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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

The idea of uniting a manifold with its invariant group (the group of its motions) seems to be necessary found in the Erlangent program by F.Klein .

All physical phenomena take place in a four-dimensional manifold described by four space-time coordinates $`x_i`$ and a 10-parametric group of its motions (the Poincare group) with 4 generators of the displacements $`p_i`$ and 6 generators of the Lorentz rotations $`F_{ij}`$.

All these objects obviously satisfy the following system of commutation relations

$$[p_i,x_j]=ihg_{ij}I,[p_i,p_j]=0,[x_i,x_j]=0,$$

$$[I,x_j]=0,[I,p_i]=0,[I,F_{ij}]=0$$

$$[F_{ij},x_s]=ih(g_{is}x_jg_{js}x_i),[F_{ij},p_s]=ih(g_{is}p_jg_{js}p_i)$$
(1.1)
$$[F_{ij},F_{sk}]=ih(g_{js}F_{ik}g_{is}F_{jk}g_{jk}F_{is}+g_{ik}F_{js})$$

In (1.1) $`h`$, is the Planck constant, $`g_{ik}`$ is the signature of the four-dimensional coordinate space, and $`I`$ is the unity element of the algebra commuting with all its elements (and so belonging to the center of the algebra).

Algebra (1.1) consists of 15 elements, possesses 3 Casimir operators, and, when the spin generators $`S_{ij}=F_{ij}x_ip_j+x_jp_i`$ (the total moment minus its orbital part) are introduced, can be represented in the form

$$K_1=I,K_2=S_{ij}S_{ij},K_3=ϵ_{ijkl}S_{ij}S_{kl}$$

Hence, it follows that irreducible representations of algebra (1.1) can be realized on the basis functions $`\psi _{\alpha ,\beta }^{s_1,s_2}(x)`$. The action of generators of the algebra in this basis has the following form

$$p_k=ih\frac{}{x_k},F_{ij}=x_ip_jx_jp_i+S_{ij}$$

where $`x_k`$ act as operators of multiplication, and operators $`S_{ij}`$ act on spin indices $`\alpha ,\beta `$ of the wave function $`\psi ^{s_1,s_2}`$.

The algebra (1.1) is transformed to the algebra of a quantum space under the following two conditions: The dimensions and meaning of the generators (as coordinates, momenta, and so on) should be preserved; 2. the new algebra should contain the Lorentz algebra as its subalgebra. So the property of the Lorentz symmetry is conserved as a fundamental law of the nature. Implicitly, it is also assumed that the algebra should be a linear one. The last condition is not necessary, but in what follows, we will assume that it takes place.

The most general form of the commutation relations of the quantum space is the following:

$$[p_i,x_j]=ih(g_{ij}I+\frac{F_{ij}}{S}),[p_i,p_j]=\frac{ih}{L^2}F_{ij},[x_i,x_j]=\frac{ih}{M^2}F_{ij},$$

$$[I,p_i]=ih(\frac{p_i}{S}\frac{x_i}{L^2}),[I,x_i]=ih(\frac{p_i}{M^2}\frac{x_i}{S}),[I,F_{ij}]=0$$
(1.2)
$$[F_{ij},x_s]=ih(g_{is}x_jg_{js}x_i),[F_{ij},p_s]=ih(g_{is}p_jg_{js}p_i)$$

$$[F_{ij},F_{sk}]=ih(g_{js}F_{ik}g_{is}F_{jk}g_{jk}F_{is}+g_{ik}F_{js})$$

Commutation relations of the quantum space contain 3 dimensional parameters: the dimension length $`L`$, the momentum $`McM`$, and the action $`S`$. The Jacobi equalities are satisfied for (1.2). If it is assumed that the transition to the classical dynamics is realized by the conventional change:

$$\frac{1}{h}[A,B]\{A,B\}$$

(transition from commutators to the Poisson brackets), then it is necessary to conclude that values of the dimensional parameters are on the cosmic scale in order to have usual dynamics at least at distances of the order of the Sun system.

The limiting procedure $`M^2,Sinf`$ leads to the space of constant curvature considered in the connection with the Coulomb problem by E. Schrödinger ; $`L^2,Sinf`$ leads to the quantum space considered by Snyder ; and $`Sinf`$ leads to the Yang quantum space . The parameter of action $`S`$ additional to $`L^2,M^2`$ was introduced in .

The term ”quantum (or quantized) space” is not very useful, because the modified classical dynamics can be considered in it (as well as electrodynamics, gravity theory and, so on).

## 2 Quantum space in 3 dimensions

Since in what follows, we will consider the three-dimensional stationary problems, we would like here to examine quantum spaces in three dimensions more accurately. In this case, the system (1.2) is reduced to

$$[p_i,x_j]=ih(\delta _{ij}I+\frac{ϵ_{ijk}i_k}{S}),[p_i,p_j]=\frac{ih}{L^2}ϵ_{ijk}l_k,[x_i,x_j]=\frac{ih}{M^2}ϵ_{ijk}l_k,$$

$$[I,p_i]=ih(\frac{p_i}{S}+\frac{x_i}{L^2}),[I,x_i]=ih(\frac{p_i}{M^2}+\frac{x_i}{S}),[I,l_i]=0$$
(2.3)
$$[l_i,x_s]=ihϵ_{sij}x_j,[l_i,p_s]=ihϵ_{sij}p_j$$

$$[l_i,l_s]=ihϵ_{isj}l_j$$

Algebra (2.3) is 10-dimensional and possesses two Casimir operators. The quadratic Casimir operator is of the form

$$K_2=I^2+\frac{x^2}{L^2}+\frac{p^2}{M^2}\frac{px+xp}{S}+l^2(\frac{1}{S^2}+\frac{1}{L^2M^2})$$

where $`a^2=a_1^2+a_2^2+a_3^2`$, and the fact of commutation of $`K_2`$ with all generators of the algebra (2.3) can be checked by a direct calculation.

The Cartan-Killing form $`K_2`$ is quadratic in the generators of the algebra and can be transformed to the main axes, for instance, in the following way

$$K_2=I^2+x^2(\frac{1}{L^2}\frac{M^2}{S^2})+\frac{1}{M^2}(p_iM^2\frac{x_i}{S})^2+l^2(\frac{1}{S^2}+\frac{1}{L^2M^2})$$
(2.4)
We draw attention of the reader that the signs of the constants $`M^2,L^2`$ are fixed just as the sign of dimensionless constant $`(1(\frac{LM}{S})^2)`$ in the expression for $`K_2`$. Depending on its choice, there are possible the foliowing semicompact algebras are possible: $`O(5),O(1,4),O(2,3)`$ and their limiting cases when dimensional parameters are going to infinity, as it was mentioned in the Introduction. For definiteness, in what follows we restrict ourselves to the case of $`O(5)`$, which corresponds to the choice $`0L^2,0M^2,01(\frac{LM}{S})^2`$.

To understand the meaning of the algebra (2.3) more precisely, it is useful to carry out the following identification:

$$I=ihF_{45},x_i=\frac{ih}{M}F_{4i},p_iM^2\frac{x_i}{S}=\frac{ih}{L}F_{5i},l_i=\frac{ih}{2}ϵ(i,k,l)F_{kl}$$
(2.5)
where $`F_{\alpha ,\beta }`$ are the generators of $`B_2`$ ($`O(5)`$) algebra.

To derive an explicit expression for the Casimir operator of the fourth order, let us consider the vector

$$ihS_i=[p_i,(xl)]=[(pl),x_i],S_i=ϵ_{ijk}x_jp_k+(I\frac{ih}{S})l_i=ϵ_{ijk}p_jx_k+(I+\frac{ih}{S})l_i$$

where $`(AB)=A_1B_1+A_2B_2+A_3B_3`$. The equivalence of two forms for the vector $`S`$ can be checked by a direct calculation. From this it follows that in the limit of infinite values of dimensional parameters, this vector passes into the spin vector of the usual theory. By direct calculations, one can be convinced that this vector satisfies the following commutation relations

$$[S_i,x_s]=\delta _{is}[I,(xl)]=\delta _{is}(\frac{(pl)}{M^2}+\frac{(xl)}{S}),[S_i,p_s]=\delta _{is}[I,(pl)]=\delta _{is}(\frac{(pl)}{S}+\frac{(xl)}{L^2})$$

$$[I,S_i]=0,[S_i,x_j]=[S_j,x_i],[S_i,p_j]=[S_j,p_i]$$

Using the above relations, it is not difficult to check that the Casimir operator of the fourth order has the form

$$K_4=S_i^2\frac{(pl)^2}{M^2}+\frac{(pl)(xl)+(xl)(pl)}{S}\frac{(xl)^2}{L^2}$$

From this expression it follows that in the scalar representation ($`K_4=0`$), the equalities $`(lp)=(lx)=0`$ are satisfied.

