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# Spin squeezing and entanglement in spinor-1 condensates

## I Introduction

The availability of atomic Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) with spin degrees of freedom have stimulated much recent interest in their applications to quantum information physics. Atomic spinor-1 condensates (hyperfine spin $`f=1`$ for each atom) were first realized by transferring spin polarized BEC prepared in a magnetic trap into a far-off resonant optical trap kurn . More recently, the all optical route to BEC has opened the door for their wide accessibility mike . In a simple treatment, a spinor-1 condensate can be described by a three-component order parameter, one for each of the Zeeman component of the hyperfine manifold. Early theoretical studies have clarified rotationally invariant descriptions including elastic s-wave collisions ho ; ohmi ; zhang ; goldstein ; pu . Recent investigations reveal that such a system also possesses complex ground state structures and can exhibit novel dynamical effects pu ; ueda2 ; ho2 , such as fragmentation james , spin-mixing and entanglement ho ; pu ; duan .

In this paper, we further explore quantum correlation properties such as spin squeezing and entanglement of a spinor-1 condensate duan ; epr . For a spin half $`(f=1/2)`$ atomic system, a rotationally invariant Hamiltonian is known to not induce spin squeezing as the total spin is conserved kitagawa . For a spinor-1 condensate, it was found that its Hamiltonian becomes rotationally invariant if the single (spatial) mode approximation is made to its order parameters, i.e. assuming $`\psi _{m_f}(\stackrel{}{r})=\varphi (\stackrel{}{r})a_{m_f}`$ with the same mode function $`\varphi (\stackrel{}{r})`$ ho ; pu . $`a_{m_f}`$ is the annihilation operator for atoms in Zeeman state $`m_f=\pm ,0`$. However, as we show in this work, various nonlinear processes do occur within different subspaces of the full SU(3) structure of a spinor-1 condensate, e.g. we find the existence of spin squeezing in the isospin sub-group epr .

The generation and characterization of squeezing and entanglement of Bose-condensed atoms has recently emerged as an active research area. Historically, atomic squeezed states were first considered for a system of two level atoms. Even in this simple SU(2) case, it was found that some operational definitions of spin squeezing can become system dependent. Depending on the context in which the concept of squeezing is applied, different definitions arise wineland . Squeezing in atomic variables was first introduced through reduced fluctuations in the atomic (Pauli) operators of the system walls  such that atomic resonance fluorescence in the far-field zone is squeezed. In this case, it is useful and convenient to define the atomic squeezing parameter according to,

$`\xi _h=\mathrm{\Delta }J_i/\sqrt{|J_j/2|},ij(x,y,z).`$ (1)
This definition can be essentially read off from the Heisenberg uncertainty relation $`\mathrm{\Delta }J_i\mathrm{\Delta }J_j|J_k/2|`$ for the collective angular momentum components of the two level atomic system. When in such a squeezed state $`\xi _h<1`$, the quantum fluctuation of one collective angular momentum component becomes lower than the Heisenberg limited value at the cost of increased fluctuation in the other component. The general family of two level atomic states satisfying this criterion was found to be Bloch states, or SU(2) coherent states. These “squeezed states” are obtained by simply rotating in space the collective (Dicke) state $`|J,\pm J`$ arecchi . Soon it became clear that neither $`\xi _h`$ nor the Bloch states are that useful in other applications of atomic squeezing. In particular, for Ramsey oscillatory field spectroscopy, a new squeezing parameter wineland2 ,

$`\xi _R=\sqrt{2J}\mathrm{\Delta }J_{}/|\stackrel{}{J}|`$ (2)
is called for with $`J_{}`$ the angular momentum component normal to the $`\stackrel{}{J}`$, i.e. in the direction of the unit vector $`\stackrel{}{n}`$ along which $`\mathrm{\Delta }(\stackrel{}{n}\stackrel{}{J})`$ is minimized. The squeezing condition $`\xi _R<1`$ is not straight forwardly determined by the Heisenberg uncertainty relation. Instead, it is defined by requiring the improvement of signal to noise ratio in a typical Ramsey spectroscopy. It was later shown that the same criterion is also applicable for improving the phase sensitivity of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer wineland . $`\xi _R1`$ for Bloch states or SU(2) coherent states. An independent refinement of $`\xi _h`$ was suggested by Kitagawa and Ueda kitagawa  to make it independent of angular momentum coordinate system or specific measurement schemes. They emphasized that collective spin squeezing should reflect quantum correlations between individual atomic spins and defined a squeezing parameter

$`\xi _q=\mathrm{\Delta }J_{}/\sqrt{J/2}`$ (3)
to measure such correlations. The factor $`J/2`$ in the denominator represents the variance of a Bloch state, which comes from simply adding up the variance of each individual spin (1/2). When quantum correlations exist among different atomic spins, the variance of certain component of the collective spin can become lower than $`J/2`$. This leads naturally to the criterion $`\xi _q<1`$ for spin squeezing. We note that this definition is directly related to the spectroscopic definition as $`\xi _R=(J/|J_z|)\xi _q`$. More recently, a particular type of quantum correlation, namely the multi-particle entanglement, becomes important for quantum information physics. A more stringent criterion for atomic squeezing which combines the quantum correlation definition with the inseparability requirement of system density matrix is given by Sørensen et al. sorensen ,

$`\xi _e^2={\displaystyle \frac{(2J)\mathrm{\Delta }(\stackrel{}{n}_1\stackrel{}{J})^2}{\stackrel{}{n_2}\stackrel{}{J}^2+\stackrel{}{n}_3\stackrel{}{J}^2}}<1,`$ (4)
with the $`\stackrel{}{n}_i`$ being mutually orthogonal unit vectors. $`\xi _e`$ is in fact identical to $`\xi _R`$ along the direction $`\stackrel{}{n}_1\stackrel{}{J}=0`$. It was proven rigorously that when $`\xi _e<1`$, the total state of the N two level atoms becomes inseparable, i.e. entangled in a general sense. All three definitions above applies to a two component (two level) atomic system. Many complications arise when attempt is made to extend spin squeezing to a spinor-1 SU(3) system. Under certain restrictive conditions, $`\xi _e`$ has been used recently to discuss a two mode entanglement in a spinor-1 condensate duan .

A related problem to spin squeezing is its efficient generation and detection. In accordance with their respective definitions for SU(2) systems, several physical mechanisms have been proposed along this direction. Kitegawa and Ueda considered a model Hamiltonian $`H_{KU}=\mathrm{}\chi J_z^2`$ that can be realized via the Coulomb interaction between electrons in the two arms of an interferometer kitagawa . Barnett and Dupertuis suggested that spin squeezing can be achieved in a two-atom system described by $`H_{BD}=i\mathrm{}(g^{}J_{1+}J_{2+}h.c.)`$ barnett . Use of a pseudo-spin two component atomic condensate system has also been suggested sorensen . Recently, two different groups considered atomic (spin) squeezing and entanglement in a spinor-1 condensate, under the assumption that one of the component is highly populated such that quantum properties are important only among the remaining two sparsely populated components duan ; epr . Our aim in this study is to remove such a restrictive condition, and consider the full quantum correlations within a spinor-1 condensate.

Let us consider a general three component system labeled by $`i,j\{+,,0\}`$. For spectroscopic and interferometric applications the observables of interest are the relative number of particles $`N_iN_j`$ (particle partitioning) and the corresponding phase differences $`\varphi _i\varphi _j`$ with their measurements limited by noises $`\delta N_{ij}=[\mathrm{\Delta }(N_iN_j)]^2^{1/2}`$ and $`\delta \varphi _{ij}=[\mathrm{\Delta }(\varphi _i\varphi _j)]^2^{1/2}`$. For a two-component system, the particle partitioning becomes the collective angular momentum projection as $`N_+N_{}=2J_z`$ in the standard Schwinger representation; the relative phase becomes the corresponding azimuthal phase $`\varphi _z\varphi _+\varphi _{}`$, which is conjugate to $`J_z`$. Quantum mechanically they satisfy $`[J_z,\varphi _z]=i`$. Thus from $`\delta J_z\delta \varphi _z1`$ and $`\delta N_+=2\mathrm{\Delta }J_z^2^{1/2}`$, we find $`\delta \varphi _+\mathrm{\Delta }J_y^2^{1/2}/|J_x|`$ kitagawa . Therefore, for spin squeezed states, one achieves higher angular resolution and reduced particle partitioning noise. In a three component system, we can similarly associate the three number difference $`N_iN_j`$ with three subspace pseudo-spins (each of spin-$`1/2`$) $`\stackrel{}{U}`$, $`\stackrel{}{T}`$, and $`\stackrel{}{V}`$ such that $`N_+N_{}=2T_3,N_+N_0=2V_3,N_{}N_0=2U_3`$. The phase differences can then be similarly expressed in terms of components $`U_{x,y}`$, $`V_{x,y}`$, and $`T_{x,y}`$. When demanding noise reduction in such a SU(3) system, we need to consider squeezing in the three spin-1/2 subsystems. One may naively expect that results from the above discussed SU(2) squeezing can be applied to each of the three subsystems, and collectively, one can simply demand that $`\xi _e<1`$ to be satisfied simultaneously. In reality this does not work as the three spin-1/2 subsystems do not commute with each other. This is also the fundamental reason that makes it difficult to generate and detect quantum correlations in a full SU(3) system. Furthermore, due to the above non-commuting nature, the three SU(2) sub-spins cannot be squeezed independently of each other. Previous discussions of a spinor-1 condensate entanglement are always limited to just one SU(2) subspace, usually in the limit $`N_0N`$, i.e. one mode is highly populated. Approximately, this limit destroys the underlying non-commutative algebra among $`(U,V,T)`$ and simplifies the problem to that of a usual two-mode SU(2) system.

One of the major results of this paper is that the effective Hamiltonian of a general spinor-1 condensate can be decomposed as

$`H=\mathrm{}\chi _{KU}T_3^2+\mathrm{}\chi _{BD}(U_+V_++h.c.),`$ (5)
which involves both the Kitagawa-Ueda (KU) and Barnett-Dupertuis (BD) type of spin squeezing simultaneously. In other words, all three fictitious spins can indeed be found squeezed in a spinor-1 condensate, as the above two distinct nonlinearities commute with each other, and therefore squeeze all three SU(2) subspaces simultaneously. We find that the BD type interaction dominates when $`N_0`$ is large; while in the opposite limit the KU type squeezing governs. For intermediate values of $`N_0`$ it is necessary to consider a generalized spin squeezing for the three mode spinor-1 system. To achieve this, we provide a new criterion for the $`U`$-$`V`$ two spin squeezing based on reduced quantum fluctuations imposed by the BD type nonlinearity. When such a condition is satisfied, the state of a spinor-1 condensate as a macroscopic-coherent quantum object becomes useful for three-mode spectroscopic and interferometric applications. We further show that this condition also corresponds to a two-mode entanglement in terms of the Holstein-Primakopf bosonic modes, and it reduces to previous results in the large $`N_0`$ limit duan ; epr . Squeezing in $`T`$ spin is particularly useful for quantum information applications based on collective (Dicke) states $`|J,J_z`$. These states are in fact stationary in a spinor-1 condensate and can be manipulated via external control fields pu . Since $`J_z=N_+N_{}=2T_3`$, such $`T`$-squeezed states ensure well-defined Dicke states.

In our study of spin squeezing in a spinor-1 condensate as outlined in this paper, we present a systematic approach by recognizing the $`(U,V,T)`$ pseudo-spin subspaces as the Gell-Mann (quark) realization of the SU(3) algebra gellmann . Similar recognitions are found useful in the recent discussions of quantum and semi-classical dynamics of three coupled atomic condensates nemoto , where the BD-type two-spin squeezing nonlinearity was absent. Earlier investigations of three level atomic systems also made efficient use of the density matrix and expressed atomic Hamiltonians in terms SU(3) generators hioe ; cook . The main difference between our approach (on spinor-1 BEC) and those earlier studies are the enveloping Weyl-Heisenberg algebra of the bosonic operators, which leads to subsequently much larger Hilbert space of the system. In addition to spin squeezing, we also investigate other quantum correlation effects, e.g. condensate fragmentation with the new theoretical framework. We show that previous theories based upon the SO(2) rotational symmetry group cannot give a decomposition of angular momentum operator with nonlinearities that could easily be considered for spin squeezing. For instance, neither $`HL^22N`$ pu  nor $`HN(N1)A^{}A`$ ohmi  can lead to any simple recognition of the nonlinear coupling among various spin-components.

