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VACUUM KERR-SCHILD METRICS

GENERATED BY NONTWISTING CONGRUENCES Research supported by OTKA fund no. 1826 and by the Pro Renovanda Cultura Hungariae Foundation László Á. Gergely$`{}_{}{}^{a})`$ Department of Theoretical Physics, J zsef Attila University, H-6720 Szeged, Aradi v rtan k tere 1, Hungary and Zoltán Perjés$`{}_{}{}^{b})`$ Central Research Institute for Physics, H-1525 Budapest 114, P.O.Box 49, Hungary  ABSTRACT The Kerr-Schild pencil of metrics $`\stackrel{~}{g}_{ab}=g_{ab}+Vl_al_b`$, with $`g_{ab}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{g}_{ab}`$ satisfying the vacuum Einstein equations, is investigated in the case when the null vector $`l`$ has vanishing twist. This class of Kerr-Schild metrics contains two solutions: the Kasner metric and a metric wich can be obtained from the Kasner metric by a complex coordinate transformation. Both are limiting cases of the Kóta-Perjés metrics. The base space-time is a pp-wave.

Keywords: General Relativity, Kerr-Schild metrics, nontwisting null congruences

1. INTRODUCTION

The Kerr-Schild map

$$\stackrel{~}{g}_{ab}=g_{ab}+Vl_al_b$$
$`(0)`$
generates a pencil of space-time metrics $`\stackrel{~}{g}_{ab}`$ from the metric $`g_{ab}`$ where $`l`$ is a null vector and $`V`$ a function. The solution of the original problem, where a flat parent space-time is mapped to a vacuum space-time, has been known for some time. In the case of Kerr-Schild pencils with a non-twisting and divergence-free $`l`$, this is due to Trautman1. For the congruences with nonvanishing divergence or twist, the general solution is given by Kerr and Schild2.

Here we shall not impose any restriction on the parent metric $`g`$ apart from being Lorentzian and vacuum. Still, it follows from the vacuum Einstein equations for the pencil (0) that the null vector $`l`$ is tangent to geodesics. The general solution of this problem was given recently by us3,4,5. However, the special case when $`l`$ is twist-free is not per se covered by the generic procedure, and hints only were given in Ref. 5 as to how to treat the twist-free fields. The full details are given in this paper.

In section 2 we state a theorem characterizing the twist-free Kerr-Schild metrics by the value of the shear parameter $`\eta `$. As in the generic case, the values $`sin\eta =0,\pm 1,\pm \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}`$ of the shear parameter are exceptional, and these metrics cannot be continuously extended to other values of $`\eta `$. These exceptional cases are covered by the treatment in Ref. 5, letting the twist vanish. However, the generic treatment in Ref. 5 cannot be extended to the fields with arbitrary $`\eta `$. Sections 3 and 4 are devoted to these fields. Nonetheless, the resulting metrics prove to be the twist-free limits of the generic metrics5.

2. SOLUTION OF THE $`\mathrm{\Psi }_1`$ SYSTEM

The computations follow closely the pattern of the generic case where the Newman-Penrose formalism6 was used. The tetrad vectors are denoted $`l=D,n=\mathrm{\Delta },m=\delta ,`$ and $`\overline{m}=\overline{\delta }`$. The expressions for the optical scalars, the curvature quantity $`\mathrm{\Psi }_0`$, the Kerr-Schild potential and the null tetrad vector $`m`$ in the twist-free case ($`B=0`$) become5:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \rho =& \frac{1+cos\eta }{2r},\sigma =\frac{sin\eta }{2r},\mathrm{\Psi }_0=\frac{sin\eta cos\eta }{2r^2},\hfill \\ \hfill V=& \frac{V_0}{r^{cos\eta }},m=r^{\frac{cos\eta +sin\eta +1}{2}}(Q_\mathrm{𝟏}+ir^{sin\eta }Q_\mathrm{𝟐}).\hfill \end{array}$$
$`(1)`$
where $`Q_{\mathrm{𝟏},\mathrm{𝟐}}=Q_{\mathrm{𝟏},\mathrm{𝟐}}^j\frac{}{x^j}`$. The functions $`\eta ,Q_\mathrm{𝟏}^j,Q_\mathrm{𝟐}^j`$ and $`V_0`$ do not depend on $`r`$, the affine parameter of the (geodesic) integral curves of $`l=D=\frac{}{r}`$. The tetrad has been uniquely fixed by choosing

$$ϵ=0,\pi =\alpha +\overline{\beta },m^0=0.$$
$`(2)`$
The fields with $`\eta =0`$ are algebraically special.