## 3 Scalar representation of algebra of the quantum space

Connection between the elements of a quantized space with generators of $`O(5)`$ algebra (2.5) makes it possible to express them explicitly with the help of the well-known Gelfand-Zeitlin formulae  for irreducible representations of $`O(5)`$ algebra. We will require only the matrix elements of the following operators $`I,px+xp,x^2,p^2,l^2,(lp),(lx)`$ invariant with respect to the rotation group. In what follows, it will be more suitable to find them independently. As it is mentioned above, the scalar representation obeys the relations

$$(lp)=(lx)=0,x_ip_jx_jp_i=(I\frac{ih}{S})ϵ_{ijk}l_k,p_ix_jp_jx_i=(I+\frac{ih}{S})ϵ_{ijk}l_k$$

With the help of the last relations, the (nonlinear) algebra of the commutation relations for the quantities we are interested in can be written as (of course, in the process of calculation it is necessary to use (2.3))

$$[I,p^2]=ih(\frac{D}{L^2}\frac{2p^2}{S}),[I,x^2]=ih(\frac{D}{M^2}+\frac{2x^2}{S}),[I,D]=2ih(\frac{x^2}{L^2}\frac{p^2}{M^2})$$

$$[p^2,x^2]=ih(DI+ID+4\frac{l^2}{S}+6\frac{h^2}{S}),$$
(3.6)
$$[D,x^2]=i2h((x^2+\frac{l^2}{M^2})I+I(x^2+\frac{l^2}{M^2})+\frac{3h^2}{2M^2})$$

$$[D,p^2]=2ih((p^2+\frac{l^2}{L^2})I+I(p^2+\frac{l^2}{L^2})+\frac{3h^2}{2L^2})$$

where the notation for the dilation operator $`D=px+xp`$ was introduced. The nonlinear algebra (3.6) consists of 5 elements and possesses 3 Casimir operators-two of the initial algebra of the quantized space (one of which is equal to zero in its scalar representation) and the operator $`l^2`$ belonging to the center of this algebra. So, it can be realized on the one-dimensional space. For it, we choose the proper values of the operator $`r^2=x^2+\frac{l^2}{M^2}+\frac{h^2}{M^2}`$ that differs from the usual form of the Casimir operator of the algebra of four-dimensional rotations with the generators $`(Mx_i,l_i)`$ (see (2.3) by the last term. Thus, we conclude that

$$(r^2)_{n,n}=\frac{h^2}{M^2}(n+1)^2$$

This formula allows us to to speak about the matrix elements of the $`r`$ operator with diagonal matrix elements $`r_{n,n}=\frac{h}{M}(n+1)`$ and without a singularity at the origin $`n=0`$.

The commutation relations for the $`x^2`$ generator (3.6) rewritten in terms of the operator $`r^2`$

$$[I,r^2]=ih(\frac{2r^2}{S}(\frac{D+2\frac{l^2}{S}+2\frac{h^2}{S})}{M^2}),[D,r^2]=ih(2(r^2I+Ir^2)\frac{h^2}{M^2}I)$$

make it possible to connect the matrix elements of $`I`$ and $`D`$ operators (different from zero) and once again in a different way to obtain diagonal matrix elements of the $`r^2`$ operator

$$D_{n+1,n}=ih(2n+3)I_{n+1,n},D_{n1,n}=ih(2n+1)I_{n1,n},$$

$$D_{n,n}=\frac{2h^2}{S}((n+1)^2l(l+1)1),I_{n,n}=0$$

Commutation relations (3.6) with $`p^2`$ give a possibility to calculate the matrix elements of this operator via matrix elements of the $`I`$ generator

$$p_{n,n}^2=\frac{h^2}{L^2}((n+1)^2l(l+1)1)+M^2((2n+3)I_{n+1,n}I_{n,n+1}(2n+1)I_{n,n1}I_{n1,n})$$

$$p_{n1,n}^2=\frac{ih^2}{S}M^2(2n+1)I_{n1,n},p_{n,n1}^2=\frac{ih}{S}M^2(2n+1)I_{n,n1}$$

$$p_{n2,n}^2=M^2I_{n2,n1}I_{n1,n},p_{n,n2}^2=M^2I_{n,n1}I_{n1,n2}$$

The quadratic Casimir operator (2.4) allows us to calculate the explicit form for matrix elements of the generator $`I`$

$$K_2=2(n+2)I_{n,n+1}I_{n+1,n}2nI_{n,n1}I_{n1,n}+h^2(\frac{1}{M^2L^2}\frac{1}{S^2})(2(n+1)^2l(l+1)2)$$
(3.7)
It is necessary to keep in mind that $`ln`$, and for this reason the matrix element $`I_{n,n1}(l)`$ equals zero if $`n=l`$. Multiplying both sides of the last equality by $`(n+1)`$ and summing up the result from $`n=l`$ up to $`n+1`$, we obtain

$$K_2((n+1)(n+2)l(l+1))=4(n+1)(n+2)I_{n,n+1}I_{n+1,n}+h^2(\frac{1}{M^2L^2}\frac{1}{S^2})\times $$

$$([(n+1)(n+2)]^2[l(l+1)]^2[l(l+1)+2]((n+1)(n+2)l(l+1))$$

In the process of calculation, we have used the following formulae of summation

$$\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}k=\frac{n(n+1)}{2}\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}k^3=[\frac{n(n+1)}{2}]^2$$

Introducing the notation $`0\delta ^2h^2(\frac{1}{M^2L^2}\frac{1}{S^2})`$ and representing $`K_2`$ as $`K_2=\delta ^2\sigma (\sigma +3)`$, we obtain for the matrix element $`I_{n,n+1}I_{n+1,n}`$

$$4I_{n.n+1}I_{n+1,n}=\delta ^2\frac{(\sigma n)(\sigma +n+3)(nl+1)(n+l+2)}{(n+1)(n+2)}$$

Omitting the phase factor for the matrix element $`I_{n,n+1}`$, we obtain finally

$$I_{n,n+1}=\frac{\delta }{2}\sqrt{\frac{(\sigma n)(\sigma +n+3)(nl+1)(n+l+2)}{(n+1)(n+2)}}$$
(3.8)
In terms of matrix elements of this operator, the matrix elements of all generators of the algebra of the quantized space can be expressed via the formulae of this section. In the last formula and before, $`\sigma =N`$ is a positive natural number. Only with this choice of $`\sigma `$, the constructed representation is unitary, and all the generators involved would be the Hermitian ones.

## 4 The guess of the Runge-Lenz vector

A priori, we do not know the explicit form of the Coulomb potential in the case of the quantized space, and there is an infinite number of possibilities to write down its generalization with a correct limit after passing to the usual space. But we assume that the symmetry properties of a dynamic system are the most fundamental criterion and that these properties must be conserved in the case of the quantized space. We know that the usual Kepler problem is invariant with respect to the Runge-Lenz symmetry described by the vector of the same name.

