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# Is there a 1998bw-like supernova in the afterglow of gamma ray burst 011121?

## The CB model

In the CB model, long-duration GRBs and their AGs are produced in core collapse supernovae by jets of highly relativistic “cannonballs” that pierce through the supernova shell. The AG –the persistent radiation in the direction of an observed GRB– has three origins: the ejected CBs, the concomitant SN explosion, and the host galaxy. These components are usually unresolved in the measured “GRB afterglows”, so that the corresponding light curves and spectra are the cumulative energy flux density:

$$\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{AG}}=\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{CBs}}+\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{SN}}+\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{HG}}.$$
(1)
The contribution of the candidate host galaxy depends on the angular aperture of the observations and it is usually determined by late time observations when the CB and SN contributions become negligible.

Let the energy flux density of SN1998bw at redshift $`\mathrm{z}_{\mathrm{bw}}=0.0085`$ (Galama et al. 1998) be $`\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{bw}}[\nu ,\mathrm{t}]`$. For a similar SN placed at a redshift $`\mathrm{z}`$:

$`\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{SN}}[\nu ,\mathrm{t}]=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1+\mathrm{z}}{1+\mathrm{z}_{\mathrm{bw}}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{D}_\mathrm{L}^2(\mathrm{z}_{\mathrm{bw}})}{\mathrm{D}_\mathrm{L}^2(\mathrm{z})}}\times `$ (2)
$`\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{bw}}[\nu {\displaystyle \frac{1+\mathrm{z}}{1+\mathrm{z}_{\mathrm{bw}}}},\mathrm{t}{\displaystyle \frac{1+\mathrm{z}_{\mathrm{bw}}}{1+\mathrm{z}}}]\mathrm{A}(\nu ,\mathrm{z}),`$
where $`\mathrm{D}_\mathrm{L}(\mathrm{z})`$ is the luminosity distance222The cosmological parameters we use are: $`\mathrm{H}_0=65`$ km/(s Mpc), $`\mathrm{\Omega }_\mathrm{M}=0.3`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_\mathrm{\Lambda }=0.7`$. and $`\mathrm{A}(\nu ,\mathrm{z})`$ is the extinction along the line of sight.

The contribution of a jet of CBs to the GRB afterglow at “late” times ($`\mathrm{t}>1`$ day) is given by (Dado et al. 2001a):

$$\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{CB}}=\mathrm{f}[\gamma (\mathrm{t})]^{3\alpha 1}[\delta (\mathrm{t})]^{3+\alpha }\nu ^\alpha ,$$
(3)
where $`\mathrm{f}`$ is a normalization constant (see Dado et al. 2001a for its theoretical estimate), $`\alpha `$ is the spectral index of the electron synchrotron radiation, $`\gamma (\mathrm{t})`$ is the Lorentz factor of the CB and $`\delta (\mathrm{t})`$ is its Doppler factor:

$$\delta \frac{1}{\gamma (1\beta \mathrm{cos}\theta )}\frac{2\gamma }{(1+\theta ^2\gamma ^2)},$$
(4)
whose approximate expression is valid for small observing angles $`\theta 1`$, and $`\gamma 1`$: the domain of interest for GRBs. For an interstellar medium of constant baryon density $`\mathrm{n}_\mathrm{p}`$, the Lorentz factor, $`\gamma (\mathrm{t})`$ is given by (Dado et al. 2001a):

$`\gamma `$ $`=`$ $`\gamma (\gamma _0,\theta ,\mathrm{x}_{\mathrm{}};\mathrm{t})={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{B}}}\left[\theta ^2+\mathrm{C}\theta ^4+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{C}}}\right]`$
$`\mathrm{C}`$ $``$ $`\left[{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\mathrm{B}^2+2\theta ^6+\mathrm{B}\sqrt{\mathrm{B}^2+4\theta ^6}}}\right]^{1/3}`$
$`\mathrm{B}`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _0^3}}+{\displaystyle \frac{3\theta ^2}{\gamma _0}}+{\displaystyle \frac{6\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t}}{(1+\mathrm{z})\mathrm{x}_{\mathrm{}}}}`$ (5)
where $`\gamma _0=\gamma (0)`$, and

$$\mathrm{x}_{\mathrm{}}\frac{\mathrm{N}_{\mathrm{CB}}}{\pi \mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{max}}^2\mathrm{n}_\mathrm{p}}$$
(6)
characterizes the CB’s slow-down in terms of $`\mathrm{N}_{\mathrm{CB}}`$: its baryon number, and $`\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{max}}`$: its radius (it takes a distance $`\mathrm{x}_{\mathrm{}}/\gamma _0`$ for the CB to half its original Lorentz factor).

The selective extinction, $`\mathrm{A}(\nu ,\mathrm{t})`$ in Eq. (2), can be estimated from the difference between the observed spectral index and the one expected333The time dependence of $`\alpha `$ is analized in detail in Dado et al. (2002c). The CB model predicts, and the data confirm with precision, the predicted gradual evolution of $`\alpha (\mathrm{t})`$ in the first day or two to the constant value $`1.1`$ observed in all “late” AGs (Dado et al. 2001a). in the CB model ($`\alpha 0.5`$ at $`\mathrm{t}<1`$ day, and $`\alpha 1.1`$ after a couple of days). From the early-time relative intensities in the B and V bands of the AG of GRB 011121 we obtain a total selective extinction of $`\mathrm{E}(\mathrm{B}\mathrm{V})=0.615\pm 0.07`$ magnitudes along the line of sight to GRB011121. Most of this extinction is due to dust in the Galaxy, $`\mathrm{E}(\mathrm{B}\mathrm{V})=0.50`$ (Schlegel et al. 1998) in the direction of GRB 011121. The total selective extinction yields an estimated attenuation factor $`\mathrm{A}(\nu ,\mathrm{z})=0.18`$ in the V band ($`\mathrm{A}_\mathrm{V}3.05\mathrm{E}(\mathrm{B}\mathrm{V})=1.87`$ magnitude, Whittet 1991). From the early-time relative intensities in the I, R, V and B bands we deduce the attenuation factors $`\mathrm{A}(\nu ,\mathrm{z})0.26,0.22,0.18\mathrm{and}0.11`$, to be used in Eq. (2) to estimate the expected spectral energy densities of SN1998bw at the position of GRB 011121.

