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# Global solutions of the Klein - Gordon - Schrödinger system with rough data

## 0 Introduction

In this paper we consider the Cauchy problem for the (3+1)-dimensional
Klein - Gordon - Schrödinger system with Yukawa coupling:

$`i\psi _t+\mathrm{\Delta }\psi `$ $`=`$ $`\varphi \psi `$ (1)
$`\varphi _{tt}+(\mathrm{\Delta }+1)\varphi `$ $`=`$ $`|\psi |^2`$ (2)
$`\psi (0)=\psi _0,\varphi (0)`$ $`=`$ $`\varphi _0,\varphi _t(0)=\varphi _1`$ (3)
Here $`\psi :𝐑^3\times 𝐑𝐂`$ is the nucleon field and $`\varphi :𝐑^3\times 𝐑𝐑`$ the meson field. This system satisfies the conservation laws (23) and (24) below. It is well-known that these conservation laws imply the existence of a unique global solution for data $`\psi _0H^{1,2}(𝐑^3),\varphi _0H^{1,2}(𝐑^3),\varphi _1L^2(𝐑^3)`$ with $`\psi C^0(𝐑,H^{1,2}(𝐑^3)),\varphi C^0(𝐑,H^{1,2}(𝐑^3))C^1(𝐑,L^2(𝐑^3))`$ (cf. , Thme. 3). The same is true for data $`\psi _0H^{m,2}(𝐑^3),\varphi _0H^{m,2}(𝐑^3),\varphi _1H^{m1,2}(𝐑^3),m𝐍,m2`$ (cf. ).

Our main results are local existence and uniqueness for data $`(\psi _0,\varphi _0,\varphi _1)H^{s,2}(𝐑^3)\times H^{m,2}(𝐑^3)\times H^{m1,2}(𝐑^3)`$ with $`s=m=0`$ and more regular data (Theorem 2.1) and global existence and uniqueness for data without finite energy, namely under the assumptions $`1s,m>7/10`$ and $`s+m>3/2`$ (Theorem 6.1).

We use Bourgain’s idea (,) to split the data into low and high frequency parts in order to prove global well-posedness for rough data for which the conservation laws are not directly applicable. This technique has been successfully applied to other problems (,,,,,). We should also mention
$`\overline{2000Mathem}aticsSubjectClassification\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}35}Q99`$
that for problems with a scaling invariance (which is not true in our situation) improved and sometimes optimal global-wellposedness results were given by Colliander-Keel-Staffilani-Takaoka-Tao using the so-called ”I-method“ (,, ,,).

We also rely on  for the local theory and the framework for the technique. The key point is a new smooth ing estimate for the nonlinearity $`\varphi \psi `$ in equation (1) given in Lemma 1.5 which is a generalized bilinear Strichartz type estimate. A similar estimate has been given before by Bourgain for the pure Schrödinger problem (,).

The paper is organized as follows. In Section 1 the estimates for the nonlinearities are given along the lines of Ginibre, Tsutsumi and Velo  in the $`X^{s,b}`$-spaces, which were introduced by Bourgain (,), Klainerman and Machedon (,) and Kenig, Ponce and Vega .

For an equation of the form

$$iu_t\phi (i_x)u=0$$
(4)
where $`\phi `$ is a measurable function, let $`X_\phi ^{s,b}`$ be the completion of $`S(𝐑^4)`$ with respect to

$`f_{X_\phi ^{s,b}}:`$ $`=`$ $`<\xi >^s<\tau >^b(e^{it\phi (i_x)}f(x,t))_{L_{\xi \tau }^2}`$
$`=`$ $`<\xi >^s<\tau +\phi (\xi )>^b\widehat{f}(\xi ,\tau )_{L_{\xi ,\tau }^2}`$
For $`\phi (\xi )=\pm <\xi >`$ we use the notation $`X_\pm ^{s,b}`$ and for $`\phi (\xi )=|\xi |^2`$ simply $`X^{s,b}`$. For a given time interval $`I`$ we define

$$f_{X^{s,b}(I)}=\underset{\stackrel{~}{f}_{|I}=f}{inf}\stackrel{~}{f}_{X^{s,b}}\text{and similarly}f_{X_\pm ^{s,b}(I)}$$

In Section 2 we transform the system into a first-order system for $`(\psi ,\varphi _+,\varphi _{})`$ and give the local well-posedness result as a variation of a result of  for the Zakharov system. Especially we have local solutions in all those cases where we want to show the existence of a unique global solution.

In Section 3 we split the data into sums $`\psi _0=\psi _{01}+\psi _{02},\varphi _0=\varphi _{01}+\varphi _{02},\varphi _1=\varphi _{11}+\varphi _{12}`$ , where the low frequency parts $`(\psi _{01},\varphi _{01},\varphi _{11})`$ are regular with large norms and the high frequency parts $`(\psi _{02},\varphi _{02},\varphi _{12})`$ are just in $`H^{s,2}\times H^{m,2}\times H^{m1,2}`$ with small $`L^2`$-norms.

In Section 4 the solution $`(\stackrel{~}{\psi },\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_+,\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{})`$ of the corresponding first order problem with data $`(\psi _{01},\varphi _{0+1},\varphi _{01})`$ is further investigated on a suitable time interval $`I`$ using the conservation laws and Strichartz type estimates.

In Section 5 we consider the system fulfilled by $`(\widehat{\psi },\widehat{\varphi }_\pm )=(\psi \stackrel{~}{\psi },\varphi _\pm \stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm )`$ with data $`(\psi _{02},\varphi _{0\pm 2})`$ and construct a solution on the same time interval $`I`$, thus giving a solution of our original problem on $`I`$. The inhomogeneous parts $`w`$ of $`\widehat{\psi }`$ and $`z_\pm `$ of $`\widehat{\varphi }_\pm `$ are shown to belong to $`H^{1,2}(𝐑^3)`$, thus to be more regular than the homogeneous parts $`e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}\psi _{02}`$ and $`e^{it(\mathrm{\Delta }+1)^{1/2}}\psi _{0\pm 2}`$ which belong to $`H^{s,2}(𝐑^3)`$ and $`H^{m,2}(𝐑^3)`$, respectively.

In Section 6 we show that the process can be iterated to get a solution on any time interval $`[0,T]`$. One constructs solutions step by step on time intervals of equal length $`|I|`$, taking as new initial data at time $`|I|`$ the triple $`(\stackrel{~}{\psi }(|I|)+w(|I|),\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm (|I|)+z_\pm (|I|))`$ and repeating the argument on $`[|I|,2|I|]`$. In each step the involved norms have to be controlled independently of the iteration step in order to be able to choose intervals of equal length.

We use the following standard facts about the spaces $`X_\phi ^{s,b}`$:
if $`u`$ is a solution of (4) with $`u(0)=f`$ and $`\psi `$ a cutoff function in $`C_0^{\mathrm{}}(𝐑)`$ with $`supp\psi (2,2)`$ , $`\psi 1`$ on $`[1,1]`$ , $`\psi (t)=\psi (t)`$ , $`\psi (t)0`$ , $`\psi _\delta (t):=\psi (t/\delta )`$ , if $`0<\delta 1`$ , we have, for $`b0`$ :

$$\psi _1u_{X_\phi ^{s,b}}cf_{H_x^{s,2}}$$
(5)
If $`v`$ is the solution of

$$iv_t+\phi (i_x)v=F,v(0)=0$$

we have, for $`b^{}+1b0b^{}>1/2`$:

$$\psi _\delta v_{X_\phi ^{s,b}}c\delta ^{1+b^{}b}F_{X_\phi ^{s,b^{}}}$$
(6)
(for a proof see , Lemma 2.1).
We have $`X_\phi ^{s,b}(I)C^0(I,H^{s,2}(𝐑^3))`$ , if $`b>1/2`$ , $`I𝐑`$.
The following interpolation property holds:

$$X_\phi ^{s,b}(I)=(X_\phi ^{s_0,b_0}(I),X_\phi ^{s_1,b_1}(I))_{[\mathrm{\Theta }]}$$

where $`0\mathrm{\Theta }1,b=(1\mathrm{\Theta })b_0+\mathrm{\Theta }b_1,s=(1\mathrm{\Theta })s_0+\mathrm{\Theta }s_1`$ (see , Chapter 0).
We also use the following consequences of the Strichartz type estimates for the Schrödinger equation in $`𝐑^n`$:
For $`0\frac{2}{q}=n(\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{r})<1`$ the following estimate holds

$$e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}\psi _0_{L_t^q(I,L_x^r(𝐑^n))}c\psi _0_{L_x^2(𝐑^n)}$$
(7)
and implies

$$f_{L_t^q(I,L_x^r(𝐑^n))}cf_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}$$
(8)
The dual version also holds:

$$f_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}}(I)}cf_{L_t^q^{}(I,L_x^r^{}(𝐑^n))}$$
(9)
where $`q^{},r^{}`$ are dual to $`q,r`$.
Similarly, for the Klein-Gordon equation, let $`0\frac{2}{q}\mathrm{min}((n1)(\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{r}),1)`$ , $`n(\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{r})\frac{1}{q}=\mu `$ and $`A=\mathrm{\Delta }+1`$. Then

$$e^{\pm itA^{1/2}}\varphi _0_{L_t^q(I,L_x^r(𝐑^n))}c\varphi _0_{H_x^{\mu ,2}(𝐑^n)}$$
(10)
This implies

$$f_{L_t^q(I,L_x^r(𝐑^n))}cf_{X_\pm ^{\mu ,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}$$
(11)
and its dual version

$$f_{X_\pm ^{\mu ,\frac{1}{2}}(I)}cf_{L_t^q^{}(I,L_x^r^{}(𝐑^n))}$$
(12)
(see , Lemma 2.4 and ).
Finally we use the following notation for $`\lambda 𝐑:<\lambda >:=(1+\lambda ^2)^{1/2}`$, and $`a+`$ (resp. $`a`$) denotes a number slightly larger (resp. smaller) than $`a`$.
Acknowledgment: I thank A. Grünrock for many helpful discussions.

## 1 Bilinear estimates

###### Lemma 1.1

Assume $`PC^{\mathrm{}}(𝐑^n,𝐑),\psi C_0^{\mathrm{}}(𝐑^n)`$ with $`P0`$ on $`supp\psi `$. Then the following identity holds:

$$_{𝐑^n}\delta (P(x))\psi (x)𝑑x=_{\{P(x)=0\}}\frac{\psi (x)}{|P(x)|}𝑑S_x$$

Proof: We assume w.l.o.g. that on $`supp\psi `$ we have $`\frac{P}{x_j}0`$ for some fixed $`j`$. Otherwise we take a smooth resolution of unity $`\{w_j\}_{j=1}^N`$ s. th. on $`suppw_j`$ we have this property. By , p. 215 we have (where $`H`$ = Heaviside function):

$`{\displaystyle _{𝐑^n}}\delta (P(x))\psi (x)𝑑x`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{𝐑^n}}H^{}(P(x))\psi (x)𝑑x`$
$`={\displaystyle _{𝐑^n}}H^{}(P(x)){\displaystyle \frac{P}{x_j}}(x){\displaystyle \frac{\psi (x)}{\frac{P}{x_j}(x)}}𝑑x`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{𝐑^n}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{x_j}}(H(P(x))){\displaystyle \frac{\psi (x)}{\frac{P}{x_j}(x)}}𝑑x`$
$`={\displaystyle _{𝐑^n}}H(P(x)){\displaystyle \frac{}{x_j}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\psi (x)}{\frac{P}{x_j}(x)}}\right)𝑑x`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\{P(x)>0\}}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{x_j}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\psi (x)}{\frac{P}{x_j}(x)}}\right)𝑑x`$
$`={\displaystyle _{\{P(x)=0\}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\psi (x)}{\frac{P}{x_j}(x)}}\nu _j(x)𝑑S_x`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\{P(x)=0\}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\psi (x)}{|P(x)|}}𝑑S_x`$
by Gauss’ theorem, where $`\nu (x)=\frac{P(x)}{|P(x)|}`$ denotes the outer normal.
Now, let $`\{\varphi _j\}_{j=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ be a smooth resolution of unity in $`𝐑^3`$ , i.e. $`supp\varphi _0\{|\xi |2\}`$, $`supp\varphi _j\{2^{j1}|\xi |2^{j+1}\}(j1)`$ , $`_{j=0}^{\mathrm{}}\varphi _j(\xi )=1\xi 𝐑^3`$ , $`0\varphi _j(\xi )1j,\xi `$ , $`\varphi _jC^{\mathrm{}}(𝐑^3).`$ Define the operators $`P_{\mathrm{\Delta }j}:=^1\varphi _j,j=0,1,2,\mathrm{}.`$ and $`P_l:=_{j=0}^lP_{\mathrm{\Delta }j}`$.
Let $`A`$ denote $`\mathrm{\Delta }+1`$ in the sequel.
The following generalized Strichartz inequality holds:

###### Lemma 1.2

For $`l,m𝐍\{0\}`$:

$$e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}\psi _1e^{\pm itA^{1/2}}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }m}\psi _2_{L_t^2(𝐑,L_x^2(𝐑^3))}c2^{m\frac{l}{2}}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}\psi _1_{L_x^2(𝐑^3)}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }m}\psi _2_{L_x^2(𝐑^3)}$$

Proof: Case 1: $`l2`$

$`e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}\psi _1e^{\pm itA^{1/2}}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }m}\psi _2_{L_{xt}^2}^2`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle |_{\xi _1+\xi _2=\xi }e^{it(|\xi _1|^2\pm (|\xi _2|^2+1)^{1/2})}\varphi _l(\xi _1)\widehat{\psi }_1(\xi _1)\varphi _m(\xi _2)\widehat{\psi }_2(\xi _2)𝑑\xi _1|^2𝑑\xi 𝑑t}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\xi _1+\xi _2=\xi =\eta _1+\eta _2}}e^{it(|\xi _1|^2\pm (|\xi _2|^2+1)^{1/2}|\eta _1|^2(|\eta _2|^2+1)^{1/2})}`$
$`\varphi _l(\xi _1)\widehat{\psi }_1(\xi _1)\varphi _m(\xi _2)\widehat{\psi }_2(\xi _2)\varphi _l(\eta _1)\overline{\widehat{\psi }}_1(\eta _1)\varphi _m(\eta _2)\overline{\widehat{\psi }}_2(\eta _2)d\xi dtd\xi _1d\eta _1`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\xi _1+\xi _2=\xi =\eta _1+\eta _2}}\delta (|\xi _1|^2\pm (|\xi _2|^2+1)^{1/2}|\eta _1|^2(|\eta _2|^2+1)^{1/2})\varphi _l(\xi _1)\widehat{\psi }_1(\xi _1)\varphi _m(\xi _2)\widehat{\psi }_2(\xi _2)`$
$`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_l(\eta _1)^{1/2}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_m(\eta _2)^{1/2}\varphi _l(\eta _1)\overline{\widehat{\psi }}_1(\eta _1)\varphi _m(\eta _2)\overline{\widehat{\psi }}_2(\eta _2)\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_l(\xi _1)^{1/2}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_m(\xi _1)^{1/2}d\xi d\xi _1d\eta _1`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle _{\xi _1+\xi _2=\xi }}|\varphi _l(\xi _1)\widehat{\psi }_1(\xi _1)\varphi _m(\xi _2)\widehat{\psi }_2(\xi _2)|^2`$
$`({\displaystyle _{\eta _1+\eta _2=\xi }}\delta (|\eta _1|^2\pm (|\eta _2|^2+1)^{1/2}|\xi _1|^2(|\xi _2|^2+1)^{1/2})\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_l(\eta _1)\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_m(\eta _2)𝑑\eta _1)d\xi d\xi _1`$
where $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_l:=\varphi _{l1}+\varphi _l+\varphi _{l+1}=1`$ on $`supp\varphi _l`$.
Define now

$$P(\eta _1):=|\eta _1|^2\pm (|\eta _2|^2+1)^{1/2}|\xi _1|^2(|\xi _2|^2+1)^{1/2},\eta _2=\xi \eta _1$$