## II SU(3) Formulation for spinor-1 BEC

Under the single-mode approximation pu , a spinor-1 condensate is described by the Hamiltonian

$`H=\mu N\lambda _s^{}N(N+1)+\lambda _a^{}(L^22N),`$ (6)
where $`N=n_++n_{}+n_0`$ is the total number of atoms and the collective angular momentum ($`L`$) with the familiar raising (lowering) operator $`L_+=\sqrt{2}(a_+^{}a_0+a_0^{}a_{})`$ ($`L_{}=L_+^{}`$), $`L_z=n_+n_{}`$, and $`n_i=a_i^{}a_i`$. $`\mu `$ is the chemical potential. $`\lambda _{s,a}^{}`$ are renormalized interaction coefficients, they are related to various s-wave scattering lengths and $`\varphi (\stackrel{}{r})`$ ho ; pu . The validity of the single-mode approximation is now reasonably well understood pu ; duan ; yi , and for ferromagnetic interactions, it is in fact exact as shown recently yi . $`a_{\pm ,0}`$ can form a similar Schwinger representation of SU(3) in the following manner,

$`T_+`$ $`=`$ $`a_+^{}a_{},T_3={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(n_+n_{}),`$ (7)
$`\left(\begin{array}{c}V_+\\ U_+\end{array}\right)`$ $`=`$ $`a_\pm ^{}a_0,\left(\begin{array}{c}V_3\\ U_3\end{array}\right)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(n_\pm n_0),`$ (12)
$`N`$ $`=`$ $`n_++n_{}+n_0,`$ (13)
$`Y`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}(n_++n_{}2n_0).`$ (14)
The linear combinations $`X_\pm \pm X_{}`$ ($`X=T,U,V`$) together with $`T_3`$ and $`Y`$ resemble the set of eight generators of SU(3) in spherical representation. $`T_{\pm ,3}`$,$`U_{\pm ,3}`$ and $`V_{\pm ,3}`$ fulfill commutation relations $`[X_+,X_{}]=2X_3`$ and $`[X_3,X_\pm ]=\pm X_\pm `$ of the SU(2) algebra. We call T-operators the isospin and $`Y`$ operators the hypercharge only because of their formal resemblance gellmann . $`U`$ and $`V`$ subalgebras will be called $`U`$\- and $`V`$-spin, respectively. We then have $`L_+=\sqrt{2}(V_++U_{})`$, $`L_z=2T_3`$, and

$`L^2`$ $`=4T_3^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(Nϵ_+)(Nϵ_{})`$ (15)
$`2(YY_0)^2+G_Y,`$
$`G_Y`$ $`=2(V_+U_++h.c.),`$ (16)
with $`ϵ_\pm =3/2\pm \sqrt{2}`$, and $`Y_0=N/61/4`$. For $`N1`$ this gives $`Y_0N/6`$, which corresponds to $`n_0=N/2`$. Using $`[T_3,V_\pm ]=\pm V_\pm /2`$ and $`[T_3,U_\pm ]=U_\pm /2`$ we find $`[T_3,G_Y]=0`$ consistent with $`[H,L_z]=0`$. Hence the Hamiltonian (6) separates into three commuting parts $`H=H_N[N]+H_T[T_3]+H_Y[Y]`$. To our knowledge, this decomposition have not been discussed before. In Ref. nemoto , a model of $`H=\chi (T_3^2+3Y^2)`$ has been considered for both the quantum and semi-classical dynamics of $`Y`$ as well as for SU(3) coherent states. We note that the decomposition (15) differs from the Casimir relation for the two mode case kris . In fact, with the spin singlet pair operator $`A=(a_0^22a_+a_{})/\sqrt{3}`$ as defined by Koashi and Ueda ueda2 , we find $`L^2=N(N+1)A^{}A`$.

Denote the simultaneous eigen-states of commuting operators ($`N,Y,T_3`$) as $`|N,T_3,Y`$, we find

$`\left(\begin{array}{c}V_+\\ U_+\end{array}\right)|N,T_3,Y`$ (19)
$`=\sqrt{\left({\displaystyle \frac{N}{3}}Y\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{N}{3}}\pm T_3+{\displaystyle \frac{Y}{2}}+1\right)}|N,T_3\pm {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}},Y+1,`$
i.e., $`G_Y`$ only couples next nearest neighbors along the $`Y`$-axis through off-axial hopping as depicted in Fig. 1. Perhaps it is not surprising that operators $`T_\pm `$, $`U_\pm `$, and $`V_\pm `$ are simply the off-diagonal elements of the single particle density operator $`\rho _{\mu \nu }=a_\mu ^{}a_\nu `$, while $`N`$, $`T_3`$, and $`Y`$ are related to the diagonal elements. $`T_\pm ,V_{},U_\pm `$ all raise and lower the $`T_3`$ value by ($`1`$ or $`1/2`$).

As an example we consider the simple case of the $`T_3=0`$ block along the line in Fig. 1 of the Hamiltonian (6) for $`\lambda _a^{}<0`$, the ferromagnetic case (as in 87Rb mike ). The polar case of $`\lambda _a^{}>0`$ (as in 23Na BEC kurn ) has been discussed in Ref. ho . Dropping the constant $`H_N[N]`$ and write in units of $`|\lambda _a^{}|`$, the Hamiltonian becomes

$`H=2(YY_0)^22t_Y(|Y+2Y|+h.c.),`$ (20)
where $`t_Y=(N/3Y)(N/3+Y/2+1)`$. Following the tight-binding procedure for the restricted two-mode case ($`+`$ and $``$) discussed in Ref. ho2 , its eigenstates can be found by determining the $`\psi (Y)`$ of $`|\psi =_Y\psi (Y)|Y`$ through a difference equation

$`E\psi (Y)`$ $`=`$ $`2(YY_0)^2\psi (Y)`$ (21)
$`2[t_{Y2}\psi (Y2)+t_Y\psi (Y+2)].`$
In the continuum limit and up to the first order in $`O(|Y|/N)`$, the equivalent differential form becomes

$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{E}{8Y_0^2}}+1\right)\psi =2{\displaystyle \frac{^2\psi }{Y^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{Y_0}}{\displaystyle \frac{\psi }{Y}}+{\displaystyle \frac{(YY_0)^2}{4Y_0^2}}\psi .`$ (22)
Its ground state is therefore

$`|\psi ={\displaystyle \underset{Y}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{\sqrt{2}(YY_0)^2}{8|Y_0|}+\frac{YY_0}{4|Y_0|}\right)}{(\pi |Y_0|/\sqrt{2})^{1/4}}}|Y,`$ (23)
which gives a diagonal $`\rho _{\mu \nu }`$ with $`n_0=N/2`$ and $`n_\pm =N/4`$, i.e. a fragmented state ho2 ; james . To check the validity of this approximate analytical result, we also solved the same problem for $`N=10^3`$ within the $`T_3=0`$ block by an exact diagonalization procedure. The results are compared in Fig. 2. We see that without any fitting parameter the analytical result agrees well with the exact numerical result. Since the Hamiltonian is block diagonal in even $`n_0`$ and odd $`n_0`$ spaces, we find two degenerate ground states with even and odd $`n_0`$ components respectively. These even-odd ground states display opposite phases and can form a Schrodinger cat state frag . The approximate result here applies for a value of even $`N`$, which leads to an even $`n_0`$ within the $`T_3=0`$ block. Hence, only the even $`n_0`$ block of the Hamiltonian is considered. We will also show below that under the single-mode approximation, the exact ground state for $`N1`$ is generally a fragmented state with $`n_0=N/2`$. More detailed studies and implications of the cat-like ground state in the even-odd number blocks and with their respective phases will be explored further and results presented elsewhere. We note that such cat states separated in the angular momentum $`L_z`$ have been found in studies of Josephson type coupled condensates cat1 ; cat2 . In a spinor-1 condensate as considered here, we find that the dynamical behavior can be characterized by $`Y=N/3n_0`$, which can be expressed as $`Y=2(U_3+V_3)/3`$. Since the azimuthal phases are conjugate to angular momentum z-projection operators, the cat-like ground states predicted here resemble the angular momentum cat states of a two-component condensate in its conjugate phase spaces. Finally we note that the symmetry point $`Y_0`$ can be adjusted by external control fields which contribute terms proportional to $`n_{\pm ,0}`$ to the Hamiltonian, and can be absorbed into the $`(YY_0)^2`$ term through a new $`Y_0`$ as $`n_\pm =N/3+Y/2\pm T_3`$ and $`n_0=N/3Y`$.

We have now seen that the Hamiltonian of the system describes an effectively one dimensional dynamics along the $`Y`$-axis, similar to that of a diffusive random walk process but now with an attractor (for $`\lambda _a^{}<0`$) $`Y_0`$. Hence, we expect $`Y_0`$ influence population dynamics in a similar manner it effects the fragmentation. For $`T_3=0`$, it is known that populations oscillate around time-averaged values $`n_0=N/2`$ and $`n_\pm =N/4`$ which are the same as the results we found for fragmented ground states. We conclude that steady-state values of population oscillations as well as fragmentation is determined by the hypercharge symmetry point $`Y_0`$, which can be shifted by external fields.

## III Two-spin and isospin squeezing

The form of $`G_Y`$ suggests the existence of two mode squeezing as was also noted recently by Duan et al. duan , who studied a spinor-1 condensate initially prepared in the Fock state with only $`m_f=0`$ state populated. During the time when the total number of excitations into states $`m_f=\pm 1`$ are negligible, the spin mixing term ($`G_Y`$) in the Hamiltonian simply reduces to a two-mode squeezing nonlinearity via $`n_0(a_+^{}a_{}^{}+h.c.)`$. This creates a continuous variable type entanglement, or mode-entanglement in the second quantization form. In order to relate it to measurable spectroscopic spin squeezing and particle entanglement, Ref. duan  first showed that in the low excitation limit, the two-mode entanglement criterion can also be expressed in terms of spin squeezing parameters for $`L_{x,y}`$. In order to use the two-level SU(2) definition for spin squeezing of $`L_{x,y}`$, new pseudo-spins $`J_\pm `$ was introduced within the the two level subsystems $`|+1\pm |1`$ and $`|0`$. They found that when $`L_z0`$, the system Hamiltonian becomes effectively $`H=\lambda _a^{}(L^22N)\lambda _a^{}(L_x^2+L_y^2)(J_{+x}^2+J_y^2)`$, which causes each spin 1/2 subsystem to be squeezed via the single axis twisting scheme. For the independent single-axis twisting scheme to work efficiently in achieving substantial spin squeezing, the commutator $`[J_{+x/y},J_{x/y}]=(T_{}T_+)/4T_y`$, needs to be small. Hence, squeezing in the isospin is essential to achieve this two-mode squeezing goal. Without it, large quantum fluctuations in $`T_y`$ would destroy the two mode squeezing. Unfortunately, both the relationship between the two-mode squeezing and spin squeezing as well as the interpretation in terms of a dual single axis twisting fails to be adequate for higher excitations under more realistic situations. Indeed, for the extreme opposite case of $`n_0n_\pm N/2`$, the Hamiltonian describes a single-mode amplitude squeezing as it reduces to $`G_Y(a_0^2+h.c.)`$. Anywhere in between of these two extreme limits, we propose a new type of squeezing, the two-spin squeezing as a generalization of single spin squeezing by taking into account quantum correlations for mode-entanglement applications. We first note that the two extreme types of squeezing in $`G_Y`$ can be handled at arbitrary levels of excitation by introducing a new two-spin squeezing operator via

$`K_+`$ $`=`$ $`V_+U_+\{\begin{array}{cc}a_+^{}a_{}^{},& n_0n_\pm ,\\ a_0^2,& n_0n_\pm ,\end{array}`$ (26)
$`K_{}`$ $`=`$ $`K_+^{},`$ (27)
with $`[K_{},K_+]=2K_3`$. The squeezing mechanism in Hamiltonian (6) is now understood to be a generalized Barnett-Dupertuis (BD) type squeezing via the $`V_+U_++h.c.`$ nonlinearity in $`G_Y`$. This is significantly more complicated than the two bosonic mode squeezing as the two spins $`U`$ and $`V`$ have a non-commuting algebra. The mode-entanglement of approximate bosonic modes $`a_\pm ^{}=a_\pm a_0^{}/\sqrt{n_0}`$ of Ref. duan  can in fact be generalized to mode-entanglement between exactly bosonic Holstein-Primakoff modes holstein  $`a_{x=u,v}`$ defined through $`X_+=a_x^{}\sqrt{S_xN_x}`$ and $`X_3=N_xS_x/2`$, in the spin $`S_x/2`$ realization of corresponding SU(2) algebras of $`U`$ and $`V`$ spins with $`N_x=a_x^{}a_x`$. The squeezing treatment with the exact bosonic modes $`a_U`$ and $`a_V`$ remains to be more complicated than the usual two bosonic mode squeezing as it also suffers from the underline non-commutating algebra. This representation reduces to the usual SU(1,1) two-mode squeezing or amplitude squeezing in the appropriate $`n_0`$ limits. At low excitations when $`n_0N`$, we have $`X_3N/2`$, $`S_xn_0`$, and $`N_x0`$. In this case, $`X_{}\sqrt{n_0}a_x`$ and $`G_Y=2n_0(a_v^{}a_u^{}+h.c.)`$ demonstrates the two-mode \[SU(1,1)\] squeezing as in Ref. duan . In the large $`n_0`$ scheme of Ref. duan , such modes are sparsely populated since, $`a_+^{}a_+^{}=n_+(1+n_0)/n_0`$. In the opposite case of large $`n_\pm `$, we are in the strong excitation regime with $`N_v1,S_{v/u}n_\pm `$ which gives effective modes to be $`a_\pm ^{}a_0/\sqrt{n_\pm }`$ with large occupations.

