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# A Geometrical Anisotropic Model of Space-time Based on Finslerian Metric

## 1 Introduction

A Finslerian geometrical structure of models which can correspond to aniso-tropic structures of regions of spacetime (radius$`10^8`$ light years) can be introduced. Our work was motivated by the observed anisotropy of the microwave cosmic radiation. This anisotropy is of dipole type, i.e. the intensity of the radiation is maximum at one direction and minimum at the opposite direction.

It is known that this anisotropy can be explained if we use Robertson-Walker metric and take into account the movement of our galaxy with respect to distant galaxies of the universe . A small anisotropy is expected, however, due to the anisotropic distribution of galaxies in space .

From the above mentioned results, it is reasonable to seek for a Lagrangian which expresses this anisotropy. As such, we choose:

$$=\sqrt{a_{ij}y^iy^j}+\phi (x)\widehat{k}_ay^a$$
(1)
The vector $`\widehat{k}_a`$ expresses the observed anisotropy of the microwave background radiation.

In §2 we give the necessary mathematical formalism, upon which we develop our theory.

In §3 we develop the geometric anisotropic structure of space-time based on the tangent bundle. Some physical interpretations are given.

In §4 we study the changes that are imposed on the electromagnetic field as a result of the anisotropic geometry. It is shown that the e.m. field tensor remains unchanged in our approach. The wave equation of e.m. waves is modified ($`\mathrm{}_FA^i(x)`$) in such a way that it expresses anisotropy of the electromagnetic field, i.e. in the generalized D’Alambertian there exist terms of anisotropy which affect the conventional form of the wave equation.

## 2 Preliminaries

The framework in which we develop our present work is a Finsler tangent bundle. For this we consider a smooth $`4`$-dimensional pseudoriemannian manifold M, $`(TM,\pi ,M)`$ its tangent bundle and $`\stackrel{~}{TM}=TM\{0\}`$, where $`0`$ means the image of the null cross-section of the projection $`\pi :TMM`$. We also consider a local system of coordinates $`(x^i),i=0,1,2,3`$ and $`U`$ a chart of $`M`$. Then the couple $`(x^i,y^a)`$ is a local system of coordinates on $`\pi ^1(U)`$ in $`TM`$. A coordinate transformation on the total space $`TM`$ is given by

$$\stackrel{~}{x}^i=\stackrel{~}{x}^i(x^0,\mathrm{},x^3),det\frac{\stackrel{~}{x}^i}{x^j}0,\stackrel{~}{y}^a=\frac{\stackrel{~}{x}^a}{x^b}y^b,x^a=\delta _i^ax^i$$
(2)
By definition  a Finsler metric on M is a function $`F:TM`$ having the properties:

1. The restriction of $`F`$ to $`\stackrel{~}{TM}`$ is of the class $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ and $`F`$ is only continuous on the image of the null cross section in the tangent bundle to $`M`$.
2. The restriction of $`F`$ to $`\stackrel{~}{TM}`$ is positively homogeneous of degree 1 with respect to $`(y^a)`$.

$$F(x,ky)=kF(x,y),k_+^{}$$
3. The quadratic form on $`^n`$ with the coefficients

$$f_{ij}=\frac{1}{2}\frac{^2F^2}{y^iy^j}$$
(3)
defined on $`\stackrel{~}{TM}`$ is non degenerate ($`det(f_{ij})0`$), with $`\mathrm{rank}(f_{ij})=4`$.

As it is known a non linear connection $`N`$ on $`TM`$ is a distribution on $`TM`$, supplementary to the vertical distribution $`V`$ on $`TM`$ :

$$T_{(x,y)}(TM)=N_{(x,y)}V_{(x,y)}$$

In our case a non linear connection can be defined by

$$N_j^a=\frac{G^a}{y^j}$$
(4)
where $`G^a`$ are defined from

$$G^a=\frac{1}{4}f^{aj}\left(\frac{^2}{y^jx^k}y^k_j\right)$$
(5)
and the relation

$$\frac{dy^a}{ds}+2G^a(x,y)=0$$
(6)
yields from the Euler-Lagrange equations:

$$\frac{d}{ds}\left(\frac{}{y^a}\right)\frac{}{x^a}=0$$
(7)
The transformation rule of the non-linear connection coefficients is

$$\stackrel{~}{N}_i^a=\frac{\stackrel{~}{x}^a}{x^b}\frac{x^j}{\stackrel{~}{x}^i}N_j^b(x,y)+\frac{\stackrel{~}{x}^a}{x^h}\frac{^2x^h}{\stackrel{~}{x}^i\stackrel{~}{x}^b}y^b$$
(8)
also

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\delta }{\delta \stackrel{~}{x}^i}}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{x^j}{\stackrel{~}{x}^i}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta }{\delta x^j}}`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\stackrel{~}{y}^a}}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{x^b}{\stackrel{~}{x}^a}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{y^b}}`$
$`d\stackrel{~}{x}^i`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{x}^i}{x^j}}dx^j`$ $`\delta \stackrel{~}{y}^a`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{x}^a}{x^b}}\delta y^b`$
A local basis of $`T_{(x,y)}(TM)`$, $`(\delta _i,\dot{}_a)`$ adapted to the horizontal distribution $`N`$ is

$$\delta _i=_iN_i^a(x,y)\dot{}_a,\text{where}_i=\frac{}{x^i},\dot{}_a=\frac{}{y^a}$$
(9)
where $`N_i^a(x,y)`$ are the coefficients of the non-linear Cartan connection N as we mentioned above.
The dual local basis is

$$\{d^i=dx^i,\delta ^a=\delta y^a=dy^a+N_j^adx^j\}_{i,a=\overline{0,3}}\{\delta ^\beta \}_{\beta =\overline{0,7}}$$

A $`d`$-connection on tangent bundle $`TM`$ is a linear connection on $`TM`$ which preserves by parallelism the horizontal distribution $`N`$ and the vertical distribution $`V`$ on $`TM`$.

Generally an $`h`$-$`v`$ metric on the tangent bundle $`(TM,\pi ,M)`$ is given by

$$G=f_{ij}(x,y)dx^idx^j+h_{ab}\delta y^a\delta y^b$$
(10)
We consider a metrical d-connection $`C\mathrm{\Gamma }=(N_j^a,L_{jk}^i,C_{jk}^i)`$ with the property

$`f_{ij|k}`$ $`=\delta _kf_{ij}L_{ik}^hf_{hj}L_{jk}^hf_{ih}=0`$ (11)
$`f_{ij}|_k`$ $`=\dot{}_kf_{ij}C_{ik}^hf_{hj}C_{jk}^hf_{ih}=0`$ (12)
where

$`L_{jk}^i`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}f^{ir}\left(\delta _jf_{rk}+\delta _kf_{jr}\delta _rf_{jk}\right)`$ (13)
$`C_{jk}^i`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}f^{ir}(\dot{}_jf_{rk}+\dot{}_kf_{jr}\dot{}_rf_{jk})`$ (14)
The coordinate transformation of the objects $`L_{jk}^i`$ and $`C_{jk}^i`$ is:

$`\stackrel{~}{L}_{jk}^i`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{x}^i}{x^h}}{\displaystyle \frac{x^l}{\stackrel{~}{x}^j}}{\displaystyle \frac{x^r}{\stackrel{~}{x}^k}}L_{lr}^h(x,y)+{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{x}^i}{x^r}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2x^r}{\stackrel{~}{x}^j\stackrel{~}{x}^k}}`$ (15)
$`\stackrel{~}{C}_{jk}^i`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{x}^i}{x^h}}{\displaystyle \frac{x^l}{\stackrel{~}{x}^j}}{\displaystyle \frac{x^r}{\stackrel{~}{x}^k}}C_{lr}^h(x,y)`$ (16)
The Cartan torsion coefficients $`C_{ijk}`$ are given by

$$C_{ijk}=\frac{1}{2}\dot{}_kf_{ij}$$
(17)
while the Christoffel symbols of the first and second kind for the metric $`f_{ij}`$ are respectively:

$`\gamma _{ijk}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f_{kj}}{x^i}}+{\displaystyle \frac{f_{ik}}{x^j}}{\displaystyle \frac{f_{ij}}{x^k}}\right)`$ (18)
$`\gamma _{ij}^l`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}f^{lk}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f_{kj}}{x^i}}+{\displaystyle \frac{f_{ik}}{x^j}}{\displaystyle \frac{f_{ij}}{x^k}}\right)`$ (19)
The torsions and curvatures which we use are given by :

$`T_{kj}^i`$ $`=0`$ $`S_{kj}^i`$ $`=0`$ $`R_{jk}^i`$ $`=\delta _kN_j^i\delta _jN_k^i`$ (20)
$`P_{jk}^i`$ $`=\dot{}_kN_j^iL_{kj}^i`$ $`P_{jk}^i`$ $`=f^{im}P_{mjk}`$ $`P_{ijk}`$ $`=C_{ijk|l}y^l`$ (21)
$`R_{jkl}^i`$ $`=\delta _lL_{jk}^i\delta _kL_{jl}^i+L_{jk}^hL_{hl}^iL_{jl}^hL_{hk}^i+C_{jc}^iR_{kl}^c`$ (22)
$`S_{jikh}`$ $`=C_{iks}C_{jh}^sC_{ihs}C_{jk}^s`$ (23)
$`P_{ihkj}`$ $`=C_{ijk|h}C_{hjk|i}+C_{hj}^rC_{rik|l}y^lC_{ij}^rC_{rkh|l}y^l`$ (24)
$`S_{ikh}^l`$ $`=f^{lj}S_{jikh}`$ (25)
$`P_{ikh}^l`$ $`=f^{lj}P_{jikh}`$ (26)
## 3 The Geometrical Structure of the anisotropic model (based on $`TM`$)

In the following, the lowering and raising of the indices of the objects $`\widehat{k}_a,y^a`$ and all related Riemannian tensors will be performed with the metric $`a_{ij}`$. For the related Finslerian tensors we shall use the Finsler metric $`f_{ij}`$.

The Lagrangian which gives the equation of geodesics in the case of (pseudo)-Riemannian space-time is given by:

$$L=\sqrt{a_{ij}y^iy^j},y^i=\frac{dx^i}{ds}$$
(27)
or, equivalently, we may write for the line element:

$$ds_R=\sqrt{a_{ij}dx^idx^j}$$
(28)
where $`a_{ij}`$ is the Riemannian metric with signature $`(,+,+,+)`$. Because of the observed anisotropy, we must insert an additional term to the Riemannian line element (28). This term must fulfill the following requirements:

1. It must give absolute maximum contribution for direction of movement parallel to the anisotropy axis.
2. It must give zero contribution for movement in direction perpendicular to the anisotropy axis, i.e. the new line element must coincide with the Riemannian one for direction vertical to the anisotropy axis.
3. It must not be symmetric with respect to replacement $`y^ay^a`$. This requirement is necessary in order to express the anisotropy of dipole type of the Microwave Background Radiation (MBR). We need to have maximum (positive) contribution for direction that coincides with the direction of the anisotropy axis, and minimum (negative) contribution for the opposite direction.

We see that a term which satisfies the above conditions is $`k_a(x)y^a`$, where $`k_a(x)`$ expresses this anisotropy axis. For constant direction of $`k_a(x)`$ we may consider $`k_a(x)=\phi (x)\widehat{k}_a`$, where $`\widehat{k}_a`$ is the unit vector in the direction $`k_a(x)`$. Then $`\phi (x)`$ plays the role of “length” of the vector $`k_a(x)`$, $`\phi (x)`$. Hence, we have the Lagrangian

$$=\sqrt{a_{ij}y^iy^j}+\phi (x)\widehat{k}_ay^a$$
(29)
From (29) we define the Finsler metric function $`F(x,y)=`$. Setting $`y^a=dx^a`$ we have

$$ds_F=\sqrt{a_{ij}dx^idx^j}+\phi (x)\widehat{k}_adx^a$$
(30)
$`ds_F`$ is the Finslerian line element and $`ds_R`$ is the Riemannian one. We see that the Finslerian line element is generated by an additional increment to the Riemannian one due to the anisotropy axis. Now

$$ds_F^2=a_{ij}dx^idx^j+2\phi (x)\widehat{k}_adx^a\sqrt{a_{ij}dx^idx^j}+\phi ^2(x)\widehat{k}_adx^a\widehat{k}_bdx^b$$
(31)
In order for the Finslerian metric to be physically consistent with General Relativity theory, it must have the same signature with the Riemannian metric $`(,+,+,+)`$. We have

$$ds_R=cd\tau =c\gamma dt=\gamma d(ct)=\gamma dx^0$$
(32)
where $`\gamma =\sqrt{1(v/c)^2}`$ and $`v`$: 3-velocity in Riemannian space-time. From relations (32),(31) we obtain:

$`ds_F^2`$ $`=a_{00}dx^0dx^0+2a_{0\alpha }dx^0dx^\alpha +a_{\alpha \beta }dx^\alpha dx^\beta +2\phi (x)\widehat{k}_0dx^0ds_R`$
$`+2\phi (x)\widehat{k}_\alpha dx^\alpha ds_R+\phi ^2(x)\widehat{k}_0\widehat{k}_0dx^0dx^0+2\phi ^2(x)\widehat{k}_0\widehat{k}_\alpha dx^0dx^\alpha `$
$`+\phi ^2(x)\widehat{k}_\alpha dx^\alpha \widehat{k}_\beta dx^\beta `$
or

$`ds_F^2`$ $`=\left(a_{00}+2\gamma \phi (x)\widehat{k}_0+\phi ^2\widehat{k}_0\widehat{k}_0\right)dx^0dx^0+`$
$`+\left(a_{\alpha \beta }+\phi ^2(x)\widehat{k}_\alpha \widehat{k}_\beta \right)dx^\alpha dx^\beta +2\gamma \phi (x)\widehat{k}_\alpha dx^\alpha dx^0`$
$`+2a_{0\alpha }dx^0dx^\alpha +2\phi ^2(x)\widehat{k}_0\widehat{k}_\alpha dx^0dx^\alpha `$ (33)
where $`\alpha ,\beta =1,2,3`$. From relation (33) it is evident that we must have

$`(k_0(x))^2+2\gamma k_0(x)+a_{00}`$ $`<0`$ (34)
$`\delta ^{\alpha \beta }\left(a_{\alpha \beta }+k_\alpha (x)k_\beta (x)\right)`$ $`>0`$ (35)
for the signature to be preserved, where we have written $`\phi (x)\widehat{k}_i=k_i(x)`$. Relation (34) admits negative values for

$$\gamma \sqrt{\gamma ^2a_{00}}<k_0(x)<\gamma +\sqrt{\gamma ^2a_{00}}$$
(36)
while from (35) yields:

$$\left(k_\alpha (x)\right)^2>a_{\alpha \alpha }$$
(37)
which is true for any $`k_a(x)`$ since $`a_{\alpha \alpha }>0`$.