So, we begin our investigation with the explicit form of the Runge-Lenz vector $`A_i`$ in the case of the quantum space, taking into account the additional noncommutativity of its components connected with coordinates ($`x_i`$). Below, we present the explicit form for components of the Runge-Lenz vector (see, for instance, )

$$A_1=l_2p_3p_2l_3+\frac{\alpha x_1}{r}p_3l_2l_3p_2+\frac{\alpha x_1}{r}$$

$$A_2=l_3p_1p_3l_1+\frac{\alpha x_2}{r}p_1l_3l_1p_3+\frac{\alpha x_2}{r}$$
(4.9)
$$A_3=l_1p_2p_1l_2+\frac{\alpha x_3}{r}p_2l_1l_1p_2+\frac{\alpha x_3}{r}$$

Using the above definition, it is not difficult to calculate the commutation relations between components of the R-L vector in the scalar representation of the quantum space ($`(xl)=(pl)=0,x_ip_jx_jp_i=(I\frac{ih}{S})ϵ_{ijk}l_k`$) with the result

$$[A_i,A_j]=ih(\frac{\alpha ^2}{M^2r^2}\frac{i}{h}(\frac{\alpha }{r}(xp)(px)\frac{\alpha }{r})p^2+\frac{l^2}{L^2})ϵ_{ijs}l_s$$
(4.10)
By the same technique for the square of the R-L vector, we derive

$$A^2=\frac{\alpha ^2x^2}{r^2}+ih(\frac{\alpha }{r}(xp)(px)\frac{\alpha }{r})+h^2(p^2\frac{l^2}{L^2})+l^2(\frac{\alpha }{r}I+I\frac{\alpha }{r})+l^2p^2$$
(4.11)
Using the explicit form of the matrix elements of quantized space from the previous section, we come to the following fundamental (for us) equality

$$\frac{i}{h}(\frac{\alpha }{r}(xp)(px)\frac{\alpha }{r})=\frac{\alpha }{r}I+I\frac{\alpha }{r}$$

Taking into acount the definition of $`r^2=x^2+\frac{l^2}{M^2}+\frac{h^2}{M^2}`$ and the last equality, we can rewrite the square of the Runge-Lenz vector as follows

$$A^2=\alpha ^2+2E(l^2+h^2)\frac{l^2}{L^2}(l^2+2h^2)$$
(4.12)
where

$$2E=(p^2+\frac{l^2}{L^2}+(\frac{\alpha }{r}I+I\frac{\alpha }{r})\frac{\alpha ^2}{r^2M^2})$$
(4.13)
Now we would like to show that each component of the R-L vector commutes with the $`E`$ operator. With the help of the known matrix elements of the algebra of quantum space of the previous section, it is possible to check this directly. A shorter way consists in the consideration of the commutator $`[A^2,A_i]`$. Thus, using (4.12), we have for both the sides of this equality

$$[A^2,A_j]=A_i[A_i,A_j]+[A_i,A_j]A_i=2ih([A\times l]_j(E\frac{l^2}{l^2})2ih(E\frac{l^2}{l^2})[l\times A]_j=$$

$$2[E,A_j](h^2+l^2)+2E([A\times l]_j[l\times A]_j)([A\times l]_j[l\times A]_j))\frac{l^2+h^2}{L^2}\frac{l^2}{L^2}([A\times l]_j[l\times A]_j)$$

After equating similar terms from both the sides of the last equality, we arrive at the equation for the vector $`[E,A_i]B_i`$

$$B_j(l^2+h^2)+ih[B\times l]_j=0,$$

¿from which it immediately follows that

$$(Bl)=0$$

For the vector product of the vector $`B`$ by $`l`$, we find

$$[B\times l]=iB$$

or $`B=[E,A]=0`$, or in other words, the operator $`E`$ commutes with every component of the R-L vector. This fact allows us to use the technique of the paper  (the reader can there find the corresponding references on the same subject) and to obtain the spectrum of the energy operator $`E`$.

Thus, in the case of the quantum space with dimensional parameters $`M,L,S`$, the spectrum of this operator depends only on the $`L`$ parameter and has the form found by Schrödinger in ref. \[?\] for the space of constant curvature

$$2E_n=\frac{\alpha ^2}{h^2n^2}+\frac{h^2}{L^2}(n^21),ln$$
(4.14)
But in the case of the quantum space of the general position, the values of $`n`$ are restricted by the condition

$$lnN$$

that will be clear from the results of the next section.

We would like to notice also that in the generalized Snyder quantum space ($`L^2inf`$), the spectrum of the hydrogen atom exactly coincides with the spectrum in the case of the flat space. And so, in principle, by the spectroscopic data, these two possibilities cannot be distinguished.

## 5 The Schrödinger equation of the quantum space

The Schrödinger equation(4.13) can be rewritten as the equation in finite differences

$$2E_n\psi _n=M^2I_{n,n+1}I_{n+1,n+2}\psi _{n+2}+M^2(\frac{\alpha }{hM(n+2)(n+1)}+\frac{ih}{S})(2n+3)I_{n,n+1}\psi _{n+1}+$$

$$(\frac{h^2}{L^2}n(n+2)+M^2((2n+3)I_{n+1,n}I_{n,n+1}(2n+1)I_{n,n1}I_{n1,n}\frac{\alpha ^2}{h^2(n+1)^2})\psi _n+$$
(5.15)
$$M^2(\frac{\alpha }{hM(n(n+1)}\frac{ih}{S})(2n+1)I_{n,n1}\psi _{n1}M^2I_{n,n1}I_{n1,n2}\psi _{n2}$$

Now we would like to find the way to solve it directly. For this aim, let us once more rewrite (5.15), introducing the abbreviation: $`\alpha \frac{\alpha }{Mh},E\frac{E}{M^2},e_n=\frac{\alpha ^2}{(n+1)^2}+\frac{h^2}{M^2L^2}((n+1)^21)`$

$$2E\psi _n=I_{n,n+1}I_{n+1,n+2}\psi _{n+2}+(\frac{\alpha }{(n+2)(n+1)}+\frac{ih}{S})(2n+3)I_{n,n+1}\psi _{n+1}+$$

$$(e_n+(2n+3)I_{n+1,n}I_{n,n+1}(2n+1)I_{n,n1}I_{n1,n})\psi _n$$
(5.16)
$$(\frac{\alpha }{n(n+1)}\frac{ih}{S})(2n+1)I_{n,n1}\psi _{n1}I_{n,n1}I_{n1,n2}\psi _{n2}$$

Comparing this with (4.14), we conclude that to have a correct spectrum, the energy operator should be expressed in the form

$$2E=UeU^1,U^1=U^{}$$

where $`e`$ is a diagonal matrix with diagonal elements $`e_n,lnN`$.

The most simple way to check this assumption is to calculate the traces of consequent degrees of the energy matrix. Using the main relation of section 4, rewritten below (only for convenience with the new abbreviation)

$$I_{n.n+1}I_{n+1,n}=\frac{\delta ^2}{4}\frac{(\sigma n)(\sigma +n+3)(nl+1)(n+l+2)}{(n+1)(n+2)}x_{n+1}$$
(5.17)
we immediately conclude that

$$Trace2E=\underset{n=l}{\overset{n=N}{}}e_n$$

Using the notation (5.17) and definition of the energy matrix (5.16), we obtain for the trace

$$Trace(2E)^2=\underset{n=l}{\overset{n=N}{}}(e_n^2+x_nx_{n1}+x_{n+1}x_{n+2}+$$

$$(\frac{\alpha ^2}{n^2(n+1)^2}+\frac{h^2}{S^2})(2n+1)^2x_n+(\frac{\alpha ^2}{(n+2)^2(n+1)^2}+\frac{h^2}{S^2})(2n+3)^2x_{n+1}+$$

$$2e_n((2n+3)x_{n+1}(2n+1)x_n)+(2n+3)^2x_{n+1}^2+(2n+1)^2x_n^22(2n+3)(2n+1)x_{n+1}x_n)$$

With all the above definitions, it is not difficult to get

$$Trace(2E)^2=\underset{n=l}{\overset{n=N}{}}e_n^2$$

We restrict ourselves to this consideration keeping in mind that the proof of the general formula

$$Trace(2E)^s=\underset{n=l}{\overset{n=N}{}}e_n^s$$

for arbitrary s is a good exercise for students.

## 6 Harmonic oscillator

As in the previous section, the symmetry arguments will play a major part in finding an explicit expression for the Hamiltonian of a harmonic oscillator. In the case of the usual space, this Hamiltonian commutes with the components of the tensor of second rank (more precisely, with every product containing an equal number of annihilation and creation operators and their linear combination)

$$a_ia_j^{},1i,j3[a_i,a_j]=0,[a_i^{},a_j^{}]=0,[a_i^{},a_j]=\delta _{i,j}$$

$$H=\frac{1}{2}(a_ia_i^{}+a_i^{}a_i)$$

constructed of the creation and annihilation operators.