We assume, for the late-time AG of GRB 011121, a spectral slope $`\alpha =1.1`$, compatible with that of all other GRB AGs (Dado et al. 2001a). The rest of the fitted parameters are: $`\gamma _0=1222`$, $`\theta =0.104\mathrm{mrad}`$, and $`\mathrm{x}_{\mathrm{}}=0.83\mathrm{Mpc}`$. The resulting lat-time R-band light curve is presented in Fig. (1). The contribution of the host galaxy has been subtracted. This contribution —$`\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{HG}}2\mu \mathrm{J}`$ $`(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{host}}23)`$ to the early-time measurement, and $`0.127\pm 0.026\mu \mathrm{Jy}`$ to the late-time HST measurements— is a rough estimate: its true value depends, respectively, on the angular aperture of the observations and on the unknown extinction of the host galaxy’s light within this aperture. In Figs. (2), (3) and (4) we present the CB-model’s predictions for the light curves of the AG in the IVB bands, with the host galaxy’s contribution subtracted with use of its magnitudes in these bands, as estimated by Bloom et al. (2002b), which correspond to $`0.0209\pm 0.059\mu \mathrm{Jy}`$, $`0.087\pm 0.027\mu \mathrm{Jy}`$, and $`0.098\pm 0.039\mu \mathrm{Jy}`$, respectively. The theoretical contribution of an unextinct SN1998bw at redshift 0.36 to the BVRI bands was reduced by the attenuation factors $`\mathrm{A}(\nu ,\mathrm{z})=0.11,`$ 0.18, 0.22, and 0.26, due extinction by dust in the host galaxy and in ours, as estimated above.

The agreement between theory and observations in Figs (1) to (4) is almost surprisingly good, in view of the large observational uncertainties and the theoretical approximations. A similarly strong correspondence between predictions and observations is shown in Figs. (5) to (8), where we compare the predicted late-time spectral energy distribution, which is to a large extent dominated by the SN1998bw-like contribution, with the HST observations (Bloom et al. 2002b) on days 13-14, 23-24, 27-28 and 76-77.

## Conclusion

In Dado et al. (2001b) we used the early afterglow data for GRB 011121 to predict the later AG, in particular the presence of a SN1998bw-like supernova transported to the GRB’s redshift, which at the earlier time was still unobservable. All we have done in this letter is to update and refine these expectations with use of the improved observational constraints on absorption in the host galaxy, and to compare the prognosis with the early and late AG data. The 1998bw-like contribution is clearly there, in all of the light-curves at different frequencies, in all of the spectra at different times.

In Dar and De Rújula (2000) we argued that long-duration GRBs may all be associated with 1998bw-like supernovae, and that the diversity of core-collapse SNe may to a large extent be due to a spread of viewing angles, relative to the CB-emission axis. In Dado et al. (2001a) we showed how surprisingly successful the ansatz of an associated supernova identical to 1998bw was, when confronted with the observations for optical and X-ray AGs. The afterglows of nearby GRBs discovered after these quoted works —that of GRB 000911, discussed in Dado et al. (2002a), that of GRB 010921, discussed in Dado et al. (2002b) and that of GRB 011121, discussed here— strengthen the conclusion: so far, in all AGs in which a SN like 1998bw was visible (in practice, in all cases with redshift $`\mathrm{z}<1.12`$), it was seen. And it was compatible in magnitude and colour with an SN1998bw standard-candle! It goes without saying that there are no standard candles. It is just that the current data are not precise enough to detect significant variations in this particular one. But the important fact is that the supernovae allegedly associated with all long-duration GRBs (Dado et al. 2001a, and references therein) are indeed there.


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# Cohomology with local coefficients of solvmanifolds and Morse-Novikov theory

## Introduction

In the begining of the 80-th S.P. Novikov constructed ( \[N1\], \[N2\]) an analogue of the Morse theory for smooth closed $`1`$-forms on a compact smooth manifold $`M`$. In particular he introduced the Morse-type inequalities (Novikov’s inequalities) for numbers $`m_p(\omega )`$ of zeros of index $`p`$ of a closed $`1`$-form $`\omega `$ on $`M`$. A lot of papers was devoted to this problem in the following years (see \[N4\] for references). In \[N3\], \[Pa\] a method of obtaining the torsion-free Novikov inequalities in terms of the deRham complex of manifold was proposed. This method was based on Witten’s approach \[W\] to the Morse theory. A. Pazhitnov obtained some important results in this direction in \[Pa\]. The cohomology of the deRham complex $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(M)`$ with the deformed differential $`d+\lambda \omega `$ coincides with the cohomology $`H_{\rho _{\lambda \omega }}^{}(M,)`$ with coefficients in the local system $`\rho _{\lambda \omega }`$ of groups $``$, $`\rho _{\lambda \omega }(\gamma )=\mathrm{exp}_\gamma \lambda \omega `$ and for sufficiently large real numbers $`\lambda `$ we have the following estimate (see \[Pa\]):

$$m_p(\omega )dimH_{\rho _{\lambda \omega }}^p(M,),p.$$

L. Alania in \[Al\] studied $`H_{\rho _{\lambda \omega }}^{}(M_n,)`$ of a class of nilmanifolds $`M_n`$. He proved that $`H_{\rho _{\lambda \omega }}^{}(M_n,)`$ is trivial if $`\lambda \omega 0`$. The partial answer for the case $`\lambda \omega =0`$ was obtained by the present author in \[Mill\]. In both cases the proof was based on the Nomizu theorem \[Nz\] and the computations were made in terms of the corresponding nilpotent Lie algebra $`𝒱_n`$. The starting point of this article was the intention to improve the results of \[Al\] in more general situation considering solvmanifolds and to find examples of manifolds $`M`$ with non-trivial $`H_{\rho _{\lambda \omega }}^{}(M,),\lambda \omega 0`$. One of the first observations that was made in this direction: for a nilmanifold $`G/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ the cohomology $`H_{\lambda \omega }^{}(G/\mathrm{\Gamma },)`$ coincides with the cohomology $`H_{\lambda \omega }^{}(𝔤)`$ associated with the one-dimensional representation of the Lie algebra $`\rho _{\lambda \omega }:𝔤,\rho _{\lambda \omega }(\xi )=\lambda \omega (\xi )`$ and hence $`H_{\lambda \omega }^{}(𝔤)=0`$ by Dixmier’s theorem \[D\](Corollary 2.5).