Then for any physically acceptable vector, its $`0`$ component $`k_0(x)`$ must lie in the interval (36). Relation (36) is a restriction upon the anisotropy of space-time, i.e. the anisotropy vector can not take arbitrary values.

The equation of geodesics is given by:

$$\frac{d^2x^l}{ds^2}+\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{ij}{}^{l}y_{}^{i}y^j+\sigma a^{lm}(_j\phi \widehat{k}_m_m\phi \widehat{k}_j)y^j=0$$
(38)
We observe that in the equation of geodesics we have an additional term, namely $`\sigma a^{lm}(_j(\phi \widehat{k}_m)_m(\phi \widehat{k}_j))y^j`$ which expresses rotation of the aniso-tropy axis.

Now for the case of electromagnetic waves we must modify relation (38). This is because the world line of an e.m. wave is null. In geometrical optics the direction of propagation of a light ray is determined by the wave vector tangent to the ray. Let $`\stackrel{𝑤}{k}{}_{}{}^{l}=dx^l/d\lambda `$ be the four-dimensional wave vector, where $`\lambda `$ is some parameter varying along the ray. We have:

$$\frac{d\stackrel{𝑤}{k}^l}{d\lambda }+\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{ij}{}^{l}\stackrel{𝑤}{k}{}_{}{}^{i}\stackrel{𝑤}{k}{}_{}{}^{j}+\sigma a^{lm}(_j\phi \widehat{k}_m_m\phi \widehat{k}_j)\stackrel{𝑤}{k}{}_{}{}^{j}=0$$
(39)
One possible explanation of the anisotropy axis could be that it expresses the resultant of the spin densities of the angular momenta of galaxies in a restricted region of space ($`k_a(x)`$ spacelike). It is known that the mass is anisotropically distributed for regions of space with radius$`10^8`$ light years . Then an important kind of anisotropy might result from the ordering of the angular momenta of galaxies. As we move to greater distances (radius$`10^8`$ l.y.) the resultant of the spin densities is approximately zero, as it is expected for an isotropic universe.

$$k_a(x)=\underset{i}{}\stackrel{(i)}{k}{}_{a}{}^{}(x)0$$
(40)
where $`\stackrel{(i)}{k}{}_{a}{}^{}(x)`$ is the spin density tensor of each rotating mass distribution.

The spin is defined through the spin density tensor  from the relation

$$S_{ab}=\frac{\sqrt{g}}{4\pi }ϵ_{abc}k^c(x)$$
(41)
In the case that $`\phi (x)\widehat{k}_a`$ expresses spin density, the function $`\phi (x)`$ is related to mass density (angular momenta depends upon angular velocity and mass distribution).

From equation (38) we see that for small variation of the resultant of the spin densities vector, the deviation from the Riemannian geodesics is very small, if not negligible.

From the equation of geodesics (38) we obtain for movement $`y^i`$ perpendicular to $`k^i`$:

$$\frac{d^2x^a}{ds^2}+\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{ij}{}^{l}y_{}^{i}y^j+\sigma a^{lm}_j\phi \widehat{k}_my^j=0$$
(42)
From (42) it is evident that although the contribution to the $`ds_R`$ line element is zero for $`y^i`$ vertical to $`k^i`$, the equation of geodesics is different from the Riemannian case. In the case, however, where $`_i\phi (x)`$is parallel to $`\widehat{k}_i`$, i.e. the increment of anisotropy takes place only along the anisotropy axis, then the equation of geodesics is identical with the geodesics of the Riemannian space-time.

Using the notation $`\beta =\widehat{k}_ay^a`$, $`\sigma =\sqrt{a_{ij}y^iy^j}`$, we calculate the metric tensor from (3):

$$f_{ij}=\frac{F}{\sigma }a_{ij}+\frac{\phi (x)}{2\sigma }\underset{ij}{𝒮}\left(y_i\widehat{k}_j\right)\frac{\beta \phi (x)}{\sigma ^3}y_iy_j+\phi ^2(x)\widehat{k}_i\widehat{k}_j$$
(43)
where $`\underset{ij}{𝒮}`$ is an operator and denotes symmetrization of the indices $`i,j`$, e.g.

$$\underset{ij}{𝒮}(A_{ikjl})=\frac{1}{2}(A_{ikjl}+A_{jkil}).$$

Accordingly we define the antisymmetric operator

$$\underset{ij}{𝒜}(M_{ikjl})=\frac{1}{2}(M_{ikjl}M_{jkil}).$$

The inverse metric is

$$f^{ij}=\frac{\sigma }{F}a^{ij}\frac{\sigma \phi }{2F}\underset{ij}{𝒮}\left(y^i\widehat{k}^j\right)+\frac{\phi (\beta +m\sigma \phi )}{F^3}y^iy^j$$
(44)
as it may be verified by direct calculation, where $`m=\widehat{k}_a\widehat{k}^a=0,\pm 1`$ according whether $`\widehat{k}_a`$ is null, spacelike or timelike (in order to not loose generality, we do not identify $`\widehat{k}_a`$ as spacelike). It must be noted, however, that if $`y^a`$ represents the velocity of a particle ($`y^i`$ timelike) then $`\widehat{k}^a`$ is bound to be spacelike. This follows from the fact that one possible value of $`y^a\widehat{k}_a`$ is zero.

The determinant of the metric is

$$f=det(f_{ij})=\left(\frac{F}{\sigma }\right)^5det(a_{ij})$$
(45)
The Cartan torsion coefficients which are given by (17), take the form:

$$C_{ijl}=\frac{3\beta \phi }{2\sigma ^5}y_iy_jy_l+\frac{3\phi }{\sigma }\underset{ijl}{𝒮}(a_{ij}\widehat{k}_l)\frac{3\phi }{\sigma ^3}\underset{ijl}{𝒮}(y_iy_jy_l)\frac{3\beta \phi }{\sigma ^3}\underset{ijl}{𝒮}a_{ij}y_l$$
(46)
We observe from (46) that an increment of the anisotropy, i.e. increment of $`\phi `$, results in a change in the values of the components of the Cartan coefficients. This is expected since the condition

$$C_{ijk}=0$$
(47)
is the condition for the Finsler metric to be Riemannian.

The finslerian Christoffel symbols of the first kind are given by (18)

$$\gamma _{ijl}=\frac{F}{\sigma }\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{ijl}{}^{}+\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ijl}+M_{ijl}$$
(48)
where

$$\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{ijl}{}^{}=\frac{1}{2}(_ia_{lj}+_ja_{il}_la_{ij})$$
(49)
are the Christoffel symbols corresponding to the metric $`a_{ij}`$.

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ijl}=\underset{ij\{l\}}{𝒢}\left[\left(\frac{3\beta \phi }{2\sigma ^5}y_iy_j\frac{\phi }{\sigma ^3}\underset{ij}{𝒮}y_i\widehat{k}_j\frac{\phi \beta }{4\sigma ^3}a_{ij}\right)_la_{ab}y^ay^b\right]$$
(50)
and

$$M_{ijl}=\underset{ij\{l\}}{𝒢}\left[\left(\frac{\beta }{2\sigma }a_{ij}+\frac{1}{\sigma }\underset{ij}{𝒮}y_i\widehat{k}_j\frac{\beta }{\sigma ^3}y_iy_j+2\phi \widehat{k}_i\widehat{k}_j\right)_l\phi \right].$$
(51)
The operator $`\underset{ij\{l\}}{𝒢}`$ denotes an interchange of the indices in the form this interchange appears in the definition of the Christoffel symbols of a metric, e.g.

$`\underset{ij\{l\}}{𝒢}A_{ijl}`$ $`=A_{lji}+A_{ilj}A_{ijl}`$
$`\underset{ij\{l\}}{𝒢}_la_{ij}`$ $`=2\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{ijl}`$
The Christoffel symbols of the second kind are found from (19):

$$\begin{array}{c}\gamma _{ij}^l=\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{ij}{}^{l}+(\frac{\phi (\beta +m\sigma \phi )}{\sigma F^2}y^ay^l\frac{2\phi }{F}\underset{al}{𝒮}(y^a\widehat{k}^l))\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{ija}{}^{}+\frac{\sigma }{F}(\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ij}^l+\hfill \\ \hfill +M_{ij}^l)+(\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ija}+M_{ija})(\frac{\phi (\beta +m\sigma \phi )}{F^3}y^ay^l\frac{2\sigma \phi }{F^2}\underset{al}{𝒮}(y^a\widehat{k}^l))\end{array}$$
(52)
where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{jl}^i=\mathrm{\Lambda }_{jlk}a^{ik}`$ and $`M_{jl}^i=M_{jlk}a^{ik}`$. In relation (52) it is seen that, besides the $`\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{jk}{}^{i}=0`$ terms, the rest express the anisotropic deviation from the Riemannian Christoffel symbols. When $`\phi =0`$, i.e. absence of anisotropy, the Finsler Christoffel symbols coincide with the Riemannian ones. From the above relation, for $`\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{jk}{}^{i}=0`$ we have $`\gamma _{jk}^i0`$. This shows the dependence of $`\gamma _{jk}^i`$ from the anisotropy terms.

From Euler-Lagrange equations we find for $`G^l`$ (relation (5)):

$$G^l=\frac{1}{2}\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{ij}{}^{l}y_{}^{i}y^j+\sigma a^{ml}y^j\underset{jm}{𝒜}(_j\phi (x)\widehat{k}_m)$$
(53)
Using relation (4) we calculate the nonlinear connection coefficients:

$$N_k^l=\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{ik}{}^{l}y_{}^{i}+\sigma a^{ml}\underset{km}{𝒜}(_k\phi (x)\widehat{k}_m)+\frac{1}{\sigma }a^{ml}y^j\underset{jm}{𝒜}(_j\phi (x)\widehat{k}_m)y_k$$
(54)
or

$$N_k^l=\stackrel{(a)}{N}{}_{j}{}^{l}+\sigma a^{ml}\underset{km}{𝒜}(_k\phi (x)\widehat{k}_m)+\frac{1}{\sigma }a^{ml}y^j\underset{jm}{𝒜}(_j\phi (x)\widehat{k}_m)y_k$$
(55)
Relation (55) clearly shows that the deviation from the Riemann non-linear connection is due to anisotropic terms. In the case of an irrotational anisotropic field, $`\underset{km}{𝒜}(_k\phi (x)\widehat{k}_m)=0`$, the non-linear connection is identical with the Riemannian one.

The connection coefficients $`C_{ij}^l`$ are given by (14):

$$\begin{array}{c}C_{ij}^l=\frac{\phi }{2F}a_{ij}\widehat{k}^l+\frac{\phi }{F}\underset{ij}{𝒮}(\widehat{k}^i\delta _j^l)\frac{\beta \phi }{F\sigma ^2}\underset{ij}{𝒮}(\delta _i^ly_j)\frac{\phi (\beta +m\sigma \phi )}{2F^2\sigma }a_{ij}y^l\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{\phi }{2F\sigma ^2}y_iy_j\widehat{k}^l\frac{\phi (\sigma \beta \phi )}{F^2\sigma ^2}y^l\underset{ij}{𝒮}(\widehat{k}_iy_j)\left(\frac{\phi }{F}\right)^2\widehat{k}_i\widehat{k}_jy^l+\\ \hfill +\frac{\phi (3\beta +m\sigma \phi )}{2F^2\sigma ^3}y_iy_jy^l\end{array}$$
(56)
Correspondingly, using (13) we get:

$`L_{jk}^i`$ $`=\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{ij}{}^{l}+({\displaystyle \frac{\phi (\beta +m\sigma \phi )}{\sigma F^2}}y^ay^l{\displaystyle \frac{2\phi }{F}}\underset{al}{𝒮}(y^a\widehat{k}^l))\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{ija}{}^{}+{\displaystyle \frac{\sigma }{F}}(\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ij}^l+`$
$`+M_{ij}^l)+(\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ija}+M_{ija})({\displaystyle \frac{\phi (\beta +m\sigma \phi )}{F^3}}y^ay^l{\displaystyle \frac{2\sigma \phi }{F^2}}\underset{al}{𝒮}(y^a\widehat{k}^l))`$
$`\left(N_j^lC_{kl}^i+N_k^lC_{jl}^if^{ir}N_r^lC_{jkl}\right)`$ (57)
where $`N_j^l`$ and $`C_{kl}^i`$ are given explicitly by relations (54), (56). The curvature of the non linear connection is (21):