To find the generalization of this symmetry to the quantum space, let us consider algebra (2.3) introducing a linear combination of momentum and coordinate variables (we continue our consideration just for the case of $`O(5)`$ algebra of the quantum space)

$$a_i=\delta ^1(p_i+\theta x_i),a_i^{}=\delta ^1(p_i+\theta ^{}x_i)$$

Taking the parameter $`\theta `$ to satisfy the conditions

$$[a_i,a_j]=0,[a_i^{},a_j^{}]=0$$

(the factor $`\delta `$ is introduced only with the aim not to rewrite the same formulae once more). This is equivalent to the following quadratic equation

$$\frac{\theta ^2}{M^2}+\frac{2\theta }{S}+\frac{1}{L^2}=0,\frac{(\theta ^{})^2}{M^2}+\frac{2\theta ^{}}{S}+\frac{1}{L^2}=0$$

with the solution

$$\frac{\theta }{M^2}=\frac{1}{S}+\frac{i\delta }{h}$$

It is necessary to emphasize that the operators $`a_i,a_i^{}`$ belong to the algebra $`O(5,C)`$, rather than to $`O(5,C)`$, but this is not essential in what follows. By a simple calculation, it is possible to check that the constructed operators $`a_i,a_i^{}`$ satisfy the commutation relations

$$[I,a_i]=\delta a_i,[I,a_i^{}]=\delta a_,^{}i[a_i,a_i^{}]=ih(\delta _{i,j}\widehat{I}+\frac{ϵ(i,j,k)l_k}{S}$$

where $`I=\delta \widehat{I}`$. In the new notation, the Casimir operator of second order (2.4) takes the form

$$K_2=I^2+\delta ^2M^2((a_ia_i^{}+a_i^{}a_i)+\delta ^2\frac{l^2}{h^2}I^2+H$$

¿From the last expression, it follows that the Hamiltonian $`H`$ commutes with all polynomials constructed of creation and annihilation operators containing an equal number of them.

The eigenvalues are determined from the equation

$$H\psi =(N(N+3)\widehat{I}^2)\psi $$

The eigenvalues of the operator $`I^2`$ are equal to the squares of natural numbers $`m^2`$ limited by the condition

$$m^2(Nl)^2$$

In the classical limit (the usual three-dimensional oscillator), the spectrum changes to the well-known spectrum with a linear dependence on the principal quantum number.

## 7 Outlook

The main result of the present paper consists in finding the rules for working in quantized spaces with the dimensional parameters $`L^2,M^2,S`$. We have shown that, in the general case of a quantized space, the energy spectrum of the hydrogen atom (the Kepler problem) is exactly the same as that obtained by Schrödinger in his known paper  who has considered this problem in the space of constant curvature more than 50 years ago. The only difference consists in that this spectrum is limited from the side of large principal quantum numbers of the hydrogen atom.

It seems interesting to supplement the consideration with the interaction with a monopole field (the so-called MIC problem), like it has been carried out in , and it is obvious that this is possible without any big difficulties. It is also interesting to consider all other integrable models in quantized spaces and to clearly understand the general connection between these two background foundations of the theory of quantization of the space and integrability.

We pay attention of the reader that the algebra of the quantized space was chosen in the form (2.3) under an implicit assumption of its linearity. But it is not less interesting to assume that all coefficient functions of the algebra are nonlinear and depend on Lorentz-invariant quantities such as $`p^2,x^2,..`$ and all other possible Lorentz-invariant combinations.

The next obvious generalization consists in the possibility to include, into the game, superintegrable variables. This can be realized, for instance, by replacing the Poincare group of motion of the space by its supergroup analog .

It is obvious that the most interesting is the consideration and construction of the gauge (or supergauge) field theory on the base of the quantized space.

And the last comment: As we have mentioned in the Introduction, the classical limit of the theory of quantized spaces will give a dynamic picture of the world at distances ( and other dimensional parameters) greater than $`L^2,M^2,S`$ that is absolutely different from that predicted by the classical celestial mechanics. So, the investigation of this question remains a very interesting problem unsolved in the present paper.

## 8 Acknowledgments

The author is indebted to G.S.Pogosyan, who paid attention of the author to the problem of the hydrogen atom in the space of constant curvature with the citation of the corresponding literature and fruitful discussions in the process of writing the present paper.

The author is indebted to CYNNECIT for partial financial support.


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# Non-factorisable metrics and Gauss–Bonnet terms in higher dimensions

## 1 Introduction

A particularly helpful formulation was presented in  for explicit construction of static spherically symmetric metrics (generalizing Schwarzschild and de-Sitter type solutions) in $`(d1)`$ space dimensions in presence of higher derivative Gauss–Bonnet (GB) terms in the gravitational Lagrangian. The key feature was an iterative construction of the Riemann, Ricci and Einstein tensors to incorporate the contributions of GB terms of successive orders. This provides a powerful and elegant approach systematizing the combinatorics involved when the maximal number of GB terms are present. The solutions can be displayed systematically.

In four dimensional theories the GB term is topological, namely a total divergence, and hence contributes nothing to the classical equations of motion. However, in the context of higher dimensional theories the GB invariants are non-trivial and their presence is required for obtaining a ghost-free theory of gravity. For example, in string theory, the GB combination appears naturally in the tree-level effective action of heterotic superstring at the next-to-leading order in the $`\alpha ^{}`$ (string-tension) expansion .

In the last years, considerable effort has been devoted to the study of higher dimensional space-times in the presence of non-factorizable metrics . The effect of the GB invariant has also been considered in the recent literature . In this article, we study the consequences of the presence of maximal GB terms in the context of Randall–Sundrum type metrics in higher dimensions, utilizing the techniques developed in . More specifically, we show how the bigravity model with positive tension branes of Ref.  generalises to arbitrary dimensions in the presence of maximal number of GB terms.

In Sec. 2 we start with the following metric in $`d+1`$ dimensions

$`ds^2=f(y)\left\{(1L(r))dt^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(1L(r))}}dr^2+r^2d\mathrm{\Omega }_{d2}^2\right\}+dy^2`$ (1.1)
where $`f(y)`$ and $`L(r)`$ are, to start with, unknown functions. We show how the formalism of  smoothly generalises to yield the Einstein tensors in the presence of the maximal number of GB terms superposed to give the generalised Lagrangian. Then in Sec. 3 bulk solutions are presented with

$`L(r)`$ $`=`$ $`br^2`$
$`f(y)`$ $`=`$ $`c_0+c_1e^{2ky}+c_2e^{2ky},`$ (1.2)
the constant parameters satisfying

$`c_0^2=4c_1c_2,b=2c_0k^2.`$ (1.3)
Now, with (1.2) and (1.3), (1.1) solves the generalised gravitational equation

$`G^a{}_{b}{}^{}={\displaystyle \underset{p=1}{\overset{P}{}}}\kappa _{(p)}G_{(p)}{}_{}{}^{a}{}_{b}{}^{}=\mathrm{\Lambda }\delta ^a{}_{b}{}^{},2Pd+1,`$ (1.4)
where $`\kappa _{(p)}`$ is the coupling strength of the $`2p`$-th order Ricci scalar in the Lagrangian

$`={\displaystyle \underset{p=1}{\overset{P}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2p}}\sqrt{g}\kappa _{(p)}R_{(p)}`$ (1.5)
and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is the bulk cosmological constant. Eqn. (1.4) is satisfied provided that $`(k^2)`$ satisfies the polynomial equation

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\kappa _{(1)}d(d1)(k^2){\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}\kappa _{(2)}d(d1)(d2)(d3)(k^2)^2+`$
$`\mathrm{}+(1)^{P+1}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2^PP!}}d(d1)\mathrm{}+(d2P+1)(k^2)^P`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ (1.6)
Thus, as more GB terms are superposed (with more nonzero $`\kappa _{(P)}`$) the form of the metric (1.1) is conserved but $`(k^2)`$ has to satisfy a correspondingly higher order polynomial equation (1.6).