Applying Hattori’s theorem \[H\] one can observe that the isomorphism $`H_{\lambda \omega }^{}(G/\mathrm{\Gamma },)H_{\lambda \omega }^{}(𝔤)`$ still holds on for compact solvmanifolds $`G/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with completely solvable Lie group $`G`$. A kind of minimal model of a solvable Lie algebra $`𝔤`$, the free $`d`$-algebra $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(\omega _1,\mathrm{},\omega _n),d)`$ with differential $`d`$

$$d\omega _i=0,i=1,\mathrm{},k;d\omega _j=\alpha _j\omega _j+P_j(\omega _1,\mathrm{},\omega _{j1}),j=k+1,\mathrm{},n.$$

is considered (Lemma 3.2). By means of $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(\omega _1,\mathrm{},\omega _n),d)`$ a spectral sequence $`E_r`$ that converges to the $`H_{\lambda \omega }^{}(𝔤)`$ is constructed. $`E_r`$ degenerates at the first term $`E_1`$ if $`\lambda \omega `$ doesn’t belong to the finite set $`\mathrm{\Omega }_𝔤H^1(𝔤)`$. $`\mathrm{\Omega }_𝔤`$ is defined by the collection $`\{\alpha _{k+1},\mathrm{},\alpha _n\}`$ of the closed $`1`$-forms that have invariant sense as the weights of completely reducible representation associated to the restriction $`ad|_{[𝔤,𝔤]}`$ of adjoint representation $`ad:𝔤𝔤`$ (Theorem 3.3).

The main result of this article (Theorem 4.13): the cohomology with local coefficients $`H_{\lambda \omega }^{}(G/\mathrm{\Gamma },)`$ of a compact solvmanifold $`G/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, where $`G`$ is completely solvable Lie group is non-trivial if and only if $`\lambda [\omega ]\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_𝔤`$, where $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_𝔤`$ is the finite subset in $`H^1(G/\mathrm{\Gamma },)`$ well defined in terms of $`𝔤`$.

The author is grateful to L. Alania for helpful discussions and attention to this work.

## 1. Deformed deRham complex and Morse-Novikov theory

Let us consider a closed compact $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$-manifold $`M`$ and its deRham complex $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(M),d)`$ of differential forms. Let $`\omega `$ be a closed $`1`$-form on $`M`$ and $`\lambda `$. Now one can define a new algebraic complex $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(M),d_{\lambda \omega })`$ with a deformed differential

$$d_{\lambda \omega }=d+\lambda \omega :\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(M)\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(M)$$

i.e. for any form $`a\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(M)`$:

$$d_{\lambda \omega }(a)=da+\lambda \omega a.$$

Now taking $`\lambda `$ and considering the complexification $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(M)`$ we come to the following important

###### Lemma 1.1 \[N3\], \[Pa\]).

1) For a closed $`1`$-form $`d\omega =0`$ the cohomology $`H_{\lambda \omega }^{}(M,)`$ of the algebraic complex $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(M),d_{\lambda \omega })`$ coincides with the cohomology $`H_{\rho _{\lambda \omega }}^{}(M,)`$ with coefficients in local system of groups $``$ defined by the representation $`\rho _{\lambda \omega }:\pi _1(M)^{}`$ of fundamental group defined by the formula

$$\rho _{\lambda \omega }([\gamma ])=\mathrm{exp}_\gamma \lambda \omega ,[\gamma ]\pi _1(M),$$

2) For any pair $`\omega ,\omega ^{}`$ of $`1`$-forms such that $`\omega \omega ^{}=d\varphi ,\varphi C^{\mathrm{}}(M)`$ the cohomology $`H_{\lambda \omega }^{}(M,)`$ and $`H_{\lambda \omega ^{}}^{}(M,)`$ are isomorphic to each other. This isomorphism can be given by the gauge transformation

$$ae^{\lambda \varphi }a;de^{\lambda \varphi }de^{\lambda \varphi }=d+\lambda d\varphi $$

We denote corresponding Betti numbers by $`b_p(\lambda ,\omega )`$, where $`b_p(\lambda ,\omega )=dimH_{\rho _{\lambda \omega }}^{}(M,)`$.

###### Remark.

The representation $`\rho _{\lambda \omega }:\pi _1(M)^{}`$ defines a local system of groups $``$ on the manifold $`M`$ in the sense of Steenrod (see \[R\] for details).

The cohomology $`H_{\lambda \omega }^{}(M,)`$ naturally arises in the Morse-Novikov theory: we assume now that $`\omega `$ is a Morse $`1`$-form, i.e., in a neighbourhood of any point $`\omega =df`$, where $`f`$ is a Morse function. The zeros of $`\omega `$ are isolated, and one can define the index of each zero. The number of zeros of $`\omega `$ of index $`p`$ is denoted by $`m_p(\omega )`$.

###### Theorem 1.2 (A. Pazhitnov, \[Pa\]).

For sufficiently large real numbers $`\lambda `$,

$$m_p(\omega )b_p(\lambda ,\omega )p.$$

###### Theorem 1.3 (A. Pazhitnov, \[Pa\]).

Assume that all the periods of the form $`\omega `$ are commensurable. If $`Re\lambda `$ is sufficiently large, then $`b_p(\lambda ,\omega )=b_p(\omega )`$, where $`b_p(\omega )`$ is a Novikov number.

## 2. Dixmier’s exact sequence of Lie algebra cohomology

Let $`𝔤`$ be a $`n`$-dimensional Lie algebra. The dual of the Lie bracket $`[,]:\mathrm{\Lambda }^2(𝔤)𝔤`$ gives a linear mapping $`d_1:𝔤^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^2(𝔤^{})`$ which extends in a standard way to a differential $`d`$ of a cochain complex of the Lie algebra $`𝔤`$:

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}𝕂& \stackrel{d_0=0}{}& 𝔤^{}& \stackrel{d_1}{}& \mathrm{\Lambda }^2(𝔤^{})& \stackrel{d_2}{}& \mathrm{\Lambda }^3(𝔤^{})& \stackrel{d_3}{}& \mathrm{}\end{array}$$

$$d(\rho \eta )=d\rho \eta +(1)^{deg\rho }\rho d\eta ,\rho ,\eta \mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(𝔤^{}).$$

Vanishing of the $`d^2`$ corresponds to the Jacobi identity.

