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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

De Sitter spacetimes are becoming of increasing interest in theoretical physics for a variety of reasons. They provide interesting arenas in which to study the classical no-hair conjecture first proposed by Ruffini and Wheeler , which states that after a given distribution of matter undergoes complete gravitational collapse, the only long range information of the resultant black hole is its electromagnetic charge, mass and angular momentum. The verification of this conjecture for a scalar field minimally coupled to gravity in asymptotically flat black-hole spacetimes has been extended to its de Sitter counterpart ,. While it is tempting to extend the no-hair theorem claim to all forms of matter, it is known that some long range Yang-Mills and/or quantum hair can be “painted” on a black hole . Explicit calculations have been carried out which verify the existence of a long range Nielsen-Olesen vortex solution as a single stable hair for a Schwarzschild black hole in four dimensions , although it might be argued that this situation falls outside the scope of the classical no-hair theorem due to the non trivial topology of the string configuration.

Another motivation for studying de Sitter (dS) spacetimes is connected with the recently proposed holographic duality between quantum gravity on dS spacetime and a quantum field theory living on the past boundary of dS spacetime . This proposed correspondence is undergoing extensive study in various directions -. So far this work suggests that the conjectured dS/CFT correspondence has a lot of similarity with the AdS/CFT correspondence, although some interpretive issues remain .

Motivated by these considerations, we pursue in this paper a study of vortex solutions in de Sitter spacetimes. We have already shown that the $`U(1)`$ Higgs field equations have a vortex solution in both a four dimensional AdS spacetime  and in a four dimensional Schwarzschild-AdS background . Employing the well known AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture, the boundary conformal field theory can detect the presence of the vortex in the four dimensional AdS spacetime: the mass density of the vortex solution is encoded in the discontinuity of the two-point correlation function of the dual conformal operator . We have also shown that vortex solutions exist in the background of rotating Kerr-AdS and charged Reissner-Nordstrom-AdS black holes , even in the extremal case. Concurrently, it has recently been shown that in an asymptotically AdS spacetime that a black hole can have scalar hair . Indeed, insofar as the no-hair theorem is concerned it has been shown that there exists a solution to the $`SU(2)`$ Einstein-Yang-Mills equations which describes a stable Yang-Mills hairy black hole that is asymptotically AdS .

We therefore seek to learn if an analog of vortex holography discussed in  holds true for dS spacetime. In this article we take the first steps toward consideration of such a holographic phenomenon by searching for possible solutions of the Abelian Higgs field equations in a four dimensional dS background. Although an analytic solution to these equations appears to be intractable, we confirm by numerical calculation that vortex solutions do exist in dS spacetime. We find both static and time-dependent vortex solutions. The static solution corresponds to a core of vortex field energy located within the cosmological horizon in a static patch of dS spacetime. In the time-dependent solution, the energy of the vortex core is diluted by the cosmological expansion in an inflationary patch. To our knowledge this is the first construction of vortex solutions in asymptotically dS spacetimes.

We also consider the implications of our solutions for the recently conjectured dS/CFT correspondence . We compute the renormalization group flow associated with the time-dependent vortex solution in the inflationary patch and find that the generalized $`c`$-function monotonically increases, in accord with the generalized $`c`$-theorem .

In section two, we solve numerically the Abelian-Higgs equations in the static dS background for different values of the cosmological constant. In section three, we compute the effect of the vortex solution on the dS spacetime. In section four, we solve numerically the same equations in a big bang patch of dS background. This is the first investigation of time dependent vortices in curved spacetime. In section five, we obtain the behaviour of the dS $`c`$-function of this solution and find that it increases (decreases) in an expanding (contracting) dS patch. We give some closing remarks in the final section.

## 2 Abelian Higgs Vortex in static de Sitter Spacetime

In this section, we consider the abelian Higgs Lagrangian in the background of de Sitter spacetime

$$(\mathrm{\Phi },A_\mu )=\frac{1}{2}(𝒟_\mu \mathrm{\Phi })^{}𝒟^\mu \mathrm{\Phi }\frac{1}{16\pi }_{\mu \nu }^{\mu \nu }\xi (\mathrm{\Phi }^{}\mathrm{\Phi }\eta ^2)^2$$
(1)
where $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ is a complex scalar Klein-Gordon field, $`_{\mu \nu }`$ is the field strength of the electromagnetic field $`A_\mu `$ and $`𝒟_\mu =_\mu +ieA_\mu `$ in which $`_\mu `$ is the covariant derivative. We employ Planck units $`G=\mathrm{}=c=1`$ which implies that the Planck mass is equal to unity. We use the following four dimensional static dS spacetime background

$$ds^2=(1\frac{r^2}{l^2})dt^2+\frac{1}{(1\frac{r^2}{l^2})}dr^2+r^2(d\theta ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\theta d\phi ^2)$$
(2)
where the cosmological constant $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is equal to $`\frac{3}{l^2}.`$ The horizon is at $`r=l`$ and so the range of the coordinate $`r`$ is bounded to $`0rl`$. In this coordinate system $`/t`$ is a future-pointing timelike Killing vector in only one diamond of the Penrose diagram  which generates the symmetry $`tt+t_0`$ for any constant $`t_0.`$ In other diamonds of the Penrose diagram, this Killing vector is spacelike or else past-pointing timelike. After redefining the new fields $`X(x^\mu ),P_\mu (x^\nu )`$ by

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Phi }(x^\mu )=\eta X(x^\mu )e^{i\omega (x^\mu )}\\ A_\mu (x^\nu )=\frac{1}{e}(P_\mu (x^\nu )_\mu \omega (x^\mu ))\end{array}$$
(3)
and employing a suitable gauge, the equations of motion for a string with winding number $`N`$ are

$$(1\frac{\rho ^2}{l^2})\frac{d^2X}{d\rho ^2}+(\frac{1}{\rho }\frac{4\rho }{l^2})\frac{dX}{d\rho }\frac{1}{2}X(X^21)\frac{N^2}{\rho ^2}XP^2=0$$
(4)
$$(1\frac{\rho ^2}{l^2})\frac{d^2P}{d\rho ^2}\frac{dP}{d\rho }(\frac{1}{\rho }+\frac{2\rho }{l^2})\alpha PX^2=0$$
(5)
where $`\rho =r\mathrm{sin}\theta `$ and $`\alpha =\frac{4\pi e^2}{\xi }.`$ Note that by changing $`l`$ to $`il`$, equations (4) and (5) change to the equations of motion in an AdS background , or to the $`m=0`$ equations discussed in . We have solved the above equations numerically for dS spacetimes with $`l=3,5,10`$ and unit winding number using the over-relaxation method .

Figure 1 shows the results for our calculation and also compares them with the vortex fields in the AdS spacetime . For fixed $`\rho 3`$, the $`X`$ field of the dS spacetime decreases with decreasing $`l`$, in contrast to the AdS spacetime which $`X`$ field increases with decreasing $`l.`$

In general the value of the $`X`$ field for AdS spacetime is always greater than its value for any dS spacetime for a given $`\rho `$. In other words, by increasing the cosmological constant $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ from $`\mathrm{}`$ to $`+\mathrm{},`$ the $`X`$ field decreases for fixed $`\rho `$. The $`X`$ field of flat spacetime is located between the dS and AdS cases where $`\left|l\right|=\mathrm{}`$. Over this same range of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ the value of the $`P`$ field increases. Physically the negative cosmological constant exerts additional pressure on the vortex, causing it to become thinner; a positive cosmological constant has the opposite effect, causing the core of the vortex to expand beyond the thickness it would have in flat spacetime. Moreover, we expect that the effect of the vortex on dS spacetime is to create a deficit angle in the metric (2) by replacing $`\phi \alpha \phi ,`$ which $`\alpha `$ is a constant. In the next section, we verify this point.

For $`rl,`$ the coefficients of the $`\frac{d^2X}{d\rho ^2}`$ and $`\frac{d^2P}{d\rho ^2}`$ terms in equations (4) and (5) change sign and the numerical solution of the corresponding equations outside the cosmological horizon shows that the values of the $`X`$ and $`P`$ fields remain at their respective constant values of $`1`$ and $`0`$. Consequently the vortex is confined totally behind the cosmological horizon. In the next section we will find that in a different patch of dS spacetime the vortex solution exists everywhere in space and changes with time.

## 3 Vortex self gravity in static de Sitter space time

In this section, we consider the effect of the vortex on dS4 spacetime described by the static metric (2) . This requires finding the solutions of the coupled Einstein-Abelian Higgs differential equations in dS4. This is a formidable problem – even for flat spacetime no exact solutions have yet been found. Using a thin-core approximation and numerical methods, we obtained in  the effect of the vortex on AdS4. Here, we use the same method to obtain the effect of the vortex on dS4 spacetime.

To obtain physical results, we make some approximations. First, we again assume the thin-core approximation, namely that the thickness of the vortex is much smaller that all other relevant length scales. Second, we assume that the gravitational effects of the string are weak enough so that the linearized Einstein-Abelian Higgs differential equations are applicable. For convenience, in this section we use the following form of the metric of dS$`{}_{4}{}^{}:`$

$$ds^2=\stackrel{~}{𝒜}(r,\theta )^2dt^2+\stackrel{~}{}(r,\theta )^2d\phi ^2+\stackrel{~}{𝒞}(r,\theta )(\frac{dr^2}{1\frac{r^2}{l^2}}+r^2d\theta ^2)$$
(6)
In the absence of the vortex, we must have $`𝒜(r,\theta )=\sqrt{1\frac{r^2}{l^2}}=𝒜_0(r,\theta ),(r,\theta )=r\mathrm{sin}\theta =_0(r,\theta ),𝒞(r,\theta )=1`$ $`=𝒞_0(r,\theta )`$, yielding the well known metric (2) of pure dS4. Employing the two assumptions concerning the thickness of the vortex core and its weak gravitational field, we solve numerically the Einstein field equations,

$$G_{\mu \nu }+\frac{3}{l^2}g_{\mu \nu }=8\pi G𝒯_{\mu \nu }$$
(7)
to first order in $`\epsilon =8\pi G,`$ where $`𝒯_{\mu \nu }`$ is the energy-momentum tensor of the Abelian Higgs field in the dS background. By taking $`g_{\mu \nu }g_{\mu \nu }^{(0)}+g_{\mu \nu }^{(1)}`$ , where $`g_{\mu \nu }^{(0)}`$ is the usual dS$`_{4\text{ }}`$ metric and $`g_{\mu \nu }^{(1)}`$ is its first order correction, and writing

| $`\stackrel{~}{𝒜}(r,\theta )=𝒜_0(r,\theta )(1+\epsilon 𝒜(r,\theta ))`$ |
| --- |
| $`\stackrel{~}{}(r,\theta )=_0(r,\theta )(1+\epsilon (r,\theta ))`$ |
| $`\stackrel{~}{𝒞}(r,\theta )=𝒞_0(r,\theta )(1+\epsilon 𝒞(r,\theta ))`$ |