$`R_{jk}^i`$ $`=\stackrel{(a)}{R}{}_{ajk}{}^{i}y_{}^{a}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\sigma }}(_ka_{mn}\underset{jb}{𝒜}(_j\phi \widehat{k}_b)_ja_{mn}\underset{kb}{𝒜}(_k\phi \widehat{k}_b))y^my^na^{bi}+`$
$`+\sigma (_ka^{bi}\underset{jb}{𝒜}_j\phi \widehat{k}_b_ja^{bi}\underset{kb}{𝒜}(_k\phi \widehat{k}_b))\sigma a^{bi}\underset{jk}{𝒜}(_{bj}\phi \widehat{k}_k)+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma }}a^{bi}y^c\left(\underset{cb}{𝒜}(_{kc}\phi \widehat{k}_b)y_j\underset{cb}{𝒜}(_{jc}\phi \widehat{k}_b)y_k\right)+`$
$`+\left({\displaystyle \frac{2}{\sigma }}a^{bi}\underset{kj}{𝒜}(_ky_j){\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma ^3}}a^{bi}y^my^n\underset{kj}{𝒜}(_ka_{mn}y_j)\right)\underset{ab}{𝒜}(_a\phi \widehat{k}_b)y^a`$
$`\sigma \left(\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{kb}{}^{i}a_{}^{bc}\underset{cj}{𝒜}(_c\phi \widehat{k}_j)+\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{jb}{}^{i}a_{}^{bc}\underset{kc}{𝒜}(_k\phi \widehat{k}_c)\right)\beta ^i\phi \underset{jk}{𝒜}(_j\phi \widehat{k}_k)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\beta ^2+m\sigma ^2}{2\sigma ^2}}^i\phi \underset{jk}{𝒜}(_j\phi y_k){\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{\sigma }}^a\phi \underset{kj}{𝒜}(\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{ak}{}^{i}y_{j}^{})`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma }}\underset{kj}{𝒜}(\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{kaj}{}^{})(\beta ^i\phi y^a(_b\phi y^b)y^a\widehat{k}^i)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(_b\phi y^b)\left[^i\phi \underset{kj}{𝒜}(\widehat{k}_ky_j)+\widehat{k}^i\underset{kj}{𝒜}(_k\phi y_j)\right]{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(_a\phi ^a\phi )\widehat{k}^i\underset{jk}{𝒜}(\widehat{k}_jy_k)`$
$`(_a\phi y^a)\widehat{k}^i\underset{kj}{𝒜}(_k\phi \widehat{k}_j){\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{2\sigma ^2}}(_a\phi y^a)\left[^i\phi \underset{kj}{𝒜}(\widehat{k}_ky_j)+\widehat{k}^i\underset{kj}{𝒜}(_k\phi y_j)\right]`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma }}(_a\phi y^a)\widehat{k}^b\underset{jk}{𝒜}(\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{bj}{}^{i}y_{k}^{}){\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma }}\widehat{k}_ay^b^i\phi \underset{jk}{𝒜}(\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{bj}{}^{a}y_{k}^{})`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma }}_a\phi y^b\widehat{k}^i\underset{kj}{𝒜}(\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{bk}{}^{a}y_{j}^{}){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\sigma ^2}}(_a\phi y^a)^2\widehat{k}^i\underset{jk}{𝒜}(y_j\widehat{k}_k)`$ (58)
where $`\stackrel{(a)}{R}_{ajk}^i`$ is the Riemannian curvature of the metric $`a_{ij}`$.

The torsion $`P_{jk}^i`$ is given by (21):

$$P_{jk}^i=\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{jk}{}^{i}+\frac{1}{\sigma }a^{mi}[\underset{lm}{𝒜}(_l\phi \widehat{k}_m)y_j+a_{jl}\underset{rm}{𝒜}(_r\phi \widehat{k}_m)y^r]L_{kj}^i$$
(59)
then

$`P_{ijk}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{F}{\sigma }}\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{jki}{}^{}{\displaystyle \frac{\beta F}{2\sigma ^2}}a_{jk}_i\phi +[{\displaystyle \frac{F+m\sigma \phi ^2}{2\sigma ^2}}_i\phi y^i{\displaystyle \frac{\beta \phi ^2}{2\sigma }}_i\phi \widehat{k}^i]a_{jk}\widehat{k}_i`$
$`+\phi ^2\widehat{k}_l\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{jk}{}^{l}\widehat{k}_{i}^{}+(\phi ^2\widehat{k}_l+{\displaystyle \frac{\phi }{\sigma }}y_l)\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{jk}{}^{l}\widehat{k}_{i}^{}{\displaystyle \frac{F}{2\sigma ^2}}y_j\widehat{k}_k_i\phi +`$
$`+\left({\displaystyle \frac{\sigma +2\beta \phi +m\sigma \phi ^2}{2\sigma ^2}}\right)y_j_k\phi \widehat{k}_i`$
$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\phi ^2}{2\sigma }}(_i\phi \widehat{k}^i)+{\displaystyle \frac{\phi }{2\sigma ^2}}(_i\phi y^i)\right)y_j\widehat{k}_k\widehat{k}_i+\left({\displaystyle \frac{\phi }{\sigma }}\widehat{k}_l{\displaystyle \frac{\beta \phi }{\sigma ^3}}y_l\right)\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{jk}{}^{l}y_{i}^{}+`$
$`+\left({\displaystyle \frac{m\phi }{2\sigma ^2}}_i\phi y^i{\displaystyle \frac{\beta \phi }{2\sigma ^2}}_i\phi \widehat{k}^i\right)a_{jk}y_i+{\displaystyle \frac{(m\sigma ^2\beta ^2)\phi }{2\sigma ^4}}y_j_k\phi y_i+`$
$`+\left({\displaystyle \frac{\beta \phi }{2\sigma ^4}}_i\phi y^i{\displaystyle \frac{\phi }{2\sigma ^2}}_i\phi \widehat{k}^i\right)y_j\widehat{k}_ky_i\gamma _{kji}\underset{jk\{i\}}{𝒢}(C_{jkl}N_i^l)f_{ih}L_{kj}^h`$ (60)
The $`h`$-covariant derivative of the $`C_{ijk}`$ coefficients is

$`C_{ijk|l}=\delta _lC_{ijk}L_{il}^hC_{hjk}L_{jl}^hC_{ihk}L_{kl}^hC_{ijh}`$ (61)
From relations (21), (24), (46), (56), (57), (59), and (61) we can calculate the $`P_{ijkl}`$ curvature.

Taking into account relations:

$`\delta _lL_{jk}^i`$ $`=\delta _lf^{ir}(\gamma _{jkr}\underset{jk\{r\}}{𝒢}(C_{jkh}N_r^h))+f^{ir}(\delta _l\gamma _{jkr}[(\delta _lN_j^h)C_{rkh}+`$
$`+N_j^h(\delta _lC_{rkh})+(\delta _lN_k^h)C_{jrh}+N_k^h(\delta _lC_{jrh})(\delta _lN_r^h)C_{jkh}`$
$`N_r^h(\delta _lC_{jkh})])`$ (62)
$`\delta _l\gamma _{jkr}`$ $`=({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma }}\delta _lF{\displaystyle \frac{F}{\sigma ^2}}\delta _l\sigma )\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{jk}{}^{r}+{\displaystyle \frac{F}{\sigma }}\delta _l\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{jk}{}^{r}+\delta _l\mathrm{\Lambda }_{jkr}+\delta _lM_{jkr}`$ (63)
$`\delta _kN_j^i`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{jr}^i}{x^k}}y^r+\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\sigma }}{\displaystyle \frac{a_{mn}}{x^k}}y^my^na^{hi}+\sigma {\displaystyle \frac{a^{hi}}{x^k}}\right)\underset{jh}{𝒜}(_j\phi \widehat{k}_h)+`$
$`+\sigma a^{mi}\left[\underset{jm}{𝒜}\left((_{kj}^2\phi )\widehat{k}_m\right)\right]+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma }}a^{mi}\left[\underset{rm}{𝒜}\left((_{kr}^2\phi )\widehat{k}_m\right)\right]y^ry_j+`$
$`+\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma }}{\displaystyle \frac{a^{mi}}{x^k}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\sigma ^3}}{\displaystyle \frac{a_{pn}}{x^k}}y^py^na^{mi}\right)\underset{rm}{𝒜}\left(_r\phi \widehat{k}_m\right)y^ry_j`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{2}}^i\phi \underset{jk}{𝒜}\left(_j\phi \widehat{k}_k\right)\sigma a^{hl}\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{jh}{}^{i}\underset{kl}{𝒜}\left(_k\phi \widehat{k}_l\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{m}{4}}^i\phi _k\phi y_j`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(_a\phi \widehat{k}^a)^i\phi \widehat{k}_ky_j{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}_h\phi \widehat{k}^i\left[a^{hl}\underset{kl}{𝒜}(_k\phi \widehat{k}_l)y_j+y^h\underset{kj}{𝒜}(_k\phi \widehat{k}_j)\right]`$
$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{2\sigma }}\right)^2^i\phi _j\phi y_k{\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{2\sigma }}\left[a_{mj}\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{ka}{}^{m}y_{}^{a}^i\phi ^a\phi \stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{ja}{}^{i}y_{k}^{}\right]`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{2\sigma ^2}}_a\phi \underset{ia}{𝒜}(^i\phi \widehat{k}^a)y_jy_k+{\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{4\sigma ^2}}(_a\phi y^a)^i\phi \widehat{k}_jy_k`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma }}y^b\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{kba}{}^{}y_{j}^{}\underset{ai}{𝒜}(^a\phi \widehat{k}^i){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\sigma }}y^a(_a\phi \widehat{k}^b\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{jb}{}^{i}y_{k}^{}+`$
$`+(_b\phi y^b)a_{jl}\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{ka}{}^{l}y_{}^{a}\widehat{k}^i)+{\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{4\sigma ^2}}(_b\phi y^b)\widehat{k}^i_j\phi y_k+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{m}{4\sigma ^2}}(_b\phi y^b)^i\phi y_jy_k\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{kb}{}^{l}\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{jl}{}^{i}y_{}^{b}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\sigma ^2}}(_b\phi y^b)_a\phi a^{al}\widehat{k}^iy_k\underset{lj}{𝒮}(\widehat{k}_ly_j)`$ (64)
$`\delta _l\beta `$ $`=\widehat{k}_hN_l^h`$ (65)
$`\delta _l\sigma `$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\sigma }}_la_{ij}y^iy^jN_l^h({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma }}a_{ih}y^i)`$ (66)
$`\delta _lF`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\sigma }}_la_{ij}y^iy^j+_l\phi \beta N_l^h({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma }}a_{ih}y^i+\phi (x)\widehat{k}_h)`$ (67)
$`\delta _ly_i`$ $`=a_{ih}N_l^h`$ (68)
$`\delta _lC_{ijk}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\phi }{\sigma ^5}}\delta _l\beta +{\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{\sigma ^5}}_l\phi 5{\displaystyle \frac{\beta \phi }{\sigma ^6}}\delta _l\sigma \right)y_iy_jy_k`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{3\beta \phi }{2\sigma ^5}}\left(a_{ih}N_l^hy_jy_k+a_{jh}N_l^hy_iy_k+a_{kh}N_l^hy_iy_j\right)+`$
$`+3\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma }}_l\phi {\displaystyle \frac{\phi }{\sigma ^2}}\delta _l\sigma \right)\underset{ijk}{𝒮}(a_{ij}\widehat{k}_k)+3{\displaystyle \frac{\phi }{\sigma }}_l[\underset{ijk}{𝒮}(a_{ij}\widehat{k}_k)]`$
$`3\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma ^3}}_l\phi 3{\displaystyle \frac{\phi }{\sigma ^4}}\delta _l\sigma \right)\underset{ijk}{𝒮}(y_iy_j\widehat{k}_k){\displaystyle \frac{3\phi }{\sigma ^3}}\delta _l(\underset{ijk}{𝒮}(y_iy_j\widehat{k}_k))`$
$`3\left({\displaystyle \frac{\phi }{\sigma ^3}}\delta _l\beta +{\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{\sigma ^3}}_l\phi 3{\displaystyle \frac{\beta \phi }{\sigma ^4}}\delta _l\sigma \right)\underset{ijk}{𝒮}(a_{ij}y_k){\displaystyle \frac{3\beta \phi }{\sigma ^3}}\delta _l\left(\underset{ijk}{𝒮}(a_{ij}y_k)\right)`$ (69)
$`\delta _l\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ijk}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\phi }{\sigma ^5}}\delta _l\beta +{\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{\sigma ^5}}_l\phi 5{\displaystyle \frac{\beta \phi }{\sigma ^6}}\delta _l\sigma \right)\underset{ij\{k\}}{𝒢}(y_iy_j_ka_{ab})y^ay^b+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{3\beta \phi }{2\sigma ^5}}\delta _l\left[\underset{ij\{k\}}{𝒢}(y_iy_j_ka_{ab})y^ay^b\right]`$
$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma ^3}}_l\phi 3{\displaystyle \frac{\phi }{\sigma ^4}}\delta _l\sigma \right)\underset{ij\{k\}}{𝒢}\left((y_i\widehat{k}_j+y_j\widehat{k}_i)_ka_{ab}\right)y^ay^b`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\phi }{\sigma ^3}}\delta _l\left[\underset{ij\{k\}}{𝒢}\left((y_i\widehat{k}_j+y_j\widehat{k}_i)_ka_{ab}\right)y^ay^b\right]`$
$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\phi }{4\sigma ^3}}\delta _l\beta +{\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{4\sigma ^3}}_l\phi 3{\displaystyle \frac{\beta \phi }{4\sigma ^4}}\delta _l\sigma \right)\underset{ij\{k\}}{𝒢}\left(a_{ij}_ka_{ab}\right)y^ay^b`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\phi \beta }{4\sigma ^3}}\delta _l\left[\underset{ij\{k\}}{𝒢}\left(a_{ij}_ka_{ab}\right)y^ay^b\right]`$ (70)
$`\delta _lM_{ijk}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma }}\delta _l\beta {\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{\sigma ^2}}\delta _l\sigma \right)\underset{ij\{k\}}{𝒢}\left(a_{ij}_k\phi \right)+{\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{2\sigma }}\delta _l\left[\underset{ij\{k\}}{𝒢}\left(a_{ij}_k\phi \right)\right]`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma ^2}}\delta _l\sigma \underset{ij\{k\}}{𝒢}\left((y_i\widehat{k}_j+y_j\widehat{k}_i)_k\phi \right)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma }}\delta _l\left[\underset{ij\{k\}}{𝒢}\left((y_i\widehat{k}_j+y_j\widehat{k}_i)_k\phi \right)\right]`$
$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma ^3}}\delta _l\beta 3{\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{\sigma ^4}}\delta _l\sigma \right)\underset{ij\{k\}}{𝒢}\left(y_iy_j_k\phi \right){\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{\sigma ^3}}\delta _l\left[\underset{ij\{k\}}{𝒢}\left(y_iy_j_k\phi \right)\right]+`$
$`+2_l\phi \underset{ij\{k\}}{𝒢}\left(\widehat{k}_i\widehat{k}_j_k\phi \right)+2\phi _l\left[\underset{ij\{k\}}{𝒢}\left(\widehat{k}_i\widehat{k}_j_k\phi \right)\right]`$ (71)
and (22), (57), (56) we may calculate the $`R_{jkl}^i`$ curvature explicitly from (58).

