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# Vertex algebras and the class algebras of wreath products

## 1. Introduction

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a finite group. Being a generalization of the symmetric group $`S_n`$, the wreath product $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ is a semidirect product $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^nS_n`$ of the $`n`$-th product group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^n`$ and $`S_n`$ with a natural group structure. In , we realized the direct sum $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of the representation rings (or the class algebras) $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$ of the wreath products $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ for all $`n0`$ as the Fock space of an infinite-dimensional Heisenberg Lie algebra (cf.  for related algebraic structures on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$; also cf.  for further applications). When $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is trivial and thus $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ becomes $`S_n`$, this has been well known (cf. e.g. ).

As a Fock space carries a canonical structure of a vertex algebra , a natural problem is to realize the vertex algebra structure on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in a group-theoretic way. This question was raised explicitly by I. Frenkel and the author , where, as a next step in this direction, the Virasoro algebra was constructed acting on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ using certain convolution products in the class algebras $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$ for all $`n`$. One expects that understanding the connections between $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and vertex algebras will unify and shed new lights on various structures on $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$ (typically for all $`n`$).

The goal of the present paper is to develop further the vertex operator calculus on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. We construct in a group-theoretic manner (a variant of) the $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}`$ algebra (parametrized by the set $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ of irreducible characters of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$) acting on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. The construction makes use of convolution products involving Jucys-Murphy elements of the wreath products which we introduce in this paper. As applications of the development of our operator formalism, we obtain stability properties and algebra generators of the class algebra $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$. When $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is trivial and thus $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ becomes $`S_n`$, we recover and strengthen in a uniform approach various results of Lascoux-Thibon, Kerov-Olshanski, and Farahat-Higman, etc, cf. .

In  (also cf. ), we stressed the significance of parallel (vertex) algebraic structures behind wreath products, Hilbert schemes, and symmetric products (although the constructions and proofs can often be different); we suggested that it is of great value to find the counterparts of one picture in another setup, to develop each picture on its own, as well as to establish connections among different pictures. (There has been much significant progress which reveals further similarities and deep connections among these subjects, cf. e.g.  for references in these directions.) The present work can be regarded as another example supporting this philosophy. The intuition behind the similarity of the development here on the class algebras of wreath products and on the orbifold cohomology rings of symmetric products in  is that the study of wreath products can be regarded as the study of the symmetric products of the orbifold (stack) $`pt/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. While the definition of Chen-Ruan orbifold cohomology  is very recent and uses ideas from the theory of quantum cohomology, the notion of the class algebra of a finite group is very classical. As one can put the orbifold $`pt/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ (resp. $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$) on the same footing as a manifold $`M`$ (resp. cohomology of $`M`$), the study of wreath products (rather than the symmetric groups) remarkably retain many features of the study of symmetric products. On the other hand, the current work is purely representation-theoretic in nature and geometry-free.

Let us explain the results and the orgainization of this paper in detail. In Section 2, we review the basics on wreath products including the description of conjugacy classes. We recall our group-theoretic construction of Heisenberg algebra acting on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ (cf. Theorem 2.1).

In Section 3, we introduce the Jucys-Murphy (JM) elements for the wreath product, generalizing the original construction for the symmetric groups . We establish various properties of these elements which are analogous to those of the original JM elements. We then introduce operators $`𝔒(\alpha )`$ and $`𝔒^k(\alpha )`$ in $`\mathrm{End}(_\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ depending on $`\alpha R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ linearly and $`k_+`$, using essentially the convolution product with the $`k`$-th power sum of the JM elements for every $`n`$. The operator $`𝔒^1(\alpha )`$ goes back to , while in the symmetric group case the operator $`𝔒^k`$ was introduced earlier in Goulden  for $`k=1`$ and in Lascoux-Thibon  (where the relevance of JM elements was first pointed out) for general $`k`$.

We reformulate (cf. Theorem 3.13) an explicit vertex operator formula in  of $`𝔒^1(\alpha )`$ in terms of the Heisenberg generators in a way which makes a so-called transfer property transparent. To do this, we have formulated the class algebra $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ as a Frobenius algebra, so it makes sense to talk about the pushforward map $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma })R(\mathrm{\Gamma })^n`$ associated to the diagonal embedding $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Gamma }^n`$, the “Euler class” and the “Euler number” of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ (which turns out to be the number of conjugacy classes in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$). We then establish a formula (cf. Theorem 3.15) involving the operator $`𝔒^k(\alpha )`$ and the Heisenberg algebra generators.

In Section 4, we first introduce a family of $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}`$ algebra parametrized by $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$, which we shall denote by $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. We recall that the $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}`$ algebra is the universal central extension of differential operators on the circle , and it affords a nice free field realization . We realize the action of $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ by the commutators of the operators $`𝔒^k(\alpha )`$ and the Heisenberg algebra generators. This result extends the construction of Virasoro algebra on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in  (where only $`𝔒^1(\alpha )`$ was used) and generalizes the construction in  for the symmetric groups. To achieve such a realization, we first establish an explicit identification of the operators $`𝔒^k(\alpha )`$ with differential operators on the circle, which seems new even in the symmetric group case. Our proof uses the boson-fermion correspondence and the free (fermionic) field realization of the $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}`$ algebra. Combining this formula with Theorem 3.15, we derive an explicit formula of $`𝔒(\alpha )`$ in terms of a vertex operator. This specializes to a formula of Lascoux and Thibon  in the symmetric group case, which was obtained by a very different method. Such a formula has been used in  to recover various results scattered in literature. It will be of interest to apply our general formula for wreath products to derive the corresponding generalizations.

The operator formalism in this paper is developed in a way parallel to the development in the orbifold cohomology rings of symmetric products and cohomology rings of Hilbert schemes of points on projective surfaces. In particular, Theorems 2.1, 3.13, and 3.15 have their exact counterparts in those setups. The counterparts of the three theorems were first used by Li, Qin and the author  to derive several other results concerning the structure of the cohomology rings of Hilbert schemes of points on a surface, together with some systematic manipulations of basic constructions such as Heisenberg operators, pushforwards of diagonals, Euler class of the surface, etc. This observation allows Qin and the author to axiomatize the setup which can be applicable for different occasions, including the study of the orbifold cohomology rings of symmetric products . Our current study of the class algebras $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$ for all $`n`$ also fits into the framework, and thus we obtain various further structure results on $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$ for free, thanks to Theorems 2.1, 3.13, and 3.15 which we have established so far.

Note however that the connections between class algebras of wreath products and $`𝒲`$ algebras cannot be derived in the way as in Hilbert schemes and symmetric products, essentially due to the fact that the square of the Euler class of a manifold of positive dimension is zero while any power of the Euler class of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is nonzero. Fortunately, we have the tool of the boson-fermion correspondence available here, which is nevertheless not effective in the geometric setup.

More explicitly, we obtain stability properties on the convolution product of normalized conjugacy classes and JM elements of wreath products, which specialize to the symmetric group case a stability result stated in Kerov-Olshanski  (cf.  for a proof). As a consequence, we are able to introduce a stable algebra $`𝔄_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ which encodes the class algebra structures for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ for all $`n`$. We show that the structure constants of the algebra $`𝔄_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with respect to some suitable linear basis are nonnegative integers, following the ideas of Ivanov-Kerov  for the symmetric groups (also cf. ). Another consequence of our operator formalism is two distinct sets of algebra generators for the class algebra $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$. In the symmetric group case, one set of our algebra generators can be shown to be equivalent to the one obtained in Farahat-Higman  in a totally different approach (motivated by its applications to the block theory). We mention that we have generalized some other aspects of  to the wreath product setup and found applications to the cohomology rings of Hilbert schemes (see ).

Acknowledgment. It is a pleasure to thank Leonard Scott for helpful discussions on Jucys-Murphy elements. I am grateful to Jean-Yves Thibon for very helpful email exchange and for pointing out to me the important reference  (which readily lead to the proof of a conjecture in an earlier version on the integrality and positivity of the structure constants of the stable algebra $`𝔄_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$). This work was supported in part by an NSF grant. Part of the work is carried out when I enjoy the hospitality of MSRI in Spring 2002.

## 2. The Heisenberg algebra and wreath products

### 2.1. The class algebra of a finite group

Given a finite group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, we denote by $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ the set of complex irreducible characters and by $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}`$ the set of conjugacy classes. Denote by $`c^0`$ the identity conjugacy class. We denote by $`R_{}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ the $``$-span of irreducible characters of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. We identify $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma })=_{}R_{}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ with the space of class functions on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

For $`c\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}`$ let $`\zeta _c`$ be the order of the centralizer of an element in the class $`c`$. Denote by $`|\mathrm{\Gamma }|`$ the order of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. The usual bilinear form $`,_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ on $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is defined as follows (often we will omit the subscript $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$):

$`f,g=f,g_\mathrm{\Gamma }={\displaystyle \frac{1}{|\mathrm{\Gamma }|}}{\displaystyle \underset{x\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}}f(x)g(x^1)={\displaystyle \underset{c\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}}{}}\zeta _c^1f(c)g(c^1),`$ (2.1)
where $`c^1`$ denotes the conjugacy class $`\{x^1,xc\}`$. Clearly $`\zeta _c=\zeta _{c^1}`$. It is well known that $`\gamma ,\gamma ^{}=\delta _{\gamma ,\gamma ^{}},\gamma ,\gamma ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$, and

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}}{}}\gamma (c^{})\gamma (c^1)`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{c,c^{}}\zeta _c,c,c^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}.`$ (2.2)
One may regard $`[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ as the space of functions on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, and thus $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ as a subspace of $`\text{ad}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-invariants of $`[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$. The convolution product in $`[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ is defined by

$$(\beta \gamma )(x)=\underset{y\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}\beta (xy^1)\gamma (y),\beta ,\gamma [\mathrm{\Gamma }],x\mathrm{\Gamma }.$$

In particular if $`\beta ,\gamma R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, then so is $`\beta \gamma `$. We will often write $`\beta \gamma `$ as $`\beta \gamma `$ when there is no ambiguity. In this way, $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is identified with the center of the group algebra $`[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$, and is often referred to as the class algebra of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. It is well known that

$`\beta \gamma =\beta \gamma =\delta _{\beta ,\gamma }h_\gamma \gamma ,\beta ,\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^{},`$ (2.3)
where $`h_\gamma =|\mathrm{\Gamma }|/d_\gamma `$, and $`d_\gamma `$ is the degree of the irreducible character $`\gamma `$. It is known that $`h_\gamma `$ is always an integer.

