^2}}\mathrm{ln}(m_\pi ^2){\displaystyle _1^1}d\eta \stackrel{o}{\mathrm{\Phi }}{}_{2\pi }{}^{I=0}({\displaystyle \frac{x}{\xi }},\eta ),`$ (54)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}H^{I=1}(x,\xi ,t)|_{t=0}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\theta [|x|\xi ]}{4(4\pi F_\pi )^2\xi }}\mathrm{ln}(m_\pi ^2){\displaystyle _1^1}d\eta \eta \stackrel{o}{\mathrm{\Phi }}{}_{2\pi }{}^{I=1}({\displaystyle \frac{x}{\xi }},\eta ).`$
Such relations can be useful for extrapolation of the experimental data from nonzero $`t`$ to the point $`t=0`$. Also these relations can be useful for interpretation of the lattice results.

### 4.2 Two pion Distribution Amplitudes

Diagrams for the chiral expansion of the $`2\pi `$DAs are depicted in Fig.3. Their contribution reads:

$`\mathrm{\Phi }_{2\pi }^{I=0}(u,\eta ,m_{\pi \pi })`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{o}{\mathrm{\Phi }}{}_{2\pi }{}^{I=0}(u,\eta )+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2(4\pi F_\pi )^2}}`$ (55)
$`\times `$ $`[m_\pi ^22m_{\pi \pi }^2]{\displaystyle _1^1}d\eta ^{}\mathrm{ln}[m_\pi ^2(1\eta ^2){\displaystyle \frac{m_{\pi \pi }^2}{4}}]\stackrel{o}{\mathrm{\Phi }}{}_{2\pi }{}^{I=0}(u,\eta ^{}),`$
$`\mathrm{\Phi }_{2\pi }^{I=1}(u,\eta ,m_{\pi \pi })=\stackrel{o}{\mathrm{\Phi }}{}_{2\pi }{}^{I=1}(u,\eta )(1{\displaystyle \frac{m_\pi ^2\mathrm{ln}m_\pi ^2}{(4\pi F_\pi )^2}})`$ (56)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{\eta }{2(4\pi F_\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _1^1}d\eta ^{}[m_\pi ^2(1\eta ^2){\displaystyle \frac{m_{\pi \pi }^2}{4}}]\mathrm{ln}[m_\pi ^2(1\eta ^2){\displaystyle \frac{m_{\pi \pi }^2}{4}}]{\displaystyle \frac{}{\eta ^{}}}\stackrel{o}{\mathrm{\Phi }}{}_{2\pi }{}^{I=1}(u,\eta ^{}).`$
These equations can be easily obtained from (4.1) and (4.1) using crossing symmetry. One can investigate all basic properties of ChPT corrections in the same way as for GPD. We shall not repeat this discussion.

As we can see from the (55) and (56) chiral corrections have a simple behaviour in parameter $`\eta `$. Recall that

$`\eta =\mathrm{v}\mathrm{cos}\theta _{cm},`$ (57)
where $`\theta _{cm}`$ is polar angle of the pion momentum in the CM frame with respect to the direction of the total momentum P and $`\mathrm{v}`$ is the velocity of produced pions in the center of mass frame:

$`\mathrm{v}=\sqrt{1{\displaystyle \frac{4m_\pi ^2}{m_{\pi \pi }^2}}}`$ (58)
In other words, chiral corrections contribute only to lowest partial wave because outgoing pions can not be produced in state with higher orbital momentum from the corresponding diagram Fig. 2(b).

Let us also note that in the physical region $`m_{\pi \pi }>2m_\pi `$ chiral logarithm generate imaginary part due to two pion intermediate state:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi }}\mathrm{Im}\mathrm{\Phi }_{2\pi }^{I=0}(u,\eta ,m_{\pi \pi })`$ $`=`$ $`\theta (m_{\pi \pi }>2m_\pi ){\displaystyle \frac{[m_\pi ^22m_{\pi \pi }^2]}{2(4\pi F_\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _\mathrm{v}^\mathrm{v}}d\eta ^{}\stackrel{o}{\mathrm{\Phi }}{}_{2\pi }{}^{I=0}(u,\eta ^{}),`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi }}\mathrm{Im}\mathrm{\Phi }_{2\pi }^{I=1}(u,\eta ,m_{\pi \pi })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\eta \theta (m_{\pi \pi }>2m_\pi )}{2(4\pi F_\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _\mathrm{v}^\mathrm{v}}d\eta ^{}[m_\pi ^2(1\eta ^2){\displaystyle \frac{m_{\pi \pi }^2}{4}}]{\displaystyle \frac{}{\eta ^{}}}\stackrel{o}{\mathrm{\Phi }}{}_{2\pi }{}^{I=1}(u,\eta ^{}),`$
This imaginary part does not depend on the renormalization scale $`\mu _\chi `$ because to a given accuracy analytical contributions can not develop imaginary part of the matrix element.

## 5 Chiral corrections to the amplitudes of the hard exclusive processes

From the expressions for the chiral expansion of the pion GPDs and DAs we can obtain the chiral expansion of the amplitudes of various hard exclusive processes.