For $`d:\mathrm{\Lambda }^q(𝔤^{})\mathrm{\Lambda }^{q+1}(𝔤^{})`$ and $`f\mathrm{\Lambda }^q(𝔤^{})`$ the following formula holds on:

(1)
$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill df(X_1,\mathrm{},X_{q+1})=\\ \hfill \underset{1i<jq+1}{}(1)^{i+j1}f([X_i,X_j],X_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{X}_i,\mathrm{},\widehat{X}_j,\mathrm{},X_{q+1}).\end{array}$$

A cohomology of this complex is called the cohomology (with trivial coefficients) of the Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ and is denoted by $`H^{}(𝔤)`$.

From the definition it follows that $`H^1(𝔤)`$ is the dual space to $`𝔤/[𝔤,𝔤]`$ and so

1) $`b^1(𝔤)=dimH^1(𝔤)2`$ for a nilpotent Lie algebra $`𝔤`$,

2) $`b^1(𝔤)1`$ for a solvable Lie algebra $`𝔤`$,

3) $`b^1(𝔤)=0`$ for a semi-simple Lie algebra $`𝔤`$.

Now we take a Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ over a field $`𝕂`$ with a non-trivial $`H^1(𝔤)`$. Let $`\omega 𝔤^{},\omega 0,d\omega =0`$ and $`\lambda 𝕂`$. One can define

1) a new deformed differential $`d_{\lambda \omega }`$ in $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(𝔤^{})`$ by the formula

$$d_{\lambda \omega }(a)=da+\lambda \omega a.$$

2) an one-dimensional representation

$$\rho _{\lambda \omega }:𝔤𝕂,\rho _{\lambda \omega }(\xi )=\lambda \omega (\xi ),\xi 𝔤.$$

Now we recall the definition of the Lie algebra cohomology associated with a representation. Let $`𝔤`$ be a Lie algebra and $`\rho :𝔤𝔤𝔩(V)`$ its linear representation. We denote by $`C^q(𝔤,V)`$ the space of $`q`$-linear alternating mappings of $`𝔤`$ into $`V`$. Then one can consider an algebraic complex:

$$\begin{array}{ccccccc}V=C^0(𝔤,V)& \stackrel{d_0}{}& C^1(𝔤,V)& \stackrel{d_1}{}& C^2(𝔤,V)& \stackrel{d_2}{}& \mathrm{}\end{array}$$

where the differential $`d_q`$ is defined by:

(2)
$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill (d_qf)(X_1,\mathrm{},X_{q+1})=\underset{i=1}{\overset{q+1}{}}(1)^{i+1}\rho (X_i)(f(X_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{X}_i,\mathrm{},X_{q+1}))+\\ \hfill +\underset{1i<jq+1}{}(1)^{i+j1}f([X_i,X_j],X_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{X}_i,\mathrm{},\widehat{X}_j,\mathrm{},X_{q+1}).\end{array}$$

The cohomology of the complex $`(C^{}(𝔤,V),d)`$ is called the cohomology of the Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ associated to the representation $`\rho :𝔤V`$.

###### Proposition 2.1.

Let $`𝔤`$ be a Lie algebra and $`\omega `$ is a closed $`1`$-form. Then the complex $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(𝔤^{}),d_{\lambda \omega })`$ coincides with the cochain complex of the Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ associated with one-dimensional representation $`\rho _{\lambda \omega }:𝔤𝕂`$, where $`\rho _{\lambda \omega }(\xi )=\lambda \omega (\xi ),\xi 𝔤`$.

The proof follows from

$$(\lambda \omega a)(X_1,\mathrm{},X_{q+1})=\underset{i=1}{\overset{q+1}{}}(1)^{i+1}\lambda \omega (X_i)(a(X_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{X}_i,\mathrm{},X_{q+1})).$$

One can deduce that $`H_{\lambda \omega }^0(𝔤)=0`$ for a non-trivial $`\lambda \omega `$, as well as $`H_{\lambda \omega }^n(𝔤)=0`$ for an unimodular $`n`$-dimensional Lie algebra $`𝔤`$.

###### Remark.

The cohomology $`H_{\lambda \omega }^{}(𝔤)`$ coincides with the Lie algebra cohomology $`H^{}(𝔤)`$ with trivial coefficients if $`\lambda =0`$. If $`\lambda 0`$ the deformed differential $`d_{\lambda \omega }`$ is not compatible with the exterior product $``$ in $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(𝔤)`$

$$d_{\lambda \omega }(ab)=d(ab)+\lambda \omega abd_{\lambda \omega }(a)b+(1)^{dega}ad_{\lambda \omega }(b)$$

and the cohomology $`H_{\lambda \omega }^{}(𝔤)`$ has no natural multiplicative structure and therefore no Poincare duality in the case of unimodular Lie algebra $`𝔤`$. The corresponding Euler characteristic $`\chi _{\lambda \omega }(𝔤)`$ is still equal to zero.

Let $`\omega 𝔤^{},\omega 0,d\omega =0`$. Then $`𝔟_\omega =\{x𝔤,\omega (x)=0\}`$ is an ideal of codimension $`1`$ in $`𝔤`$. One can choose an element $`X𝔤,\omega (X)=1`$.

###### Theorem 2.2 (Dixmier \[D\]).

There exists a long exact sequence of Lie algebra cohomology:

(3)
$$\mathrm{}\stackrel{adX_{i1}^{}+\lambda Id}{}H^{i1}(𝔟_\omega )\stackrel{\omega }{}H_{\lambda \omega }^i(𝔤)\stackrel{r_i}{}H^i(𝔟_\omega )\stackrel{adX_i^{}+\lambda Id}{}H^i(𝔟_\omega )$$

where

1) the homomorphism $`r_i:H^i(𝔤)H^i(𝔟)`$ is the restriction homomorphism;

2) $`\omega :H^1(𝔟_\omega )H^{}(𝔤)`$ is induced by the multiplication $`\omega :\mathrm{\Lambda }^1(𝔟_\omega ^{})\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(𝔤^{})`$;

3) the homomorphisms $`adX_i^{}:H^i(𝔟_\omega )H^i(𝔟_\omega )`$ are induced by the derivation $`adX_i^{}`$ of degree zero of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(𝔟_\omega ^{})`$ ($`adX^{}(ab)=adX^{}ab+aadX^{}b,a,b\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(𝔟_\omega ^{})`$) that continues a dual mapping $`adX^{}:𝔟_\omega ^{}𝔟_\omega ^{}`$ to the $`adX:𝔟_\omega 𝔟_\omega `$ operator. The derivation $`adX^{}`$ commutes with $`d`$ and corresponding mapping in $`H^{}(𝔟_\omega )`$ we denote by the same symbol $`adX^{}`$. Id is the identity operator.