Our main theorem4 can be stated in the twist-free case again:

Theorem on twist-free vacuum-vacuum Kerr-Schild maps: Unless $`sin\eta =0,\pm 1,\pm \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}`$, the Kerr-Schild potential is restricted by the relation $`\delta V=0`$.

The treatment of the metrics with $`sin\eta =0,\pm 1,\pm \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}`$ in Ref. 5 holds unchanged for curl-free fields. In what follows, we will consider the case where the shear is not restricted. The explicit $`r`$ dependence of $`\delta V`$ is known by (1). Hence we obtain:

$$\delta V_0=\delta \eta =0.$$
$`(3)`$
Though the forms of the spin coefficients (1) are simple under the curl-free condition, the integration functions $`V_0`$ and $`\eta `$ are not constant. (Unlike in the generic case $`\overline{\rho }\rho 0`$, it does not follow from the commutator $`[\overline{\delta },\delta ]`$ that their $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ derivatives vanish.)

The field equations are the Newman-Penrose equations and the vacuum Einstein-equations for Kerr-Schild metrics4. The subsystem of equations containing $`D`$ derivatives of spin coefficients $`\alpha ,\beta ,\tau ,\pi `$ and $`\mathrm{\Psi }_1`$ is closed and has been referred to as the $`\mathrm{\Psi }_1`$ system3,4. The general solution for this system was obtained as a finite series in the complex phase factor $`C=\frac{r^{cos\eta }iB}{r^{cos\eta }+iB}`$. For the present nontwisting case the function $`B=0`$, thus $`C=1`$. When we take the limit $`B0`$ for the four fundamental solutions of the $`\mathrm{\Psi }_1`$ system, two of them vanish because they are proportional to $`C1`$. The fundamental solutions can be multiplied by arbitrary $`r`$-independent real functions. Thus we divide by $`B`$ and apply the l’Hospital rule, $`\frac{C1}{B}\frac{2i}{r^{cos\eta }}`$ to obtain the two missing fundamental solutions of the $`\mathrm{\Psi }_1`$ system. The general solution is:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \pi =& \frac{E_1\pi ^{(1)}}{r^{\frac{cos\eta +sin\eta +1}{2}}}+\frac{E_2\pi ^{(2)}}{r^{\frac{cos\eta sin\eta +1}{2}}}+\frac{E_3\pi ^{(3)}}{r^{\frac{3cos\eta +sin\eta +3}{2}}}+\frac{E_4\pi ^{(4)}}{r^{\frac{3cos\eta sin\eta +3}{2}}}\hfill \\ \hfill \tau =& \frac{E_1\tau ^{(1)}}{r^{\frac{cos\eta +sin\eta +1}{2}}}+\frac{E_2\tau ^{(2)}}{r^{\frac{cos\eta sin\eta +1}{2}}}+\frac{E_3\tau ^{(3)}}{r^{\frac{3cos\eta +sin\eta +3}{2}}}+\frac{E_4\tau ^{(4)}}{r^{\frac{3cos\eta sin\eta +3}{2}}}\hfill \\ \hfill \alpha =& \frac{E_1\alpha ^{(1)}}{r^{\frac{cos\eta +sin\eta +1}{2}}}+\frac{E_2\alpha ^{(2)}}{r^{\frac{cos\eta sin\eta +1}{2}}}+\frac{E_3\alpha ^{(3)}}{r^{\frac{3cos\eta +sin\eta +3}{2}}}+\frac{E_4\alpha ^{(4)}}{r^{\frac{3cos\eta sin\eta +3}{2}}}\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Psi }_1=& \frac{E_1\mathrm{\Psi }_1^{(1)}}{r^{\frac{cos\eta +sin\eta +3}{2}}}+\frac{E_2\mathrm{\Psi }_1^{(2)}}{r^{\frac{cos\eta sin\eta +3}{2}}}+\frac{E_3\mathrm{\Psi }_1^{(3)}}{r^{\frac{3cos\eta +sin\eta +5}{2}}}+\frac{E_4\mathrm{\Psi }_1^{(4)}}{r^{\frac{3cos\eta sin\eta +5}{2}}}\hfill \end{array}$$
$`(4)`$
where $`E_1,\mathrm{}E_4`$ are arbitrary functions independent of $`r`$ and the coefficients $`\pi ^{(1)},\mathrm{},`$ $`\pi ^{(4)},\tau ^{(1)},\mathrm{}\tau ^{(4)},\alpha ^{(1)},\mathrm{}\alpha ^{(4)},\mathrm{\Psi }_1^{(1)},\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Psi }_1^{(4)}`$ enlisted in Table 1 are functions of $`\eta `$ only.