### 5.1 $`\gamma ^{}\gamma \pi \pi `$ and $`\gamma ^{}N2\pi N^{}`$ near pions threshold

We start with the reaction $`\gamma ^{}\gamma \pi \pi `$ near the threshold and in the hard regime, i.e. the virtuality of the photon $`\gamma ^{}`$ is much larger than the typical hadronic scale $`Q\mathrm{\Lambda }_{QCD}`$. To the leading twist approximation and leading order of QCD perturbation theory the amplitude of the reaction is dominated by the helicity amplitude describing scattering of transversely polarized photons . The answer is expressible in terms of the isoscalar $`2\pi `$DA 555For brevity we do not write trivial factors related to the quark charges

$`𝒜_{++}(\eta ,m_{\pi \pi })={\displaystyle _1^1}𝑑u{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Phi }_{2\pi }^{I=0}(u,\eta ,m_{\pi \pi })}{1u}}.`$ (59)
Substituting here the results for the chiral corrections to the $`2\pi `$DA (see eq. (55)) we obtain the chiral expansion of the corresponding amplitude

$`𝒜_{++}(\eta ,m_{\pi \pi })=\stackrel{o}{𝒜}(\eta )+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2(4\pi F_\pi )^2}}[m_\pi ^22m_{\pi \pi }^2]{\displaystyle _1^1}d\eta ^{}\mathrm{ln}[m_\pi ^2(1\eta ^2){\displaystyle \frac{m_{\pi \pi }^2}{4}}]\stackrel{o}{𝒜}(\eta ^{})`$ (60)
Here we used an obvious notation $`\stackrel{o}{𝒜}(\eta )`$ for

$`\stackrel{o}{𝒜}(\eta )=𝒜(\eta ,m_{\pi \pi }=0)|_{m_\pi =0}={\displaystyle _1^1}𝑑u{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{o}{\mathrm{\Phi }}{}_{2\pi }{}^{I=0}(u,\eta )}{1u}}.`$ (61)
We note that the amplitude of the hard $`\gamma ^{}\gamma \pi \pi `$ reactions, in contrast to its soft counterpart (low photon virtuality), is the same for the $`\pi ^0\pi ^0`$ and $`\pi ^+\pi ^{}`$. The difference between these final states is the higher twist effect.

From eq. (60) we see immediately that the $`O(p^2\mathrm{ln}p^2)`$ corrections affect only the S-wave partial amplitude and hence the whole amplitude is shifted by the $`\eta `$ independent “partonic” form factor $`(m_{\pi \pi })`$:

$`(m_{\pi \pi })={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2(4\pi F_\pi )^2}}[m_\pi ^22m_{\pi \pi }^2]{\displaystyle _1^1}𝑑\eta ^{}\mathrm{ln}\left[m_\pi ^2(1\eta ^2){\displaystyle \frac{m_{\pi \pi }^2}{4}}\right]\stackrel{o}{𝒜}(\eta ^{}).`$ (62)
From (4.2) we obtain that imaginary part of the amplitude is given by imaginary part of that formfactor:

$`\mathrm{Im}𝒜_{++}={\displaystyle \frac{\pi \theta (m_{\pi \pi }>2m_\pi )}{2(4\pi F_\pi )^2}}[m_\pi ^22m_{\pi \pi }^2]{\displaystyle _\gamma ^\gamma }𝑑\eta ^{}\stackrel{o}{𝒜}(\eta ^{})`$ (63)
At the twist three level there is contribution from the amplitude describing scattering of longitudinally polarized virtual photon. In the so-called Wandura-Wilczek approximation the answer can be expressed in terms of the same isoscalar DA

$`𝒜_{0+}(\eta ,m_{\pi \pi })=_\eta {\displaystyle _1^1}𝑑u\mathrm{\Phi }_{2\pi }^{I=0}(u,\eta ,m_{\pi \pi }){\displaystyle \frac{2}{1u}}\mathrm{ln}\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{1u}{2}}\right).`$ (64)
The additional derivative in $`\eta `$ ensures correct symmetrical properties of the amplitude. Because of of that derivative the chiral corrections $`O(p^2\mathrm{ln}p^2)`$ does not contributue to this amplitude and we obtain:

$`𝒜_{0+}(\eta ,m_{\pi \pi })=_\eta {\displaystyle _1^1}du\stackrel{o}{\mathrm{\Phi }}{}_{2\pi }{}^{I=0}(u,\eta ){\displaystyle \frac{2}{1u}}\mathrm{ln}(1{\displaystyle \frac{1u}{2}})+O(p^2).`$ (65)
In the hard exclusive process of two-pion production off the nucleon $`\gamma ^{}N2\pi N^{}`$ the dependence of the amplitude (at the leading order) on the di-pion mass $`m_{\pi \pi }`$ is governed by the integral (59) (for the pion pairs in the $`C=+1`$ channel) and by the integral:

$`(\eta ,m_{\pi \pi })={\displaystyle _1^1}𝑑u{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Phi }_{2\pi }^{I=1}(u,\eta ,m_{\pi \pi })}{1u}},`$ (66)
in the $`C=1`$ channel . Substituting here the results for the chiral corrections to the $`2\pi `$DA (see eq. (56)) we obtain the chiral expansion of the corresponding amplitude

$`(\eta ,m_{\pi \pi })=\stackrel{o}{}(\eta )(1{\displaystyle \frac{m_\pi ^2\mathrm{ln}m_\pi ^2}{(4\pi F_\pi )^2}})`$ (67)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{\eta }{2(4\pi F_\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _1^1}𝑑\eta ^{}\left[m_\pi ^2(1\eta ^2){\displaystyle \frac{m_{\pi \pi }^2}{4}}\right]\mathrm{ln}\left[m_\pi ^2(1\eta ^2){\displaystyle \frac{m_{\pi \pi }^2}{4}}\right]{\displaystyle \frac{}{\eta ^{}}}\stackrel{o}{}\left(\eta ^{}\right).`$
### 5.2  DVCS on the pion target

The amplitude of the deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) in the leading order of pQCD is expressible in terms of the Compton form factors, which are defined as

$`(\xi ,t)={\displaystyle _1^1}𝑑x{\displaystyle \frac{H^{I=0}(x,\xi ,t)}{x\xi +i\epsilon }}.`$ (68)
The imaginary part of the amplitude is defined by the residue at $`x=\xi `$:

$`\mathrm{Im}(\xi ,t)=\pi H^{I=0}(\xi ,\xi ,t),`$ (69)
and sensitive to the diagonal value of the GPD, therefore it is not affected by the non-analytic chiral corrections.