The S-curvature (23) is:

$`S_{jikh}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\phi ^2(m\sigma ^2\beta ^2)}{2F\sigma ^3}}\underset{ji}{𝒜}(a_{hj}a_{ik})+{\displaystyle \frac{\phi ^2}{2F\sigma }}\left((\underset{ij}{𝒜}(a_{ki}\widehat{k}_j)\widehat{k}_h+\underset{ji}{𝒜}(a_{hj}\widehat{k}_i)\widehat{k}_k)\right)+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{\beta \phi ^2}{2F\sigma ^3}}\left((\underset{ji}{𝒜}(a_{kj}\widehat{k}_i)y_h+\underset{kh}{𝒜}(a_{jk}\widehat{k}_h)y_i)\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{\phi ^2}{2F\sigma ^3}}(\widehat{k}_hy_k\underset{ij}{𝒜}(\widehat{k}_iy_j)+`$
$`+\widehat{k}_ky_h\underset{ji}{𝒜}(\widehat{k}_jy_i))+{\displaystyle \frac{\beta \phi ^2}{2F\sigma ^3}}(\underset{hk}{𝒜}(a_{ih}\widehat{k}_k)y_j+\underset{ij}{𝒜}(a_{hi}\widehat{k}_j)y_k)+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{\phi ^2(m\sigma ^22\beta ^2)}{4F\sigma ^5}}\left(\underset{hk}{𝒜}(a_{ih}y_k)y_j+\underset{kh}{𝒜}(a_{jk}y_h)y_i\right)`$ (72)
$`S_{ikh}^r`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{(m\sigma ^2\beta ^2)}{2F^2\sigma ^2}}\underset{hk}{𝒜}(\delta _h^ra_{ki})+{\displaystyle \frac{\phi ^2}{2F^2}}\left(\widehat{k}_i\underset{hk}{𝒜}(\delta _h^r\widehat{k}_k)+\widehat{k}^r\underset{kh}{𝒜}(a_{ki}\widehat{k}_h)\right)+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{\beta \phi ^2}{2F^2\sigma ^2}}\left(\delta _k^r\underset{ih}{𝒮}(\widehat{k}_iy_h)\delta _h^r\underset{ik}{𝒮}(\widehat{k}_iy_k)\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{\beta \phi ^2}{2F^2\sigma ^2}}\widehat{k}^r\underset{hk}{𝒜}(a_{ih}y_k)+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{(m\sigma ^22\beta ^2)\phi ^2}{2F^2\sigma ^4}}y_i\underset{kh}{𝒜}(\delta _k^ry_h)+{\displaystyle \frac{\phi ^2}{2F^2\sigma ^2}}\left(\widehat{k}^ry_i\underset{kh}{𝒜}(\widehat{k}_ky_h)+y^r\widehat{k}_i\underset{hk}{𝒜}(\widehat{k}_hy_k)\right)+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{\phi ^2(\beta \sigma \beta ^2\phi +2m\sigma ^2\phi )}{2F^3\sigma ^2}}y^r\underset{hk}{𝒜}(a_{ih}\widehat{k}_k)+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{2\beta ^2\phi ^2m\sigma ^2\phi ^2+\beta m\sigma \phi ^3}{2F^3\sigma ^3}}y^r\underset{kh}{𝒜}(a_{ik}y_h)+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{(m\sigma ^2\beta ^2)\phi ^3}{F^3\sigma ^4}}y^ry_i\underset{kh}{𝒜}(\widehat{k}_ky_h)`$ (73)
$`S_{ih}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{3(m\sigma ^2\phi ^2\beta ^2\phi ^2)}{4F^2\sigma ^2}}a_{ih}{\displaystyle \frac{\phi ^2}{4F^2}}\widehat{k}_i\widehat{k}_h+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{\beta \phi ^2}{2F^2\sigma ^2}}\underset{ih}{𝒮}(\widehat{k}_iy_h)+{\displaystyle \frac{3m\sigma ^2\phi ^24\beta ^2\phi ^2}{4F^2\sigma ^4}}y_iy_h`$ (74)
$`S`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{5(\beta ^2m\sigma ^2)\phi ^2}{2\sigma F^3}}`$ (75)
From a physical point of view the $`S`$-curvature can be considered as a curvature parameter of anisotropy as it is evident from relation (75). In the absence of anisotropy $`\phi =0`$, we have $`S=0`$. In other words, $`S`$ represents the measure of anisotropy of matter .

## 4 Anisotropic Electromagnetic Field Equations in vacuum

The electromagnentic field tensor in special relativity is $`F_{ij}=_jA_i(x)_iA_j(x)`$. A generalization in our approach yields

$`\stackrel{~}{F}_{ij}`$ $`=A_{i|j}(x)A_{j|i}(x)=\delta _jA_i(x)\delta _iA_j(x)L_{ij}^hA_h+L_{ji}^hA_h`$
$`=(_jN_j^l\dot{}_l)A_i(x)(_iN_i^l\dot{}_l)A_j(x)`$ (76)
or

$$\stackrel{~}{F}_{ij}=_jA_i(x)_iA_j(x)=F_{ij}$$
(77)
since $`\dot{}_lA_i(x)=0`$. Therefore the electromagnetic field tensor remains invariant as in the usual electromagnetic theory of a Riemannian space-time.

The first pair of Maxwell equations is

$$_lF_{ik}+_kF_{li}+_iF_{kl}=0$$
(78)
A generalization of the partial derivatives in our case is to replace them with the $`h`$-covariant derivative of the bundle:

$$_lF_{ik}F_{ik|l}$$
(79)
We have

$`F_{ik|l}`$ $`=\delta _lF_{ik}L_{li}^hF_{hk}L_{lk}^hF_{ih}`$ (80)
$`F_{li|k}`$ $`=\delta _kF_{li}L_{kl}^hF_{hi}L_{ki}^hF_{lh}`$ (81)
$`F_{kl|i}`$ $`=\delta _iF_{kl}L_{ik}^hF_{hl}L_{il}^hF_{kh}`$ (82)
using relations

$$\delta _lF_{ij}=(_lN_l^a\dot{}_a)F_{ij},\dot{}_lF_{ij}=0$$

and summing (80), (81), (82), yields: $`L_{jk}^i`$

$$F_{ik|l}+F_{li|k}+F_{kl|i}=_lF_{ik}+_kF_{li}+_iF_{kl}=0$$
(83)
where we took into account the symmetric properties of $`L_{jk}^i`$ and $`F_{ij}=F_{ji}`$. It is seen that the first pair of Maxwell equations remains unchanged.

The second pair of Maxwell equations in vacuum is

$$_kF^{ik}=0$$
(84)
As before we consider:

$$_kF^{ik}F_{|k}^{ik}$$
(85)
Then (84) gives:

$$F_{|k}^{ik}=\delta _kF^{ik}+L_{hk}^iF^{hk}+L_{hi}^kF^{ih}$$
(86)
From the antisymmetry of $`F^{ik}`$ and the symmetry of $`L_{jk}^i`$ the second and third terms of (86) vanish. Therefore

$$F_{|k}^{ik}=_kF^{ik}=0$$
(87)
From relations (87) and (83) it is evident that the generalization of the electromagnetic field does not change under the presence of the anisotropic model of gravity. It is expected, however, in analogy with the case of general relativity, that the wave equation should change its form.

We denote the generalized D’Alambertian by $`\mathrm{}_F`$. In our approach the D’Alambertian is defined by

$$\mathrm{}_F=\frac{1}{\sqrt{f}}\left(\delta _i\left(\sqrt{f}f^{ij}\delta _j\right)\right)$$
(88)
or, equivalently we have:

$$\mathrm{}_F=\delta _if^{ij}\delta _j+f^{ij}\delta _i\delta _j+\frac{1}{2f}(\delta _if)f^{ij}\delta _j$$
(89)
From relation (11) it follows that

$$\delta _if^{ij}=\left(L_{jk}^if^{jk}+L_{ik}^jf^{ik}\right)$$
(90)
The following relations hold good:

$`\delta _if`$ $`=_ifN_i^l\dot{}_lf`$ $`_if`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{f}{f_{ab}}}{\displaystyle \frac{f_{ab}}{x^i}}`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{f}{f_{ab}}}`$ $`=ff^{ab}`$ (91)
$`\dot{}_lf`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{f}{f_{ab}}}\dot{}_lf_{ab}\text{then}`$ $`\dot{}_lf`$ $`=2ff^{ab}C_{abl}`$ (92)
$`\delta _if`$ $`=ff^{ab}(_if_{ab}2N_i^lC_{abl})`$ $`_if_{ab}`$ $`=\gamma _{aib}+\gamma _{bia}`$ (93)
$`_if_{ab}2N_i^lC_{abl}`$ $`=(\gamma _{aib}N_i^lC_{alb})+(\gamma _{bia}N_i^lC_{bla})`$ (94)
$`L_{jk}^i`$ $`=\left(\gamma _{jk}^iN_k^lC_{jl}^iN_j^lC_{kl}^i+f^{ir}N_r^lC_{jkl}\right)`$ (95)
From relations (89) and (91)–(95) we have

$$\mathrm{}_F=f^{ij}(\delta _i\delta _jL_{ij}^k\delta _k)$$
(96)
For the electromagnetic potential $`A_l(x)`$ relation (96) yields

$$\mathrm{}_FA_l(x)=f^{ij}(_i_jL_{ij}^k_k)A_l(x)=0$$
(97)
The Lorentz gauge is in special relativity

$$_aA^a=0$$
(98)
In a procedure similar to the one used for the D’Alambertian, we find the generalization of Lorentz condition:

$$_aA^a=0\frac{1}{\sqrt{f}}\left(\delta _a\sqrt{f}A^a\right)=0$$
(99)
Again using relations (89) and (91)–(95), we obtain equivalently:

$$_aA^a+L_{ab}^aA^b=0$$
(100)
Relation (100) is equivalent to $`A_{|a}^a=0`$

From relations (97), (100) it is evident that the wave equation, as well as the Lorentz condition, are modified in such a way as to include anisotropic terms. However the transformation rule of the $`L_{jk}^i`$ (15) connection yields that the Lorentz condition, and the D’Alambertian are the same for any observer.

It may be possible that relation (97) is connected with the observed anisotropy of the electromagnetic propagation over cosmological distances .

Finally we give the equation of motion of a charged particle, subject to the anisotropic geometrical framework we developed and to the electromagnetic field (we consider $`\sigma =1`$):

$$mc\left(\frac{d^2x^l}{ds^2}+\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{ij}{}^{l}y_{}^{i}y^j+a^{lm}(_j\phi \widehat{k}_m_m\phi \widehat{k}_j)y^j\right)=\frac{q}{c}F_j^ly^j$$

$$\frac{d^2x^l}{ds^2}+\stackrel{(a)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}_{ij}{}^{l}y_{}^{i}y^j+\left(a^{lm}(_j\phi \widehat{k}_m_m\phi \widehat{k}_j)\frac{q}{mc^2}F_j^l\right)y^j=0$$
(101)
It is interesting to note that equation (101) is produced by a Lagrangian of the form

$$=mc\left(\sqrt{a_{ij}y^iy^j}+\phi (x)\widehat{k}_ay^a\right)+\frac{q}{c}A_ay^a$$
(102)
Therefore, one may use the Lagrangian (102) as a metric function and produce the equation of motion of a charged particle, subject to an e.m. field and the anisotropic geometrical model, as a geodesic of the space generated by (102).

## 5 Conclusion

The observed anisotropy of the microwave cosmic rediation, represented by a vector $`k_a(x)`$, can be incorporated in the framework of Finsler geometry. The equations of geodesics are generalized in a Finsler anisotropic space-time. The calculation of a curvature parameter of anisotropy is performed explicitly by the contraction of the $`S_{jkl}^i`$ curvature. Also, the Maxwell equations are unaffected from the passage to the anisotropic geometry. The Lorentz condition, as well as the generalized D’Alambertian, are shown to be invariant under coordinate transformations. In our case, however, the generalized wave equation includes the anisotropic vector through the $`L_{jk}^i`$ coefficients and the metric tensor $`f_{ij}`$.