In order to define two-spin squeezing introduced via the $`K`$-operators in a similar way to the two-mode bosonic squeezing, we introduce Hermitian quadrature operators

$`X_u^\alpha `$ $`=`$ $`(e^{i\alpha }U_{}+h.c.)/\sqrt{2},`$ (28)
$`X_v^\alpha `$ $`=`$ $`(e^{i\alpha }V_{}+h.c.)/\sqrt{2},`$ (29)
$`Q_+^\alpha `$ $`=`$ $`(X_v^\alpha +X_u^\alpha )/2,`$ (30)
$`Q_{}^{\alpha +\pi /2}`$ $`=`$ $`(X_v^{\alpha +\pi /2}X_u^{\alpha +\pi /2})/2.`$ (31)
From $`\stackrel{}{J}_\pm =\stackrel{}{V}\stackrel{}{U}`$ and $`J_{\pm 3}=(3Y/2\pm T_x)/2`$ we find $`Q_\pm ^\alpha =\stackrel{}{n}(\alpha )\stackrel{}{J}_\pm `$ with $`\stackrel{}{n}(\alpha )=(\mathrm{cos}\alpha ,\mathrm{sin}\alpha ,0)`$. If $`U`$ and $`V`$ were uncorrelated, their respective quantum noises would contribute to that of $`J_\pm `$ additively. Existence of quantum correlations between the $`U`$\- and $`V`$-spins would reduce the quantum fluctuation in $`J_\pm `$. Thus, the ($`J_\pm `$) spin squeezing is achieved by two-spin ($`U`$-$`V`$) squeezing. From $`[U_{},V_{}]=0`$, we find that

$`(\mathrm{\Delta }Q_+^\alpha )^2+(\mathrm{\Delta }Q_{}^{\alpha +\pi /2})^2`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{a=u,v}{}}[(\mathrm{\Delta }X_a^\alpha )^2+(\mathrm{\Delta }X_a^{\alpha +\pi /2})^2]+𝒞_{uv}^\alpha ,`$ (32)
with the $`U`$-$`V`$ correlation function

$`𝒞_{uv}^\alpha =e^{2i\alpha }V_+,U_+/2+c.c.`$ (33)
denote the correlations among $`U`$-$`V`$ spins to the quadrature noise, which reduces the uncertainty bound when two spin squeezing occurs. We find a lower bound for the quadrature noise $`_{a=u,v}[(\mathrm{\Delta }X_a^\alpha )^2+(\mathrm{\Delta }X_a^{\alpha +\pi /2})^2]`$, by noting that $`[X_v^\alpha ,X_v^{\alpha +\pi /2}]=2iV_3`$, $`[X_u^\alpha ,X_u^{\alpha +\pi /2}]=2iU_3`$, and $`|U_3|+|V_3||U_3+V_3|=3|Y|/2`$. We finally find

$`(\mathrm{\Delta }Q_+^\alpha )^2+(\mathrm{\Delta }Q_{}^{\alpha +\pi /2})^23|Y|/4+𝒞_{uv}^\alpha .`$ (34)
Therefore, taking into consideration the important spin-spin correlation between different particles similar to the $`1/2`$ case kitagawa , we can introduce the $`U`$-$`V`$ squeezing condition as

$`\xi _{uv}^\alpha ={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }(Q_+^\alpha )^2+(\mathrm{\Delta }Q_{}^{\alpha +\pi /2})^2}{|Y|}}<3/4,`$ (35)
similar to the continuous variable system con . This is the major result of our paper on the two \[SU(2)\] spin squeezing within the SU(3) of a spinor-1 condensate. The significance of spin-spin correlation function to spin squeezing and entanglement for a two-mode system was previously discussed in Ref. agarwal , where they showed that a negative, finite correlation parameter causes spin squeezing and entanglement of the atomic states. With the Holstein-Primakoff relations, it is straight forward to show this condition contracts into $`(\xi _+^\alpha )^2+(\xi _{}^{\alpha +\pi /2})^2<2`$ when $`n_0N`$. Thus Eq. (35) generalizes the two-mode entanglement criterion $`(\xi _+^\alpha )^2+(\xi _{}^{\alpha +\pi /2})^2<2`$ at low excitations duan  to arbitrary levels of excitation for two spin squeezing. For completeness, we note the squeezing parameter for $`J_\pm `$-spins are duan

$`(\xi _\pm ^\alpha )^2={\displaystyle \frac{N(\mathrm{\Delta }Q_\pm ^\alpha )^2}{Q_\pm ^{\alpha +\pi /2}^2+J_{\pm 3}^2}},`$ (36)
while the Heisenberg uncertainty relation gives $`\mathrm{\Delta }Q_\pm ^\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }Q_\pm ^{\alpha +\pi /2}|J_{\pm 3}|/2`$. For many particle entanglement of three level atoms, the criterion is given by either $`\xi _\pm <1`$.

The $`U`$-$`V`$ squeezing discussed above displays existence of nonlinear interactions within/among $`T`$, $`U`$, and $`V`$ subspace of (6). One may also contemplate for a one-axis isospin twisting (through $`T_3^2`$) of the particular form of $`L^2`$ (15). However, the dynamics of spinor-1 BEC becomes considerably more complicated because of off-axis hopping processes along the hypercharge axis (as in Fig. 1). Due to the non-commutativity of sub-spin systems ($`U,V,T`$), squeezing and entanglement appears even without essentially any axis-twisting. In fact, even when $`T_3=0`$, squeezing within the isospin subgroup can still happen as the $`U`$-$`V`$ two-spin squeezing interaction would redistributes the noise also for the isospin subspace, in addition to the $`U`$-$`V`$ spin space. To appreciate this fact, let us consider the rotation operator involving only $`U`$-$`V`$ spins and employ the SU(2) disentangling theorem to obtain

$`R[\zeta ]=e^{\zeta L_+\zeta ^{}L_{}}=e^{\eta L_+}(1+|\eta |^2)^{L_z}e^{\eta ^{}L_{}},`$ (37)
with $`\eta =\zeta \mathrm{tan}\zeta /|\zeta |`$. Using $`[V_+,U_{}]=T_+`$ and $`[V_+,T_+]=[U_{},T_+]=0`$, we find

$`e^{\eta L_+}=e^{\eta \sqrt{2}V_+}e^{\eta \sqrt{2}U_{}}e^{\eta T_+/\sqrt{2}}.`$ (38)
Hence, we arrive at

$`R[\zeta ]=e^{\sqrt{2}\eta V_+}e^{\sqrt{2}\eta U_{}}R_T[\eta ]e^{\sqrt{2}\eta ^{}U_+}e^{\sqrt{2}\eta ^{}V_{}},`$ (39)
with a rotation operator within isospin space via $`R_T=\mathrm{exp}(\eta T_+/\sqrt{2})(1+|\eta |^2)^{2T_3}\mathrm{exp}(\eta ^{}T_{}/\sqrt{2})`$. This result reflects the nature of Euler-angle rotations in three dimensions for a spin-1 system. We thus conclude that squeezing in $`\stackrel{}{J_\pm }`$ through redistributing the noise via rotations is always accompanied by a redistribution of the noise in the isospin subspace. Squeezing and many particle entanglement via the isospin can be checked using the usual spin squeezing criterion, which for both $`T`$-squeezing and the above derived $`U`$-$`V`$ squeezing are independent of their respective initial conditions. Hence, we have now greater freedom to consider a suitably prepared spinor-1 condensate to achieve many-particle and/or mode entanglement for quantum information applications as well as various type spin squeezing for atom interferometry and spectroscopy applications in the long time limit with more macroscopic populations in all $`f=1`$ three component states can occur. In the limiting case discussed before either $`n_0N`$ or $`n_\pm N`$ is required to be large, the quantum states (modes) of interest are always sparsely populated. More generally, one can use Raman coupled laser pulses on a spinor-1 condensate to generate states with arbitrary populations in each mode and with arbitrary initial phases. This allows then for the consideration of stationary states in the fully quantum mechanical framework for their use in squeezing-entanglement applications.

## IV Results and Discussions

We now present some results on the numerical investigation of isospin squeezing. If the condensate atom number $`N`$ is fixed, a generic state $`|\psi (0)=(\alpha _0a_0^{}+\alpha _{}a_{}^{}+\alpha _+a_+^{})^N|0,0,0/\sqrt{N!}`$, can be prepared with Raman pulses kurn , where $`|0,0,0`$ is the vacuum in the Fock basis $`|n_0,n_{},n_+`$ and $`\alpha _j=|\alpha _j|e^{i\delta _j}`$ complex. Using $`m=n_+n_{}`$, we can write

$$|\psi (0)=\underset{mk}{}\psi _{Nmk}(\stackrel{}{\alpha })|2k,\frac{Nm}{2}k,\frac{N+m}{2}k,$$

where $`\stackrel{}{\alpha }=(\alpha _0,\alpha _{},\alpha _+)`$, $`k=0,1,\mathrm{},(N|m|)/2`$ for even $`N+m`$, $`2k=1,3,\mathrm{},(N|m|)`$ for odd $`N+m`$, and

$$\psi _{Nmk}=\sqrt{C_N^{2k}C_{N2k}^{\frac{Nm}{2}k}}\alpha _0^{2k}\alpha _{}^{\frac{Nm}{2}k}\alpha _+^{\frac{N+m}{2}k},$$

where $`C_n^m=\left(\begin{array}{c}n\\ m\end{array}\right)`$ denotes the binomial coefficient. The basis transformation coefficients between angular momentum and Fock sates are available from Ref. wu , written in more compact forms as

$`|lm`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}G_{lmk}|2k,{\displaystyle \frac{Nm}{2}}k,{\displaystyle \frac{N+m}{2}}k,`$ (40)
with

$$G_{lmk}=2^ks_l\underset{r}{}\frac{(1)^r}{4^r}\left[\begin{array}{c}Nlm\\ kr\end{array}\right]$$

and the symbolic notation

$`\left[\begin{array}{c}Nlm\\ kr\end{array}\right]`$ $`=\sqrt{C_{2r}^rC_{2k}^{2r}C_l^{2k2r}C_{N2k}^{l2k+2r}C_{Nl2r}^{(Nl)/2r}}`$ (44)
$`\times C_{l2k+2r}^{(lm)/2k+r}/\sqrt{C_{N2k}^{(Nm)/2k}C_{2l}^{lm}}.`$
We note $`l=N,N2,\mathrm{},N2[N/2]`$ with $`[n]=n,n1/2`$ for $`n=`$ even, odd, and $`r=\mathrm{max}[0,k(l|m|)/2],\mathrm{},\mathrm{min}[k,(Nl)/2]`$, $`m=0,\pm 1,\mathrm{},\pm l`$. $`k=0,1,\mathrm{},(N|m|)/2`$ for $`l+m=`$ even and $`2k=1,3,\mathrm{},(N|m|)`$ for $`l+m=`$ odd. The normalization is given by

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{s_l^2}}={\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{(Nl)/2}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4^j}}C_{2j}^jC_{(N+l)/2j}^l.`$ (45)
Simpler analytic results exist for special cases, e.g.