Chiral expansion of the Compton form factors can be written as

$`(\xi ,t)`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{o}{}(\xi )+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2(4\pi F_\pi )^2}}[m_\pi ^22t]{\displaystyle _1^1}𝑑\eta \mathrm{ln}\left[m_\pi ^2(1\eta ^2){\displaystyle \frac{t}{4}}\right]\stackrel{o}{𝒜}(\eta ).`$ (70)
We see again that the amplitude is shifted by the $`\xi `$-independent form factor $`(t)`$ (see eq. (62)) in the space-like region.

We want emphasize that the 1-loop chiral corrections affect only the real part of the Compton amplitude because chiral correction nullifies at the points $`x=\pm \xi `$ according to eq. (4.1). Hence we see that real and imaginary parts have a quite different behaviour at the small values of $`t`$. This true not only for isoscalar GPD which contains the D-term but also for the isovector GPD. This qualitative difference in $`t`$-behaviour of the real and the imaginary parts of the Compton amplitude leads to qualitatively different $`t`$-behaviour of, say, beam charge and beam helicity asymmetries. The former is sensitive to the real part and the latter to the imaginary part of the DVCS amplitude. Note the naive factorization ansatz used for modelling of GPD at small $`t`$ suggests the same $`t`$-dependence of the real and imaginary parts of the Compton amplitudes.

## 6 Conclusions

We calculated the leading non-analytic chiral corrections to the generalized parton distributions and to the two pion distribution amplitudes. In this paper we restricted ourself to the case of the pion. First we established chiral counting rules for the leading twist operators on the light-cone in the effective field theory. On the basis of these counting rules we constructed the corresponding operators in the effective field theory and further computed the leading non-analytic corrections to GPDs, $`2\pi `$DAs and as consequence to the hard exclusive processes like $`\gamma ^{}\gamma \pi \pi `$, $`\gamma ^{}N2\pi N^{}`$, $`\gamma ^{}\pi \gamma \pi `$, etc.

Obtained results show that the leading non-analytic chiral corrections to the GPDs affect only in the region $`|x|\xi `$ 666For isovector GPD there is a $`t`$-independent correction “living” on the whole interval of $`x`$. and as consequence only the real part of the leading order DVCS amplitude receives the non-analytical chiral corrections. This implies that the $`t`$-dependencies of such observables as charge and helicity beam asymmetries could be qualitatively different even at small momentum transfer. Hence, the the studying of the $`t`$-dependence of these asymmetries can provide us important information about the $`t`$-dependence of the GPDs.

We checked our results comparing them in the specific limiting cases with known chiral corrections to form factors and to parton distributions. Additionally we derived the form of the parton distributions in the transverse plane at large values of the impact parameter.

Our results for the leading non-analytic chiral corrections to GPDs and $`2\pi `$DAs can be used for extrapolation  of the lattice and experimental data in $`m_\pi `$ and $`t`$. Also the data on the hard exclusive processes confronted with our chiral perturbation theory predictions will be a new, complementary to the low energy soft reactions, test of the chiral dynamics.

## 7 Acknowledgments

We are thankful to Lech Mankiewicz and Marc Vanderhaeghen for many valuable discussions. The work of NK is supported by DFG (project 920585). MVP is supported by the Sofja Kovalevskaja Programme of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the Programme for Investment in the Future of German Government.


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# Doubly Special Relativity versus 𝜅-deformation of relativistic kinematics

## 1 Introduction

The $`\kappa `$-deformation of Poincaré symmetries in the form of dual pair of Hopf algebras describing respectively quantum deformations of $`D=4`$ Poincaré algebra and $`D=4`$ Poincaré group \[4-11\] was proposed in order to introduce modification of relativistic kinematics at extremely high energies. Recently, in the search for phenomenological high energy effects of quantum gravity (see e.g. \[12-15\]) there were also put forward the generalizations of special relativity theories with two observer-independent parameters – light velocity $`c`$ and Planck length $`L_p`$ – under the name of doubly special relativity (DSR) \[1,2, 16-17\]. In concrete realization of DSR framework the basic formulae coincide with the ones following from the algebraic sector of $`\kappa `$-deformation of Poincaré algebra in bicrossproduct basis \[8-10\], with the assumption that the mass-like deformation parameter $`\kappa `$ is equal to the Planck mass $`m_p`$. In particular the basic characteristic of DSR – the deformed dispersion relation, described in  as ,,key characteristic of DSR1111In  there are considered two DSR theories: DSR1 and DSR2 – the second one based on . We consider different versions of DSR in Sect. 2, both conceptually and phenomenologically”

$$m^2=\left(\frac{\mathrm{sinh}\frac{1}{2}L_pE}{\frac{1}{2}L_p}\right)^2\stackrel{}{p}^2e^{L_pE}$$
(1)
is exactly the formula for $`\kappa `$-deformed mass-shell condition in bicrossproduct basis (assuming $`c=1`$); also the differential realizations of the generators of boost transformations in DSR, calculated in , can be found in .

The aim of this note is however not to intervene in the procedure of referencing to the previous achievements. In fact we are happy that others are applying and developing our ideas, even if this is done without providing proper links with already established results. Here we would like to clarify the notions of DSR from the point of view of Hopf algebras, its coalgebraic structure and its relation with $`\kappa `$-deformation of Poincaré symmetries \[5-12\].