Once the affine-parameter dependence of the spin coefficients $`\rho ,\sigma ,\alpha ,\beta ,\pi ,\tau ,\mathrm{\Psi }_0,\mathrm{\Psi }_1`$ and of the Kerr-Schild potential is known, the question naturally arises whether these solutions are compatible with the rest of the equations? In the following section, we will address this question.

3. THE REMAINING FIELD EQUATIONS

First we find from the commutator $`[\overline{\delta },\delta ]r=\mu \overline{\mu }`$ that the spin coefficient $`\mu `$ is real. Then, writing the tetrad vector $`n`$ in the form

$$n=𝒩/r+N^j/x^j$$
$`(5)`$
where $`𝒩,N^j`$ are unknown functions of all of the coordinates, some $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ derivatives can be written as:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{\Delta }\rho =& \frac{1+cos\eta }{2r^2}𝒩+\frac{sin\eta }{2r}\mathrm{\Delta }\eta ,\mathrm{\Delta }\sigma =\frac{1+cos\eta }{2r^2}𝒩+\frac{sin\eta }{2r}\mathrm{\Delta }\eta ,\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Psi }_0=& \frac{sin\eta cos\eta }{r^3}𝒩\frac{cos^2\eta sin^2\eta }{2r^2}\mathrm{\Delta }\eta ,\mathrm{\Delta }lnV=\mathrm{\Delta }lnV_0\frac{cos\eta }{r}𝒩+sin\eta lnr\mathrm{\Delta }\eta .\hfill \end{array}$$
$`(6)`$
The equations (NP 4.2.l,q) of Ref. 6, the complex conjugate of (NP 4.2.p), the fifth Bianchi relation (NP 4.5) and the last Kerr-Schild equation3,5 form a closed algebraic system in the real variables $`\mu ,𝒩,\mathrm{\Delta }\eta ,\mathrm{\Delta }lnV_0`$ and the complex variables $`\lambda ,\gamma ,\mathrm{\Psi }_2`$ and their complex conjugates:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \rho \mu \sigma \lambda \mathrm{\Psi }_2& =a_1\hfill \\ \hfill \sigma \mu +\rho \lambda +\sigma (\gamma 3\overline{\gamma })+\frac{1+cos\eta }{2r^2}𝒩+\frac{sin\eta }{2r}\mathrm{\Delta }\eta & =\overline{a}_2\hfill \\ \hfill \rho \mu +\sigma \lambda \rho (\gamma +\overline{\gamma })+\mathrm{\Psi }_2+\frac{sin\eta }{2r^2}𝒩\frac{cos\eta }{2r}\mathrm{\Delta }\eta & =a_3\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Psi }_0\mu 4\mathrm{\Psi }_0\gamma 3\sigma \mathrm{\Psi }_2+\frac{sin\eta cos\eta }{r^3}𝒩\frac{cos^2\eta sin^2\eta }{2r^2}\mathrm{\Delta }\eta & =a_4\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{\mathrm{\Psi }_0}{\sigma }\mu 2\rho (\gamma +\overline{\gamma })+\mathrm{\Psi }_2+\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_2\rho (\mathrm{\Delta }lnV_0\frac{cos\eta }{r}𝒩+sin\eta lnr\mathrm{\Delta }\eta )& =a_5\hfill \end{array}$$
$`(7)`$
where the source terms $`a_1,\mathrm{}a_5`$ are given in Table 2, and their $`r`$ dependence is known. This system corresponds to, but does not hold as a limiting case, of Eqs. (5.2) of Ref. 5. The unknown functions $`𝒩,\mathrm{\Delta }\eta `$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }lnV_0`$ did not occur in the generic treatment. Now we cannot get rid of $`𝒩`$ by use of the commutator $`[\delta ,\overline{\delta }]r`$ because $`(\overline{\rho }\rho )𝒩`$ vanishes, and we cannot prove property (ii) (that the $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ derivatives vanish).