(8)
we obtain first-order corrections to the three functions $`𝒜_0(r,\theta ),_0(r,\theta )`$ and $`𝒞_0(r,\theta )`$ in (8). Hence in the first approximation the equations (7) become

$$G_{\mu \nu }^{(1)}+\frac{3}{l^2}g_{\mu \nu }^{(1)}=𝒯_{\mu \nu }^{(0)}$$
(9)
where $`𝒯_{\mu \nu }^{(0)}`$ is the energy momentum tensor of the vortex field in the dS$`_{4\text{ }}`$background metric, and $`G_{\mu \nu }^{(1)}`$ is the correction to the Einstein tensor due to $`g_{\mu \nu }^{(1)}`$. The rescaled components of the energy momentum tensor of string in the background of dS4 are given by

| $`T_t^{t(0)}(\rho )=\frac{1}{2}(\frac{dX}{d\rho })^2(1\frac{\rho ^2}{l^2})\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{\rho ^2}(\frac{dP}{d\rho })^2(1\frac{\rho ^2}{l^2})\frac{1}{2}\frac{P^2X^2}{\rho ^2}(X^21)^2`$ |
| --- |
| $`T_\phi ^{\phi (0)}(\rho )=\frac{1}{2}(\frac{dX}{d\rho })^2(1\frac{\rho ^2}{l^2})+\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{\rho ^2}(\frac{dP}{d\rho })^2(1\frac{\rho ^2}{l^2})+\frac{1}{2}\frac{P^2X^2}{\rho ^2}(X^21)^2`$ |
| $`(T_r^{r(0)}+T_\theta ^{\theta (0)})(\rho )=\frac{P^2X^2}{\rho ^2}2(X^21)^2`$ |

(10)
where $`T_\mu ^{\mu (0)}=\xi ^1\eta ^4𝒯_\mu ^{\mu (0)}.`$ The Einstein equations (9) are

| $`(1\frac{\rho ^2}{l^2})\frac{d^2}{d\rho ^2}+2\frac{d}{d\rho }(\frac{1}{\rho }\frac{2\rho }{l^2})+\frac{1}{2}(1\frac{\rho ^2}{l^2})\frac{d^2𝒞}{d\rho ^2}\frac{\rho }{l^2}\frac{d𝒞}{d\rho }+\frac{3𝒞}{l^2}=T_t^{t(0)}`$ |
| --- |
| $`(1\frac{\rho ^2}{l^2})\frac{d^2𝒜}{d\rho ^2}\frac{4\rho }{l^2}\frac{d𝒜}{d\rho }+\frac{1}{2}(1\frac{\rho ^2}{l^2})\frac{d^2𝒞}{d\rho ^2}\frac{\rho }{l^2}\frac{d𝒞}{d\rho }+\frac{3𝒞}{l^2}=T_\phi ^{\phi (0)}`$ |
| $`(1\frac{\rho ^2}{l^2})(\frac{d^2𝒜}{d\rho ^2}+\frac{d^2}{d\rho ^2})+\frac{2}{\rho }(\frac{d𝒜}{d\rho }+\frac{d}{d\rho })(13\frac{\rho ^2}{l^2})+\frac{6𝒞}{l^2}=T_r^{r(0)}+T_\theta ^{\theta (0)}`$ |

(11)
We consider the case $`l=3,`$ for which the behaviour of $`X`$ and $`P`$ fields are given in figure 1. By using equations (10), we obtain figure 2 showing the behaviour of the stress tensor components inside the cosmological horizon as a function of $`\rho ,`$ whose minimum value is $`0.1.`$

We note that outside the cosmological horizon, the stress tensor vanishes due to the constant values of the vortex fields. With this knowledge, we solve the coupled differential equations (11), inside and outside the cosmological horizon which gives the behaviour of the functions $`𝒜(\rho ),(\rho )`$ and $`𝒞(\rho ).`$ The results are plotted in figure 3. These results emphasize that the functions $`𝒜(\rho )1,(\rho )2`$ and $`𝒞(\rho )0`$ are constant over the entire range of $`\rho `$ to this order in $`\epsilon `$. A very tiny deviation from the constant values in the curves $`𝒜(\rho ),(\rho )`$ are due to the numerical calculation.

Hence by a redefinition of the time coordinate in (6) the metric can be rewritten as

$$ds^2=(1\frac{r^2}{l^2})dt^2+\frac{1}{(1\frac{r^2}{l^2})}dr^2+r^2(d\theta ^2+\alpha ^2\mathrm{sin}^2\theta d\phi ^2)$$
(12)
which is the metric of dS space with a deficit angle. So, the effect of the vortex on dS4 spacetime is to create a deficit angle in the metric (2) by replacing $`\phi \alpha \phi ,`$ where $`\alpha 1+2\epsilon `$ is a constant, since $`\epsilon <0.`$ The above calculation for the effect of the vortex on dS spacetimes is not restricted to the special case $`l=3`$, with other values of cosmological parameter $`l`$, the final result is the metric (12), with some other deficit angle $`\alpha `$.

## 4 Abelian Higgs Vortex in a Big Bang Patch of de Sitter Spacetime

In this section, we consider the abelian Higgs Lagrangian (1) in the following coordinate system

$$ds^2=d\tau ^2+e^{2\tau /l}(dx^2+dy^2+dz^2)$$
(13)
where the coordinate $`\tau (\mathrm{},+\mathrm{}).`$ After using the new fields $`X(\tau ,r,\theta ),P_\mu (\tau ,r,\theta )`$ given by (3), and applying the radial variable $`R=\sqrt{x^2+y^2}=r\mathrm{sin}\theta ,`$ the equations of motion for a string with winding number $`N`$ become

$$e^{2\tau /l}\frac{^2X}{R^2}+\frac{e^{2\tau /l}}{R}\frac{X}{R}\frac{^2X}{\tau ^2}\frac{3}{l}\frac{X}{\tau }\frac{N^2}{R^2}XP^2\frac{1}{2}X(X^21)=0$$
(14)
$$e^{2\tau /l}\frac{^2P}{R^2}\frac{e^{2\tau /l}}{R}\frac{P}{R}\frac{^2P}{\tau ^2}\frac{1}{l}\frac{P}{\tau }\alpha PX^2=0$$
(15)
By numerically solving equations (14,15), we are able to show that a vortex solution exists on a dS spacetime background for different values of the winding number $`N`$ and cosmological parameter $`l`$. As in the pure AdS case  and asymptotically AdS spacetimes ,  the results indicate that increasing the winding number yields a greater vortex thickness. Furthermore, for a vortex with definite winding number, the string core increases with decreasing $`l`$ at constant positive time. The $`X`$ and $`P`$ fields less rapidly approach their respective maximum and minimum values at larger distances as $`l`$ decreases.

To obtain numerical solutions of (14) and (15), we must first select appropriate boundary conditions. At large distances physical considerations motivate a clear choice. Since in the limit $`l\mathrm{}`$, the results must be in agreement with the results of flat spacetime, we demand that the solutions approach the solutions of the vortex equations in the flat spacetime given in ref. . This means that we demand $`X1`$ and $`P0`$ as $`R`$ goes to infinity. On the symmetry axis of the string, we take $`X0`$ and $`P1`$ for all time. Finally we take $`X=1`$ and $`P=0,`$ everywhere (except on the symmetry axis) at the initial time $`\tau =\mathrm{}`$. In the following, we consider the case $`N=1.`$ We can straightforwardly obtain similar results for other values of the winding number $`N.`$

We then employ a polar grid of points $`(R_i,\tau _j),`$ where $`R`$ goes from $`0`$ to some large value $`R_{\mathrm{}}`$ which is much greater than $`l`$ and $`\tau `$ runs from a large negative number $`\tau _{\mathrm{}}`$ to a large positive number $`\tau _{\mathrm{}}.`$ Using finite difference methods, we rewrite the non linear partial differential equation (14) and (15) as

$$A_{ij}X_{i+1,j}+B_{ij}X_{i1,j}+C_{ij}X_{i,j+1}+D_{ij}X_{i,j1}+E_{ij}X_{i,j}=F_{ij}$$
(16)
$$A_{ij}^{}P_{i+1,j}+B_{ij}^{}P_{i1,j}+C_{ij}^{}P_{i,j+1}+D_{ij}^{}P_{i,j1}+E_{ij}^{}P_{i,j}=F_{ij}^{}$$
(17)
where $`X_{ij}=X(R_i,\tau _j)`$ and $`P_{ij}=P(R_i,\tau _j).`$ For the interior grid points, the coefficients $`A_{ij},\mathrm{},F_{ij\text{ }}^{}`$ can be straightforwardly determined from the corresponding continued differential equations (14) and (15). Using the well known successive overrelaxation method  for the above mentioned finite difference equations, we obtain the values of $`X`$ and $`P`$ fields inside the grid. Initially, inside the grid points, we set the value of $`X`$ and $`P`$ fields $`0`$ and $`1`$ respectively which we denote them by $`X^{(0)}`$ and $`P^{(0)}`$. Then these values of $`X`$ and $`P`$ fields are used in the next step to obtain the values of $`X`$ and $`P`$ fields inside the grid which could be denoted by $`X^{(1)}`$ and $`P^{(1)}`$. Repeating this procedure, the value of the each field in the $`n`$-th iteration is related to the $`(n1)`$-th iteration by

$$X_{ij}^{(n)}=X_{ij}^{(n1)}\omega \frac{\zeta _{ij}^{(n1)}}{E_{ij}^{(n1)}}$$
(18)
$$P_{ij}^{(n)}=P_{ij}^{(n1)}\omega \frac{\varsigma _{ij}^{(n1)}}{E_{ij}^{(n1)}}$$
(19)
where the residual matrices $`\zeta _{ij}^{(n)}`$ and $`\varsigma _{ij}^{(n)}`$ are the differences between the left and right hand sides of the equations (16) and (17) respectively, evaluated in the $`n`$-th iteration. $`\omega `$ is the overrelaxation parameter. The iteration is performed many times to some value $`n=K,`$ such that $`_{i,j}\left|X_{ij}^{(K)}X_{ij}^{(K1)}\right|<\epsilon `$ and $`_{i,j}\left|P_{ij}^{(K)}P_{ij}^{(K1)}\right|<\epsilon `$ for a given error $`\epsilon `$. It is a matter of trial and error to find the value of $`\omega `$ that yields the most rapid convergence. Some typical results of this calculation are displayed in figures 4 and 5 for value of $`l=3`$.

In the figure 4, time is running from $`\tau _{\mathrm{}}`$ to $`0`$ whereas in figure 5 the time runs from $`0`$ to $`\tau _{\mathrm{}}.`$ We notice that by increasing the time from $`\tau _{\mathrm{}}`$ to $`0,`$ the string core increases rapidly to a well defined value at time $`\tau =0`$. Then increasing the time to more positive values, the string core increases more and more such that at time $`\tau =\tau _{\mathrm{}},`$ the $`X`$ and $`P`$ fields approach the constant values $`0`$ and $`1`$ respectively. So, we conclude that by increasing the time from $`\tau _\mathrm{}\text{ }`$to $`\tau _{\mathrm{}},`$ for which the constant time slices of the spacetime (13) become bigger and bigger, the string thickness becomes wider and wider. Moreover the energy density of the string spreads to bigger and bigger distances as time increases due to the larger size of the constant time slices.