$`G_{Nmk}=2^k\sqrt{C_N^{2k}C_{N2k}^{(Nm)/2k}}/\sqrt{C_{2N}^{Nm}},`$ (46)
which takes an asymptotic form $`G_{N0k}\sqrt{C_N^{2k}/2^{N1}}`$ when $`N1`$. We also find

$`n_0={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2^{N1}}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{N/2}{}}}C_N^{2k}(2k)=N/2,`$ (47)
the same result as obtained previously from (23).

These expressions allow us to express the initial state as $`|\psi (0)=_{lm}\psi _{lm}(0)|lm`$, with

$`\psi _{lm}(0)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{Nm}(\alpha _{},\alpha _+){\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}\eta ^k(\stackrel{}{\alpha })G_{Nmk}G_{lmk},`$ (48)
$`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{Nm}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{C_{2N}^{Nm}}\alpha _{}^{(Nm)/2}\alpha _+^{N+m/2},`$ (49)
and $`\eta =\alpha _0^2/(2\alpha _{}\alpha _+)`$. When $`\eta =1`$, it becomes an eigenstate of Hamiltonian (6) as $`_kG_{Nmk}G_{lmk}\delta _{Nl}`$. This generalizes the stationary state of pu  into the quantum regime. The condition for stationarity becomes $`2\delta _0=\delta _{}+\delta _+`$ and $`|\alpha _{}|+|\alpha _+|=1`$ (since $`|\alpha _0|^2+|\alpha _{}|^2+|\alpha _+|^21`$). For the special case of $`\delta _j=0`$ and $`\alpha _{}=\alpha _+`$ we obtain $`\alpha _0^2=1/2`$, in complete agreement with earlier results pu . By defining $`P_j=|\alpha _j|^2`$ as spin component populations, we find that stationary states require $`P_0=1/2`$ whenever $`P_{}=P_+`$. This is, however, not sufficient without establishing the phase constraint found above, which becomes particularly useful as it provides for more freedom in state preparation using Raman coupled laser fields. As an example, we now consider isospin squeezing with the same form of initial states as in Ref. pu  for $`\alpha _0=\sqrt{P_0}e^{i\theta /2}`$ and $`\alpha _\pm =\sqrt{1P_0}`$. This gives $`T_x(0)=N(1P_0)/2`$ as the only non-vanishing isospin component (at $`t=0`$). The population in the $`m_f=0`$ component then acts as a knob between the two extreme squeezing type discussed earlier as well as between the $`G_Y`$ and $`T_3`$ terms. In the special case of within the $`T_3=0`$ block, we find that the dynamics of the system is determined only along the hypercharge $`Y`$ axis. Previous study in Ref. duan  with initial state $`|0,N_0,0`$ results in spin-mixing dynamics, due to which $`N_0`$ was found to quickly reduce to some value without further oscillations or recovery. In our scheme, we find $`n_{0,\pm }`$ all exhibits collapse and revival patterns, so does $`Y`$ as $`Y=N/3n_0`$. Even for the $`T_3=0`$ block, we have seen redistribution of noise among the $`U`$-$`V`$ components affects fluctuations in the isospin as well. The squeezing parameter

$`\xi _\varphi ^2={\displaystyle \frac{N\mathrm{\Delta }(T_y^{})^2}{T_x^{}^2+T_z^{}^2}},`$ (50)
is analogous to $`\xi _p^\alpha `$ (36) but for isospin $`T^{}=R[\varphi ]T`$ after rotated around $`x`$-axis by an angle $`\varphi `$. Isospin squeezing is then characterized by $`\xi _\varphi <1`$. At $`\varphi =2\pi /3`$, this occurs after a very short time (see Fig. 3). It is especially interesting to note that $`\xi _\varphi `$ exhibits collapse and revival patterns. The optimal angle $`\varphi _{\mathrm{min}}`$ for maximal squeezing (minimal $`\xi _\varphi `$) kris ; sorensen ; mol  is shown in Fig. 4. It oscillates around its time-averaged value $`2\pi /3`$. In general, we find $`\xi _\varphi `$ achieves its minimum sooner and the minimum is smaller with decreasing values of $`\theta `$ or increasing values of $`P_0`$.

This effect is clearly unique to three-mode systems. In usual population spectroscopy (e.g. Ramsey type) or in interferometry (e.g. of Mach-Zehnder type) for a two-mode system, particle partitioning noise and phase sensitivity can only be controlled by the modes involved directly. Here, the $`m_f=0`$ mode actually does not belong to the isospin group, yet it still influences the isospin noise properties. In contrast to the two-mode result $`N_\pm =J\pm J_z=N/2\pm 2T_3`$, a three-mode system has $`N_\pm =N/3+(U_3+V_3\pm 2T_3)/2`$. A direct measurement of $`N_+`$ or $`N_{}`$ will uncover all noise terms due to quantum correlations among the various spin components. A measurement of $`N_+N_{}`$, on the other hand, is similar to the two-mode case as the result is only affected by the noise in the isospin. When $`T_3=0`$, the influence of the $`m_f=0`$ mode population is reflected in the two-spin squeezing interaction between the $`U`$\- and $`V`$-spins, which in turn also redistributes the noise in isospin.

In Fig. 5, results of two-spin squeezing are shown for various initial Fock states $`|N_{},N_0,N_+`$ of a spinor-1 condensate. The lack of oscillations in Fig. 1(a) is due to non-oscillatory behavior of $`n_0`$ for the particular initial conditions used here. The solid curves are for the two-mode entanglement criterion of Ref. duan , valid only when $`N_0N_\pm `$. We see that when the initial states are such that $`N_\pm `$ modes are not near empty, the achievable two-spin or two mode squeezing essentially diminishes. However, there is a also turning point, when squeezing is again recovered if $`N_\pm `$ becomes significantly populated. Hence, we have found a new squeezing regime when the initial conditions are such that $`N_\pm N_0`$. The results are almost equivalent to the case $`N_0N_\pm `$ considered in Ref. duan . This new initial condition generates the two-mode entanglement via two spin squeezing between the $`U`$-$`V`$ spin modes, i.e. between the holstein-Primakoff bosons. It should be noted that the two-mode entanglement criterion in terms of spin squeezing parameters $`(\xi _\pm ^\alpha )^2`$ has been derived for $`N_0N_\pm `$ in Ref. duan . We show here that this criterion is also satisfied in the opposite case of $`N_0N_\pm `$. This observation emphasizes that the $`U`$-$`V`$ squeezing criterion and the corresponding mode-entanglement can be sought for other initial conditions when the criterion of Ref. duan  is no longer applicable. For that aim, we consider an initial state $`|25,0,75`$ as shown in Fig. 6, where the $`U`$-$`V`$ squeezing is indeed found.

## V Conclusion

We have provided a comprehensive treatment of quantum correlations in a spinor-1 condensate. Although no nonlinear interaction is apparent in the spinor condensate Hamiltonian when single mode approximation is made, interesting quantum correlations do develop within subgroups of the SU(3) system. We have analyzed a spinor-1 condensate in terms of its $`T`$-, $`U`$-, and $`V`$-spin components. We have found and characterized squeezing within one particular subgroup, similar to that of the isospin structure and we have numerically investigated its dynamics in terms of collapses and revivals. We have developed the $`U`$-$`V`$ spin squeezing as a generalization of the often adopted spin (1/2) squeezing kitagawa  to two-spin squeezing. Its relation to mode-entanglement duan  in the Holstein-Primakoff representation is also pointed out. We have presented new results for condensate fragmentation and spin-mixing phenomena in terms of the hypercharge symmetry and provided general phase-amplitude conditions for stationary states in the full quantum regime.

In a typical experiment, a small magnetic field gradient may be available stenger , which results in an effective Hamiltonian ho2  $`H_B=\alpha (T_++T_{})+\beta T_3^2\gamma _BT_3`$, instead of (6), with $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$, and $`\gamma _B`$ various renormalized parameters. In this case isospin squeezing still occurs through the one-axis twisting nonlinearity kitagawa .

Spin squeezing parameters can be measured directly by the interferometry or Ramsey spectroscopy kitagawa . Alternatively, the isospin ($`T`$) squeezing in spinor-1 condensate can also be observed experimentally with light scattering. Using Raman coupled laser fields, an interaction of the type $`H_R=g(T_+J_{}+h.c.)`$ can be engineered wu ; wang , where $`J_{}=\sqrt{2}(a_La_S^{}+a_L^{}a_A)`$ is an angular momentum operator, with $`a_A,a_S,a_L`$ the annihilation operators for anti-Stokes, Stokes, and pump photons. The interaction $`H_R`$ allows for the mapping of spin correlations into photon correlations as the total angular momentum $`T_3+J_z`$ is conserved. The solutions for $`J_{}(t)`$ depend on the initial conditions $`J_{}(0)`$ and $`T_{}(0)`$ wu ; wang . Therefore, the quadrature operators of scattered photons are directly related to initial condensate spin quadratures and a homodyne measurement for Stokes parameters of the Raman field can reveal isospin squeezing ozgur .

## VI Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. Y. Su for helpful discussions. This work is supported by the NSF grant No. PHY-9722410 and by a grant from the National Security Agency (NSA), Advanced Research and Development Activity (ARDA), and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) under Army Research Office (ARO) Contract No. DAAD19-01-1-0667.


text:
# Differential Transverse Flow in Central C-Ne and C-Cu Collisions at 3.7 GeV/nucleon

## I INTRODUCTION

The ultimate goal of high energy heavy-ion studies is to investigate nuclear matter under extreme conditions of high density and temperature. In particular, extensive experimental and theoretical efforts have been devoted to probe the nuclear Equation of State (EOS), to identify the Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) phase transition and to study properties of the Guark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) which is a novel form of matter. New information extracted from these studies is critical to many interesting questions in both nuclear physics and astrophysics. It is thus fundamentally important to find sensitive experimental probes of hot and dense nuclear matter. The collective phenomena found in heavy-ion collisions, such as the transverse (sideward directed) and elliptic flow of nuclear matter, have been shown to be among the most sensitive probes of the nuclear EOS. The transverse flow is the sideward deflection of nuclear matter moving forward and backward in the reaction plane. The transverse flow has been observed for nucleons, nuclear fragments and newly produced particles, such as pions and kaons, in heavy-ion collisions at all available energies ranging from the Fermi energy to the highest RHIC energy. Especially, around 4 GeV/nucleon where a transition from “squeeze-out” perpendicular to the reaction plane to the in-plane flow is expected, a number of flow measurements have been carried out at the AGS/BNL and the JINR/DUBNA. Clear evidence of the transverse and elliptic flow effects for protons and $`\pi ^{}`$ mesons have been obtained in central C-Ne and C-Cu collisions at energy of 3.7 GeV/nucleon by SKM-200-GIBS Collaboration at JINR/DUBNA. In C-Ne interactions the transverse flow of $`\pi ^{}`$ mesons is in the same direction as for the protons, while in C-Cu collisions pions show antiflow behabiour. From the transverse momentum and azimuthal distributions of protons and $`\pi ^{}`$ mesons with respect to the reaction plane defined by participant protons, the flow $`F`$ (a measure of the collective transverse momentum transfer in the reaction plane) and the parameter $`a_2`$ (a measure of the anisotropic emission strength) have been extracted. The flow effects increase with the mass of the particle and the mass number of target $`A_T`$. The scaled flow $`F_s=F/(A_P^{1/3}+A_T^{1/3})`$ have been used for comparison of transverse flow results of SKM-200-GIBS with flow data for various energies and projectile/target configurations. The $`F_s`$ demonstrates a common scaling behaviour of protons flow values for different energies (Bevalac, GSI/SIS, Dubna, AGS, SPS) and systems. Focusing on the total transverse flow, i.e., integrated over transverse momentum, these studies have revealed much interesting physics. In the present work, we report results of a differential transverse flow analysis as a function of transverse momentum for protons and pions in central C-Ne and C-Cu collisions at a beam energy of 3.7 Gev/nucleon measured at the SKM-200-GIBS setup of JINR.

## II EXPERIMENT

The SKM-200-GIBS setup consists of a 2 m streamer chamber with volume $`2\times 1\times 0.6m^3`$, placed in a magnetic field of 0.8 Tesla, and a triggering system. The streamer chamber was exposed to a beam of C nuclei accelerated in the synchrophasotron up to a momentum of 4.5 GeV/c/nucleon (beam energy $`E_{beam}=3.7`$ GeV/nucleon). The thickness of the solid target Cu (in the form of a thin disc) was 0.2 g/cm2. Neon gas filling of the chamber also served as a nuclear target. Photographs of the events were taken using an optical system with three objectives. The experimental set-up and the logic of the triggering system are presented in Fig. 1.