This crucial constraint on the warp factor $`f(y)`$ (1.2) is extracted in a remarkably compact and convenient fashion in our formalism. Further comments on (1.6) can be found in Sec. 2.

We consider both cases

$`\mathrm{\Lambda }0\mathrm{and}\mathrm{\Lambda }=0.`$ (1.7)
We also point out a possibility usually ignored. For $`P=1`$ (i.e. in the absence of GB terms) one can generalise $`L(r)`$ in (1.2) to

$`L(r)={\displaystyle \frac{c}{r^{d3}}}+br^2.`$ (1.8)
One thus obtains a Schwarzschild type black hole in the non-factorisable case.

In Sec. 4 we insert the $`(d1)`$-branes by changing, to start with, $`y`$ to $`|y|`$ in (1.2) and writing $`f(y)`$

$`f(y)=(a(y))^2=\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{cosh}k(y_0|y|)}{\mathrm{cosh}ky_0}}\right)^2.`$ (1.9)
This corresponds, along with $`|y|`$ for $`y`$, to

$`(c_0,c_1,c_2)=(e^{ky_0}+e^{ky_0})^2(2,e^{2ky_0},e^{2ky_0}),`$ (1.10)
satisfying the constraint

$$c_0^2=4c_1c_2,$$

in (1.3). The close relation to Ref.  is now evident, and the brane tensions (of the two positive tension branes at $`y=0`$ and at $`y=Y`$, say) are obtained in a similar fashion.

It is shown, somewhat analogously to (1.6), that the effect of the GB terms in the resulting brane tensions appears in the polynomial factors

$`K_{(P)}={\displaystyle \underset{p=1}{\overset{P}{}}}\kappa _{(p)}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^{p1}}{2^{p1}(p1)!}}(d1)\mathrm{}(d2p+1)(k^2)^{p1}`$ (1.11)
in the delta function terms. In our formalism this crucial feature is also remarkably easily obtained. We defer other references and comments to the concluding section.

## 2 Ansatz for a nonfactorizable metric and construction of the corresponding GB terms

We start with a metric containing two unknown functions (to be indicated below) and construct explicitly and systematically the Riemann, Ricci and Einstein tensor and their GB generalizations (involving the above-mentioned functions and their derivatives in specific fashions). They will serve as inputs for the bulk Lagrangian to be defined in the following section leading to exact bulk solutions of the variational equations. Consequences of insertions of branes will be considered next.

The coordinates will be denoted as

$`(t,r,\theta _1,\theta _2,\mathrm{},\theta _{d2},y)`$ (2.1)
where $`(\theta _1,\theta _2,\mathrm{},\theta _{d2})`$ are the angular coordinates. The dimension is $`D=d+1`$.

Let

$`ds^2=f(y)\left\{(1L(r))dt^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(1L(r))}}dr^2+r^2d\mathrm{\Omega }_{d2}^2\right\}+dy^2`$ (2.2)
where

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_{d2}^2={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{d2}{}}}P_i^2d\theta _i`$ (2.3)
and $`P_1=1,P_i=_{k=1}^{i1}\mathrm{sin}\theta _k,i=2,\mathrm{},d2`$. Choices for $`f(y)`$ and $`L(r)`$ will be specified in the next section. We will usually suppress the arguments $`y`$ and $`r`$ in solutions below. Tangent plane vectors (vielbeins) are the $`1`$-forms

$`e^t=\sqrt{f(1L)}dt,e^r=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{f}{1L}}}dr,e^i=\sqrt{f}rP_id\theta _i,e^y=dy,i=1,\mathrm{},d2`$ (2.4)
Tangent plane indices $`(a,b,\mathrm{})`$ will be continued to be denoted by $`(t,r,i_1,\mathrm{},i_{d2},y)`$ instead of, say, by $`(\widehat{t},\widehat{r},\mathrm{})`$. For our diagonal metric there will be no confusion. The indices $`(a,b,\mathrm{})`$ namely $`(t,r,\mathrm{})`$ as tangent plane ones will be raised and lowered by $`\eta _a^b`$ rather than $`g_\nu ^\mu `$.

The metric being diagonal, the spin connection $`1`$forms are

$`\omega ^{ab}=\omega ^{ba}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{g_{aa}g_{bb}}}}\left\{\left(_b\sqrt{g_{aa}}\right)\left(_a\sqrt{g_{bb}}\right)\right\},a,b\text{not summed}`$ (2.5)
the Riemann tensor $`2`$forms are

$`R^{ab}=d\omega ^{ab}+\omega ^{ac}\omega _c^b`$ (2.6)
Define,

$`h_1(y)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4f^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{df}{dy}}\right)^2`$ (2.7)
$`h_2(y)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4f^2}}\left(2f{\displaystyle \frac{d^2f}{dy^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{df}{dy}}\right)^2\right)`$ (2.8)
and

$`M(r,y)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{f(y)}}\left(L(r)r^2f(y)h_1(y)\right)`$ (2.9)
Suppressing arguments will usually write

$`M={\displaystyle \frac{1}{f}}\left(Lr^2fh_1\right)`$ (2.10)
and $`M^{}=\frac{M(r,y)}{r}`$, $`M^{\prime \prime }=\frac{^2M(r,y)}{r^2}`$.

From (2.4), (2.5) and (2.6) one obtains the nonvanishing components of (2.6) (with $`i=1,\mathrm{},d2`$) as

$`R^{tr}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}M^{\prime \prime }e^te^r=\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+2\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+1\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)\right\}e^te^r`$
$`R^{ti}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2r}}M^{}e^te^i={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+2\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)e^te^i`$
$`R^{ri}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+2\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)e^re^i`$ (2.11)
$`R^{ij}`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)e^ie^j`$
$`R^{ty}`$ $`=`$ $`h_2e^te^y`$
$`R^{ry}`$ $`=`$ $`h_2e^re^y`$
$`R^{iy}`$ $`=`$ $`h_2e^ie^y`$
As compared to , in $`(R^{tr}`$, $`R^{ti}`$, $`R^{ri})`$ $`M`$ replaces $`L`$ and there are the extra components $`(R^{ty}`$, $`R^{ry}`$, $`R^{iy})`$ each proportional to $`h_2`$. Each $`R^{ab}`$ still has only one “diagonal” component $`R_{ab}^{ab}`$. Hence the Ricci-tensor components are easily obtained as follows. The nonzero (all diagonal) terms (adding a subscript (1) in view of subsequent generalization to higher order GB terms) are 111Note that for $`L=cr^2`$, $`f=cy^2`$, one obtains $`M=0=h_2`$ and hence a flat space.

$`R_{(1)}^{}{}_{t}{}^{t}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{a}{}}R_{ta}^{ta}=R_{tr}^{tr}+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{d2}{}}}R_{ti}^{ti}+R_{ty}^{ty}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+2\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)h_2`$
$`R_{(1)}^{}{}_{r}{}^{r}`$ $`=`$ $`R_{(1)}^{}{}_{t}{}^{t}\text{2.11}`$ (2.12)
$`R_{(1)}^{}{}_{i}{}^{i}`$ $`=`$ $`R_{ti}^{ti}+R_{ri}^{ri}+{\displaystyle \underset{ji}{}}R_{ij}^{ij}+R_{iy}^{iy}=\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)h_2`$
$`R_{(1)}^{}{}_{y}{}^{y}`$ $`=`$ $`dh_2`$
The Ricci scalar is

$`R_{(1)}=R_{(1)}^{}{}_{t}{}^{t}+R_{(1)}^{}{}_{r}{}^{r}+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{d2}{}}}R_{(1)}^{}{}_{i}{}^{i}+R_{(1)}^{}{}_{y}{}^{y}=\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+d\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)2dh_2`$ (2.13)
The nonzero components of the corresponding Einstein tensor

$`G_{(1)}^{}{}_{b}{}^{a}=R_{(1)}^{}{}_{b}{}^{a}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\eta _b^aR_{(1)}`$
are obtained as

$`G_{(1)}^{}{}_{t}{}^{t}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(d2)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)+(d1)h_2`$
$`G_{(1)}^{}{}_{r}{}^{r}`$ $`=`$ $`G_{(1)}^{}{}_{t}{}^{t}`$
$`G_{(1)}^{}{}_{i}{}^{i}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d2)\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)+(d1)h_2`$ (2.14)
$`G_{(1)}^{}{}_{y}{}^{y}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+d\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)`$
Now we show how the recursion formula used in  simplifies here also the construction of GB terms of order $`2p`$ $`(p=2,\mathrm{},P,2PD)`$. (For $`p=1`$ one has the standard $`R^{ab}`$ obtained above.) Totally antisymmetrized $`2p`$-forms are obtained as follows. We continue to use exclusively tangent plane indices.