Given a conjugacy class $`c\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}`$, we denote by $`K^c=_{ac}a`$ the characteristic class function of $`c`$, i.e. the function which takes value $`1`$ on elements in the conjugacy class $`c`$ and $`0`$ elsewhere.

### 2.2. Conjugacy classes of wreath product $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$

Given a positive integer $`n`$, let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^n=\mathrm{\Gamma }\times \mathrm{}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be the $`n`$-th direct product of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. The symmetric group $`S_n`$ acts on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^n`$ by permutations: $`\sigma (g_1,\mathrm{},g_n)=(g_{\sigma ^1(1)},\mathrm{},g_{\sigma ^1(n)}).`$ The wreath product of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with $`S_n`$ is defined to be the semidirect product

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_n=\{(g,\sigma )|g=(g_1,\mathrm{},g_n)\mathrm{\Gamma }^n,\sigma S_n\}$$

with the multiplication

$`(g,\sigma )(h,\tau )=(g\sigma (h),\sigma \tau ).`$ (2.4)
We denote by $`|\lambda |=\lambda _1+\mathrm{}+\lambda _l`$ and the length $`\mathrm{}(\lambda )=\mathrm{}`$, for a partition $`\lambda =(\lambda _1,\lambda _2,\mathrm{},\lambda _l)`$, where $`\lambda _1\mathrm{}\lambda _l1`$. We will also make use of another notation for partitions: $`\lambda =(1^{m_1}2^{m_2}\mathrm{}),`$ where $`m_i`$ is the number of parts in $`\lambda `$ equal to $`i`$. For a finite set $`X`$ and $`\rho =(\rho (x))_{xX}`$ a family of partitions indexed by $`X`$, we write $`\rho =_{xX}|\rho (x)|.`$ Sometimes it is convenient to regard $`\rho =(\rho (x))_{xX}`$ as a partition-valued function on $`X`$. We denote by $`𝒫(X)`$ the set of all partitions indexed by $`X`$ and by $`𝒫_n(X)`$ the set of all partitions in $`𝒫(X)`$ such that $`\rho =n`$.

The conjugacy classes of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ can be described in the following way (cf. ). Let $`x=(g,\sigma )\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$, where $`g=(g_1,\mathrm{},g_n)\mathrm{\Gamma }^n,`$ $`\sigma S_n`$. The permutation $`\sigma `$ is written as a product of disjoint cycles. For each such cycle $`y=(i_1i_2\mathrm{}i_k)`$ the element $`g_{i_k}g_{i_{k1}}\mathrm{}g_{i_1}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is determined up to conjugacy in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ by $`g`$ and $`y`$, and will be called the cycle-product of $`x`$ corresponding to the cycle $`y`$. For any conjugacy class $`c`$ and each integer $`i1`$, the number of $`i`$-cycles in $`\sigma `$ whose cycle-product lies in $`c`$ will be denoted by $`m_i(c)`$. Denote by $`\rho (c)`$ the partition $`(1^{m_1(c)}2^{m_2(c)}\mathrm{})`$, $`c\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}`$. Then each element $`x=(g,\sigma )\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ gives rise to a partition-valued function $`(\rho (c))_{c\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}}𝒫(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{})`$ such that $`_{r,c}rm_r(c)=n`$. The partition-valued function $`\rho =(\rho (c))_{cG_{}}`$ is called the type of $`x`$. It is known that any two elements of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ are conjugate in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ if and only if they have the same type. We denote by $`C_\rho `$ the conjugacy class of type $`\rho `$. The corresponding class function $`K^{C_\rho }`$ will simply be denoted by $`K^\rho `$.

For $`\lambda =(1^{m_1}2^{m_2}\mathrm{})`$, we define $`z_\lambda =_{i1}i^{m_i}m_i!,`$ which is the order of the centralizer of an element of cycle-type $`\lambda `$ in $`S_{|\lambda |}`$. The order of the centralizer of an element $`x=(g,\sigma )\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ of the type $`\rho =(\rho (c))_{c\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}}`$ is $`Z_\rho =_{c\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}}z_{\rho (c)}\zeta _c^{l(\rho (c))}.`$

### 2.3. The Fock space $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$

Recall that $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)=R_{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)_{}`$. We set

$`_\mathrm{\Gamma }={\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n).`$
A symmetric bilinear form on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is given by

$`u,v={\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}u_n,v_n_{\mathrm{\Gamma }_n},`$ (2.5)
where $`u=_nu_n`$ and $`v=_nv_n`$ with $`u_n,v_n\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$.

Denote by $`c_n(c\mathrm{\Gamma }_{})`$ the conjugacy class in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ of elements $`(x,s)\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ such that $`s`$ is an $`n`$-cycle and the cycle product of $`x`$ lies in the conjugacy class $`c`$. Given $`\gamma R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, we denote by $`\sigma _n(\gamma )`$ the class function on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ which takes value $`n\gamma (c)`$ on elements in the class $`c_n,c\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}`$, and $`0`$ elsewhere.

We define an operator $`𝔭_n(\gamma )`$, where $`\gamma R(\mathrm{\Gamma }),n>0`$, to be a map from $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ to itself by the following composition

$$R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_m)\stackrel{\sigma _n(\gamma )}{}R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_m)\stackrel{Ind}{}R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n+m}).$$

We also define an operator $`𝔭_n(\gamma ),n>0`$ to be a map from $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ to itself (which is actually the adjoint of $`𝔭_n(\gamma )`$ with respect to the bilinear form (2.5)) as the composition

$$R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_m)\stackrel{Res}{}R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{mn})\stackrel{\sigma _n(\gamma ),}{}R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{mn}).$$

We also set $`𝔭_0(\gamma )=0`$. The following theorem was established in  in a more general setup (also see ).

###### Theorem 2.1.

The operators $`𝔭_n(\gamma ),`$ where $`n`$ and $`\gamma R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, satisfy the Heisenberg algebra commutation relation:

$$[𝔭_m(\beta ),𝔭_n(\gamma )]=m\delta _{m,n}\beta ,\gamma .$$

Furthermore, the space $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ affords an irreducible highest weight representation of the Heisenberg algebra with the vacuum vector $`|0=1=R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_0)`$.

In particular, given $`\gamma R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ and $`yR(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n1})`$, we have by definition that

$`𝔭_1(\gamma )(y)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{|\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n1}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }|}}{\displaystyle \underset{g\mathrm{\Gamma }_n}{}}\text{ad}g(y\gamma )={\displaystyle \frac{1}{(n1)!}}{\displaystyle \underset{gS_n}{}}\text{ad}g(y\gamma )`$ (2.6)
where we have used $`|\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n1}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }|=|\mathrm{\Gamma }|^n(n1)!`$ and identified $`S_n`$ as a subgroup of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$, and the second equality follows from the fact that $`y`$ is $`\text{ad}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{n1}`$-invariant and $`\gamma `$ is $`\text{ad}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-invariant.

## 3. The Jucys-Murphy elements and convolution operators

### 3.1. The Jucys-Murphy elements for wreath products

Given $`c\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}`$, we denote by $`\kappa _{[21^{n2}]}^c𝒫_n(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{})`$ the function which maps $`c`$ to the one-part partition $`(2)`$, the identity conjugacy class to the partition $`(1^{n2})`$ and other conjugacy classes to the empty partition. We denote by $`K_{[21^{n2}]}^c`$ the conjugacy class in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ associated to $`\kappa _{[21^{n2}]}^c`$. By abuse of notation, we also denote by $`K_{[21^{n2}]}^cR(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$ the characteristic function of the conjugacy class $`K_{[21^{n2}]}^c`$. In particular, when $`c`$ is the identity conjugacy class $`1`$, we will simply write $`\kappa _{[21^{n2}]}^1`$ and $`K_{[21^{n2}]}^1`$ as $`\kappa _{[21^{n2}]}`$ and $`K_{[21^{n2}]}`$ respectively. The conjugacy class $`K_{[21^{n2}]}`$ can be decomposed into a disjoint union:

$`K_{[21^{n2}]}={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}K_{[21^{n2}]}(j),K_{[21^{n2}]}(j)={\displaystyle \underset{1i<j}{}}K_{[21^{n2}]}(i,j)`$
where $`K_{[21^{n2}]}(i,j)`$ consists of elements $`((g_1,\mathrm{},g_n),(i,j))\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$, where all $`g_k`$ except $`g_i`$ and $`g_j`$ are equal to $`1\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, and $`g_j=g_i^1`$ runs over $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. It follows that the cardinality of $`K_{[21^{n2}]}(j)`$ is $`(j1)|\mathrm{\Gamma }|`$ and that $`K_{[21^{n2}]}(1)`$ is the empty set.

###### Definition 3.1.

The elements $`\xi _j=\xi _{j;n}=_{aK_{[21^{n2}]}(j)}a`$ $`(j=1,2,\mathrm{},n)`$ in the group algebra $`[\mathrm{\Gamma }_n]`$ are called the Jucys-Murphy (JM) elements for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$. Note that $`\xi _1=0`$.

When $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is trivial, $`(\xi _j)`$ are exactly the JM elements of the symmetric group $`S_n`$ introduced in . Our results below indicate that the $`(\xi _j)`$ in Defintion 3.1 share analogous properties as the usual Jucys-Murphy elements.

Given a representation $`V`$ of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with character $`\gamma R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, the $`n`$-th outer tensor product $`V^n`$ of $`V`$ is a representation of the wreath product $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ whose character will be denoted by $`\eta _n(\gamma )`$: the direct product $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^n`$ acts on $`\gamma ^n`$ factor by factor while $`S_n`$ by permuting the $`n`$ factors. Denote by $`\epsilon _n`$ the (1-dimensional) alternating representation of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ on which $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^n`$ acts trivially while $`S_n`$ acts as the alternating representation. We denote by $`\epsilon _n(\gamma )R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$ the character of the tensor product of $`\epsilon _n`$ and $`V^n`$. We extend $`\eta _n`$ to a map from $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ to $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$ by the following formula (cf. ):

$`\eta _n(\beta \gamma )={\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{n}{}}}(1)^mInd_{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{nm}\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_m}^{\mathrm{\Gamma }_n}[\eta _{nm}(\beta )\epsilon _m(\gamma )],`$
where $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ are characters of two $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-modules. For $`\gamma R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, the class function $`\eta _n(\gamma )R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$ takes value $`_{c\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}}\gamma (c)^{l(\rho (c))}`$ at an element of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ of type $`\rho =(\rho (c))_{c\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}}`$, cf. .