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# Closed-form sums for some perturbation series involving hypergeometric functions

## 1 Introduction

Recently, Hall et al  have investigated some infinite series of the type

$$\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(\frac{\alpha }{2})_n}{n}\frac{1}{n!}{}_{1}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n;\gamma ;x^2),\gamma >\frac{\alpha }{2},\alpha =2,4,\mathrm{}$$
(1)
where $`{}_{1}{}^{}F_{1}^{}`$ stands for the (Kummer’s) confluent hypergeometric function defined in terms of associated Laguerre polynomials by

$${}_{1}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n;\gamma +1;y)=\underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{(n)_k}{(\gamma +1)_k}\frac{y^k}{k!}=\frac{n!}{(\gamma +1)_n}L_n^{(\gamma )}(y)$$
(2)
and $`(\gamma )_n,`$ the shifted factorial (or Pochhammer symbol), defined by

$$(\gamma )_0=1,(\gamma )_n=\gamma (\gamma +1)(\gamma +2)\mathrm{}(\gamma +n1)=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma +n)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )},n=1,2,\mathrm{}.$$
(3)
where

$$(n)_k=\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{(1)^kn!}{(nk)!},\hfill & \text{ if }0kn\hfill \\ 0,\hfill & \text{if }k>n.\hfill \end{array}$$
(4)
Beside its mathematical relevance as generating functions for Laguerre polynomials , the infinite series (1) appears in attempts to develop wavefunction perturbation expansions for the generalized spiked harmonic oscillator Hamiltonian

$$H=H_0+\frac{\lambda }{x^\alpha }=\frac{d^2}{dx^2}+x^2+\frac{A}{x^2}+\frac{\lambda }{x^\alpha }0x<\mathrm{},A0,\alpha ,\lambda >0,$$
(5)
which, in turn, has immediate applications in the study of the well-known spiked harmonic oscillator

$$H=\frac{d^2}{dx^2}+x^2+\frac{\lambda }{x^\alpha }0x<\mathrm{},\alpha ,\lambda >0.$$
(6)
In particular, it helps to explain the abnormal behavior of the standard, weak coupling, perturbation theory  for Hamiltonians (6). In the usual elementary sense the potential $`1/x^\alpha `$ is singular whenever $`\alpha >0.`$ However, the value $`\alpha =\frac{5}{2}`$ marks the division of the problem into two quite distinct regimes: we shall adopt the convention (following Harrell ) that the term “singular” means $`\alpha \frac{5}{2};`$ some writers such as Klauder  use instead the term “supersingular” for this regime. Hall et al found  that for the Hamiltonian (5) defined on the one-dimensional space $`(0x<\mathrm{})`$ with eigenfunctions satisfying Dirichlet boundary conditions, that is to say, with wavefunctions vanishing at the boundaries, the matrix elements of the operator $`x^\alpha `$, with respect to the exact solutions of the Gol’dman and Krivchenkov Hamiltonian $`H_0`$, namely

$$\psi _n(x)=(1)^n\sqrt{\frac{2(\gamma )_n}{n!\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}}x^{\gamma \frac{1}{2}}e^{x^2/2}{}_{1}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,\gamma ,x^2)$$
(7)
with exact eigenenergies

$$E_n=2(2n+\gamma ),n=0,1,2,\mathrm{},\gamma =1+\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{1+4A}$$
(8)
are given explicitly by the following expressions

$$x_{mn}^\alpha =(1)^{n+m}\frac{(\frac{\alpha }{2})_n}{(\gamma )_n}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma \frac{\alpha }{2})}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}\sqrt{\frac{(\gamma )_n(\gamma )_m}{n!m!}}{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(m,\gamma \frac{\alpha }{2},1\frac{\alpha }{2};\gamma ,1n\frac{\alpha }{2};1)$$
(9)
and they are valid for all values of the parameters $`\gamma `$ and $`\alpha `$ such that $`\gamma >\frac{\alpha }{2}`$. Furthermore, the matrix elements of the Hamiltonian (5) are given by

$`H_{mn}=2(2n+\gamma )\delta _{mn}+`$ $`(1)^{m+n}\lambda \sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{(\gamma )_n(\gamma )_m}{n!m!}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma \frac{\alpha }{2})(\frac{\alpha }{2})_n}{(\gamma )_n\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}}\times `$
$`{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(m,\gamma {\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{2}},1{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{2}};\gamma ,1{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{2}}n;1).`$ (10)
where $`\delta _{mn}`$ denotes the Kronecker delta. Of particular interest are the elements

$$H_{0n}=(1)^n\lambda \sqrt{\frac{(\gamma )_n}{n!}}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma \frac{\alpha }{2})}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}\frac{(\frac{\alpha }{2})_n}{(\gamma )_n},n0.$$
(11)
It is known that the first correction to the wavefunction by means of standard perturbation techniques leads to

$$\psi _0^{(1)}(x)=\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{H_{0n}}{E_0E_n}\psi _n(x),$$

where $`\psi _n(x)`$ and $`H_{0n}`$ are given by (7) and (11), respectively. Thus, the first correction to the wavefunction of the Hamiltonian (5) is given by

$$\psi _0^{(1)}(x)=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma \frac{\alpha }{2})}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )\sqrt{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}}x^{\gamma \frac{1}{2}}e^{\frac{x^2}{2}}\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(\frac{\alpha }{2})_n}{n}\frac{1}{n!}{}_{1}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,\gamma ,x^2).$$
(12)
Very little indeed is known about the infinite series which appears in (12) for arbitrary values of $`\alpha .`$ The first attempt to sum this series, for the very particular case $`\alpha =2`$, is due to Toscano  who proved, by means of extensive use of calculus of finite difference , and in terms of associated Laguerre polynomials (2), that

$$\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(n1)!}{(\gamma )_n}L_n^{(\gamma 1)}(y)=\psi (\gamma )\mathrm{log}y,\gamma >1$$
(13)
where $`\psi (\gamma )`$ is the Digamma function defined by $`\psi (\gamma )=\frac{d\mathrm{log}(\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma ))}{d\gamma }`$. Another attempt to sum this series was due to Aguilera-Navarro and Guardiola , who reported that they met some serious convergence difficulties even in the case $`\alpha =2`$ when trying to get the first correction to the wave function. Recently, however, Hall et al gave a systemic method for summing this series in the case of even $`\alpha =2,4,6,\mathrm{}.`$ They proved for $`\frac{\alpha }{2}=2+m,m=0,1,2,\mathrm{}`$ that

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(2+m)_n}{nn!}}`$ $`{}_{1}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n;\gamma ;x^2)=\psi (\gamma )\mathrm{log}x^2`$
$`(m+1){\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{m}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(m)_k}{(k+1)^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^2}}\right)^k\left[L_k^{\gamma 1k}(x^2){\displaystyle \frac{(\gamma 1)}{x^2}}L_k^{\gamma 2k}(x^2)\right]`$ (14)
where $`L_k^\gamma (y)`$ defined by (2), and furthermore, in the case of $`\alpha =2`$,

$$\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{n}{}_{1}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n;\gamma ;x^2)=\psi (\gamma )\mathrm{log}x^2$$
(15)
In this article, we continue our search for closed-form sums of the perturbation series appearing in (12) by developing more effective methods for the even case and by introducing new methods for the odd integers $`\alpha =1,3,5,\mathrm{}`$. We achieve this by studying a more general class of infinite series involving the classical hypergeometric functions $`{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}`$ of Gauss, namely

$$\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(\frac{\alpha }{2})_n}{nn!}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y),\gamma >\frac{\alpha }{2},\alpha =1,2,\mathrm{}$$
(16)
This leads, as a result of the limiting case of,

$$\underset{b\mathrm{}}{lim}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;\frac{x^2}{b})={}_{1}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n;\gamma ;x^2)$$
(17)
to our series in (12). The family of infinite series (16) and (1) are related to the theory of generating functions as well to the theory of the inverse Laplace transform: as a side goal we shall explore these links too. The paper is organized as follows: in Sec. II we demonstrate that the infinite series (16) converges for all $`y>0`$ and $`\gamma >\frac{\alpha }{2}`$. Furthermore, we prove that the series (16) has the following integral representation valid for $`\gamma >b`$

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\frac{\alpha }{2})_n}{nn!}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma b)}}\times `$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{1}{}}}t^{b1}(1t)^{\gamma b1}(1yt){}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{2}},1,1;2,2;1yt)𝑑t`$
In order to evaluate the integral just mentioned, we develop, in Sec. III, analytic expressions of the series $`{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1+\frac{\alpha }{2},1,1;2,2;z)`$ for arbitrary values of $`\alpha `$ and $`|z|<1`$ and we shall prove that

$$z{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(a+1,1,1;2,2;z)=\frac{1}{a}_1^{1z}\frac{t^a1}{t^a(1t)}𝑑t,a0.$$

Sec. IV is devoted to the even case $`\alpha =2,4,6,\mathrm{},m+2,m=0,1,2,\mathrm{}`$ where we shall prove, for $`y>0`$, the general formula

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(m+2)_n}{nn!}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)=\psi (\gamma )\psi (b)\mathrm{log}(y)`$
$`+(m+1){\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{m}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(m)_k(1)_k}{(2)_k(2)_k}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{(\gamma 1)}{(b1)y}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(k,2\gamma ;2b;{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y}}){}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(k,1\gamma ;1b;{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y}})\right],`$
which leads, as we shall demonstrate, to (1) as a special limiting case. In Sec. V, we shall find closed-form sums for the series (16) for the cases $`\alpha =1,3,5,\mathrm{}`$, and hence we shall prove that

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\frac{1}{2})_n}{nn!}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)`$ $`=2\mathrm{log}(2)+{\displaystyle \frac{b}{\gamma }}y{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,1,1+b;2,1+\gamma ;y)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )\mathrm{\Gamma }(b+\frac{1}{2})}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma +\frac{1}{2})}}\sqrt{y}{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}+b;{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}+\gamma ;y)`$
which generate closed form sums for arbitrary odd-integer values $`\alpha =1,3,5,\mathrm{}`$. Closed-form sums for the series (1) then follow as a special limiting cases of the result just mentioned. Finally, in Sec. VI we study some applications to the wave function perturbation expansion of the generalized spiked harmonic Hamiltonian: we shall give a complete first-order correction to the wave function in the case of the radial harmonic oscillator as well as for the spiked harmonic oscillator Hamiltonians. Some other applications to the theory of inverse Laplace transform and generating functions will also be discussed.

It is clear that the functions $`{}_{1}{}^{}F_{1}^{}`$, $`{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}`$, and $`{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}`$ , mentioned above, are special cases of the generalized hypergeometric function

$${}_{p}{}^{}F_{q}^{}(\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\mathrm{},\alpha _p;\beta _1,\beta _2,\mathrm{},\beta _q;z)=\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{\underset{i=1}{\overset{p}{}}(\alpha _i)_k}{\underset{j=1}{\overset{q}{}}(\beta _j)_k}\frac{z^k}{k!},$$
(18)
This series converges for all $`z`$ if $`p<q+1`$, and for $`|z|<1`$ if $`p=q+1`$. It has been assumed that all parameters have real values except for the $`\beta _j,j=1,2,\mathrm{},q,`$ none of which is equal to zero or to a negative integer. If $`p=q+1`$, the series is absolutely convergent on the unit circle $`|z|=1`$ if

$$\underset{j=1}{\overset{q}{}}\beta _j\underset{i=1}{\overset{p}{}}\alpha _i>0.$$
(19)
If one or more $`\alpha _i`$ are negative integers, the series terminates as a result of (4) and convergence does not enter the discussion. If $`p=q`$, the series (18) converges for finite $`z`$.

## 2 Integral Representation and the Convergence Problem

In this section we prove the convergence of the infinite series (16) and develop an integral representation suitable for our calculations. It is important, however, to notice for $`y=0`$, the infinite series (16) for $`\alpha 2`$ indeed diverges. Since $`{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;0)=1`$ and $`(\frac{\alpha }{2})_{n+1}=\frac{\alpha }{2}(\frac{\alpha }{2}+1)_n`$, we have

$$\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(\frac{\alpha }{2})_n}{nn!}=\frac{\alpha }{2}\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(1+\frac{\alpha }{2})_n(1)_n(1)_n}{(2)_n(2)_nn!}=\frac{\alpha }{2}{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1+\frac{\alpha }{2},1,1;2,2;1)=\psi (1)\psi (1\frac{\alpha }{2})$$
(20)
which is absolutely convergent for $`\alpha <2`$. Furthermore, for $`y=1`$, it is known that

$${}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;1)=\frac{(\gamma b)_n}{(\gamma )_n}$$

as a result of Chu-Vandermonde theorem . Thus

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\frac{\alpha }{2})_n}{n}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\gamma b)_n}{(\gamma )_n}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n!}}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\alpha (\gamma b)}{\gamma }}{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1+\frac{\alpha }{2})_n(\gamma b+1)_n(1)_n(1)_n}{(\gamma +1)_n(2)_n(2)_n}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n!}}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{\alpha (\gamma b)}{\gamma }}{}_{4}{}^{}F_{3}^{}(1+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{2}},\gamma b+1,1,1;\gamma +1,2,2;1)`$ (21)
which is absolutely convergent for $`\frac{\alpha }{2}<1+b`$ due to (19). For arbitrary $`y>0`$, and in order to sum the infinite series (16) for $`2\gamma >\alpha >0`$, we require a suitable integral representation of the hypergeometric function $`{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)`$ over an appropriate contour, in order to interchange summation with integration and thereby readily conclude the absolute convergence of the series just mentioned. We find the Euler’s integral representation

$${}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(a,b;\gamma ;y)=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma b)}\underset{0}{\overset{1}{}}t^{b1}(1t)^{\gamma b1}(1yt)^a𝑑t$$

under the conditions $`Re(\gamma )>Re(b)>0`$, and $`|y|<1`$ to be most advantageous for achieving this end. For $`a=n`$, these conditions can be relaxed as a result of (4), we have

$${}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma b)}\underset{0}{\overset{1}{}}t^{b1}(1t)^{\gamma b1}(1yt)^n𝑑t$$
(22)
for arbitrary value of $`y>0`$, which, when substituted into the summation of (16), yields

$$\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(\frac{\alpha }{2})_n}{nn!}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma b)}\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(\frac{\alpha }{2})_n}{nn!}\underset{0}{\overset{1}{}}t^{b1}(1t)^{\gamma b1}(1yt)^n𝑑t$$
(23)
The evaluation of the this last infinite sum, involving integrations over the open interval $`(0,1)`$, is achieved by examining the summation of the integrand, namely

$$\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(\frac{\alpha }{2})_n}{nn!}t^{b1}(1t)^{\gamma b1}(1yt)^n=t^{b1}(1t)^{\gamma b1}\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(\frac{\alpha }{2})_n}{nn!}(1yt)^n$$

and demonstrating that it has an $`L_1(0,1)`$-majorant. Hence, the existence of such a majorant shall permit us to interchange summation with integration, as result of the Lebesgue Dominated Convergence Theorem. To arrive at such a majorant, we continue by noting that