The imaginary parts of the first four equations of (7) yield:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \lambda \overline{\lambda }=& \frac{3\sigma ^2(a_1\overline{a}_1)+\sigma (a_4\overline{a}_4)\mathrm{\Psi }_0(a_2\overline{a}_2)}{3\sigma ^3+\rho \mathrm{\Psi }_0}\hfill \\ \hfill \gamma \overline{\gamma }=& \frac{a_2\overline{a}_2+\rho (\lambda \overline{\lambda })}{4\sigma }\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Psi }_2\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_2=& \sigma (\lambda \overline{\lambda })(a_1\overline{a}_1)\hfill \\ \hfill C_1& a_1+a_3\overline{a}_1\overline{a}_3=0\hfill \end{array}$$
$`(8)`$
The last relation is a constraint equation involving only expressions with known $`r`$ dependence.

With algebraic manipulations on the first four equations of (7) one obtains:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mu =& \frac{1+cos\eta }{sin\eta }\lambda +f_1\hfill \\ \hfill r\mathrm{\Psi }_2=& \frac{cos\eta (1+cos\eta )}{sin\eta }\lambda +f_2\hfill \\ \hfill \gamma +\overline{\gamma }+\frac{𝒩}{r}=& \frac{2(1+cos\eta )}{sin\eta }\lambda +f_3\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Delta }\eta =& \frac{2r(a_1+a_2)+(1+cos\eta )(2f_1f_3)}{sin\eta }rC_2+r^2C_3\hfill \end{array}$$
$`(9)`$
where $`f_1,f_2,f_3`$ enlisted in Table 3 were formed from $`a_1,\mathrm{}a_4`$. Note that the commutator $`[\mathrm{\Delta },D]\eta `$ implies that $`D\eta `$ does not depend on $`r`$, so $`\mathrm{\Delta }\eta =0`$ and $`C_2=C_3=0`$ are constraints.

From the equations (NP 4.2.g) the $`r`$ dependence of $`\lambda `$ can be integrated:

$$D\left(r^{1+cos\eta }\lambda \right)=r^{1+cos\eta }(\sigma f_1+f_4)$$
$`(10)`$
where the term $`f_4`$ with known $`r`$ dependence is given in Table 3. After the elimination of $`\lambda `$ from (10) and (NP 4.2.h), a fourth constraint $`C_4=0`$ arises. The solution of all these constraints allows one to express the $`Q_{\mathrm{𝟏},\mathrm{𝟐}}`$ derivatives of $`E_1,E_2`$ in terms of $`E_1,E_2`$, while $`E_3,E_4`$ is found to vanish (Table 4).

Finally, from $`[\mathrm{\Delta },D]r`$ one gets $`\left(\gamma +\overline{\gamma }+\frac{𝒩}{r}\right)=rD\left(\frac{𝒩}{r}\right)`$, and with a second integration one finds the $`r`$ dependence of $`𝒩`$.

Using all these results in the last relation of (7), we express $`\mathrm{\Delta }lnV_0`$, which does not depend on $`r`$ as follows from the commutator $`[\mathrm{\Delta },D]lnV_0`$. This condition can be fulfilled only if:

$$E_1=E_2=E_3=E_4=0.$$
$`(11)`$
We recover the same result as in the general case: only the trivial solution of the $`\mathrm{\Psi }_1`$ system is compatible with the rest of the equations. We then have

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \kappa =ϵ=\pi =\tau =\alpha =\mathrm{\Psi }_1=\mu =\lambda =\mathrm{\Psi }_2=\mathrm{\Delta }\eta =0\hfill \\ & \gamma =\frac{H}{2},𝒩=Hr,\mathrm{\Delta }lnV_0=(cos\eta +2)H,\hfill \end{array}$$
$`(12)`$
where $`H`$ is an integration function restricted by the conditions $`Q_\mathrm{𝟏}H=Q_\mathrm{𝟐}H=0`$ following from the commutator $`[\delta ,D]lnV_0`$.

