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# Algebra of observables in the Calogero model and in the Chern-Simons matrix model

## I Introduction

The Calogero model c  is a completely integrable model PER  that describes a system of $`N`$ interacting particles in one dimension. Even though the interaction is highly non-trivial, one can construct the needed constants of motion, find a spectrum and expressions for the wave functions. Surprisingly, the model and its various generalizations have been found relevant to a host of problems in physics (and mathematics). It was long realized that for three special values of the interaction parameter $`\nu =1/2,1,2`$ the model was closely related to the random matrix theory meh  of the three Wigner-Dyson ensembles: orthogonal, unitary and symplectic, respectively. The particles subject to the Calogero dynamics obey fractional statistics ap , and this motivated investigations of the connection between the Chern-Simons based anyonic physics in the fractional quantum Hall effect and the Calogero model cmat . The collective-field theory approach proved useful in constructing solitonic solutions sol , and in establishing relations to the $`d=1`$ string theory jev . Recently, the interest in the Calogero model has been renewed. It was proposed bh  that the supersymmetric extension of the model could provide a microscopic description of the extremal Reissner-Nordström black hole. The supersymmetric extensions of the Calogero model themselves were analyzed in detail susy . Many more applications of the model have been found, which have intensified the research of the model intrinsic properties.

Investigations of the algebraic properties of the Calogero model in terms of the $`S_N`$-extended Heisenberg algebra all  defined a basic algebraic set-up for further research. Floreanini et. al. 2body  showed that the dynamical symmetry algebra of the two-body Calogero model was a polynomial generalization of the $`SU(2)`$ algebra. The three-body problem was also treated 3body , and the dynamical algebra of the polynomial type and the action of its generators on the orthonormal basis were obtained. It was shown that in the two-body case the polynomial $`SU(2)`$ algebra could be linearized, but an attempt to generalize this result to the $`N`$-body case led to $`(N1)`$ linear $`SU(2)`$ subalgebras that operated only on subsets of the degenerate eigenspace ind . The general construction of the dynamical symmetry algebra was given in Ref.before . Also, the bosonic realization of a non-linear symmetry algebra describing the structure of degenerate energy levels of the Calogero model was obtained b2 . In this paper we give a more detailed analysis of the algebra of observables of the Calogero model, discuss the spin representation of the algebra and present a new realization of the dynamical symmetry algebra.

The construction of the algebra of symmetric one-particle operators for the Calogero model isakov  resulted in an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra, independent of the particle number and the constant of interaction. This algebra was interpreted as the algebra of observables for a system of identical particles on the line. The problem with fixed number of particles $`N`$, which we discuss here, can be viewed as an irreducible representation of the afore-mentioned algebra. In Ref.poly-mx  it was claimed that this infinite-dimensional Lie algebra was common to the matrix model. We argue that although this is true, the actual models are different, as can be seen from the the algebraic structure obtained for a fixed number of particles $`N`$.

The renewed interest in the matrix model came from the connection with the noncommutative field theory. Namely, following the Susskind conjecture suss  that the non-commutative Chern-Simons (CS) theory provides an effective description of a quantum Hall (QH) effect, Polychronakos proposed pol11  a finite matrix version of the model. He claimed that this matrix model was in fact equivalent to the Calogero model. We analyzed the algebra of observables acting on the physical Fock space of that model jhep , and observed that the minimal algebra of observables was identical with that of the Calogero model, although the complete algebraic stuctures are different. We identified the states in the $`l`$th tower of the CS matrix model Fock space with the states in the physical Fock space of the Calogero model with the interaction parameter $`\nu =l+1`$. Also, we described quasiparticle and quasihole states in the both models in terms of Schur functions. Using a coherent state representation, the wavefunctions for the Chern-Simons matrix model proposed by Polychronakos were constructed and compared with the Laughlin ones ks1 . The same authors also studied the spectrum of the model and identified the orthogonal set of states ks .

Taking into consideration all relations between the Calogero model, the matrix model and the QH physics, we feel that a more detail algebraic analysis is in order. In this paper we analyze the complete algebra of observables of the CS matrix model and confirm by explicit construction that the models in question have different algebraic structures.

The paper is organized as follows. In Section II we review basic steps in the construction of the $`S_N`$-extended Heisenberg algebra of the Calogero model represented on the $`S_N`$-symmetric subspace of the positive definite Fock space. In Section III we construct the minimal algebra of observables, $`𝒜_N`$ and discuss its general properties. We establish a mapping to the Heisenberg algebra and this gives us a natural, orthogonal basis for the model. In the followingsection we consider the larger algebra $`_N`$ and show that its spin representation gives an irreducible representation of the algebra constructed in Ref.isakov . In Section V we present four different realizations of the dynamical symmetry algebra describing the structure of the degenerate eigenspace in detail. The analysis of the algebra of obervables is extended to the finite CS matrix model in the Section VI, and in the last section we compare the algebraic structure of the two models. Finally, in the appendixes we confirm our findings by explicit calculations.

## II The Calogero model on the symmetric Fock space

The Hamiltonian of the (rational) Calogero model describes $`N`$ identical particles (bosons) interacting through an inverse square interaction subject to a common confining harmonic force:

$$H=\frac{\mathrm{}^2}{2m}\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{^2}{x_i^2}+\frac{m\omega ^2}{2}\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}x_i^2+\frac{\nu (\nu 1)\mathrm{}^2}{2m}\underset{ij}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{1}{(x_ix_j)^2}.$$
(1)
In the following we set $`\mathrm{}`$, the mass of particles $`m`$ and the frequency of harmonic oscillators $`\omega `$ equal to one. The dimensionless constant $`\nu `$ is the coupling constant111It is also called the statistical parameter. Note that in one space dimension the concept of statistics requires a special treatment, see Refs.stat . and $`N`$ is the number of particles. The ground-state wave function is, up to normalization,

$$\psi _0(x_1,\mathrm{},x_N)=\theta (x_1,\mathrm{},x_N)\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{1}{2}\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}x_i^2\right),$$
(2)
where

$$\theta (x_1,\mathrm{},x_N)=\underset{i<j}{\overset{N}{}}|x_ix_j|^\nu ,$$
(3)
with the ground-state energy $`E_0=N[1+(N1)\nu ]/2`$.

The Dunkl operators D

$$D_i=_i+\nu \underset{j,ji}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{1}{x_ix_j}(1K_{ij})$$

are the basic building blocks of the Calogero model creation and annihilation operators all . The elementary generators $`K_{ij}`$ of the symmetry group $`S_N`$ exchange the labels $`i`$ and $`j`$:

$`K_{ij}x_j=x_iK_{ij},K_{ij}=K_{ji},(K_{ij})^2=1,`$
$`K_{ij}K_{jl}=K_{jl}K_{il}=K_{il}K_{ij},\mathrm{for}ij,il,jl,`$
and we choose $`K_{ij}|0=|0`$. Now we can introduce the creation and annihilation operators:

$$a_i^{}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(D_i+x_i),a_i=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(D_i+x_i),$$
(4)
where the operator $`a_i`$ annihilates the vacuum. Using the well-known properties of the Dunkl operators

$`[D_i,D_j]=0,K_{ij}D_j=D_iK_{ij},`$
$`[D_i,x_j]=\delta _{ij}\left(1+\nu {\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}}K_{ik}\right)\nu K_{ij},`$
one can easily check that the commutators of the creation and annihilation operators (4) are

$`[a_i,a_j]=[a_i^{},a_j^{}]=0,`$
$`[a_i,a_j^{}]=\left(1+\nu {\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}}K_{ik}\right)\delta _{ij}\nu K_{ij}.`$ (5)
After performing a similarity transformation on the Hamiltonian (1), we obtain the reduced Hamiltonian

$$H^{}=\theta ^1H\theta =\frac{1}{2}\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\{a_i,a_i^{}\}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}a_i^{}a_i+E_0,$$
(6)
acting on the space of symmetric functions. We restrict the Fock space $`\{a_1^{n_1}\mathrm{}a_N^{n_N}|0\}`$ to the $`S_N`$-symmetric subspace $`F_{\mathrm{symm}}`$, where $`𝒩=_{i=1}^Na_i^{}a_i`$ acts as the total number operator. In the following we demand that all states should have positive norm, i. e. $`\nu >1/N`$ mms . Next, we introduce the collective $`S_N`$-symmetric operators

$$B_n=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}a_i^n,n=0,1,\mathrm{},N,$$
(7)
where $`B_0`$ is the constant $`N`$ multiplied by the identity operator, and $`B_1`$ represents the center-of-mass operator. The complete $`F_{\mathrm{symm}}`$ can be described as $`\{B_1^{n_1}B_2^{n_2}\mathrm{}B_N^{n_N}|0\}`$. We wish to construct the operators $`X_k^{}`$ such that $`[B_1,X_k^{}]=0`$ for every $`k`$ greater than one, in order to separate the center-of mass coordinate. The general solution of this equation is described by any symmetric monomial polynomial $`m_\lambda (\overline{a}_1,\mathrm{},\overline{a}_N)=\overline{a}_1^{\lambda _1}\overline{a}_2^{\lambda _2}\mathrm{}\overline{a}_N^{\lambda _N},`$ where $`\overline{a}_i=a_iB_1/N,`$ and the sum goes over all distinct permutations of $`(\lambda _1,\lambda _2,\mathrm{},\lambda _N)`$. The multiset $`(\lambda _1,\lambda _2,\mathrm{},\lambda _N)`$ denotes any partition of $`𝒩`$ such that $`_{i=1}^N\lambda _i=𝒩`$ and $`\lambda _1\lambda _2\mathrm{}\lambda _N0`$. The ”shifted” operators $`\overline{a}_i`$ and $`\overline{a}_i^{}`$ satisfy the following commutation relations:

$`[\overline{a}_i,\overline{a}_j]=[\overline{a}_i^{},\overline{a}_j^{}]=0,`$
$`[\overline{a}_i,\overline{a}_j^{}]=\left(1+\nu {\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}}K_{ik}\right)\delta _{ij}\nu K_{ij}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}.`$ (8)
The simplest choice of the $`(N1)`$ operators commuting with the center-of-mass operator is

$$A_n=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\overline{a}_i^n=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\left(a_i\frac{B_1}{N}\right)^n,n=2,\mathrm{},N.$$
(9)
Another possible choice is $`\overline{h}_n=_{\mathrm{dist}.}\overline{a}_{i_1}\mathrm{}\overline{a}_{i_n}`$ describing one-quasihole states pol1 , spanning $`\{\overline{h}_2^{}\mathrm{}\overline{h}_N^{}\}|0`$. The symmetric Fock space $`F_{\mathrm{symm}}`$ is now $`\{B_1^{n_1}A_2^{n_2}\mathrm{}A_N^{n_N}|0\}`$ and after removing the center-of-mass operator it is $`\{A_2^{n_2}\mathrm{}A_N^{n_N}\}|0`$. We have reduced the problem to the $`(N1)`$ Jacobi-type operators222Note that the algebraic sum of all coefficients of homogeneous monomials in any $`A_k`$ is zero.. The norm of the state $`0|A_nA_n^{}|0`$ can be calculated recursively. We present results up to $`n=4`$:

$`0|A_2A_2^{}|0`$ $`=`$ $`2(N1)(1+N\nu ),`$
$`0|A_3A_3^{}|0`$ $`=`$ $`3{\displaystyle \frac{(N1)(N2)}{N}}(1+N\nu )(2+N\nu ),`$
$`0|A_4A_4^{}|0`$ $`=`$ $`4{\displaystyle \frac{(N1)}{N^2}}(1+N\nu )\times `$ (10)
$`\times `$ $`\left[6(N^23N+3)+N\nu (5N^218N+18)+N^2\nu ^2(N2)(N3)\right].`$
We see from (II) that for the positive definite Fock space $`\nu `$ is larger than $`1/N`$. Two different states $`A_2^{n_2}\mathrm{}A_N^{n_N}|0`$ and $`A_2^{n_2^{}}\mathrm{}A_N^{n_N^{}}|0`$ with the same energy ($`in_i=in_i^{}`$) are not orthogonal. The total number operator on $`F_{\mathrm{symm}}`$ splits into

$`𝒩^{}=𝒩=𝒩_1+\overline{𝒩},`$
$`𝒩_1^{}=𝒩_1={\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}B_1^{}B_1,`$
$`\overline{𝒩}^{}=\overline{𝒩}{\displaystyle \underset{k=2}{\overset{N}{}}}k𝒩_k.`$ (11)
Note that $`𝒩_k`$ are the number operators of $`A_k^{}`$ but not of $`A_k`$. Namely, $`[𝒩_k,A_l^{}]=\delta _{kl}A_k^{}`$, and $`𝒩_k(\mathrm{}A_k^{n_k}\mathrm{}|0)=n_k(\mathrm{}A_k^{n_k}\mathrm{}|0)`$ for every $`k`$ larger than one, but $`𝒩_k^{}𝒩_k`$. If $`𝒩_k`$ were hermitian, then the eigenstates $`A_2^{n_2}\mathrm{}A_N^{n_N}|0`$ would be orthogonal, and vice versa.

## III The $`𝒜_N`$ algebra and bosonic realization

Next, we discuss the $`𝒜_N`$ algebra of the collective $`S_N`$-invariant operators $`A_k`$ defined in Eq.(9) and acting on $`F_{\mathrm{symm}}`$. It is convenient to add two additional operators, $`A_0=N\mathrm{𝟏}\mathrm{I}`$ and $`A_1=0`$. We easily see that

$`[A_i,A_j]=[A_i^{},A_j^{}]=0,`$
$`[A_i,[A_j,X^{}]]=[A_j,[A_i,X^{}]],i,j,\mathrm{any}\mathrm{X}^{}.`$ (12)
The second relation in (III) is a consequence of the Jacobi identity. The commutator

$`[A_m,A_n^{}]`$ $`=`$ $`mn\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\overline{a}_i^{(n1)}\overline{a}_i^{(m1)}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}A_{n1}^{}A_{m1}\right)`$ (13)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k=2}{\overset{\mathrm{min}(m,n)}{}}}c_k(m,n)\left({\displaystyle \overline{a}^{}}\right)^{nk}\left({\displaystyle \overline{a}}\right)^{mk}`$
is an $`S_N`$-symmetric and normally ordered operator. We have separated the $`c_1`$ coefficient because it determines the structure of the algebra of observables. The coefficients $`c_k(m,n)`$ depend also on the precise index structure (as can be seen in the $`k=1`$ case), and the symbolical expression $`(𝒪)^k`$ denotes a product of operators $`𝒪_i`$ of the total order $`k`$ in $`\overline{a}_i(\overline{a}_i^{})`$. Hence, the structure of the $`𝒜_N(\nu )`$ algebra is of the following type:

$$[A_{i_1},[A_{i_2},\mathrm{},[A_{i_j},A_j^{}]]\mathrm{}]=(A)^{Ij},$$
(14)
where $`I=_{\alpha =1}^ji_\alpha 2j`$, and similarly for the hermitian conjugate case. Generally, $`j`$ successive commutators of $`A_{i_1},\mathrm{},A_{i_j}`$ with $`A_j^{}`$, form a homogeneous polynomial $`(A)^{Ij}`$ in $`a_i`$ of order $`Ij`$ with coefficients independent of $`\nu `$. Therefore, we stress that the algebraic relations (14) are common to all sets of operators $`\{A_k,A_k^{}\}`$, with $`k=2,3,\mathrm{},N`$, satisfying

$$[A_i,A_j]=[A_i^{},A_j^{}]=0,[𝒩_i,A_j^{}]=\delta _{ij}A_j^{}.$$
(15)
Two different sets of operators satisfying the same algebra (14) differ only in the generalized vacuum conditions, see below. So, we denote the common algebra of the operators $`\{A_k,A_k^{}\}`$ by $`𝒜_N`$, and its representation for a given $`\nu >1/N`$ by $`𝒜_N(\nu )`$.

The term $`A_{Ij}`$ on the r.h.s. of Eq.(14) appears with the coefficient333 Note that the choice of one-quasihole states for the basis of the symmetric Fock space would result in a similar algebraic structure, but with different coefficients on the r.h.s. of Eq.(14). $`(_\alpha i_\alpha )j!`$. There are $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2N1}{N}\right)N`$ linearly independent relations (14). Specially, we find

$$[\underset{n}{\underset{}{A_2,[A_2,\mathrm{}[A_2}},A_n^{}]\mathrm{}]=2^nn!A_n,$$
(16)
and more generally

$$[\underset{m}{\underset{}{A_2,[A_2,\mathrm{}[A_2}},[\underset{m}{\underset{}{A_2^{},[A_2^{},\mathrm{}[A_2^{}}},A_n]\mathrm{}]=()^m2^{2m}\frac{m!n!}{(nm)!}A_n.$$
(17)
Relations (16) and (17) can be proved using induction and Jacobi identities. Note that any $`A_n,n>N`$, can be algebraically expressed in terms of $`A_m,mN`$, see Appendix A. Hence, the $`𝒜_N`$ algebra expressed in terms of $`2(N1)`$ algebraically independent operators, is closed, finite and of the polynomial type.