For $`p=2`$,

$`R^{abcd}=R^{ab}R^{cd}+R^{ad}R^{bc}+R^{ac}R^{db}`$ (2.15)
the indices $`(b,c,d)`$ being circularly permuted. For arbitrary $`p`$

$`R^{a_1a_2\mathrm{}a_{2p}}=R^{a_1a_2}R^{a_3\mathrm{}a_{2p}}+(\text{circ. perm. of }a_2,\mathrm{},a_{2p})`$ (2.16)
giving $`(135\mathrm{}(2p1))`$ terms of the type

$`R^{a_1a_2}R^{a_3a_4}\mathrm{}R^{a_{2p1}a_{2p}}.`$
For $`p=2`$, implementing (2.11) in (2.15),

$`R^{trij}`$ $`=`$ $`R^{tr}R^{ij}+r^{tj}R^{ri}+R^{ti}R^{jr}`$ (2.17)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+4\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+3\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)^2e^te^re^ie^j.`$
Proceeding similarly for the other members of $`R^{abcd}`$, the nonzero (all diagonal) components are obtained as

$`R_{trij}^{trij}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+4\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+3\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)^2`$
$`R_{tijk}^{tijk}`$ $`=`$ $`R_{rijk}^{rijk}={\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+4\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)^2`$
$`R_{ijkl}^{ijkl}`$ $`=`$ $`3\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)^2`$ (2.18)
$`R_{triy}^{triy}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}h_2\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+2\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+3\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)`$
$`R_{tijy}^{tijy}`$ $`=`$ $`R_{rijy}^{rijy}=h_2\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+3\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)`$
$`R_{ijky}^{ijky}`$ $`=`$ $`3h_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)`$
(Simultaneous permutations of the same top and bottom indices leave the values unchanged.)

Now the nonzero components of the $`p=2`$ Ricci tensor components are obtained as follows222In the last step there is no sum over $`i,j,\mathrm{}`$. The values of $`R_{trij}^{trij}`$ for different $`(ij)`$ being the same $`_{i,j}`$ is replaced by $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{d2}{2}\right)`$. Similarly for other terms.

$`R_{(2)}^{}{}_{t}{}^{t}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i,j}{}}R_{trij}^{trij}+{\displaystyle \underset{i,j,k}{}}R_{tijk}^{tijk}+{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}R_{triy}^{triy}+{\displaystyle \underset{i,j}{}}R_{tijy}^{tijy}`$ (2.19)
$`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{d2}{2}}\right)R_{trij}^{trij}+\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{d2}{3}}\right)R_{tijk}^{tijk}+(d2)R_{triy}^{triy}+\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{d2}{2}}\right)R_{tijy}^{tijy}`$
Thus

$`R_{(2)}^{}{}_{t}{}^{t}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}(d2)(d3)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+4\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)^2`$ (2.20)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}h_2(d2)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+3\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)`$
Proceeding similarly

$`R_{(2)}^{}{}_{r}{}^{r}`$ $`=`$ $`R_{(2)}^{}{}_{t}{}^{t}`$ (2.21)
and

$`R_{(2)}^{}{}_{i}{}^{i}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}R_{itrj}^{itrj}+{\displaystyle \underset{j,k}{}}\left(R_{itjk}^{itjk}+R_{irjk}^{irjk}\right)+{\displaystyle \underset{j,k,l}{}}R_{ijkl}^{ijkl}+R_{itry}^{itry}`$ (2.22)
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}\left(R_{itjy}^{itjy}+R_{irjy}^{irjy}\right)+{\displaystyle \underset{j,k}{}}R_{ijky}^{ijky}`$
Here, $`i`$ being fixed, the sums over $`(j)`$, $`(j,k)`$ and $`(j,k,l)`$ are replaced respectively by $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{d3}{1}\right)`$, $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{d3}{2}\right)`$ and $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{d3}{3}\right)`$.

Finally,

$`R_{(2)}^{}{}_{i}{}^{i}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(d3)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+2(d2)\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)^2`$ (2.23)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}h_2\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+3(d2)\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)`$
Similarly,

$`R_{(2)}^{}{}_{y}{}^{y}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}R_{ytri}^{ytri}+{\displaystyle \underset{i,j}{}}\left(R_{ytij}^{ytij}+R_{yrij}^{yrij}\right)+{\displaystyle \underset{i,j,k}{}}R_{yijk}^{yijk}`$ (2.24)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(d2)h_2\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+d\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)`$
The $`p=2`$ Ricci scalar is

$`R_{(2)}`$ $`=`$ $`R_{(2)}^{}{}_{t}{}^{t}+R_{(2)}^{}{}_{r}{}^{r}+{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}R_{(2)}^{}{}_{i}{}^{i}+R_{(2)}^{}{}_{y}{}^{y}`$ (2.25)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(d2)(d3)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+d\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)^2`$
$`2h_2(d2)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+d\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)`$
The Einstein tensor for arbitrary $`p`$ is (since $`\eta _b^a=1`$ for our indices)

$`G_{(p)}^{}{}_{b}{}^{a}=R_{(p)}^{}{}_{b}{}^{a}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2p}}R_{(p)}`$ (2.26)
Hence for $`p=2`$,

$`G_{(2)}^{}{}_{t}{}^{t}`$ $`=`$ $`R_{(2)}^{}{}_{t}{}^{t}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}R_{(2)}(=G_{(2)}^{}{}_{r}{}^{r})`$ (2.27)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}(d2)(d3)(d4)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)^2`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}h_2(d2)(d3)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)`$
$`G_{(2)}^{}{}_{i}{}^{i}`$ $`=`$ $`R_{(2)}^{}{}_{i}{}^{i}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}R_{(2)}`$ (2.28)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}(d3)(d4)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d2)\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)^2`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}h_2(d3)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d2)\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)`$
$`G_{(2)}^{}{}_{y}{}^{y}`$ $`=`$ $`R_{(2)}^{}{}_{y}{}^{y}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}R_{(2)}`$ (2.29)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}(d2)(d3)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+d\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)^2`$
Successive iterations, using (2.16), can be shown to lead for arbitrary $`p`$ $`(2pd)`$ to the nonzero components $`R_{(p)}^{}{}_{b}{}^{a}`$ given below. For $`p>2`$, one obtains

$`R_{(p)}^{}{}_{t}{}^{t}`$ $`=`$ $`R_{(p)}^{}{}_{r}{}^{r}=`$ (2.30)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2^pp!}}(d2)(d3)\mathrm{}(d2p+1)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+2p\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)^p`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2^{p1}(p1)!}}h_2(d2)\mathrm{}(d2p+2)`$
$`\times \left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(2p1)\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)^{p1}`$
$`R_{(p)}^{}{}_{i}{}^{i}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2^pp!}}(d3)\mathrm{}(d2p+1)\left((p1)r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+p(d2)\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)^p`$ (2.31)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2^{p1}(p1)!}}h_2(d3)\mathrm{}(d2p+2)`$
$`\times \left((2p3){\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(2p1)(d2)\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)^{p1}`$
$`R_{(p)}^{}{}_{y}{}^{y}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2^{p1}(p1)!}}h_2(d2)\mathrm{}(d2p+2)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+d\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)^{p1}`$ (2.32)
Hence,

$`R_{(p)}`$ $`=`$ $`R_{(p)}^{}{}_{t}{}^{t}+R_{(p)}^{}{}_{r}{}^{r}+{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}R_{(p)}^{}{}_{i}{}^{i}+R_{(p)}^{}{}_{y}{}^{y}`$ (2.33)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2^{p1}(p1)!}}(d2)\mathrm{}(d2p+1)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+d\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)^p`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2^{p1}(p1)!}}h_2(d2)\mathrm{}(d2p+2)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+d\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)^{p1}`$
Now using (2.26), namely

$$G_{(p)}^{}{}_{b}{}^{a}=R_{(p)}^{}{}_{b}{}^{a}\frac{1}{2p}R_{(p)},$$

$`G_{(p)}^{}{}_{t}{}^{t}`$ $`=`$ $`G_{(p)}^{}{}_{r}{}^{r}`$ (2.34)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2^pp!}}(d2)\mathrm{}(d2p+1)`$
$`\times \left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left\{(d2p)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)2ph_2\right\}\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)^{p1}`$
$`G_{(p)}^{}{}_{i}{}^{i}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2^pp!}}(d3)\mathrm{}(d2p+1)`$ (2.35)
$`\times \left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d2)\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left\{(d2p)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)2ph_2\right\}\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)^{p1}`$
$`G_{(p)}^{}{}_{y}{}^{y}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2^pp!}}(d2)\mathrm{}(d2p+1)\times \left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+d\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)^p`$ (2.36)
These results should be compared with the corresponding results in  (Eqns (4.1),(4.2),(4,3) of  give the summed up contribution of all $`G_{(p)}`$).