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\frac{\alpha }{2})_n}{nn!}}(1yt)^n`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{2}}(1yt){\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1+\frac{\alpha }{2})_n(1)_n(1)_n}{(2)_n(2)_n}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1zt)^n}{n!}}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{2}}(1yt){}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{2}},1,1;2,2;1yt)`$ (24)
which is convergent for $`|1yt|<1`$ as a result of (19). Thus

$`|{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\frac{\alpha }{2})_n}{nn!}}t^{b1}(1t)^{\gamma b1}(1yt)^n|`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{2}}t^{b1}(1t)^{\gamma b1}|1yt||{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{2}},1,1;2,2;1yt)|`$
$`<A(\alpha )t^{b1}(1t)^{\gamma b1},t(0,1)`$ (25)
where the absolute convergence of $`{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}`$ and also $`|1yt|<1`$ were made use of. The most important aspect of inequality (2) is the appearance of the $`L_1(0,1)`$-function $`t^{b1}(1t)^{\gamma b1}`$, for $`\gamma >b`$, of variable $`t`$ majorizing the series

$$\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(\frac{\alpha }{2})_n}{nn!}|t^{b1}(1t)^{\gamma b1}(1yt)^n|.$$

This aspect justifies the evaluation of summation (23) by means of the Lebesgue Dominated Convergence Theorem. Thus, we have specifically, for $`\gamma >b`$,

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\frac{\alpha }{2})_n}{nn!}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma b)}}\times `$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{1}{}}}t^{b1}(1t)^{\gamma b1}(1yt){}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{2}},1,1;2,2;1yt)𝑑t`$ (26)
For the computation of this expression, we need analytic expressions for the hypergeometric functions $`{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1+\frac{\alpha }{2},1,1;2,2;1yt):`$ these are obtained in the next section.

## 3 Analytic expressions for $`{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1+\frac{\alpha }{2},1,1;2,2;z)`$

In this section we present some introductory results concerning the analytic sum of $`{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(\frac{\alpha }{2}+1,1,1;2,2;z)`$ for later use. We start first with an interesting relation between a Gauss function and an elementary function, not usually shown in specialized tables.

###### Lemma 1.

For $`|z|<1`$

$$z{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(a+1,1;2;z)=\{\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{log}(1z),\hfill & \text{if }a=0\hfill \\ \frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{a(1z)^a},\hfill & \text{if }a0.\hfill \end{array}$$
(27)
###### Proof.

From the series representation of the the hypergeometric function $`{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}`$, (18), we have

$`{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(a+1,1;2;z)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(a+1)_n(1)_n}{(2)_n}}{\displaystyle \frac{z^n}{n!}}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(a+1)_n}{n+1}}{\displaystyle \frac{z^n}{n!}}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(a+1)_n{\displaystyle \frac{z^n}{n!}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{n(a+1)_n}{n+1}}{\displaystyle \frac{z^n}{n!}}`$
$`={}_{1}{}^{}F_{0}^{}(a+1;;z){\displaystyle \frac{(a+1)z}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(a+2)_n(2)_n}{(3)_n}}{\displaystyle \frac{z^n}{n!}}`$
$`={}_{1}{}^{}F_{0}^{}(a+1;;z){\displaystyle \frac{(a+1)z}{2}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(a+2,2;3;z)`$
However, from the identity

$$\frac{d}{dz}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(a,b;c;z)=\frac{ab}{c}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(a+1,b+1;c+1;z)$$

we have

$${}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(a+1,1;2;z)={}_{1}{}^{}F_{0}^{}(a+1;;z)z\frac{d}{dz}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(a+1,1;2;z)$$

which yields

$$\frac{d}{dz}\left[z{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(a+1,1;2;z)\right]=(1z)^{(a+1)}$$

where we have used the identity $`{}_{1}{}^{}F_{0}^{}(a+1;;z)=(1z)^{(a+1)},|z|<1`$. Therefore,

$$z{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(a+1,1;2;z)=_0^z(1t)^{(a+1)}𝑑t$$

For $`a=0`$, we have $`z{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(1,1;2;z)=\mathrm{log}(1z),`$ while for $`a0`$ the result

$$z{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(a+1,1;2;z)=\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{a(1z)^a}$$

follows immediately by elementary integration. ∎

###### Lemma 2.

For $`|z|<1`$

$$z{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(a+1,1,1;2,2;z)=\{\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{Li}_2(z),\hfill & \text{if }a=0\hfill \\ \frac{1}{a}_1^{1z}\frac{t^a1}{t^a(1t)}𝑑t,\hfill & \text{if }a0.\hfill \end{array}$$
(28)
where $`\mathrm{Li}_2(z)`$ is the dilogarithmic function defined by

$$\mathrm{Li}_2(z)=_0^z\frac{\mathrm{log}(1t)}{t}𝑑t.$$

###### Proof.

From the series representation (18) of the hypergeometric function $`{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}`$, we have

$`{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(a+1,1,1;2,2;z)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(a+1)_n(1)_n(1)_n}{(2)_n(2)_n}}{\displaystyle \frac{z^n}{n!}}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(a+1)_n(1)_n}{(n+1)(2)_n}}{\displaystyle \frac{z^n}{n!}}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(a+1)_n(1)_n}{(2)_n}}{\displaystyle \frac{z^n}{n!}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{n(a+1)_n(1)_n}{(n+1)(2)_n}}{\displaystyle \frac{z^n}{n!}}`$
$`={}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(a+1,1;2;z){\displaystyle \frac{(a+1)z}{4}}{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(a+2,2,2;3,3;z)`$
$`={}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(a+1,1;2;z)z{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dz}}{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(a+1,1,1;2,2;z)`$
which leads to

$$\frac{d}{dz}\left[z{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(a+1,1,1;2,2;z)\right]={}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(a+1,1;2;z),$$

or

$$z{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(a+1,1,1;2,2;z)=_0^z{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(a+1,1;2;t)𝑑t.$$

For $`a=0`$, and using Lemma 1, we get

$$z{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,1,1;2,2;z)=_0^z{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(1,1;2;t)𝑑t=_0^z\frac{\mathrm{log}(1t)}{t}𝑑t=\mathrm{Li}_2(z)$$

while for $`a0`$, we have by means of Lemma 1 that

$$z{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(a+1,1,1;2,2;z)=\frac{1}{a}_1^{1z}\frac{t^a1}{t^a(1t)}𝑑t$$

as required ∎

The definite integral in Lemma 2 is easy to evaluate. It follows immediately, for example, in case of $`a=1`$ that

$$z{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(2,1,1;2,2;z)=z{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(1,1;2;z)=_1^{1z}\frac{1}{t}𝑑t=\mathrm{log}(1z)$$
(29)
as expected. For $`a=\frac{1}{2}`$,

$$z{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(\frac{3}{2},1,1;2,2;z)=4\mathrm{log}24\mathrm{log}(1+\sqrt{1z}),$$
(30)
for $`a=2`$,

$$z{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(3,1,1;2,2;z)=\frac{1}{2}\frac{z}{1z}\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{log}(1z).$$
(31)
Similar analytic expressions can be obtain for arbitrary values of $`a`$. However, for $`a=m+2,m=0,1,2,\mathrm{}`$, the following lemma which can be regarded as a limiting case (as $`b1`$) of Luke’s reduction formula

$$z{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(a,b,1;c,2;z)=\frac{(c1)}{(a1)(b1)}\left[{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(a1,b1;c1;z)1\right],|z|<1,$$

can be used.

###### Lemma 3.

For $`c1`$, and $`|\frac{z}{z1}|<1`$,

$$z{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(a+1,1,1;c,2;z)=\frac{(c1)}{a}\left[\frac{(ca1)}{(c1)}\left(\frac{z}{z1}\right){}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(ca,1,1;c,2;\frac{z}{z1})\mathrm{log}(1z)\right].$$
(32)
###### Proof.

For the proof of this lemma see Lemma 3 in

Although, the right hand side of (32) still in terms of $`{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}`$, it is indeed more straightforward to deal with in the case of $`a=m+2,m=0,1,2,..`$. Indeed for $`c=2`$, we have

$$z{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(m+3,1,1;2,2;z)=\frac{1}{m+2}\left[(m+1)\left(\frac{z}{z1}\right){}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(m,1,1;2,2;\frac{z}{z1})\mathrm{log}(1z)\right]$$

where $`{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(m,1,1;2,2;\frac{z}{z1})`$ is now a polynomial of degree $`m`$, therefore

$`z{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(m+3,1,1;2,2;z)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{m+2}}`$ $`[(m+1)\left({\displaystyle \frac{z}{z1}}\right){\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{m}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(m)_n(1)_n(1)_n}{(2)_n(2)_nn!}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{z}{z1}}\right)^n`$
$`\mathrm{log}(1z)],`$ (33)
which leads, for example, to

$$z{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(4,1,1;2,2;z)=\frac{1}{3}\left[\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{z}{1z}\right)^2\frac{2z}{1z}\mathrm{log}(1z)\right]$$

The case of unit argument $`z=1`$, the hypergeometric function $`{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(a+1,1,1;2,2;1)`$ diverges for $`a>1`$, while it converges absolutely for $`a<1`$. With the strict inequality $`|z|<1`$, the function converges absolutely for arbitrary values of $`a`$.

## 4 Closed-form sums for the even case $`\alpha =2,4,6,\mathrm{}`$

In this section we develope closed form sums for the series (16) for $`\alpha =2,4,6,\mathrm{}`$ which generalize the methods and results of Hall et al . The odd case $`\alpha =1,3,5,\mathrm{}`$ will be discussed in the next section.

###### Lemma 4.

For $`\gamma >b`$ and $`y>0`$

$$\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{n}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)=\psi (\gamma )\psi (b)\mathrm{log}y$$
(34)
###### Proof.

From $`\alpha =2`$, using (29), the integral representation (2) leads to

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma b)}}{\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{1}{}}}t^{b1}(1t)^{\gamma b1}\mathrm{log}(t)𝑑t`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma b)}}\mathrm{log}(y){\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{1}{}}}t^{b1}(1t)^{\gamma b1}𝑑t`$
The second integral on the right hand side follows immediately from (22) by setting $`n=0`$ and leads to

$$\underset{0}{\overset{1}{}}t^{b1}(1t)^{\gamma b1}𝑑t=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma b)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}$$
(35)
while the first integral can be computed by differentiating (35) with respect to $`b`$, which leads to the difference of $`\underset{0}{\overset{1}{}}t^{b1}(1t)^{\gamma b1}\mathrm{log}(t)𝑑t`$ and $`\underset{0}{\overset{1}{}}t^{b1}(1t)^{\gamma b1}\mathrm{log}(1t)𝑑t`$, where the latter can be regarded as the derivative of (35) with respect to $`\gamma `$. This yields

$$\underset{0}{\overset{1}{}}t^{b1}(1t)^{\gamma b1}\mathrm{log}(t)𝑑t=\frac{d}{db}\left(\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma b)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}\right)+\frac{d}{d\gamma }\left(\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma b)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}\right)$$

which leads, after some simplification, to (34) as required ∎

It is clear from (34) that the condition $`\gamma >b`$ can be removed by analytic continuation, consequentely the special case of the infinite series (15) follows by replacing $`y`$ with $`\frac{x^2}{b}`$ in (34) and then taking the limit as $`b`$ approaches $`\mathrm{}`$, this yields

$$\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{n}{}_{1}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n;\gamma ;x^2)=\underset{b\mathrm{}}{lim}\left[\psi (\gamma )\psi (b)+\mathrm{log}b\mathrm{log}x^2\right]$$

as a result of (17). However, from the integral represention of the Digamma function

$$\psi (b)=\mathrm{log}(b)+\underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}[t^1(1e^t)^1]e^{bt}𝑑t,\mathrm{}(b)>0$$

it follows that $`\underset{b\mathrm{}}{lim}(\psi (b)\mathrm{log}b)=0`$ and (15) follows immediately. Similar results for lemma (4) can be carried out for the values of $`\alpha =4,6,\mathrm{}`$ using the integral representation (2) and the analytic expressions for $`{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}`$ as developed in Sec. 3. However, we shall adopt a different approach which allows us to obtain a general formula for the sum of the series (16). First, we generalize Buchholz’s identity for Laguerre polynomials ,

$$\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(\nu )_n\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma +\nu +1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(n+\gamma +1)}L_n^{(\gamma )}(y)=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(\nu )_n\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma +\nu +1)}{n!\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma +1)}{}_{1}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n;\gamma +1;y)=y^\nu ,$$
(36)
for $`\gamma +\nu >1,\nu 0,1,2,\mathrm{}`$.

###### Lemma 5.

For $`\gamma +\nu >0`$, $`b+\nu >0`$, and $`y>0`$

$$\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(\nu )_n}{n!}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\nu +b)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\nu +\gamma )}y^\nu ,$$
(37)
###### Proof.