The preceding calculation of vortex fields on dS spacetimes is not restricted to the special case of $`l=3`$; with other values of the cosmological parameter $`l`$, we obtain similar results. For example, another typical results of our calculation are displayed in figures 6 and 7 for value of $`l=10.`$

For time slices near $`\tau =0,`$ the behaviour of the vortex fields do not change by changing the cosmological parameter $`l.`$ The physical reason is that at this special time the spacetime is flat and independent of the cosmological constant, . However, if we consider a constant positive time slice, then by increasing the cosmological parameter $`l,`$ the string thickness decreases; for a constant negative time slice, by increasing the cosmological parameter $`l`$, it increases. The asymmetric behaviour of string thickness for positive and negative times is due to the inflation function $`e^{2\tau /l}`$ in (13). Hence by increasing $`l`$, the density of vortex field time-constant contours concentrates mainly near the time constant $`\tau =0`$ slice.

To obtain the effect of the vortex on the big bang patch of dS4 spacetime, we use the results of the preceding section, in which we found that vortex induces a deficit angle on the static spacetime metric given in (12) . By using the following transformations,

$$\begin{array}{c}\tau =t+\frac{l}{2}\mathrm{ln}\left|1\frac{r^2}{l^2}\right|\\ X=\frac{r}{\sqrt{\left|1\frac{r^2}{l^2}\right|}}\mathrm{exp}(t/l)\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{cos}(\alpha \phi )\\ Y=\frac{r}{\sqrt{\left|1\frac{r^2}{l^2}\right|}}\mathrm{exp}(t/l)\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{sin}(\alpha \phi )\\ Z=\frac{r}{\sqrt{\left|1\frac{r^2}{l^2}\right|}}\mathrm{exp}(t/l)\mathrm{cos}\theta \end{array}$$
(20)
the following metric

$$ds^2=d\tau ^2+e^{2\tau /l}(dX^2+dY^2+dZ^2)$$
(21)
can be written in the well known static dS spacetime with deficit angle $`\alpha `$ given by (12). Hence the effect of the vortex on a big bang patch of dS spacetime is to create a deficit angle in the X-Y plane that is constant as the (locally) flat spatial slice evolves in time.

Similar calculations for larger winding numbers show that increasing the winding number yields a greater vortex thickness in each constant time slice relative to winding number $`N=1.`$ This tendency runs counter to that of increasing $`l`$, for which the vortex thickness decreases on a constant positive time slice. As $`l\mathrm{}`$ we can increase the winding number to larger and larger values, and we find that the resultant thickness increases. Hence the effect of increasing winding number to thicken the vortex dominates over the thinning of the vortex due to decreasing cosmological constant.

What we have found about the behaviour of the vortex in the big bang patch of dS spacetime can be straightforwardly generalized to the big crunch patch of the dS spacetime. The big crunch patch is given by replacing $`\tau \tau `$ in the metric (13). Increasing the time from $`\tau _\mathrm{}\text{ }`$to $`\tau _{\mathrm{}},`$ for which the constant time slices of the big crunch spacetime become smaller and smaller, the string thickness becomes narrower and narrower. In fact, increasing the time, the energy density of the string concentrates to smaller and smaller distances due to the smaller size of the constant time slices.

## 5 De Sitter $`c`$-function

Obtaining evidence in support of (or against) a conjectured dS/CFT correspondence is somewhat harder to come by than its AdS/CFT counterpart. Although it is tempting to think of the former as a ‘Wick-rotation’ of the latter, a number of subtleties arise whose physical interpretation is not always straightforward .

One way of making progress in this area is via consideration of the UV/IR correspondence. In both the AdS and dS cases there is a natural correspondence between phenomena occurring near the boundary (or in the deep interior) of either spacetime and UV (IR) physics in the dual CFT. Solutions that are asymptotically dS lead to an interpretation in terms of renormalization group flows and an associated generalized dS $`c`$-theorem. This theorem states that in a contracting patch of dS spacetime, the renormalization group flows toward the infrared and in an expanding spacetime, it flows toward the ultraviolet . More precisely, the $`c`$-function in $`(n+1)`$-dimensional inflationary dS is given by,

$$c=\left(G_{\mu \nu }n^\mu n^\nu \right)^{\left(n1\right)/2}=\frac{1}{\varrho ^{\frac{n1}{2}}}$$
(22)
where $`n^\mu `$ is the unit normal vector to a constant time slice and $`\varrho `$ is the energy density on a constant time hypersurface.

It is natural to consider the time-dependent solution of the previous section in this context. Although we have not solved the Einstein-Abelian-Higgs equations exactly, we have shown to leading order that the vortex solution we obtained induces a deficit angle into de Sitter spacetime, and so to this order our solution is (locally) asymptotically de Sitter. Furthermore, the gauge field values of our solution asymptotically approach the constant values expected in a de Sitter vacuum, and so at large distances (near the boundary) we expect that our solutions will in general be asymptotically de Sitter, at least locally.

So we want to examine the behaviour of the (22) in the big-bang patch (13) in the presence of a vortex. The energy density of the vortex is given by:

$$\varrho =\frac{1}{2e^{2\tau }}(\frac{X}{R})^2\frac{1}{2R^2e^{4\tau }}(\frac{P}{R})^2(X^21)^2\frac{X^2P^2}{2R^2e^{2\tau }}$$
(23)
Using the curves of the vortex fields we obtained for different time slices in figures (4) and (5), we get figure (8) for the $`c`$-function in terms of time at a fixed point $`R=2`$ of space.

We find that by increasing the time from $`\tau _{\mathrm{}}`$ to $`\tau _{\mathrm{}}`$, the $`c`$-function monotonically increases as the universe expands. We emphasize that this monotonic increase is not restricted to this special value of $`R`$: by changing the value of $`R`$ we find the same increasing behaviour of the $`c`$-function as time evolves.

Similar calculations show that in the big-crunch patch of dS spacetime, the $`c`$-function decreases monotonically as time evolves from $`\tau _{\mathrm{}}`$ to $`\tau _{\mathrm{}}.`$

## 6 Conclusion

We have solved the Nielsen-Olesen equations in a static dS4 background, and found that the Higgs and gauge fields are axially symmetric, with non-zero winding number. Our solution in the limit of large $`l`$ (small cosmological constant) reduces to the well known flat-space solution. The solution (to leading order in the gravitational coupling) induces a deficit angle in dS4. We find in the static patch that an increasingly positive cosmological constant tends to make a thicker vortex solution due to cosmological expansion.

We solved the same equations in the big bang patch of the dS4 background, and found that by increasing the time from early times at $`\tau \mathrm{}`$ to $`\tau =0`$, the string thickness increases from an infinitesimally small value to a finite size. Increasing the time to vary large values $`\tau +\mathrm{},`$ the string thickness grows more and more, so that at future infinity, the string fields approach constant values everywhere. At past infinity, which is in fact the dS4 horizon, although the magnitude of the magnetic field goes to infinity near the string axis, the spatial dimensions shrink relative to spatial dimensions at other times, yielding a constant value for the magnetic flux of the vortex. In contrast to past infinity, at future infinity the magnetic field is very tiny over a big range of spatial coordinate, giving rise to the same value of the magnetic flux of the vortex at past infinity. The presence of a vortex in asymptotically dS spacetime technically violates the cosmic no-hair theorem in that the spacetime is not pure de Sitter; rather it is only locally dS due to the deficit angle induced from the non trivial topology of the vortex solution. Violation of the cosmic no hair theorem has also been observed in Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton theory with a positive cosmological constant .

Our results are in accord with the generalized dS $`c`$-theorem, providing further evidence in favor of a conjectured dS/CFT correspondence. An interesting future challenge is that of obtaining a holographic description of a vortex solution in dS spacetimes. The boundary field theory will have to be on a sphere with the same deficit angle as that induced by the vortex. In the AdS case, the conformal two-point correlation function is obtained by evaluating the bulk propagator of a scalar field between two points on the boundary by integrating over all spacelike geodesics paths between the points, and the presence of a vortex is signified by a discontinuity in this correlation function . However in the dS case the geodesic paths will be timelike, and will necessarily have to penetrate the cosmological horizon to detect a vortex in the static patch. Not all of $`^+`$ ( $`^{}`$ ) is causally connected to the vortex in the big bang ( big crunch ) patch, raising issues of causality reminiscent of those considered in the case of particles forming black holes in $`(2+1)`$ dimensions , and their resolution is far from clear.

We close by commenting on the physical relevance of our solutions. Since we employ Planck units $`G=\mathrm{}=c=1`$ , the constant $`l`$ is in units of the Planck length. We have found that only for $`l10`$ do our solutions appreciably differ from the flat space case. In this regime the radius of curvature of the de Sitter spacetime becomes comparable to the Planck length, equalling it at $`l=1`$, and one might be concerned that our results will be substantively modified due to quantum gravitational effects. Nevertheless we maintain that our results have both utility and validity for the following reasons. First, the qualitative behaviour of our solutions for large $`l`$ is the same as for $`l10`$ ; for example figure (8) will retain the same qualitative features for all finite values of $`l`$, and we have numerically checked this for $`l=100`$. However smaller values of $`l`$ more clearly highlight the significance of the features of these solutions, which is why we have presented them here. Second, it is at the very least useful to know what the classical physics is that underlies any quantum effects, and our solutions furnish will such knowledge when it becomes available. Finally, quantum gravitational effects will typically induce quantitative corrections to our results of order $`l^2`$, which is still only about $`10\%`$ even for $`l=3`$. Hence we expect the qualitative features of our solutions to remain even when quantum gravity is taken into account.

Inclusion of quantum gravitational effects is, of course, important. Other problems include the generalization of our solutions to asymptotically dS spacetimes with black holes and the possible dS/CFT correspondence of these solutions. Work on these problems is in progress.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. We would like to thank F. LeBlond for discussions and comments on an earlier version of this manuscript.


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# Time-resolved optical spectroscopy of the pulsating DA white dwarf HS 0507+0434B The data presented herein were obtained at the W.M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W.M. Keck Foundation.

## 1 Introduction

The apparent simplicity of white dwarfs belies more complex and ill-understood processes occurring in their interiors. Pulsations, however, offer the precious possibility of probing the interiors of these stars thereby yielding not only fundamental stellar parameters but also important clues of their prior history which can, in principle, be reconstructed from their present interior structure.

Along the white dwarf cooling track, there are three regions of instability: at $`T_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ 110 kK, $`T_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ 24 kK, and $`T_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ 12 kK, populated by the GW Vir, V 777 Her (DBV), and ZZ Ceti (DAV) types, displaying strong lines in their optical spectra of He ii and C iv, He i, and H  respectively.