For general $`N`$, the $`𝒜_N(\nu )`$ algebra of the collective $`S_N`$-symmetric operators (9) completely determines the action of $`A_k`$ on any state:

$$A_kA_2^{n_2}\mathrm{}A_N^{n_N}|0=\left(A^{}\right)^{𝒩k}|0,k𝒩.$$
(18)
In order to calculate the precise form of the r.h.s. of Eq.(18), we apply the hermitian conjugate relation Eq.(14) on the l.h.s. of Eq.(18) shifting the operator $`A_k`$ to the right, at least by one place. We repeat this iteratively as long as the number of $`A^{}`$’s on the right from $`A_k`$ is larger or equal to the index $`k`$. For $`k>n_i`$, we calculate the finite set of relations, so-called generalized vacuum conditions, directly from (9) and (II). We show that the minimal set of generalized vacuum conditions needed to completely define the representation of the algebra (14) on the Fock space is

$`A_2A_2^{}|0`$ $`=`$ $`2(N1)(1+\nu N)|0,`$
$`A_3A_3^{}|0`$ $`=`$ $`3(N1)(N2)(1+\nu N)(2+\nu N)/N|0,`$
$`A_3A_3^2|0`$ $`=`$ $`3(N2)(2+\nu N)[2(N1)(1+\nu N)+18]/N|0.`$ (19)
Namely, the operators $`A_2,A_3`$ and hermitian conjugates play a distinguished role in the algebra, as all other operators $`A_n,A_n^{}`$ for $`n4`$ can be expressed as successive commutators (14), using only $`A_2,A_3`$ and their hermitian conjugates. Therefore, one can derive all other generalized vacuum conditions using (14) and (III).

Note that the action of $`A_iA_j^{}`$ (and $`𝒩_i`$) on the symmetric Fock subspace can be written as an infinite, normally ordered expansion

$$A_iA_j^{}=\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left(A^{}\right)^{k+j}\left(A\right)^{k+i},i,j.$$
(20)
Applied to a monomial state of the finite order $`𝒩`$ in $`F_{\mathrm{symm}}`$, only the finite number of terms in Eq.(20) will contribute. For the $`N=3`$ case, we provide explicit calculations in Appendix B, demonstrating the main features of the $`𝒜_N(\nu )`$ algebra.

There is a useful (and orthogonal) basis for the problem at hand. We define the operators $`\stackrel{~}{A}_i,i=2,\mathrm{},N`$, satisfying the vacuum condition $`\stackrel{~}{A}_i|0=0`$ and

$$\stackrel{~}{A}_iA_2^{n_2}\mathrm{}A_i^{n_i}\mathrm{}A_N^{n_N}|0=n_iA_2^{n_2}\mathrm{}A_i^{(n_i1)}\mathrm{}A_N^{n_N}|0,$$
(21)
for all $`n_2,\mathrm{},n_NIN_0`$. As a consequence of $`[A_i^{},A_j^{}]=0`$, we immediately find

$$[\stackrel{~}{A}_i,\stackrel{~}{A}_j]=0,[\stackrel{~}{A}_i,A_j^{}]=\delta _{ij},i,j=2,\mathrm{},N.$$
(22)
We define a dual Fock space as a set of states $`0|\stackrel{~}{A}_2^{n_2}\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{A}_N^{n_N},n_iIN_0`$, such that

$$0|\stackrel{~}{A}_2^{n_2^{}}\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{A}_N^{n_N^{}}A_2^{n_2}\mathrm{}A_N^{n_N}|0=\underset{i}{}n_i!\delta _{n_in_i^{}}.$$
(23)
Although the operators $`\stackrel{~}{A}_i`$ and $`A_i^{}`$ are not hermitian conjugate, the second equation in (22) induces a new scalar product with respect to which the states $`A_2^{n_2}\mathrm{}A_N^{n_N}|0`$ are orthogonal to $`0|\stackrel{~}{A}_2^{n_2}\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{A}_N^{n_N}`$, according to Eq.(21). Generally, the operators $`\stackrel{~}{A}_i`$ can be written in the form

$$\stackrel{~}{A}_i=A_i+\underset{k=2}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(A^{})^k(A)^{k+i}.$$
(24)
We give an example for the $`N=3`$ case in Appendix B. Then we define the number operators $`𝒩_i`$ and the transition number operators $`𝒩_{i,j}`$ as

$`𝒩_{i,j}=A_i^{}\stackrel{~}{A}_j,𝒩_i=𝒩_{i,i}=A_i^{}\stackrel{~}{A}_i,𝒩_1={\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}B_1^{}B_1,`$
$`[𝒩_{i,j},A_k^{}]=\delta _{jk}A_i^{},[𝒩_{i,j},\stackrel{~}{A}_k]=\delta _{ik}\stackrel{~}{A}_j,[𝒩_{i,j},𝒩_{k,l}]=\delta _{jk}𝒩_{i,l}\delta _{il}𝒩_{k,j}.`$ (25)
One can define a new hermitian conjugation operation $`(^{})`$ in the following way:

$$𝒩_{i,j}^{}=𝒩_{j,i},(A_k^{})^{}=\stackrel{~}{A}_k,(\stackrel{~}{A}_k)^{}=A_k^{},B_1^{}=B_1^{},i,j,k=2,\mathrm{},N.$$

This realization of the algebra of observables provides an orthogonal basis in the dual Fock space and leads to a simple realization of the dynamical symmetry algebra.

We point out that if the set of operators $`\{A_k,A_k^{}\}`$ satisfies relations (15), then there exists the mapping $`A_i=f(b_i,b_i^{})`$ from the ordinary Bose oscillators $`\{b_i,b_i^{}\}`$ to $`\{A_k,A_k^{}\}`$. If there are no null-norm vectors in the $`\{A\}`$ Fock space, there exists the inverse mapping $`b_i=f^1(A_k,A_k^{})`$. It has been found in Ref.mms  that the full Fock space $`\{a_1^{n_1},\mathrm{},a_N^{n_N}|0\}`$ for $`\nu >1/N`$ does not contain any additional null-norm states when compared with the $`\{b\}`$ Fock space. As $`F_{\mathrm{symm}}`$ is a subspace of the full Fock space, it also does not contain any additional null-norm states, so $`F_{\mathrm{symm}}`$ is isomorphic to the $`\{b\}`$ Fock space, and the mapping $`f`$ is invertible for $`\nu >1/N`$. The point $`\nu =1/N`$ is a critical point of the algebra and a description of the system near this point is given in Ref.krit .

In our case of interest, namely in the $`A_N(\nu )`$ algebra, we have started with positive-norm states, i.e., $`\nu >1/N`$, so there exists a real mapping $`f`$ and its inverse $`f^1`$. In general, one can write the infinite series as

$`A_n`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \left(b_i^{n_i}\right)^k\left(b_j^{n_j}\right)^{k+n}},{\displaystyle in_i}=k,{\displaystyle jn_j}=k+n,`$
$`b_n`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \left(A^{}\right)^k\left(A\right)^{k+n}},`$ (26)
and then calculate the coefficients. There is freedom in mapping (III), which appears in the subspaces spanned by the monomials $`(A^{})^{\overline{𝒩}}`$ (or $`(b^{})^{\overline{𝒩}})`$ of the same order $`\overline{𝒩}`$. A simple and natural choice of fixing these boundary conditions is

$`A_2^{n_2}|0=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{0|A_2^{n_2}A_2^{n_2}|0}{n_2!}}}b_2^{n_2}|0,`$
$`A_3^{n_3}|0{\displaystyle \left(b_2^{}b_3^{}\right)^{n_3}|0},`$
$`\mathrm{}`$
$`A_N^{n_N}|0{\displaystyle \left(b_2^{}\mathrm{}b_N^{}\right)^{n_N}|0},`$ (27)
and generally,

$$A_2^{n_2}A_3^{n_3}\mathrm{}A_N^{n_N}|0b_2^{n_2}\left(b_2^{}b_3^{}\right)^{n_3}\mathrm{}\left(b_2^{}\mathrm{}b_N^{}\right)^{n_N}|0.$$
(28)
Only after fixing this freedom, one can determine the coefficients in Eq.(III) in a unique way. For the N=3 case, we present results for the first few coefficients in Eq.(III), up to $`k+n5`$, for the operators $`A_2`$ and $`A_3`$ in Appendix B. The states in the $`\{A\}`$ Fock space are not orthogonal. However, the monomial states $`b_i^{n_i}/\sqrt{n_i!}|0`$ in the $`\{b\}`$ Fock space are orthogonal, so when we express $`b_i=f^1(A_k,A_k^{})`$, we obtain natural orthogonal states in the $`\{A\}`$ Fock space, labelled by $`(n_2,\mathrm{},n_N)`$, i.e. by free oscillator quantum numbers. Degenerate, orthogonal energy eigenstates of level $`𝒩`$ are then defined by $`𝒩=in_i`$.