The triggering system allowed the selection of “inelastic” and “central” collisions. The “inelastic” trigger, consisting of two sets of scintillation counters mounted upstream (S1 \- S4) and downstream (S5, S6) the chamber, has been selecting all inelastic interactions of incident nuclei on a target. The “central” triggering system was consisting of the same upstream part as in the “inelastic” system and of scintillation veto counters (Sch, Sn), registering a projectile and its charged and neutral spectator fragments, in the downstream part. All counters were made from the plastic scintillators and worked with photomultipliers PM-30. The S1 counter with the scintillator of 20$`\times `$20$`\times `$0.5 cm3 size, worked in the amplitude regime and identified the beam nuclei by the charge. The nuclei from the beam, going to the target, has been selected using the profile counters S2, S3 with the plastic of 15 mm diameter and 3 mm thickness and “thin” counter S4 (15 mm and 0.1 mm correspondly). The Sch counters (two counters with plastic of 25$`\times `$25$`\times `$0.5 cm3 size) were placed at a distance of 6 m downstream the target and registered the secondary charged particles, emitted from the target within a cone of half angle $`\mathrm{\Theta }_{ch}`$=$`2.4^0`$, $`2.9^0`$ (the trigger efficiency was 99$`\%`$ for events with a single charged particle in the cone). The Sn counters registered the neutrons, emitted from the target in the solid angle $`\mathrm{\Theta }_n`$=$`1.8^0`$, $`2.8^0`$ (the trigger efficiency was 80$`\%`$ for one neutron). The Sn telescope consists from the five counters of 40$`\times `$40$`\times `$2 cm3 size, layered by iron blocks of 10 cm thickness. The trigger selected central C-Ne and C-Cu collisions defined as those without charged projectile spectator fragments (with $`p_Z>3`$ GeV/c ) within a cone of half angle $`\mathrm{\Theta }_{ch}`$ = 2.40.

The streamer chamber pictures were scanned twice, and a subsequent third scan resolved ambiguities or discrepancies between two scans. Primary results of scanning and measurements were biased due to several experimental effects and appropriate corrections were introduced :
1) The triggering system selected required projectile nuclei from a primary beam with an efficiency higher than $`99\%`$. The contamination due to interactions of other projectile nuclei with charge less than required biased the values of average multiplicities of secondary particles only insignificantly (the correction value $`0.5\%`$).
2) A trigger bias for central collisions arises whenever a projectile fragment hits the minimum bias veto-counter system and thus simulates a projectile-nucleus fragment. The effect was studied by simulating trajectories of secondary particles generated within the framework of the cascade model . The geometry of the experimental set-up and magnetic field distribution were taken into account. The biases thus estimated turned out to be below statistical errors in multiplicity, $`p_t`$ and $`y`$ distributions.
3) The corrections due to secondary interactions within a solid target turned out to be negligible (the correction value $`0.5\%`$).
4) Pion detection was biased against low momenta. Pions were registered with practically no bias when their momenta were $`p`$ 40 MeV/c for the solid targets and $`p`$ 20 MeV/c for gaseous $`Ne`$. Pions with lower momenta were also registered, however their detection efficiency depends on the path length in the target. The corrections could be delivered properly only for colliding with equal masses under the requirement of the symmetry $`yp_t`$ plots in the c.m. system ( $`0.6\%`$ in average multiplicity). A very rough estimation for asymmetric pairs of colliding nuclei showed that the correction values are $`(0.52)\%`$.
5) The samples of negative secondaries include $`K^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ tracks. The contamination was estimated from $`pp`$ data  and from our results on strange particle production  (the correction value $`0.5\%`$).
6) Corrections for scanning losses originate from two sources:
a) scanning inefficiency ($`2\%`$);
b) losses of the tracks with a small projection length (which may be screened by the target container or a flash around the vertex) and/or a small track curvature ( $`14\%`$) The corrections were estimated under the requirement of azimuthal symmetry for each emission angle interval for all groups of the measured interactions separately. The correction values are $`0.53.5\%`$.
7) The measurement precision essentially depends on the track length and its dip angle. In the samples of events considered $`515\%`$ of $`\pi ^{}`$ mesons turned out to be unmeasurable or were rejected because of large errors. The measurement losses of $`\pi ^{}`$ mesons concerned practically only well determined intervals of emission angles, and, consequently, appropriate corrections, based on azimuthal symmetry, could be introduced in the spectra. Inaccuracy of the corrections was calculated, and systematic uncertainties of these corrections were found to be less than statistical ones. The ratio $`\sigma _{cent}`$/$`\sigma _{inel}`$ (that characterizes the centrality of selected events) is (9$`\pm `$1)$`\%`$ for C-Ne and (21$`\pm `$3)$`\%`$ for C-Cu. The average errors in measuring the momentum and production angle are $`<\mathrm{\Delta }p/p>`$= (8-10)$`\%`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$$`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ =1$`{}_{}{}^{0}2^0`$, respectively, for protons, while for pions $`<\mathrm{\Delta }p/p>`$= 5$`\%`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$$`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ =0.50, respectively.

## III DIFFERENTIAL FLOW OF NUCLEONS AND PIONS IN C-Ne AND C-Cu COLLISIONS

Several different methods have been utilized for analyzing flow effects in relativistic nuclear collisions, among them the transverse momentum analysis  and Fourier expansion of particle azimuthal angle distributions  have been most widely used. More recently, it has been found that the differential analysis of the flow strength as a function of transverse momentum is more useful in revealing detailed properties of the hot and dense matter, see, e.g. . In this work, we adopt the method of differential flow analysis first used by the E877 collaboration in ref. . Let $`N^+(N^{})`$ be the number of particles emitted in the same (opposite) direction of the transverse flow near projectile rapidity, then the ratio $`R(p_t)=(dN^+/dp_t)/(dN^{}/dp_t)`$ as a function of $`p_t`$ is a direct measure of the strength of differential flow near the projectile rapidity. It has been shown experimentally that more detailed information about the collective flow can be obtained by studying this ratio . The differential flow data also provides a much more stringent test ground for relativistic heavy-ion reaction theories. It was shown theoretically by Li et al in ref.  and Voloshin in ref.  that the ratio $`R(p_t)`$ at high $`p_t`$ is particularly useful in studying the EOS of dense and hot matter formed in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.

The data have been analysed event by event using the transverse momentum technique of P.Danielewicz and G.Odyniec . The reaction plane have been defined for the paricipant protons i.e. protons which are not fragments of the projectile ($`p/z>3`$ GeV/c , $`\mathrm{\Theta }<4^0`$) and target ($`p/z<0.2`$ GeV/c). They represent the protons participating in the collision. The analysis have been carried out on 723 C-Ne and 663 events. The average multiplicities of participant protons are $`<N_p>=12.4\pm 0.5`$ in C-Ne and $`<N_p>=19.5\pm 0.6`$ in C-Cu, respectively.

The admixture of $`\pi ^+`$ mesons amongst the protons is about (25$`÷`$27) $`\%`$. For the event by event analysis it is necessary to perform an identification of $`\pi ^+`$ mesons and separate them from the protons. The statistical method have been used for identification of $`\pi ^+`$ mesons. The main assumption is based on the similarity of spectra of $`\pi ^{}`$ and $`\pi ^+`$ mesons ($`n_\pi `$, $`p_t`$, $`p_l`$). The two-dimentional – transverse and longitudinal momentum distribution ($`p_t`$, $`p_l`$) have been used for identification of $`\pi ^+`$ mesons. It had been assumed, that $`\pi ^{}`$ and $`\pi ^+`$ mesons hit a given cell of the plane ($`p_t`$, $`p_l`$) with equal probability. The difference in multiplicity of $`\pi ^+`$ and $`\pi ^{}`$ in each event was required to be no more than 2. After this procedure the admixture of $`\pi ^+`$ is less than (5-7)$`\%`$. The temperature of the identified protons agrees with our previous result , obtained by the spectra subtraction.

In the transverse momentum analysis technique of P.Danielewicz and G.Odyniec  the reaction plane is defined by the transverse vector $`\stackrel{}{Q}`$

$`\stackrel{}{Q}={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\omega _i\stackrel{}{p_i}`$ (1)
where $`i`$ is a particle index, $`\omega _i`$ is a weight and $`p_i`$ is the transverse momentum of particle $`i`$. The reaction plane is the plane containing $`\stackrel{}{Q}`$ and the beam axis. The weight $`\omega _i`$ is taken as 1 for yi$`>`$ ycm and -1 for yi$`<`$ ycm, where ycm is c.m.s. rapidity and yi is the rapidity of particle $`i`$. Autocorrelations are removed by calculating $`\stackrel{}{Q}`$ individually for each particle without including that particle into the sum (1).

$`\stackrel{}{Q_j}={\displaystyle \underset{ij}{\overset{n}{}}}\omega _i\stackrel{}{p_i}`$ (2)
The transverse momentum of each particle in the estimated reaction plane is calculated as

$`p_{xj}^{}={\displaystyle \frac{\underset{ij}{}\omega _i(\stackrel{}{p_j}\stackrel{}{p_i})}{|\stackrel{}{Q_j}|}}`$ (3)
As we study an asymmetric pair of colliding nuclei, we chose to bypass the difficulties associated with the center-of-mass determination and carried out the analysis in the laboratory frame. We have replaced the original weight $`\omega _i`$, by the continuous function $`\omega _i`$= $`y_i`$ \- $`<y>`$ as in , where $`<y>`$ is the average rapidity, calculated for each event over all the participant protons.

It is known , that the estimated reaction plane differs from the true one, due to the finite number of particles in each event. For the estimation of reaction plane resolution we divided randomly each event into two equal sub-events (1 and 2) and the reaction plane vector in both half-events have been evaluated separately, getting $`\stackrel{}{Q_1}`$ and $`\stackrel{}{Q_2}`$. Then estimated the azimuth angle difference between the vectors $`\stackrel{}{Q_1}`$ and $`\stackrel{}{Q_2}`$ $`\mathrm{\Delta }\phi _R=\mathrm{\Phi }_1\mathrm{\Phi }_2`$. The distributions of this $`\mathrm{\Delta }\phi _R`$ have been plotted for the whole experimental samples. The distributions are sharply peaked around $`\mathrm{\Delta }\phi _R=0`$ ( for C-Cu see Fig. 2). A uniform distributions have been recovered for the whole event ($`\mathrm{\Phi }`$) and two sub-events ($`\mathrm{\Phi }_1`$, $`\mathrm{\Phi }_2`$) reaction planes azimuth angles. According to ref. , the $`\sigma _r<\mathrm{\Delta }\phi _R>/2`$ is a good measure of the reaction plane resolution. We found that $`\sigma _r=26^0`$ for C-Ne and $`\sigma _r=23^0`$ for C-Cu, respectively.

First, in Fig. 3 we examine the transverse momentum spectra of protons detected on the same $`(dN^+/dp_t)`$ and opposite $`(dN^{}/dp_t)`$ side of the transverse flow (reaction plane) in central C-Ne (window a) and C-Cu (window b) interactions, respectively. These protons are not used in the definition of the reaction plane. Here only protons emitted in the rapidity intervals of 1.7$`<`$ Y $`<`$ 2.4 for C-Ne and 1.3$`<`$ Y $`<`$ 2.7 for C-Cu, respectively, are considered. The chosen rapidity ranges are around the projectile rapidity of $`Y_{proj}=2.28`$. In these rapidity ranges particles with high transverse momenta must have suffered very violent collisions and thus originate most likely from the very hot and dense participant region. On the other hand, particles with low transverse momenta are mostly from cold spectators. It is seen that there is a clear excess of protons emitted to the same side of the directed flow for both C-Ne and C-Cu collisions. In both collisions the spectra show typical exponential behaviour for p$`{}_{t}{}^{}`$ 0.2 GeV/c. The spectra for particles in the same and opposite directions of the transverse flow are approximately parallel to each other at pt larger than about 0.7 GeV/c. These findings are similar to those observed by the E877 collaboration for protons in central Au-Au collisions at a beam energy of 10.8 GeV/nucleon.