Given the relatively long pulsation periods of white dwarfs, the realisation that white dwarfs are non-radial gravity-mode pulsators (Chanmugam 1972; Warner & Robinson 1972) came soon after the discovery of the first variable white dwarf (Landolt 1968); that their photometric variations are primarily a manifestation of temperature perturbations rather than due to variations in geometry or surface gravity came only a decade later (Robinson et al. 1982).

In order to subject the ZZ Cetis to asteroseismological analysis and to provide constraints for pulsation models, it is crucial that the eigenmodes associated with the observed periodicities be identified. Observationally, this means determining the value of the spherical degree, $`\mathrm{}`$, and azimuthal order, $`m`$. A third quantity, not an observable, is the radial order $`n`$; it specifies the number of nodes in the radial direction and can only be inferred by detailed comparison of observed mode periods with those predicted by pulsation models.

Mode identification for the ZZ Cetis is fraught with difficulties. In part, the analysis has been hampered by an insufficient number of pulsation modes excited to observable levels and mode variability over several different time scales. For the vast majority of ZZ Cetis, results have remained somewhat ambiguous as the prerequisites for asteroseismological analysis were not met. Even the Whole Earth Telescope (WET) campaigns (Nather et al. 1990) on several objects (e.g. G 117-B15A, ZZ Psc, Kepler et al. 1995; Kleinman et al. 1998) were thwarted either by the small number of modes and lack of clear multiplet structure exhibited by these objects. Most efforts have focused on identifying similarities between the pulsational spectra of different stars to constrain the mode identification. This ultimately has a bearing not only on the determination of fundamental stellar properties but also on the mass of the superficial hydrogen layer (e.g. Bradley 1998). It is clear that there is an acute need for more direct and complementary methods of pinning down the identification of the eigenmodes.

To this end, Robinson et al. (1995) presented a method for inferring $`\mathrm{}`$ based on the the wavelength-dependence of limb darkening, due to which observed mode amplitudes vary with wavelength in a manner that depends on $`\mathrm{}`$, but not on any of the other properties of the pulsation mode, such as $`m`$ or amplitude111At least for pulsation amplitudes of up to $``$5% (Ising & Koester 2001).. Thus, in a given star, modes having the same spherical degree will behave in the same manner. Robinson et al. (1995) acquired photometric data in the ultraviolet of the ZZ Ceti star G 117-B15A. Application of Bayes’ theorem and quantitative use of model wavelength-dependent pulsation amplitudes led them to infer that the largest amplitude mode of G 117-B15A had $`\mathrm{}=1`$.

More recently, van Kerkwijk et al. (2000) and Clemens et al. (2000) used a variant of the above method to identify the spherical degree of the pulsation modes observed in ZZ Psc (a.k.a. G 29-38) – a star that has been notoriously erratic in the pulsation modes that it excites. Their investigation, which was based on amplitude changes within the Balmer lines at visual wavelengths only, yielded empirical differences between the modes that were best interpreted as several $`\mathrm{}=1`$ modes and one $`\mathrm{}=2`$ mode; the presence of modes of differing $`\mathrm{}`$ obviated the need for quantitative model comparisons making their identification more secure than any previous attempt. A surprising by-product of their analysis was the detection of variations in the line-of-sight velocity associated with the pulsations. Given the instrumentation available at that time, these were thought to be too small to measure (Robinson et al. 1982).

The measurement of line-of-sight velocity variations associated with the pulsations can be used in two complementary ways: (i) they provide a means with which to verify and constrain the theories of mode driving and, (ii) under certain theoretical assumptions, velocity variations in conjunction with flux changes provide an important new tool with which to probe the outer layers of pulsating white dwarfs.

In this study, we will only attempt to interpret our observations within the context of theories of mode driving via convection (Brickhill 1983, 1991; Goldreich & Wu 1999a, b), as opposed to theories which purport mode driving by variants of the classical $`\kappa `$-mechanism (e.g. Dziembowski & Koester 1981; Dolez & Vauclair 1981; Winget et al. 1982). Unfortunately, as far as we are aware, testable predictions for these models are not, as yet, available.

Within the context of the “convective-driving” picture the convection zone responds to perturbations from the adiabatic interior on time scales very much shorter ($`1`$ s) than the mode periods (hundreds of seconds). This allows the convection zone to absorb and release the flux perturbations cyclically, thus driving the pulsations. Combination frequencies (linear sums and differences of the real modes) arise naturally in the above picture and can, in principle, provide additional information. Furthermore, the relation between the flux and velocity variations allows one to estimate the total thermal capacity of the convection zone. Qualitative relations derived by Goldreich & Wu (1999a, b) show that these are also sensitive to $`\mathrm{}`$. We explore these issues in Sect. 7.

Based on the success of identifying the $`\mathrm{}`$ index of the modes of ZZ Psc using time-resolved spectroscopy, we present here, results from a similar analysis on HS 0507+0434B. Our primary aims are to attempt to determine the spherical degree ($`\mathrm{}`$) of the pulsations and to search for line-of-sight velocity variations associated with the pulsations. We also hope to constrain the properties of convection, a process which is poorly understood and therefore one of the main sources of uncertainty in the models.

We begin with a brief introduction to HS 0507+0434 in Sect. 2 followed by a description of the data in Sect. 3. In Sects. 4, 5, and 6, we attempt to extract the flux and velocity amplitudes and phases and the change in pulsation amplitudes with wavelength. From Sect. 7 onwards, we apply the constraints provided by all of the above to extricate quantities that allow us to both test and subsequently use the theory.

## 2 HS 0507+0434

HS 0507+0434, like many other white dwarfs, is the by-product of a survey for faint blue objects (the Hamburg Quasar Survey in this case). It comprises two DA white dwarfs in a common proper-motion pair which, as discussed by Jordan et al. (1998), is of particular interest for two reasons. First, the effective temperatures of 20 kK for HS 0507A and 11.7 kK for HS 0507B are such that the atmosphere of the former is completely radiative, while the latter has an outer convection zone. Thus, one can hope to use the parameters inferred from HS 0507A, which should be secure – since radiative atmospheres consisting of pure hydrogen are well understood – to calibrate models for HS 0507B, which have to rely on uncertain models for convection. Jordan et al. (1998) found that only with relatively inefficient versions of the Mixing Length Theory (MLT) were they able to find consistent solutions for both components in the system.

The second reason that HS 0507+0434 is of interest is that the temperature of HS 0507B – as derived from its spectrum – placed it squarely within the ZZ Ceti instability strip; fast photometry on this object revealed it, as expected, to be variable (Jordan et al. 1998). A study of the temporal behaviour of HS 0507+0434B, based on photometric measurements collected over a total of seven consecutive nights, was recently carried out by Handler & Romero-Colmenero (2000). These authors were able to resolve a set of three equally spaced triplets222Assuming spherical symmetry, frequencies of modes having the same $`n`$ and $`\mathrm{}`$ are degenerate. Slow rotation and/or a magnetic field lifts this degeneracy resulting in $`2\mathrm{}+1`$ and $`\mathrm{}+1`$ split components respectively.. Under the assumption that the splitting was due to the effect of slow rotation on $`\mathrm{}=1`$ modes, the observed triplets yielded an estimate of the rotation rate ($`1.5`$days) and the $`m`$ values of the multiplets. They also found that in all three triplets, the $`m=0`$ component was much weaker than the $`m=1`$ and $`m=+1`$ components, which were of roughly similar strength. Assuming that the intrinsic amplitudes were the same for all $`m`$ components, they estimated the inclination of the rotation axis with respect to the line of sight to be $`79\mathrm{°}`$. The independent $`\mathrm{}`$ identifications afforded by clearly split multiplets are highly desirable as they can help to validate the identifications that rely on time-resolved spectroscopy only, given the differences between model spectra and observations.

As will become clear in the following sections, the advantage of having a flux and velocity reference in the same slit as the target greatly increases the accuracy of subsequent measurements by making it possible to not only divide out atmospheric fluctuations, but also to ensure that small random movements of the target in the slit are accounted for in the determination of the Doppler shifts of the Balmer-lines, thus making HS 0507+0434 an ideal system on which to test theoretical predictions.

## 3 Observations and Data reduction

HS 0507+0434 was observed on the nights of $`10^{\mathrm{th}}`$ and $`11^{\mathrm{th}}`$ December 1997 using the Low Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (LRIS) on the Keck II telescope (Oke et al. 1995). An 8$`\stackrel{}{.}`$7-wide slit was used together with a 600 line mm-1 grating covering the 3450-5960 Å range at 1.25 Å pixel-1. On-chip binning by a factor of two was implemented in the spatial direction. The first night was photometric and the seeing of 1$`\stackrel{}{.}`$2 set the wavelength resolution to 7 Å. There were thin patches of cirrus on the second night; furthermore, there was a great deal of windshake, which resulted in a worse resolution (9 Å) although the situation improved towards the end of the run as the elevation decreased. A contiguous set of 560 24 s exposures were acquired from 7:13:35 to 13:17:17 U.T. on the first night and a further 280 exposures were obtained from 7:10:50 to 10:12:24 U.T. on the following night. For both nights, the series was preceded by exposures of the flux standard G 191-B2B (five and ten integrations of 4 s respectively), followed by HgKr arc spectra for wavelength calibration, and halogen flat-field frames. A total of 64 frames from the second night had to be discarded due to a malfunction of the guider, which resulted in the targets drifting off the slit. We decided to fix the slit at the position angle required to have both components of the system in the slit and deal with the effects of differential refraction during the reduction of the data. The decision to use a wide slit stemmed from the need to acquire ‘photometric’ measurements of HS 0507 A and B in addition to measurements of variations in the line-of-sight velocity (see Sect. 4).

The reduction of the data was carried out using MIDAS333The Munich Image Data Analysis System, developed and maintained by the European Southern Observatory. and using routines running in the MIDAS environment written specifically for the LRIS instrument and this data set. In detail, our reduction procedure entailed: (i) subtracting the CCD bias level of each amplifier separately using the overscan region; (ii) correcting for the (small) non-linearities that most CCDs are prone to, using linearity curves of the CCD derived from previous observations using the LRIS instrument; (iii) correcting for the gain difference between the 2 amplifiers as derived from halogen lamp frames; (iv) flat-fielding using an average of the halogen frames for the first night and an average of dome-flats for the second night (as these gave smoother results); (v) sky subtraction; (vi) correcting for the error introduced by dividing by a flat field taken through slightly non-parallel slits (described in more detail below); (vii) optimal extraction of the spectra using a method akin to that of Horne (1986); (viii) wavelength calibration using Hg/Kr frames (by tabulating wavelengths for each pixel rather than by rebinning the spectra), with an offset determined from star A, and including a correction for refraction (see below); and (ix) flux calibration with respect to the flux standard G 191-B2B, using the model fluxes of Bohlin et al. (1995) and using the extinction curve of Beland et al. (1988) to correct for small differences in airmass.