## IV The $`_N(\nu )`$ algebra and spin representation

One can construct the larger closed $`_N(\nu )`$ algebra containing $`𝒜_N(\nu )`$ as a subalgebra. This larger algebra appears naturally when one calculates the commutators between the operators $`A_i`$ and $`A_j^{}`$, defined in Eq.(9). We discussed this algebra in Ref.before ; here we repeat the main results for completeness and present an alternative construction of the algebra.

One can define $`S_N`$-symmetric operators $`\overline{B}_{n,m}`$:

$$\overline{B}_{n,m}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\overline{a}_i^n\overline{a}_i^m=\overline{B}_{m,n}^{},n,mIN_0.$$
(29)
The operators $`\overline{B}_{n,m}`$ can be represented in the symmetric Fock space:

$$\overline{B}_{n,m}A_2^{n_2}\mathrm{}A_N^{n_N}|0\overline{B}_{n,m}(A^{})^𝒩|0=(A^{})^{𝒩+nm}|0.$$

There are $`1/2(N+4)(N1)`$ algebraically independent $`\overline{B}_{n,m}`$ operators contained in the algebra $`_N(\nu )`$, namely $`2(N1)`$ operators $`\overline{B}_{n,0}=A_n^{},\mathrm{for}n=2,3,\mathrm{},N`$ and their hermitian conjugates, and $`N(N1)/2`$ operators $`\overline{B}_{n,m},\mathrm{for}n,m1,n+mN`$. One can express the operators $`\overline{B}_{n,m}`$ for $`n+m>N`$ in terms of the algebraically independent operators $`\overline{B}_{n,m}`$ with $`n+mN`$, see Appendix A. This is a consequence of Cayley-Hamilton theorem. Generally,

$`\overline{B}_{1,1}=\overline{𝒩},[B_1,\overline{B}_{n,m}]=0,[\overline{B}_{1,1},\overline{B}_{n,m}]=(nm)\overline{B}_{n,m},`$ (30)
$`[\overline{a}_i,\overline{B}_{n,m}]=n\left[\overline{a}_i^{(n1)}\overline{a}_i^m{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}\overline{B}_{n1,m}\right].`$
In the case of $`N`$ free harmonic osillators with $`\nu =0`$, we find the general $`_N(0)`$-algebra relation

$`[\overline{B}_{m^{},m},\overline{B}_{n,n^{}}]={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{min}(n,m)}{}}}\beta _k(m,n)\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}\right)^k\{[(N1)^k+1]\overline{B}_{m^{}+nk,m+n^{}k}`$
$`\overline{B}_{m^{},mk}\overline{B}_{nk,n^{}}+{\displaystyle \underset{s=1}{\overset{\mathrm{min}(nk,mk)}{}}}\beta _s(mk,nk)\overline{B}_{m^{}+nks,m+n^{}ks}(1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}})^s\}`$
$`\{m^{}n,n^{}m\},`$ (31)
where

$$\beta _k(m,n)=\frac{m!n!}{k!(mk)!(nk)!}.$$

For $`\nu 0`$, the structure of the $`_N(\nu )`$ algebra becomes more complicated. New polynomial terms of the form $`(_\alpha \overline{B}_{n_\alpha ,m_\alpha })`$ with $`_\alpha n_\alpha n+m^{}1,_\alpha m_\alpha n^{}+m1`$ appear on the r.h.s. of the commutation relation (IV). The corresponding coefficients are polynomial in $`\nu `$, vanishing when $`\nu `$ goes to zero. The coefficients of the leading terms ($`k=1`$ in Eq.(IV)) do not depend on $`\nu `$, i. e. they are the same for any $`\nu `$. For example, for arbitrary $`N`$ and $`\nu `$, we find

$$[A_2,A_n^{}]=2n\overline{B}_{n1,1}+n\left(\frac{N1}{N}\right)A_{n2}^{}(n1+\nu N)+n\nu \underset{i=1}{\overset{n2}{}}\left(A_{n2i}^{}A_i^{}A_{n2}^{}\right),$$
(32)
It is known that for $`N\mathrm{}`$ and $`\nu =0`$ the corresponding algebra is $`W_{1+\mathrm{}}`$, so it would be interesting to see what kind of deformation the $`_{\mathrm{}}(\nu )`$ algebra (for nontrivial $`\nu `$) represents. Some investigation in this direction has already been done, see Refs.w .

Alternatively, the $`_N(\nu )`$ algebra can be constructed by grouping the generators into $`su(1,1)`$-spin multiplets. Note that the operators

$$J_+=\frac{1}{2}A_2^{},J_{}=\frac{1}{2}A_2,J_0=\frac{1}{8}[A_2,A_2^{}]$$
(33)
generate the $`sl(2)`$-algebra. The complete set of generators spanning the $`_N(\nu )`$ algebra is given by $`(N1)`$ non-degenerate spin multiplets with $`s=1,3/2,2,\mathrm{},N/2`$. The unique generator with spin $`s`$ and projection $`s_z`$ is defined as

$$J_{s,s_z}=\frac{1}{2^{(ss_z)}}\sqrt{\frac{(s+s_z)!}{(ss_z)!}}[\underset{(ss_z)}{\underset{}{A_2,\mathrm{},[A_2}},A_{2s}^{}]\mathrm{}].$$
(34)
Its hermitian conjugate is simply $`J_{s,s_z}^{}=J_{s,s_z}`$. One can show that by proving relation (17)

$$[\underset{ss_z}{\underset{}{A_2,[A_2,\mathrm{}[A_2}},[\underset{ss_z}{\underset{}{A_2^{},[A_2^{},\mathrm{}[A_2^{}}},A_{2s}]\mathrm{}]=()^{(ss_z)}2^{2(ss_z)}\frac{(ss_z)!(2s)!}{(s+s_z)!}A_{2s},$$

by induction and using Jacobi identities. The action of elements of the $`sl(2)`$-algebra on the generator $`J_{s,s_z}`$ is defined in the following way:

$`[J_{},J_{s,s_z}]`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{(s+s_z)(ss_z+1)}J_{s,s_z1},`$
$`[J_+,J_{s,s_z}]`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{(ss_z)(s+s_z+1)}J_{s,s_z+1},`$
$`[J_0,J_{s,s_z}]`$ $`=`$ $`s_zJ_{s,s_z}.`$ (35)
Let us write down the first few spin multiplets for any $`N`$ in terms of $`\overline{B}_{i,j}`$ operators:

$`s=1,N2`$:

$`J_{1,1}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{2}A_2^{}=2\sqrt{2}J_+=J_{1,1}^{},`$
$`J_{1,0}`$ $`=`$ $`2\overline{B}_{1,1}+(N1)(1+N\nu )=4J_0,`$ (36)
$`s=\frac{3}{2},N3`$:

$$J_{\frac{3}{2},\frac{3}{2}}=\sqrt{6}A_3^{}=J_{\frac{3}{2},\frac{3}{2}}^{},J_{\frac{3}{2},\frac{1}{2}}=3\sqrt{2}\overline{B}_{2,1}=J_{\frac{3}{2},\frac{1}{2}}^{},$$
(37)
$`s=2,N4`$:

$`J_{2,2}`$ $`=`$ $`2\sqrt{6}A_4^{}=J_{2,2}^{},`$
$`J_{2,1}`$ $`=`$ $`2\sqrt{6}\left\{2\overline{B}_{3,1}+\left[3\left({\displaystyle \frac{N1}{N}}\right)+\nu (2N3)\right]A_2^{}\right\}=J_{2,1}^{},`$
$`J_{2,0}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{2}\{6\overline{B}_{2,2}+\overline{B}_{1,1}[12\left({\displaystyle \frac{N1}{N}}\right)+\nu (7N12)]`$ (38)
$`+`$ $`(N1)(1+N\nu )[3\left({\displaystyle \frac{N1}{N}}\right)+\nu (2N3)]\}.`$
The algebra of the operators $`J_{s,s_z}`$ is finite, closed and of general form:

$$[J_{s_1,s_{1z}},J_{s_2,s_{2z}}]=\left(J\right)_{S,s_{1z}+s_{2z}},$$
(39)
where $`|s_{1z}+s_{2z}|Ss_1+s_21`$. Using the definition (IV) and relation (IV), one can easily obtain commutation relations involving operators of the $`s=1`$ spin multiplet,

$$[J_{1,0},J_{s,s_z}]=4s_zJ_{s,s_z},[J_{1,\pm 1},J_{s,s_z}]=\sqrt{8(ss_z)(s\pm s_z+1)}J_{s,s_z\pm 1}.$$
(40)
For arbitrary $`N`$, the algebra of $`s=3/2`$ operators is