Thus

$$|_{\eta _1}P(\eta _1)|=|2\eta _1\pm \frac{\eta _1\xi }{(|\eta _1\xi |^2+1)^{1/2}}|2|\eta _1|1$$

Because $`supp\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_l\{2^{l2}|\eta _1|2^{l+2}\}`$ we have for $`l2`$:

$$|_{\eta _1}P(\eta _1)|2^{l1}12^{l2}$$

Now using Lemma 1.1 we get

$`I(\xi ,\xi _1)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\eta _1+\eta _2=\xi }}\delta (P(\eta _1))\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_l(\eta _1)\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_m(\eta _2)𝑑\eta _1`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{P(\eta _1)=0,\eta _1+\eta _2=\xi }}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_l(\eta _1)\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_m(\eta _2)}{|_{\eta _1}P(\eta _1)|}}𝑑S_{\eta _1}`$
$``$ $`2^{l+2}{\displaystyle _{P(\eta _1)=0}}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_m(\xi \eta _1)𝑑S_{\eta _1}`$
$``$ $`2^{l+2}{\displaystyle _{\{P(\eta _1)=0\}\{\eta _1𝐑^3:|\xi \eta _1|2^{m+2}\}}}𝑑S_{\eta _1}`$
$``$ $`c2^{l+1}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}^{2(m+2)}`$
$`=`$ $`c\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}^{2ml}`$
Thus

$`e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}\psi _1e^{\pm itA^{1/2}}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }m}\psi _2_{L_{xt}^2}^2`$
$`c\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}^{2ml}{\displaystyle _{\xi _1+\xi _2=\xi }}|\varphi _l(\xi _1)\widehat{\psi }_1(\xi _1)\varphi _m(\xi _2)\widehat{\psi }_2(\xi _2)|^2𝑑\xi 𝑑\xi _1`$
$`=c\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}^{2ml}{\displaystyle |\varphi _l(\xi _1)\widehat{\psi _1}(\xi _1)|^2\left(|\varphi _m(\xi \xi _1)\widehat{\psi }_2(\xi \xi _1)|^2𝑑\xi \right)𝑑\xi _1}`$
$`=c\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}^{2ml}{\displaystyle |\widehat{P_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}\psi _1}(\xi _1)|^2\left(|(\widehat{P_{\mathrm{\Delta }m}\psi _2})(\xi \xi _1)|^2𝑑\xi \right)𝑑\xi _1}`$
$`=c\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}^{2ml}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}\psi _1_{L_x^2}^2P_{\mathrm{\Delta }m}\psi _2_{L_x^2}^2`$
Case 2: $`l1`$

$`e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}\psi _1e^{\pm itA^{1/2}}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }m}\psi _2_{L_{xt}^2}`$ $``$ $`e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}\psi _1_{L_{xt}^4}e^{\pm itA^{1/2}}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }m}\psi _2_{L_{xt}^4}`$
$``$ $`cP_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}\psi _1_{\dot{H}_x^{\frac{1}{4},2}(𝐑^3)}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }m}\psi _2_{H_x^{\frac{1}{2},2}(𝐑^3)}`$
using Strichartz‘ inequalities as follows: by (7) with $`q=4`$ , $`r=3`$ we have

$$e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}\psi _1_{L_{xt}^4}ce^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}\psi _1_{L_t^4\dot{H}_x^{\frac{1}{4},3}}cP_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}\psi _1_{\dot{H}_x^{\frac{1}{4},2}(𝐑^3)}$$

and by (10) with $`q=r=4`$ , $`\mu =1/2`$:

$$e^{\pm itA^{1/2}}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }m}\psi _2_{L_t^4L_x^4}cP_{\mathrm{\Delta }m}\psi _2_{H_x^{\frac{1}{2},2}(𝐑^3)}$$

Now $`P_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}\psi _1_{\dot{H}^{\frac{1}{4},2}}cP_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}\psi _1_{L_x^2}`$ and $`P_{\mathrm{\Delta }m}\psi _2_{H^{\frac{1}{2},2}}c2^{\frac{m}{2}}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }m}\psi _2_{L_x^2}`$ gives the claimed result.

###### Lemma 1.3

If $`0s<1/2`$ the following estimate holds:

$$e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}u_1e^{\pm itA^{1/2}}u_2_{L_t^2(𝐑,H_x^{s,2}(𝐑^3))}cu_1_{L_x^2(𝐑^3)}u_2_{H^{s+\frac{1}{2}+,2}(𝐑^3)}$$

Proof: With $`P_1:=0`$ we have

$`e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}u_1e^{\pm itA^{1/2}}u_2_{L_t^2H_x^{s,2}}=\underset{N\mathrm{}}{lim}e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}P_Nu_1e^{\pm itA^{1/2}}P_Nu_2_{L_t^2H_x^{s,2}}`$
$`\underset{N\mathrm{}}{lim}{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{N}{}}}e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}P_lu_1e^{\pm itA^{1/2}}P_lu_2e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}P_{l1}u_1e^{\pm itA^{1/2}}P_{l1}u_2_{L_t^2H_x^{s,2}}`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}u_1e^{\pm itA^{1/2}}P_lu_2_{L_t^2H_x^{s,2}}+{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}P_{l1}u_1e^{\pm itA^{1/2}}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}u_2_{L_t^2H_x^{s,2}}`$
$`=:\mathrm{\Sigma }_1+\mathrm{\Sigma }_2`$
Now

$`(e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}u_1e^{\pm itA^{1/2}}P_lu_2)(\xi )=[(e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}u_1)(e^{\pm itA^{1/2}}P_lu_2)](\xi )`$
$`={\displaystyle _{\xi _1+\xi _2=\xi }(e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}u_1)(\xi _1)(e^{\pm itA^{1/2}}P_lu_2)(\xi _2)𝑑\xi _1𝑑\xi _2}`$
where $`|\xi |2^{l+2}`$ because of $`2^{l1}|\xi _1|2^{l+1}`$ and $`|\xi _2|2^{l+1}`$ so that
$`supp(e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}u_1e^{\pm itA^{1/2}}P_lu_2)\{|\xi |2^{l+2}\}`$.
Thus

$`e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}u_1e^{\pm itA^{1/2}}P_lu_2_{L_t^2H_x^{s,2}}`$ $`=`$ $`<\xi >^s(e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}u_1e^{\pm itA^{1/2}}P_lu_2)_{L_t^2L_\xi ^2}`$
$``$ $`c2^{sl}e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}u_1e^{\pm itA^{1/2}}P_lu_2_{L_{xt}^2}`$
so that by Lemma 1.2:

$`\mathrm{\Sigma }_1`$ $``$ $`c{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}2^{sl}e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}u_1e^{\pm itA^{1/2}}P_lu_2_{L_{xt}^2}`$
$``$ $`c{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}2^{sl}{\displaystyle \underset{nl}{}}e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}u_1e^{\pm itA^{1/2}}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }n}u_2_{L_{xt}^2}`$
$``$ $`c{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}2^{sl}{\displaystyle \underset{nl}{}}2^{n\frac{l}{2}}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}u_1_{L_x^2}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }n}u_2_{L_x^2}`$
$``$ $`c{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}2^{l(s\frac{1}{2})}{\displaystyle \underset{nl}{}}2^nu_1_{L_x^2}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }n}u_2_{L_x^2}`$
$`=`$ $`c{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}2^{l(s\frac{1}{2})}{\displaystyle \underset{nl}{}}2^n2^{n(s+\frac{1}{2}+)}2^{n(s+\frac{1}{2}+)}u_1_{L_x^2}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }n}u_2_{L_x^2}`$
$``$ $`c{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}2^{l(s\frac{1}{2})}{\displaystyle \underset{nl}{}}2^{n(\frac{1}{2}s)}u_1_{L_x^2}u_2_{H_x^{s+\frac{1}{2}+,2}}`$
$``$ $`c{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}2^{l(s\frac{1}{2})}2^{l(\frac{1}{2}s)}u_1_{L_x^2}u_2_{H_x^{s+\frac{1}{2}+,2}}(\text{if}s<{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}})`$
$`=`$ $`c{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(2^0)^lu_1_{L_x^2}u_2_{H_x^{s+\frac{1}{2}+,2}}`$
$``$ $`cu_1_{L_x^2}u_2_{H_x^{s+\frac{1}{2}+,2}}`$
In order to estimate $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_2`$ we use Strichartz’ inequalities again to conclude as above:

$`\mathrm{\Sigma }_2`$ $``$ $`c{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}2^{sl}e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}P_{l1}u_1e^{\pm itA^{1/2}}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}u_2_{L_{xt}^2}`$
$``$ $`c{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}2^{sl}e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}P_{l1}u_1_{L_t^{2+}L_x^6}e^{\pm itA^{1/2}}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}u_2_{L_t^{\mathrm{}}L_x^{3+}}`$
$``$ $`c{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}2^{sl}P_{l1}u_1_{L_x^2}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}u_2_{H_x^{\frac{1}{2}+,2}}`$
$``$ $`c{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(2^0)^l2^{l(s+)}u_1_{L_x^2}P_{\mathrm{\Delta }l}u_2_{H_x^{\frac{1}{2}+,2}}`$
$``$ $`c{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(2^0)^lu_1_{L_x^2}u_2_{H_x^{s+\frac{1}{2}+,2}}`$
$``$ $`cu_1_{L_x^2}u_2_{H_x^{s+\frac{1}{2}+,2}}`$
This completes the proof.

The following lemma is a direct consequence and a bilinear version of , Lemma 2.3.

###### Lemma 1.4

For $`0s<1/2`$ the following estimate holds:

$$v_1v_2_{L_t^2(𝐑,H_x^{s,2}(𝐑^3))}cv_1_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}}v_2_{X_\pm ^{s+\frac{1}{2}+,\frac{1}{2}+}}$$

Proof: We define $`U_{\phi _1}(t):=e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }},U_{\phi _2}(t):=e^{\pm itA^{1/2}}`$ and start from

$$v_j(t)=U_{\phi _j}(t)e^{it\tau }(_tU_{\phi _j}(t)v_1)(\tau )𝑑\tau $$

Thus by use of Lemma 1.3 we get

$`v_1v_2_{L_t^2(𝐑,H_x^{s,2})}`$
$`={\displaystyle e^{it\tau _1}U_{\phi _1}(t)(_tU_{\phi _1}(t)v_1)(\tau _1)e^{it\tau _2}U_{\phi _2}(t)(_tU_{\phi _2}(t)v_2)(\tau _2)𝑑\tau _1𝑑\tau _2}_{L_t^2H_x^{s,2}}`$
$`{\displaystyle U_{\phi _1}(t)(_tU_{\phi _1}(t)v_1)(\tau _1)U_{\phi _2}(t)(_tU_{\phi _2}(t)v_2)(\tau _2)_{L_t^2H_x^{s,2}}𝑑\tau _1𝑑\tau _2}`$
$`c{\displaystyle (_tU_{\phi _1}(t)v_1)(\tau _1)_{L_x^2}(_tU_{\phi _2}(t)v_2)(\tau _2)_{H_x^{s+\frac{1}{2}+,2}}𝑑\tau _1𝑑\tau _2}`$
$`c({\displaystyle <\tau _1>^1𝑑\tau _1})^{\frac{1}{2}}({\displaystyle <\tau _1>^{1+}(_tU_{\phi _1}(t)v_1)(\tau _1)_{L_x^2}^2𝑑\tau _1})^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
$`({\displaystyle <\tau _2>^1𝑑\tau _2})^{\frac{1}{2}}({\displaystyle <\tau _2>^{1+}(_tU_{\phi _2}(t)v_2)(\tau _2)_{H_x^{s+\frac{1}{2}+,2}}^2𝑑\tau _2})^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
$`cv_1_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}}v_2_{X_\pm ^{s+\frac{1}{2}+,\frac{1}{2}+}}`$
###### Corollary 1.1

The following estimates hold for $`0s<1/2`$:

$$un_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}}}cu_{L_t^2(𝐑,H_x^{s,2})}n_{X_\pm ^{s+\frac{1}{2}+,\frac{1}{2}+}}$$

Here $`u`$ and/or $`n`$ can be replaced by $`\overline{u}`$ and/or $`\overline{n}`$ on the left and/or right hand side.

Proof: By Lemma 1.4 the mapping $`X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}L_t^2H_x^{s,2}`$ defined by $`uun`$ is bounded by $`cn_{X_\pm ^{s+\frac{1}{2}+,\frac{1}{2}+}}`$. Thus the dual mapping $`L_t^2H_x^{s,2}X^{0,\frac{1}{2}}`$ defined by $`uu\overline{n}`$ has the same bound, i.e.

$$u\overline{n}_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}}}cu_{L_t^2H_x^{s,2}}n_{X_\pm ^{s+\frac{1}{2}+,\frac{1}{2}+}}$$

Because

$`\overline{n}_{X_+^{s+\frac{1}{2}+,\frac{1}{2}+}}^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle }{\displaystyle }|<\tau +|\xi |>^{\frac{1}{2}+}<\xi >^{s+\frac{1}{2}+}\widehat{\overline{n}}(\xi ,\tau )|^2d\xi d\tau `$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle }{\displaystyle }<\tau +|\xi |>^{\frac{1}{2}+}<\xi >^{s+\frac{1}{2}+}\overline{\widehat{n}}(\xi ,\tau )|^2d\xi d\tau `$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle }{\displaystyle }<\stackrel{~}{\tau }|\stackrel{~}{\xi }|>^{\frac{1}{2}+}<\stackrel{~}{\xi }>^{s+\frac{1}{2}+}\widehat{n}(\stackrel{~}{\xi },\stackrel{~}{\tau })|^2d\stackrel{~}{\xi }d\stackrel{~}{\tau }`$
$`=`$ $`n_{X_{}^{s+\frac{1}{2}+,\frac{1}{2}+}}^2`$
we can replace $`n`$ by $`\overline{n}`$ on the left and/or right hand side of the claimed inequality. Trivially $`u`$ may be replaced by $`\overline{u}`$ on the left and/or right hand side.
The key estimate for the nonlinearity in the Schrödinger equation is given in the following

###### Lemma 1.5

If $`s0,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}\sigma <1/2`$ the following estimates hold:

$$un_\pm _{X^{s,\frac{1}{2}}}c(u_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}}n_\pm _{X_\pm ^{s\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}+}}+u_{X^{s\sigma ,0}}n_\pm _{X_\pm ^{\sigma +\frac{1}{2}+,\frac{1}{2}+}})$$

Here $`u`$ and/or $`n_\pm `$ may be replaced by $`\overline{u}`$ and/or $`\overline{n}_\pm `$ on the left and/or right hand side.