Among the usual preprocessing stages described above, two additional non-standard steps were required given our use of a wide slit, namely the need to correct for non-parallel slit-jaws and the need to account for the effects of random stellar wander in the slit due, for instance, to seeing-related changes, windshake, and tracking uncertainties.

The former correction is necessitated by the fact that while the flat-fields and sky background are influenced by the shape of the slit, the light from the targets is not, as no light falls outside the slit jaws. The sky background was determined by fitting first degree polynomials for each step along the dispersion direction excluding two regions of 26 and 30 binned pixels corresponding to HS 0507A and HS 0507B respectively, and multiplying the result by a function describing the shape of the slit. Finally, we divided the images by an average flat field frame that was normalised along the spatial direction in order to maintain the correct relative flux ratio between the two target objects.

A second non-standard correction is required to purge the data of any extraneous effect that introduces shifts in the positions of the Balmer lines, such as instrumental flexure, refraction, and wander. In principle, all these changes should affect HS 0507A and B in the same way, and one could simply measure wavelengths relative to HS 0507A only. However, we prefer the following methodology, as it not only permits us to assess the quality that one may expect in the absence of such a fortuitous local calibrator, but it also permits us to verify the stability of HS 0507A and provides insight into any systematic effects that may have crept into our analysis of other targets. We first correct the spectra of both stars for instrumental flexure and refraction444See Appendix B where we scrutinize HS 0507A for any signs of variability. and only then apply a correction for stellar wander, using the measured offsets of H$`\gamma `$ of HS 0507A as fiducial points. Having thus corrected each pixel in the spectrum for the effects of instrumental flexure, differential refraction, and random wander in the slit, we redid the wavelength and flux calibrations. Any remaining offsets of the Balmer lines from their respective laboratory wavelengths must now be due to intrinsic variations only.

An estimate of the remaining scatter due to wander in the derived velocities can be obtained from the shifts in the slit of the spatial profiles of both HS 0507A and HS 0507B and assuming that the scatter in these shifts is also representative of the scatter in the dispersion direction. Having fitted Gaussian functions to the spatial profiles, we take the standard deviation of the difference of the resulting centroid positions of HS 0507B with respect to those of HS 0507A as an indicator of the scatter and obtain a value of $``$2$`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$at H$`\gamma `$ as an average value for both nights. This is well below the measurement errors (see Sect. 5). Note that the root-mean-square scatter for ZZ Psc was 14 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$at H$`\gamma `$ (van Kerkwijk et al. 2000). The value of having a reference object in the slit thus cannot be overemphasized.

The final average spectra of HS 0507+0434 A and B, as well as sample individual spectra, are shown in Fig. 1.

## 4 Periodicities in the Light Curve

Continuum light curves for each night were constructed by dividing the average flux in the 5300–5800 Å region of HS 0507B by that of HS 0507A (see Figs. 1, 2a). Note that the time axis has been computed relative to the middle of the time series in order to minimize any covariance between the frequencies and phases of the sinusoids we subsequently use to fit the light curve ($`t^{}=t16:33:20`$ U.T.). The Fourier transform of the light curve obtained by merging the data from both nights is shown in Fig. 3a and is typical of that of the ZZ Cetis.

We determined the periodicities consecutively in terms of decreasing amplitude by means of an iterative process: using an approximate value for the frequency of the highest peak, we fitted a function of the form $`A\mathrm{cos}(2\pi ft^{}\varphi )+C`$ where $`A`$ is the amplitude, $`f`$ the frequency, $`\varphi `$ the phase and $`C`$, a constant offset. The fit yielded $`A`$, $`f`$ and $`\varphi `$. The process was repeated, adding a new sinusoid each time, and fitting for all parameters simultaneously until no peaks with amplitudes $`0.15\%`$ could be identified in the Fourier transform of the residuals.

Combination frequencies were identified by searching for linear combinations of the real modes and these were fitted by fixing the frequencies to those of the corresponding combination of the real mode frequencies. We imposed the requirement that the combination frequency in question have the smallest amplitude of the frequencies involved. Identification of combination frequencies was not always easy due to degenerate combinations (e.g. F3$``$F4 $``$ F5$``$F3 given our resolution). In such cases, we opted for the largest amplitude of the combination frequency and the lowest possible error yielded by the fit. The light curve is not free of periodicities after having subtracted the frequencies listed in Table LABEL:hstab; although we continued to fit further combination modes, we found that the choice of combinations became rather arbitrary and hence we do not report these here.

Two statements can already be made on the basis of Table LABEL:hstab. First, as F1 and F2 have the same splitting as the F5 and F6 multiplet components, they therefore very probably also share the same $`\mathrm{}`$ value. From the analysis of Handler & Romero-Colmenero (2000), who detect triplets in each of these groups, they are likely to have $`\mathrm{}=1`$ and $`m=\pm 1`$. Second, the periods of the real modes are very similar to those observed by Kleinman et al. (1998) in a time series spanning 10 years for ZZ Psc, a similar, but slightly cooler white dwarf. In that star, these authors find real modes at periods ranging from 110 - 915 s. For $`\mathrm{}=1`$, these correspond to successive radial orders ($`n`$) from 1 to 18. The modes in common with HS 0507B are at 284, 355, and 730 s, which they identify as having radial orders of 4, 5, and 13 respectively. The $`n`$ = 7 mode in their model is the only mode (from $`n`$ = 1 - 18) not detected in the ZZ Psc data. Interestingly, a mode at the expected frequency is present in HS 0507B as the F5,F6 multiplet pair (445 s) at the expected separation for $`\mathrm{}=1`$ modes. It is tempting to conclude that, as for the hot ZZ Cetis (Clemens 1993), the cool ZZ Cetis have remarkably similar structure. One should bear in mind, however, that similar period structures may well be produced for a number of different combinations of mass and hydrogen-layer thickness (e.g. Bradley 1998).

We refrain from a detailed comparison with the study of Handler & Romero-Colmenero (2000) given our lower frequency resolution, but a few points are noteworthy. While the frequencies of the modes detected in our data are entirely consistent with those found by Handler & Romero-Colmenero (2000), our lower resolution does not permit us to confirm the presence of the $`m=0`$ multiplet components independently (see Fig. 4a); these were also the weakest modes in all triplets and thus should not greatly influence the amplitudes of the $`m=\pm 1`$ components. As a check, we attempted to recover the real modes identified by Handler & Romero-Colmenero (2000) that were not detected by us, by first imposing the amplitudes and frequencies listed by Handler & Romero-Colmenero (2000) and subsequently leaving the amplitudes free to vary. The residuals are shown in Fig. 4b. We find that our data are consistent with all but one of the components and have amplitudes consistent with those derived by Handler & Romero-Colmenero (2000). The only exception is the $`m=1`$ mode at 1800.7 $`\mu `$Hz (in the same multiplet as our F3), for which Handler & Romero-Colmenero (2000) found an amplitude of 1.7%, while it has an amplitude of only $`0.5\%`$ in our data and is not even required in the fit. For completeness, we note that the amplitudes and phases we derive using the frequencies of Handler & Romero-Colmenero (2000) are entirely consistent with those listed in Table LABEL:hstab.

## 5 Periodicities in the line-of-sight velocities

Variations in the equivalent widths and profiles of the Balmer lines reflect temperature and line-of-sight velocity variations. The details of the complex interactions between flux and velocity that result in the observed spectral line are not well-understood, but are likely to be separable to first order.

In order to search for line-of-sight velocity variations, we determined Doppler shifts for the Balmer lines by fitting a combination of a Gaussian and a Lorentzian profile which provided a good fit to the lines; the continuum was approximated by a line. We chose the wavelength intervals 4660$``$5088 Å, 4214$``$4514 Å, and 4028$``$4192 Å for H$`\beta `$, H$`\gamma `$, and H$`\delta `$ respectively to carry out the fits and insisted that the central wavelengths of the Gaussian and Lorentzian functions be the same. We repeated the above process for H$`\gamma `$ only, fitting the logarithm of the flux instead as a check of our (additive) fitting method. The velocities thus derived were nearly identical with those obtained by fitting the flux only. Possible systematic effects arising from different methods of deriving these velocities are discussed in detail in van Kerkwijk et al. (2000). The resulting velocity curve is shown in Fig. 2b, while the associated Fourier transform is shown in Fig. 3b. The typical uncertainty in a single measurement for HS 0507B is 14 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$, much larger than those due to differential wander between HS 0507A and B which was estimated to be $``$ 2 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$(Sect. 3).

Simple checks confirm that the errors in the measurement of the line-centroids of each of the three Balmer lines are uncorrelated. For instance, the standard deviation of the average velocity as computed from an average of all three lines decreases by a factor $`(\sigma _\beta +\sigma _\gamma +\sigma _\delta )^{\frac{1}{2}}`$/3 compared to that associated with a single line, as would be expected if the errors were mutually independent (here, $`\sigma _{\beta ,\gamma ,\delta }`$ are the respective standard deviations in the velocities as derived from H$`\beta `$, H$`\gamma `$, and H$`\delta `$). The velocity differences between the lines also offer an independent estimate of the measurement uncertainty; e.g. one expects the ratio $`(v_\beta v_\gamma )/(\sigma _\beta ^2+\sigma _\gamma ^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}`$ to have a mean of zero and a standard deviation of unity if the errors associated with each line are uncorrelated. Our values of the standard deviation of the above ratio for the two nights are 1.2 and 1.3, i.e., roughly consistent with unity. We deem our error estimates to be credible.

The Fourier Transform of the velocity curve (Fig. 3b) is striking in that it shows no strong peak at any frequency, not even at the frequencies corresponding to the dominant variation in the light curve. We will explore the possible cause of this result in later sections. We can, nevertheless, place interesting upper limits on the velocity to flux ratio of each observed mode. The motivation for doing so is that the velocity to flux ratios ($`R_V`$) have, to date, only been determined for one star (van Kerkwijk et al. 2000); yet, these are essential for comparison with theoretical predictions. While the noise level prevents the velocity curve from being used in the absence of external information, the light curve provides just such external, independent, information as to the periodicities we expect to find in the velocity curve. We can exploit this additional information by imposing the frequencies we find in the light curve on the velocity curve and measuring the velocity amplitudes at these pre-specified frequencies. We can subsequently ask if a velocity peak at a known frequency is signficant. We detail this procedure below.

As just described, we looked for modulations in the velocity curve by fitting the velocity curve with sinusoids, the frequencies of which were fixed at those obtained from the light curve. As with the light curve, the calibration relative to HS 0507A removed all slow variations and only a constant offset was additionally included in the fit. The resulting velocity amplitudes and phases are listed in Table LABEL:hstab. We find marginally significant velocity variations at F1, F2, and F6. If these are real, it is surprising that we do not find significant velocity variations at F3 and F4, in spite of these modes having stronger flux modulations than F1 and F6. For F4, this is due in part to the proximity of the combination mode F4+F6$``$F5. Excluding all combination modes from the fit (theoretically, these are not expected to have associated velocity variations) results in an increase of the velocity amplitude of F4 to 0.8 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$ ($`R_V=7\pm 7`$) while the amplitudes for the other real modes change by less than 0.2 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$.