From the Laplace transform representation  of $`t^{b1}{}_{1}{}^{}F{}_{1}{}^{}(n;\gamma ;yt)`$ with unit argument, we have

$${}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)}\underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}e^tt^{b1}{}_{1}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n;\gamma ;yt)𝑑t,$$

Thus

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\nu )_n}{n!}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)}}{\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}e^tt^{b1}\left[{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\nu )_n}{n!}}{}_{1}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n;\gamma ;yt)\right]𝑑t`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma +\nu )}}y^\nu {\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}e^tt^{\nu +b1}𝑑t,\gamma +\nu >0`$ (38)
$`={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )\mathrm{\Gamma }(b+\nu )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma +\nu )}}y^\nu ,b+\nu >0`$
where (4) follows from (36) and the last equality follows from the definition of the Gamma function. ∎

With the availability of Lemma 4 and Lemma 5, it is relatively easy, using (2), to find the closed form sums for the series (16) and consequentely the infinite series (1) for $`\alpha =4,6,\mathrm{}`$. Indeed, for $`\alpha =4`$, we note that $`(\frac{\alpha }{2})_n=(2)_n=(1+n)(1)_n`$, thus

$$\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(2)_n}{nn!}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)=\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{n}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)+\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)$$

The first series on the right hand side is summable by means of Lemma 4, while for the second series, it is enough to take $`\nu =1`$ in the Lemma 5. This leads to

$$\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(2)_n}{nn!}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)=\psi (\gamma )\psi (b)\mathrm{log}y+\frac{\gamma 1}{(b1)y}1,b>1,\gamma >1$$

and consequently

$$\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(2)_n}{nn!}{}_{1}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n;\gamma ;x^2)=\psi (\gamma )\mathrm{log}x^2+\frac{\gamma 1}{x^2}1$$

follows by means of (17) and $`lim_b\mathrm{}(\psi (b)\mathrm{log}(b))=0`$ as mentioned earlier. Similarly, for $`\alpha =6`$ and $`(3)_n=\frac{1}{2}(2+3n+n^2)(1)_n`$, we have

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(3)_n}{nn!}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)={\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)`$ $`+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}n{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)`$
Closed form sums for the first and second infinite series on the right-hand side can be found as mentioned above, for the third infinite series it is enough to take $`\nu =2`$ in Lemma 5. These results lead to

$$\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(3)_n}{nn!}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)=\psi (\gamma )\psi (b)\mathrm{log}y+\frac{1}{2}\frac{(\gamma 1)(\gamma 2)}{(b1)(b2)}\frac{1}{y^2}+\frac{\gamma 1}{(b1)y}\frac{3}{2}$$
(39)
for $`\gamma ,b>2`$, and consequentely

$$\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(3)_n}{nn!}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n;\gamma ;x^2)=\psi (\gamma )\mathrm{log}x^2+\frac{1}{2}\frac{(\gamma 1)(\gamma 2)}{x^4}+\frac{\gamma 1}{x^2}\frac{3}{2}$$
(40)
by means of (17). For arbitrary values of $`\frac{\alpha }{2}=m+2,m=0,1,2,\mathrm{}`$, a general expressions for the closed form sum of the infinite series (16) can be obtained by means of the following Lemma.

###### Lemma 6.

For $`\gamma >m+2`$ and $`b>m+2`$, where $`m=0,1,2,`$

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(m+2)_n}{nn!}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)=\psi (\gamma )\psi (b)\mathrm{log}(y)`$
$`+(m+1){\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{m}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(m)_k(1)_k}{(2)_k(2)_k}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{(\gamma 1)}{(b1)y}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(k,2\gamma ;2b;{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y}}){}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(k,1\gamma ;1b;{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y}})\right],`$ (41)
###### Proof.

From the integral representation (2) and the analytic expression (3), we have

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(m+2)_n}{nn!}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma b)}}{\displaystyle _0^1}t^{b1}(1t)^{\gamma b1}\mathrm{log}(yt)𝑑t`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{(m+1)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma b)}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{m}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(m)_k(1)_k(1)_k}{(2)_k(2)_kk!}}{\displaystyle _0^1}t^{b1}(1t)^{\gamma b1}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{yt}}1\right)\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{yt}}\right)^k𝑑t`$
The first integral on the right hand side is easy to evaluate by a similar proof to Lemma 1 and yields

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma b)}_0^1t^{b1}(1t)^{\gamma b1}\mathrm{log}(yt)𝑑t=\psi (\gamma )\psi (b)\mathrm{log}(y)$$

The second integral, which we denote it by $`I_m`$, can be written as (since $`(1)_n=n!`$)

$`I_m`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{(m+1)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma b)}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{m}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(m)_k(1)_k}{(2)_k(2)_k}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y}}{\displaystyle _0^1}t^{b2}(1t)^{\gamma b1}\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{yt}}\right)^k𝑑t`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{(m+1)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma b)}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{m}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(m)_k(1)_k}{(2)_k(2)_k}}{\displaystyle _0^1}t^{b1}(1t)^{\gamma b1}\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{yt}}\right)^k𝑑t`$
Since

$$(1\frac{1}{yt})^k=\underset{l=0}{\overset{k}{}}\frac{(k)_l}{l!}(\frac{1}{yt})^l,\text{ finite number of terms},$$

we have

$`I_m`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{(m+1)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma b)}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{m}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(m)_k(1)_k}{(2)_k(2)_k}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y}}{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{k}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(k)_l}{l!}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y^l}}{\displaystyle _0^1}t^{bl2}(1t)^{\gamma b1}𝑑t`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{(m+1)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma b)}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{m}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(m)_k(1)_k}{(2)_k(2)_k}}{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{k}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(k)_l}{l!}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y^l}}{\displaystyle _0^1}t^{bl1}(1t)^{\gamma b1}𝑑t`$
where each of the integral on the right hand side can be evaluate by means of Beta function, this leads to

$`I_m`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{(m+1)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma b)}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{m}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(m)_k(1)_k}{(2)_k(2)_k}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y}}{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{k}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(k)_l}{l!}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y^l}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(bl1)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma b)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma l1)}}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{(m+1)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma b)}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{m}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(m)_k(1)_k}{(2)_k(2)_k}}{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{k}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(k)_l}{l!}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y^k}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(bk)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma b)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma k)}}.`$
Using the identities

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(al)=\frac{(1)^l\mathrm{\Gamma }(a)}{(1a)_l},\mathrm{\Gamma }(al1)=\frac{(1)^l\mathrm{\Gamma }(a1)}{(2a)_l}$$

we obtain by means of the series representaion (20) of $`{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}`$ that

$`I_m={\displaystyle \frac{(m+1)(\gamma 1)}{(b1)}}`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{m}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(m)_k(1)_k}{(2)_k(2)_k}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(k,2\gamma ;2b;{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y}})`$
$`(m+1){\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{m}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(m)_k(1)_k}{(2)_k(2)_k}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(k,1\gamma ;1b;{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y}})`$
which complete the proof of the Lemma. ∎

The limit cases

$$\underset{b\mathrm{}}{lim}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(k,2\gamma ;2b;\frac{b}{x^2})={}_{2}{}^{}F_{0}^{}(k,2\gamma ;;\frac{1}{x^2})$$

and

$$\underset{b\mathrm{}}{lim}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(k,1\gamma ;1b;\frac{b}{x^2})={}_{2}{}^{}F_{0}^{}(k,1\gamma ;;\frac{1}{x^2})$$

which follows as results of

$$\underset{b\mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(2b)b^n}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(2b+n)}=(1)^n,\text{ and }\underset{b\mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1b)b^n}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1b+n)}=(1)^n$$

respectively, lead us to conclude that

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(m+2)_n}{nn!}}{}_{1}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n;\gamma ;x^2)=\psi (\gamma )\mathrm{log}(x^2)`$
$`+(m+1){\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{m}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(m)_k(1)_k}{(2)_k(2)_k}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{(\gamma 1)}{x^2}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{0}^{}(k,2\gamma ;;{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^2}}){}_{2}{}^{}F_{0}^{}(k,1\gamma ;;{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^2}})\right],`$ (42)
which agrees with (16) through the identity

$$L_n^{(an)}(y)=\frac{(y)^n}{n!}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{0}^{}(n,a;;\frac{1}{y}),\text{for }n=0,1,2,\mathrm{}.$$
(43)
## 5 Closed-form sums for the odd case $`\alpha =1,3,5,\mathrm{}`$

We now turn our attention to the case of $`\alpha =1,3,5,\mathrm{}`$, namely $`\frac{\alpha }{2}=m+\frac{1}{2},m=0,1,2,\mathrm{}`$. In this case, we don’t have, indeed, a concise formula similar to (6), and our results will depend on a recursive approach. For example, in the case of $`\alpha =3`$, we notice that $`(\frac{\alpha }{2})_n=(\frac{3}{2})_n=(1+2n)(\frac{1}{2})_n`$ and therefore

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\frac{3}{2})_n}{nn!}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1+2n)(\frac{1}{2})_n}{nn!}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\frac{1}{2})_n}{nn!}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)+2{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\frac{1}{2})_n}{n!}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)`$ (44)
The second series on the right-hand side is summable by means of Lemma 5 which leads, for the case of $`\nu =\frac{1}{2}`$, to

$$\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(\frac{1}{2})_n}{n!}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b\frac{1}{2})}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma \frac{1}{2})}\frac{1}{\sqrt{y}}1,\gamma ,b>\frac{1}{2}$$
(45)
Similarly, in the case of $`\alpha =5`$, and since $`(\frac{5}{2})_n=(1+\frac{2}{3}n)(\frac{3}{2})_n`$, we have

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\frac{5}{2})_n}{nn!}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1+\frac{2}{3}n)(\frac{3}{2})_n}{nn!}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\frac{3}{2})_n}{nn!}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\frac{3}{2})_n}{n!}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)`$ (46)
The second series on the right-hand side again summable by means of Lemma 5 which leads, in the case $`\nu =\frac{3}{2}`$, to

$$\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(\frac{3}{2})_n}{n!}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b\frac{3}{2})}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma \frac{3}{2})}\frac{1}{\sqrt{y^3}}1,\gamma >\frac{1}{2}$$
(47)
while the first series is summable by means of (5), if of course, we have a closed form sum for the infinite series

$$\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(\frac{1}{2})_n}{nn!}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;x^2)$$
(48)
Equivalently, for the cases $`\alpha =7,9,\mathrm{}`$ which depend on closed-form sums for the infinite series (48).

###### Lemma 7.

For $`\gamma >b`$

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\frac{1}{2})_n}{nn!}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)`$ $`=2\mathrm{log}(2)+{\displaystyle \frac{b}{\gamma }}y{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,1,1+b;2,1+\gamma ;y)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )\mathrm{\Gamma }(b+\frac{1}{2})}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma +\frac{1}{2})}}\sqrt{y}{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}+b;{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}+\gamma ;y)`$ (49)
###### Proof.

From the integral representation (2) and the analytic expression (30) we have using (35)

$$\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(\frac{1}{2})_n}{nn!}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,b;\gamma ;y)=2\mathrm{log}(2)\frac{2\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma b)}_0^1t^{b1}(1t)^{\gamma b1}\mathrm{log}(1+\sqrt{yt})𝑑t$$

The integral on the right hand side can be performed analytically and leads to

$`{\displaystyle _0^1}t^{b1}`$ $`(1t)^{\gamma b1}\mathrm{log}(1+\sqrt{yt})dt={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma b)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+\gamma )\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{1}{2}+\gamma )}}\sqrt{y}(\sqrt{y}\mathrm{\Gamma }(b+1)\mathrm{\Gamma }({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}+\gamma )`$
$`{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,1,1+b;2,1+\gamma ;y)2\mathrm{\Gamma }({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}+b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+\gamma ){}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}+b;{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}+\gamma ;y))`$
which the reader can verify using symbolic software such as Maple V. After some careful simplifications, this leads to the result of the lemma. ∎

The limit cases

$$\underset{b\mathrm{}}{lim}{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,1,1+b;2,1+\gamma ;\frac{x^2}{b})={}_{2}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,1;2,1+\gamma ;x^2)$$

and

$$\underset{b\mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{1}{2}+b)}{\sqrt{b}\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)}{}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}+b;\frac{3}{2},\frac{1}{2}+\gamma ;\frac{x^2}{b})={}_{2}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,\frac{1}{2};\frac{3}{2},\frac{1}{2}+\gamma ;x^2)$$

leads us to conclude for $`\alpha =1`$

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\frac{1}{2})_n}{nn!}}{}_{1}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n;\gamma ;x^2)=2\mathrm{log}(2)`$ $`+{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{\gamma }}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,1;2,1+\gamma ;x^2)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2x\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma +\frac{1}{2})}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}};{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}+\gamma ;x^2),\text{for }\gamma >{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}.`$ (50)
This can be used now to obtain a closed form expressions for the infinite series (1) for $`\alpha =3,5,\mathrm{}`$, indeed we may now conclude using (45) and (47), that for $`\alpha =3`$

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\frac{3}{2})_n}{nn!}}`$ $`{}_{1}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n;\gamma ;x^2)=2\mathrm{log}(2)+{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{\gamma }}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,1;2,1+\gamma ;x^2)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2x\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma +\frac{1}{2})}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}};{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}+\gamma ;x^2)+{\displaystyle \frac{2\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma \frac{1}{2})}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}}2,\text{for }\gamma >{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}.`$ (51)
Similarly, for $`\alpha =5`$

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(\frac{5}{2})_n}{nn!}}{}_{1}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n;\gamma ;x^2)=2\mathrm{log}(2)+{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{\gamma }}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,1;2,1+\gamma ;x^2)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2x\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma +\frac{1}{2})}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}};{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}+\gamma ;x^2)+{\displaystyle \frac{2\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma \frac{1}{2})}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}}+{\displaystyle \frac{2\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{3\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma \frac{3}{2})}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^3}}{\displaystyle \frac{8}{3}},\text{for }\gamma >{\displaystyle \frac{5}{2}}.`$ (52)
Corresponding expressions follows in a similar fashion for $`\alpha =7,9,\mathrm{}`$.