A flag property of DSR is the appearance of limiting momentum achieved at infinite energy described by Planck mass, which can not be overpassed if we change reference frame. The main issue is which properties will have an object composed of two constituents having the above described limiting momentum. We can have in principle two possible solutions:

1. Only single objects (one can call them ,,Plancktons”) do have the property of limiting momentum. In such a case the Planck mass is just a constant parameter in the theory entering deformed boost transformations, related possibly with some quantum gravity-related quanta.
2. The property of existence of maximal limiting momentum is valid in the composition process of the momenta. Similarly like in classical special relativity theory one has the relativistic addition law of velocities

$$v_{12}=v_1\dot{+}v_2c\dot{+}c=c$$
(2)
one should have an addition law $`p_{12}=p_1\dot{+}p_2`$ providing the existence of the same limiting momenta for $`p_{12}`$. It appears that in such a case the deformed symmetries should be described as a Hopf algebra with homomorphic coproducts, what ensures that the boost transformations for the constituents $`p_i`$ ($`i=1,2`$) and of total momentum $`p_{12}`$ shall have the same form, in particular the same limiting momentum.

In  the authors propose (in linear approximation) the following composition law for energy-momenta in DSR1 theory: 222In comparision with  we inserted in formula (4) the factor $`\frac{1}{c}`$ consistent with the relation $`L_p=\frac{1}{M_pc}`$.

$$E_1+E_2cL_p\stackrel{}{p}_1\stackrel{}{p}_2=E_1{}_{}{}^{}+E_2{}_{}{}^{}cL_p\stackrel{}{p}_1{}_{}{}^{}\stackrel{}{p}_{2}^{}^{}$$
(3)
$$\stackrel{}{p}_1+\stackrel{}{p}_2\frac{L_p}{c}(E_1\stackrel{}{p}_2+E_2\stackrel{}{p}_1)=\stackrel{}{p}_1{}_{}{}^{}+\stackrel{}{p}_2{}_{}{}^{}\frac{L_p}{c}(E_1{}_{}{}^{}\stackrel{}{p}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{}+E_2{}_{}{}^{}\stackrel{}{p}_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{})$$
(4)
These composition laws disclose the Hopf algebra structure of the theory proposed in : the relations $`(3,4)`$ describe the part linear in $`L_p`$ of the coproduct obtained by nonlinear transformation of the fourmomenta in classical relativistic theory, i.e. the basic structure remains Einsteinian. Such theories with nonlinear symmetric coproduct for energy were considered  just after appearance of $`\kappa `$-deformations of relativistic symmetries in order to use the nonlinear composition law as a tool to describe the dark matter effect, but were rather abandoned in favour of deformed theories providing abelian addition law for energy.

In this note firstly in Sect. 2 we shall show that the deformed boost transformations from  are indeed obtained by nonlinear transformation of momentum generators in classical relativistic theory; besides we shall derive the composition laws (3,4) for the energy and threemomentum by performing the same nonlinear transformation of primitive coproduct for classical fourmomenta (we recall that primitive coproduct describe classical abelian fourmomentum composition law). By generalizing the deformed mass-shell condition (1) we shall describe two large classes of nonlinearly transformed classical theories, generalizing DSR1 type (see ) and DSR2 type (see ) of theories.

In Sect. 3 we shall consider the composition law described by the coproduct of $`\kappa `$-deformed Poincaré algebra in bicrossproduct basis. In particular following result present in  we shall remind why the method of calculating boost formulas, used in , is also valid in $`\kappa `$-deformed quantum-group framework. Further as new result we shall show the consistency of finite boost formulae with $`\kappa `$-deformed nonabelian addition law for the momenta.

In Sect. 4, we present general discussion. We argue that the reason for selecting the deformed mass-shell condition $`(1)`$ lies in quantum structure of coproduct – in the presence of symmetric coproduct such a choice is not distinguished at all. We shall show that under quite plausible assumptions there are only two choices of momentum coproduct (addition law of momenta): either one chooses a classical one (symmetric) or the one provided by $`\kappa `$-deformation. Unfortunately, quantum group structure is quite rigid and can not be cheated.

## 2 Classical relativistic symmetries in nonlinear disguise and DSR theories

Let us consider standard relativistic symmetries, described by the following classical Poincaré Hopf algebra333In this paper we consider the hermitean generators of symmetry algebras. ($`g_{\mu \nu }=(1,1,1,1)`$):

$`[P_\mu ^{(0)},P_\nu ^{(0)}]`$ $`=`$ $`0`$ (5a)
$`[M_{\mu \nu }^{(0)},P_\rho ^{(0)}]`$ $`=`$ $`i(g_{\mu \rho }P_\nu ^{(0)}g_{\nu \rho }P_\mu ^{(0)})`$ (5b)
$`[M_{\mu \nu }^{(0)},M_{\rho \tau }^{(0)}]`$ $`=`$ $`i(g_{\mu \rho }M_{\nu \tau }^{(0)}+g_{\nu \tau }M_{\mu \rho }^{(0)}g_{\mu \tau }M_{\nu \rho }^{(0)}g_{\nu \rho }M_{\mu \tau }^{(0)})`$ (5c)
with primitive coproduct

$$\mathrm{\Delta }^{(0)}(I_A)=I_A1+1I_AI_A=P_\mu ^{(0)},M_{\mu \nu }^{(0)}$$
(6)
and bilinear mass Casimir representing relativistic dispersion formula
($`E^{(0)}=cP_0^{(0)}`$)

$$C_2(E^{(0)},\stackrel{}{P}^{(0)})=(E^{(0)})^2c^2(\stackrel{}{P}^{(0)})^2=invm_0^2c^4$$
(7)
Let us introduce by means of the nonlinear relations new fourmomenta $`P_\mu =(E,\stackrel{}{P})`$ (see also )

$$E^{(0)}=\kappa c^2f(E,\stackrel{}{P}{}_{}{}^{2})\stackrel{}{P}^{(0)}=\stackrel{}{P}g(E,\stackrel{}{P}{}_{}{}^{2})$$
(8)
where the masslike parameter $`\kappa `$ describes the measure of nonlinearity 444If we assume for the functions $`f(x,y)`$ and $`g(x,y)`$ the Taylor expansion at $`x=0`$, the linear term, proportional to $`1/\kappa `$ describes the leading nonlinear correction for large $`\kappa `$.. One assumes that

$$f(0,0)=0\frac{f}{x}(0,0)=g(0,0)=1$$
(9)
what provides in the limit $`\kappa \mathrm{}`$ the relations $`E=E^{(0)}`$, $`\stackrel{}{P}=\stackrel{}{P}^{(0)}`$. In new variables $`E`$, $`\stackrel{}{P}`$ the relation (7) looks as follows

$$\kappa ^2c^2f^2(E,\stackrel{}{P}{}_{}{}^{2})\stackrel{}{P}{}_{}{}^{2}g_{}^{2}(E,\stackrel{}{P}{}_{}{}^{2})=inv=m_0^2c^2$$
(10)
One can introduce two types of nonlinear transformations (8), leading to different nonlinear pictures of classical symmetries:

1. We assume that both functions $`f`$ and $`g`$ are analytic, and besides

$$\underset{x\mathrm{}}{lim}f(x,y)=\underset{x\mathrm{}}{lim}g(x,y)=\mathrm{}\underset{x\mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{f^2(x,y)}{g^2(x,y)}=a<\mathrm{}$$
(11)
In such a case one obtains in the limit $`E\mathrm{}`$

$$\frac{\stackrel{}{P}^2}{\kappa ^2c^2}=\frac{\kappa ^2f^2m_0^2}{\kappa ^2g^2}\underset{E\mathrm{}}{}a$$
(12)
or

$$\underset{E\mathrm{}}{lim}\stackrel{}{P}^2=a\kappa ^2c^2$$
(13)
Such type of theory is characterized at infinite energy by a maximal value (13) of three-momenta. An example of such a theory is DSR1 of Amelino-Camelia , which is obtained if for $`a=1`$ we choose the functions $`f`$ and $`g`$ relating classical and bicrossproduct basis in $`\kappa `$-deformed theory

$$f(E,\stackrel{}{P}{}_{}{}^{2})=\mathrm{sinh}\frac{E}{\kappa c^2}+\frac{\stackrel{}{P}^2}{2\kappa ^2c^2}e^{\frac{E}{\kappa c^2}}g(E,\stackrel{}{P}{}_{}{}^{2})=e^{\frac{E}{\kappa c^2}}$$
(14)
Of course there is an infinite variety of theories having finite limit (13) for $`E\mathrm{}`$.
2. Other type of theories are obtained if we assume that $`f`$ and $`g`$ are singular for $`E=\kappa c^2`$, but in the limit $`E\kappa c^2`$ the quotient $`f/g`$ is finite. Such a theory provides divergent value of $`E^{(0)}`$ for $`E=\kappa c^2`$, because it maps the infinite range of energies $`E^{(0)}`$ into finite interval $`0<E<\kappa c^2`$. A simple example of such nonlinear transformation (see also )

$$f(E)=\frac{E}{\kappa c^2}\left(1\frac{E}{\kappa c^2}\right)^1g(E)=\left(1\frac{E}{\kappa c^2}\right)^1$$
(15)
provides the deformation of Lorentz symmetry proposed recently by Magueijo and Smolin .

In order to calculate the coproducts of deformed theories one should provide the formulae inverse to the relations (8) (we use the notation $`P^{(0)}|\stackrel{}{P}^{(0)}|`$):

$$E=\kappa c^2F(E^{(0)},P^{(0)})\stackrel{}{P}=\stackrel{}{P}^{(0)}G(E^{(0)},P^{(0)})$$
(16)
Then we should use the formulae

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Delta }(E)=\kappa c^2F(\mathrm{\Delta }^{(0)}(E^{(0)}),\mathrm{\Delta }^{(0)}(P^{(0)}))\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Delta }(\stackrel{}{P})=\mathrm{\Delta }^{(0)}(\stackrel{}{P}^{(0)})G(\mathrm{\Delta }^{(0)}(E^{(0)}),\mathrm{\Delta }^{(0)}(P^{(0)}))\hfill \end{array}$$
(17)
and reexpress on rhs of (17) the operators $`E^{(0)}`$, $`\stackrel{}{P}^{(0)}`$ in terms of $`E`$, $`\stackrel{}{P}`$ by means of the relations (8).

As an example one can calculate the fourmomentum coproducts (17) for the choice (14), which is the energy-momentum dispersion relation for bicrossproduct basis of $`\kappa `$-Poincaré algebra, further used as basic postulate of DSR1 theory. The inverse formulae look in this case as follows:

$$F(E^{(0)},P^{(0)})=\mathrm{ln}D(E^{(0)},P^{(0)})G(E^{(0)},P^{(0)})=D^1(E^{(0)},P^{(0)})$$
(18)
where

$$D(E^{(0)},P^{(0)})=\frac{E^{(0)}}{\kappa c^2}+\sqrt{1+\frac{(E^{(0)})^2}{\kappa ^2c^4}+\frac{(\stackrel{}{P}^{(0)})^2}{\kappa ^2c^2}}$$
(19)
In linear approximation one gets

$$E=E^{(0)}\frac{1}{2\kappa }(\stackrel{}{P}^{(0)})^2+O(\frac{1}{\kappa ^2})\stackrel{}{P}=\stackrel{}{P}^{(0)}\left(1\frac{E^{(0)}}{\kappa c^2}\right)+O(\frac{1}{\kappa ^2})$$
(20)
After the approximation to the formula (8) with the choice (14)

$$E^{(0)}=E+\frac{\stackrel{}{P}^2}{2\kappa }\left(1+\frac{E}{\kappa c^2}\right)+O(\frac{1}{\kappa ^2})\stackrel{}{P}^{(0)}=\stackrel{}{P}\left(1+\frac{E}{\kappa c^2}\right)+O(\frac{1}{\kappa ^2})$$
(21)
one gets the following deformation of the primitive coproduct

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Delta }(E)=E1+1E\frac{1}{\kappa }\stackrel{}{P}\stackrel{}{P}+O(\frac{1}{\kappa ^2})\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Delta }(\stackrel{}{P})=\stackrel{}{P}1+1\stackrel{}{P}\frac{1}{\kappa c^2}(\stackrel{}{P}E+E\stackrel{}{P})+O(\frac{1}{\kappa ^2})\hfill \end{array}$$
(22)
Comparing the composition laws (3),(4) for threemomenta and energy in DSR1 theory with (22) we see that they follow from the nonlinear realization of classical Poincaré algebra.