We carried out Monte Carlo simulations in order to ascertain the likelihood that the peaks as large as those we detected might occur simply by chance. Our simulations were conducted thus: we randomly distributed the velocities with respect to the times and then fit these velocity curves in exactly the same way as the observations i.e., by fixing the frequency of the sinusoids to those derived from fits to the light curve as described above. This procedure was repeated 1000 times and the number of peaks with amplitudes larger than those measured at the frequencies corresponding to the real modes were counted. The results corroborated our error estimates: the modulation at F2 was most significant, having a probability of only 2% of being a random occurrence, while the modulations at F1 and F6 had probabilities of 9% and 4% respectively of being chance occurrences. In what follows, we treat these measurements as upper limits.

In summary, we find that at the frequency of F2, the mode with the largest photometric amplitude, there is evidence for an associated velocity signal with an amplitude of $`2.6\pm 1.0\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$, which our Monte-Carlo simulation suggests has a probability of only 2% of being due to chance. If taken at face value, we have thus detected velocity variations in a second ZZ Ceti type pulsator. A more conservative conclusion is that the upper limit to the velocity variations is $`3\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$ (at 99% confidence). Before addressing what one can infer from the (limits to) the amplitudes, we first present a discussion of the chromatic amplitudes, from which we attempt to infer the spherical degree of the real modes.

## 6 Chromatic Amplitudes

As was noted by Robinson et al. (1995), the wavelength dependence of the fractional pulsational amplitude, $`\mathrm{\Delta }F_\lambda /F_\lambda `$, can potentially provide a clean measurement of the spherical degree ($`\mathrm{}`$) of the modes as it is not only independent of the inclination and $`m`$ (and therefore also to unresolved modes having the same $`\mathrm{}`$ but different $`m`$, but is also insensitive to the details of flux calibration.555Note that the inference of $`\mathrm{}`$ from the observed chromatic amplitudes only, can, in principle, be made without even the qualitative use of models. Although the use of models necessarily brings with it a dependency on the assumed convective efficiency, the qualitative use of model chromatic amplitudes computed with differing mixing length prescriptions does not affect the mode identification. The $`\mathrm{}=2`$ mode in Clemens et al. (2000) is always better matched with an $`\mathrm{}=2`$ model regardless of the mixing length prescription.

We have computed these fractional pulsation amplitudes at each wavelength (hence the name, ‘chromatic amplitudes’) by fitting the real and combination modes listed in Table LABEL:hstab in each 3 Å bin, where the choice of bin size reflects a compromise between adequate signal to noise and resolution. The frequencies of the modes were fixed at the values shown in Table LABEL:hstab while the amplitudes of the modes were left free to vary. At first, we also left the phases free, but found that these did not show any significant signal. Since Clemens et al. (2000) found from their high signal-to-noise ratio data that the phases show very little variation666Note that Clemens et al. (2000) did find phase changes across the Balmer lines, but at levels too low for us to detect. They also found a slight, unexplained slope of phase as a function of wavelength. We also find a similar variation (2-3°) for the strongest modes., we decided to determine the amplitudes with the phases fixed to the values listed in Table LABEL:hstab. The resulting chromatic amplitudes are shown in Fig. 5 (allowing the phases to vary produces a very similar figure).

Clemens et al. (2000) were able to see a clear contrast between the chromatic amplitudes for their $`\mathrm{}=1`$ modes and that for the one $`\mathrm{}=2`$ mode present in their data for ZZ Psc. We see no such clear contrasts for HS 0507B (Fig. 5). Mostly, this simply reflects the fact that HS 0507B is about 8 times fainter, and that our signal-to-noise ratios are correspondingly lower. In Fig. 6, we compare the observed chromatic amplitudes for the strongest modes in HS 0507B (F2) and ZZ Psc (F1, $`\mathrm{}=1`$). We overlay model chromatic amplitudes for comparison. These were computed using model atmospheres (kindly provided by D. Koester; earlier versions described in Finley et al. 1997). The similarity of the displayed chromatic amplitude of HS 0507B and ZZ Psc and the dissimilarity of either to the models is striking. Pending improvements to the models, we must invent other methods to distinguish between $`\mathrm{}=1`$ and $`\mathrm{}=2`$ modes.

A careful inspection of Fig. 5 reveals that F2, F3, F4, and F6 look qualitatively similar to each other while the continuum shape and curvature – especially between H$`\beta `$ and H$`\gamma `$ – are somewhat different for F7. Although the continuum between the line cores is not smooth for the weaker multiplets, the general shape of the line cores is not unlike that of the stronger modes. We focus upon these differences – the same ones found for ZZ Psc – in order to glean any clues on the spherical degree of the pulsation modes.

For ZZ Psc, two distinguishing features of the $`\mathrm{}=1`$ modes compared to the one $`\mathrm{}=2`$ mode were that the latter had a larger curvature in the continuum regions between the line cores and that the overall slope was steeper. In the hope of separating out modes having different $`\mathrm{}`$ values, we attempt to measure these two quantities by fitting a 2nd-order polynomial between the lines cores as differences in these regions are readily apparent. We use ZZ Psc as a test case as at least one $`\mathrm{}=2`$ mode was identified by simple inspection.

In order to minimize the effect of local amplitude variations on the curvature and to minimize the covariance between the various parameters, we fit $`y=y_0+y_1z+y_2z^2`$, where $`y=\mathrm{ln}a`$ is the (natural) logarithm of the amplitude $`a`$ and $`z=\mathrm{ln}\lambda \mathrm{ln}\lambda `$, with $`\mathrm{ln}\lambda `$ the average of $`\mathrm{ln}\lambda `$ in the wavelength region of interest. Here, we only show the results for the region between H$`\beta `$ and H$`\gamma `$ (4370–4820 Å). We also define $`y_{0m}=(y_0\mathrm{ln}a_{5500})/(\mathrm{ln}\lambda \mathrm{ln}5500)`$. In this scheme, $`y_{0m}`$ can be seen to be a measure of the slope of the entire spectrum, while $`y_1`$ measures the local slope. Plotting $`y_2`$ against $`y_{0m}`$ should group together the modes that have similar shapes and curvatures.

Indeed Fig. 7 shows that F4 from the Clemens et al. (2000) data set clearly stands out from the cluster of $`\mathrm{}=1`$ modes. The situation is somewhat less clear-cut for HS 0507B: while F2, F3, F4, and F5 are consistent with each other and with F1 and F2 of ZZ Psc, the position of F6 is puzzling, although its value of $`y_{0m}`$ is consistent with that of the other strong modes. This, together with the general appearance of the chromatic amplitudes implies that F2, F3, F4, and F5 have $`\mathrm{}=1`$ and as F1 and F6 are members of known $`\mathrm{}=1`$ multiplets, they too must have $`\mathrm{}=1`$, even though this is not obvious from their respective locations in Fig. 7. The difference in appearance of F7 mentioned above is borne out by the measured slope and curvature. Given its low amplitude, we cannot unfortunately rule out the contribution of random noise. We note with interest that Handler (private communication) finds a peak of $`\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0.19}`$% at 3489.09 $`\mu `$Hz i.e. at approximately the same splitting as that observed for the 355 s and 445 s multiplets suggesting that F7 may be part of an $`\mathrm{}=1`$ triplet.

We can check the reliability of the above method by repeating the procedure for those combination modes for which the $`\mathrm{}`$ character of the combination is known. The spherical harmonic character of combination modes can be deduced from selection rules whenever the $`\mathrm{}`$ and $`m`$ values of the constituent real modes is known. Thus for combinations involving two $`m=1`$ or $`m=1`$ modes (for $`\mathrm{}=1`$), the resulting wavelength-dependent pulsation amplitude should have a surface distribution described by a $`Y_2^{\pm 2}`$ component and its position in Fig. 7 should coincide with F4 of ZZ Psc (which has $`\mathrm{}=2`$). Unfortunately, we do not have any independent knowledge of $`m`$ for any of the modes in ZZ Psc and cannot use its combination modes to verify the locations of the real modes in Fig. 7. Of our combination modes, F2+F3 is the largest amplitude one that satisfies the above $`m`$-requirement. Its location in Fig. 7 is roughly consistent with it having an $`\mathrm{}=2`$ component, although the uncertainties are too large for the measurement to be significant. In general, our conclusion from the above exercise is that although one obtains quantitative measures for the differences between modes having differing $`\mathrm{}`$ indices, it merely serves to corroborate the conclusions arrived at by visual inspection of the chromatic amplitudes.

As an aside, we note that using all the real modes listed in Table A1 in van Kerkwijk et al. (2000) results in one other mode, F8 ($`920\pm 3`$ s), being almost coincident with the position of the $`\mathrm{}=2`$ mode (F4, 776 s) in Fig. 7, while FA (500 s) is consistent with the position of F4 within the errors. Taken at face value, this implies that the 920 s mode also has $`\mathrm{}=2`$. Kleinman et al. (1998) assumed $`\mathrm{}=1`$ for their 918 s mode so it would be interesting to check the validity of this assumption by assigning a value of $`\mathrm{}=2`$ to this mode in the pulsation models and attempting to quantify the resulting changes, if any, to the derived properties of ZZ Psc. Given the relatively low amplitude of F8 (0.47%), other independent constraints would, of course, be desirable.

We repeated the above procedure on the model chromatic amplitudes for a range of temperatures and a number of different sets of mixing-length parameters. We show two examples in Fig. 7 one for ML2/$`\alpha =0.6`$, which was found to yield the best description of the average optical-to-ultraviolet spectra (Bergeron et al. 1995) and one for ML1/$`\alpha =2.0`$, which lies in the parameter space of models with which the observed magnitude difference between HS 0507A and B was best reproduced (Jordan et al. 1998); see Jordan et al. (1998) for a description of the terminology. We find that all models, like the two shown, have systematically higher curvature than the observations. Thus, we extend to all models the conclusion of Clemens et al. (2000) that while the salient features of the chromatic amplitudes are reproduced by the models, the details leave much to be desired. It may well be that better agreement will only be reached once a better description of convection becomes available.

## 7 Comparison with Pulsation Theory

In this section, we attempt to place our observations within a theoretical framework by comparing various quantities derived from our observations to those derived from theoretical considerations by Wu & Goldreich (1999), Goldreich & Wu (1999a), and Wu (2001). Our primary aim in this section is to check whether theoretical expectations are borne out by the observations for both real and combination modes. Our secondary aim is to use our observations to perform consistency checks on some of the theoretical parameters used in the above studies. Specifically, these parameters are the thermal time constant of the convection zone ($`\tau _{c_0}`$), and the parameter ($`|2\beta +\gamma |`$) that depends on the depth of the convection zone. We additionally check whether the inclination angle derived by Handler & Romero-Colmenero (2000) is consistent with our data. Before proceeding, we stress that any comparison with the theory is rendered difficult by a number of factors, in particular, by unresolved multiplets and by the presence of real and combination modes of low amplitude.