By construction, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ contains $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(i)}`$ as a subgroup, where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(i)}`$ is the $`i`$-th factor group of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^n`$. Given $`\gamma [\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$, we denote by $`\gamma ^{(i)}`$ the corresponding element in $`[\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(i)}]`$, which in turn lies in $`[\mathrm{\Gamma }_n]`$.

###### Theorem 3.2.

Let $`\gamma R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. The $`2n`$ elements $`\xi _j,\gamma ^{(i)},j=1,2,\mathrm{},n,`$ commute with each other under the convolution product. Furthermore, We have:

$`\eta _n(\gamma )`$ $`=`$ $`(\gamma ^{(1)}+\xi _1)(\gamma ^{(2)}+\xi _2)\mathrm{}(\gamma ^{(n)}+\xi _n),`$ (3.1)
$`\epsilon _n(\gamma )`$ $`=`$ $`(\gamma ^{(1)}\xi _1)(\gamma ^{(2)}\xi _2)\mathrm{}(\gamma ^{(n)}\xi _n).`$
###### Proof.

Clearly, $`\gamma ^{(k)}`$ commutes with $`\gamma ^{(j)}`$ for $`1j,kn`$. Note that $`\xi _j=_{i<j}\xi _j(i)`$ where we have denoted $`\xi _j(i)=_{aK_n(i,j)}a`$. To check that $`\gamma ^{(k)}`$ commutes with $`\xi _j(i)`$ for each $`i`$ and thus commutes with $`\xi _j`$, it suffices to check for $`\gamma =K^c`$ with $`c\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}`$, which follows from a direct computation.

Next, we shall show that $`\xi _j`$ and $`\xi _{\mathrm{}}`$ (say $`j<\mathrm{}`$) commute with each other. If $`ki`$ and $`kj`$, then apparently $`\xi _j(i)`$ commutes with $`\xi _{\mathrm{}}(k)`$. Thus, it suffices to prove that $`\xi _j(i)(\xi _{\mathrm{}}(i)+\xi _{\mathrm{}}(j))=(\xi _{\mathrm{}}(i)+\xi _{\mathrm{}}(j))\xi _j(i).`$ This effectively reduces to the case when $`n=3,i=1,j=2,\mathrm{}=3`$, and $`k=1`$ or $`k=2`$, which can be verified by a simple calculation of multiplications in $`[\mathrm{\Gamma }_3]`$:

$`\xi _2(1)(\xi _3(1)+\xi _3(2))`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{a,b,c\mathrm{\Gamma },abc=1}{}}[((a,b,c),(1,3,2))+((a,b,c),(1,2,3))]`$
$`(\xi _3(1)+\xi _3(2))\xi _2(1)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{a,b,c\mathrm{\Gamma },abc=1}{}}[((a,b,c),(1,2,3))+((a,b,c),(1,3,2))].`$
This finishes the proof that $`\xi _j\xi _{\mathrm{}}=\xi _{\mathrm{}}\xi _j`$.

It remains to prove the identity (3.1) since the proof of the second identity is the same. We proceed by induction on $`n`$. When $`n=1`$, it is clearly true. Assume that (3.1) is true for $`n1`$, that is,

$`(\gamma ^{(1)}+\xi _1)(\gamma ^{(2)}+\xi _2)\mathrm{}(\gamma ^{(n1)}+\xi _{n1})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\rho 𝒫_{n1}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{})}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{c\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}}{}}\gamma (c)^{l(\rho (c))}K^\rho .`$
It follows from this and the group multiplication (2.4) in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ that

$`(\gamma ^{(1)}+\xi _1)(\gamma ^{(2)}+\xi _2)\mathrm{}(\gamma ^{(n1)}+\xi _{n1})\gamma ^{(n)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\rho }{}}{\displaystyle \underset{c\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}}{}}\gamma (c)^{l(\rho (c))}K^\rho ,`$
where $`\rho `$ runs over the subset of $`𝒫_n(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{})`$ which consists of elements obtained from $`𝒫_{n1}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{})`$ by all possible ways of adding a disjoint one-cycle.

On the other hand, we observe that, for $`\rho 𝒫_{n1}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{})`$, the product $`K^\rho \xi _n`$ is the sum of characteristic class function $`K^\rho ^{}`$, where $`\rho ^{}`$ runs over elements in $`𝒫_n(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{})`$ obtained from $`\rho `$ by all possible ways of changing a part equal to $`i`$ to a part equal to $`(i+1)`$.

Combining the above observations together, we have established (3.1). ∎

###### Corollary 3.3.

Given $`c\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}`$, we have

$`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\left(\xi _j+K^{c(j)}\right)={\displaystyle \underset{\rho 𝒫_n(c)}{}}K^\rho ,`$
where $`𝒫_n(c)`$ denotes the set of all the partition-valued functions $`\rho 𝒫_n(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{})`$ such that $`\rho (c^{})=\mathrm{}`$ for any $`c^{}c`$. Also, we have

$`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\left(\xi _j+{\displaystyle \underset{g\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(j)}}{}}g\right)={\displaystyle \underset{a\mathrm{\Gamma }_n}{}}a.`$ (3.2)
###### Proof.

The first part is a special case of Theorem 3.2 for $`\gamma =K^c`$.

Set $`\gamma =_{g\mathrm{\Gamma }}g`$ to be the trivial character of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in Theorem 3.2. Observe that $`\eta _n(\gamma )`$ is the trivial character of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$, and thus is equal to $`_{a\mathrm{\Gamma }_n}a`$. Therefore the identity (3.2) follows from Theorem 3.2.

###### Remark 3.4.

A set of coset representatives for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n/\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n1}`$ consists of the elements $`g\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(n)}`$ and $`aK_{[21^{n2}]}(n)`$ which appear in the last factor of the product in (3.2). The identity (3.2) follows also from this fact by induction.

### 3.2. Frobenius algebra structure on $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$

The characteristic function of the identity in the group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is the identity of the class algebra $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, and clearly,

$$1=\underset{\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}}{}\gamma /h_\gamma .$$

We define a trace map $`\mathrm{Tr}:R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ by letting $`\mathrm{Tr}(K^c)=\delta _{c,1}/|\mathrm{\Gamma }|,c\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}`$, and then extending linearly to $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. It follows that $`\mathrm{Tr}(\gamma )=h_\gamma ^1`$ for $`\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$. This induces a bilinear form on $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ by $`\alpha ,\beta =\mathrm{Tr}(\alpha \beta )`$. One has that $`\alpha ,\beta =\delta _{\alpha ,\beta }`$ for $`\alpha ,\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$, so this bilinear form coincides with the standard one on $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. In other word, we have endowed a Frobenius algebra structure on $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.

We define a pushforward map $`\tau _2:R(\mathrm{\Gamma })R(\mathrm{\Gamma })R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ to be the linear map adjoint to the convolution product with respect to the bilinear form $`,`$. We further define $`\tau _k:R(\mathrm{\Gamma })R(\mathrm{\Gamma })^k`$ inductively by the composition

$$\tau _{(k+1)}=(\tau _2\text{Id}^{(k1)})\tau _k.$$

###### Lemma 3.5.

The pushforward map $`\tau _2:R(\mathrm{\Gamma })R(\mathrm{\Gamma })R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is characterized by:

$$\tau _2(\gamma )=h_\gamma \gamma \gamma ,\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}.$$

###### Proof.

Since $`\tau _2`$ is a linear map, it is characterized by its values over a linear basis of $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. For $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$, we have by definition that

$$\tau _2(\gamma ),\alpha \beta _{\mathrm{\Gamma }\times \mathrm{\Gamma }}=\gamma ,\alpha \beta =\gamma ,h_\beta \delta _{\alpha ,\beta }\beta =h_\beta \delta _{\alpha ,\beta }\delta _{\gamma ,\beta }$$

On the other hand, we have

$$h_\gamma \gamma \gamma ,\alpha \beta _{\mathrm{\Gamma }\times \mathrm{\Gamma }}=h_\gamma \delta _{\gamma ,\alpha }\delta _{\gamma ,\beta }.$$

The lemma follows from the comparison of these two identities. ∎

###### Remark 3.6.

Since $`\tau _2(1)=_{\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}}\gamma \gamma `$, we find that the composition map of convolution product and the pushforward $`\tau _2`$

$$R(\mathrm{\Gamma })\stackrel{\tau _2}{}R(\mathrm{\Gamma })\times R(\mathrm{\Gamma })\stackrel{}{}R(\mathrm{\Gamma })$$

sends $`1R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ to $`\chi :=_{\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}}h_\gamma \gamma `$, whose trace is given by $`\mathrm{Tr}(_{\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}}h_\gamma \gamma )=|\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}|`$. In analog with geometry, the class function $`\chi =_{\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}}h_\gamma \gamma `$ and the number $`|\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}|`$ should be regarded as the “Euler class” and respectively the “Euler number” of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

### 3.3. Definition of convolution operators

###### Lemma 3.7.

For a given $`\alpha R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, any symmetric function in the $`n`$ elements $`\xi _1+\alpha ^{(1)},\mathrm{},\xi _n+\alpha ^{(n)}`$ lies in $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$.

###### Proof.

We denoted by $`E_i(\gamma )`$ the $`i`$-th elementary symmetric functions ($`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$) in $`\gamma ^{(1)}+\xi _1,\mathrm{},\gamma ^{(n)}+\xi _n`$. For $`c\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}`$, $`E_i(K^c)`$ is the sum of all elements in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ which satisfy the following property: it has $`nk`$ cycles, $`(ik)`$ of which is of cycle type $`c`$ while $`(ni)`$ of which is of cycle type $`1`$, where $`k`$ runs over $`0,1,\mathrm{},i`$. This can be seen by directly multiplying them out term by term. (By the way, this generalizes the following well-known fact about JM elements in $`S_n`$: the $`i`$-th elementary symmetric function of JM elements is the sum of all permutations having exactly $`ni`$ cycles.) In particular, $`E_i(K^c)`$ is a class function of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$. We can see similarly that $`E_i(\gamma )`$, where $`\gamma R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, is a class function of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$. Any symmetric function in $`\gamma ^{(1)}+\xi _1,\mathrm{},\gamma ^{(n)}+\xi _n`$ can be written as a polynomial in the $`E_i(\gamma )`$’s, and thus is a class function of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$. ∎

###### Corollary 3.8.

For $`\alpha R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, the sum $`_{i=1}^n\xi _i^k\alpha ^{(i)}`$ lies in $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$.