Proof: We take the scalar product with a function $`wX^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}`$ and estimate

$$|(un_\pm )(x_1,t_1)w(x_1,t_1)𝑑x_1𝑑t_1|=|\widehat{u}(\xi _2,\tau _2)\widehat{n_\pm }(\xi ,\tau )\widehat{w}(\xi _1,\tau _1)𝑑\xi _1𝑑\tau _1𝑑\xi _2𝑑\tau _2|$$

where $`\xi =\xi _1\xi _2,\tau =\tau _1\tau _2`$.
We split the integral into the parts $`B_1:|\xi _1|2|\xi _2|`$ and $`B_2:|\xi _1|>2|\xi _2|`$.
Estimate of $`B_1`$:
We use the notation $`\sigma _i=\tau _i+|\xi _i|^2(i=1,2)`$, $`\sigma _\pm =\tau \pm |\xi |`$ and Corollary 1.1:

$`|{\displaystyle _{B_1}}{\displaystyle \widehat{u}(\xi _2,\tau _2)\widehat{n_\pm }(\xi ,\tau )\widehat{w}(\xi _1,\tau _1)𝑑\xi _1𝑑\tau _1𝑑\xi _2𝑑\tau _2}|`$
$`=|{\displaystyle }<\xi _1>^s<\sigma _1>^{\frac{1}{2}}({\displaystyle _{|\xi _1|2|\xi _2|}}\widehat{u}(\xi _2,\tau _2)\widehat{n_\pm }(\xi ,\tau )d\xi _2d\tau _2)`$
$`<\xi _1>^s<\sigma _1>^{\frac{1}{2}+}\widehat{w}(\xi _1,\tau _1)d\xi _1d\tau _1|`$
$`<\xi _1>^s<\sigma _1>^{\frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle _{|\xi _1|2|\xi _2|}}\widehat{u}(\xi _2,\tau _2)\widehat{n_\pm }(\xi ,\tau )𝑑\xi _2𝑑\tau _2_{L_{\xi _1\tau _1}^2}w_{X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}}`$
$`c<\sigma _1>^{\frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle _{|\xi _1|2|\xi _2|}}<\xi _2>^s\widehat{u}(\xi _2,\tau _2)\widehat{n_\pm }(\xi ,\tau )𝑑\xi _2𝑑\tau _2_{L_{\xi _1\tau _1}^2}w_{X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}}`$
$`=c(A^{s/2}u)n_\pm _{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}}}w_{X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}}`$
$`cA^{s/2}u_{L_t^2H_x^{\sigma ,2}}n_\pm _{X_\pm ^{\sigma +\frac{1}{2}+,\frac{1}{2}+}}w_{X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}}`$
$`cu_{X^{s\sigma ,0}}n_\pm _{X_\pm ^{\sigma +\frac{1}{2}+,\frac{1}{2}+}}w_{X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}}`$
Estimate of $`B_2`$:
Define

$$\widehat{v_2}:=<\sigma _2>^{\frac{1}{2}+}\widehat{u},\widehat{v}:=<\xi >^{s\frac{1}{2}}<\sigma _\pm >^{\frac{1}{2}+}\widehat{n_\pm },\widehat{v_1}:=<\xi _1>^s<\sigma _1>^{\frac{1}{2}+}\widehat{w}$$

so that

$$u_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}}=v_2_{L_{xt}^2},n_\pm _{X_\pm ^{s\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}+}}=v_{L_{xt}^2},w_{X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}}=v_1_{L_{xt}^2}$$

In $`B_2`$ we have

$$\frac{1}{2}|\xi _1||\xi _1||\xi _2||\xi ||\xi _1|+|\xi _2|\frac{3}{2}|\xi _1|$$

and

$`z_\pm `$ $`:=`$ $`|\xi _1|^2|\xi _2|^2|\xi |=(\sigma _1\tau _1)(\sigma _2\tau _2)+(\tau \sigma _\pm )`$
$`=`$ $`\sigma _1\sigma _2\sigma _\pm +\tau _2\tau _1+\tau =\sigma _1\sigma _2\sigma _\pm `$
Thus

$`\left||\xi _1|^2|\xi _2|^2|\xi |\right|`$ $``$ $`|\xi _1|^2|\xi _2|^2|\xi ||\xi _1|^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}|\xi _1|^2{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}|\xi _1|`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}|\xi _1|^2{\displaystyle \frac{3}{8}}|\xi _1|^210={\displaystyle \frac{3}{8}}|\xi _1|^210`$
This implies

$$\frac{3}{8}|\xi _1|^2\left||\xi _1|^2|\xi _2|^2|\xi |\right|+10|\sigma _1|+|\sigma _2|+|\sigma _\pm |+10$$

and

$$<\xi _1>^{\frac{1}{2}}c\left(<\sigma _1>^{\frac{1}{4}}+<\sigma _2>^{\frac{1}{4}}+<\sigma _\pm >^{\frac{1}{4}}\right)$$

Therefore we get

$`\left|{\displaystyle _{B_2}}{\displaystyle \widehat{u}(\xi _2,\tau _2)\widehat{n_\pm }(\xi ,\tau )\widehat{w}(\xi _1,\tau _1)𝑑\xi _1𝑑\tau _1𝑑\xi _2𝑑\tau _2}\right|`$
$`=\left|{\displaystyle _{B_2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\widehat{v_2}\widehat{v}\widehat{v_1}<\xi _1>^s}{<\sigma _2>^{\frac{1}{2}+}<\sigma _\pm >^{\frac{1}{2}+}<\xi >^{s\frac{1}{2}}<\sigma _1>^{\frac{1}{2}+}}𝑑\xi _1𝑑\tau _1𝑑\xi _2𝑑\tau _2}\right|`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{|\widehat{v_2}\widehat{v}\widehat{v_1}|<\xi _1>^{\frac{1}{2}}}{<\sigma _2>^{\frac{1}{2}+}<\sigma _\pm >^{\frac{1}{2}+}<\sigma _1>^{\frac{1}{2}+}}𝑑\xi _1𝑑\tau _1𝑑\xi _2𝑑\tau _2}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{|\widehat{v_2}\widehat{v}\widehat{v_1}|\left(<\sigma _1>^{\frac{1}{4}}+<\sigma _2>^{\frac{1}{4}}+<\sigma _\pm >^{\frac{1}{4}}\right)}{<\sigma _2>^{\frac{1}{2}+}<\sigma _\pm >^{\frac{1}{2}+}<\sigma _1>^{\frac{1}{2}+}}𝑑\xi _1𝑑\tau _1𝑑\xi _2𝑑\tau _2}`$
$`I_1+I_2+I_3`$
where

$`I_1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{|\widehat{v}\widehat{v_1}\widehat{v_2}|}{<\sigma _\pm >^{\frac{1}{4}+}<\sigma _1>^{\frac{1}{2}+}<\sigma _2>^{\frac{1}{2}+}}𝑑\xi _1𝑑\tau _1𝑑\xi _2𝑑\tau _2}`$
$`I_2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{|\widehat{v}\widehat{v_1}\widehat{v_2}|}{<\sigma _\pm >^{\frac{1}{2}+}<\sigma _1>^{\frac{1}{4}+}<\sigma _2>^{\frac{1}{2}+}}𝑑\xi _1𝑑\tau _1𝑑\xi _2𝑑\tau _2}`$
$`I_3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{|\widehat{v}\widehat{v_1}\widehat{v_2}|}{<\sigma _\pm >^{\frac{1}{2}+}<\sigma _1>^{\frac{1}{2}+}<\sigma _2>^{\frac{1}{4}+}}𝑑\xi _1𝑑\tau _1𝑑\xi _2𝑑\tau _2}`$
Our aim is to estimate each of these integrals by

$$cv_{L_{xt}^2}v_1_{L_{xt}^2}v_2_{L_{xt}^2}=cn_\pm _{X_\pm ^{s\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}+}}u_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}}w_{X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}}$$

These estimates together with the estimate of $`B_1`$ imply the claimed results.
$`I_2`$ and $`I_3`$ can be treated in exactly the same way, so we are left with $`I_1`$ and $`I_2`$.
Estimate of $`I_1`$:
By Hölder’s inequality we get

$$I_1^1(<\sigma _\pm >^{\frac{1}{4}}|\widehat{v}|)_{L_t^4L_x^2}\underset{i=1}{\overset{2}{}}^1(<\sigma _i>^{\frac{1}{2}}|\widehat{v_i}|)_{L_t^{8/3}L_x^4}$$

Using Strichartz’ inequality for the Schrödinger equation we get from (8) with $`f:=^1(<\sigma _i>^{\frac{1}{2}}|\widehat{v_i}|)`$:

$$^1(<\sigma _i>^{\frac{1}{2}}|\widehat{v_i}|)_{L_t^{8/3}L_x^4}c^1(<\sigma _i>^{\frac{1}{2}}|\widehat{v_i}|)_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}}=v_i_{X^{0,0}}=v_i_{L_{xt}^2}$$

Similarly using the trivial estimate $`e^{\pm itA^{1/2}}u_0_{L_t^{\mathrm{}}L_x^2}cu_0_{L_x^2}`$ we get
$`w_{L_t^{\mathrm{}}L_x^2}cw_{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}}`$. Interpolating with $`w_{L_t^2L_x^2}=w_{X_\pm ^{0,0}}`$ we arrive at
$`w_{L_t^4L_x^2}cw_{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{4}+}}`$. With $`w:=^1(<\sigma _\pm >^{\frac{1}{4}}|\widehat{v}|)`$ this implies

$$^1(<\sigma _\pm >^{\frac{1}{4}}|\widehat{v}|)_{L_t^4L_x^2}c^1(<\sigma _\pm >^{\frac{1}{4}}|\widehat{v}|)_{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{4}+}}=v_{X_\pm ^{0,0}}=v_{L_{xt}^2}$$

Thus $`I_1`$ is estimated in the desired way.
Estimate of $`I_2`$:
We have

$`I_2`$ $``$ $`^1(<\sigma _\pm >^{\frac{1}{2}ϵ}|\widehat{v}|)_{L_t^{\mathrm{}}L_x^2}^1(<\sigma _1>^{\frac{1}{4}ϵ}|\widehat{v_1}|)_{L_t^{2+}L_x^{3+}}`$
$`^1(<\sigma _2>^{\frac{1}{2}ϵ}|\widehat{v_2}|)_{L_t^{2+}L_x^6}`$
Now, as above, $`w_{L_t^{\mathrm{}}L_x^2}cw_{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}}`$. Interpolating with $`w_{L_t^2L_x^2}=w_{X_\pm ^{0,0}}`$ we get $`w_{L_t^{\mathrm{}}L_x^2}cw_{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}}`$. With $`w:=^1(<\sigma _\pm >^{\frac{1}{2}ϵ}|\widehat{v}|)`$ this implies

$$^1(<\sigma _\pm >^{\frac{1}{2}ϵ}|\widehat{v}|)_{L_t^{\mathrm{}}L_x^2}c^1(<\sigma _\pm >^{\frac{1}{2}ϵ}|\widehat{v}|)_{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}}cv_{X_\pm ^{0,0}}=cv_{L_{xt}^2}$$

Using Strichartz’ estimate for the Schrödinger equation we get from (8):

$$^1(<\sigma _2>^{\frac{1}{2}ϵ}|\widehat{v_2}|)_{L_t^{2+}L_x^6}c^1(<\sigma _2>^{\frac{1}{2}ϵ}|\widehat{v_2}|)_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}}cv_2_{L_{xt}^2}$$

and, finally, from $`f_{L_t^{2+}L_x^6}cf_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}}`$ and the trivial identity $`f_{L_t^2L_x^2}=f_{X^{0,0}}`$ we get by interpolation $`f_{L_t^{2+}L_x^{3+}}cf_{X^{0,\frac{1}{4}+}}`$.
With $`f=^1(<\sigma _1>^{\frac{1}{4}ϵ}|\widehat{v_1}|)`$ this implies

$`^1(<\sigma _1>^{\frac{1}{4}ϵ}|\widehat{v_1}|)_{L_t^{2+}L_x^{3+}}`$ $``$ $`c^1(<\sigma _1>^{\frac{1}{4}ϵ}|\widehat{v_1}|)_{X^{0,\frac{1}{4}+}}`$
$``$ $`cv_1_{X^{0,0}}=cv_1_{L_{xt}^2}`$
which completes the proof.

## 2 Local existence and uniqueness

The system (1),(2),(3) is transformed into a system of first order in $`t`$ in the usual way. Defining $`A:=\mathrm{\Delta }+1`$ and

$$\varphi _\pm :=\varphi \pm iA^{\frac{1}{2}}\varphi _t$$

we have

$`\varphi `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\varphi _++\varphi _{})`$ (13)
$`2iA^{\frac{1}{2}}\varphi _t`$ $`=`$ $`\varphi _+\varphi _{}`$ (14)
and the equivalent system is

$`i\psi _t+\mathrm{\Delta }\psi `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\varphi _++\varphi _{})\psi `$ (15)
$`i\varphi _{\pm t}A^{\frac{1}{2}}\varphi _\pm `$ $`=`$ $`A^{\frac{1}{2}}(|\psi |^2)`$ (16)
$`\psi (0)=\psi _0,\varphi _\pm (0)`$ $`=`$ $`\varphi _0\pm iA^{\frac{1}{2}}\varphi _1=:\varphi _{0\pm }`$ (17)
The corresponding system of integral equations reads as follows:

$`\psi (t)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}\psi _0+i{\displaystyle _0^t}e^{i(ts)\mathrm{\Delta }}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\varphi _+(s)+\varphi _{}(s))\psi (s)𝑑s`$ (18)
$`\varphi _\pm (t)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{itA^{\frac{1}{2}}}\varphi _{0\pm }\pm i{\displaystyle _0^t}e^{i(ts)A^{\frac{1}{2}}}A^{\frac{1}{2}}(|\psi (s)|^2)𝑑s`$ (19)
We always assume $`tI=[0,|I|]`$. In this case we could, whenever helpful, place a factor $`\psi _1(t)`$ in front of the first terms on the right hand side and a factor $`\psi _{|I|}(t)`$ in front of any of the integrals without changing the equations at all. Here $`\psi C_0^{\mathrm{}}(𝐑)`$ is a nonnegative cutoff function with $`\psi (t)=0`$ if $`|t|2`$, $`\psi (t)=1`$ if $`|t|1`$ and $`\psi _\delta (t):=\psi (\frac{t}{\delta })`$.
The decisive estimates for the nonlinearities follow from the corresponding results for the Zakharov system in  as follows.

###### Lemma 2.1

The estimate

$$|\psi |^2_{X_\pm ^{m1,\frac{1}{2}+}}c\psi _{X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}}^2$$
(20)
holds, provided $`s0,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}sm1,s>m2`$.

Proof: follows from the proof of , Lemma 3.5 with $`l=m2`$, $`k=s`$, $`c=\frac{1}{2}`$, $`b_1=\frac{1}{2}+`$.

###### Lemma 2.2

Let $`m0,s<m+1`$. Then the following estimates hold for $`ϵ>0`$:

$`\varphi _\pm \psi _{X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}}`$ $``$ $`c\varphi _\pm _{X_\pm ^{m,\frac{1}{2}+}}\psi _{X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}}`$ (21)
$`\varphi _\pm \psi _{X^{0,\frac{1}{4}ϵ}}`$ $``$ $`c\varphi _\pm _{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+ϵ}}\psi _{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+ϵ}}`$ (22)
Proof: , Lemma 3.4.
The following local wellposedness result is a direct consequence of (20) and (21).

###### Theorem 2.1

Let $`s`$ and $`m`$ satisfy $`s,m0,m2<s<m+1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}sm1`$. Then the system (1),(2),(3) with initial data

$$(\psi _0,\varphi _0,\varphi _1)H^{s,2}(𝐑^3)\times H^{m,2}(𝐑^3)\times H^{m1,2}(𝐑^3)$$

has a unique local solution

$`(u,\varphi ,\varphi _t)`$
$`X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}[0,T]\times (X_+^{m,\frac{1}{2}+}[0,T]+X_{}^{m,\frac{1}{2}+}[0,T])\times (X_+^{m1,\frac{1}{2}+}[0,T]+X_{}^{m1,\frac{1}{2}+}[0,T])`$
We also have

$$uC^0([0,T],H^{s,2}(𝐑^3)),\varphi C^0([0,T],H^{m,2}(𝐑^3))C^1([0,T],H^{m1,2}(𝐑^3))$$

Proof: as in .
Remark: Especially the range $`0s1`$ , $`0<m1`$ is admissible as well as $`s=m=0`$.