We complete the process of determining the $`r`$ dependence of the spin coefficients by observing that

$$\nu =\mathrm{\Psi }_3=\mathrm{\Psi }_4=0,$$
$`(13)`$
from $`[\delta ,D]r`$ and (NP 4.2.i,j) respectively. We conclude that the base space must be of type N.

4. THE METRICS

The commutators among $`Q_\mathrm{𝟏},Q_\mathrm{𝟐},N=N^j\frac{}{r}`$ and $`D`$, namely

$$\begin{array}{cc}& [N,D]=[Q_\mathrm{𝟏},D]=[Q_\mathrm{𝟐},D]=[Q_\mathrm{𝟏},Q_\mathrm{𝟐}]=0\hfill \\ & [Q_\mathrm{𝟏},N]=\frac{cos\eta +sin\eta +1}{2}HQ_\mathrm{𝟏},[Q_\mathrm{𝟐},N]=\frac{cos\eta sin\eta +1}{2}HQ_\mathrm{𝟐}\hfill \end{array}$$
$`(14)`$
allow one to fix the coordinates $`(r,x,y,u)`$ in the following way:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill D=& \frac{}{r},Q_\mathrm{𝟏}=\frac{}{x},Q_\mathrm{𝟐}=\frac{}{y},\hfill \\ \hfill N=& \frac{cos\eta +sin\eta +1}{2}H(u)\frac{}{x}\frac{cos\eta sin\eta +1}{2}H(u)\frac{}{y}+F(u)\frac{}{u}\hfill \end{array},$$
$`(15)`$
where $`F(u)`$ is an arbitrary function of $`u`$. The tetrad vectors in the chosen coordinates are:

$$\begin{array}{cc}& l^a=\delta _1^am^a=r^{\frac{cos\eta +sin\eta +1}{2}}\delta _2^a+r^{\frac{cos\eta sin\eta +1}{2}}\delta _3^a\hfill \\ & n^a=ur\delta _1^a\frac{cos\eta +sin\eta +1}{2}ux\delta _2^a\frac{cos\eta sin\eta +1}{2}uy\delta _3^a+F(u)\delta _4^a\hfill \end{array}$$
$`(16)`$
The Kerr-Schild potential is found by integration of $`V_0`$ from (12):

$$V=\mathrm{\Lambda }\frac{e^{(cos\eta +2)\frac{udu}{F(u)}}}{r^{cos\eta }}.$$
$`(17)`$
where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is an arbitrary parameter.

We are now able to write down the base space metric using the completeness relation of the tetrad (16). With (17), the Kerr-Schild pencil has the form

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill ds^2=& \frac{r^{cos\eta +sin\eta +1}}{2}\left[dx+\frac{(cos\eta +sin\eta +1)xu}{2F(u)}du\right]^2\hfill \\ & \frac{r^{cos\eta sin\eta +1}}{2}\left[dy+\frac{(cos\eta sin\eta +1)yu}{2F(u)}du\right]^2\hfill \\ & \frac{1}{2ru}\left[dr\frac{2ru}{F(u)}du\right]^2+\frac{dr^2}{2ru}\hfill \\ \hfill d\stackrel{~}{s}^2=& ds^2+\mathrm{\Lambda }\frac{e^{(cos\eta +2)\frac{udu}{F(u)}}}{r^{cos\eta }}\frac{du^2}{F(u)^2}\hfill \end{array}$$
$`(18)`$
The curvature components are:

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_0=\frac{cos\eta sin\eta }{2r^2}\hfill \\ & \stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_1=\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_3=0\hfill \\ & \stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_2=\mathrm{\Lambda }\frac{cos\eta (cos\eta +1)e^{(cos\eta +2)\frac{udu}{F(u)}}}{4r^{cos\eta +2}}\hfill \\ & \stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_4=\mathrm{\Lambda }^2\frac{cos\eta sin\eta e^{2(cos\eta +2)\frac{udu}{F(u)}}}{8r^{2cos\eta +2}}.\hfill \end{array}$$
$`(19)`$
We conclude that the Kerr-Schild space-time is of type I in the Petrov classification.