###### Proof.

The above lemma implies that $`_{i=1}^ne^{(\gamma ^{(i)}+\xi _i)}=_{i=1}^ne^{\xi _i}(e^\gamma )^{(i)}`$ is a class function for each $`\gamma R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. As $`e^\gamma `$ span $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ when $`\gamma `$ ranges over $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, the corollary follows. ∎

###### Definition 3.9.

We define $`\mathrm{\Xi }_n^k`$ to be the $`k`$-th power sum $`\xi _1^k+\mathrm{}+\xi _n^k`$ of the JM elements in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$. For $`\alpha R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, we define the class function $`\mathrm{\Xi }_n^k(\alpha )R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$ to be

$$\mathrm{\Xi }_n^k(\alpha )=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\xi _i^k\alpha ^{(i)}.$$

We define $`\mathrm{\Xi }_n(\alpha )=_{i=1}^ne^{\xi _i}\alpha ^{(i)},`$ and $`\mathrm{\Xi }_{n,\mathrm{}}(\alpha )=_{k0}\mathrm{}^k/k!\mathrm{\Xi }_n^k(\alpha )`$, where $`\mathrm{}`$ is a formal parameter. We further define the operator $`𝔒^k(\alpha )\mathrm{End}(_\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ (resp. $`𝔒(\alpha )`$, or $`𝔒_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha )`$) to be the convolution product with $`\mathrm{\Xi }_n^k(\alpha )`$ (resp. $`\mathrm{\Xi }_n(\alpha )`$, or $`\mathrm{\Xi }_{n,\mathrm{}}(\alpha )`$) in $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$ for every $`n0`$.

We observe that the class function $`\mathrm{\Xi }_n^1(K^c)`$ coincides with the characteristic function $`K_{[21^{n2}]}^c`$ of the conjugacy class in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ of type $`\kappa _{[21^{n2}]}^c`$. The operator $`𝔒^1(K^c)`$ was introduced in  and it will continue to play a distinguished role in this paper. We shall denote $`𝔒^1(\alpha )`$ by $`𝔟(\alpha )`$ for any $`\alpha R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, and set $`𝔟=𝔟(1)`$.

### 3.4. A new formulation of results in

We define $`:𝔭_m(\alpha _1)𝔭_n(\alpha _2):`$ to be $`𝔭_m(\alpha _1)𝔭_n(\alpha _2)`$ if $`mn`$ and $`𝔭_n(\alpha _2)𝔭_m(\alpha _1)`$ if $`m>n.`$ We define

$$:𝔭(\alpha _1)𝔭(\alpha _2)(z):=\underset{m,n}{}:𝔭_m(\alpha _1)𝔭_n(\alpha _2):z^{mn2},$$

and similarly define inductively $`:𝔭(\alpha _1)\mathrm{}𝔭(\alpha _k)(z):`$ $`(k2)`$ from the right to the left as usually done in the theory of vertex algebras (cf. e.g. ).

If we write $`\tau _k(\alpha )=_i\alpha _{i,1}\mathrm{}\alpha _{i,k}`$, then we define the following vertex operator

$$:𝔭(z)^k:(\tau _k\alpha )=\underset{i}{}:𝔭(\alpha _{i,1})(z)\mathrm{}𝔭(\alpha _{i,k})(z):,$$

and its components by $`:𝔭(z)^k:(\tau _k\alpha )=_n:𝔭^k:_n(\tau _k\alpha )z^{nk}.`$ In other words, the operator $`:𝔭^k:_n(\tau _k\alpha )`$ lies in $`\mathrm{End}(_\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.

###### Definition 3.10.

We define $`L(\beta )(z)=_nL_n(\beta )z^{n2}=\frac{1}{2}:𝔭(z)^2:(\tau _2\beta )`$ for $`\beta R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.

We say that the commutator of two families of operators $`A(\alpha )`$ and $`B(\beta )`$ (where $`\alpha ,\beta R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$) satisfies the transfer property if $`[A(\alpha ),B(\beta )]=[A(\alpha \beta ),B(1)]=[A(1),B(\alpha \beta )].`$

###### Theorem 3.11.

The commutator between $`𝔟(\beta )`$ and the Heisenberg algebra generator $`𝔭_n(\gamma )`$ is given by

$$[𝔟(\beta ),𝔭_n(\gamma )]=nL_n(\beta \gamma ),\beta ,\gamma R(\mathrm{\Gamma }),$$

where the operators $`L_n`$ acting on the space $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ satisfy the Virasoro commutation relations:

$$[L_n(\beta ),L_m(\gamma )]=(nm)L_{n+m}(\beta \gamma )+\frac{n^3n}{12}\delta _{n,m}\mathrm{Tr}(\chi \beta \gamma )\text{Id}__\mathrm{\Gamma }.$$

In particular, the transfer property holds for both commutators.

###### Proof.

To verify the Virasoro relation, it suffices to do so for $`\beta ,\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$, since all the terms involved depends on $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ linearly. Since $`[𝔭_m(\beta ),𝔭_n(\gamma )]=m\delta _{m,n}\delta _{\beta ,\gamma }`$, the components $`L_n^\beta `$ of $`L^\beta (z)\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\frac{1}{2}:𝔭(\beta )(z)^2:`$ for $`\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ (as operators acting on the space $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$) satisfy the commutation relation:

$$[L_n^\beta ,L_m^\gamma ]=\delta _{\beta ,\gamma }(nm)L_{n+m}^\gamma +\frac{n^3n}{12}\delta _{\beta ,\gamma }\delta _{n,m}.$$

Since $`\tau _2\gamma =h_\gamma \gamma \gamma `$, we have by Definition 3.10 and Lemma 3.5 that $`L_n(\gamma )=h_\gamma L_n^\gamma `$. We also calculate

$$\mathrm{Tr}(\chi \beta \gamma )=\mathrm{Tr}(\delta _{\beta ,\gamma }h_\gamma ^3\gamma )=\delta _{\beta ,\gamma }h_\gamma ^2.$$

Thus, we obtain that

$`[L_n(\beta ),L_m(\gamma )]`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{\beta ,\gamma }h_\beta ^2[L_n^\beta ,L_m^\gamma ]`$
$`=`$ $`\delta _{\beta ,\gamma }h_\beta ^2(nm)L_{n+m}^\beta +{\displaystyle \frac{n^3n}{12}}h_\beta ^2\delta _{\beta ,\gamma }\delta _{n,m}\text{Id}__\mathrm{\Gamma }`$
$`=`$ $`(nm)L_{n+m}(\beta \gamma )+{\displaystyle \frac{n^3n}{12}}\delta _{n,m}\mathrm{Tr}(\chi \beta \gamma )\text{Id}__\mathrm{\Gamma }.`$
To prove the first commutation relation in the theorem, it suffices to do so for $`\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ and $`\beta =K^c`$ for $`c\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}`$, since both sides of the commutation relation depends linearly on $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$. This can be checked by using Theorem 4 in  as follows. Note that $`\mathrm{\Delta }_c`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{a}_n(\gamma )`$ therein are $`𝔟(K^c)`$ and $`𝔭_n(\gamma )`$ respectively in our current notation.

$`[𝔟(K^c),𝔭_n(\gamma )]`$ $`=`$ $`n\zeta _c^1h_\gamma ^2\gamma (c^1)L_n^\gamma `$
$`=`$ $`n\zeta _c^1h_\gamma \gamma (c^1)L_n(\gamma )=nL_n(K^c\gamma ),`$
where we have used

$$K^c\gamma =\underset{\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}}{}\zeta _c^1\beta (c^1)\beta \gamma =\zeta _c^1h_\gamma \gamma (c^1)\gamma .$$

###### Remark 3.12.

The operators $`L_n(1)`$ generate the standard Virasoro algebra:

$$[L_n(1),L_m(1)]=(nm)L_{n+m}(1)+\frac{n^3n}{12}\delta _{n,m}|\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}|\text{Id}__\mathrm{\Gamma }.$$

Note that the central charge for the Virasoro algebra is the “Euler number” $`|\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}|`$, which is the same as the rank of the lattice $`R_{}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.

###### Theorem 3.13.

For $`\beta R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, the operator $`𝔟(\beta )`$ is given by the zero-mode of a vertex operator:

$$𝔟(\beta )=\frac{1}{6}:𝔭^3:_0(\tau _3\beta ).$$

In particular, for $`\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$, we have $`𝔟(\beta )=\frac{1}{6}h_\beta ^2:𝔭(\beta )(z)^3:_0.`$

###### Proof.

By applying Lemma 3.5 twice, we obtain for $`\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ that

$`\tau _3\beta =(\tau _2\text{Id})(h_\beta \beta \beta )=h_\beta ^2\beta \beta \beta .`$
It follows that the two identities to be proved are equivalent thanks to the linearity on $`\beta `$.

Since the operators $`𝔟(\beta )`$ and $`h_\beta ^2/6:𝔭(\beta )(z)^3:_0`$ annihilate the vacuum vector $`|0`$, it suffices to see that they have the same commutators with $`𝔟_n(\gamma ),\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$.

We calculate that

$`[h_\beta ^2/6:𝔭(\beta )(z)^3:_0,𝔭_n(\gamma )]`$
$`=`$ $`h_\beta ^2[1/2{\displaystyle \underset{k>0,m>0}{}}(𝔭_k(\beta )𝔭_m(\beta )𝔭_{k+m}(\beta )+𝔭_{km}(\beta )𝔭_k(\beta )𝔭_m(\beta )),𝔭_n(\gamma )]`$
$`=`$ $`h_\beta ^2(n)\delta _{\beta ,\gamma }L_n^\beta =nh_\beta \delta _{\beta ,\gamma }L_n(\beta )=nL_n(\beta \gamma ).`$
This coincides with the commutator $`[𝔟(\beta ),𝔭(\gamma )]`$ as given in Theorem 3.11. ∎

###### Remark 3.14.

Theorems 3.11 and 3.13 are reformulations of Theorems 4 and 3 in . In the symmetric group case, i.e. $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is trivial, the operator $`𝔟`$ was first considered by Goulden  for a different purpose and he established Theorem 3.13 (in a different form) in the setup of ring of symmetric functions. This operator was rediscovered in  in the general wreath product setup for the group theoretic construction of the Virasoro algebra. In our new formulation above, we have made the transfer property of these commutators transparent in a way parallel to the developments in the Hilbert schemes and symmetric products (cf.  and the references therein).