Each form $`f\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(𝔤)`$ can be decomposed as $`f=\omega f^{}+f^{\prime \prime }`$, where $`f^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1(𝔟_\omega ^{})`$ and $`f^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(𝔟_\omega ^{})`$. And one can write out a short exact sequence of algebraic complexes

$$0\mathrm{\Lambda }^1(𝔟_\omega ^{})\stackrel{\omega }{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(𝔤^{})\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(𝔟_\omega ^{})0$$

where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(𝔟_\omega ^{})`$ has the standard differential $`d`$, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(𝔤^{})`$ has the deformed differential $`d_{\lambda \omega }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^1(𝔟_\omega ^{})`$ is taken with the differential $`d`$ as $`d(\omega c)=d_{\lambda \omega }(\omega c)=\omega dc`$.

The short exact sequence of algebraic complexes gives us the long exact sequence of cohomology. Everything is clear with the homomorphisms $`r_i`$ and $`\omega `$. As for the homomorphism $`H^q(𝔟_\omega )H^q(𝔟_\omega )`$ we can remark the following.

First of all let us introduce a new mapping

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(𝔤^{})\mathrm{\Lambda }^1(𝔟_\omega ^{}),f\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(𝔤^{})f_X\mathrm{\Lambda }^1(𝔟_\omega ^{}),$$

where $`f_X(X_1,\mathrm{},X_q)=f(X,X_1,\mathrm{},X_q)`$. So $`f_X=f^{}`$ if $`f=\omega f^{}+f^{\prime \prime }`$.

Then an obvious formula holds on:

(4)
$$\begin{array}{c}(df)_X(X_1,\mathrm{},X_{q+1})=\underset{1jq+1}{}(1)^jf(adX(X_j),X_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{X}_j,\mathrm{},X_{q+1})+\hfill \\ \hfill +\underset{1i<jq+1}{}(1)^{i+j}f([X_i,X_j],X,X_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{X}_i,\mathrm{},\widehat{X}_j,\mathrm{},X_{q+1})=\\ \hfill =(adX_q^{}(f)+d(f_X))(X_1,\mathrm{},X_{q+1}).\end{array}$$

Hence the homomorphism $`H^q(𝔟_\omega )H^q(𝔟_\omega )`$, $`[f][f^{}+\lambda f]`$ of long exact sequence in cohomology coincides with homorphism induced by $`adX^{}+\lambda Id`$.

###### Corollary 2.3.

Let $`𝔤`$ be a $`n`$-dimensional Lie algebra and $`\omega 𝔤^{},\omega 0,d\omega =0`$ and $`Spec^k(\omega )`$ be the set of eigenvalues of operator $`adX_k^{}:H^k(𝔟_\omega )H^k(𝔟_\omega )`$, then

1) the cohomology $`H_{\lambda \omega }^{}(𝔤)`$ is non-trivial if and only if

$$\lambda _{k=1}^nSpec^k(\omega );$$

2) the $`i`$-th Betti number $`b_{\lambda \omega }^i(𝔤)=dimH_{\lambda \omega }^i(𝔤)`$ can be expressed in a following way:

(5)
$$b_{\lambda \omega }^i(𝔤)=k_{\lambda \omega }^i+k_{\lambda \omega }^{i1},$$

where by $`k_{\lambda \omega }^i`$ we denote the dimension of the kernel of $`adX_i^{}+\lambda Id:H^i(𝔟_\omega )H^i(𝔟_\omega )`$.

###### Example 2.4.

Let $`𝔤`$ be a Lie algebra defined by the basis $`X,e_1,e_2,\mathrm{},e_n`$ and commutating relations (trivial ones are omitted):

$$[X,e_1]=e_1,[X,e_2]=e_2,\mathrm{},[X,e_n]=e_n.$$

Thus $`𝔤`$ is a semidirect sum of $`𝕂`$ and abelian $`𝕂^n`$ defined by the operator $`adX`$ with the identity matrix $`E`$ in the basis $`e_1,e_2,\mathrm{},e_n`$ of $`𝕂^n`$. We take $`\omega ,\omega _1,\mathrm{},\omega _n`$ as the corresponding dual basis in $`𝔤`$. In particular

$$\omega (X)=1,\omega (e_i)=0,i=1,\mathrm{},n.$$

$`d\omega =0`$ and $`adX^{}(\omega _{i_1}\mathrm{}\omega _{i_p})=p\omega _{i_1}\mathrm{}\omega _{i_p}`$. Hence $`Spec^p(\omega )=\{p\}`$ and for $`\lambda =p`$ we have only two non-trivial Betti numbers:

$$b_{p\omega }^{p1}(𝔤)=b_{p\omega }^p(𝔤)=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{p}\right).$$

###### Corollary 2.5 (Dixmier, \[D\]).

Let $`𝔤`$ be a nilpotent Lie algebra. The cohomology $`H_{\lambda \omega }^{}(𝔤)`$ is trivial for all non-trivial $`\lambda \omega `$ and coincides with the Lie algebra cohomology $`H^{}(𝔤)`$ in trivial $`\lambda \omega =0`$ case.

The operator $`adX`$ is nilpotent and therefore the same is $`adX_i^{}:H^i(𝔟_\omega )H^i(𝔟_\omega )`$. Hence $`adX_i^{}+\lambda Id`$ is non-degenerate operator for all $`\lambda 0`$. We obtain the proof of Theorem 1 from \[Al\] as the corollary of Dixmier’s theorem \[D\] for cohomology of nilpotent Lie algebras.

###### Remark.

We represented in this article only a version of Dixmier’s exact sequence adapted to our special case of $`1`$-dimensional Lie algebra representation (see \[D\] for all details), the last thing that we want to recall is Dixmier’s estimate for Betti numbers $`dimH^p(𝔤)`$ of a nilpotent Lie algebra $`𝔤`$.

###### Corollary 2.6 \[D\]).

Let $`𝔤`$ be a nilpotent Lie algebra. Then

$$dimH^p(𝔤)2,p=1,\mathrm{},n1.$$

It follows from the Corollary 2.3: we have $`\lambda \omega =0`$ and $`dimH^p(𝔤)=k^p+k^{p1}`$, where $`k^p1,k^{p1}1`$ are the dimensions of the kernels of nilpotent operators $`adX_p^{}`$, $`adX_{p1}^{}`$ in the spaces $`H^p(𝔟_\omega )`$, $`H^{p1}(𝔟_\omega )`$ with $`dimH^p(𝔟_\omega )2`$, $`dimH^{p1}(𝔟_\omega )2`$ by inductive assumption.