### 7.1 Real Modes

Following van Kerkwijk et al. (2000), we measure the relative flux and velocity amplitudes and phases of the real modes with $`R_V=A_V/(2\pi fA_L)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Phi }_V=\mathrm{\Phi }_V\mathrm{\Phi }_L`$, respectively. In Table LABEL:hstab, we list the values of $`R_V`$ for all real modes. Here, one should bear in mind that the detection of even the strongest mode is only marginal. For the weaker modes, the $`R_V`$ values represent upper limits.

As a ZZ Ceti type white dwarf cools, the depth of the convection zone increases and longer period modes are excited. However, the flux perturbations are also more effectively attenuated so the emergent flux variations at the photosphere for a mode of fixed internal pulsation amplitude are reduced. Now turbulent viscosity in the convection zone ensures negligible vertical velocity gradients, making the horizontal velocities effectively independent of depth within the convection zone (Brickhill 1990; Goldreich & Wu 1999b). Thus at a fixed frequency, $`R_V`$ should be smaller in white dwarfs with thinner convection zones, i.e. the hotter pulsators. Similarly, for different modes within the same object, the flux attenuation increases with increasing mode frequency, while velocity variations pass undiminished through the convection zone. Thus $`R_V`$ is expected to increase with increasing mode frequency. $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Phi }_V`$ is expected to be equal to 90$`\mathrm{°}`$ for the adiabatic case (flux leads maximum positive velocity by $`\pi /2`$) and to tend towards 0$`\mathrm{°}`$ with increasing frequency, as the flux variations are increasingly delayed.

In Fig. 8, we show the observed values of $`R_V`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Phi }_V`$ for both HS 0507B and ZZ Psc. The observations are broadly consistent with expectations, in that the average values of $`R_V`$ are reasonable, and values of $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Phi }_V`$ are between 0 and 90$`\mathrm{°}`$. We find no clear evidence, however, for the expected trends with frequency as the uncertainties are too large.

The longest period observed mode can be used to deduce a rough lower limit to the value of $`\tau _{c_0}`$, the thermal time constant of the convection zone, as the overstability criterion $`\omega \tau _{c_0}1`$ must be satisfied for driving to exceed damping (Goldreich & Wu 1999a). Using F4 from Table LABEL:hstab yields a value for $`\tau _{c_0}`$ of $``$118 s.

### 7.2 Combination Frequencies

In models, the sharp maxima and shallower minima that typify the light curve are the result of the variation in the depth of the convection zone in response to the perturbations; this variation distorts the flux variation and gives rise to linear combinations of frequencies when transformed into frequency space (Brickhill 1992; Wu 2001). Thus, combination modes are not expected to have associated physical motion.

The relative photometric amplitudes and phases of the combination modes with respect to their constituent real modes can be expressed as $`R_C=A_L^{i\pm j}/(n_{ij}A_L^iA_L^j)`$ where $`n_{ij}`$ is the factorial of the number of different modes in the combination for 2-mode combinations and $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Phi }_C=\mathrm{\Phi }_L^{i\pm j}(\mathrm{\Phi }_L^i\pm \mathrm{\Phi }_L^j`$) respectively. Relations linking theoretical quantities to observed ones are provided by Eq. (15) and (20) in Wu (2001). We quote these here for convenience:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Phi }_C=\mathrm{tan}^1\left(\frac{1}{(\omega _i\pm \omega _j)\tau _{c_0}}\right)$$
(1)
$$R_C=\frac{|2\beta +\gamma |(\omega _i\pm \omega _j)\tau _{c_0}}{4\alpha _V\sqrt{1+((\omega _i\pm \omega _j)\tau _{c_0})^2}}\frac{G_{\mathrm{}_i\mathrm{}_j}^{m_i\pm m_j}}{g_\mathrm{}_i^{m_i}g_\mathrm{}_j^{m_j}}$$
(2)
Here, $`\omega `$ is the angular frequency of the (real) mode, $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ are related to the entropy variation, the response of the superadiabatic layer to the pulsation, and to the thermal relaxation time at a given depth in the convection zone. $`G_{\mathrm{}_i\mathrm{}_j}^{m_i\pm m_j}/g_\mathrm{}_i^{m_i}g_\mathrm{}_j^{m_j}`$ is the geometrical multiplication factor which depends on the inclination, $`\mathrm{\Theta }_0`$ between the pulsation axis and the line of sight777Values of this factor for grey atmospheres and $`\mathrm{}_i=\mathrm{}_j=1`$ are listed in Table 3 of Wu (2001). It is equal to $`0.65+0.45/\mathrm{cos}^2\mathrm{\Theta }_0`$ for $`m_i=m_j=0`$ combinations, $`0.65+0.90/\mathrm{sin}^2\mathrm{\Theta }_0`$ for $`m_i=m_j=\pm 1`$ combinations, and 0.65 for all others. and $`\alpha _V0.4`$ is a factor relating photometric amplitudes in the V band to bolometric ones.

In what follows, we take the inclination angle between the pulsation axis and the line-of-sight to be 79$`\mathrm{°}`$ as inferred by Handler & Romero-Colmenero (2000). We caution, though, that its derivation assumed not only that the pulsation axis is closely aligned to the rotation axis of the star, but also that multiplets have the same intrinsic amplitude. While the former assumption is probably justified, the latter is not self-evident as the amplitude of the modes may depend highly non-monotonically on frequency (especially if they are determined by parametric instability e.g. Wu & Goldreich 2001). Observationally, if the intrinsic amplitudes of the multiplet components are identical, one would expect the $`m=\pm 1`$ components of the triplets to have the same amplitude, and the ratio of the $`m=0`$ to the $`m=\pm 1`$ to be the same for different multiplets. While the observations are generally consistent with the above, there is a glaring exception: the $`m=\pm 1`$ components of the 355 s triplet, which includes the strongest mode, have very different amplitudes – both in our data (F1, F2), and in those of Handler & Romero-Colmenero (2000). The derived value of $`\mathrm{\Theta }_0`$ should therefore only be considered as approximate.

Figure 9 shows the observed and theoretically expected values of $`R_C`$. For the latter, we used $`\mathrm{\Theta }_0=79\mathrm{°}`$, $`\tau _{c_0}=118`$ s (as derived from the longest period overstable mode) and $`|2\beta +\gamma |=12.6`$, as estimated from theoretical arguments by Wu (2001). Given the numerous assumptions that have to be made in deriving theoretical values of $`R_C`$ and the uncertainty in the measured mode amplitudes, especially at lower frequencies, the agreement is adequate: values of $`R_C`$ are expected to be lower for lower frequency combinations ($`\omega \tau _{c_0}1`$) and almost constant for higher frequency combinations ($`\omega \tau _{c_0}1`$) as can be seen from Eq. (2). The best agreement with expected values of $`R_C`$ is shown by combinations involving two $`m=1`$ modes, these are also the largest amplitude modes in general.

For combinations having $`m_i\pm m_j=\pm 2;\pm 1`$, the theoretical value of $`R_C`$ is independent of the inclination of the pulsation axis to the line-of-sight ($`\mathrm{\Theta }_0`$) and depends only on the assumed value of $`|2\beta +\gamma |`$, while for $`m_i=m_j=\pm 1`$ combinations, $`R_C`$ is dependent on $`|2\beta +\gamma |`$ and $`\mathrm{\Theta }_0`$, but is independent of $`\tau _{c_0}`$ for higher frequency combinations ($`\omega \tau _{c_0}1`$). Taken together, $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ represent a measure of the depth of the convection zone as a function of effective temperature of the white dwarf and thus relate directly to the width of the instability strip: the lower $`|2\beta +\gamma |`$ is, the wider the instability strip (Wu 2001). Figure 9 shows that better agreement with the observed values of $`R_C`$ is obtained using a somewhat lower value of 9 for $`|2\beta +\gamma |`$. For this value, the $`m_i=m_j=\pm 1`$ modes are also better reproduced. This supports a high value for the inclination angle: for smaller $`\mathrm{\Theta }_0`$, the theoretically expected $`R_C`$ values for $`m_i=m_j=\pm 1`$ would shift upwards and away from the observations.

The relative phases are shown in Fig. 10. These are expected to be in phase with their corresponding real modes i.e. $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Phi }_C0`$. While many combinations follow the expected trend, there are some large deviations; we discuss this further below.

In the above, we used $`\tau _{c_0}=118`$s, as derived from the longest period overstable mode. In principle, one might improve on this by fitting the whole set of combination modes for $`\tau _{c_0}`$, $`|2\beta +\gamma |`$ and $`\mathrm{\Theta }_0`$ simultaneously. However, Wu (2001) showed that for pairs of sum and difference combination frequencies arising from the same real modes (e.g. F1$`\pm `$F5), the ratio of the amplitudes does not depend on $`|2\beta +\gamma |`$ and thus one could derive $`\tau _{c_0}`$ directly. We quote Eq. (21) from the above-cited paper:

$$\frac{A_L^{i+j}}{A_L^{ij}}=\frac{(\omega _i+\omega _j)}{(\omega _i\omega _j)}\frac{\sqrt{1+(\omega _i\omega _j)^2\tau _{c_0}^2}}{\sqrt{1+(\omega _i+\omega _j)^2\tau _{c_0}^2}}\frac{G_{\mathrm{}_i\mathrm{}_j}^{m_i+m_j}}{G_{\mathrm{}_i\mathrm{}_j}^{m_im_j}}$$
(3)
Note that the geometrical factor and hence the dependence on $`\mathrm{\Theta }_0`$ cancels out if at least one constituent real mode has $`m=0`$.

From the list of combination frequencies in Table LABEL:hstab, there are three pairs that may be used, viz., F1$`\pm `$F5, F3$`\pm `$F4, and F2$`\pm `$F4. None of these have an $`m=0`$ component, but we can still solve Eq. (2) for $`\tau _{c_0}`$ using the estimate of $`\mathrm{\Theta }_0=79\mathrm{°}`$ of Handler & Romero-Colmenero (2000). The results are listed in Table 2; we see that the values of $`\tau _{c_0}`$ thus derived are compatible with the value ($`118`$ s) derived from the longest period real mode excited. Using $`\mathrm{\Theta }_0=79\mathrm{°}`$ together with Eq. (2) and 3 yields a value of $`\tau _{c_0}`$ that is entirely consistent with the value found from the longest period real mode. This agreement lends some confidence to Eqs. (2) and (3). We therefore point out that only the choice of $`m=1`$ for F4 resulted in physically acceptable solutions; this is consistent with all observed multiplet components in our data having $`m0`$ and with the indication from the chromatic amplitudes (Sect. 6) that all modes that give rise to combinations have $`\mathrm{}=1`$. As we point out below, the F1+F5 combination may in fact be F2+F6. In view of this, it is hardly surprising that the F1$`\pm `$F5 pair came to naught.