We may transform these metrics to a simpler form by the coordinate transformations

$$t=e^{{\scriptscriptstyle {\scriptscriptstyle \frac{udu}{F(u)}}}},v=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}xt^{\frac{cos\eta +sin\eta +1}{2}},w=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}yt^{\frac{cos\eta sin\eta +1}{2}},p=rt.$$
$`(20)`$
Noting that $`t`$ is function only of $`u`$, we define a new coordinate $`q`$ in place of $`t`$ by $`dq=\frac{dt}{u}`$. The old coordinates $`(r,x,y,u)`$ can be expressed in terms of the new ones $`(v,w,p,q)`$ provided that the first relation of (20) is invertible. The base and Kerr-Schild metrics in these new coordinates are:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill ds^2=& p^{cos\eta +sin\eta +1}dv^2p^{cos\eta sin\eta +1}dw^2+2dpdq\hfill \\ \hfill d\stackrel{~}{s}^2=& ds^2+\mathrm{\Lambda }p^{cos\eta }dq^2.\hfill \end{array}$$
$`(21)`$
The parent space metric has been obtained by Bilge7. There has been some controversy in the literature (cf. Kupeli8 and Bilge7) whether or not this pp-wave is unique in the considered class of Kerr-Schild maps. Here we succeeded in demonstrating the uniqueness.

The vectors $`\frac{}{v}`$, $`\frac{}{w}`$ and $`\frac{}{q}`$ are (commuting) Killing vectors of both metrics, moreover the last of them is covariantly constant. In the shear-free limit $`sin\eta 0`$ both metrics admit a fourth Killing vector $`v\frac{}{w}w\frac{}{v}`$, thus they are plane symmetric metrics (13.9) of Ref. 9.

The metric $`d\stackrel{~}{s}^2`$ in (21) can be put into a more familiar form as follows,

(a) in case $`\mathrm{\Lambda }<0`$ we introduce the new coordinates $`(T,X,Y,Z)`$:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill T=& \frac{(\mathrm{\Lambda })^{\frac{1}{2}}}{\frac{cos\eta }{2}+1}p^{\frac{cos\eta }{2}+1}\hfill \\ \hfill X=& \left[(\mathrm{\Lambda })^{\frac{1}{2}}\left(\frac{cos\eta }{2}+1\right)\right]^{\frac{cos\eta +sin\eta +1}{2}}v\hfill \\ \hfill Y=& \left[(\mathrm{\Lambda })^{\frac{1}{2}}\left(\frac{cos\eta }{2}+1\right)\right]^{\frac{cos\eta sin\eta +1}{2}}w\hfill \\ \hfill Z=& \left[(\mathrm{\Lambda })^{\frac{1}{2}}\left(\frac{cos\eta }{2}+1\right)\right]^{\frac{cos\eta }{2}}\left[(\mathrm{\Lambda })^{\frac{1}{2}}q(\mathrm{\Lambda })^{\frac{1}{2}}\frac{p^{1+cos\eta }}{1+cos\eta }\right].\hfill \end{array}$$
$`(22)`$
The Kerr-Schild metric is the Kasner metric10:

$$d\stackrel{~}{s}^2=dT^2T^{2p_1}dX^2T^{2p_2}dY^2T^{2p_3}dZ^2,$$
$`(23)`$
where the powers

$$p_1=\frac{cos\eta +sin\eta +1}{cos\eta +2},p_2=\frac{cos\eta sin\eta +1}{cos\eta +2},p_3=\frac{cos\eta }{cos\eta +2}$$
$`(24)`$
satisfy the required relations $`p_1+p_2+p_3=1`$ and $`(p_1)^2+(p_2)^2+(p_3)^2=1`$.