$`[J_{\frac{3}{2},\frac{1}{2}},J_{\frac{3}{2},\frac{3}{2}}]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{9}{\sqrt{2}}}J_{2,2}{\displaystyle \frac{9\sqrt{3}}{N}}J_{1,1}^2,`$
$`[J_{\frac{3}{2},\frac{1}{2}},J_{\frac{3}{2},\frac{3}{2}}]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{9}{\sqrt{2}}}J_{2,1}{\displaystyle \frac{9\sqrt{2}}{N}}J_{1,1}J_{1,0}+9\sqrt{6}J_{1,1}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{2}{N}}+\nu (2N)\right],`$
$`[J_{\frac{3}{2},\frac{3}{2}},J_{\frac{3}{2},\frac{3}{2}}]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{9}{\sqrt{2}}}J_{2,0}{\displaystyle \frac{27}{N}}J_{1,1}J_{1,1}9\left({\displaystyle \frac{6}{N}}+{\displaystyle \frac{N}{2}}\nu \right)J_{1,0}+a,`$
$`[J_{\frac{3}{2},\frac{1}{2}},J_{\frac{3}{2},\frac{1}{2}}]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{9}{\sqrt{2}}}J_{2,0}+{\displaystyle \frac{9}{N}}J_{1,1}J_{1,1}{\displaystyle \frac{18}{N}}J_{1,0}^2+18J_{1,0}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}+\left({\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}N+4\right)\right]+b,`$
where the constants $`a`$ and $`b`$ are

$`a`$ $`=`$ $`+9(N1)(1+N\nu )\left[{\displaystyle \frac{N+1}{N}}+\left({\displaystyle \frac{N}{2}}1\right)\nu \right],`$
$`b`$ $`=`$ $`18(N1)(1+N\nu )\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2N}}+N+\left(N^2{\displaystyle \frac{11}{4}}N{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)\nu \right].`$
For $`N=3`$, the $`_3(\nu )`$ algebra (including $`s=1`$ and $`s=3/2`$ spin-mutiplets) is in full agreement with Ref.3body . The exact correspondence between $`Y_s`$ and $`J`$ defined in Ref.3body  and our operators $`J_{s,s_z}`$ is

$`Y_1=\sqrt{2}J_{1,1},Y_{3/2}=2J_{\frac{3}{2},\frac{3}{2}},Y_{1/2}=2\sqrt{3}J_{\frac{3}{2},\frac{1}{2}},`$
$`J={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left(J_{1,0}2\right),J_y^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{16}}\left(J_{1,0}2\right)^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}J_{1,1}J_{1,1}.`$ (41)
This representation of the algebra of observables can be viewed as a generalization of the polynomial algebras for $`N=2`$ (Ref.2body ) and $`N=3`$ (Refs.3body  and Sn ) to the general $`N`$.

The $`_N(\nu )`$ represents an irreducible representation of the infinite-dimensional Lie algebra $`𝒢`$ of all possible strings of consecutive commutators $`[B_{i_n},[B_{i_{n1}},\mathrm{}[B_{i_2},B_{i_1}]\mathrm{}]`$ introduced in Ref.isakov . The $`𝒢`$ algebra depends neither on the particle number $`N`$ nor on the constant of interaction $`\nu `$. The elements of the algebra $`𝒢`$ fall into spin multiplets. There is a unique spin multiplet with a maximal spin $`s_{\mathrm{max}}=(m+n)/2`$, no spin multiplet with spin $`s=s_{\mathrm{max}}1`$, and many spin multiplets with $`s<s_{\mathrm{max}}1`$. On the other hand, we have started with a fixed number $`N`$ of Calogero particles (oscillators) and an arbitrary $`\nu >1/N`$. Then we have defined a finite closed algebra $`_N(\nu )`$ of operators $`\overline{B}_{m,n}`$, with $`m+nN`$. We have shown (see Appendix A) that all operators $`\overline{B}_{m,n}`$, with $`m+nN`$ can be expressed in terms of $`\overline{B}_{m,n}`$ with $`m+nN`$. These operators have a unique $`su(1,1)`$ decomposition into unique spin multiplets with spin $`s=1,3/2,\mathrm{},N/2`$. Degenerate spin multiplets in the approach of Isakov and Leinaas isakov  are just composites of lower-spin multiplets in our picture.

## V Dynamical symmetry of the Calogero model

The dynamical symmetry algebra $`𝒞_N(\nu )`$ of the Calogero model is defined as maximal algebra commuting with the Hamiltonian (6), on the restricted Fock space $`F_{\mathrm{symm}}`$. The generators of the $`𝒞_N(\nu )`$ algebra act among the degenerate states with a fixed energy $`E=𝒩+E_0,`$ $`𝒩`$ a non-negative integer. Starting from any of the degenerate states with energy $`E`$, all other states can be reached by applying the generators of the algebra. Degeneracy appears for $`𝒩2`$. The vacuum $`|0`$ and the first excited state $`B_1^{}|0`$ are non-degenerate. For $`𝒩=2`$, the degenerate states are $`B_1^2|0`$ and $`A_2^{}|0`$; for $`𝒩=3`$, the degenerate states are $`B_1^3|0`$, $`B_1^{}A_2^{}|0`$ and $`A_3^{}|0`$, etc. The number of degenerate states of level $`𝒩`$ is given by partitions $`𝒩_1,\mathrm{},𝒩_k`$ of $`𝒩`$ such that $`𝒩=_kk𝒩_k`$. The generators of the algebra $`𝒞_N(\nu )`$ can be chosen in different ways, and in the following we present four different sets of generators.

Set 1. Let us choose $`1/2(N+4)(N1)`$ algebraically independent generators $`X_{i,j},(i+jN)`$ in the following way:

$$X_{i,j}=\overline{B}_{i,j}\left(\frac{B_1}{\sqrt{N}}\right)^{(ij)},X_{j,i}=X_{i,j}^{}=\overline{B}_{j,i}\left(\frac{B_1^{}}{\sqrt{N}}\right)^{(ij)},ij.$$
(42)
For example,

$`X_{i,0}=A_i^{}\left({\displaystyle \frac{B_1}{\sqrt{N}}}\right)^i,X_{0,i}=A_i\left({\displaystyle \frac{B_1^{}}{\sqrt{N}}}\right)^i,`$
$`[X_{i,0},X_{j,0}]=[X_{0,i},X_{0,j}]=0,X_{i,i}^{}=X_{i,i}=\overline{B}_{i,i}.`$ (43)
The generators $`X_{i,i}`$ are hermitian but they do not commute because $`\overline{B}_{i,i}`$’s do not commute even for $`\nu =0`$ before . On the other hand, the number operators $`𝒩_k`$ (II) commute but are not hermitian because the states $`A_2^{n_2}\mathrm{}A_N^{n_N}|0`$ are not mutually orthogonal. Generally,

$`[𝒩_1,X_{i,j}]=(ij)X_{i,j},[\overline{𝒩},X_{i,j}]=(ij)X_{i,j},`$
$`[H,X_{i,j}]=[𝒩,X_{i,j}]=0,\mathrm{for}\mathrm{all}\mathrm{i},\mathrm{j}.`$ (44)
The general structure of the commutation relations for $`ij,kl`$ is

$$[X_{i,j},X_{k,l}]=[\overline{B}_{i,j},\overline{B}_{k,l}]\left(\frac{B_1}{\sqrt{N}}\right)^{(ij)+(kl)}=\left[\underset{\alpha }{}X_{n_\alpha ,m_\alpha }\right],$$
(45)
and for $`i>j,k<l`$,

$$[X_{i,j},X_{k,l}]=\left[\underset{\alpha }{}X_{n_\alpha ,m_\alpha }g_{n_\alpha ,m_\alpha }(𝒩_1)\right]+X_{i,j}X_{k,l}f_{ijkl}(𝒩_1),$$
(46)
with the restriction $`0m_\alpha j+l1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}0}n_\alpha i+k1`$, and similarly for hermitian conjugate relations. The functions $`f`$ and $`g`$ are generally rational functions of $`𝒩_1`$, with the finite action on all states. One can show that for $`ij`$:

$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{B_1}{\sqrt{N}}}\right)^i\left({\displaystyle \frac{B_1^{}}{\sqrt{N}}}\right)^j`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{B_1}{\sqrt{N}}}\right)^{(ij)}(𝒩_1+1)\mathrm{}(𝒩_1+j)`$
$`=`$ $`(𝒩_1+1+ij)\mathrm{}(𝒩_1+i)\left({\displaystyle \frac{B_1}{\sqrt{N}}}\right)^{(ij)},`$
and