Further it can be shown that the $`\kappa `$-deformed boost transformations of DSR1 calculated in  can be obtained from classical Lorentz transformations after introducing the nonlinear change (16) of fourmomenta with the functions $`F`$ and $`G`$ given by (18).

We start with the formulae for finite classical Lorentz boosts (we choose $`\stackrel{}{n}`$ in the direction of relative velocities $`\stackrel{}{v}=c\stackrel{}{n}\mathrm{tanh}\alpha `$ of two Lorentz frames)

$$\begin{array}{c}E^{(0)}(\alpha )=E^{(0)}\mathrm{cosh}\alpha c(\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{P}^{(0)})\mathrm{sinh}\alpha \hfill \\ \stackrel{}{P}^{(0)}(\alpha )=\stackrel{}{P}^{(0)}+\stackrel{}{n}\left[(\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{P}^{(0)})(\mathrm{cosh}\alpha 1)\frac{E^{(0)}}{c}\mathrm{sinh}\alpha \right]\hfill \end{array}$$
(23)
and the relations (16), (18) written in the form

$$D(E^{(0)},P^{(0)})=\mathrm{exp}(\frac{E}{\kappa c^2})\stackrel{}{P}=D^1(E^{(0)},P^{(0)})\stackrel{}{P}^{(0)}$$
(24)
where $`D`$ is given by (19). Because

$$\begin{array}{c}E(\alpha )=e^{i\alpha (\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{N})}Ee^{i\alpha (\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{N})}=\kappa c^2\mathrm{ln}D(E^{(0)}(\alpha ),P^{(0)}(\alpha ))\hfill \\ \stackrel{}{P}(\alpha )=e^{i\alpha (\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{N})}\stackrel{}{P}e^{i\alpha (\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{N})}=D^1(E^{(0)}(\alpha ),P^{(0)}(\alpha ))\stackrel{}{P}^{(0)}(\alpha )\hfill \end{array}$$
(25)
and

$$\begin{array}{c}D(E^{(0)}(\alpha ),P^{(0)}(\alpha ))=e^{i\alpha (\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{N})}D(E^{(0)},P^{(0)})e^{i\alpha (\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{N})}=\hfill \\ =\frac{E^{(0)}(\alpha )}{\kappa c^2}+\sqrt{1+\frac{(E^{(0)}(\alpha ))^2}{\kappa ^2c^4}\frac{(P^{(0)}(\alpha ))^2}{\kappa ^2c^2}}=\hfill \\ =\frac{E^{(0)}(\alpha )}{\kappa c^2}+\sqrt{1+\frac{(E^{(0)})^2}{\kappa ^2c^4}\frac{(P^{(0)})^2}{\kappa ^2c^2}}=\hfill \\ =\frac{1}{\kappa c^2}\left(E^{(0)}(\mathrm{cosh}\alpha 1)c(\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{P}^{(0)})\mathrm{sinh}\alpha \right)+D(E^{(0)},P^{(0)})\hfill \end{array}$$
(26)
one can write

$$\begin{array}{c}W(\alpha )=\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{E(\alpha )E}{\kappa c^2}\right)=\hfill \\ =1+\frac{1}{\kappa c^2}e^{\frac{E}{\kappa c^2}}\left[E^{(0)}(\mathrm{cosh}\alpha 1)c(\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{P}^{(0)})\mathrm{sinh}\alpha \right]=\hfill \\ =1+B(E)(\mathrm{cosh}\alpha 1)\frac{(\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{P})}{\kappa c}\mathrm{sinh}\alpha \hfill \end{array}$$
(27)
where

$$B(E)=\frac{1}{2}\left(1e^{\frac{2E}{\kappa c^2}}+\frac{\stackrel{}{P}^2}{\kappa ^2c^2}\right)$$
(28)
From (27) follows the boost transformations for energy

$$\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{E(\alpha )E}{\kappa c^2}\right)=W(\alpha )E(\alpha )=E+\kappa c^2\mathrm{ln}W(\alpha )$$
(29a)
and for the threemomentum

$$\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{}{P}(\alpha )=\stackrel{}{P}^{(0)}(\alpha )e^{\frac{E(\alpha )}{\kappa c^2}}=W^1(\alpha )D^1(E^{(0)},P^{(0)})\stackrel{}{P}^{(0)}(\alpha )=\hfill \\ W^1(\alpha )D^1(E^{(0)},P^{(0)})\left(\stackrel{}{P}^{(0)}+\stackrel{}{n}\left[(\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{P}^{(0)})(\mathrm{cosh}\alpha 1)\frac{E^{(0)}}{c}\mathrm{sinh}\alpha \right]\right)=\hfill \\ W^1(\alpha )\left(\stackrel{}{P}+\stackrel{}{n}\left[(\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{P})(\mathrm{cosh}\alpha 1)\kappa cB(E)\mathrm{sinh}\alpha \right]\right)(29b)\hfill \end{array}$$

The formulae $`(29a,b)`$ in simpler version when $`\stackrel{}{n}=(1,0,0)`$ were derived by other method in  as the finite deformed boost transformations in DSR1 theory.