## 3 Energy bounds and decomposition of data

It is well known that the following conservation laws hold for the system (1),(2),
(3):

$$\psi (t)=:M(\psi )=:M$$
(23)
$$\psi (t)^2+\frac{1}{2}(A^{\frac{1}{2}}\varphi (t)^2+\varphi _t(t)^2)_{𝐑^3}|\psi (t)|^2\varphi (t)dx=:E=:E(\psi ,\varphi ,\varphi _t)$$
(24)
By Gagliardo-Nirenberg we have

$`\left|{\displaystyle _{𝐑^3}}|\psi |^2\varphi 𝑑x\right|`$ $``$ $`\varphi _{L^6}\psi _{L^{\frac{12}{5}}}^2c\varphi \psi ^{\frac{1}{2}}\psi ^{\frac{3}{2}}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}A^{\frac{1}{2}}\varphi ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\psi ^2+c_1\psi ^6`$ (25)
This implies

$$\psi ^2+\frac{1}{2}(A^{\frac{1}{2}}\varphi (t)^2+\varphi _t(t)^2)E+\frac{1}{4}A^{\frac{1}{2}}\varphi (t)^2+\frac{1}{2}\psi (t)^2+c_1M^6$$
(26)
consequently

$`\psi (t)^2`$ $``$ $`2(E+c_1M^6)`$ (27)
$`A^{\frac{1}{2}}\varphi (t)^2+\varphi _t(t)^2`$ $``$ $`4(E+c_1M^6)`$ (28)
We also have

$`E(\psi ,\varphi ,\varphi _t)`$ $``$ $`\psi ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(A^{\frac{1}{2}}\varphi (t)^2+\varphi _t^2)+\left|{\displaystyle |\psi |^2\varphi 𝑑x}\right|`$ (29)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}\psi ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}(A^{\frac{1}{2}}\varphi (t)^2+\varphi _t^2)+c_1\psi ^6`$
Consider now data

$$\psi _0H^{s,2}(𝐑^3),\varphi _0H^{m,2}(𝐑^3),\varphi _1H^{m1,2}(𝐑^3)$$

with $`0s,m1`$.
We split these data into sums as follows:

$$\psi _0=\psi _{01}+\psi _{02},\varphi _0=\varphi _{01}+\varphi _{02},\varphi _1=\varphi _{11}+\varphi _{12}$$

where, for $`N1`$,

$$\psi _{01}:=_{|\xi |N}e^{i<x,\xi >}\widehat{\psi _0}(\xi )𝑑\xi $$

and $`\varphi _{01},\varphi _{11}`$ are defined in the same way.
One easily shows

$`\psi _{01}_{H^{l,2}}`$ $``$ $`cN^{ls}\psi _0_{H^{s,2}}\text{f}orls,\psi _{01}\psi _0`$
$`\psi _{02}_{H^{l,2}}`$ $``$ $`cN^{ls}\text{f}orls`$
and similarly

$`\varphi _{01}_{H^{l,2}}`$ $``$ $`cN^{lm}\varphi _0_{H^{m,2}}\text{f}orlm,\varphi _{01}\varphi _0`$
$`\varphi _{02}_{H^{l,2}}`$ $``$ $`cN^{lm}\text{f}orlm`$
$`\varphi _{11}_{H^{l1,2}}`$ $``$ $`cN^{lm}\varphi _1_{H^{m1,2}}\text{f}orlm`$
$`\varphi _{12}_{H^{l1,2}}`$ $``$ $`cN^{lm}\text{f}orlm`$
Thus we have the following global bounds for the solution $`(\stackrel{~}{\psi },\stackrel{~}{\varphi })`$ of (1),(2) with data $`(\psi _{01},\varphi _{01},\varphi _{11})`$ \- known to exist by , Thme. 3 - by (29):

$`E(\stackrel{~}{\psi },\stackrel{~}{\varphi },\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_t)`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}\psi _{01}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}(A^{\frac{1}{2}}\varphi _{01}^2+\varphi _{11}^2)+c_1\psi _{01}^6`$ (30)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{c}}{2}}(N^{2(1s)}+N^{2(1m)})\overline{c}N^{2(1sm)}`$
and thus by (23),(27),(28):

$`\stackrel{~}{\psi }(t)`$ $``$ $`M`$ (31)
$`\stackrel{~}{\psi }(t)+A^{\frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }(t)+\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_t(t)`$ $``$ $`\widehat{c}N^{1sm}`$ (32)
The corresponding global solution $`(\stackrel{~}{\psi },\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm )`$ of (15),(16) with data $`\psi _{01}`$, $`\varphi _{0\pm 1}:=\varphi _{01}\pm iA^{\frac{1}{2}}\varphi _{11}`$ therefore fulfills

$$\stackrel{~}{\psi }(t)+A^{\frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm (t)\widehat{c}N^{1sm}$$
(33)
where $`\widehat{c}`$ depends essentially only on $`\overline{c}`$ (the initial energy) and $`M`$ on the initial $`L^2`$-norm of $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }`$.

## 4 Further bounds for the regular part

Consider the system of integral equations (18),(19) with $`(\psi _0,\varphi _{0\pm })`$ replaced by $`(\psi _{01},\varphi _{0\pm 1})`$ and $`(\psi ,\varphi _\pm )`$ by $`(\stackrel{~}{\psi },\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm )`$. Here $`\varphi _{0\pm 1}:=\varphi _{01}\pm iA^{\frac{1}{2}}\varphi _{11}`$.
Let $`0\frac{2}{\gamma }=3(\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{\rho })<1`$. By (9) we get

$$f_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}}(I)}cf_{L_t^\gamma ^{}(I,L_x^\rho ^{}(𝐑^3))}$$
(34)
Interpolation with the trivial identity $`f_{X^{0,0}(I)}=f_{L_t^2(I,L_x^2(𝐑^3))}`$ gives

$$f_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}cf_{L_t^{\gamma ^{}+}(I,L_x^{\rho ^{}+}(𝐑^3))}$$
(35)
and also

$$f_{X^{1,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}cf_{L_t^{\gamma ^{}+}(I,H_x^{1,\rho ^{}+}(𝐑^3))}$$
(36)
We assume $`|I|1`$. Applying this estimate to (18) we get by (6) and the remarks following (19):

$`\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{X^{1,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$ $``$ $`c(\psi _{01}_{H^{1,2}}+{\displaystyle _0^t}e^{i(ts)\mathrm{\Delta }}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_+(s)+\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{}(s))\stackrel{~}{\psi }(s)𝑑s_{X^{1,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)})`$
$``$ $`c(\psi _{01}_{H^{1,2}}+(\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_++\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{})\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{X^{1,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)})`$
$``$ $`c(\psi _{01}_{H^{1,2}}+(\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_++\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{})\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L_t^{\gamma ^{}+}(I,H_x^{1,\rho ^{}+})})`$
Choosing $`\gamma =4`$ , $`\rho =3+`$ , $`\gamma ^{}=\frac{4}{3}+`$ , $`\rho ^{}=\frac{3}{2}`$ we estimate

$`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm \stackrel{~}{\psi }_{H_x^{1,\rho ^{}+}}`$ $``$ $`c((\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm )\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L_x^{\rho ^{}+}}+\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm \stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L_x^{\rho ^{}+}})+\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm \stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L_x^{\rho ^{}+}})`$
$``$ $`c(\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{L_x^2}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L_x^6}+\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{L_x^6}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L_x^2}+\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{L_x^6}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L_x^2})`$
$``$ $`c\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{L_x^2}(\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L_x^2}+\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L_x^2})`$
$``$ $`cN^{2(1sm)}`$
Thus

$$\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{X^{1,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}c(N^{1s}+N^{2(1sm)}|I|^{\frac{3}{4}})$$

Assume now $`|I|N^{\frac{4}{3}(1sm)}`$ . Then we conclude

$$\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{X^{1,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}cN^{1sm}$$

The same estimate also holds true, if we only assume $`\psi _{01}_{H^{1,2}}cN^{1sm}`$ (important remark for the iteration process described later).
Next we estimate $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$. We again use (35) with $`\gamma =4`$, $`\rho =3+`$ and conclude as before

$`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm \stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L_t^{\gamma ^{}+}(I,L_x^{\rho ^{}+})}`$ $``$ $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L_t^{\mathrm{}}(I,L_x^2)}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{L_t^{\mathrm{}}(I,L_x^6)}|I|^{\frac{3}{4}}`$
$``$ $`cMN^{1sm}N^{(1sm)}`$
$``$ $`c`$
Applying this estimate to (18) we get as before

$$\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}c(\psi _{01}_{L_x^2}+1)c$$

if $`\psi _{01}_{L^2}c`$.
In order to estimate $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{X^{1,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$ we start with (11) and get $`f_{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}}(I)}`$
$`cf_{L_t^1(I,L_x^2)}`$. Interpolation with the trivial identity $`f_{X_\pm ^{0,0}(I)}=f_{L_t^2(I,L_x^2)}`$ gives

$$f_{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}cf_{L_t^{1+}(I,L_x^2)}$$
(37)
Applying this estimate to (19) gives

$`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{1,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$ $``$ $`c(\varphi _{0\pm 1}_{H_x^{1,2}}+{\displaystyle _0^t}e^{i(ts)A^{\frac{1}{2}}}A^{\frac{1}{2}}(|\stackrel{~}{\psi }(s)|^2)𝑑s_{X_\pm ^{1,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)})`$
$``$ $`c(\varphi _{0\pm 1}_{H_x^{1,2}}+|\stackrel{~}{\psi }|^2_{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)})`$
$``$ $`c(\varphi _{0\pm 1}_{H_x^{1,2}}+|\stackrel{~}{\psi }|^2_{L_t^{1+}(I,L_x^2)})`$
We have

$$|\stackrel{~}{\psi }|^2_{L_x^2}c\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L_x^2}^{\frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L_x^6}^{\frac{3}{2}}c\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L_x^2}^{\frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L_x^2}^{\frac{3}{2}}$$

and consequently

$`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{1,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$ $``$ $`c(\varphi _{0\pm 1}_{H_x^{1,2}}+\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L_t^{\mathrm{}}(I,L_x^2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L_t^{\mathrm{}}(I,L_x^2)}^{\frac{3}{2}}|I|^1)`$
$``$ $`c(\varphi _{0\pm 1}_{H_x^{1,2}}+M^{\frac{1}{2}}N^{\frac{3}{2}(1sm)}N^{\frac{4}{3}(1sm)})`$
$``$ $`c(N^{1m}+N^{\frac{1}{6}(1sm)})`$
Especially we conclude

$$\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{1,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}cN^{1sm}$$

if $`\varphi _{0\pm 1}_{H_x^{1,2}}cN^{1sm}`$ , i.e. $`\varphi _{01}_{H_x^{1,2}}+\varphi _{11}_{L_x^2}cN^{1sm}`$.
We summarize the results obtained so far in the following

###### Lemma 4.1

If $`|I|N^{\frac{4}{3}(1sm)}`$ and

$$\psi _{01}_{L_x^2}c,\psi _{01}_{H_x^{1,2}}+\varphi _{01}_{H_x^{1,2}}+\varphi _{11}_{L_x^2}cN^{1sm}$$
(38)
i.e.

$$\psi _{01}_{L_x^2}c,\psi _{01}_{H_x^{1,2}}+\varphi _{0\pm 1}_{L_x^2}cN^{1sm}$$
(39)
the following estimates hold:

$$\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}c,\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{X^{1,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}cN^{1sm},\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{1,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}cN^{1sm}$$

Also the estimates (31),(32),(33) hold under these assumptions.

Important remark: Here and in the sequel the constants denoted by $`c`$ depend essentially only on $`\overline{c}`$ in (30) (and therefore on $`E(\stackrel{~}{\psi },\stackrel{~}{\varphi },\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_t)`$ and on $`M`$).

## 5 The part with rough data

Let $`(\psi ,\varphi _+,\varphi _{})`$ be a solution of (15),(16) with data $`(\psi _0,\varphi _{0+},\varphi _0)`$ and $`(\stackrel{~}{\psi },\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_+,\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{})`$ be the solution with data $`(\psi _{01},\varphi _{0+1},\varphi _{01})`$.
Define $`\widehat{\psi }:=\psi \stackrel{~}{\psi }`$ , $`\widehat{\varphi }_\pm :=\varphi _\pm \stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm `$. Then $`(\widehat{\psi },\widehat{\varphi }_+,\widehat{\varphi }_{})`$ fulfills

$`i\widehat{\psi }_t+\mathrm{\Delta }\widehat{\psi }`$ $`=`$ $`i\psi _t+\mathrm{\Delta }\psi i\stackrel{~}{\psi }_t+\mathrm{\Delta }\stackrel{~}{\psi }=\psi \varphi +\stackrel{~}{\psi }\stackrel{~}{\varphi }`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\psi (\varphi _++\varphi _{})+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{~}{\psi }(\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_++\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{})`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\widehat{\psi }+\stackrel{~}{\psi })(\widehat{\varphi }_++\widehat{\varphi }_{}+\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_++\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{})+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{~}{\psi }(\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_++\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{})`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\widehat{\psi }(\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_++\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{}){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\widehat{\psi }(\widehat{\varphi }_++\widehat{\varphi }_{}){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{~}{\psi }(\widehat{\varphi }_++\widehat{\varphi }_{})`$
$`=:`$ $`F_1+F_2+F_3=:F`$
and

$`i\widehat{\varphi }_{\pm t}A^{1/2}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm `$ $`=`$ $`i\varphi _{\pm t}A^{1/2}\varphi _\pm i\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{\pm t}\pm A^{1/2}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm `$
$`=`$ $`\pm A^{1/2}(|\psi |^2)A^{1/2}(|\stackrel{~}{\psi }|^2)`$
$`=`$ $`\pm A^{1/2}((\widehat{\psi }+\stackrel{~}{\psi })(\overline{\widehat{\psi }}+\overline{\stackrel{~}{\psi }})A^{1/2}(\stackrel{~}{\psi }\overline{\stackrel{~}{\psi }})`$
$`=`$ $`\pm A^{1/2}(|\widehat{\psi }|^2)\pm A^{1/2}(\overline{\widehat{\psi }}\stackrel{~}{\psi })\pm A^{1/2}(\widehat{\psi }\overline{\stackrel{~}{\psi }})`$
$`=:`$ $`G_1+G_2+G_3=:G`$
Furthermore

$`\widehat{\psi }(0)`$ $`=`$ $`\psi (0)\stackrel{~}{\psi }(0)=\psi _0\psi _{01}=\psi _{02}`$
$`\widehat{\varphi }_\pm (0)`$ $`=`$ $`\varphi _\pm (0)\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm (0)=\varphi _{0\pm }\varphi _{0\pm 1}=:\varphi _{0\pm 2}`$
The corresponding system of integral equations reads as follows:

$`\widehat{\psi }(t)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}\psi _{02}i{\displaystyle _0^t}e^{i(ts)\mathrm{\Delta }}F(s)ds=:e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}\psi _{02}+w(t)`$ (42)
$`\widehat{\varphi }_\pm (t)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{itA^{1/2}}\varphi _{0\pm 2}i{\displaystyle _0^t}e^{i(ts)A^{1/2}}G(s)ds=:e^{itA^{1/2}}\varphi _{0\pm 2}+z_\pm (t)`$ (43)
Here we have

$`\psi _{02}_{H_x^{s,2}}c`$ , $`\psi _{02}_{L_x^2}cN^s`$ (44)
$`\varphi _{0\pm 2}_{H_x^{m,2}}c`$ , $`\varphi _{0\pm 2}_{L_x^2}cN^m`$ (45)
We construct a solution of (42),(43) in some time interval $`I`$ using the contraction mapping principle.
We define a mapping $`S=(S_0,S_+,S_{})`$ by

$`(S_0\widehat{\psi })(t)`$ $`:=`$ $`e^{it\mathrm{\Delta }}\psi _{02}+w(t)`$
$`(S_\pm \widehat{\varphi }_\pm )(t)`$ $`:=`$ $`e^{itA^{1/2}}\varphi _{0\pm 2}+z_\pm (t)`$
###### Proposition 5.1

For $`1s,m>\frac{7}{10}`$ and data $`\psi _{02}H_x^{s,2}(𝐑^3)`$, $`\varphi _{0\pm 2}H_x^{m,2}(𝐑^3)`$ with (44),(45) and $`\psi _{01},\varphi _{0\pm 1}`$ as in (38),(39) the system of integral equations (42),(43) has a unique solution $`(\widehat{\psi },\widehat{\varphi }_\pm )X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)\times X_\pm ^{m,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)`$ in the same interval $`I`$ of the preceding section with $`|I|N^{\frac{4}{3}(1sm)\delta }`$ $`(\delta >0)`$, which fulfills

1. in the case $`sm`$

$`\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$ $``$ $`cN^scN^{sm}`$
$`\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$ $``$ $`c(N^{\frac{5}{6}\frac{1}{6}s}+N^m)cN^{sm}`$
2. in the case $`ms`$

$`\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$ $``$ $`c(N^{\frac{1}{6}\frac{5}{6}m}+N^s)cN^{sm}`$
$`\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$ $``$ $`cN^mcN^{sm}`$

and moreover in any case

$$\widehat{\psi }_{X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}c,\widehat{\varphi }_{X_\pm ^{m,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}c$$

Proof: We use Banach’s fixed point theorem in the set $`Z`$, where

1. in the case $`sm`$

$`Z`$ $`:=`$ $`\{\widehat{\psi }_{X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}c_0,\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}c_0N^s`$
$`\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{m,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}c_0,\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}c_0(N^{\frac{5}{6}\frac{1}{6}s}+N^m)\}`$
2. in the case $`ms`$

$`Z`$ $`:=`$ $`\{\widehat{\psi }_{X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}c_0,\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}c_0(N^{\frac{1}{6}\frac{5}{6}m}+N^s)`$
$`\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{m,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}c_0,\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}c_0N^m\}`$
$`c_0`$ is chosen below.