$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{B_1^{}}{\sqrt{N}}}\right)^j\left({\displaystyle \frac{B_1}{\sqrt{N}}}\right)^i`$ $`=`$ $`𝒩_1(𝒩_11)\mathrm{}(𝒩_1j+1)\left({\displaystyle \frac{B_1}{\sqrt{N}}}\right)^{(ij)}`$
$`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{B_1}{\sqrt{N}}}\right)^{(ij)}(𝒩_1i+j)\mathrm{}(𝒩_1i+1),`$
and similarly for $`i<j`$. Now it is easy to see that

$$[\left(\frac{B_1}{\sqrt{N}}\right)^i,\left(\frac{B_1^{}}{\sqrt{N}}\right)^j]=\underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{min}(i,j)}{}}\beta _k(i,j)\left(\frac{B_1^{}}{\sqrt{N}}\right)^{(jk)}\left(\frac{B_1}{\sqrt{N}}\right)^{(ik)}.$$
(47)
The $`𝒞_N(\nu )`$ algebra is intrinsically polynomial. For $`N=2`$, the $`𝒞_2(\nu )`$-Calogero algebra is the $`SU(2)`$-polynomial (cubic) algebra 2body , i.e. $`[X_{2,0},X_{0,2}]=P_3(𝒩_1,\overline{𝒩})`$. In this case, the $`𝒞_2(\nu )`$ algebra can be linearized to the ordinary $`SU(2)`$ algebra owing to the fact that there are two independent, uncoupled oscillators $`B_1`$ and $`A_2`$, which can be mapped to two ordinary Bose oscillators mmp . The $`SU(2)`$ generators are

$`𝒥_+`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\sqrt{(𝒩_11)(\overline{𝒩}+1+2\nu )}}}B_1^2A_2,`$
$`𝒥_{}`$ $`=`$ $`A_2^{}B_1^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\sqrt{(𝒩_11)(\overline{𝒩}+1+2\nu )}}}=\left(𝒥_+\right)^{},`$
$`𝒥_0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{16}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{(𝒩_11)}}B_1^2B_1^2{\displaystyle \frac{4}{(\overline{𝒩}1+2\nu )}}A_2^{}A_2\right)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left(𝒩_1\overline{𝒩}\right),`$ (48)
satisfying $`[𝒥_+,𝒥_{}]=2𝒥_0,[𝒥_0,𝒥_\pm ]=\pm 𝒥_\pm `$. The generators $`𝒥_+`$ and $`𝒥_{}`$ are hermitian conjugates to each other and in this respect differ from the construction done in Ref.ind . For $`N=3`$, the $`𝒞_3(\nu )`$ algebra in Eqs.(45,46) is the same as in Ref.3body . One can easily find the exact correspondence using Eq.(IV).

Set 2. We can construct a new set of generators of the dynamical $`𝒞_N(\nu )`$ algebra in terms of the operators $`J_{s,s_z}`$. For general $`N`$, we define

$`\stackrel{~}{X}_{s,s_z}`$ $`=`$ $`J_{s,s_z}\left({\displaystyle \frac{B_1}{\sqrt{N}}}\right)^{2s_z},\mathrm{for}s_z0,`$
$`\stackrel{~}{X}_{s,s_z}`$ $`=`$ $`J_{s,s_z}\left({\displaystyle \frac{B_1^{}}{\sqrt{N}}}\right)^{2s_z},\mathrm{for}s_z<0.`$ (49)
The operators $`\stackrel{~}{X}_{s,s_z}`$ satisfy a similar algebraic relation as the generators of the preceding realization, Eqs.(45) and (46):

$$[\stackrel{~}{X}_{s,s_z},\stackrel{~}{X}_{s^{},s_z^{}}]=[J_{s,s_z},J_{s^{},s_z^{}}]\left(\frac{B_1}{\sqrt{N}}\right)^{2(s_z+s_z^{})}=\left(\stackrel{~}{X}\right)_{S,s_z+s_z^{}},s_z,s_z^{}0,$$
(50)
where $`|s_z+s_z^{}|Ss+s^{}1`$, and for $`s_z0,s_z^{}<0`$:

$$[\stackrel{~}{X}_{s,s_z},\stackrel{~}{X}_{s^{},s_z^{}}]=\left[\underset{\alpha }{}\stackrel{~}{X}_{s^\alpha ,s_z^\alpha }\stackrel{~}{g}_{s^\alpha ,s_z^\alpha }(𝒩_1)\right]+\stackrel{~}{X}_{s,s_z}\stackrel{~}{X}_{s^{},s_z^{}}\stackrel{~}{f}_{s,s_z,s^{},s_z^{}}(𝒩_1),$$
(51)
with the restriction $`s_z^\alpha =s_z+s_z^{},s^\alpha s+s^{}1`$, and similarly for hermitian conjugate relations. The functions $`\stackrel{~}{f}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{g}`$ are generally rational functions of $`𝒩_1`$, with the finite action on all states. For general $`N`$, we present several typical commutators that demonstrate the general structure given by Eqs.(50,51):

$`[\stackrel{~}{X}_{1,0},\stackrel{~}{X}_{s,s_z}]`$ $`=`$ $`4s_z\stackrel{~}{X}_{s,s_z},`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}_{1,1},\stackrel{~}{X}_{s,s_z}]`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{8(ss_z)(s+s_z+1)}\stackrel{~}{X}_{s,s_z+1},s_z0,`$
$`[\stackrel{~}{X}_{1,1},\stackrel{~}{X}_{s,s_z}]`$ $`=`$ $`+\sqrt{8(s+s_z)(ss_z+1)}\stackrel{~}{X}_{s,s_z1}(𝒩_12s_z+2)(𝒩_12s_z+1)`$ (52)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2s_z}{𝒩_12s_z}}\stackrel{~}{X}_{1,1}\stackrel{~}{X}_{s,s_z}\left(2+{\displaystyle \frac{2s_z1}{𝒩_12s_z1}}\right),s_z>0.`$
This construction can be viewed as a generalization of the polynomial algebras for $`N=2`$ 2body  and $`N=3`$ 3body  to the general $`N`$, using the $`_N(\nu )`$ algebra.

Set 3. Here we introduce a new set of generators of the dynamical $`𝒞_N(\nu )`$ algebra which obey very simple relations and possess interesting properties. The dynamical algebra can be defined through the set of $`N^2`$ generators in terms of the transition number operators (III)

$`Y_{i,j}`$ $`=`$ $`𝒩_{i,j}\left({\displaystyle \frac{B_1}{\sqrt{N}}}\right)^{ij},\mathrm{for}ij`$
$`Y_{i,j}`$ $`=`$ $`𝒩_{i,j}\left({\displaystyle \frac{B_1^{}}{\sqrt{N}}}\right)^{ji},\mathrm{for}ij,`$
$`Y_{i,i}`$ $`=`$ $`𝒩_i,`$ (53)
where $`1i,jN`$. The diagonal generators $`Y_{i,i}`$ mutually commute and are hermitian with respect to  (not ), because the basis is now orthogonal (21) in the dual Fock space (23). Note that

$$Y_{i,1}Y_{1,j}=\{\begin{array}{cc}Y_{i,j}\left(𝒩_1+1\right)\mathrm{}\left(𝒩_1+j\right),\hfill & ij\hfill \\ \left(𝒩_1+1\right)\mathrm{}\left(𝒩_1+j\right)Y_{i,j},\hfill & ij.\hfill \end{array}$$
(54)
Hence, $`Y_{i,j}`$ generators can be written in terms of $`2N1`$ $`Y_{1,i}`$ generators and their hermitian conjugates. We find

$`[𝒩_1,Y_{i,j}]`$ $`=`$ $`(ij)Y_{i,j},[\overline{𝒩},Y_{i,j}]=(ij)Y_{i,j},`$
$`[H,Y_{i,j}]`$ $`=`$ $`[𝒩,Y_{i,j}]=0,[Y_{i,1},Y_{j,1}]=[Y_{1,i},Y_{1,j}]=0,i,j,`$
$`[Y_{i,1},Y_{1,j}]`$ $`=`$ $`\left[𝒩_{i,j}\delta _{ij}𝒩_1\right]B_1^{i1}B_1^{(j1)}+𝒩_{i,1}𝒩_{1,j}[B_1^{i1},B_1^{(j1)}]`$ (55)
$`=`$ $`\delta _{ij}𝒩_1g_{ii}(𝒩_1)+Y_{i,1}Y_{1,j}f_{ij}(𝒩_1),i>j,`$
with $`f`$ and $`g`$ being some rational functions of $`𝒩_1`$. The dynamical symmetry algebra $`𝒞_N(\nu )`$ is expressed in a much simpler way through the above $`\{Y_{i,j}\}`$ generators than through the $`\{X_{i,j}\}`$ or $`\{\stackrel{~}{X}_{s,s_s}\}`$ generators, but in all three cases is still of the polynomial type.