## 3 $`\kappa `$-Deformed relativistic symmetries

The quantum deformation of Poincaré algebra with dimensionfull deformation parameter – the fundamental mass parameter $`\kappa `$ – has been introduced in 1991 in so-called standard basis \[4-6\]; further this deformation was rewritten in bicrossproduct basis \[7-11\]. In bicrossproduct basis the Lorentz subalgebra remains undeformed

$$\begin{array}{c}[M_i,M_j]=iϵ_{ijk}M_k\hfill \\ [M_i,N_j]=iϵ_{ijk}N_k\hfill \\ [N_i,N_j]=iϵ_{ijk}M_k\hfill \end{array}$$
(30)
where $`\stackrel{}{M}=(M_1,M_2,M_3)`$ generate space rotations, and $`\stackrel{}{N}=(N_1,N_2,N_3)`$ the relativistic boosts. In the relations (5a)-(5c) only the relation (5b) is deformed. One gets

$$[N_i,P_j]=\frac{i}{2}\delta _{ij}\left[\kappa c\left(1e^{\frac{E}{\kappa c^2}}\right)\right]\frac{i}{\kappa c}P_iP_j$$
(31)
All remaining Poincaré algebra relations remain classical.

The Casimir operator for the $`\kappa `$-deformed Poincaré algebra with deformed relations given by (3.2) is given by formula (1).

The Hopf algebra structure is provided by the following coproducts:

$`\mathrm{\Delta }(E)`$ $`=`$ $`E1+1E`$ (32a)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }(\stackrel{}{P})`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{}{P}1+e^{\frac{E}{\kappa c^2}}\stackrel{}{P}`$ (32b)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }(\stackrel{}{M})`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{}{M}1+1\stackrel{}{M}`$ (32c)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }(N_i)`$ $`=`$ $`N_i1+e^{\frac{E}{\kappa c^2}}N_i+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\kappa c}}ϵ_{ijk}P_jM_k`$ (32d)
The “quantum inverse”, the antipode, is given by the relations

$$\begin{array}{c}S(E)=E\hfill \\ S(\stackrel{}{P})=\stackrel{}{P}e^{\frac{E}{\kappa c^2}}\hfill \\ S(\stackrel{}{M})=\stackrel{}{M}\hfill \\ S(N_i)=e^{\frac{E}{\kappa c^2}}N_i+\frac{1}{\kappa c}ϵ_{ijk}e^{\frac{E}{\kappa c^2}}P_jM_k\hfill \end{array}$$
(33)
We see that as Hopf algebra only the subalgebra $`(\stackrel{}{M},E)`$ remains classical.

In order to obtain finite Lorentz transformations of fourmomenta which are consistent with Hopf algebra structure one should introduce the finite boosts in the pseudoEuclidean plane $`(P_0,(\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{P}))`$ by the following formula (see also , Sect.2d.):

$$P_\mu (\alpha )=ad_{e^{i\alpha (\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{N})}}P_\mu $$
(34)
with the quantum adjoint action defined as follows (see e.g. )

$$ad_YX=Y_{(1)}XS(Y_{(2)})$$
(35)
and (in symbolic notation) $`\mathrm{\Delta }(Y)=Y_{(1)}Y_{(2)}`$. Applying the formula $`ad_{Y_1Y_2}(X)=ad_{Y_1}(ad_{Y_2}(X))`$ one gets

$$P_\mu (\alpha )=\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(i\alpha )^k}{k!}(\underset{ktimes}{\underset{}{ad_{(\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{N})}(ad_{(\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{N})}\mathrm{}(ad_{(\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{N})}P_\mu )\mathrm{})}})$$
(36)
Surprisingly enough, substituting in (35) the coproduct and antipode from (32d), (33) for arbitrary analytic function $`h(P_0,P_1,P_2,P_3)`$ one obtains

$$ad_{(\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{N})}h(P_0,P_1,P_2,P_3)=[(\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{N}),h(P_0,P_1,P_2,P_3)]$$
(37)
i.e. one gets the ”classical formula” describing finite boost transformations for $`\kappa `$-deformed Poincaré algebra in bicrossproduct basis:

$$P_\mu (\alpha )=e^{i\alpha (\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{N})}P_\mu e^{i\alpha (\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{N})}$$
(38)
The differential equations following from the relation (38) (for particular choice $`\stackrel{}{n}=(1,0,0)`$) were used in  for the calculation of finite boost transformations $`(29a,b)`$ in DSR1 theory. We see therefore that the relation (38) can be obtained in two different ways from the formula (36)

1. Using the Hopf algebra structure of $`\kappa `$-deformed Poincaré algebra, as demonstrated above,
2. By inserting in (36) the classical coproduct for the boost generators and nonlinear formulae (16), (18) describing threemomentum and energy.

Using the following formula for coproducts

$$ad_{\mathrm{\Delta }X}\mathrm{\Delta }Y=(ad_{X_{(1)}}Y_{(1)})(ad_{\mathrm{\Delta }X_{(2)}}Y_{(2)})$$
(39)
one can also derive 555In particular, $`ad_{N_k}P_i=[N_k,P_i]\mathrm{\Delta }(ad_{N_k}P_i)=[\mathrm{\Delta }N_k,\mathrm{\Delta }P_i][N_k1+1N_k,\mathrm{\Delta }P_i]=ad_{\mathrm{\Delta }N_k}\mathrm{\Delta }P_i`$. The equality sign holds for the primitive coproduct $`\mathrm{\Delta }\stackrel{}{N}=\stackrel{}{N}1+1\stackrel{}{N}`$, i.e. for nondeformed boosts. In other words, $`\kappa `$-deformed momentum coalgebra is not the left (or right) Lorentz-module coalgebra (see )

$$ad_{\mathrm{\Delta }N_k}\mathrm{\Delta }P_\mu =[N_k1+1N_k,\mathrm{\Delta }P_\mu ]$$
(40)
where we recall that for $`\kappa `$-deformed Poincaré algebra the coproduct for the boosts $`N_i`$ and threemomenta $`P_i`$ is nonprimitive (see $`(32b,d)`$). Using (40) one can show that in general