In Figs. 9 and 10, there are a number of combinations for which $`R_C`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Phi }_C`$ are rather discrepant from the theoretically expected values. These discrepancies might simply be due to unresolved, low amplitude modes, to which the measured phases in particular are rather sensitive. However, some of the anomalies can be explained more easily, as (i) resulting from degenerate combinations888Degenerate combinations are a particular problem for HS 0507B, since the frequencies of several real modes have near-integer ratios e.g. F3:F4 $``$ 4:3 (see Table LABEL:hstab and Handler & Romero-Colmenero 2000). that are an inevitable consequence of equal frequency splittings, and (ii) the possibility for low amplitude real modes to have high amplitude combinations. We discuss each of these possibilities below, using our observed combination modes as examples.

A case in point is our F1$`+`$F5 combination that lies very close in frequency to the F2$`+`$F6 combination. In hindsight, the anomalous value of $`R_C`$ points to a misidentification, but only because we now have an $`\mathrm{}`$ value for the F1 and F5 modes, bolstered by an estimate of the inclination angle. Including F2+F6 in the fit of the Fourier Transform of the light curve (Sect. 4) instead of F1+F5 results in a value of $`R_C`$ (8 $`\pm `$ 1) that is more compatible not only with the theoretically expected value, but one that is also more in line with other combinations involving $`m_i=1,m_j=1`$ (see Fig. 9). The value of $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Phi }_C`$, $`28\pm 5\mathrm{°}`$, is also in better agreement (see Fig. 10).999Our justification for initially preferring F1+F5 is as stated in Sect. 4 i.e. that we obtained a slightly larger fitted amplitude and a correspondingly lower $`\chi _{\mathrm{red}}^2`$ for F1+F5.

More problematic are combinations that are degenerate with $`m_i=m_j=0`$ combinations, as with $`\mathrm{\Theta }_0=79\mathrm{°}`$ these combinations have very high $`R_C`$ values (see Fig. 9), as a result of strong cancellation for the real mode and little cancellation for the combination (which has an $`\mathrm{}=0`$ component). This means that even real modes with weak observed amplitudes can give rise to relative strong combinations101010Indeed, for $`\mathrm{\Theta }_0=90\mathrm{°}`$, the combination mode would be visible even though the corresponding real modes would not! Obviously, this could lead to gross misidentifications.. As an example, consider our F1+F3 ($`m_i=1,m_j=1`$). This combination has the same frequency as f3+f9 i.e. $`1796.70+2814.02\mu \mathrm{Hz}`$, $`m_i=m_j=0`$ – of Handler & Romero-Colmenero (2000). Fitting our Fourier Transform using the frequencies of Handler & Romero-Colmenero (2000) (Sect. 4), we find that the sums of the phases of the two combinations of real modes are almost the same: $`29\mathrm{°}`$ for f3+f9 and $`32\mathrm{°}`$ for F1+F3. Hence, these combinations will add coherently. If the real modes in the different multiplets have the same intrinsic amplitude, one would expect both combinations to have roughly the same observed amplitude, and hence this could plausibly lead to an anomalously high value of $`R_C`$ for F1+F3.

Another such combination is F$`4_{m=1}`$+F$`6_{m=1}`$ (1346.1+2248.4 $`\mu `$Hz) identified by Handler (private communication) as $`f_{2_{m=1}}+f_{4_{m=1}}`$ (1793.29+1800.7 $`\mu `$Hz). It has an amplitude that is not only the largest among the combination modes but is also larger than that of 2 of our real modes (F1 and F7). Another combination that also adds up to $``$3594 $`\mu `$Hz is the first harmonic of the $`m=1`$ component of the 556 s multiplet i.e. $`2\times 1796.7`$ or $`2f_3`$ in Handler & Romero-Colmenero (2000). As mentioned earlier, even though the $`m=0`$ components are weak, their harmonics are not. This, coupled with the integer frequency ratios for the modes involved means that different combinations can (and do) have degenerate frequencies. In this respect, it may be interesting that the one mode from the study of Handler & Romero-Colmenero (2000) that changed in amplitude is $`f_{4_{m=1}}`$ (Fig. 4): perhaps this is the result of a resonance between these modes. This could explain the anomalously high value of $`R_C`$ for the F4+F6 combination.

In summary, therefore, we find that most of the apparently discrepant values of $`R_C`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Phi }_C`$ can be explained by the contribution of combinations of unresolved or low-amplitude modes, degenerate combinations, and low frequency noise.

## 8 Squaring the circle

We have used high signal-to-noise, time-resolved spectra in an attempt to identify the spherical degree of the pulsation modes and to infer some of the properties of the outer layers of a pulsating white dwarf. In the process of doing so, we have tested several aspects of the very theory that was used in the analysis. Real and combination modes were used in conjunction with wavelength-dependent fractional amplitudes and velocity amplitudes in order to piece together a consistent picture. At almost every step, our results were compared with those of ZZ Psc, a brighter and better-studied white dwarf.

Our measured frequencies and amplitudes (see Table LABEL:hstab) for all modes except one are in agreement with those reported by Handler & Romero-Colmenero (2000).

We measured the line-of-sight velocities associated with the pulsations and found a marginally significant modulation at the frequency of the strongest mode. This can be taken as a detection of surface motion in a second ZZ Ceti type pulsator, or, more conservatively, as a stringent upper limit to such motion. From all modes, we find that the average value of (or upper limit to) the ratio of the velocity to flux amplitudes, $`R_V`$, is just over half of that observed in ZZ Psc. The difference in the thermal time constant of the convection zone, $`\tau _{c_0}`$, for the two white dwarfs of about a factor of two (118 s c.f. 250 s, Wu 2001) translates into a factor of two in $`R_V`$ as the latter roughly scales with $`\tau _{c_0}`$ (Goldreich & Wu 1999a, b). Our measured values of $`R_V`$ are therefore consistent with expectations.

Based on the general appearance and shape of the continuum between the line cores of the chromatic amplitudes, we deduced that modes F1 - F6 were consistent with having $`\mathrm{}=1`$. This adds some confidence to the pulsation models of Kleinman et al. (1998) that assign $`\mathrm{}=1`$ identifications to modes having periods of 284 s, 355 s, 445 s, and 555 s.

The chromatic amplitudes of these $`\mathrm{}=1`$ modes were found to be more similar to the $`\mathrm{}=1`$ modes in ZZ Psc than to those expected from the models, supporting the conclusions of Clemens et al. (2000). In order to make our results more quantitative, we devised a measure of the curvature and slope of the chromatic amplitudes and used this in an attempt to separate $`\mathrm{}=1`$ and $`\mathrm{}=2`$ modes for both the observations and the models (Fig. 7). Although this procedure did not alter our mode identifcation based on simple inspection for HS 0507B, it did serve to quantify differences between the models and observations. Furthermore, we found that it worked very well for ZZ Psc and that it yielded two additional potential $`\mathrm{}=2`$ modes, at 920 and 500 s.

The relative amplitudes of the combination modes proved to be a useful tool, as these in general follow expected trends for given $`\mathrm{}`$ and $`m`$. Exploiting this, we attempted to redetermine $`\tau _{c_0}`$ using combination frequency pairs, and obtained good agreement with the value derived using the longest period real mode. A by-product of this exercise was an indication that F4 has $`m=1`$ as no other $`m`$ value – including those combinations arising from $`\mathrm{}_i=1,\mathrm{}_j=2`$ combinations – yielded physically acceptable values of $`\tau _{c_0}`$, thereby supporting our $`\mathrm{}`$ identification for F4. Thus, combination frequencies can potentially provide indirect constraints on $`\mathrm{}`$ and $`m`$ values even when no splittings are observed. Taking $`\tau _{c_0}`$ at face-value, we infer that HS 0507B has a shallower convection zone than ZZ Psc, consistent with HS 0507B being slightly hotter.

The phases of the real and combination modes were slightly more difficult to reconcile with theoretical expectations. For combination modes this is likely to be due to unresolved modes that plague a relatively short time series. Data from longer, uninterrupted time series, for instance, from the Whole Earth Telescope is probably better suited to such analysis. We showed that weak, unresolved modes are probably being manifested in the amplitudes and phases of the combination modes. For the real modes, although our measured values of $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Phi }_V`$ are less than 90$`\mathrm{°}`$, the trend with frequency is opposite to that expected; this is also true for ZZ Psc (van Kerkwijk et al. 2000).

Potential future work could involve focusing on using the observed chromatic amplitudes to calibrate the temperature stratification in current white dwarf atmosphere models and may provide insight into areas where these models fail to reproduce the observations, while attempts to match the stringent constraints of the observed period structure and $`\mathrm{}`$ and $`m`$ identifications using pulsation models may yield a unique asteroseismological solution for HS 0507B.

###### Acknowledgements.

We are indebted to G. Handler for making his results available to us prior to publication and to Y. Wu for many clarifications of the theoretical aspects of this study. We also acknowledge support for a fellowship of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (MHvK) and partial support from the Kungliga Fysiografiska Sällskapet (RK). R.K. would additionally like to thank J. S. Vink for encouragment, and the Sterrenkundig Instituut, Utrecht for its hospitality. This research has made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France.

## Appendix A Corrections for instrumental flexure and differential refraction

We were especially fastidious in correcting the wavelength scale for the effects of flexure and differential atmospheric refraction. We measured the instrumental flexure from the positions of the O i $`\lambda `$5577 Å sky line which were derived by cross-correlating the flux-calibrated spectra using an average of all spectra as a template. We found the positions to be adequately represented by a third-order polynomial fit (Fig. 11a).

The effect of differential refraction on line and continuum intensities is non-negligible even at modest airmasses and increases rapidly with decreasing wavelength. Having corrected for instrumental flexure, the resulting positions of the Balmer lines vary linearly with $`\mathrm{sin}\alpha \mathrm{tan}\zeta `$ where $`\alpha `$ is the difference between the parallactic and position angles and $`\zeta `$ is the zenith distance. This is indicative of the remaining shifts being dominated by refraction. (Upper curve Fig. 11b). We computed a value for the refractive index relative to that at H$`\gamma `$ using the standard prescription of Stone (1996) and use this value to correct all pixels in the spectrum. As the position of the stars in the slit was altered after a correction for a guider malfunction (on the second night) compared to that at the beginning of the observing run, we applied a 5.1 Å shift to the spectra of both components. This shift was computed by measuring the wavelength of H$`\gamma `$ of HS 0507A in a narrow-slit (0$`\stackrel{}{.}`$7) frame and insisting that the average wavelength of H$`\gamma `$ – as obtained from line-profile fitting – be the same. For complete consistency, we applied a 1.74 Å shift to the spectra of the previous night.

## Appendix B HS 0507A

As was mentioned in Sect. 3, the non-variability of HS 0507A is crucial to the velocity measurements and the continuum variations of HS 0507B as these are carried out with respect to HS 0507A. The measurements of HS 0507A are, of course, not carried out relative to any other star, this is further elaborated in Fig. 12.