### 3.5. The general convolution operators and Heisenberg algebra

Given $`𝔣\mathrm{End}(_\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, we denote $`𝔣^{}=[𝔟,𝔣]=\mathrm{ad}𝔟(𝔣)`$ and define inductively $`𝔣^{(k)}=\mathrm{ad}𝔟(𝔣^{(k1)}).`$

###### Theorem 3.15.

Let $`\gamma ,\alpha R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. Then we have

$`[𝔒_{\mathrm{}}(\gamma ),𝔭_1(\alpha )]`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}(\mathrm{}\mathrm{ad}𝔟)(𝔭_1(\gamma \alpha ))`$
$`[𝔒^k(\gamma ),𝔭_1(\alpha )]`$ $`=`$ $`𝔭_1^{(k)}(\gamma \alpha ),k0.`$
###### Proof.

The two identities are equivalent, and we will prove the second identity.

Recall that $`𝔭_1(\alpha )(y)=\frac{1}{(n1)!}_{gS_n}\text{ad}g(y\alpha )`$, for $`yR(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n1}).`$ Regarding $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n1}`$ as a subgroup of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$, we have an injective algebra homomorphism $`\iota :[\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n1}][\mathrm{\Gamma }_n]`$ given by the natural inclusion. Thus, using (2.6) we calculate that

$`(n1)![𝔒^k(\gamma ),𝔭_1(\alpha )](y)`$
$`=`$ $`(n1)![𝔒^k(\gamma )𝔭_1(\alpha )(y)𝔭_1(\alpha )𝔒^k(\gamma )(y)]`$
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Xi }_n^k(\gamma ){\displaystyle \underset{gS_n}{}}\text{ad}g(y\alpha ){\displaystyle \underset{gS_n}{}}\text{ad}g((\mathrm{\Xi }_{n1}^k(\gamma )y)\alpha )`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{gS_n}{}}\text{ad}g[(\mathrm{\Xi }_n^k(\gamma )\iota (\mathrm{\Xi }_{n1}^k(\gamma )))(y\alpha )]`$
where we used the fact that $`\mathrm{\Xi }_n^k(\gamma )`$ is $`S_n`$-invariant. We have $`\mathrm{\Xi }_n^k(\gamma )\iota (\mathrm{\Xi }_{n1}^k(\gamma ))=\xi _{n;n}^k\gamma ^{(n)}`$, by definition. Thus, we obtain that

$`(n1)![𝔒^k(\gamma ),𝔭_1(\alpha )](y)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{g}{}}\text{ad}g[\xi _{n;n}^k\gamma ^{(n)}(y\alpha )]`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{g}{}}\text{ad}g[\xi _{n;n}^k(y\gamma \alpha )].`$
It remains to prove that

$`{\displaystyle \underset{gS_n}{}}\text{ad}g[\xi _{n;n}^k(y\gamma \alpha )]=(n1)!𝔭_1^{(k)}(\gamma \alpha )(y).`$ (3.3)
We will proceed by induction. It is trivial for $`k=0`$. Note that $`\mathrm{\Xi }_n^1\iota (\mathrm{\Xi }_{n1}^1)=\xi _{n;n}.`$ Under the assumption that the formula (3.3) is true for $`k`$, we have

$`{\displaystyle \underset{gS_n}{}}\text{ad}g[\xi _{n;n}^{(k+1)}(y\gamma \alpha )]`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{g}{}}\text{ad}g[(\mathrm{\Xi }_n^1\iota (\mathrm{\Xi }_{n1}^1))(\xi _{n;n})^k(y\gamma \alpha )]`$
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Xi }_n^1{\displaystyle \underset{gS_n}{}}\text{ad}g[\xi _{n;n}^k(y\gamma \alpha )]{\displaystyle \underset{gS_n}{}}\text{ad}g[\iota (\mathrm{\Xi }_{n1}^1)\xi _{n;n}^k(y\gamma \alpha )],`$
since $`\mathrm{\Xi }_n^1(\gamma )`$ is $`S_n`$-invariant. By using the induction assumption twice, we get

$`{\displaystyle \underset{gS_n}{}}\text{ad}g[\xi _{n;n}^{(k+1)}(y\gamma \alpha )]`$
$`=`$ $`(n1)!\mathrm{\Xi }_n^1𝔭_1^{(k)}(\gamma \alpha )(y){\displaystyle \underset{gS_n}{}}\text{ad}g[\xi _{n;n}^k((\mathrm{\Xi }_{n1}^1y)\gamma \alpha )]`$
$`=`$ $`(n1)![𝔟𝔭_1^{(k)}(\gamma \alpha )(y)𝔭_1^{(k)}(\gamma \alpha )(\mathrm{\Xi }_{n1}^1y)]`$
$`=`$ $`(n1)!𝔭_1^{(k+1)}(\gamma \alpha )(y).`$
So by induction, we have established (3.3) and thus the theorem. ∎

## 4. The $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}`$ algebra and the Fock space $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$

### 4.1. The $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}`$ algebra parametrized by $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$

Let $`A`$ be a finite-dimensional complex vector space endowed with a commutative algebra structure with identity. We further assume that there exists a linear operator $`\mathrm{Tr}:A`$.

Let $`t`$ be an indeterminate and let $`_t=\frac{d}{dt}`$. We denote by $`𝒟_{as}`$ the associative algebra of regular differential operators on a circle. Denote by $`𝒟(A)_{as}`$ the associative algebra $`𝒟_{as}A`$. If $`a_1,\mathrm{},a_N`$ is a linear basis for $`A`$, then $`t^{\mathrm{}+k}(_t)^{\mathrm{}}a_i`$, where $`\mathrm{}_+,k`$, $`1iN`$, form a linear basis for $`𝒟(A)_{as}`$.

Let $`𝒟(A)`$ denote the Lie algebra obtained from $`𝒟(A)_{as}`$ by taking the usual Lie bracket:

$$[X\alpha ,Y\beta ]=(XYYX)(\alpha \beta ).$$

Denote by $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}(A)`$ the central extension of $`𝒟(A)`$ by a one-dimensional vector space with a specified generator $`C`$:

$`0C𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}(A)𝒟(A)0.`$
The commutation relation in $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}(A)`$ is given by

$`[t^rf(D)\alpha ,t^sg(D)\beta ]`$ (4.1)
$`=`$ $`t^{r+s}\left(f(D+s)g(D)f(D)g(D+r)\right)(\alpha \beta )`$
$`+`$ $`\mathrm{\Psi }(t^rf(D),t^sg(D))C,`$
where $`\mathrm{\Psi }:𝒟(A)\times 𝒟(A)`$ is the $`2`$-cocycle given by:

$`\mathrm{\Psi }(t^rf(D)\alpha ,t^sg(D)\beta )`$ $`=`$ $`\{\begin{array}{cc}h_\beta ^2\mathrm{Tr}(\alpha \beta )_{rj1}f(j)g(j+r),\hfill & r=s0\hfill \\ 0,\hfill & r+s0.\hfill \end{array}`$
In the case when $`A=R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ which we are concerned, we shall write $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}(R(\mathrm{\Gamma }))`$ as $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. When $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is trivial and $`A=`$, we will simply write $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ as $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}`$, which is the usual $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}`$ algebra, cf. . The algebra $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ has a linear basis given by

$`J_k^l(\alpha )=t^{l+k}(_t)^lh_\alpha ^1\alpha ,l_+,k,\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}.`$
Set $`D=t_t`$. A different basis of $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is given by

$`L_k^l(\alpha )=t^kD^lh_\alpha ^1\alpha ,l_+,k,\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}.`$
Note that $`f(D)t=tf(D+1)`$ for $`f(w)[w]`$ and hence $`J_k^l(\alpha )=t^k[D]_lh_\alpha ^1\alpha `$, where we have used the notation $`[x]_l=x(x1)\mathrm{}(xl+1).`$ We then extend $`J_k^l(\alpha )`$ and $`L_k^l(\alpha )`$ by linearity to all $`\alpha R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. We further introduce the vertex operator

$`J^l(\alpha )(z)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}J_k^l(\alpha )z^{kl1}.`$
In particular, the components of $`J^0(z)`$ generates a Heisenberg algebra while the components of $`J^1(z)`$ generates a Virasoro algebra. The algebra $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ has a weight gradation given by $`wt(J_k^l(\alpha ))=k`$. The Cartan subalgebra of $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ has a linear basis given by the center $`C`$ and all polynomials in $`D`$.

###### Remark 4.1.

We have introduced $`J_k^{\mathrm{}}(\alpha )`$ and the $`2`$-cocycle $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ by taking into account the fact that $`h_\alpha ^1\gamma `$, where $`\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$, are orthogonal idempotents. For $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ trivial, we simply ignore all the parameters lying in $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ (or equivalently set them to be 1).

### 4.2. Free field realization

Take a pair of free fermionic fields

$$\psi ^+(z)=\underset{n+\frac{1}{2}}{}\psi _n^+z^{n\frac{1}{2}},\psi ^{}(z)=\underset{n+\frac{1}{2}}{}\psi _n^{}z^{n\frac{1}{2}}$$

where $`\psi _n^\pm `$ satisfied the following anti-commutation relations:

$$[\psi _m^+,\psi _n^{}]_+=\delta _{m,n}$$

and the other commutators being zero. We denote by $``$ the fermionic Fock space generated by the vacuum vector $`|0`$ from the creation operators $`\psi _n^\pm ,n<0.`$ We have the (charge) decomposition $`=_k^{(k)}`$, where $`^{(k)}`$ is spanned by the monomial $`\psi _{m_1}^+\psi _{m_2}^+\mathrm{}\psi _{m_p}^+\psi _{n_1}^{}\psi _{n_2}^{}\mathrm{}\psi _{n_q}^{}|0,`$ where $`pq=k.`$

It is known  that one can realize $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}`$ as

$`J^l(z)=:_z^l\psi ^{}(z)\psi ^+(z):,l0.`$
In particular $`J^0(z)`$ is a Heisenberg vertex operator (i.e. a free boson). This is part of the classical boson-fermion correspondence.

It is a well-known fact that $`^{(k)}`$ is irreducible under the action of the Heisenberg algebra. As $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}`$ contains the Heisenberg algebra generated by the field $`J^0(z)`$, it also acts on $`^{(k)}`$ for each $`k`$ irreducibly. We will be only interested in $`^{(0)}`$.

The boson-fermion correspondence further allows us to write $`\psi ^\pm (z)`$ in terms of the free bosonic field $`J^0(z)`$ (cf. e.g. ):

$`\psi ^\pm (z)`$ $`=`$ $`:\mathrm{exp}({\displaystyle }J^0(z)dz):S_\pm `$ (4.3)
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}({\displaystyle \underset{k>0}{}}J_k^0z^k/k)\mathrm{exp}(\pm {\displaystyle \underset{k>0}{}}J_k^0z^k/k)z^{J_0^0}S_\pm ,`$
where $`S_\pm `$ is the shifted operator $`^{(k)}^{(k\pm 1)}`$ which commutes with the action of the Heisenberg algebra.