$$\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{}{P}_\mathrm{\Delta }(\alpha )ad_{e^{i\alpha (\stackrel{}{n}\mathrm{\Delta }\stackrel{}{N})}}\mathrm{\Delta }\stackrel{}{P}=\hfill \\ =e^{i\alpha (\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{N})}e^{i\alpha (\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{N})}\left(\stackrel{}{P}1+e^{\frac{E}{\kappa c^2}}\stackrel{}{P}\right)e^{i\alpha (\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{N})}e^{i\alpha (\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{N})}=\hfill \\ =\stackrel{}{P}(\alpha )1+e^{\frac{E(\alpha )}{\kappa c^2}}\stackrel{}{P}(\alpha )\hfill \end{array}$$
(41a)
$$\begin{array}{c}E_\mathrm{\Delta }(\alpha )ad_{e^{i\alpha (\stackrel{}{n}\mathrm{\Delta }\stackrel{}{N})}}\mathrm{\Delta }\stackrel{}{E}=\hfill \\ =e^{i\alpha (\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{N})}e^{i\alpha (\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{N})}\left(E1+1E\right)e^{i\alpha (\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{N})}e^{i\alpha (\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{N})}=\hfill \\ =E(\alpha )1+1E(\alpha )\hfill \end{array}$$
(41b)
i.e. the quantum boost transformations $`(29a,b)`$ for the coproduct of four-momenta are consistent with the $`\kappa `$-deformed addition law $`(32a,b)`$.

One can conclude that for the deformed relativistic energy-momentum dispersion relation (1) there are two consistent addition laws for deformed four-momenta, one symmetric (cocommutative) and second noncocommutative.

1. The symmetric addition law is the result of nonlinear transformations of the three-momentum and energy generators in classical framework of relativistic symmetries. One obtains nonabelian symmetric addition law for both energy and three-momenta. Due to this symmetry (cocommutativity of the coproduct) the dual Minkowski space will be a standard one, with standard commutative space-time coordinates.
2. The nonsymmetric ( noncocommutative ) addition law for deformed threemomenta permits in the framework of $`\kappa `$-deformed quantum group to obtain the abelian addition law for energy. Due to noncocommutativity of the coproduct in the fourmomentum space, one obtains from Hopf algebra duality ($`<x_\mu ,P_\nu >=ig_{\mu \nu }`$)  the $`\kappa `$-deformed space-time \[7-11\] ($`i=1,2,3`$)

$$[x_0,x_i]=\frac{i}{\kappa c}x_i[x_i,x_j]=0$$
(42)

If we are not requiring the classical additivity of energy one can consider any other bases for fourmomenta preserving bicrossproduct property. In particular

\- one can describe $`\kappa `$-deformed framework with classical Poincaré basis  - the nonabelian addition law for energy  can be interpreted as introducing geometric 2-particle interactions in standard relativistic theory.

\- by performing the nonlinear transformations of fourmomenta it is possible to describe the $`\kappa `$-deformed Poincaré algebra in the basis which provides deformed energy-momentum dispersion relation given by Magueijo and Smolin , singular for energy $`E=\kappa c^2`$ (see ).

## 4 Conclusions

It follows from our discussion that the introduction of large class of deformed energy-momentum dispersion relations (see (10)) preserved under deformed Lorentz transformations is easy to achieve by a nonlinear change of classical fourmomentum operators (see (8) and (16)). In such a framework all these nonlinearly related symmetry schemes are described by the same Hopf algebra – a mathematical tool for description of given algebraic symmetry. The real distinction between different deformed relativistic symmetry schemes is due to the choice of coproduct, in particular describing the composition law of energy-momentum for multiple states. The nontrivial deformations are obtained if the coproduct is not symmetric. The classification of nontrivial quantum deformations of Poincaré symmetries is known  and it is almost complete. From physical reasons there are distinguished these deformations which preserve the commutativity of fourmomentum generators. In such a case it follows from the duality of Hopf algebras describing space-time coordinates and fourmomenta that there are possible only Lie - algebraic deformations of Minkowski space-time. Assuming that we keep classical $`O(3)`$ invariance only the following two deformations introducing fundamental mass parameter are possible:

1. $`\kappa `$-deformed Minkowski space, described by the relations (42). Such deformation is physically interesting, because it preserves undeformed nonrelativistic symmetries and the effective deformation parameters $`P_0/\kappa c`$ and $`\stackrel{}{P}^2/\kappa ^2c^2`$ shows that $`\kappa `$-deformation is a high energy / high momentum effect.
2. other possible deformation covariant under classical $`O(3)`$ rotations is provided by relations:

$$[\widehat{x}_0,\widehat{x}_i]=0[\widehat{x}_i,\widehat{x}_j]=\frac{i}{\kappa }\epsilon _{ijk}\widehat{x}_k$$
(43)
The second formula (43), used as a description of fuzzy sphere (see e.g. ) modifies the nonrelativistic sector of classical relativistic symmetries, i.e. one can argue that this second choice for physical applications is less attractive.

We would like to stress that we are aware of difficulties with the adjustment to physical interpretation of nonsymmetric coproducts. It is also true that the complete structure of quantum group sometimes requires more sophisticated mechanisms to detect the deformation effects (see e.g. ). We would like however to point out that whatever are the efforts to accommodate the nonsymmetric coproducts (32b) into the description of physical processes (see e.g. ), at present the alternative for DSR theories is clear: or classical Einsteinian framework or quantum $`\kappa `$-deformed symmetry, and declaration should be made. Also in discussions of modified relativity principles two formal steps which are sometimes mixed – the nonlinear change of basis and the notion of deformation – should be clearly separated.

### Acknowledgement

One of the authors (J.L.) would like to thank Piotr Kosiński for valuable discussion and Jerzy Kowalski-Glikman for information about the ref. .