(b) in case $`\mathrm{\Lambda }>0`$ the new coordinates $`(T,X,Y,Z)`$ are introduced in the following manner:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill T=& \frac{(\mathrm{\Lambda })^{\frac{1}{2}}}{\frac{cos\eta }{2}+1}p^{\frac{cos\eta }{2}+1}\hfill \\ \hfill X=& \left[(\mathrm{\Lambda })^{\frac{1}{2}}\left(\frac{cos\eta }{2}+1\right)\right]^{\frac{cos\eta +sin\eta +1}{2}}v\hfill \\ \hfill Y=& \left[(\mathrm{\Lambda })^{\frac{1}{2}}\left(\frac{cos\eta }{2}+1\right)\right]^{\frac{cos\eta sin\eta +1}{2}}w\hfill \\ \hfill Z=& \left[(\mathrm{\Lambda })^{\frac{1}{2}}\left(\frac{cos\eta }{2}+1\right)\right]^{\frac{cos\eta }{2}}\left[(\mathrm{\Lambda })^{\frac{1}{2}}q+(\mathrm{\Lambda })^{\frac{1}{2}}\frac{p^{1+cos\eta }}{1+cos\eta }\right].\hfill \end{array}$$
$`(25)`$
The Kerr-Schild metric is a sign-flipped version of the Kasner metric as described by McIntosh11:

$$d\stackrel{~}{s}^2=dT^2T^{2p_1}dX^2T^{2p_2}dY^2+T^{2p_3}dZ^2.$$
$`(26)`$
This metric arises by way of a complex coordinate transformation on the Kasner metric.

5. CONCLUDING REMARKS

Both solutions (23) and (26) are the special cases of the Kóta-Perjés metric (5.11) of Ref. 12 for $`B=0`$.

Lemma. The Kasner and sign-flipped Kasner metrics (24) and (26), respectively, are the exhaustive members of the class of vacuum Kerr-Schild metrics generated by nontwisting congruences.

Bilge7 has considered vacuum metrics with a non-twisting geodesic congruence and subject to the conditions that $`\sigma =a\rho `$ and $`Da=0`$. He has proven that $`a`$ is a constant. The relation of our work with Bilge’s can be established by noting that his $`a=\frac{\mathrm{sin}\eta }{1+\mathrm{cos}\eta }`$. Bilge’s solution involves the exceptional values $`\mathrm{sin}\eta =0,\pm 1,\pm 4/5`$ which are different from the ones given in our Theorem. Apparently, the reason is that the Kerr-Schild property has not been imposed on the metric $`\stackrel{~}{g}_{ab}`$ by Bilge.

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 McIntosh, C. B. G., in Relativity Today, Z. Perjés, Ed., Nova Science Publishers, New York (1992), p. 147

 Kóta, J. and Perjés, Z., J. Math. Phys. 13, 1695 (1972)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \pi ^{(1)}=& 2(3cos\eta +4sin\eta )(cos\eta 1)cos\eta \hfill \\ \hfill \pi ^{(2)}=& 2(4cos^2\eta +3cos\eta sin\eta 3cos\eta +4sin\eta 4)(cos\eta 1)\hfill \\ \hfill \pi ^{(3)}=& 4\left[(sin\eta +3)cos\eta +(sin\eta +1)+(sin\eta 1)cos^2\eta 3cos^3\eta \right]\hfill \\ \hfill \pi ^{(4)}=& 4\left[(sin\eta +1)cos^2\eta +(sin\eta 1)+(sin\eta 3)cos\eta +3cos^3\eta \right]\hfill \\ & \\ \hfill \tau ^{(1)}=& 2(cos^2\eta 2cos\eta sin\eta +2cos\eta +2sin\eta 2)(cos\eta 1)\hfill \\ \hfill \tau ^{(2)}=& 2(2cos\eta sin\eta 1)(cos\eta 1)cos\eta \hfill \\ \hfill \tau ^{(3)}=& \pi ^{(3)}\hfill \\ \hfill \tau ^{(4)}=& \pi ^{(4)}\hfill \\ & \\ \hfill \alpha ^{(1)}=& \left[4(sin\eta +1)(sin\eta 3)cos\eta 7cos^2\eta \right]cos\eta \hfill \\ \hfill \alpha ^{(2)}=& 2(cos\eta +4)(sin\eta 1)(7sin\eta 11)cos^2\eta cos^3\eta \hfill \\ \hfill \alpha ^{(3)}=& \frac{\pi ^{(3)}}{2}\hfill \\ \hfill \alpha ^{(4)}=& \frac{\pi ^{(4)}}{2}\hfill \\ & \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Psi }_1^{(1)}=& (cos^2\eta 7cos\eta sin\eta 3cos\eta 4sin\eta 4)(cos\eta 1)cos\eta \hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Psi }_1^{(2)}=& (7cos^3\eta cos^2\eta sin\eta +5cos^2\eta +10cos\eta sin\eta 10cos\eta +8sin\eta 8)(cos\eta 1)\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Psi }_1^{(3)}=& 2(2cos^2\eta 4cos\eta sin\eta +cos\eta +sin\eta 3)(cos\eta +1)cos\eta \hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Psi }_1^{(4)}=& 2(2cos^2\eta +4cos\eta sin\eta +cos\eta sin\eta 3)(cos\eta +1)cos\eta \hfill \end{array}$$