## 3. Cohomology of solvable Lie algebras

###### Definition 3.1.

A real solvable Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ is called completely solvable if $`ad(X):𝔤𝔤`$ has only real eigenvalues $`X𝔤`$.

###### Lemma 3.2.

Let $`𝔤`$ be a $`n`$-dimensional solvable over $``$ (or real completely solvable Lie algebra) and $`b^1(𝔤)=dimH^1(𝔤)=k`$. Then exists a basis $`\omega _1,\mathrm{},\omega _n`$ in $`𝔤^{}`$ such that

(6)
$$\begin{array}{c}d\omega _1=\mathrm{}=d\omega _k=0,\hfill \\ \hfill d\omega _{k+1}=\alpha _{k+1}\omega _{k+1}+P_{k+1}(\omega _1,\mathrm{},\omega _k),\\ \hfill \mathrm{},\\ \hfill d\omega _n=\alpha _n\omega _n+P_n(\omega _1,\mathrm{},\omega _{n1}),\end{array}$$

where $`\alpha _{k+1},\mathrm{},\alpha _n`$ are closed $`1`$-forms, that are the weights of completely reducible representation associated to $`ad|_{[𝔤,𝔤]}`$ and $`P_i(\omega _1,\mathrm{},\omega _{i1})\mathrm{\Lambda }^2(\omega _1,\mathrm{},\omega _{i1})`$.

For the proof we apply Lie’s theorem to the adjoint representation $`ad`$ restricted to the commutant $`[𝔤,𝔤]`$. Namely we can choose a basis $`e_{k+1},\mathrm{},e_n`$ such that the subspaces $`Span(e_i,\mathrm{},e_n),i=k+1,\mathrm{},n`$ are invariant with respect to the representation $`ad|_{[𝔤,𝔤]}`$. Then we add $`e_1,\mathrm{},e_k`$ in a way that $`e_1,\mathrm{},e_n`$ form the basis of $`𝔤`$. For the dual forms $`\omega _1,\mathrm{},\omega _n`$ in $`𝔤^{}`$ we have formulas (6).

###### Remark.

One can consider the free $`d`$-algebra $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(\omega _1,\mathrm{},\omega _n),d)`$ as a kind of minimal model of the cohaine complex $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(𝔤^{})`$ because the mapping $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(\omega _1,\mathrm{},\omega _n)\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(𝔤^{})`$ induces the isomorphism in cohomology.

Now we start with a solvable Lie algebra over $``$ (or real completely solvable) and take a basis $`\omega _1,\mathrm{},\omega _n`$ constructed in Lemma 3.2. Let us denote by $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}`$ the exterior subalgebra in $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(\omega _1,\mathrm{},\omega _n)`$ generated by $`\omega _1,\mathrm{},\omega _k`$. One can define a filtration $`F`$ of the cochain complex $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(𝔤^{})`$:

$$0\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}F^{k+1}F^{k+2}F^{k+1,k+2}F^{k+3}F^{k+1,k+3}\mathrm{}F^{k,\mathrm{},n}=\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(𝔤^{})$$

where the system of subspaces $`\{F^{j_1,\mathrm{},j_p},k<j_1<\mathrm{}<j_pn\}`$ is defined by the following conditions:

A subspace $`F^{j_1,\mathrm{},j_p}`$ is spanned by monomials $`a=\omega _{l_1}\mathrm{}\omega _{l_q}`$ with $`l_1<\mathrm{}<l_q`$ such that

$`l_q<j_p`$; or $`l_q=j_p,l_{q1}<j_{p1}`$;

or $`l_q=j_p,l_{q1}=j_{p1},l_{q2}<j_{p2}`$; or $`\mathrm{}`$;

or $`l_q=j_p,\mathrm{},l_{qp+1}=j_1,l_{qp}k`$.

Thus for example:

(7)
$$\begin{array}{c}F^{k+1}=\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}\omega _{k+1},F^{k+2}=\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}\omega _{k+1}\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}\omega _{k+2},\hfill \\ \hfill F^{k+1,k+2}=\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}\omega _{k+1}\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}\omega _{k+2}\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}\omega _{k+1}\omega _{k+2},\\ \hfill F^{k+3}=\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}\omega _{k+1}\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}\omega _{k+2}\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}\omega _{k+1}\omega _{k+2}\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}\omega _{k+3},\mathrm{}\end{array}$$

The filtration $`F`$ is compatible with differential $`d+\lambda \omega `$ and one can consider the corresponding spectral sequence $`E_r`$. To obtain its first term $`E_1`$ one have to calculate the cohomology of complexes $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}\omega _{j_1}\mathrm{}\omega _{j_p},d_0)`$:

$$d_0(\stackrel{~}{a}\omega _{j_1}\mathrm{}\omega _{j_p})=(\alpha _{j_1}+\mathrm{}+\alpha _{j_p}+\lambda \omega )\stackrel{~}{a}\omega _{j_1}\mathrm{}\omega _{j_p}.$$

The cohomology $`H^{}(\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}\omega _{j_1}\mathrm{}\omega _{j_p},d_0)`$ coincides with the cohomology of $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }^{},\stackrel{~}{d})`$ where differential $`\stackrel{~}{d}`$ acts as exterior multiplication by $`1`$-form $`\alpha _{j_1}+\mathrm{}+\alpha _{j_p}+\lambda \omega `$. Hence $`H^{}(\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}\omega _{j_1}\mathrm{}\omega _{j_p},d_0)`$ is trivial if $`\alpha _{j_1}+\mathrm{}+\alpha _{j_p}+\lambda \omega 0`$. So taking $`\lambda \omega `$ such that

$$\alpha _{j_1}+\mathrm{}+\alpha _{j_p}+\lambda \omega 0j_1<\mathrm{}<j_p,p=k+1,\mathrm{},n$$

one can see that the spectral sequence $`E_r`$ degenerates at the first term $`E_1`$. Taking the complexification of real solvable Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ we come to the following

###### Theorem 3.3.

Let $`𝔤`$ be a solvable Lie algebra, $`dim𝔤=n`$ and $`\{\alpha _{k+1},\mathrm{},\alpha _n\}`$ is the collection of the weights of completely reducible representation associated to $`ad|_{[𝔤,𝔤]}`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }_𝔤`$ denote the set of all $`p`$-sums $`\alpha _{i_1}+\mathrm{}+\alpha _{i_p}`$, $`k+1i_1<\mathrm{}<i_pn`$, $`p=1,\mathrm{},n`$. Then exists a spectral sequence $`E_r`$ that converges to the cohomology $`H_{\lambda \omega }^{}(𝔤)`$ and its first term $`E_1`$ degenerates if $`\lambda \omega \mathrm{\Omega }_𝔤`$.