The above observations can be understood qualitatively within the transversely moving thermal model of Li et al.. Assuming that all or a fraction of particles in a small rapidity bin around $`Y_{proj}`$ are in local thermal equilibrium at a local temperature $`T`$, and the center of mass of these particles are moving with a velocity $`\beta `$ along the transverse flow direction $`+x`$ in the reaction plane, then the transverse momentum spectrum of these particles can be written as

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d^3N}{p_tdp_td\varphi dY}}=C\gamma (E\beta p_tcos(\varphi ))e^{\gamma (E\beta p_tcos(\varphi ))/T}`$ (4)
where $`C`$ is a normalization constant, $`\gamma =1/\sqrt{1\beta ^2}`$ and $`\varphi `$ is the azimuthal angle with respect to the reaction plane. The transverse momentum spectra for particles emitted in the same ($`dN^+/p_tdp_t`$) and opposite ($`dN^{}/p_tdp_t`$) directions of the transverse flow are then

$`{\displaystyle \frac{dN_\pm }{p_tdp_t}}=C_\pm e^{\gamma E/T}(\gamma ET\alpha )e^{\pm \alpha }`$ (5)
where $`\alpha \gamma \beta p_t/T`$. These distributions reduce to simple exponents

$`{\displaystyle \frac{dN_\pm }{p_tdp_t}}exp(p_t/T_{eff}^\pm )`$ (6)
at high transverse momenta $`p_t`$. In the above equation, the inverse slopes or effective temperatures $`T_{eff}^\pm `$ in the semilogarithmic plot of the spectra at high $`p_t`$ are

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{T_{eff}^\pm }}=\underset{p_t\mathrm{}}{lim}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dp_t}}ln\left({\displaystyle \frac{dN^\pm }{p_tdp_t}}\right)\right]={\displaystyle \frac{\gamma }{T}}\left(cosh(Y)\beta \right).`$ (7)
In general, the inverse slope $`1/T_{eff}^\pm `$ reflects combined effects of the temperature $`T`$ and the transverse flow velocity $`\beta `$. For the special case of considering particles at midrapidity, $`\beta `$ is zero and the effective temperatures are equal to the local temperature $`T`$ of the thermal source. Otherwise, one normally expects $`T_{eff}^+>T_{eff}^{}`$. For high energy heavy ion collisions in the region of 1 to 10 GeV/nucleon, $`\beta `$ is much smaller than $`cosh(Y)`$ around the projectile rapidity, thus one again expects $`T_{eff}^+T_{eff}^{}`$ at high transverse momenta, i.e two approximately parallel spectra $`dN^+/p_tdp_t`$ and $`dN^{}/p_tdp_t`$ at high $`p_t`$. The distributions $`(dN^+/dp_t)`$ and $`(dN^{}/dp_t)`$ have been fitted by eq.(5). For C-Ne in the rapidity interval of 1.7$`<`$ Y $`<`$ 2.4 from the $`(dN^+/dp_t)`$ spectra at high $`p_t`$ ( $`p_t>0.6`$ GeV/c) the temperature $`T`$ and flow velocity have been obtained: $`T=128\pm 5`$ MeV/c, $`\beta =0.016\pm 0.004`$; from the $`(dN^{}/dp_t)`$ spectra at high $`p_t`$ the following values of temperature $`T`$ and flow velocity have been obtained: $`T=130\pm 4`$ MeV/c, $`\beta =0.019\pm 0.005`$. For C-Cu in the rapidity interval of 1.3$`<`$ Y $`<`$ 2.7 respectively, from the $`(dN^+/dp_t)`$ spectra at high $`p_t`$ ( $`p_t>0.6`$ GeV/c): $`T=135\pm 4`$ MeV/c, $`\beta =0.025\pm 0.006`$; from the $`(dN^{}/dp_t)`$ spectra: $`T=132\pm 6`$ MeV/c, $`\beta =0.023\pm 0.007`$. The results of fitting are superimposed on spectra in Fig. 3. One can see, that the values of temperatures and flow velocities from the $`(dN^+/dp_t)`$ and $`(dN^{}/dp_t)`$ spectra coincide both for C-Ne and C-Cu.

To study the strength of differential transverse flow, we compare in Fig. 4 the ratios $`R(p_t)`$ as a function of pt for C-Ne and C-Cu collisions. It is seen that the ratios increase gradually at low pt and reach a limiting value of about 1.9 and 2.5 in the reaction of C-Ne and C-Cu, respectively. The values of $`R(p_t)`$ are greater than one in the whole transverse momentum range, indicating that protons are emitted preferentially in the flow direction at all transverse momenta. It is an unambiguous signature of the sideward collective flow. Similar results have also been obtained by the E877 collaboration for protons in Au-Au collisions at 10.8 GeV/nucleon where the ratio $`R(p_t)`$ increases with $`p_t`$ and finally saturates at about 2.

The saturation of $`R(p_t)`$ at high $`p_t`$ is also what one expects within the transversely moving thermal model. From Eq. 5 one obtains readily

$`R(p_t)={\displaystyle \frac{dN^+/p_tdp_t}{dN^{}/p_tdp_t}}={\displaystyle \frac{C_+}{C_{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1\beta \frac{p_t}{E}}{1+\beta \frac{p_t}{E}}}e^{2p_t\frac{\gamma \beta }{T}}.`$ (8)
This ratio normally increases with $`p_t`$ for any given values of $`T`$ and $`\beta `$, but it becomes almost a constant at high $`p_t`$ for very small $`\beta /T`$ ratios. In relativistic heavy-ion collisions, particles are emitted continuously at different freeze-out temperatures during the whole reaction process. In particular, particles with high $`p_t`$ are mostly emitted in the early stage of the reaction from the most violent regions where the local temperatures are high. Since the ratio $`R(p_t)`$ varies very slowly with $`p_t`$ for low $`\beta /T`$ ratios, one thus expects an approximately constant value of $`R(p_t)`$ at high $`p_t`$. At low transverse momenta, however, $`R(p_t)`$ is affected mostly by particles from the cold spectators, and the ratio $`R(p_t)`$ approaches one as $`p_t`$ goes to zero.

Now we turn to the analysis of differential transverse flow for negative pions in the C-Ne and C-Cu reactions. Shown in Fig. 5 are the $`R(p_t)`$ ratios for negative pions in the rapidity range of $`1.0<Y<2.5`$. The solid lines are the linear fits to the experimental data to guide the eye. In the C-Ne collisions the ratio $`R(p_t)`$ is greater than one in the whole range of transverse momentum, indicating pions are flowing on average to the same direction as protons. Moreover, the strength of the pion differential transverse flow increases almost linearly with $`p_t`$ and reaches about 1.2 at $`p_t`$=0.9 GeV/c. On the contrary, it is seen that an anti-flow is observed for $`\pi ^{}`$ mesons in the reaction of C-Cu. Thus, in C-Ne interactions the pions are preferentially emitted in the direction of the proton transverse flow, while in C-Cu reactions pions are preferentially emitted away from the direction of the proton transverse flow. It is necessary to mention here that a similar target dependence of the pion preferential emission in asymmetric nucleus-nucleus collisions was first observed by the DIOGENE collaboration. Our results are consistent with theirs. This target dependence of the apparent pion transverse flow was explained quantitatively by nuclear shadowing effects of the heavier target within nuclear transport models . Our results on the pion differential transverse flow and its dependence on the target are thus also understandable.

## IV SUMMARY

In summary, the differential transverse flow of protons and pions in central C-Ne and C-Cu collisions at a beam energy of 3.7 Gev/nucleon were measured at the SKM-200-GIBS setup of JINR. The strength of proton differential transverse flow is found to first increase gradually and then saturate with the increasing transverse momentum. ¿From the transverse momentum distributions of protons emitted in the reaction plane to the same and opposite side of the transverse flow the temperatures and flow velocity $`\beta `$ have been extracted in C-Ne and C-Cu collisions. The observations are in qualitative agreement with predictions of a transversely moving thermal model. In the whole range of transverse momentum studied, pions are found to be preferentially emitted in the same direction of the proton transverse flow in the reaction of C-Ne, while an anti-flow of pions is found in the reaction of C-Cu due to stronger shadowing effects of the heavier target. The differential flow data for both protons and pions provide a more stringent testing ground for relativistic heavy-ion reaction theories. Detailed comparisons with predictions of relativistic transport models on the differential flow will be useful to extract more reliable information about the nuclear EOS. Such an endeavor is underway and results will be published elsewhere.

## V ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank M. Anikina, A. Golokhvastov, S. Khorozov and J. Lukstins for fruitful collaboration during the obtaining of the data. The work of B.A. Li was supported in part by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grant No. PHY-0088934 and the Arkansas Science and Technology Authority under Grant No. 00-B-14.

## Figure Captions

Fig. 1. SKM-200-GIBS experimental set-up. The trigger and the trigger distances are not to scale.

Fig. 2. Reaction plane resolution for C-Cu collisions. The curve is the result of data approximation by the polynom of 4-th order to guide the eye.

Fig. 3. The transverse momentum distributions of protons emitted in the reaction plane to the same ($``$) and opposite ($``$) side of the transverse flow in a) C-Ne and b) C-Cu collisions. The lines are results of fitting by eq.(5) at high $`p_t`$.

Fig. 4. Ratios of the yield of protons emitted to the same and opposite side of the transverse flow as a function of $`p_t`$ in C-Ne ($``$) and C-Cu ($``$) collisions. The curves are logarithmic fits to guide the eye.

Fig. 5. Ratios of the yield of $`\pi ^{}`$ mesons emitted to the same and opposite side of the transverse flow as a function of $`p_t`$ in C-Ne ($``$) and C-Cu ($``$) collisions. The lines are linear fits to the data to guide the eye.


text:
# Perturbative Evaluation of the Effective Action for a Self-Interacting Conformal Field on a Manifold with Boundary

## Abstract.

In a series of three projects a new technique which allows for higher-loop renormalisation on a manifold with boundary has been developed and used in order to assess the effects of the boundary on the dynamical behaviour of the theory. Commencing with a conceptual approach to the theoretical underpinnings of the, underlying, spherical formulation of Euclidean Quantum Field Theory this overview presents an outline of the stated technique’s conceptual development, mathematical formalism and physical significance.

present e-mail address: gts@gscas.ac.cn

I. Introduction

The investigation of the effects generated on the dynamical behaviour of quantised matter fields by the presence of a boundary in the background geometry is an issue of central importance in Euclidean Quantum Gravity. This issue arises naturally in the context of any evaluation of radiative corrections to a semi-classical tunnelling geometry and has been studied at one-loop level through use of heat kernel and functional techniques. These methods were subsequently extended in the presence of matter couplings. Despite their success, however, such techniques have limited significance past one-loop order. Not only are explicit calculations of higher-order radiative effects far more reliable for the qualitative assessment of the theory’s dynamical behaviour under conformal rescalings of the metric but they are, in addition, explicitly indicative of boundary related effects on that behaviour. Such higher-order calculations necessarily rely on diagrammatic techniques on a manifold with boundary. Fundamental in such a calculational context is the evaluation of the contribution which the boundary of the manifold has to the relativistic propagator of the relevant quantised matter field coupled to the manifold’s semi-classical background geometry. It would be instructive, in this respect, to initiate an approach to such a higher loop-order renormalisation on a manifold with boundary by outlining the considerations which eventuated in the ”background field” method, that approach to metric quantisation which is predicated on a fixed geometrical background.

The analysis relevant to the background field method can most easily be exemplified in the case of a massless scalar field minimally coupled to the background geometry. In the case of flat Euclidean space - defined by the analytical extension which eventuates in the replacement of $`x_0`$ by $`ix_0`$ \- the generating functional relevant to the massless scalar field $`\varphi `$ coupled to a classical source $`J`$ is

(1)
$$Z[J]=D[\varphi ]e^{{\scriptscriptstyle d^4x[{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}\varphi ^2\varphi J\varphi ]}}$$

which, upon Gaussian integration yields

(2)
$$Z[J]=[det(^2)]^{\frac{1}{2}}e^{{\scriptscriptstyle d^4xd^4y[J(x)\mathrm{\Delta }(x,y)J(y)]}}$$

as a result of which, the scalar propagator of momentum $`k`$

$$xy$$

is

(3)
$$\mathrm{\Delta }(x,y)=\frac{d^4k}{(2\pi )^4}\frac{e^{ik.(xy)}}{k^2}$$

The generating functional in the presence of gravity with a minimal coupling between the massless scalar field and the background metric $`g_{\mu \nu }`$, which for the sake of mathematical consistency in the context of the present formalism is taken to have a Euclidean signature, is

(4)
$$Z[J]=D[\varphi ]e^{{\scriptscriptstyle d^4x\left[{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}\varphi [({\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{g}}}_\mu g^{\mu \nu }\sqrt{g}_\nu )g]\varphi J\varphi \sqrt{g}\right]}}$$

where the Riemannian manifold has been assumed, without loss of generality, to have no boundary so as to allow for vanishing surface terms. Again, Gaussian integration results in

(5)
$$Z[J]=[det(\frac{1}{\sqrt{g}}_\mu g^{\mu \nu }\sqrt{g}_\nu )g]^{\frac{1}{2}}e^{\frac{1}{2}{\scriptscriptstyle d^4xd^4y\left[J(x)G(x,y)J(y)\right]}}$$

which reveals the scalar propagator

(6)
$$G(x,y)=<x|[(\frac{1}{\sqrt{g}}_\mu g^{\mu \nu }\sqrt{g}_\nu )g]^1|y>$$

with $`|x>,|y>`$ being orthonormal vectors in a suitably defined Hilbert space.