Table 1. The coefficients in the general solution of the $`\mathrm{\Psi }_1`$ system

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill a_1=& \delta \alpha \overline{\delta }\beta \alpha \overline{\alpha }\beta \overline{\beta }+2\alpha \beta ,a_2=\delta \tau \tau (\tau +\beta \overline{\alpha }),\hfill \\ \hfill a_3=& \overline{\delta }\tau +\tau (\overline{\beta }\alpha \overline{\tau }),a_4=\delta \mathrm{\Psi }_1\mathrm{\Psi }_1(4\tau +2\beta )\hfill \\ \hfill a_5=& \delta (\overline{\tau }\pi )+\overline{\delta }(\tau \overline{\pi })6\pi \overline{\pi }+2\pi \overline{\alpha }+2\overline{\pi }\alpha 2\tau \overline{\tau }2\alpha \tau 2\overline{\alpha }\overline{\tau }+3\tau \pi +3\overline{\tau }\overline{\pi }\hfill \end{array}$$

Table 2. The source terms of eq. (7)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill f_1& =\frac{2ra_1}{1+c}\frac{2b_1}{s(1+c)}\frac{2[sb_2+2cr(a_1+a_2)]}{(1+c)^2}\hfill \\ \hfill f_2& =\frac{b_1}{s}+\frac{[sb_2+2cr(a_1+a_2)]}{1+c}\hfill \\ \hfill f_3& =2ra_1+\frac{2b_1}{s}\frac{[sb_2+2cr(a_1+a_2)]}{1+c}\hfill \\ \hfill f_4& =\overline{\delta }\pi +\overline{\sigma }\mu +\pi ^2+(\alpha \overline{\beta })\pi \hfill \end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill where:s& =sin\eta ,c=cos\eta ,\hfill \\ \hfill b_1& =2r^2a_42r(c\overline{a}_2+sa_3)4sc(\gamma \overline{\gamma }),b_2=2r\overline{a}_2+2s(\gamma \overline{\gamma })\hfill \end{array}$$

Table 3. The inhomogeneous terms in eq. (9,10)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill (30& c^5+40c^4s12c^416c^3s+2c^359c^2s+4c^2+18cs34c6s+6)Q_\mathrm{𝟏}(E_1)=\hfill \\ & 2E_1^2(110c^820c^7s174c^7+168c^6s184c^6347c^5s+546c^5+127c^4s\hfill \\ & 290c^4+296c^3s220c^3352c^2s+340c^2+152cs152c24s+24)\hfill \end{array}$$

$$(2c+s1)Q_\mathrm{𝟐}(E_1)=[Q_\mathrm{𝟏}(E_2)(c+2s2)+(12cs^212cs+40s^440s^324s^2+24s)E_1E_2]$$

$$\begin{array}{cc}& (7c^224cs40c+30s+34)Q_\mathrm{𝟏}(E_2)=\hfill \\ & 2E_1E_2(82c^5+76c^4s9c^4237c^3s289c^3+136c^2s+244c^2\hfill \\ & +36cs36c8s+8)\hfill \end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill (8c^4& 6c^3s+2c^34c^2s5c^2+6cs+s1)Q_\mathrm{𝟐}(E_2)=\hfill \\ & 2c^2E_2^2(10c^520c^4s18c^4+16c^3s+8c^3+25c^2s\hfill \\ & +10c^225cs18c+4s+8)\hfill \end{array}$$

$$E_3=E_4=0$$

Table 4. The solution of constraints $`C_1C_4`$ for $`Q_𝐢(E_k)`$, $`E_3`$ and $`E_4`$