###### Proposition 4.2.

On $`^{(0)}`$, we can realize the fields $`J^{l1}(z)`$ $`(l1`$) as normally ordered polynomials, denoted by $`P_l(J^0)`$ or $`P_l(J^0(z))`$, in terms of $`J^0(z)`$ and its derivative fields. More precisely, we have $`J^{l1}(z)=\frac{1}{l}P_l(J^0(z))`$, where

$`P_l(J^0(z))={\displaystyle \frac{^l:\mathrm{exp}(J^0(z)𝑑z):}{:\mathrm{exp}(J^0(z)dz):}}.`$
For example, we can write down explicitly for small $`l`$:

$`P_1(J^0)`$ $`=`$ $`J^0`$
$`P_2(J^0)`$ $`=`$ $`:(J^0)^2:+J^0`$
$`P_3(J^0)`$ $`=`$ $`:(J^0)^3:+3J^0J^0+^2J^0.`$
###### Proof.

By the boson-fermion correspondence (4.3) and the identity

$`[{\displaystyle \underset{k>0}{}}J_k^0z^k/k,{\displaystyle \underset{k>0}{}}J_k^0w^k/k]={\displaystyle \underset{k>0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{k}}(w/z)^k=\mathrm{ln}(1w/z),`$
we have the following standard computation of the operator product expansion for $`|z|>|w|`$:

$`\psi ^{}(z)\psi ^+(w)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{zw}}\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \underset{k>0}{}}J_k^0(z^kw^k)/k\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \underset{k>0}{}}J_k^0(z^kw^k)/k\right)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{zw}}{\displaystyle \underset{l0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{l!}}(zw)^l`$
$`\left[_z^l\mathrm{exp}({\displaystyle \underset{k>0}{}}J_k^0(z^kw^k)/k)\mathrm{exp}({\displaystyle \underset{k>0}{}}J_k^0(z^kw^k)/k)\right]|_{z=w}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{zw}}+{\displaystyle \underset{l1}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{l!}}(zw)^{l1}P_l(J^0(w)).`$
We can calculate the operator product expansion $`\psi ^{}(z)\psi ^+(w)`$ for $`|z|>|w|`$ in a different way:

$`\psi ^{}(z)\psi ^+(w)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{zw}}+:\psi ^{}(z)\psi ^+(w):`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{zw}}+{\displaystyle \underset{k0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{k!}}(zw)^k:_w^k\psi ^{}(w)\psi ^+(w):`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{zw}}+{\displaystyle \underset{k0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{k!}}(zw)^kJ^k(w).`$
The proposition follows by comparing the right-hand sides of the above two calculations. ∎

For each $`\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$, we introduce a pair of fermionic fields

$$\psi ^\pm (\gamma )(z)=\underset{n+\frac{1}{2}}{}\psi _n^\pm (\gamma )z^{n\frac{1}{2}},$$

where $`\psi _n^\pm (\gamma )`$ satisfies the following anti-commutation relations:

$$[\psi _m^+(\beta ),\psi _n^{}(\gamma )]_+=\delta _{m,n}\delta _{\beta ,\gamma },\beta ,\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^{},$$

and the other commutators being zero. We denote by $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ the corresponding fermionic Fock space associated to $`\psi (\gamma ),\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$, and similarly we have the charge decomposition $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }=_k_\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(k)}`$. Now, by Remark 4.1, we can realize $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ acting on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ as

$`J^l(\gamma )(z)=:_z^l\psi ^{}(\gamma )(z)\psi ^+(\gamma )(z):,\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}.`$
Of course, Proposition 4.2 applies when we replace $`J^l(z)`$ by $`J^l(\gamma )(z)`$.

### 4.3. Convolution operators and $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$

Note that the Heisenberg algebra generated by $`J_n^0(\gamma )`$ and also $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ acts irreducibly on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(0)}`$. Since the components of $`J^0(\gamma )(z)`$ and those of $`𝔭(\gamma )(z)`$ satisfy the same Heisenberg algebra commutation relation, we may identify $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(0)}`$ and let $`J_n^0(\gamma )`$ act on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ as $`𝔭_n(\gamma )`$. The point here is how to realize the action of $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in a group-theoretic manner.

###### Proposition 4.3.

With the above identifications, the operator $`𝔟(\gamma )`$ for $`\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ can be identified with $`h_\gamma D(D+1)/2\gamma `$ in $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}^\mathrm{\Gamma }.`$

###### Proof.

Recall that $`J_0^0(\gamma )=𝔭_0(\gamma )`$ acts on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ as 0. From Theorem 3.13 and Proposition 4.2, we see that

$`𝔟(\gamma )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}h_\gamma ^2:𝔭(\gamma )^3:_0`$
$`=`$ $`h_\gamma ^2\left(P_3(J^0(\gamma ))/6P_2(J^0(\gamma ))/4\right)`$
$`=`$ $`h_\gamma ^2(J_0^2(\gamma )/2J_0^1(\gamma )/2)`$
$`=`$ $`h_\gamma ^2(D(D1)/2D)h_\gamma ^1\gamma `$
$`=`$ $`h_\gamma D(D+1)/2\gamma .`$
In particular, in the symmetric group case, we have $`𝔟=D(D+1)/2.`$

###### Proposition 4.4.

Let $`q=e^{\mathrm{}}`$. We can identify the operator $`𝔒_{\mathrm{}}(\gamma )`$, where $`\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$, on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ as the following weight-zero differential operator in $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$:

$$𝔒_{\mathrm{}}(\gamma )=\frac{q^{h_\gamma ^2D}1}{q^{h_\gamma ^2}1}h_\gamma ^1\gamma .$$

###### Proof.

From (4.1) and Proposition 4.3, for $`\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$, we have

$$[𝔟(\gamma ),𝔭_1(\beta )]=[h_\gamma D(D+1)/2h_\gamma ^1\gamma ,t^1h_\beta ^1\beta ]=t^1(h_\gamma ^2D)h_\gamma ^1h_\beta ^1\gamma \beta .$$

Together with Theorem 3.15, this implies that (for $`\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$)

$$[𝔒_{\mathrm{}}(\gamma ),𝔭_1(\beta )]=q^{\text{ad}𝔟(\gamma )}𝔭_1(\beta )=q^{\text{ad}𝔟(\gamma )}(t^1h_\beta ^1\beta )=t^1q^{h_\gamma ^2D}(h_\gamma ^1h_\beta ^1\gamma \beta ),$$

where we have used the fact that $`h_\gamma ^1\gamma `$ are orthogonal idempotents and

$$(h_\gamma ^1\gamma )^n(h_\beta ^1\beta )=h_\gamma ^1h_\beta ^1\gamma \beta ,n1.$$

On the other hand, a simple calculation using (4.1) gives us

$`[(q^{h_\gamma ^2}1)^1(q^{h_\gamma ^2D}1)h_\gamma ^1\gamma ,𝔭_1(\beta )]`$
$`=`$ $`(q^{h_\gamma ^2}1)^1t^1(q^{h_\gamma ^2(D1)}q^{h_\gamma ^2D})(h_\gamma ^1h_\beta ^1\gamma \beta )=t^1q^{h_\gamma ^2D}(h_\gamma ^1h_\beta ^1\gamma \beta ).`$
Note that both operators $`𝔒_{\mathrm{}}(\gamma )`$ and $`(q^{h_\gamma ^2}1)^1(q^{h_\gamma ^2D}1)h_\gamma ^1\gamma `$ commutes with $`𝔟(\beta )`$, and both operators annihilates the vacuum vector. It follows from the following simple Lemma 4.6 that these two operators coincides. ∎

###### Corollary 4.5.

In the case of symmetric groups (i.e. $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is trivial), we identify the operator $`𝔒_{\mathrm{}}`$ as the degree-zero differential operator $`\frac{q^D1}{q^11}`$ in $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}`$.

###### Lemma 4.6.

Given two operators $`𝔣_1,𝔣_2\mathrm{End}(_\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ such that $`𝔣_1|0=𝔣_2|0=0`$ and $`[𝔣_1,𝔟]=[𝔣_2,𝔟]=0,`$ and $`[𝔣_1,𝔭_1(\beta )]=[𝔣_2,𝔭_1(\beta )]`$ for all $`\beta R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. Then $`𝔣_1=𝔣_2`$.

###### Proof.

Follows from the fact that we can obtain the whole $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ by repeatedly applying the operator $`𝔟`$ and $`𝔭_1(\gamma )`$, $`\gamma R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. ∎

###### Theorem 4.7.

The commutators $`[𝔒^k(1),𝔭_n(\alpha )]`$, where $`k0,n,`$ and $`\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$, realize a level one irreducible representation of the Lie algebra $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

###### Proof.

If we expand the formula for $`𝔒_{\mathrm{}}(\gamma )`$ in Proposition 4.4 as a Taylor series in $`\mathrm{}`$, we see that $`𝔒^k(\gamma )`$ is of degree $`k+1`$ in $`D`$. Identifying $`𝔭_n(\alpha )`$ with $`t^nh_\alpha ^1\alpha `$, we see that the commutators $`[𝔒^k(1),𝔭_n(\alpha )]`$ is $`t^n`$ times a polynomial in $`D`$ of degree $`k`$ and they form a linear basis for $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. It is clear that the representation is of level one. ∎

### 4.4. Convolution operators and vertex operators

###### Lemma 4.8.

Let $`q=e^{\mathrm{}}`$. We have:

$`q^D`$ $`=`$ $`1+{\displaystyle \underset{l1}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{l!}}(q1)^l[D]_l=1+{\displaystyle \underset{l1}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{l!}}\mathrm{}^lD^l,`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{q^D1}{q^11}}`$ $`=`$ $`q{\displaystyle \underset{l1}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{l!}}(q1)^{l1}[D]_l.`$
###### Proof.

Follows from the expansions of $`q^D`$ and $`(q^D1)/(q^11)`$ in terms of powers of $`(q1),(q^11),`$ and $`\mathrm{}`$ respectively.

Let us introduce the following vertex operator associated to $`\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$:

$`V(\gamma ;z,q)`$ $`=`$ $`(q1)z\psi ^{}(\gamma )(qz)\psi ^+(\gamma )(z)`$
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \underset{k>0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{(q^k1)z^k}{k}}𝔭_k(\gamma )\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \underset{k>0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1q^k)z^k}{k}}𝔭_k(\gamma )\right).`$
We write $`V(\gamma ;z,q)=_mV_m(\gamma ;q)z^m`$.