It would appear that the presence of such a propagator on the fixed geometrical background $`g_{\mu \nu }`$ is consistent and would, for that matter, allow for the evaluation of scalar vacuum effects on condition of a tractable mathematical expression for the inverse to the associated metric-dependent kernel. Such an appearance, however, is physically irrelevant. If the coupling between the scalar field and the background geometry is strong enough for the renormalisation group behaviour of the theory to justify the second quantisation of the former then, inevitably, the non-linear character of gravity in the context of the equivalence principle will render gravity, itself, just as much subject to second quantisation with the same degree of physical necessity . The quantisation of gravity enters, for that matter, non-trivially at all scales, a fact which necessitates a consistent approach at least at the level of the quantisation of the background metric $`g_{\mu \nu }`$. In the absence of a consistent quantum theory of gravity it would appear reasonable, in this respect, to pursue a linearised approach to second quantisation by quantising linear local perturbations $`h_{\mu \nu }`$ of the background metric $`g_{\mu \nu }^c`$ successfully implemented through

(7)
$$g_{\mu \nu }=g_{\mu \nu }^c+h_{\mu \nu }$$

so as to allow for $`h_{\mu \nu }`$ to be treated as a null fluid in the stress tensor .

In the spirit of the background field approach to metric quantisation as outlined above the quantised linear perturbations $`h_{\mu \nu }`$ represent the graviton, the quantum of the metric field propagating on the fixed background $`g_{\mu \nu }^c`$. Naturally, in such an approach the weakness of the gravitational coupling $`G`$ with respect to any other matter-field couplings at length scales well above the Planck scale allows for a consistent perturbative expansion with respect to the latter while keeping the former at the second-quantised zero order. The evaluation of such a perturbative expansion at high orders is predicated on a concrete mathematical expression for the matter-field propagator on $`g_{\mu \nu }^c`$. Such an issue, is in general, non-trivial. Specifically, the inverse to the kernel for the scalar propagator in (6) does not readily admit a closed expression in a general space-time. The only consistent approach in the content of the background field method is its treatment as a perturbative expansion through (7). The relevant diagrammatic representation involves both graviton-contributions which the scalar propagator on the background geometry of $`g_{\mu \nu }^c`$ receives to all orders

and scalar-contributions which the graviton propagator on the same background receives to all orders.

The other dynamical aspect which (5) involves, in addition to that of the two propagators, stems from the associated determinant. Contrary to the Minkowski-space case expressed in (2), the metric-dependent determinant in (5) contributes non-trivially to the vacuum-to-vacuum amplitude expressed by $`Z[J]`$. It has to be subjected, for that matter, to the same perturbative expansion through (7), an operation which is consistently accomplished through the exponentiation

(8)
$$e^{\frac{1}{2}Trln(\frac{1}{\sqrt{g}}_\mu g^{\mu \nu }\sqrt{g}_\nu )g}$$

The trace in the exponentiated determinant results effectively in $`xy`$ and generates, for that matter, a new diagrammatic representation with each of the previous scalar propagators closing upon itself

as well as with each of the graviton propagators undergoing the same process.

The diagrammatic expansions for the scalar and graviton propagators as well as for that of the one-loop effective action correspond to representations derived through adiabatic expansions in Riemann normal coordinates and heat kernel techniques . It is evident that, the necessary for perturbation, closed expression for such expansions is unattainable unless the relevant space-time is characterised by a high degree of symmetry. The natural candidate for such a space-time is the only maximally symmetric curved manifold, the de Sitter space. The $`n`$-dimensional de Sitter space can be represented as a hyperboloid

(9)
$$z_0^2\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}z_i^2=a^2$$

embedded in a $`n+1`$-dimensional Minkowski space with metric

(10)
$$ds^2=dz_0^2\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}dz_i^2$$

The Euclidean analogue of this space is a $`n`$-dimensional sphere $`S_n`$ of radius $`a`$

(11)
$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{n+1}{}}z_i^2=a^2$$

embedded in a $`n+1`$-dimensional Euclidean space. Since de Sitter space is conformally equivalent to Minkowski space the action for a massless scalar field conformally coupled to the background geometry of $`S_n`$ can readily be obtained by a conformal transformation of the corresponding exponentiated action featured in (1), in flat Euclidean space

(12)
$$S[\mathrm{\Phi }]=d^n\sigma \left[\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{2a^2}\mathrm{\Phi }(L^2\frac{n(n2)}{2})\mathrm{\Phi }\frac{\lambda }{\mathrm{\Gamma }(p+1)}\mathrm{\Phi }^p\right]$$

with $`d^n\sigma =a^n\mathrm{\Omega }_{n+1}`$ being the volume element of the embedded $`S_n`$, with $`p=\frac{2n}{n2}`$ and with

(13)
$$L_{ab}=\eta _a\frac{}{\eta _b}\eta _b\frac{}{\eta _a}$$

being the generator of rotations on $`S_n`$ defined in terms of the embedding vector $`\eta `$. The formal equivalence between the spherically formulated scalar action obtained through the stated conformal transformation and the conformal scalar action defined directly on $`S_n`$ has been shown .

It is evident that the closed expression which the kernel associated with the quadratic expression for the scalar field in (12) admits results, upon Gaussian integration over its exponentiated expression which replaces that in (4), in an exact expression for the scalar propagator $`D(\eta ,\eta ^{})`$ in (Euclidean) de Sitter space. Such an expression represents, in effect, an exact result for the formal summation of the graviton contributions to the scalar propagator

and is given by the elementary Haddamard function for propagation between the space-time points $`\eta `$ and $`\eta ^{}`$ on $`S_4`$

(14)
$$D(\eta ,\eta ^{})=\frac{1}{4\pi ^2}\frac{1}{|\eta \eta ^{}|^2}$$

The preceding analysis, effectively, reveals how maximal symmetry renders the evaluation of higher-loop order vacuum effects and renormalisation tractable on a curved manifold. For example, the infinite series of diagrams in the case of a three-loop vacuum diagram effected by the presence of a $`\lambda \varphi ^4`$ self-interaction in a general space-time amounts on $`S_4`$ to an exact expression for a three-loop diagram derived from the scalar propagator $`D(\eta ,\eta ^{})`$

In outlining the merit which maximal symmetry has for higher-loop renormalisation the preceding analysis calls into question the possibility of any extension of the concommitant spherical formulation to the physically important case of the spherical cap $`C_4`$. The $`C_n`$ is the n-dimensional Riemannian manifold of constant positive curvature embedded in an $`n+1`$-dimensional Euclidean space and bounded by a $`n1`$-dimensional sphere of positive extrinsic curvature $`K`$ (diverging normals). From the outset, such a geometric context is impervious to a direct application of the spherical formulation of a quantum field theory in four dimensions and, yet, suggestive of it. Specifically, the presence of a boundary in the manifold of constant positive curvature dispenses altogether with maximal symmetry. The remaining symmetry falls short of meeting the demand of expunging the theory of the mathematical complications hitherto discussed. It would be instructive, in this respect, to outline the fundamental differences which the direct application of the spherical formulation entails in the case of a massless conformal field coupled to the background geometry of $`S_n`$ and to that of $`C_n`$ with a Dirichlet condition of a vanishing value $`\mathrm{\Phi }_C=0`$ on the boundary. The unbounded Laplace operator $`M`$ defined on $`S_n`$ being the kernel in the quadratic expression for the spherical action in (12)

(15)
$$M=\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{2a^2}[L^2\frac{n(n2)}{2})\mathrm{\Phi }\frac{\lambda }{\mathrm{\Gamma }(p+1)}]$$

is conformally related to the corresponding d’Alambertian $`^2`$ in flat space-time and admits a complete set of eigenfunctions

(16)
$$MY_\alpha ^N(\eta )=\lambda _NY_\alpha ^N(\eta )$$

The latter are the spherical harmonics $`Y_\alpha ^N(\eta )`$ on $`S_n`$ . They are characterised by an integer degree $`N`$ which is physically associated with the angular momentum flowing through the relevant propagator. In effect, the Green function $`D(\eta ,\eta ^{})`$ associated with $`M`$

(17)
$$MD(\eta ,\eta ^{})=\delta ^{(n)}(\eta ,\eta ^{})$$

admits an expansion in terms of $`Y_\alpha ^N(\eta )`$

(18)
$$D(\eta ,\eta ^{})=\underset{N=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\underset{\alpha =0}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{1}{\lambda _N}Y_\alpha ^N(\eta )Y_\alpha ^N(\eta ^{})$$

which renders the spherical formulation a concrete mathematical content in configuration space primarily through the - fundamental to perturbative calculations - formula

(19)
$$[(\eta \eta ^{})^2]^\nu =\underset{N=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\underset{\alpha =0}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{(2a)^{2\nu +n}\pi ^{\frac{n}{2}}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\nu +\frac{n}{2})\mathrm{\Gamma }(N\nu )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(N+n+\nu )\mathrm{\Gamma }(\nu )}Y_\alpha ^N(\eta )Y_\alpha ^N(\eta ^{})$$

In light of these mathematical underpinnings relevant to the spherical formulation in the stated case on $`S_n`$ it becomes evident that any attempt for a direct application of the same formulation on $`C_n`$ fails. Specifically, the action for the conformal scalar field although mathematically identical to (12) generates an additional boundary term in the Einstein-Hilbert action $`S_{EH}`$ involving the extrinsic curvature and the metric $`h_{ij}`$ induced on the boundary with the stated Dirichlet condition. In effect, the action $`S`$ for the theory on $`C_n`$ is the additive result of (12) and the gravitational action

(20)
$$S=S[\mathrm{\Phi }]+S_{EH}$$

with $`S_{EH}`$ being for $`n=4`$

(21)
$$S_{EH}=\frac{1}{16\pi }\frac{1}{G}_Cd^4\sigma (R2\mathrm{\Lambda })+_Cd^3x\sqrt{h}K\mathrm{\Phi }^2$$

As stated, this action is invariant under the set of conformal rescalings of the metric

(22)
$$g_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{\Omega }^2(x)g_{\mu \nu };\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Omega }^{1\frac{n}{2}}\mathrm{\Phi }$$

This mathematical context reveals that, although the mathematical expression of the bounded spherical Laplace operator $`M_c`$ on $`C_n`$ remains the same as that of $`M`$, its different domain generated by the presence of the boundary alters non-trivially the spectrum of eigenvalues thereby generating non-integer degrees $`N`$. In effect, the $`n`$-dimensional spherical harmonics $`Y_\alpha ^N(\eta )`$, although still eigenfunctions of $`M_c`$, no longer form a complete set. For that matter, configuration-space computations on $`C_n`$ are substantially intractable as a result of the absence of the pivotal relation (19) . Moreover, the emergence of fractional degrees would tend to obscure the physical interpretation of any results attained by perturbative calculations. The presence of a boundary is, on the evidence, incompatible with a direct application of the spherical formulation.