The set $`\mathrm{\Omega }_𝔤`$ is defined by $`\lambda \omega `$ such that the term $`E_1`$ is non-trivial, but generally $`E_1`$ doesn’t coincide with $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$. So we have to introduce $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_𝔤\mathrm{\Omega }_𝔤`$ such that $`E_{\mathrm{}}0`$ if and only if $`\lambda \omega \{0\}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_𝔤`$.

###### Corollary 3.4.

Let $`𝔤`$ be a solvable Lie algebra. Then $`H_{\rho _{\lambda \omega }}^{}(𝔤)`$ is non-trivial if and only if $`\lambda \omega \{0\}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_𝔤`$ – the finite subset in $`H^1(𝔤)`$.

## 4. Cohomology of solvmanifolds.

###### Definition 4.1.

A solvmanifold (nilmanifold) $`M`$ is a compact homogeneous space of the form $`G/\mathrm{\Gamma },`$ where $`G`$ is a simply connected solvable (nilpotent) Lie group and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a lattice in $`G`$.

Let $`𝔤`$ denote a Lie algebra of $`G`$. Recall that $`G`$ is solvable if and only if $`𝔤`$ is solvable Lie algebra, the last condition is equivalent to nilpotency of derived algebra $`[𝔤,𝔤]`$.

We start with examples of nilmanifolds.

###### Example 4.2.

A $`n`$dimensional torus $`T^n=^n/^n`$.

###### Example 4.3.

The Heisenberg manifold $`M_3=_3/\mathrm{\Gamma }_3,`$ where $`_3`$ is the group of all matrices of the form

$$\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1\hfill & x& \hfill z\\ 0\hfill & 1& \hfill y\\ 0\hfill & 0& \hfill 1\end{array}\right),x,y,z,$$

and a lattice $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_3`$ is a subgroup of matrices with $`x,y,z`$.

###### Theorem 4.4 (A.I. Malcev \[Mal\]).

Let $`G`$ be a simply connected nilpotent Lie group with a tangent Lie algebra $`𝔤`$. Then $`G`$ has a co-compact lattice $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ (i.e. $`G/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a compact space) if and only if there exists a basis $`e_1,e_2,\mathrm{},e_n`$ in $`𝔤`$ such that the constants $`\{c_{ij}^k\}`$ of Lie structure $`[e_i,e_j]=c_{ij}^ke_k`$ are all rational numbers.

This theorem gives us a practical tool for construction of nilmanifolds: let $`𝔤`$ be a nilpotent Lie algebra defined by its basis $`e_1,e_2,\mathrm{},e_n`$ and commutating relations $`[e_i,e_j]=c_{ij}^ke_k`$, where all numbers $`c_{ij}^k`$. Now one can define a group structure $``$ in the vector space $`𝔤`$ using the Campbell-Hausdorff formula. The nilpotent group $`G=(𝔤,)`$ has a co-compact lattice $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ (a subgroup generated by basic elements $`e_1,e_2,\mathrm{},e_n`$) and one can consider corresponding nilmanifold $`G/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

###### Example 4.5.

Let $`𝒱_n`$ be a nilpotent Lie algebra with a basis $`e_1,e_2,\mathrm{},e_n`$ and a Lie bracket:

$$[e_i,e_j]=\{\begin{array}{c}\hfill (ji)e_{i+j},i+jn;\\ \hfill 0,i+j>n.\end{array}$$

Cohomology of the corresponding family of nilmanifolds $`M_n`$ was studied in \[Al\] and \[Mill\].

The situation with non-nilpotent solvable Lie groups is much more difficult: the crucial point is the problem of existence of cocompact lattice (see \[R\] for details). For example, if a solvable Lie group $`G`$ admits a cocompact lattice $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ then the corresponding Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ is unimodular, hence $`\alpha _{k+1}+\mathrm{}+\alpha _n=0`$. The condition of unimodularity of $`𝔤`$ is not sufficient. See \[R\] for general information in this domain.

###### Example 4.6.

Let us consider a semidirect product $`G_0=^2`$ where $``$ acts on $`^2`$ via

$$t\varphi (t)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}a^t& 0\\ 0& a^t\end{array}\right),$$

where $`a+a^1=n,a1,a>0`$. Then

$$\varphi (1)=C^1\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ 1& n\end{array}\right)C,$$

for some matrix $`CGL(2,)`$. Then exists a lattice $`L^2`$ invariant with respect to $`\varphi (1)`$. $``$ acts on $`L`$ via $`\varphi (1)^m`$ and we define a lattice $`\mathrm{\Gamma }G`$ as $`_{\varphi (1)}L`$. The lattices corresponding to different values of $`n`$ are, generally speaking, non-isomorphic. So corresponding solvmanifolds are non diffeomorphic to. But we study the cohomology $`H_\rho ^{}(G/\mathrm{\Gamma },)`$ over $``$ and as we will see it doesn’t depend on the choice of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }G`$.

The solvmanifold from the previous example is a fibre bundle over $`S^1`$ with $`T^2`$ as fibre. It can be generalized by the following

###### Theorem 4.7 (G.D. Mostow \[Mos1\]).

Any compact solvmanifold is a bundle with toroid as base space and nilmanifold as fibre.

###### Definition 4.8.

A solvable Lie group $`G`$ is called completely solvable if its tangent Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ is completely solvable.

One can identify deRham complex $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(G/\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ with subcomplex $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(G)\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(G)`$ of left-invariant forms on $`G`$ with respect to the action of the lattice $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(G)`$ containes the subcomplex $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_G^{}(G)`$ of left-invariant forms with respect to the whole action of $`G`$. $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_G^{}(G)`$ is naturally isomorphic to the Lie algebra cochain complex $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(𝔤)`$. Let us consider the corresponding inclusion

$$\psi :\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(𝔤)\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(G/\mathrm{\Gamma }).$$

###### Theorem 4.9 (Hattori \[H\]).

Let $`G/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a compact solvmanifold, where $`G`$ is a completely solvable Lie group, then the inclusion $`\psi :\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(𝔤)\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(G/\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ induces the isomorphism $`\psi ^{}:H^{}(𝔤)H^{}(G/\mathrm{\Gamma },)`$ in cohomology.