The identification of $`𝔒_{\mathrm{}}(\gamma )`$ as an differential operator is useful as illustrated in the proof of the following theorem which describes the connection between JM elements and vertex operator.

###### Theorem 4.9.

Let $`q=e^{\mathrm{}}`$, and $`\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}.`$ The operator $`𝔒_{\mathrm{}}`$ can be expressed as:

$`𝔒_{\mathrm{}}(\gamma )={\displaystyle \frac{q}{(q1)^2}}\left(V_0(\gamma ;q^{h_\gamma ^2})1\right).`$
###### Proof.

As usual, we identify $`J_k^0(\gamma )`$ with $`𝔭_k(\gamma )`$. By taking the Taylor expansion of $`V(\gamma ;z,q)`$ with respect to $`(q1)`$ and using Proposition 4.2, we obtain:

$`V(\gamma ;z,q)`$ $`=`$ $`1+{\displaystyle \underset{k1}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{k!}}(q1)^kP_k(J^0(\gamma ))z^k`$ (4.4)
$`=`$ $`1+{\displaystyle \underset{l0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{l!}}(q1)^{l+1}J^l(\gamma )(z)z^{l+1}.`$
Note that the operator $`J_0^0(\gamma )`$ acts as $`0`$, and $`J_0^l(\gamma )=[D]_lh_\gamma ^1\gamma `$. By (4.4) and Lemma 4.8 (where $`q`$ is replaced by $`q^{h_\gamma ^2}`$), we have

$`{\displaystyle \frac{q^{h_\gamma ^2}}{(q^{h_\gamma ^2}1)^2}}\left(V_0(\gamma ;q^{h_\gamma ^2})1\right)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q^{h_\gamma ^2}}{(q^{h_\gamma ^2}1)^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{l1}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{l!}}(q^{h_\gamma ^2}1)^{l+1}J_0^l(\gamma )`$
$`=`$ $`q^{h_\gamma ^2}{\displaystyle \underset{l1}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{l!}}(q^{h_\gamma ^2}1)^{l1}[D]_lh_\gamma ^1\gamma `$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q^{h_\gamma ^2D}1}{q^{h_\gamma ^2}1}}h_\gamma ^1\gamma .`$
Now our result follows from comparing with Proposition 4.4. ∎

###### Remark 4.10.

In the symmetric group case, Theorem 4.7 and Theorem 4.9 have been established by Lascoux and Thibon in a different approach  (as a generalization of the construction of the Virasoro algebra by I. Frenkel and the author ). Actually, we have been unsuccessfully seeking for the $`𝒲_{1+\mathrm{}}`$ algebra acting on $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ right after we found the Virasoro algebra construction. In particular, we noticed the relevance of the vertex operator $`V(z,q)`$, but did not come up with the right group-theoretic construction (i.e. the JM elements) at the time.

## 5. Applications: stability and algebra generators for $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$

An observation made in  is the following. Assume that (A1) there exists a sequence of (finite-dimensional) Frobenius $``$-algebras $`A^{[n]}`$ ($`n0`$) such that $`A^{[0]}=`$ and $`A=A^{[1]}`$. (A2) the direct sum $`_nA^{[n]}`$ affords the structure of a Fock space of a Heisenberg algebra as in Theorem 2.1 (where $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is replaced by $`A`$). (A3) There exists a sequence of elements $`\mathrm{\Xi }_n^k(\alpha )A^{[n]}`$ depending on $`\alpha A`$ (linearly) and a non-negative integer $`k`$, which can be used to define operators $`𝔒^k(\alpha )`$. The operators $`𝔒^k(\alpha )`$, $`𝔟(\alpha )=𝔒^1(\alpha )`$ and the Heisenberg algebra generators satisfy the relations as in Theorem 3.13 and Theorem 3.15 (where $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is replaced by $`A`$). Then various statements, such as the stability and algebra generators, can be derived from these three axioms by a standard procedure using only the Heisenberg generators, the diagonal pushforward maps, the Euler class, etc. This was first done for cohomology rings of Hilbert schemes of points on projective surfaces , and then it has been applied to orbifold cohomology rings of the symmetric products .

In this section, we will formulate some consequences of these three axioms, which are the counterparts of the results obtained in  and in Section 4, . We will mainly formulate the stability result which allow us to introduce the stable algebra $`𝔄_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ associated to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. The proofs are the same as in  (also cf. ) and thus will not be repeated here. There are several more consequences of these axioms which we do not reproduce here, cf. . We further follow the ideas of Ivanov and Kerov  to establish that the structure constants of $`𝔄_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ are nonnegative integers.

### 5.1. The stability in class algebras $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$

Let $`s1`$, and let $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _sR(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. Let $`\pi =\{\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _j\}`$ be a partition of the set $`\{1,\mathrm{},s\}`$, and define $`\mathrm{}(\pi )=j`$, $`\alpha _{\pi _i}=_{m\pi _i}\alpha _m`$. We denote by $`\mathrm{𝟏}_k=\frac{𝔭_1(1)^k}{k!}`$ if $`k0`$ and $`\mathrm{𝟏}_k=0`$ if $`k<0.`$

###### Proposition 5.1.

Let $`n,s1`$, $`k_1,\mathrm{},k_s0`$, and let $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _sR(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. Then, the convolution product $`\mathrm{\Xi }_n^{k_1}(\alpha _1)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Xi }_n^{k_s}(\alpha _s)`$ in $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$ is a finite linear combination of expressions of the form

$`\mathrm{𝟏}_{\left(n\underset{i=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}(\pi )}{}}\underset{j=1}{\overset{m_i2r_i}{}}n_{i,j}\right)}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}(\pi )}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{m_i2r_i}{}}}𝔭_{n_{i,j}}\right)(\tau _{(m_i2r_i)}(\chi ^{r_i}\alpha _{\pi _i}))|0`$
where $`\pi `$ runs over all partitions of $`\{1,\mathrm{},s\}`$, $`m_i,r_i_+`$ such that

$$2r_im_i2+\underset{j\pi _i}{}k_j,$$

$`0<n_{i,1}\mathrm{}n_{i,m_i2r_i}`$, $`\underset{j=1}{\overset{m_i2r_i}{}}n_{i,j}\underset{j\pi _i}{}(k_j+1)`$ for every $`i`$, and

$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}(\pi )}{}}}\left(m_i2+{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{m_i2r_i}{}}}n_{i,j}\right)={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{s}{}}}k_i.`$
Moreover, all the coefficients in this linear combination are independent of the group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _s`$, and the integer $`n`$.

###### Remark 5.2.

This proposition is the counterpart of a theorem in .

###### Theorem 5.3.

Let $`s1`$ and $`k_i1`$ for $`1is`$. Fix $`n_{i,j}1`$ and $`\alpha _{i,j}R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ for $`1jk_i`$, and let $`n\underset{j=1}{\overset{k_i}{}}n_{i,j}`$ for all $`1is`$. Then the convolution product

$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{s}{}}}\left(\mathrm{𝟏}_{(n_{j=1}^{k_i}n_{i,j})}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{k_i}{}}}𝔭_{n_{i,j}}(\alpha _{i,j})|0\right)`$
in $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$ is equal to a finite linear combination of monomials of the form

$`\mathrm{𝟏}_{(n_{a=1}^Nm_a)}{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}}𝔭_{m_a}(\gamma _a)|0`$
where $`_{a=1}^Nm_a_{i=1}^s_{j=1}^{k_i}n_{i,j}`$, and $`\gamma _1,\mathrm{},\gamma _N`$ depend only on $`\chi ,\alpha _{i,j}`$, $`1is,1jk_i`$. Moreover, the coefficients in this linear combination are independent of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, $`\alpha _{i,j}`$ and $`n`$.

### 5.2. The stable algebra $`𝔄_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$

For a given $`\rho =(\rho (c))_{c\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}}𝒫(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{})`$, where $`\rho (c)=(r^{m_r(c)})_{r1}=(1^{m_1(c)}2^{m_2(c)}\mathrm{})`$, we define

$`𝔭_{\rho (c)}(K^c)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{r1}{}}𝔭_r(c)^{m_r(c)}=𝔭_1(K^c)^{m_1(c)}𝔭_2(K^c)^{m_2(c)}\mathrm{}`$
$`𝔭_\rho (n)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{𝟏}_{(n\rho )}{\displaystyle \underset{c\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}}{}}𝔭_{\rho (c)}(K^c)|0R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n),\text{for }n\rho `$
and set $`𝔭_\rho (n)=0`$ for $`n<\rho `$. We also define $`\stackrel{~}{𝔭}_\rho (n)=\stackrel{~}{z}_{\rho }^{}{}_{}{}^{1}𝔭_\rho (n)`$, where the constant $`\stackrel{~}{z}_\rho =_{r1,c\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}}r^{m_r(c)}m_r(c)!`$ is independent of $`n`$.

For a given $`\rho `$ with $`\rho n`$, we denote by $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }=\rho (1^{n\rho })𝒫_n(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{})`$, where $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }(c)=\rho (c)`$ for $`cc^0`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }(c^0)`$ is obtained from $`\rho (c^0)`$ by increasing the multiplicity of 1 by $`n\rho .`$ The Frobenius characteristic map (cf. ) allows one to identify the class function $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n\rho +m_1(c^0)}{m_1(c^0)}\right)K^{\stackrel{~}{\rho }}`$ and $`𝔭_\rho (n)`$.