It is evident, as a result of the preceding analysis, that the mathematical complications stemming from the presence of the boundary relate directly to the associated eigenvalue problem. It would be desirable, for that matter, to relate the eigenvalue problem for the bounded Laplace operator $`M_c`$ defined on $`C_n`$ to that for the unbounded Laplace operator $`M`$ on $`S_n`$, the covering manifold of $`C_n`$. The method of images is the simplest expedient to this end and is predicated on the premise that the stated boundary effects which the propagator on $`S_n`$ receives due to $`C`$ can, themeselves, be treated as equivalent to propagation on $`S_n`$ in a manner which reproduces the boundary condition. In the present case of $`\mathrm{\Phi }_C=0`$ the method of images results in

(23)
$$D_c^{(n)}(\eta ,\eta ^{})=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{n}{2}1)}{4\pi ^{\frac{n}{2}}}\left[\frac{1}{|\eta \eta ^{}|^{n2}}\frac{1}{|\frac{a_\eta ^{}}{a_B}\eta \frac{a_B}{a_\eta ^{}}\eta ^{}|^{n2}}\right]$$

for the conformal scalar propagator with $`a_\eta ^{}`$ being the geodesic distance between the cap’s pole and space-time point $`\eta ^{}`$ The merit of the method of images is explicit. The fundamental part of the propagator, being identical to (14), signifies propagation on $`S_n`$ whereas the boundary part, which expresses the contributions of $`C`$ on the fundamental part, can be seen to signify, itself, propagation on $`S_n`$ between the associated space-time points $`\frac{a_\eta ^{}}{a_B}\eta `$ and $`\frac{a_B}{a_\eta ^{}}\eta ^{}`$. In effect, although as stated $`D_c^{(n)}(\eta ,\eta ^{})`$ is impervious to an expansion on the lines of (18) both its fundamental and boundary components admit, in principle, such an expansion. Herein the merit of this technique lies. The spherical formulation emerges independently for both components of the propagator on $`C_n`$. Specifically, the image propagator on $`S_n`$ associated with the boundary component of $`D_c^{(n)}(\eta ,\eta ^{})`$ also admits a desired expansion on the lines of (19). However, although the limit of vanishing geodesic separations at the coincidence limit $`\eta \eta ^{}`$ is, as expected, inherent in the singular component the same limit is unattainable by the boundary component which remains, effectively, always finite - as was mathematically expected from the boundary part of the Green function $`D_c^{(n)}(\eta ,\eta ^{})`$. That, in turn, enforces upon the stated expansion for image propagation the condition of vanishing propagation for geodesic distances smaller than $`|\frac{a_\eta ^{}}{a_B}\eta ^{}\frac{a_B}{a_\eta ^{}}\eta ^{}|`$. In effect, the - equivalent to (19) - expansion for image propagation is

(24)
$$[|\frac{a_\eta ^{}}{a_B}\eta \frac{a_B}{a_\eta ^{}}\eta ^{}|^2]^\nu =\underset{N=0}{\overset{N_0}{}}\underset{\alpha =0}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{(2a)^{2\nu +n}\pi ^{\frac{n}{2}}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\nu +\frac{n}{2}+\frac{1}{N_0})\mathrm{\Gamma }(N\nu +\frac{1}{N_0})}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(N+n+\nu +\frac{1}{N_0})\mathrm{\Gamma }(\nu )}Y_\alpha ^N(\eta )Y_\alpha ^N(\eta ^{})$$

where use has been made of

(25)
$$\underset{\alpha =0}{\overset{N}{}}Y_\alpha ^N(\frac{a_\eta ^{}}{a_B}\eta )Y_\alpha ^N(\frac{a_B}{a_\eta ^{}}\eta ^{})=\underset{\alpha =0}{\overset{N}{}}Y_\alpha ^N(\eta )Y_\alpha ^N(\eta ^{})$$

The inverse $`\frac{1}{N_0}`$ of the upper limit related to the cut-off angular momentum $`N_0`$ for image propagation in the arguments of the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ functions ensures the finite character of (24) at $`n4`$ and is expected on the grounds that the situation of scalar propagation towards the boundary - that is, that situation characterised by the limit $`a_\eta ^{}a_B`$ \- results in $`N_0\mathrm{}`$ at the limit of vanishing geodesic separations $`\eta \eta ^{}`$ in which case, the expansion in (24) is reduced to the exact expansion in (19).

The perturbative evaluations of radiative effects in the configuration space of $`C_4`$ within the mathematical context hitherto outlined necessitate the further specification of the regulating scheme for the concommitant divergences as well as a concrete expression for the necessary integration over the relevant vertices. The definition of the theory in $`n`$ dimensions is, in fact, suggestive of the technique of dimensional regularisation. The latter manifests all divergences arising from the Feynman integrals at the limit $`\eta \eta ^{}`$ as poles at the dimensional limit of $`n4`$ after an analytical extension of the space-time dimensionality $`n`$. In configuration space any diagramatic calculation on $`C_n`$ involves powers of the propagator $`D_c^{(n)}(\eta ,\eta ^{})`$ and, for that matter, products featuring powers of its fundamental part $`|\eta \eta ^{}|^{2n}`$ and of its boundary part $`|\frac{a_\eta ^{}}{a_B}\eta \frac{a_B}{a_\eta ^{}}\eta ^{}|^{2n}`$. The former are evaluated through use of (19) and the latter through use of (24). An immediate consequence of (24) is the definite finite character of any power of the boundary part of the propagator. In effect, in the context of dimensional regularisation, all possible divergences at the dimensional limit $`n4`$ stem exclusively from the fundamental-part related expansion in (19). This analysis reveals the mathematical origin and physical character of the pole structures in configuration space. These structures arise within the context of integrations of a diagram’s vertices over the relevant manifold’s volume according to the Feynman rules. It can readily be seen from (19) and (24) that such integrations invariably eventuate in the expression $`_Cd^n\eta Y_\alpha ^N(\eta )Y_\alpha ^{}^N^{}(\eta )`$. The smaller symmetry associated with the geometry of $`C_n`$ precludes the orthonormality condition which emerges for that integral on $`S_n`$. The result, attained through two successive applications of the divergence theorem, is instead

(26)
$$_Cd^n\eta Y_\alpha ^N(\eta )Y_\alpha ^{}^N^{}(\eta )=Aa^2_Cd^{n1}\eta [KY_\alpha ^N(\eta )Y_\alpha ^{}^N^{}(\eta )+2n_pY_\alpha ^{}^N^{}(\eta )D_pY_\alpha ^N(\eta )]$$

with

(27)
$$A=\frac{1}{(N^{}+\frac{n}{2}1)(N^{}+\frac{n}{2})(N+\frac{n}{2}1)(N+\frac{n}{2})};NN^{}$$

and with each surface integral admitting a concrete, although involved, expression in terms of Gegenbauer polynomials. In addition to the radius $`a`$ of the embedded $`C_n`$ this expression features, as expected, the extrinsic curvature of $`C_n`$. Evidently, it is exactly this feature of any diagrammatic calculation in configuration space which, as will be explicitly shown, ensures a simultaneous renormalisation of boundary and surface terms in the effective action at any specific loop order. The immediate issue which such simultaneity calls into question is the perturbative generation of surface counterterms in addition to possible novel volume counterterms by vacuum scalar processes in the gravitational effective action on $`C_4`$. As the exclusive source of gravitational counterterms is the zero-point function, an outline of the main aspects of its perturbative evaluation to $`O(\mathrm{}^3)`$ would illustrate the highly non-trivial effects of the presence of a boundary on the theory as well as provide an essential demonstration of the merit of the techniques hitherto analysed .

On a general, unbounded, four dimensional manifold the bare gravitational action assumes the form

(28)
$$S_g=d^4x\sqrt{g}\left[\mathrm{\Lambda }_0+\kappa _0R+a_0G+b_0H+c_0R^2\right]$$

with

(29)
$$G=R_{abcd}R^{abcd}4R_{ab}R^{ab}+R^2;H=C_{abcd}C^{abcd}$$

Additional terms are expected in the presence of a boundary.

The first two terms in the perturbative expansion of the zero-point function in powers of $`\mathrm{}`$ (loop expansion) are diagramatically represented by the graphs of fig.(5).

The “bubble” diagrams in fig.(5a) and fig.(5b) account for the one-loop contribution to the zero-point function of the theory. Their simultaneous presence in any curved space-time is expected on the basis of general theoretical considerations , . They are characterised by the absence of interaction vertices and, on power counting grounds, are responsible for the simultaneous one-loop contributions to volume and boundary effective Einstein-Hilbert action on any manifold with boundary. They have been shown to be finite provided that dimensional regularisation is used . In effect, to $`O(\mathrm{}^3)`$ the exclusive source of contributions to the bare cosmological constant $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_0`$ and the bare gravitational couplings $`\kappa _0,a_0,b_0,c_0`$ in (28) on a general manifold is the diagram in fig.(5c) representing the term

(30)
$$I_c=\lambda ^2d^n\eta d^n\eta ^{}[D_c^{(n)}(\eta ,\eta ^{})]^4$$

On $`C_4`$, the Euclidean de Sitter space, the relation

(31)
$$R=\frac{n(n1)}{a^2}$$

effectively reduces (28) to

(32)
$$S_g=𝑑\sigma \left[\mathrm{\Lambda }_0+\kappa _0R+c_0R^2\right]$$

In such a context the stated issue of generation of additional counterterms in $`S_g`$ translates to the possibility of additional counterterms generated by the diagram of fig.(5c) on $`C_4`$. A direct replacement of (23) into (30) resolves the double integral with respect to the vertices of the diagram into five such integrals over products of terms of the form (19) and (24). The evaluation of these integrals in the context of (26) and its associated expressions results, at $`n4`$ $`(ϵ0)`$ in a substantially involved expression for $`I_c`$  <sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1For the sake of conformity with length limitations, only an outline of this expression’s physical significance is cited.

$$I_c=\lambda ^2\frac{1}{\pi ^4}\frac{1}{2^8}\underset{N=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}[\frac{1}{\pi ^2}\frac{1}{3^3}\frac{1}{2^7}\frac{(N+2)(N+3)}{(N+1)(N+4)}\left(C_{N+1}^{\frac{3}{2}}(cos\theta _4^0)\right)^2+$$

$$\underset{N^{}=0}{\overset{N_0^{}}{}}\frac{1}{[N_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}N^2+3(N^{}N)]^2}[\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{1}{N_0^{}})\frac{1}{3}\frac{1}{2}\frac{(\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+\frac{1}{N_0^{}})\mathrm{\Gamma }(N^{}+1+\frac{1}{N_0^{}})}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(N^{}+3+\frac{1}{N_0^{}})}(N+1)(N+2)]\times $$

$$3\frac{1}{2^3}\frac{1}{\pi ^2}F^2N^{}]\frac{RK^2}{ϵ}_Cd^4\eta +$$

$$\lambda ^2\frac{1}{\pi ^6}\frac{1}{2^{13}}\underset{N=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\underset{N^{}=0}{\overset{N_0^{}}{}}\frac{1}{[N_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}N^2+3(N^{}N)]^2}\times $$

$$\left[\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{1}{N_0^{}})\frac{1}{3}\frac{1}{2}\frac{(\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+\frac{1}{N_0^{}})\mathrm{\Gamma }(N^{}+1+\frac{1}{N_0^{}})}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(N^{}+3+\frac{1}{N_0^{}})}(N+1)(N+2)\right](BH)^2\frac{R^2}{ϵ}_Cd^4\eta +$$

$$\lambda ^2\frac{1}{\pi ^6}\frac{1}{2^8}\underset{N=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\underset{N^{}=0}{\overset{N_0^{}}{}}\frac{1}{[N_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}N^2+3(N^{}N)]^2}\times $$

$$[\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{1}{N_0^{}})\frac{1}{3}\frac{1}{2}\frac{(\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+\frac{1}{N_0^{}})\mathrm{\Gamma }(N^{}+1+\frac{1}{N_0^{}})}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(N^{}+3+\frac{1}{N_0^{}})}(N+1)(N+2)]\times $$

(33)
$$(FBH)N^{}\left(sin(\theta _4^0)\right)^3\frac{RK}{ϵ}_Cd^3\eta $$

The three sectors explicitly featured in this expression are indicative of the theory’s dynamical behaviour on $`C_4`$. The qualitatively new features which the presence of the boundary engenders break the classical conformal invariance and dissociate completely that dynamical behaviour from its corresponding one on $`S_4`$ primarily through the generation of topology-related divergences . There are two volume terms proportional to $`RK^2`$ and $`R^2`$ respectively as well as a surface term proportional to $`RK`$. The $`R^2`$ term yields a direct contribution to $`c_0`$ in the corresponding sector of (32). However, the $`RK^2`$ term signifies a qualitatively new quantum correction in the bare and, for that matter, effective gravitational action. As $`K^2`$ indicates it is non-trivially generated by $`C`$. The corresponding $`RK`$-related sector in the bare gravitational action signifies, indeed, the first surface counterterm generated by vacuum effects on a general manifold with boundary. Moreover, the simultaneous emergence of boundary and surface divergences confirms the theory’s potential for a simoultaneous renormalisation of boundary and surface terms in higher loop-orders.

Acknowledgement

I wish to acknowledge the discrimination, confrontation and contempt with which the “lucky country” received my research effort all these years. My contribution to theoretical research would have never had its present significance without Australia’s mindless rejection.