Now take any $`(\widehat{\psi },\widehat{\varphi }_+,\widehat{\varphi }_{})Z`$. In order to show $`(S_0\widehat{\psi },S_+\widehat{\varphi }_+,S_{}\widehat{\varphi }_{})Z`$ we first estimate $`S_0\widehat{\psi }_{X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$.
By Lemma 1.5 with $`\sigma =0+`$ we get by interpolation

$`\widehat{\psi }\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X^{s+,\frac{1}{2}}(I)}`$ $``$ $`c(\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{s\frac{1}{2}+,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}+\widehat{\psi }_{X^{s,0}(I)}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{\frac{1}{2}+,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)})`$
$``$ $`c(\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{m,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{\frac{s\frac{1}{2}}{m}+}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{1\frac{s\frac{1}{2}}{m}}`$
$`+\widehat{\psi }_{X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}|I|^{\frac{1}{2}}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{m,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{\frac{1}{2m}+}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{1\frac{1}{2m}})`$
$``$ $`c(N^{sm}N^{sm(1\frac{s\frac{1}{2}}{m})+}+N^{\frac{2}{3}(1sm)\frac{\delta }{2}}N^{sm(1\frac{1}{2m})})`$
$``$ $`cN^{\gamma (s,m)}`$
with $`\gamma (s,m)>0`$ for $`1s,m>\frac{1}{2}`$.
Next, by Lemma 1.5 with $`\sigma =\frac{1}{2}`$ and Lemma 4.1:

$`\widehat{\psi }\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{X^{s+,\frac{1}{2}}(I)}`$
$`c(\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{s\frac{1}{2}+,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}+\widehat{\psi }_{X^{s\frac{1}{2}+,0}(I)}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{1,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)})`$
$`c(\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{s\frac{1}{2}+,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}+\widehat{\psi }_{X^{s\frac{1}{2}+,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}|I|^{\frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{1,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)})`$
$`c(\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{1,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}+\widehat{\psi }_{X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{\frac{s\frac{1}{2}}{s}+}\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{1\frac{s\frac{1}{2}}{s}}|I|^{\frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{1,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)})`$
$`c(N^{sm}N^{1sm}+N^{sm(1\frac{s\frac{1}{2}}{s})}N^{\frac{2}{3}(1sm)\frac{\delta }{2}}N^{1sm})`$
$`c(N^{12(sm)}+N^{\frac{1}{3}sm(\frac{1}{2s}+\frac{1}{3})})`$
$`c(N^{12(sm)}+N^{\frac{1}{3}\frac{1}{2}(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3})})`$
$`cN^{\gamma (s,m)}`$
Similarly by Lemma 1.5 with $`\sigma =0+`$ and Lemma 4.1:

$`\stackrel{~}{\psi }\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X^{s+,\frac{1}{2}}(I)}`$
$`c(\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{s\frac{1}{2}+,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}+\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{X^{s,0}(I)}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{\frac{1}{2}+,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)})`$
$`c(\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{m,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{\frac{s\frac{1}{2}}{m}+}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{1\frac{s\frac{1}{2}}{m}}`$
$`+\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{1s}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{X^{1,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^s|I|^{\frac{1}{2}}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{m,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{\frac{1}{2m}+}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{1\frac{1}{2m}})`$
$`c(N^{(sm)(1\frac{s\frac{1}{2}}{m})+}+N^{s(1sm)}N^{\frac{2}{3}(1sm)\frac{\delta }{2}}N^{(sm)(1\frac{1}{2m})})`$
$`c(N^{(sm)(1\frac{s\frac{1}{2}}{m})+}+N^{s\frac{2}{3}(sm)(s+\frac{1}{3}\frac{1}{2m})+})`$
Now, for $`s,m>\frac{7}{10}`$ the last exponent is
$`s\frac{2}{3}\frac{7}{10}(s+\frac{1}{3}\frac{5}{7})=\frac{3}{10}s\frac{2}{3}\frac{7}{30}+\frac{1}{2}=\frac{3}{10}s\frac{2}{5}\frac{3}{10}\frac{2}{5}=\frac{1}{10}<0`$
Thus

$$\stackrel{~}{\psi }\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X^{s+,\frac{1}{2}}(I)}cN^{\gamma (s,m)}$$
(48)
Now we interpolate between (5) and the following estimate, which follows from (22) and Lemma 4.1:

$`\widehat{\psi }\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{X^{0,\frac{1}{4}ϵ}(I)}`$ $``$ $`c(\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+ϵ}(I)}\widehat{\psi }_{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+ϵ}(I)})`$
$``$ $`cN^{1sm}N^{sm}=cN^{12(sm)}`$
This gives

$$\widehat{\psi }\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}cN^{\gamma (s,m)+}$$
(49)
Similarly we treat (5) and (48) and conclude

$$F_{X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}cN^{\gamma (s,m)+}$$

Therefore, with $`c_02c\psi _{02}_{H^{s,2}(𝐑^3)}`$ , we have

$$S_0\widehat{\psi }_{X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}c\psi _{02}_{H^{s,2}}+cF_{X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}\frac{c_0}{2}+cN^{\gamma (s,m)+}c_0$$

if $`N`$ is sufficiently large.
Next we estimate $`S_0\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$. Using (42) we have to control $`F_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$. By (35) with $`\gamma ^{}=\frac{4}{3}+`$ , $`\rho ^{}=\frac{3}{2}`$ and Lemma 4.1 we have

$`\widehat{\psi }\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$ $``$ $`c\widehat{\psi }\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{L_t^{\frac{4}{3}+}(I,L_x^{\frac{3}{2}})}`$
$``$ $`c\widehat{\psi }_{L_t^{\mathrm{}}(I,L_x^2)}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{L_t^{\mathrm{}}(I,L_x^6)}|I|^{\frac{3}{4}}`$
$``$ $`cN^{1(sm)}N^{(1sm)\frac{3}{4}\delta +}\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$
$``$ $`cN^{\frac{3}{4}\delta +}\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$
Similarly by (35) with $`\gamma ^{}=2`$ , $`\rho ^{}=\frac{6}{5}`$ we get

$`\widehat{\psi }\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$ $``$ $`c\widehat{\psi }\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{L_t^{2+}(I,L_x^{\frac{6}{5}+})}`$
$``$ $`c\widehat{\psi }_{L_t^{\mathrm{}}(I,L_x^2)}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{L_t^{\mathrm{}}(I,L_x^{3+})}|I|^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
$``$ $`c\widehat{\psi }_{L_t^{\mathrm{}}(I,L_x^2)}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{L_t^{\mathrm{}}(I,L_x^2)}^{1\frac{1}{2m}}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{L_t^{\mathrm{}}(I,H_x^{m,2})}^{\frac{1}{2m}+}|I|^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
$``$ $`cN^{(sm)(1\frac{1}{2m})+}N^{\frac{2}{3}(1sm)\frac{\delta }{2}+}\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$
$``$ $`cN^{\frac{\delta }{2}+}\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$
Finally by (35) with $`\gamma ^{}=2`$ , $`\rho ^{}=\frac{6}{5}`$ again and Lemma 4.1 we get

$`\stackrel{~}{\psi }\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$ $``$ $`c\stackrel{~}{\psi }\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{L_t^{2+}(I,L_x^{\frac{6}{5}+})}`$
$``$ $`c\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L_t^{\mathrm{}}(I,L_x^{3+})}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{L_t^{\mathrm{}}(I,L_x^2)}|I|^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
$``$ $`c\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L_t^{\mathrm{}}(I,L_x^2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L_t^{\mathrm{}}(I,L_x^2)}^{\frac{1}{2}+}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{L_t^{\mathrm{}}(I,L_x^2)}|I|^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
$``$ $`cN^{\frac{1}{2}(1sm)+}N^{\frac{2}{3}(1sm)\frac{\delta }{2}+}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$
$`=`$ $`cN^{\frac{1}{6}(1sm)\frac{\delta }{2}+}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$
1. If now $`sm`$ we conclude from (5)

$`\stackrel{~}{\psi }\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$ $``$ $`cN^{\frac{1}{6}(1s)\frac{\delta }{2}+}(N^{\frac{5}{6}\frac{1}{6}s}+N^m)`$
$`=`$ $`cN^{1\frac{\delta }{2}+}+N^{m\frac{1}{6}(1s)\frac{\delta }{2}+}`$
Now $`m\frac{1}{6}(1s)s\frac{7}{6}sm+\frac{1}{6}`$. This is fulfilled because $`\frac{7}{6}s\frac{7}{6}m=m+\frac{1}{6}mm+\frac{1}{6}`$. Thus

$$\stackrel{~}{\psi }\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}cN^s$$
(53)
2. If $`ms`$, we conclude from (5)

$$\stackrel{~}{\psi }\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}cN^{\frac{1}{6}(1m)\frac{\delta }{2}+}N^m=cN^{\frac{1}{6}\frac{5}{6}m\frac{\delta }{2}+}$$
(54)

From (42),(5),(5),(53),(1) we conclude

1. in the case $`sm`$

$`S_0\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$ $``$ $`c\psi _{02}_{L^2}+cN^{\frac{\delta }{2}+}\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}+cN^s`$
$``$ $`cN^s+cN^s`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{c_0}{2}}N^s+cN^s`$
$``$ $`c_0N^s`$
if $`c_02c`$ and $`N`$ sufficiently large.
2. Similarly for $`ms`$ we get

$`S_0\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$ $``$ $`cN^s+cN^s+cN^{\frac{1}{6}\frac{5}{6}m\frac{\delta }{2}+}`$ (56)
$``$ $`c_0(N^s+N^{\frac{1}{6}\frac{5}{6}m})`$

Next we estimate $`S_\pm \widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{m,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$. Assume

$$0\frac{2}{\gamma }=2(\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{\rho })\text{a}ndl+2(\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{\rho })=0$$
(57)
Then we get by (12):

$$f_{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}}}cf_{L_t^\gamma ^{}(𝐑,H_x^{l,\rho ^{}})}$$

Interpolating with the trivial identity $`f_{X_\pm ^{0,0}}=f_{L_t^2(𝐑,L_x^2)}`$ we have

$$f_{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}}cf_{L_t^{\gamma ^{}+}(𝐑,H_x^{l+,\rho ^{}+})}$$

and also

$$f_{X_\pm ^{m1,\frac{1}{2}+}}cf_{L_t^{\gamma ^{}+}(𝐑,H_x^{m1l+,\rho ^{}+})}$$
(58)
In order to estimate $`G_2`$ we use (57) with $`l=0`$ , $`\rho =2`$ , $`\gamma =\mathrm{}`$ and get

$$\overline{\widehat{\psi }}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L^{1+}(I,H^{m1,2})}c\overline{\widehat{\psi }}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L^{1+}(I,L^{\frac{6}{52m}})}c\left(_I\widehat{\psi }_{L^{\frac{6}{52m}\widehat{p}}}^{1+}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L^{\frac{6}{52m}\widehat{q}}}^{1+}𝑑t\right)^1$$

Choosing $`\frac{1}{\widehat{p}}=\frac{32s}{52m}`$ ($`1`$, because $`ms1`$) and $`\frac{1}{\widehat{q}}=\frac{2(1+sm)}{52m}`$ we have $`H^{s,2}L^{\frac{6}{52m}\widehat{p}}`$ and $`\frac{6}{52m}\widehat{q}=\frac{3}{1+sm}`$, thus by interpolation

$$\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L^{\frac{6\widehat{q}}{52m}}}c\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L^2}^{sm+\frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{H^{1,2}}^{\frac{1}{2}+ms}$$

We get

$`\overline{\widehat{\psi }}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L^{1+}(I,H^{m1,2})}`$ $``$ $`c\widehat{\psi }_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,H^{s,2})}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,L^2)}^{sm+\frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,H^{1,2})}^{\frac{1}{2}+ms}|I|^1`$
$``$ $`cN^{(1sm)(\frac{1}{2}+ms)}N^{\frac{4}{3}(1sm)\delta +}`$
$``$ $`cN^{(1sm)(\frac{5}{6}+ms)+}`$
$``$ $`cN^{\gamma (s,m)}`$
where $`\gamma (s,m)>0`$.
In the same way we estimate $`G_3`$. Concerning $`G_1`$ we use (57) with $`l=m\frac{3}{2}`$, $`\gamma =\frac{2}{\frac{3}{2}m}`$ , $`\rho =\frac{2}{m\frac{1}{2}}`$ and get by the embeddings $`H^{s+,p}B^{s,p}H^{s,p}`$ (cf. , p. 180) and the definition of the Besov spaces $`B^{s,p}`$ (cf. , Thm. 6.2.5) (alternatively one could also use the so-called fractional Leibniz rule):

$`|\widehat{\psi }|^2_{H^{\frac{1}{2}+ϵ,\frac{2}{\frac{5}{2}m}+}}c|\widehat{\psi }|^2_{B^{\frac{1}{2}+2ϵ,\frac{2}{\frac{5}{2}m}+}}`$
$`=:`$ $`c(|\widehat{\psi }|^2_{L^{\frac{2}{\frac{5}{2}m}+}}+({\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}(\tau ^{\frac{1}{2}2ϵ}\underset{|h|\tau }{sup}|\widehat{\psi }|^2(+h)|\widehat{\psi }|^2()_{L^{\frac{2}{\frac{5}{2}m}+}})^2{\displaystyle \frac{d\tau }{\tau }})^{\frac{1}{2}})`$
$``$ $`c(\widehat{\psi }_{L^{\frac{2}{\frac{5}{2}m}\widehat{p}+}}\widehat{\psi }_{L^{\frac{2}{\frac{5}{2}m}\widehat{q}+}}`$
$`+({\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}(\tau ^{\frac{1}{2}2ϵ}\underset{|h|\tau }{sup}\widehat{\psi }(+h)\widehat{\psi }()_{L^{\frac{2}{\frac{5}{2}m}\widehat{q}+}})^2{\displaystyle \frac{d\tau }{\tau }})^{\frac{1}{2}}\widehat{\psi }_{L^{\frac{2}{\frac{5}{2}m}\widehat{p}+}})`$
$``$ $`c\widehat{\psi }_{L^{\frac{2}{\frac{5}{2}m}\widehat{p}+}}(\widehat{\psi }_{L^{\frac{2}{\frac{5}{2}m}\widehat{q}+}}+\widehat{\psi }_{B^{\frac{1}{2}+2ϵ,\frac{2}{\frac{5}{2}m}\widehat{q}+}})`$
$``$ $`c\widehat{\psi }_{L^{\frac{2}{\frac{5}{2}m}\widehat{p}+}}\widehat{\psi }_{H^{\frac{1}{2}+3ϵ,\frac{2}{\frac{5}{2}m}\widehat{q}+}}`$
This implies

$$|\widehat{\psi }|^2_{L^{\frac{2}{\frac{1}{2}+m}+}(I,H^{\frac{1}{2}+,\frac{2}{\frac{5}{2}m}+})}c\widehat{\psi }_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,L^{\frac{2}{\frac{5}{2}m}\widehat{p}+})}\widehat{\psi }_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,H^{\frac{1}{2}+,\frac{2}{\frac{5}{2}m}\widehat{q}+})}|I|^{\frac{\frac{1}{2}+m}{2}}$$
(60)
The Hölder exponents $`\widehat{p},\widehat{q}`$ are chosen such that

$$H^{s,2}L^{\frac{2}{\frac{5}{2}m}\widehat{p}+}H^{\frac{1}{2}+,\frac{2}{\frac{5}{2}m}\widehat{q}+}$$