## 3 The bulk Lagrangian and solutions

With suitable choices of units and sign conventions, the bulk Lagrangian with a maximal number of GB terms is defined to be

$`={\displaystyle \underset{p=1}{\overset{P}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2p}}\sqrt{g}\kappa _{(p)}R_{(p)},(2PD)`$ (3.1)
(For odd $`d`$, the GB term with $`2P=D=d+1`$, does not contribute to the equations of motion but has a topological significance. For $`2p>(d+1)`$, $`R^{a_1a_2\mathrm{}a_{2p}}`$ and hence $`R_{(p)}`$ is identically zero due to total antisymmetry.)

The constants $`\kappa _{(p)}`$ are arbitrary, but we will usually assume

$`\kappa _{(1)}\kappa _{(p)}(p>1)`$ (3.2)
and possibly

$`\kappa _{(1)}\kappa _{(2)}\kappa _{(3)}\mathrm{}`$ (3.3)
and so on. The variational equations (in the absence of sources and matter fields)

$`G_b^a={\displaystyle \underset{p=1}{\overset{P}{}}}\kappa _{(p)}G_{(p)}^{}{}_{b}{}^{a}=\mathrm{\Lambda }\delta _b^a`$ (3.4)
(with tangent plane indices) where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is some bulk cosmological constant in suitable units.

### 3.1 Bulk solutions for superposed GB terms

It was shown in  how to take into account the effect of a term $`r^2`$ in $`L(r)`$ (see Sec. VII of ). Here we show, if $`L(r)`$ has only this AdS (or dS) type term, how $`f(y)`$ can be chosen to provide exact solutions.

Set

$`L=br^2`$ (3.5)
$`f=c_0+c_1e^{2ky}+c_2e^{2ky}`$ (3.6)
Then from (2.7), (2.8) and (2.9)

$`h_1`$ $`=`$ $`k^2\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{2c_0}{f}}+{\displaystyle \frac{c^24c_1c_2}{f^2}}\right)`$
$`h_2`$ $`=`$ $`k^2\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{c^24c_1c_2}{f^2}}\right)`$ (3.7)
$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}\right)`$ $`=`$ $`k^2+{\displaystyle \frac{b+2c_0k^2}{f}}k^2{\displaystyle \frac{c^24c_1c_2}{f^2}}`$
Hence for

$`c_0^2=4c_1c_2,b=2c_0k^2`$ (3.8)
one obtains, along with $`(1L(r))=1+2c_0k^2r^2`$ in the metric

$`h_2={\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^2}}=k^2.`$ (3.9)
(Note that (3.8) is invariant under the exchange of $`c_1`$, $`c_2`$, namely for $`kk`$ in (3.5). The equations below will involve $`k^2`$.

Now, from (2.34), (2.35) and (2.36), the nonzero components of $`G_{(p)}^{}{}_{b}{}^{a}`$ all coincide yielding

$`G_{(p)}^{}{}_{t}{}^{t}=G_{(p)}^{}{}_{r}{}^{r}=G_{(p)}^{}{}_{y}{}^{y}=(1)^{(p+1)}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2^pp!}}d(d1)\mathrm{}(d2p+1)(k^2)^p,`$ (3.10)
whence (3.4) reduces to

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\kappa _{(1)}d(d1)(k^2){\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}\kappa _{(2)}d(d1)(d2)(d3)(k^2)^2+`$
$`\mathrm{}+(1)^{P+1}{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _{(P)}}{2^pp!}}d(d1)\mathrm{}+(d2P+1)(k^2)^P`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Lambda }.`$ (3.11)
Thus it seen that in the context of (3.5), (3.6) and (3.8), the effect of the BG terms reduce to the fact that $`k^2`$ is constrained to satisfy a polynomial equation of degree $`P`$. Substituting this $`k^2`$ in (3.8), for $`c_0>0`$ (i.e. $`(1L)=1+2c_0k^2r^2`$), one has an AdS type metric.

For $`P=1`$, one has (in the absence of GB terms),

$`k^2={\displaystyle \frac{2\mathrm{\Lambda }}{\kappa _{(1)}d(d1)}}`$ (3.12)
For $`P=2`$, one obtains

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\kappa _{(1)}d(d1)(k^2){\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}\kappa _{(2)}d(d1)(d3)(k^2)^2=\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ (3.13)
or

$`(k^2)={\displaystyle \frac{2\kappa _{(1)}}{\kappa _{(2)}(d2)(d3)}}\left\{1\left(12\mathrm{\Lambda }{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _{(2)}(d2)(d3)}{\kappa _{(1)}^2d(d1)}}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\right\}`$ (3.14)
The sign before the square root has been chosen to obtain (3.12) as the leading term on expanding the square root in powers of $`\frac{\kappa _{(2)}}{\kappa _{(1)}}`$.

For $`P>2`$, if (3.2) and (3.3) are maintained, one has to select a solution satisfying similarly consistency (developing in powers of $`\kappa _{(2)},\kappa _{(2)}^2,\kappa _{(2)}\kappa _{(3)},\mathrm{}`$) with the lower degree cases.

For $`d=10`$, keeping all possible $`p`$’s ($`p=1,2,3,4,5`$) one obtains $`k^2`$ in terms of elliptic functions. For $`d>10`$, hyperelliptic functions are needed. (Compare the discussion of Section V of , where such functions arise for $`(L/r^2)`$ and the horizon $`r_H`$.)

### 3.2 Special cases

(1) $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=0`$

For zero bulk cosmological constant and for $`P>1`$ one still obtains nontrivial solutions $`(k^20)`$, satisfying a polynomial of degree $`(P1)`$ in $`k^2`$. Thus for example, (3.13) reduces to

$`k^2={\displaystyle \frac{2\kappa _{(1)}}{\kappa _{(2)}(d2)(d3)}}`$ (3.15)
Note that for (3.2) one has the large ratio $`(\kappa _{(1)}/\kappa _{(2)})`$.

(2) Schwarzschild-type bulk black hole in the absence of GB terms $`(P=1)`$:

In (3.5) we set

$`L=br^2`$
But for $`P=1`$, when $`G_{(1)}^{}{}_{b}{}^{a}`$ are given by (2.14) one can set

$`{\displaystyle \frac{L}{r^2}}={\displaystyle \frac{c}{r^{d1}}}+b`$ (3.16)
the term $`cr^{(d1)}`$ is annihilated by the factor

$`\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)`$ (3.17)
present in each $`G_{(1)}^{}{}_{a}{}^{a}`$ acting on $`\left(\frac{M}{r^2}\right)`$ and hence on $`\frac{L}{r^2}`$. The operator (3.17) is present for all $`p`$. But it acts on $`\left(\frac{M}{r^2}\right)^p`$ and $`\left(\frac{M}{r^2}\right)^{(p1)}`$ and hence $`c`$ is not eliminated.

In  a polynomial equation was solved for $`\frac{L}{r^2}`$ in the presence of GB terms (as we do for $`k^2`$ here). But the presence of $`y`$ and $`f(y)`$ no longer permit that.