As $`\rho `$ runs over all partition-valued functions on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}`$ with $`\rho n`$, the elements $`𝔭_\rho (n)`$ linearly span $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$, as a corollary to Theorem 2.1. According to Theorem 5.3 (for $`s=2`$), we can write the product in the class algebra $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$ as

$`𝔭_\rho (n)𝔭_\sigma (n)={\displaystyle \underset{\nu }{}}d_{\rho \sigma }^\nu 𝔭_\nu (n),`$ (5.1)
where $`\nu \rho +\sigma `$, and the structure coefficients $`d_{\rho \sigma }^\nu `$ are independent of $`n`$. Even though the elements $`𝔭_\nu (n)`$ with $`\nu n`$ in $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$ are not linearly independent, we can show that (cf. ) the constants $`d_{\rho \sigma }^\nu `$ in the formula (5.1) are uniquely determined from the fact that they are independent of $`n`$. Similarly, we can write uniquely

$`\stackrel{~}{𝔭}_\rho (n)\stackrel{~}{𝔭}_\sigma (n)={\displaystyle \underset{\nu }{}}\stackrel{~}{d}_{\rho \sigma }^\nu \stackrel{~}{𝔭}_\nu (n)`$
where $`\nu \rho +\sigma `$, and the new structure coefficients $`\stackrel{~}{d}_{\rho \sigma }^\nu `$ are also independent of $`n`$. Indeed, we have $`\stackrel{~}{d}_{\rho \sigma }^\nu =\stackrel{~}{z}_\nu \stackrel{~}{z}_\rho ^1\stackrel{~}{z}_\sigma ^1d_{\rho \sigma }^\nu .`$

The stable algebra associated to a finite group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, denoted by $`𝔄_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, is defined to be the algebra with a linear basis formed by the symbols $`𝔭_\rho `$, $`\rho 𝒫(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{})`$ and with the multiplication defined by

$`𝔭_\rho 𝔭_\sigma ={\displaystyle \underset{\nu }{}}d_{\rho \sigma }^\nu 𝔭_\nu `$
where the structure constants $`d_{\rho \sigma }^\nu `$ are from the relations (5.1) and $`\nu \rho +\sigma `$.

Clearly the stable algebra $`𝔄_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ itself is commutative and associative. The algebra $`𝔄_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ captures all the information of the class algebra $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$ for all $`n`$, as we easily recover the relations (5.1) from the algebra $`𝔄_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. We summarize these observations into the following.

###### Theorem 5.4.

(Stability) For a finite group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, the product in the class algebras $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$ $`(n1)`$ can be written in the form (5.1) whose structure constants are independent of $`n`$. This give rise to the stable algebra $`𝔄_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ which completely encodes the class algebra structure of $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$ for each $`n`$.

###### Remark 5.5.

In the formulation of the stable algebra, we have the freedom of choosing a linear basis of $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ (cf. Theorem 5.3). In the above formulation, we have choosen $`K^c`$ (where $`c\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}`$) as the linear basis of $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, which allow us to establish below remarkable integrality and positivity properties of the structure constants.

###### Remark 5.6.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be trivial and thus $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ reduces to the symmetric group $`S_n`$. In this case, The stability of the class algebras was first given in Kerov and Olshanski (cf. , Proposition 3) from a totally different approach (cf. Lascoux-Thibon , Section 4, for another proof).

###### Remark 5.7.

For $`\rho 𝒫(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{})`$ with $`\mathrm{}(\rho )=1`$, that is, when the partition $`\rho (c)`$ is a one-part partition $`(r)`$ for some $`c\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}`$ and is empty for all the other class functions in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}`$, we will simply write $`𝔭_\rho =𝔭_{r,c}`$. Following the techniques as developed in  (for cohomology rings of Hilbert schemes), we can show that the stable algebra $`𝔄_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is isomorphic to the polynomial algebra generated by $`𝔭_{r,c},c\mathrm{\Gamma }_{},r1`$.

### 5.3. Positivity and integrality of the structure constants of $`𝔄_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$

###### Theorem 5.8.

The structure constants $`\stackrel{~}{d}_{\rho \sigma }^\nu `$ for the stable algebra $`𝔄_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ are non-negative integers. So are $`d_{\rho \sigma }^\nu `$.

###### Remark 5.9.

In the symmetric group case (i.e. $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is trivial), the integrality and positivity of these structure constants have been established by Ivanov and Kerov . Theorem 5.8 also follows from a straightforward generalization of their ingenious constructions, which we outline below. In fact, this approach also provides a second proof of Theorem 5.4.

All the constructions of Ivanov and Kerov admit a straightforward generalization to the wreath product setup. We sketch below only the portion which will provide us a proof of Theorem 5.8, and refer to  for more detail.

Following , we introduce the semigroup of “partial permutations” $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ as follows. If $`Y`$ is a finite set, we denote by $`S_Y`$ the symmetric group of permutations on $`Y`$, and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Y`$ the corresponding wreath product. We denote by $`\underset{¯}{n}`$ the set $`\{1,2,\mathrm{},n\}`$, so $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\underset{¯}{n}}`$ is just our usual $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$. For $`Y\underset{¯}{n}`$, we regard $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Y`$ as a subgroup of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$.

A partial permutation of the set $`\underset{¯}{n}`$ is a pair $`(Y,a)`$ which consists of a finite subset $`Y\underset{¯}{n}`$ and an element $`a\mathrm{\Gamma }_Y`$. Denote by $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ the set of all partial permutations of $`\underset{¯}{n}`$. The set $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ is endowed with a natural semigroup structure by letting the product of two elements $`(Y_1,a_1)`$ and $`(Y_2,a_2)`$ in $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ to be $`(Y_1Y_2,a_1a_2)`$. We denote by $`[P\mathrm{\Gamma }_n]`$ the semigroup algebra (over $``$).

The wreath product $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ acts on the semigroup $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ by $`(Y,a)(\sigma Y,xax^1)`$, where $`x=(g,\sigma )\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$, $`g\mathrm{\Gamma }^n,\sigma S_n`$. One easily shows that the corresponding conjugate classes $`C_\rho (n)`$ in $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ are parametrized by $`\rho 𝒫(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{})`$ such that $`\rho n`$. By abuse of notation, we will also use $`C_\rho (n)`$ to denote the characteristic function of the conjugate class $`C_\rho (n)`$. Denote by $`R_{}(P\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$ the $``$-span of the characteristic functions of the conjugate classes in $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$.

There is a surjective “forgetful” ring homomorphism $`[P\mathrm{\Gamma }_n][\mathrm{\Gamma }_n]`$ by $`(Y,a)a`$, and it induces a surjective ring homomorphism $`R_{}(P\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)R_{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$ by sending $`C_\rho (n)`$ to $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n\rho +m_1(c^0)}{m_1(c^0)}\right)K^{\stackrel{~}{\rho }}=\stackrel{~}{𝔭}_\rho (n)`$. It follows that

$$C_\rho (n)C_\sigma (n)=\underset{\nu }{}\stackrel{~}{d}_{\rho \sigma }^\nu C_\nu (n)$$

where $`\stackrel{~}{d}_{\rho \sigma }^\nu `$ are the structure constants introduced earlier. This interpretation of $`\stackrel{~}{d}_{\rho \sigma }^\nu `$ as the structure constants of $`R_{}(P\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$ implies immediately that all $`\stackrel{~}{d}_{\rho \sigma }^\nu `$ are nonnegative integers.

We can also establish the fact that $`\stackrel{~}{d}_{\rho \sigma }^\nu `$ (denoted by $`\stackrel{~}{d}_{\rho \sigma }^\nu (n)`$ for the time being) are independent of $`n`$ along this line as follows. Let $`mn`$. We define a linear map $`\theta _{n,m}:[P\mathrm{\Gamma }_n][P\mathrm{\Gamma }_m]`$ by letting $`\theta _{n,m}(Y,a)=(Y,a)`$ if $`Y\underset{¯}{m}`$, and $`\theta _{n,m}(Y,a)=0`$ otherwise. As in , we see that $`\theta _{n,m}`$ is a surjective ring homomorphism. Since the homomorphisms $`\theta _{n,m}`$ for all $`mn`$ are compatible, we can define a projective limit of the algebras $`[P\mathrm{\Gamma }_n]`$, symbolically denoted by $`[P\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{}}]`$, which has an induced algebra structure. The action of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ acts on $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ induces an action of the group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{}}=_n\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ on $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{}}=_nP\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ and thus on $`[P\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{}}]`$. One can show that the orbits in $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{}}`$ under the action of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{}}`$ give us a linear basis $`\stackrel{~}{P}_\rho `$ parametrized by $`\rho 𝒫(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{})`$ on $`R_{}(P\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{}})`$, the algebra of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{}}`$-invariants on $`[P\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{}}]`$. Write $`\stackrel{~}{P}_\rho \stackrel{~}{P}_\sigma =_\nu \stackrel{~}{e}_{\rho \sigma }^\nu \stackrel{~}{P}_\nu .`$ The homomorphisms $`\theta _{n,m}`$ induces a surjective ring homomorphism $`\theta _n:R_{}(P\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{}})R_{}(P\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$ by letting $`\theta _n(\stackrel{~}{P}_\rho )=C_\rho (n)`$ if $`\rho n`$ and $`\theta _n(\stackrel{~}{P}_\rho )=0`$ otherwise. It follows that $`\stackrel{~}{d}_{\rho \sigma }^\nu (n)=\stackrel{~}{e}_{\rho \sigma }^\nu `$ for $`\rho ,\sigma ,\nu `$ such that $`\rho n,\sigma n`$ and $`\nu n`$. This implies that $`\stackrel{~}{d}_{\rho \sigma }^\nu `$ is independent of $`n`$ and that the stable algebra $`𝔄_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ introduced earlier is isomorphic to the algebra $`_{}R_{}(P\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{}})`$.

A further elaboration (similar as above) using a concept of “filling” associated to Young diagram and the associated convolution introduced by Ivanov-Kerov will allow us to establish Theorem 5.8 for $`d_{\rho \sigma }^\nu `$. As these are straightforward modification of , we will not repeat here and instead refer to Sect. 8 of  for detail.

### 5.4. Algebra generators for $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$

For $`0i<n`$ and $`\alpha R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, we introduce the following class function in $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$:

$$P_i(\alpha ,n)=\frac{1}{(ni1)!}𝔭_{i1}(\alpha )𝔭_1(1_X)^{ni1}|0.$$

For $`\alpha =K^c`$, where $`c\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}`$, $`P_i(\alpha ,n)`$ is a scalar multiple of the characteristic function of some conjugacy class in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$.

###### Theorem 5.10.

1. The class algebra $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$ is generated by the class functions $`\mathrm{\Xi }_n^i(\alpha )`$, where $`0i<n`$ and $`\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$.
2. The class algebra $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n)`$ is also generated by the class functions $`P^i(\alpha ,n)`$, where $`0i<n`$ and $`\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$.

###### Remark 5.11.

Since $`P_i(\alpha ,n)`$ depends on $`\alpha `$ linearly, we may replace $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ in the theorem by any linear basis of $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.

###### Remark 5.12.

Let us set $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=1`$ and thus $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n=S_n`$. The power sums $`\mathrm{\Xi }_n^k`$, $`0k<n`$ of the JM elements can easily be replaced by the $`k`$-th elementary symmetric functions of the JM elements in the above theorem, which is the statement of a theorem in . Note that the $`k`$-th elementary symmetric functions of the JM elements is the sum of permutations in $`S_n`$ with exactly $`nk`$ cycles.