This requires $`\frac{1}{2}>\frac{1}{\widehat{p}}\frac{\frac{5}{2}m}{2}>\frac{1}{2}\frac{s}{3}`$ and $`\frac{1}{2}>\frac{1}{\widehat{q}}\frac{\frac{5}{2}m}{2}>\frac{1}{2}\frac{s\frac{1}{2}}{3}`$ which can be fulfilled if $`\frac{2}{\frac{5}{2}m}>1=\frac{1}{\widehat{p}}+\frac{1}{\widehat{q}}>\frac{2}{\frac{5}{2}m}(\frac{1}{2}\frac{s}{3}+\frac{1}{2}\frac{s\frac{1}{2}}{3})=\frac{2}{\frac{5}{2}m}(\frac{7}{6}\frac{2}{3}s)`$. The first inequality holds for $`m>\frac{1}{2}`$ and the second one, because for $`m1`$ , $`s>\frac{5}{8}`$: $`\frac{2}{\frac{5}{2}m}(\frac{7}{6}\frac{2}{3}s)<\frac{2}{\frac{3}{2}}(\frac{7}{6}\frac{5}{12})=\frac{4}{3}\frac{9}{12}=1`$ Thus

$`|\widehat{\psi }|^2_{L^{\frac{2}{\frac{1}{2}+m}+}(I,H^{\frac{1}{2}+,\frac{2}{\frac{5}{2}m}+})}`$ $``$ $`c\widehat{\psi }_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,H^{s,2})}^2|I|^{\frac{\frac{1}{2}+m}{2}}`$ (61)
$``$ $`cN^{\frac{4}{3}(1sm)\frac{\frac{1}{2}+m}{2}}cN^{\gamma (s,m)}`$
From (43),(58),(5),(61) we conclude

$`S_\pm \widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X^{m,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$ $``$ $`c\varphi _{0\pm 2}_{H^{m,2}}+cG_{X_\pm ^{m,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$
$``$ $`c\varphi _{0\pm 2}_{H^{m,2}}+c(\overline{\widehat{\psi }}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L^{1+}(I,H^{m1,2})}+\widehat{\psi }\overline{\stackrel{~}{\psi }}_{L^{1+}(I,H^{m1,2})}`$
$`+|\widehat{\psi }|^2_{L^{\frac{2}{\frac{1}{2}+m}+}(I,H^{\frac{1}{2}+,\frac{2}{\frac{5}{2}m}+})})`$
$``$ $`c\varphi _{0\pm 2}_{H^{m,2}}+cN^{\gamma (s,m)}`$
$``$ $`c_0`$
provided $`c_02c\varphi _{0\pm 2}_{H^{m,2}}`$ and $`N`$ is sufficiently large.
Finally we treat $`S_\pm \widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$. We use (37) and estimate by interpolation

$`|\widehat{\psi }|^2_{L^{1+}(I,H^{1,2})}`$ $``$ $`c|\widehat{\psi }|^2_{L^{1+}(I,L^{\frac{6}{5}})}=c\widehat{\psi }_{L^{2+}(I,L^{\frac{12}{5}})}^2`$ (62)
$``$ $`c\widehat{\psi }_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,L^2)}^{2(1\frac{1}{4s})}\widehat{\psi }_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,H^{s,2})}^{\frac{1}{2s}}|I|^1`$
$``$ $`cN^{2(sm)(1\frac{1}{4s})}N^{\frac{4}{3}(1sm)\delta }cN^{\frac{4}{3}(sm)(\frac{2}{3}\frac{1}{2s})\delta }`$
$``$ $`cN^{\frac{4}{3}(\frac{2}{3}1)\delta }=cN^{1\delta }`$
because $`s,m1`$ , $`s\frac{1}{2}`$.
Next we estimate by Lemma 4.1:

$`\overline{\widehat{\psi }}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L^{1+}(I,H^{1,2})}`$
$`c\widehat{\psi }\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L^{1+}(I,L^{\frac{6}{5}})}c\widehat{\psi }_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,L^2)}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,L^3)}|I|^1`$
$`c\widehat{\psi }_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,L^2)}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,L^2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,H^{1,2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}|I|^1`$
$`c\widehat{\psi }_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,L^2)}N^{\frac{1}{2}(1sm)}N^{\frac{4}{3}(1sm)\delta }`$
$`c\widehat{\psi }_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,L^2)}N^{\frac{5}{6}(1sm)\delta }`$
1. If $`sm`$ we get

$$\overline{\widehat{\psi }}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L^{1+}(I,H^{1,2})}cN^{s\frac{5}{6}(1s)\delta }cN^{\frac{5}{6}\frac{1}{6}s\delta }$$
(63)
2. If $`ms`$ we get

$`\overline{\widehat{\psi }}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L^{1+}(I,H^{1,2})}`$ $``$ $`c(N^{\frac{1}{6}\frac{5}{6}m}+N^s)N^{\frac{5}{6}(1m)\delta }`$ (64)
$`=`$ $`c(N^{1\delta }+N^{s\frac{5}{6}+\frac{5}{6}m\delta })cN^{m\delta }`$
because $`s\frac{5}{6}+\frac{5}{6}mm\frac{11}{6}ms+\frac{5}{6}`$. This is fulfilled, because $`\frac{11}{6}m\frac{11}{6}s=s+\frac{5}{6}ss+\frac{5}{6}`$.

The term $`\widehat{\psi }\overline{\stackrel{~}{\psi }}_{L^{1+}(I,H^{1,2})}`$ is estimated in the same way.
From (43),(62),(63),(43) we get

1. in the case $`sm`$:

$`S_\pm \widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$ $``$ $`c\varphi _{0\pm 2}_{L^2}+cN^{\frac{5}{6}\frac{1}{6}s}`$
$``$ $`cN^m+cN^{\frac{5}{6}\frac{1}{6}s}`$
$``$ $`c_0(N^m+N^{\frac{5}{6}\frac{1}{6}s})`$
if $`c_0c`$ and $`N`$ sufficiently large.
2. Similarly, in the case $`ms`$:

$$S_\pm \widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}c_0N^m$$

Summarizing, we have shown that $`S`$ maps $`Z`$ into itself. The contraction property uses exactly the same type of estimates and is therefore omitted.
The next estimates show that the nonlinear part $`w`$ of (42) behaves better than the linear part.

###### Proposition 5.2

Under the assumptions of Proposition 5.1 the following estimates hold:

$`w_{X^{1,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$ $``$ $`cN^{\frac{5}{6}\frac{4}{3}(sm)}`$
$`w_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$ $``$ $`cN^{\frac{2}{3}\frac{5}{3}(sm)}`$
if in addition we assume $`s+m>\frac{3}{2}`$.

Proof: By Lemma 2.2 and Lemma 4.1 we have

$`w_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$ $``$ $`cF_{X^{0,\frac{1}{4}}(I)}|I|^{\frac{1}{4}}`$
$``$ $`c(\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm \widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{4}}(I)}+\widehat{\varphi }_\pm \widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{4}}(I)}+\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm \stackrel{~}{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{4}}(I)})|I|^{\frac{1}{4}}`$
$``$ $`c(\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}+\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$
$`+\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)})|I|^{\frac{1}{4}}`$
$``$ $`c(N^{1sm}N^{sm}+N^{sm}N^{sm}+N^{sm})N^{\frac{1}{3}(1sm)\frac{\delta }{4}}`$
$``$ $`cN^{\frac{2}{3}\frac{5}{3}(sm)}`$
In order to estimate $`w_{X^{1,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$ we consider separately the cases $`sm`$ and $`ms`$.
Case $`sm`$:
By Lemma 1.5 with $`s=1+`$ and $`\sigma =\frac{1}{2}`$ we get by interpolation

$`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm \widehat{\psi }_{X^{1+,\frac{1}{2}}(I)}`$ $``$ $`c(\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{\frac{1}{2}+,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}+\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{1,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}\widehat{\psi }_{X^{\frac{1}{2}+,0}(I)})`$ (66)
$``$ $`c(\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{\frac{1}{2}+,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$
$`+\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{1,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{1\frac{1}{2s}}\widehat{\psi }_{X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{\frac{1}{2s}+}|I|^{\frac{1}{2}})`$
because

$`\widehat{\psi }_{X^{\frac{1}{2}+,0}(I)}`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle _I}\widehat{\psi }(t)_{H^{\frac{1}{2}+,2}}^2𝑑t\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\widehat{\psi }_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,H^{\frac{1}{2}+,2})}|I|^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
$``$ $`c\widehat{\psi }_{X^{\frac{1}{2}+,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}|I|^{\frac{1}{2}}c\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{1\frac{1}{2s}}\widehat{\psi }_{X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{\frac{1}{2s}+}|I|^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
Thus

$`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm \widehat{\psi }_{X^{1+,\frac{1}{2}}(I)}`$ $``$ $`c(N^{1sm}N^s+N^{1sm}N^{s(1\frac{1}{2s})+}N^{\frac{2}{3}(1sm)\frac{\delta }{2}+})`$
$``$ $`c(N^{12s}+N^{1ss+\frac{1}{2}\frac{2}{3}+\frac{2}{3}s\frac{\delta }{2}+})`$
$``$ $`cN^{\frac{5}{6}\frac{4}{3}s\frac{\delta }{2}+}`$
Next from Lemma 1.5 with $`s=1+`$ and $`\sigma =0+`$, Lemma 4.1 and interpolation

$`\widehat{\varphi }_\pm \stackrel{~}{\psi }_{X^{1+,\frac{1}{2}}(I)}`$
$`c(\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{\frac{1}{2}+,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}+\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{X^{1,0}(I)}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{\frac{1}{2}+,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)})`$
$`c(\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{1\frac{1}{2m}}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{m,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{\frac{1}{2m}+}`$
$`+\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{X^{1,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}|I|^{\frac{1}{2}}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{1\frac{1}{2m}}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{m,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{\frac{1}{2m}+})`$
$`c(N^{(sm)(1\frac{1}{2m})+}+N^{1sm}N^{\frac{2}{3}(1sm)\frac{\delta }{2}+}N^{(sm)(1\frac{1}{2m})+})`$
$`c(N^{(sm)(1\frac{1}{2m})+}+N^{\frac{1}{3}(sm)(\frac{4}{3}\frac{1}{2m})\frac{\delta }{2}+})`$
$`cN^{\frac{1}{3}(sm)(\frac{4}{3}\frac{1}{2m})\frac{\delta }{2}+}`$
$`cN^{\frac{1}{3}(sm)(\frac{4}{3}\frac{1}{2(sm)})\frac{\delta }{2}+}`$
$`=cN^{\frac{5}{6}\frac{4}{3}(sm)\frac{\delta }{2}+}`$
$`=cN^{\frac{5}{6}\frac{4}{3}s\frac{\delta }{2}+}`$
because $`(sm)(1\frac{1}{2m})<\frac{1}{3}(sm)(\frac{4}{3}\frac{1}{2m})(sm)\frac{1}{3}<\frac{1}{3}`$ which is fulfilled.
Moreover by Lemma 1.5 with $`s=1+`$ and $`\sigma =m\frac{1}{2}`$ and interpolation

$`\widehat{\varphi }_\pm \widehat{\psi }_{X^{1+,\frac{1}{2}}(I)}`$
$`c(\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{1\frac{1}{2m}}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{m,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{\frac{1}{2m}+}+\widehat{\psi }_{X^{\frac{3}{2}m+,0}(I)}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{m,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)})`$
using

$`\widehat{\psi }_{X^{\frac{3}{2}m+,0}(I)}`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{\psi }_{L_t^2(I,H_x^{\frac{3}{2}m+,2})}\widehat{\psi }_{L_t^{\mathrm{}}(I,H_x^{\frac{3}{2}m+,2})}|I|^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
$``$ $`c\widehat{\psi }_{X^{\frac{3}{2}m+,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}|I|^{\frac{1}{2}}c\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{1\frac{\frac{3}{2}m}{s}}\widehat{\psi }_{X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{\frac{\frac{3}{2}m}{s}+}|I|^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
under our assumption $`s+m>\frac{3}{2}`$.
Thus we get

$`\widehat{\varphi }_\pm \widehat{\psi }_{X^{1+,\frac{1}{2}}(I)}`$
$`c(N^sN^{(sm)(1\frac{1}{2m})+}+N^{s(1\frac{\frac{3}{2}m}{s})+}N^{\frac{2}{3}(1sm)\frac{\delta }{2}})`$
$`c(N^sN^{(sm)(1\frac{1}{2(sm)})+}+N^{s+\frac{3}{2}m\frac{2}{3}+\frac{2}{3}s\frac{\delta }{2}+})`$
$`c(N^{\frac{1}{2}2s+}+N^{\frac{5}{6}\frac{4}{3}s\frac{\delta }{2}+})`$
$`cN^{\frac{5}{6}\frac{4}{3}s\frac{\delta }{2}+}`$
Case $`ms`$:
From (66) we conclude

$`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm \widehat{\psi }_{X^{1+,\frac{1}{2}}(I)}`$
$`c(N^{1sm}N^{sm}+N^{1sm}N^{sm(1\frac{1}{2s})+}N^{\frac{2}{3}(1sm)\frac{\delta }{2}+})`$
$`c(N^{12(sm)}+N^{\frac{1}{3}(sm)(1+1\frac{1}{2s}\frac{2}{3})\frac{\delta }{2}+})`$
$`=c(N^{12(sm)}+N^{\frac{1}{3}(sm)(\frac{4}{3}\frac{1}{2s})\frac{\delta }{2}+})`$
$`c(N^{12(sm)}+N^{\frac{1}{3}(sm)(\frac{4}{3}\frac{1}{2(sm)})\frac{\delta }{2}+})`$
$`=c(N^{12(sm)}+N^{\frac{5}{6}\frac{4}{3}(sm)\frac{\delta }{2}+})`$
$`cN^{\frac{5}{6}\frac{4}{3}m\frac{\delta }{2}+}`$
because $`12(sm)<\frac{5}{6}\frac{4}{3}(sm)1<4(sm)`$ which is fulfilled.
Next from (5):

$`\widehat{\varphi }_\pm \stackrel{~}{\psi }_{X^{1+,\frac{1}{2}}(I)}`$
$`c(N^{m(1\frac{1}{2m})+}+N^{1sm}N^{\frac{2}{3}(1sm)\frac{\delta }{2}+}N^{m(1\frac{1}{2m}+})`$
$`c(N^{m+\frac{1}{2}+}+N^{1m\frac{2}{3}+\frac{2}{3}mm+\frac{1}{2}\frac{\delta }{2}+})`$
$`cN^{\frac{5}{6}\frac{4}{3}m\frac{\delta }{2}+}`$
because $`m+\frac{1}{2}<\frac{5}{6}\frac{4}{3}mm<1`$.
Next by Lemma 1.5 with $`s=1+`$ , $`\sigma =1s+`$ and interpolation, again using $`s+m>\frac{3}{2}`$:

$`\widehat{\varphi }_\pm \widehat{\psi }_{X^{1+,\frac{1}{2}}(I)}`$
$`c(\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{1\frac{1}{2m}}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{m,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{\frac{1}{2m}+}+\widehat{\psi }_{X^{s,0}(I)}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{\frac{3}{2}s+,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)})`$
$`c(\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{1\frac{1}{2m}}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{m,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{\frac{1}{2m}+}+\widehat{\psi }_{X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}|I|^{\frac{1}{2}}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{\frac{3}{2}s+,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)})`$
$`c(\widehat{\psi }_{X^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{1\frac{1}{2m}}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{m,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{\frac{1}{2m}+}`$
$`+\widehat{\psi }_{X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}|I|^{\frac{1}{2}}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{1\frac{\frac{3}{2}s}{m}}\widehat{\varphi }_\pm _{X_\pm ^{m,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}^{\frac{\frac{3}{2}s}{m}+})`$
$`c(N^{sm}N^{m(1\frac{1}{2m})+}+N^{\frac{2}{3}(1sm)\frac{\delta }{2}+}N^{m(1\frac{\frac{3}{2}s}{m})+})`$
$`c(N^{\frac{1}{2}2m+}+N^{m+\frac{3}{2}s\frac{2}{3}+\frac{2}{3}m\frac{\delta }{2}+})`$
$`c(N^{\frac{1}{2}2m+}+N^{\frac{5}{6}\frac{4}{3}m\frac{\delta }{2}+})`$
$`cN^{\frac{5}{6}\frac{4}{3}m\frac{\delta }{2}+}`$
Summarizing we arrive at

$$F_{X^{1+,\frac{1}{2}}(I)}cN^{\frac{5}{6}\frac{4}{3}(sm)\frac{\delta }{2}+}$$
(68)
Now by (5):

$$F_{X^{0,\frac{1}{4}}(I)}cN^{12(sm)}$$
(69)
Interpolating between (68) and (69) we arrive at

$$w_{X^{1,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}cF_{X^{1,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}cN^{\frac{5}{6}\frac{4}{3}(sm)}$$

The proof is complete.