Since $`c`$ in (3.16) is eliminated (for $`P=1`$) to start with, in the equations of motion one can proceed as before with (3.16) replacing (3.5) and maintaining (3.6),(3.7), (3.8) and (3.12). One thus obtains a Schwarzschild type black hole in the nonfactorizable case in the absence of GB terms.) The lapse fraction $`f(y)(1L(r))`$ now depends on $`y`$. But the horizon ($`L(r)=1`$) still depends only on $`r`$, and neither on $`t`$ nor on $`y`$.

## 4 Insertion of branes

Having presented our bulk solutions, we now consider the modifications necessary for inserting two positive tension branes in a fashion quite analogous to the treatment of . In the notation of  our $`f(y)`$ is $`a(z)^2`$ where

$`a(y)={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{cosh}(k(y_0|y|)}{\mathrm{cosh}(ky_0)}}=\mathrm{cosh}k|y|(\mathrm{tanh})ky_0\mathrm{sinh}k|y|.`$ (4.1)
We now set, introducing orbifold symmetry permitting branes,

$`f(y)=a^2(y)={\displaystyle \frac{2+e^{2ky_0+2k|y|}+e^{2ky_02k|y|}}{\left(e^{ky_0}+e^{ky_0}\right)^2}}`$ (4.2)
Comparing to (3.6) (along with $`|y|`$ for $`y`$) one has

$`\{c_0,c_1,c_2\}=\left(e^{ky_0}+e^{ky_0}\right)^2\{2,e^{2ky_0},e^{2ky_0}\}`$ (4.3)
satisfying (3.8).333Note that for $`b=0`$, i.e. $`L=0`$, one can only have $`a(y)e^{k|y|}`$. Hence for $`y>0`$, in the bulk, our previous solution holds with (4.2) and

$`1L(r)=1+{\displaystyle \frac{4k^2}{\left(e^{ky}+e^{ky_0}\right)^2}}r^2`$ (4.4)
where $`k^2`$ is determined from (3.11).

But now one must match coefficients of $`\delta `$-functions in derivatives of $`a(y)`$ to those contributed by the brane tensions.

Let us suppose the two branes are inserted respectively at

$$y=0\mathrm{and}y=Y.$$

Note, that, from (2.7) and (2.8), using (4.2),

$`h_1=\left(a^1a_y\right)^2,h_2=a^1a_{yy},\left(a_y={\displaystyle \frac{da}{dy}}\right).`$ (4.5)
Singular terms will arise from $`h_2`$ only which appears linearly in all $`G_{(p)}^{}{}_{a}{}^{a}(a=t,r,i)`$ and not in $`G_{(b)}^{}{}_{y}{}^{y}`$. One obtains, in a fashion analogous to ,

$`a_{yy}=k^2a+\lambda _1\delta (y)+\lambda _1\delta (yY)`$ (4.6)
where

$$\lambda _1=2a_y(0^+),\lambda _2=2a_y(Y^{}).$$

Hence

$`h_2`$ $`=`$ $`k^2+{\displaystyle \frac{2a_y(0^+)}{a(0)}}\delta (y){\displaystyle \frac{2a_y(Y^{})}{a(Y)}}\delta (yY)`$
$``$ $`k^2+\widehat{h}_2,`$
$`\widehat{h}_2`$ denoting the singular part.

In (2.34), (2.35) and (2.36) we now set, as in (3.9)

$$\frac{M}{r^2}=k^2$$

but $`h_2=k^2+\widehat{h}_2`$ has now an additional singular part as in (4). Thus one obtains, with (3.10) denoting “bulk” values,

$`G_{(p)}^{}{}_{a}{}^{a}`$ $`=`$ $`\left(G_{(p)}^{}{}_{a}{}^{a}\right)_{bulk}+{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^{p1}}{2^{p1}(p1)!}}(d1)(d2)\mathrm{}(d2p+1)(k^2)^{(p1)}\widehat{h}_2,`$ (4.8)
$`(a=t,r,i_1,\mathrm{},i_{d2})`$
$`G_{(p)}^{}{}_{y}{}^{y}`$ $`=`$ $`\left(G_{(p)}^{}{}_{y}{}^{y}\right)_{bulk}.`$
The bulk terms contribute to match the bulk $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\delta _b^a`$ as in (3.4). But now (3.4) is modified to match the brane tensions ($`\mathrm{\Lambda }_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_2`$, say, for the branes at $`y=0`$ and $`y=Y`$ respectively) by the contributions induced by the terms proportional to $`\widehat{h}_2`$ in (4.8). This gives

$`\left\{{\displaystyle \underset{p=1}{\overset{P}{}}}\kappa _{(p)}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^{p1}}{2^{p1}(p1)!}}(d1)\mathrm{}(d2p+1)(k^2)^{p1}\right\}(a(y))^1\left(\lambda _1\delta (y)+\lambda _2\delta (yY)\right)`$ (4.9)
$`=\mathrm{\Lambda }_1\delta (y)+\mathrm{\Lambda }_2\delta (yY)`$
Setting,

$`K_{(P)}=\left\{{\displaystyle \underset{p=1}{\overset{P}{}}}\kappa _{(p)}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^{p1}}{2^{p1}(p1)!}}(d1)\mathrm{}(d2p+1)(k^2)^{p1}\right\}`$ (4.10)
and using (4.6) and (4.7), one obtains

$`\mathrm{\Lambda }_1`$ $`=`$ $`K_{(P)}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\; 2}k\mathrm{tanh}ky_0`$ (4.11)
$`\mathrm{\Lambda }_2`$ $`=`$ $`K_{(P)}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\; 2}k{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sinh}k(y_0Y)}{\mathrm{cosh}ky_0}}.`$ (4.12)
For $`y_0>Y>0`$ and $`\kappa _{(1)}\kappa _{(p)},(p=2,3,\mathrm{})`$, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_2`$ are both positive. The results remain formally similar to the corresponding ones of  for the following reason. The linearity of each $`G_{(p)}^{}{}_{a}{}^{a}(a=t,r,i)`$ of (4.8) in $`h_2`$ (and hence $`\widehat{h}_2`$) assure terms linear in the $`\delta `$’s consistently on both sides of (4.9). Furthermore the cumulative effect of all the superposed GB terms, is accounted for by the factor $`K_{(P)}`$, (4.10).

## 5 Remarks

In the previous sections we have proceeded in successive steps: a particularly compact and convenient construction of the generalised Einstein tensors, then the construction of bulk solutions and finally the insertion of branes.

The two functions $`h_2(y)`$ and $`M(r,y)`$ introduced in (2.8) and (2.9) respectively, played a crucial role in our construction. On writing the warp function $`f(y)`$ as

$$f(y)=a^2(y)$$

these functions are expressed as

$`h_2(y)`$ $`=`$ $`a^1(y){\displaystyle \frac{d^2a(y)}{dy^2}}`$ (5.13)
$`M(r,y)`$ $`=`$ $`a^2(y)\left(L(r)r^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{da(y)}{dy}}\right)^2\right).`$ (5.14)
It was shown how simply and systematically the results of  (where the coordinate $`y`$ was absent and the warp factor was unity) can be generalised to the present case by simply replacing the role of the function $`\left(\frac{L(r)}{r^2}\right)`$ in  with the function $`\left(\frac{M(r)}{r^2}\right)`$ here, as well as adding a term linear in $`h_2(y)`$ in $`G_t^t,G_r^r,G_i^i(i=1,2,\mathrm{},d2)`$. There is now, of course, an additional component of the Einstein tensor $`G_y^y`$ which has simply depends only on $`\left(\frac{M(r)}{r^2}\right)`$ but not on $`h_2(y)`$. (See Eqns. (2.27), (2.28) and (2.29).) Our formalism directly selects out these crucial functions.

One can now envisage the following steps. Linear perturbations of the metric will reveal the consequences, in our context, of the GB terms on the zero and Kaluza-Klein modes. In particular, how the relevant results of  are generalised.

Also, rather than seeking possible localisation of gravity in $`d`$-dimensions, one can introduce intersecting branes , leading to suitably lower dimensional intersections. These aspects will be studied elsewhere.