The $`𝒞_N(\nu )`$ algebras are equivalent (isomorphic) for all $`\nu `$ parameters larger than $`1/N`$. Also, they are equivalent (isomorphic) to the dynamical symmetry algebra $`𝒞_N`$ of the Hamiltonian $`H_2=H^{}E_0=_{k=1}^Nkb_k^{}b_k`$, where $`b_k`$’s satisfy the standard bosonic commutation relation, with $`b_1=B_1/\sqrt{N}`$. The generators of the corresponding symmetry algebra are

$$Z_{i,j}=\{\begin{array}{cc}b_i^{}b_j(b_1)^{ij},\hfill & i>j\hfill \\ b_i^{}b_j(b_1^{})^{ji},\hfill & i<j\hfill \\ b_i^{}b_i,\hfill & i=j\hfill \end{array}$$
(56)
and $`[H_2,Z_{i,j}]=0`$. They act among degenerate states with fixed energy $`E=𝒩,𝒩IN_0`$, of the Hamiltonian $`H_2`$. The commutation relations for $`Z_{i,j}`$’s are the same as those for $`Y_{i,j}`$’s, see Eqs.(V). This motivated us to look for a bosonic realization of the dynamical symmetry algebra.

Set 4. Finally, we present the bosonic realization of the $`𝒞_N(\nu )`$ algebra in terms of $`\{𝒥_i^\pm ,𝒥_i^0\},i=2,\mathrm{}N`$ generators which represent a generalization of Eq.(V):

$`𝒥_i^+`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{i(𝒩_11)\mathrm{}(𝒩_1i+1)}}}b_1^ib_i,`$
$`𝒥_i^{}`$ $`=`$ $`b_i^{}b_1^i{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{i(𝒩_11)\mathrm{}(𝒩_1i+1)}}}=\left(𝒥_i^+\right)^{},`$
$`𝒥_i^0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{𝒩_1}{i}}b_i^{}b_i\right).`$ (57)
One can express the generators $`\{𝒥_i^\pm ,𝒥_i^0\}`$ in terms of $`\{A_k,A_k^{}\}`$, using the expression for mapping, Eq(III), for any $`\nu >1/N`$. The coefficients in the expansion depend on the parameter $`\nu `$. The generators (V) satisfy the following new algebra for every $`i,j=2,\mathrm{},N`$:

$`[𝒥_i^0,𝒥_j^\pm ]`$ $`=`$ $`\pm {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{j}{i}}+\delta _{ij}\right)𝒥_j^\pm ,`$
$`𝒥_i^+𝒥_j^{}`$ $``$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{𝒩_1(𝒩_1i+j)}}{𝒩_1+j}}\right)𝒥_j^{}𝒥_i^+=\delta _{ij}\left({\displaystyle \frac{𝒩_1}{i}}\right),`$
$`𝒥_i^+𝒥_j^+`$ $``$ $`\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{𝒩_1i}{𝒩_1j}}}𝒥_j^+𝒥_i^+=0,[𝒥_i^0,𝒥_j^0]=0.`$ (58)
Note that the generators $`𝒥_i^+`$ and $`𝒥_i^{}`$ are hermitian conjugate to each other, and that relations (V) do not depend on $`\nu `$. The $`𝒞_N`$ algebra contains $`(N1)`$ ordinary $`SU(2)`$ subalgebras. Different $`SU(2)`$ subalgebras are connected in a non-linear way, namely relations (V) have non-linear (algebraic in $`𝒩_1`$) deformations. We demonstrate these features by the simple $`N=3`$ example:

$`\mathrm{SU}(2):`$ $`[𝒥_2^0,𝒥_2^\pm ]=\pm 𝒥_2^\pm ,[𝒥_2^+,𝒥_2^{}]=2𝒥_2^0,`$
$`\mathrm{SU}(2):`$ $`[𝒥_3^0,𝒥_3^\pm ]=\pm 𝒥_3^\pm ,[𝒥_3^+,𝒥_3^{}]=2𝒥_3^0,`$
$`[𝒥_2^0,𝒥_3^\pm ]`$ $`=`$ $`\pm {\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}𝒥_3^\pm ,[𝒥_3^0,𝒥_2^\pm ]=\pm {\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}𝒥_2^\pm ,`$
$`𝒥_2^+𝒥_3^{}`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{𝒩_1(𝒩_1+1)}}{𝒩_1+3}}𝒥_3^{}𝒥_2^+=0,`$
$`𝒥_2^+𝒥_3^+`$ $``$ $`\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{𝒩_12}{𝒩_13}}}𝒥_3^+𝒥_2^+=0.`$
The states with fixed energy $`E=𝒩`$ are given by $`_{i=1}^Nb_i^{n_i}/\sqrt{n_i!}|0`$ with $`_{i=1}^Nin_i=𝒩`$. These states are orthonormal and build an irreducible representation (IRREP) of the symmetry algebra $`𝒞_N`$.

The dimension of the IRREP on the states with fixed energy $`𝒩`$ of the $`𝒞_N`$ algebra can be obtained recursively in $`N`$:

$$D(𝒩,N)=\underset{i=0}{\overset{[𝒩/N]}{}}D(𝒩Ni,N1).$$

For example, for $`N=1`$, $`D(𝒩,1)=1`$, i.e. for a single oscillator, there is no degeneracy; for $`N=2`$, $`D(𝒩,2)=\left[\frac{𝒩}{2}\right]+1`$, $`𝒩0`$; for $`N=3`$,

$$D(𝒩,3)=\underset{i=0}{\overset{\left[\frac{𝒩}{3}\right]}{}}\left[\frac{𝒩3i}{2}\right]+\left[\frac{𝒩}{3}\right]+1.$$

More specifically, for $`𝒩=6n+i`$, for some integer $`n`$ and $`i=0,\mathrm{},5`$:

$`D(6n+i,3)`$ $`=`$ $`(3n+i)(n+1),\mathrm{for}i=1,\mathrm{},5,`$
$`D(6n,3)`$ $`=`$ $`3n(n+1)+1.`$
Note that the dynamical symmetry algebra of the Hamiltonian $`H_1=_{k=1}^Nb_k^{}b_k`$ is $`SU(N)`$. The corresponding generators are $`b_i^{}b_j`$, and $`[H_1,b_i^{}b_j]=0`$ for all $`i`$ and $`j`$. The degenerate states are $`_{i=1}^Nb_i^{n_i}/\sqrt{n_i!}|0`$ with $`_in_i=𝒩`$. They form a totally symmetric IRREP of $`SU(N)`$ described by the Young diagram with $`𝒩`$-boxes $`\underset{𝒩}{\underset{}{\text{}\text{}\text{}}}`$ Sn . The states of the same Fock space $`\{_ib_i^{n_i}/\sqrt{n_i!}|0\}`$ are differently arranged. With respect to $`H_1`$, degenerate states are organized into the $`SU(N)`$ $`\underset{𝒩}{\underset{}{\text{}\text{}\text{}}}`$ symmetric IRREP’s. However, in respect to $`H_2`$, degenerate states build the $`𝒩`$-IRREP of the $`𝒞_N`$ algebra. In this sense, one can (formally) say that the non-linear algebra $`𝒞_N`$ of the Hamiltonian $`H_2`$ is related to the boson realization of the $`SU(N)`$ algebra describing the dynamical symmetry of the Hamiltonian $`H_1`$.

## VI The Chern-Simons matrix model

### VI.1 Introduction - The physical Fock space

The Chern-Simons (CS) matrix model was obtained from the non-commutative $`U(1)`$ Chern-Simons theory, and it was conjectured that it described the quantum Hall fluid suss . The regularized version of the model, introduced in Ref.pol11 , is related to the Calogero model pol11 ; ks ; jhep . In Ref.jhep  it was shown that the minimal algebra $`𝒜_N`$ of the observables was identical in the CS matrix theory and in the Calogero model. Using the results obtained in the sections herebefore, we discuss the algebraic structure of the finite CS matrix theory in detail.