###### Remark.

In fact Hattori’s theorem is the generalization of the theorem proved by Nomizu \[Nz\] for nilmanifolds. For an arbitrary solvmanifold $`G/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ the mapping $`\psi ^{}`$ is not isomorphism but it is an inclusion (see \[R\]).

So every class $`[\omega ]H^1(G/\mathrm{\Gamma },)`$ can be represented by the left-invariant (with respect to the action of $`G`$) $`1`$-form $`\omega `$. By means of $`\omega `$ one can define a one-dimenisional representation $`\rho _{\lambda \omega }:G^{}`$:

$$\rho _{\lambda \omega }(g)=\mathrm{exp}_{\gamma (e,g)}\lambda \omega ,$$

where $`\gamma (e,g)`$ is a path connecting the identity $`e`$ with $`gG`$ (let us recall that $`G`$ is a symply connected). As $`\omega `$ is the left invariant $`1`$-form then

$$_{\gamma (e,g_1g_2)}\lambda \omega =_{\gamma (e,g_1)}\lambda \omega +_{\gamma (g_1,g_1g_2)}\lambda \omega =_{\gamma (e,g_1)}\lambda \omega +_{g_1^1\gamma (e,g_2)}\lambda \omega $$

holds on and $`\rho _{\lambda \omega }(g_1g_2)=\rho _{\lambda \omega }(g_1)\rho _{\lambda \omega }(g_2)`$. $`\rho _{\lambda \omega }`$ induces the representation of corresponding Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ (we denote it by the same symbol): $`\rho _{\lambda \omega }(X)=\lambda \omega (X)`$.

In this situation it’s possible to make some generalizations using Mostow’s theorem. Namely following \[R\] we give

###### Definition 4.10.

Let $`G`$ be a simply-connected Lie group and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }G`$ a lattice. Let $`\rho `$ be a finite dimensional representation of $`G`$ on a complex vector space $`F`$. Let $`Ad`$ denote the adjoint representation of $`G`$ on its Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ as well as the complexification $`𝔤_{}`$ of $`𝔤`$. We will say that the representation $`\rho `$ is $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-supported if $`\rho (\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ and $`\rho (G)`$ have the same Zariski closure in $`Aut_{}(F)`$. The representation $`\rho `$ is $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-admissible if $`\rho Ad`$ (on $`F𝔤_{}`$) is $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-supported.

###### Theorem 4.11 (Mostow, Theorem 7.26 in \[R\]).

Let $`G`$ be a simply-connected solvable Lie group and a $`\mathrm{\Gamma }G`$ a lattice. Let $`\rho `$ be a finite dimensional $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-admissible representation in a complex vector space $`F`$.

Then the inclusion $`\psi :\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(𝔤,F)\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(G/\mathrm{\Gamma },F)`$ of complexes of differential forms with values in $`F`$ induces the isomorphism $`\psi ^{}:H_\rho ^{}(𝔤,F)H_\rho ^{}(G/\mathrm{\Gamma },F)`$ in cohomology where $`\rho `$ is used also to denote the representation of the Lie algebra $`\rho :𝔤F`$ induced by $`\rho :GAut_{}(F)`$.

But we’ll not discuss the details of Mostow’s theorem and possible generalizations we restrict ourselves to the case of completely solvable Lie group $`G`$. Namely we’ll prove by means of Hattori’s theorem the following important

###### Corollary 4.12.

Let $`G/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a compact solvmanifold, $`G`$ has a completely solvable Lie group and $`\omega `$ is a closed $`1`$-form on $`G/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. The cohomology $`H_{\lambda \omega }^{}(G/\mathrm{\Gamma },)`$ is isomorphic to the Lie algebra cohomology $`H_{\lambda \omega ^{}}^{}(𝔤)`$ where $`\omega ^{}𝔤^{}`$ is the left-invariant $`1`$-form that represents the class $`[\omega ]H^1(G/\mathrm{\Gamma },)`$.

The Corollary 4.12 together with Corollary 3.4 gives us

###### Theorem 4.13.

Let $`G/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a compact solvmanifold, $`G`$ is a completely solvable Lie group and $`\omega `$ is a closed $`1`$-form on $`G/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. The cohomology $`H_{\lambda \omega }^{}(G/\mathrm{\Gamma },)`$ is non-trivial if and only if $`\lambda [\omega ]\{0\}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_𝔤`$ – the finite subset in $`H^1(G/\mathrm{\Gamma },)`$ well-defined in terms of the corresponding Lie algebra $`𝔤`$.

###### Corollary 4.14 \[Al\]).

Let $`G/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a compact nilmanifold. The cohomology $`H_{\lambda \omega }^{}(G/\mathrm{\Gamma },)=0`$ if and only if $`\lambda \omega 0`$.

Let us consider a $`3`$-dimensional solvmanifold $`M=G_0/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ defined in the Example 4.6. The corresponding Lie algebra $`𝔤_0`$ is isomorphic to the Lie algebra defined by its basis $`e_1,e_2,e_3`$ and following non-trivial brackets:

$$[e_1,e_2]=e_2,[e_1,e_3]=e_3.$$

We take a dual basis $`\omega _1,\omega _2,\omega _3`$ in $`𝔤^{}`$. Then

$$d\omega _1=0,d\omega _2=\omega _1\omega _2,d\omega _3=\omega _1\omega _3.$$

So $`\alpha _2=\omega _1`$ and $`\alpha _3=\omega _1`$. It is easy to see that $`H_{\lambda \omega }^{}(𝔤_0)`$ is non-trivial if and only if $`\lambda \omega =0,\pm \omega _1`$. For corresponding Betti numbers $`b_{\lambda \omega }^p(M)=dimH_{\lambda \omega }^p(G_0/\mathrm{\Gamma })=dimH_{\lambda \omega }^p(𝔤_\mathfrak{0})`$ of the solvmanifold $`M=G_0/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ we have:

$$b_{\pm \omega _1}^0(M)=0,b_{\pm \omega _1}^1(M)=b_{\pm \omega _1}^2(M)=1,b_{\pm \omega _1}^3(M)=0;$$

$$b^0(M)=b^1(M)=b^2(M)=b^3(M)=1.$$