The next result shows that the nonlinear part $`z_\pm `$ of (43) also behaves better than the linear part.

###### Proposition 5.3

Under the assumptions of Proposition 5.1 the following estimates hold

$`z_\pm _{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,H^{1,2})}`$ $``$ $`cN^{\frac{1}{3}(sm)(\frac{2}{3}\frac{1}{2s})}`$ (70)
$`z_\pm _{X_\pm ^{0,\frac{1}{2}+}(I)}`$ $``$ $`cN^{(sm)}`$ (71)
Proof: The estimate (71) is already proven in Proposition 5.1.
In order to prove (70) we estimate by interpolation and Lemma 4.1:

$`\overline{\widehat{\psi }}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L^1(I,L^2)}`$ $``$ $`\widehat{\psi }_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,L^3)}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,L^6)}|I|`$
$``$ $`c\widehat{\psi }_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,L^2)}^{1\frac{1}{2s}}\widehat{\psi }_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,H^{s,2})}^{\frac{1}{2s}}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,H^{1,2})}|I|`$
$``$ $`cN^{(sm)(1\frac{1}{2s})}N^{1sm}N^{\frac{4}{3}(1sm)\delta }`$
$``$ $`cN^{\frac{1}{3}(sm)(\frac{2}{3}\frac{1}{2s})\delta }`$
The term $`\widehat{\psi }\overline{\stackrel{~}{\psi }}_{L^1(I,L^2)}`$ is estimated in exactly the same way.
Finally we use Strichartz’ inequality for the inhomogeneous Klein-Gordon equation $`u_{tt}+Au=f`$ , $`u(0)=u_t(0)=0`$ (cf. ):

$$u_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,H^{1,2}(𝐑^3))}cf_{L^\gamma ^{}(I,H^{l,\rho ^{}}(𝐑^3))}$$

which holds if $`l+2(\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{\rho })=0`$ and $`\frac{1}{\gamma }=\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{\rho }`$. Choose $`l=s+`$ , $`\rho =\frac{2}{1s}`$ , $`\gamma =\frac{2}{s}`$ , $`\rho ^{}=\frac{2}{1+s}+`$ , $`\gamma ^{}=\frac{2}{2s}+`$ and estimate using Besov norms as in (60) or alternatively by the fractional Leibniz rule:

$$|\widehat{\psi }|^2_{L^{\frac{2}{2s}+}(I,H^{s,\frac{2}{1+s}+})}c\widehat{\psi }_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,L^{\frac{2}{1+s}\widehat{p}+})}\widehat{\psi }_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,H^{s,\frac{2}{1+s}\widehat{q}+})}|I|^{\frac{2s}{2}}$$

Choose $`\widehat{p}=\frac{1+s}{s}+`$ , $`\widehat{q}=1+s`$ and interpolate (for $`s>\frac{3}{5}`$):

$`|\widehat{\psi }|^2_{L^{\frac{2}{2s}+}(I,H^{s,\frac{2}{1+s}+})}`$ $``$ $`c\widehat{\psi }_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,L^{\frac{2}{s}+})}\widehat{\psi }_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,H^{s,2})}|I|^{\frac{2s}{2}}`$
$``$ $`c\widehat{\psi }_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,L^2)}^{\frac{5s3}{2s}}\widehat{\psi }_{L^{\mathrm{}}(I,H^{s,2})}^{2\frac{5s3}{2s}+}|I|^{\frac{2s}{2}}`$
$``$ $`cN^{(sm)\frac{5s3}{2s}+}N^{\frac{2s}{2}\frac{4}{3}(1sm)}`$
Now we have $`(sm)\frac{5s3}{2s}\frac{2s}{2}\frac{4}{3}(1sm)<\frac{1}{3}(sm)(\frac{2}{3}\frac{1}{2s})`$ if $`(sm)\frac{5s3}{2s}\frac{2}{3}(1sm)<\frac{1}{3}(sm)(\frac{2}{3}\frac{1}{2s})(sm)(\frac{1}{s}\frac{7}{6})<\frac{1}{3}`$. This holds if $`1\frac{7}{6}(sm)=(sm)(\frac{1}{sm}\frac{7}{6})<\frac{1}{3}\frac{4}{7}<sm`$. This is fulfilled, because $`\frac{7}{10}>\frac{4}{7}`$. Thus the decisive estimate is (5), which directly leads to our claim (70).

## 6 The iteration process

In the preceding sections we constructed a solution of the problem (1),(2) with data (3) $`(\psi _0,\varphi _0,\varphi _1)`$ in the time interval $`I=[0,|I|]`$ with $`|I|=N^{\frac{4}{3}(1sm)}`$. Namely, if we define $`\psi :=\widehat{\psi }+\stackrel{~}{\psi }`$ , $`\varphi _\pm :=\widehat{\varphi }_\pm +\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_\pm `$ we see that $`(\psi ,\varphi _+,\varphi _{})`$ solves the system (15),(16) with initial conditions $`\psi (0)=\psi _0`$ , $`\psi _\pm (0)=\varphi _{0\pm }`$. This problem is equivalent to the original system (1),(2),(3).The initial data are transformed by $`\varphi _{0\pm }=\varphi _0\pm iA^{1/2}\varphi _1`$ or, conversely, by $`\varphi _0=\frac{1}{2}(\varphi _{0+}+\varphi _0)`$ , $`\varphi _1=\frac{i}{2}A^{1/2}(\varphi _{0+}\varphi _0)`$. In order to continue the solution of (15),(16) we take as new initial data $`(\stackrel{~}{\psi }(|I|)+w(|I|),\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_+(|I|)+z_+(|I|),\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{}(|I|)+z_{}(|I|))`$ instead of $`(\psi _{01},\varphi _{0+1},\varphi _{01})`$. When we have shown that this problem has a solution $`(\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{\psi }},\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}_+,\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}_{})`$ in the interval $`[|I|,2|I|]`$ with equal length $`|I|`$ we insert this solution into the system (5),(5) in place of $`(\stackrel{~}{\psi },\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_+,\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{})`$ and solve this problem with data $`(e^{i|I|\mathrm{\Delta }}\psi _{02},e^{i|I|A^{1/2}}\varphi _{0+2},e^{i|I|A^{1/2}}\varphi _{02})`$ in $`[|I|,2|I|]`$.The solution of the original system (1),(2) corresponding to $`(\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{\psi }},\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}_+,\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}_{})`$, denoted by $`(\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{\psi }},\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }})`$, then obviously has the following initial data (using (13),(14)):

$`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{\psi }}(|I|)`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }(|I|)+w(|I|)`$
$`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}(|I|)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}_+(|I|)+\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}_{}(|I|))={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_+(|I|)+z_+(|I|)+\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{}(|I|)+z_{}(|I|))`$
$`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }(|I|)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(z_+(|I|)+z_{}(|I|))=:\stackrel{~}{\varphi }(|I|)+z(|I|)`$
$`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{\varphi _t}}(|I|)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}A^{\frac{1}{2}}(\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}_+(|I|)\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}_{}(|I|))`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}A^{\frac{1}{2}}(\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_+(|I|)+z_+(|I|)\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{}(|I|)z_{}(|I|))`$
$`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_t(|I|){\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}A^{\frac{1}{2}}(z_+(|I|)z_{}(|I|))=:\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_t(|I|)+z^{}(|I|)`$
Adding up the solutions, we get a solution of the original problem in $`[|I|,2|I|]`$ as before. This defines an iteration process. At each step we have to ensure the same bounds on the initial data which were used in the first step. The replacement of $`(\psi _{02},\varphi _{0+2},\varphi _{02})`$ by $`(e^{i|I|\mathrm{\Delta }}\psi _{02},e^{i|I|A^{1/2}}\varphi _{0+2},e^{i|I|A^{1/2}}\varphi _{02})`$ is harmless, because the $`H^s`$-norms remain unchanged. The bounds on the data are controlled by the energy and the $`L^2`$-conservation law (see (23),(27),(28)). Thus we have to estimate these quantities independently of the iteration step. This is easy for the $`L^2`$-conserved quantity, the increment when replacing $`\psi _{01}`$ by $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }(|I|)+w(|I|)`$ is given by

$`\left|\stackrel{~}{\psi }(|I|)+w(|I|)_{L_x^2}\psi _{01}_{L_x^2}\right|`$ $`=`$ $`\left|\stackrel{~}{\psi }(|I|)+w(|I|)_{L_x^2}\stackrel{~}{\psi }(|I|)_{L_x^2}\right|`$
$``$ $`w(|I|)_{L_x^2}c_2N^{\frac{2}{3}\frac{5}{3}(sm)}`$
by Proposition 5.2, where $`c_2=c_2(\overline{c},M)`$.
The number of iteration steps in order to reach the given time $`T`$ is $`\frac{T}{|I|}=TN^{\frac{4}{3}(1sm)+}`$. This means that in order to get uniform control over the $`L^2`$-norm of $`\stackrel{~}{\psi },\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{\psi }},\mathrm{}`$ we have to ensure that $`c_2TN^{\frac{4}{3}(1sm)+}N^{\frac{2}{3}\frac{5}{3}(sm)}<M`$, where $`c_2=c_2(2\overline{c},2M)`$ (remark that initially the $`L^2`$-norm of $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }`$ was bounded by $`M`$). This is fulfilled for $`N`$ sufficiently large if $`\frac{4}{3}(1sm)+\frac{2}{3}\frac{5}{3}(sm)<0sm>\frac{2}{3}`$, which is fulfilled.
Concerning the increment of the energy, we define $`z=\frac{1}{2}(z_++z_{})`$ and estimate:

$`|E(\stackrel{~}{\psi }(|I|)+w(|I|),\stackrel{~}{\varphi }(|I|)+z(|I|),\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_t(|I|)+z^{}(|I|))E(\psi _{01},\varphi _{01},\varphi _{11})|`$
$`=`$ $`|E(\stackrel{~}{\psi }(|I|)+w(|I|),\stackrel{~}{\varphi }(|I|)+z(|I|),\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_t(|I|)+z^{}(|I|))E(\stackrel{~}{\psi }(|I|),\stackrel{~}{\varphi }(|I|),\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_t(|I|))|`$
$``$ $`2(\stackrel{~}{\psi }(|I|)+w(|I|))w(|I|)+(A^{\frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }(|I|)+A^{\frac{1}{2}}z(|I|))A^{\frac{1}{2}}z(|I|)`$
$`+(\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_t(|I|)+z^{}(|I|))z^{}(|I|)+{\displaystyle _{𝐑^3}}|z(|I|)||\stackrel{~}{\psi }(|I|)+w(|I|)|^2dx`$
$`+{\displaystyle _{𝐑^3}}|\stackrel{~}{\varphi }(|I|)|\left||\stackrel{~}{\psi }(|I|)+w(|I|)|^2|\stackrel{~}{\psi }(|I|)|^2\right|𝑑x`$
The first term is bounded by Proposition 5.2 and (33) by

$$c(N^{1sm}+N^{\frac{5}{6}\frac{4}{3}(sm)})N^{\frac{5}{6}\frac{4}{3}(sm)}cN^{1sm}N^{\frac{5}{6}\frac{4}{3}(sm)}=cN^{\frac{11}{6}\frac{7}{3}(sm)}$$

The second and third term are bounded by

$$c(N^{1sm}+N^{\frac{1}{3}(sm)(\frac{2}{3}\frac{1}{2s})})N^{\frac{1}{3}(sm)(\frac{2}{3}\frac{1}{2s})}$$

using (32) and (70). Now $`1sm\frac{1}{3}(sm)(\frac{2}{3}\frac{1}{2s})\frac{4}{3}(sm)(\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{2s})`$ which is fulfilled for $`1s,m\frac{1}{2}`$. Consequently the following bound holds for the second and third term: $`cN^{\frac{2}{3}(sm)(\frac{5}{3}\frac{1}{2s})}`$.
Using (71) and Proposition 5.2 the forth term is estimated as follows:

$`{\displaystyle _{𝐑^3}}|z(|I|)||\stackrel{~}{\psi }(|I|)+w(|I|)|^2𝑑x`$ $``$ $`cz(|I|)_{L^2}(\stackrel{~}{\psi }(|I|)_{L^4}^2+w(|I|)_{L^4}^2)`$
$``$ $`cz(|I|)_{L^2}(\stackrel{~}{\psi }(|I|)_{H^{1,2}}^2+w(|I|)_{H^{1,2}}^2)`$
$``$ $`cN^{(sm)}(N^{2(1sm)}+N^{2(\frac{5}{6}\frac{4}{3}(sm))})`$
$``$ $`cN^{(sm)}N^{2(1sm)}`$
$``$ $`cN^{23(sm)}`$
Finally the fifth term is estimated by (32), Prop. 5.2 and (31) as follows:

$`{\displaystyle _{𝐑^3}}|\stackrel{~}{\varphi }(|I|)|\left||\stackrel{~}{\psi }(|I|)+w(|I|)|^2|\stackrel{~}{\psi }(|I|)|^2\right|𝑑x`$
$``$ $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }(|I|)_{L^6}w(|I|)_{L^2}(\stackrel{~}{\psi }(|I|)_{L^3}+w(|I|)_{L^3})`$
$``$ $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }(|I|)_{L^2}w(|I|)_{L^2}(\stackrel{~}{\psi }(|I|)_{L^2}^{\frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{~}{\psi }(|I|)_{L^2}^{\frac{1}{2}}+w(|I|)_{L^2}^{\frac{1}{2}}w(|I|)_{L^2}^{\frac{1}{2}})`$
$``$ $`cN^{1sm}N^{\frac{2}{3}\frac{5}{3}(sm)}(N^{\frac{1}{2}(1sm)}+N^{\frac{1}{2}(\frac{2}{3}\frac{5}{3}(sm))}N^{\frac{1}{2}(\frac{5}{6}\frac{4}{3}(sm))})`$
$`=`$ $`cN^{1sm}N^{\frac{2}{3}\frac{5}{3}(sm)}(N^{\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{2}(sm)}+N^{\frac{3}{4}\frac{3}{2}(sm)})`$
$``$ $`cN^{1sm}N^{\frac{2}{3}\frac{5}{3}(sm)}N^{\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{2}(sm)}`$
$`=`$ $`cN^{\frac{13}{6}\frac{19}{6}(sm)}`$
because $`\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{2}(sm)>\frac{3}{4}\frac{3}{4}(sm)`$ if $`sm>\frac{1}{4}`$.
Now, the forth term behaves better than the first one, because
$`23(sm)<\frac{11}{6}\frac{7}{3}(sm)\frac{1}{6}<\frac{2}{3}(sm)`$ which holds for $`sm>\frac{1}{4}`$.
Similarly, the fifth term is harmless compared to the first one, because
$`\frac{13}{6}\frac{19}{6}(sm)<\frac{11}{6}\frac{7}{3}(sm)\frac{2}{6}<\frac{5}{6}(sm)sm>\frac{2}{5}`$.
Thus the decisive terms are the first, second and third one.
Concerning the first term the condition that ensures uniform control of the energy of $`(\stackrel{~}{\psi },\stackrel{~}{\varphi }),(\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{\psi }},\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}),\mathrm{}`$ is the following:

$$c_3TN^{\frac{4}{3}(1sm)+}N^{\frac{11}{6}\frac{7}{3}(sm)}<\overline{c}N^{2(1sm)}$$

where $`c_3=c_3(2\overline{c},2M)`$ (recall that the energy initially is bounded by $`\overline{c}N^{2(1sm)}`$).
This is satisfied for $`N`$ sufficiently large provided
$`\frac{4}{3}(1sm)+\frac{11}{6}\frac{7}{3}(sm)<2(1sm)\frac{7}{6}<\frac{5}{3}(sm)sm>\frac{7}{10}`$. Here is the point where the decisive bound on $`sm`$ appears.
Concerning the second and third term the following condition has to be satisfied:

$$c_3TN^{\frac{4}{3}(1sm)+}N^{\frac{2}{3}(sm)(\frac{5}{3}\frac{1}{2s})}<\overline{c}N^{2(1sm)}$$

This requires
$`\frac{4}{3}(1sm)+\frac{2}{3}(sm)(\frac{5}{3}\frac{1}{2s})<2(1sm)0<(sm)(1\frac{1}{2s})s>\frac{1}{2}`$.
The uniform control of the energy implies by (27),(28) uniform control of the $`L^2`$-norm of $`(\stackrel{~}{\psi },A^{\frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{~}{\varphi },\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_t)`$,$`(\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{\psi }},A^{\frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }},\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}_t),\mathrm{}`$ .

We have proven

###### Theorem 6.1

Let $`1s,m>\frac{7}{10}`$ , $`s+m>\frac{3}{2}`$. The system (1),(2),(3) with data

$$(\psi _0,\varphi _0,\varphi _1)H^{s,2}(𝐑^3)\times H^{m,2}(𝐑^3)\times H^{m1,2}(𝐑^3)$$

has a unique global solution. More precisely, for any $`T>0`$ there exists a unique solution

$$(\psi ,\varphi ,\varphi _t)X^{s,\frac{1}{2}+}[0,T]\times \stackrel{~}{X}^{m,\frac{1}{2}+}[0,T]\times \stackrel{~}{X}^{m1,\frac{1}{2}+}[0,T].$$

This solution satisfies

$$(\psi ,\varphi ,\varphi _t)C^0([0,T],H^{s,2}(𝐑^3)\times H^{m,2}(𝐑^3)\times H^{m1,2}(𝐑^3))$$

Here $`\stackrel{~}{X}^{m,\frac{1}{2}+}[0,T]:=X_+^{m,\frac{1}{2}+}[0,T]+X_{}^{m,\frac{1}{2}+}[0,T]`$.

Remark: The difference between the solution $`(\psi ,\varphi ,\varphi _t)`$ of the nonlinear problem (1),(2),(3) and the corresponding linear problem belongs to the space $`H^{1,2}(𝐑^3)\times H^{1,2}(𝐑^3)\times L^2(𝐑^3)`$. This smoothing property (which is charateristic for the method) follows from Proposition 5.2 and 5.3.


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# I Introduction

## I Introduction

Lattice QCD provides a well suited theoretical framework for the study of nonperturbative quantities as a function of the number of colours. Although experimentally inaccessible, QCD for $`N_c=2`$ and $`N_c=4`$ is interesting from the theoretical point of view. Recently $`SU(N_c)`$ Yang-Mills theories were investigated for various $`N_c`$ by two groups  with emphasis on the evaluation of string tensions and glueball masses and their large $`N_c`$ limit. It is the purpose of the present work to examine the gluon propagator for different numbers of colours. Like in our previous work in $`SU(3)`$, we evaluate the gluon propagator in the Laplacian gauge which, unlike the more usual Landau gauge, is free of spurious Gribov copies on the lattice. Therefore no doubt can be cast on our results due to the lattice gauge fixing procedure. Furthermore theoretical arguments have been presented supporting gauge invariance of the pole mass of the transverse gluon propagator  and it is therefore an interesting quantity to investigate as a function of $`N_c`$ even in a particular gauge. Studying the dependence of the gluon mass on $`N_c`$ has theoretical implications for confinement and chiral symmetry breaking. It has been argued that a non-zero gluon mass is connected to vortex condensation and to the glueball mass . Since the $`N_c`$ dependence of the glueballs has been investigated, a study of the gluon mass can shed light on their relation. In Dyson Schwinger studies the form of the gluon propagator affects that of the quark propagator, which in turn provides a determination of the quark mass and therefore is connected to chiral symmetry breaking.

In previous studies  we considered the gluon propagator in $`SU(3)`$, and presented evidence for a pole which survives the continuum limit. In this work we present results in $`SU(2)`$, $`SU(3)`$ and $`SU(4)`$ at similar couplings. We refer the reader to ref.  for our notation and the details of our approach.

## II Laplacian Gauge fixing

The Laplacian gauge consists of rotating along a fixed orientation the local color frame built from the lowest-lying eigenvectors of the covariant Laplacian. It is well defined in the continuum theory but non-perturbative. On the lattice, it has the virtue of being unambiguous (except for genuine Gribov copies arising from accidental degeneracy of Laplacian eigenvalues), unlike the lattice Landau gauge.

In the case of $`SU(2)`$, the Laplacian eigenvalues are twofold degenerate  due to charge conjugation symmetry: if $`f`$ is an eigenvector so is $`\sigma _2f^{}`$. At each lattice site, one can construct from these two vectors a $`2\times 2`$ matrix which is then projected onto $`SU(2)`$ and defines the required gauge rotation.

In $`SU(3)`$ and $`SU(4)`$, we identify the $`N_c1`$ lowest-lying eigenvectors of the Laplacian. From these eigenvectors we construct at each lattice site an $`SU(N_c)`$ matrix by using a Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization, as described in detail in ref. .

## III Results

In order to make the comparison of our results in $`SU(2)`$, $`SU(3)`$ and $`SU(4)`$ easier, we consider $`\beta `$ values which yield similar lattice spacings in units of the string tension $`\sigma `$. We take $`\beta =2.4,\mathrm{\hspace{0.25em}\hspace{0.25em}6.0}`$ and $`10.9`$ for $`SU(2)`$, $`SU(3)`$ and $`SU(4)`$ respectively, which give $`a\sqrt{\sigma }=0.2634(16)`$ , $`0.2265(55)`$  and $`0.2429(14)`$  for the three gauge groups. We can then express our $`SU(N_c)`$ results in “physical” units using $`\sqrt{\sigma }=440`$ MeV. The inverse lattice spacing is $`1.67(1)`$, $`1.94(5)`$ and $`1.81(1)`$ GeV for $`SU(2)`$, $`SU(3)`$ and $`SU(4)`$ respectively.

We first examine $`SU(2)`$. For this gauge group, several lattice studies of the gluon propagator in the Landau and Coloumb gauges exist . We present here the first study in the Laplacian gauge where no issues of lattice Gribov copies arise. It is therefore important to have lattice artifacts under control. The volume dependence is investigated by considering the $`SU(2)`$ gluon propagator for lattices of size $`4^4`$, $`8^4`$, $`16^4`$, $`16^3\times 64`$ and $`32^4`$. The quantity of interest is the transverse part, $`D(q^2)`$, of the gluon propagator. This is shown in Fig. 1 in lattice units for the various volumes after making a cylindrical cut  in the momenta which eliminates the leading lattice artifacts due to lack of rotational symmetry. For non-zero momenta, we subtract the longitudinal part of the propagator to project out its transverse part. For zero momentum this subtraction is not well defined, and we keep the complete propagator. We include results from the very asymmetric $`16^3\times 64`$ lattice. Even in that case, only small finite-size effects are visible in the infrared (momenta less than $`0.5`$ GeV in “physical” units).

A similar study of the volume dependence is carried out for the SU(4) gluon propagator for lattices of size $`4^4`$, $`8^4`$, $`8^3\times 32`$ and $`16^3\times 32`$ and the results are shown in Fig. 2. As for SU(2) we observe only small finite-size effects in the infrared for the very asymmetric $`8^3\times 32`$ lattice.

One conclusion to be drawn from Figs. 1 and 2 is that the zero momentum gluon propagator has a finite value as the volume is increased. In fact for lattices of spatial size greater than $`0.8`$ fm it reaches a constant value. This behaviour also holds for $`SU(3)`$ .

In Fig. 3 we make a comparison of the renormalized zero momentum gluon propagator, $`𝒟(0)`$ in “physical” units, collecting all our results for the three gauge groups. To relate the bare lattice propagator to the renormalized continuum propagator $`D_\mathrm{R}(q;\mu )`$ one needs the renormalization constant $`Z_3(\mu ,a)`$:

$$a^2D(qa)=Z_3(\mu ,a)D_\mathrm{R}(q;\mu ).$$
(1)
We take as our renormalization condition

$$D_\mathrm{R}(q)|_{q^2=\mu ^2}=\frac{1}{\mu ^2}$$
(2)
at a renormalization scale $`\mu `$ which allows a determination of $`Z_3(\mu ,a)`$. Taking the renormalization point at $`\mu =1.94`$ GeV we find for SU(3) $`Z_3^{SU(3)}(\mu ,a)=2.51(1)`$, and for SU(2) and SU(4) the ratios $`Z_3^{SU(3)}(\mu ,a)/Z_3^{SU(2)}(\mu ,a)=1.07(4)`$ and $`Z_3^{SU(3)}(\mu ,a)/Z_3^{SU(4)}(\mu ,a)=0.96(2)`$ respectively.

All the results for various volumes fall rather well on a universal curve demonstrating independence on $`N_c`$. In particular both in SU(2) and SU(3) they reach a plateau at approximately similar volumes. Since the zero momentum propagator gives a measure of the range over which the gauge fields are correlated, these results show that the gauge fields decorrelate in $`SU(N_c)`$ at a distance of $`0.8`$ fm or about 1.7 times the confining correlation length.

In Fig. 4 we plot the results for the renormalized transverse gluon propagator for lattice sizes for which we expect volume effects to be negligible, namely $`16^3\times 32`$ for $`SU(3)`$ and $`SU(4)`$, and $`32^4`$ for $`SU(2)`$. Remarkably, the overall shape of the gluon propagator shows no clear $`N_c`$ dependence.

However, infrared information is suppressed when showing $`q^2D(q^2)`$. To make any low-momentum difference clearly visible, we plot in Fig. 5 the $`SU(2)`$ and $`SU(4)`$ propagators versus the $`SU(3)`$ propagator for various momenta. If there would be no $`N_c`$-dependence the results should fall on the diagonal $`y=x`$. Small, but systematic differences are visible between $`SU(3)`$ and $`SU(2)SU(4)`$ where the propagators are the largest, i.e. in the infrared, for “physical” momenta smaller than $`1`$ GeV. The $`SU(3)`$ propagator is slightly larger, which will translate into a slightly smaller gluon pole mass.

To investigate more closely the $`q`$ dependence of the gluon propagator we perform various fits to phenomenological Ansätze. We fit the transverse propagator to Cornwall’s Ansatz which allows for a dynamically generated gluon mass and is physically motivated. We also fit to two parametrizations which appeared recently in the literature, namely Model A  and the mass parametrisation of ref. :

$$D_{\mathrm{mass}}(q)=\frac{Z}{(q^2+m_1^2)}\left[\frac{1}{1+q^4/m_2^4}+\frac{s}{\left[log\left(1+q^2/m_L^2\right)\right]^{13/22}}\right]$$
(3)
In Fig. 6 we show the quality of the fits to the three Ansätze: Cornwall’s Ansatz has three fit parameters, Model A four and the mass Ansatz five. In accord with ref.  which studied the $`SU(2)`$ Landau gauge, we find that the mass Ansatz works well for $`SU(N_c)`$. This is not so surprising since it has the largest number of parameters. We find no compelling reason to prefer this Ansatz to the other two. Cornwall’s Ansatz is the only one to allow a smooth analytic continuation to $`q^2`$ and we will use it for the determination of the pole mass.

The salient features of the infrared behaviour of the gluon propagator in the three gauge groups show up by plotting its inverse as a function of $`q^2`$. From Fig. 6 it can be seen that the overall behaviour is very similar for the three gauge groups although, as shown in Fig. 5, not identical. To make this observation more quantitative we investigate the gluon pole mass by analytic continuation to negative values of $`q^2`$ as shown in Fig. 7. In addition to Cornwall’s Ansatz we use polynomials of increasing degree in $`q^2`$ to test the model dependence of the analytic continuation.

Taking as a mean the value extracted from Cornwall’s Ansatz and as a crude indication of the systematic error the results of the polynomial fit, we find for the pole mass $`(1.85\pm 0.30)\sqrt{\sigma }`$, $`(1.52\pm 0.06)\sqrt{\sigma }`$ and $`(1.74\pm 0.27)\sqrt{\sigma }`$ in $`SU(2)`$, $`SU(3)`$ and $`SU(4)`$ respectively. A study of the gluon propagator for $`SU(2)`$ in Landau gauge  found that the low momentum behaviour supported a non-zero mass of $`(1.48\pm 0.05)\sqrt{\sigma }`$. Since only the mass parametrisation was used in that study and no analytic continuation was performed, this value can be regarded as a rough estimate consistent with our pole mass.

## IV Conclusions

We have extended a previous lattice study of the gluon propagator in the Laplacian gauge to $`SU(N_c)`$. In $`SU(2)`$, we have made an analysis of the finite-size effects, which indicates that the Laplacian gauge gluon propagator at zero momentum approaches a non-zero constant value in the infinite volume limit, as in $`SU(3)`$. In fact, this finite non-zero value is independent of $`N_c`$ within our statistics. We find $`𝒟(0)=5.85(5)`$ GeV<sup>-2</sup>.

The overall dependence of the gluon propagator on $`N_c`$ appears extremely weak, and is barely visible, even for infrared momenta, even for $`N_c=2`$. For all $`N_c=2,3,4`$, the infrared behaviour is consistent with a pole mass in the range $`600800`$ MeV.

Our results give further support to the view that $`N_c=2`$ is a theory already close to the large $`N_c`$ limit of QCD, a conclusion reached from the study of the string tension  and the glueball mass  in $`SU(N_c)`$.

Acknowledgements: The $`SU(3)`$ $`16^3\times 32`$ lattice configurations were obtained from the Gauge Connection archive . We thank H. Panagopoulos for discussions.