## 6 Applications

In this section, we shall discuss some applications for the results developed in Sec. 4 and Sec. 5. For the Hamiltonian (5) and (6), it is known for the case of $`\alpha <\frac{5}{2}`$, the potentials are non-singular, and one should expect that the standard perturbation theory could be applied without any difficulties. This is the case for the eigenvalue expansions, where the resulting expansion for the energy is easily obtained and agrees with numerically determined eigenvalues for small $`\lambda `$. Indeed, It has been shown by Hall et al  that the eigenvalue expansions, for the ground state energy, are given by

$$E_0(\alpha ,\gamma )=2\gamma +\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma \frac{\alpha }{2})}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}\lambda \frac{\alpha ^2}{16\gamma }\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(\gamma \frac{\alpha }{2})}{\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(\gamma )}\lambda ^2{}_{4}{}^{}F_{3}^{}(1,1,\frac{\alpha }{2}+1,\frac{\alpha }{2}+1;\gamma +1,2,2;1)+\mathrm{}$$
(53)
and valid for all $`\alpha <\gamma +1`$, where $`\gamma =1+\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{1+4A}`$. In particular, for $`\alpha =1`$ and $`\gamma >\frac{1}{2}`$

$$E_0(1,\gamma )=2\gamma +\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma \frac{1}{2})}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}\lambda \frac{1}{16\gamma }\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(\gamma \frac{1}{2})}{\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(\gamma )}\lambda ^2{}_{4}{}^{}F_{3}^{}(1,1,\frac{3}{2},\frac{3}{2}+1;\gamma +1,2,2;1)+\mathrm{}$$

which leads for the spiked hamonic oscillator Hamiltonian, i.e. $`\gamma =\frac{3}{2}`$ or $`A=0`$, to

$$E_0(1,\gamma )=3+1.128379167\lambda 0.077890972\lambda ^2+\mathrm{}$$

The eigenfunction expansions, however, cannot be always obtained with the same ease, nor do they have a similar form. To illustrate this point, the first-order expansions of perturbed wavefunctions, for $`x>0`$, can be obtained using (12) and the results of Sec. 4 and Sec. 5 by the following expressions: for $`\alpha =1`$,

$`\psi _0^{(1)}(x)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma \frac{1}{2})}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )\sqrt{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}}}x^{\gamma \frac{1}{2}}`$ $`e^{\frac{x^2}{2}}[2\mathrm{log}(2)+{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{\gamma }}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,1;2,1+\gamma ;x^2)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2x\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma +\frac{1}{2})}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}};{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}+\gamma ;x^2)],\text{for }\gamma >{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}.`$ (54)
For $`\alpha =2`$

$$\psi _0^{(1)}(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\frac{1}{(\gamma 1)\sqrt{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}}x^{\gamma \frac{1}{2}}e^{\frac{x^2}{2}}\left[\mathrm{log}x\frac{1}{2}\psi (\gamma )\right],\text{for }\gamma >1.$$
(55)
For $`\alpha =3`$

$`\psi _0^{(1)}(x)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma \frac{3}{2})}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )\sqrt{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}}}x^{\gamma \frac{1}{2}}e^{\frac{x^2}{2}}[2\mathrm{log}(2)+{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{\gamma }}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,1;2,1+\gamma ;x^2)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2x\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma +\frac{1}{2})}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}};{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}+\gamma ;x^2)+{\displaystyle \frac{2\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma \frac{1}{2})}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}}2],\text{for }\gamma >{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}.`$ (56)
For $`\alpha =4`$

$$\psi _0^{(1)}(x)=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}\frac{x^{\gamma \frac{1}{2}}e^{\frac{x^2}{2}}}{(\gamma 2)(\gamma 1)\sqrt{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}}\left[\mathrm{log}(x^2)\psi (\gamma )\frac{\gamma 1}{x^2}+1\right],\text{for }\gamma >2.$$
(57)
and similarly for $`\alpha =5,6,7,\mathrm{}`$. In these expressions, the coefficient of the exponential term is no longer a polynomial in $`x`$. These are quite surprising results and demonstrate clearly that the forms of the perturbation series for eigenvalues and wave functions are very different.

It is clear with $`A=l(l+1)`$, where $`l=0,1,2,\mathrm{}`$ is a quantum number, the Hamiltonian (5) can be regarded as the perturbation of the radial harmonic oscillator, while for $`A=(l+\frac{1}{2}(N1))(l+\frac{1}{2}(N3))`$ it can be regarded as perturbation of the harmonic oscillator in $`N`$-dimensions, in either case (53)-(6) provide the first-order perturbation correction to the wavefunctions for the cases of $`\alpha =1,2,3,\mathrm{}`$. There is another important point that follows from the properties of Pochhammer symbol $`(a+1)_n=\frac{a+n}{a}(a)_n`$ and Lemma 5 in Sec. 4: closed-form sums for the infinite series (16), and consequentely (1) for arbitrary $`\alpha >0`$ and $`\alpha 1,2,3,\mathrm{}`$ depend only on closed-form sums for series in the case of $`0<\alpha <1`$. Although we know in this case the potential is non-singular and the Hamiltonian has accurate eigenvalue expansions that agree with the numerical results, the eigenfunction expansions, still however, have non-polynomial expansions.

A side outcome of this work is that our results, especially (2), lead us to obtain some new formulas for the Laplace inverse transform that are not mentioned in the known tables dealing with hypergeometric functions . Hall et al  introduced the following Laplace inverse transform representation of the infinite series (1)

$$\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(\frac{\alpha }{2})_n}{nn!}{}_{1}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,\gamma ,x^2)=\frac{\alpha }{2}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{2\pi i}\underset{ci\mathrm{}}{\overset{c+i\mathrm{}}{}}e^ss^\gamma (1\frac{x^2}{s}){}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,1,1+\frac{\alpha }{2};2,2;1\frac{x^2}{s})𝑑s.$$
(58)
The integral representation (2) allow us to conclude that the Laplace inverse transform of $`s^\gamma (1\frac{x^2}{s}){}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,1,1+\frac{\alpha }{2};2,2;1\frac{x^2}{s})`$ with unit argument is

$`^1(s^\gamma `$ $`(1{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{s}}){}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,1,1+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{2}};2,2;1{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{s}}))=lim_b\mathrm{}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma b)}}\times `$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{1}{}}}t^{b1}(1t)^{\gamma b1}(1{\displaystyle \frac{x^2t}{b}}){}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{2}},1,1;2,2;1{\displaystyle \frac{x^2t}{b}})𝑑t`$ (59)
which leads, for example, in the case of $`\alpha =2`$, to the known formula

$$^1\left(s^\gamma (\mathrm{log}s\mathrm{log}x^2)\right)=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}[\psi (\gamma )\mathrm{log}x^2]$$
(60)
There are more interesting formulas for Laplace inverse transforms which are not usually mentioned in Tables: for $`\gamma >\frac{1}{2}`$ and $`x>0`$

$`^1\left(s^\gamma \mathrm{log}(\sqrt{s}+x)\right)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\psi (\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}}+{\displaystyle \frac{x}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma +\frac{1}{2})}}`$ $`{}_{2}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}};{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}+\gamma ;x^2)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{2\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma +1)}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,1;2,1+\gamma ;x^2).`$ (61)
Indeed, from (58), we have in the case of $`\alpha =\frac{1}{2}`$, using (30), that

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\frac{1}{2})_n}{nn!}}{}_{1}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,\gamma ,x^2)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{2\pi i}}{\displaystyle \underset{ci\mathrm{}}{\overset{c+i\mathrm{}}{}}}e^ss^\gamma (1{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{s}}){}_{3}{}^{}F_{2}^{}({\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}},1,1;2,2;1{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{s}})𝑑s`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{2\pi i}}{\displaystyle \underset{ci\mathrm{}}{\overset{c+i\mathrm{}}{}}}e^ss^\gamma \left(2\mathrm{log}22\mathrm{log}(1+{\displaystyle \frac{x}{\sqrt{s}}})\right)𝑑s`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{2\pi i}}{\displaystyle \underset{ci\mathrm{}}{\overset{c+i\mathrm{}}{}}}e^ss^\gamma \left(2\mathrm{log}22\mathrm{log}(\sqrt{s}+x)+\mathrm{log}s\right)𝑑s`$
$`=2\mathrm{log}2+\psi (\gamma ){\displaystyle \frac{2\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}{2\pi i}}{\displaystyle \underset{ci\mathrm{}}{\overset{c+i\mathrm{}}{}}}e^ss^\gamma \mathrm{log}(\sqrt{s}+x)𝑑s,`$ (62)
where the last equality follows with aid of the identities

$$[\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )]^1=\frac{1}{2\pi i}\underset{ci\mathrm{}}{\overset{c+i\mathrm{}}{}}e^ts^\gamma 𝑑s,\text{ and }\frac{\psi (\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}=\frac{1}{2\pi i}\underset{ci\mathrm{}}{\overset{c+i\mathrm{}}{}}e^ss^\gamma \mathrm{log}(s)𝑑s,\mathrm{}(\gamma )>0,c>0,$$

By comparing (6) with (5), the formula (6) follows. There is independent confirmation for this result and consequently an alternative proof of the important summation (5). Let us denote the integral representation in (6) by

$$f_\gamma (x)=\frac{1}{2\pi i}\underset{ci\mathrm{}}{\overset{c+i\mathrm{}}{}}e^ss^\gamma \mathrm{log}(\sqrt{s}+x)𝑑s$$
(63)
For this particular representation it is clear that $`f_\gamma (0)=\frac{\psi (\gamma )}{2\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}`$. By differentiating (63) with respect to $`x`$, we get

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}}f_\gamma (x)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi i}}{\displaystyle \underset{ci\mathrm{}}{\overset{c+i\mathrm{}}{}}}e^ss^{\gamma \frac{1}{2}}(1{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{s}})^1𝑑s{\displaystyle \frac{x}{2\pi i}}{\displaystyle \underset{ci\mathrm{}}{\overset{c+i\mathrm{}}{}}}e^ss^{\gamma 1}(1{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{s}})^1𝑑s`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma +\frac{1}{2})}}{}_{1}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(1;{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}+\gamma ;x^2){\displaystyle \frac{x}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma +1)}}{}_{1}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(1;1+\gamma ;x^2),\gamma >1`$ (64)
where we have used the identity

$$\frac{t^{\nu 1}}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\nu )}{}_{1}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(a;\nu ;kt)=\frac{1}{2\pi i}\underset{ci\mathrm{}}{\overset{c+i\mathrm{}}{}}e^{st}s^\nu (1\frac{k}{s})^a𝑑s,\nu >0,s>k$$

By integrating (6), using

$$_0^x{}_{1}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(1;\frac{1}{2}+\gamma ;t^2)𝑑t=x{}_{2}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,\frac{1}{2};\frac{3}{2},\frac{1}{2}+\gamma ;x^2)$$

and

$$_0^xt{}_{1}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(1;1+\gamma ;t^2)𝑑t=\frac{x^2}{2}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,1;2,1+\gamma ;x^2)$$

we get

$$f_\gamma (x)=\frac{\psi (\gamma )}{2\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )}+\frac{x}{2\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma +\frac{1}{2})}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,\frac{1}{2};\frac{3}{2},\frac{1}{2}+\gamma ;x^2)\frac{x^2}{2\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma +1)}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{2}^{}(1,1;2,1+\gamma ;x^2)$$

which proves (6) and consequently confirms (5). Finally, we mention two identities, among many, that follow easily from our work. It is known

$$\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(\lambda )_n}{n!}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,\alpha ;\beta ;z)t^n=(1t)^\lambda {}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(\lambda ,\alpha ;\beta ;\frac{zt}{1t}),|t|<1,$$

we may now add, as a result of Lemma 5, that

$$\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(\lambda )_n}{n!}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(n,\alpha ;\beta ;z)=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\lambda +\alpha )\mathrm{\Gamma }(\beta )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\alpha )\mathrm{\Gamma }(\lambda +\beta )}z^\lambda ,$$
(65)
Furthermore, by setting $`\gamma =b`$ in (7) and for $`0<y<1`$, we have the following identity

$${}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(\frac{1}{2},1;\frac{3}{2};y)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{y}}\mathrm{log}\left(\frac{1+\sqrt{y}}{\sqrt{1y}}\right).$$
(66)
## 7 Conclusion

This paper reports results in an on-going study of the spectrum of an oscillator perturbed by a term of the form $`\lambda /x^\alpha .`$ This problem exhibits particularly interesting features when it is “singular”, that is to say when $`\alpha \frac{5}{2}.`$ In this regime, standard perturbation theory breaks down in the sense that the perturbation is not turned off smoothly as $`\lambda 0.`$ We use as an un-perturbed basis problem the soluble case $`\alpha =2.`$ Although this is is not singular it nevertheless provides a basis that is ‘closer’ to the original singular problem than would be the eigenfunctions, say, of an unperturbed oscillator. The perturbation series generated in this way, both for the eigenvalues and for the eigenfunctions, lead us in turn to summation problems of special series of hypergeometric functions. We are happy to report that, by the present work, all the difficulties of summing these series have now been overcome for the case where $`\alpha `$ is an integer. Consequently we are able to provide explicit formulas for the coefficients in the original perturbation series.

## Acknowledgment

Partial financial support of this work under Grant No. GP3438 from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada is gratefully acknowledged by one of us \[RLH\].