Let us start from the action proposed in Ref.pol11 :

$$S=𝑑t\frac{B}{2}\mathrm{Tr}\left\{\epsilon _{ab}\left(\dot{X}_a+i[A_0,X_a]\right)X_b+2\theta A_0\omega X_a^2\right\}+\mathrm{\Psi }^{}\left(i\dot{\mathrm{\Psi }}A_0\mathrm{\Psi }\right).$$
(59)
Here, $`A_0`$ and $`X_a,a=1,2`$, are $`N\times N`$ hermitian matrices and $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ is a complex $`N`$-vector. The eigenvalues of the matrices $`X_a`$ represent the coordinates of electrons and $`A_0`$ is a gauge field. We choose the gauge $`A_0=0`$ and impose the equation of motion for $`A_0`$ as a constraint:

$$iB[X_1,X_2]+\mathrm{\Psi }\mathrm{\Psi }^{}=B\theta .$$
(60)
The trace part of Eq.(2) gives $`\mathrm{\Psi }^{}\mathrm{\Psi }=NB\theta .`$ Notice that the commutators have so far been classical matrix commutators. After quantization, the matrix elements of $`X_a`$ and the components of $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ become operators satisfying the following commutation relations:

$`[\mathrm{\Psi }_i,\mathrm{\Psi }_j^{}]`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{ij},`$
$`[\left(X_1\right)_{ij},\left(X_2\right)_{kl}]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{B}}\delta _{il}\delta _{jk}.`$ (61)
It is convenient to introduce the operator $`A=\sqrt{\frac{B}{2}}(X_1+iX_2)`$ and its hermitian conjugate $`A^{}`$ obeying the following commutation relations:

$$[\left(A\right)_{ij},\left(A^{}\right)_{kl}]=\delta _{il}\delta _{jk},[\left(A\right)_{ij},\left(A\right)_{kl}]=[\left(A^{}\right)_{ij},\left(A^{}\right)_{kl}]=0.$$
(62)
Then, one can write the Hamiltonian of the model at hand as

$$H=\omega \left(\frac{N^2}{2}+\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}A)\right)=\omega \left(\frac{N^2}{2}+𝒩_A\right),$$
(63)
$`𝒩_A`$ being the total number operator associated with $`A`$’s. Upon quantization, the constraints (60) become the generators of unitary transformations of both $`X_a`$ and $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$. The trace part of the constraint (60) demands that (the l.h.s. being the number operator for $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$’s) $`B\theta l`$ be quantized to an integer. The traceless part of the constraint (60) demands that the wave function be invariant under $`SU(N)`$ transformations, under which $`A`$ transforms in the adjoint and $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ in the fundamental representation. Note that as $`A`$ transforms in the reducible representation $`(N^21)+1`$, with the singlet $`B_1=\mathrm{Tr}A`$, one can introduce a pure adjoint representation as $`(\overline{A})_{ij}=(A)_{ij}\delta _{ij}B_1/N`$. This slightly modifies the commutator (62), and completely decouples $`B_1`$ from the Fock space. Physically, this correspondis to the separation of the center-of-mass coordinate as it has been done for the Calogero model. However, for the sake of simplicity, this will not be done in this section. So, one has to remember that when we compare the results for the Calogero model with those for the CS matrix model, it is always up to the separation of the center-of-mass.

Energy eigenstates will be $`SU(N)`$ singlets, and explicit expressions for the wave functions were written in Ref.hell :

$$|\mathrm{\Phi }=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}(\mathrm{Tr}A^i)^{c_i}C^l|0,$$
(64)
where $`C^{}\epsilon ^{i_1\mathrm{}i_N}\mathrm{\Psi }_{i_1}^{}(\mathrm{\Psi }^{}A^{})_{i_2}\mathrm{}(\mathrm{\Psi }^{}A^{N1})_{i_N}`$, and $`(A)_{ij}|0=\mathrm{\Psi }_i|0=0`$.

The system contains $`N^2+N`$ oscillators coupled by $`N^21`$ constraint equations in the traceless part of Eq.(60). Effectively, we can describe the system wih $`N+1`$ independent oscillators. Therefore, the physical Fock space that consists of all $`SU(N)`$-invariant states can be spanned by $`N+1`$ algebraically independent operators:

$$B_n^{}\mathrm{Tr}A^n,\mathrm{with}n=1,2,\mathrm{},N,$$
(65)
and $`C^{}`$. Again, the operators $`B_k^{}`$ for $`k>N`$ can be expressed as a homogeneous polynomial of total order k in $`\{B_1^{},\mathrm{},B_N^{}\}`$, with constant coefficients which are common to all operators $`A^{}`$, see Appendix C. We use the same letter to denote observables in both models. In the CS matrix model, $`B_n=\mathrm{Tr}A^n`$ and in the Calogero model, $`B_n=_ia_i^n`$, but from the context it is clear what $`B_n`$ represent. Since

$$\mathrm{Tr}A^kC^l|0B_kC^l|0=0,k,l,$$
(66)
the state $`C^l|0|0,l`$ can be interpreted as a ground state - vacuum with respect to all operators $`B_k`$. Note that the vacuum is not normalized to one, i.e., $`0,l|0,l1`$. The whole physical Fock space can be decomposed into towers (modules) built on the ground states with different $`l`$:

$$F_{\mathrm{phys}}^{\mathrm{CS}}=\underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}F_{\mathrm{phys}}^{\mathrm{CS}}(l)=\underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\{B_k^{n_k}|0,l\}.$$

In Ref.jhep  it was shown that the states in the l-th tower of the Chern-Simons matrix model Fock space were identical to the states of the Calogero model with the interaction parameter $`\nu =l+1`$.

### VI.2 The $`𝒜_N`$ algebra, bosonic realization and dynamical symmetry

Using $`[A_{ij},B_n^{}]=n(A^{n1})_{ij}`$, we find a general expression for the commutators between observables:

$$[B_m,B_n^{}]=n\underset{r=0}{\overset{m1}{}}\mathrm{Tr}\left(A^rA^{n1}A^{mr1}\right)=m\underset{s=0}{\overset{n1}{}}\mathrm{Tr}\left(A^sA^{m1}A^{ns1}\right).$$
(67)
One can normally order the r.h.s. of Eq.(67) using the recurrent relation

$$\mathrm{Tr}(A^rA^{n1}A^{m1})=\mathrm{Tr}(A^{r1}A^{n1}A^m)+\underset{s=0}{\overset{n2}{}}\mathrm{Tr}(A^{r1}A^s)\mathrm{Tr}(A^{ns2}A^{m1}).$$
(68)
With the formal mapping $`\mathrm{Tr}(A^rA^sA^k)_ia_i^ra_i^sa_i^k`$, relation (67) goes to the relation valid for the observables in the Calogero model. Also, the recurrent relation (68) has its counterpart in the Calogero model with $`\nu =1`$, with the same formal mapping. The minimal algebra $`𝒜_N`$ including only observables of the type $`B_n`$ and $`B_n^{}`$, defined by the following relations (including the corresponding hermitian conjugate relations):

$$[B_{i_1},[B_{i_2},[\mathrm{},[B_{i_n},B_n^{}]\mathrm{}]]=n!\underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{n}{}}i_\alpha B_{In},$$
(69)
where $`I=_{\alpha =1}^ni_\alpha `$ and $`i_1,\mathrm{},i_n,n=1,2,\mathrm{},N`$. The identical successive commutators relations (69) hold for the observables acting on the $`S_N`$-symmetric Fock space of the Calogero model, see Eq.(14), the only difference being that in the Calogero model we have separated the center-of-mass motion. The minimal set of generalized vacuum conditions needed to completely define the representation of the algebra (69) on the Fock space is

$`B_2B_2^{}|0,l`$ $`=`$ $`2N(N+lNl)|0,l,`$
$`B_3B_3^{}|0,l`$ $`=`$ $`3N[N^2+1+l(N1)(2N1)+l^2(N1)(N2)]|0,l=y|0,l,`$
$`B_3B_3^2|0,l`$ $`=`$ $`54\{(l+1)B_1^{}B_2^{}+[N+(N2)l+y/27]B_3^{}\}|0,l.`$ (70)
The generalized vacuum conditions for the CS matrix model (VI.2) are the same as those for the Calogero model with the interaction parameter $`\nu =l+1`$ jhep .

Using the results obtained in the Calogero model, we can construct a mapping from free Bose oscillators $`\{b_i,b_i^{}\}`$ to $`\{B_i,B_i^{}\}`$. However, the coefficients in the expansion

$$B_n^{}=\underset{k}{}(b^{})^{n+k}(b)^k$$

depend on $`l`$, i. e. they are not the same for all towers in the physical Fock space. On the other hand, we can construct a mapping that includes the $`C`$ operator and its bosonic conterpart $`c_0`$:

$$B_n^{}=\underset{k,l}{}(b^{})^{n+k}c_o^lc_0^l(b)^k,$$

$$C^{}=\underset{k,l}{}(b^{})^kc_o^{l+1}c_0^l(b)^k,$$

where

$$[b_i,b_j^{}]=\delta _{ij},[c_0,c_0^{}]=1,[b_i,c_0^{}]=0.$$

The inverse mapping is given similarly as

$$b_n^{}=\underset{k,l}{}(B^{})^{n+k}C^lC^l(B)^k,$$

$$c_0^{}=\underset{k,l}{}(B^{})^kC^{l+1}C^l(B)^k.$$

As in the case of the Calogero model, these mappings are not unique, but there exist a simple and natural choice of the boundary condition, see Eqs.(III) and (28). The mapping to bosons provides a natural orthogonal basis.

In order to describe the dynamical symmetry of the CS matrix model we can use the same relations as those obtained for the Calogero model. The generators of the symmetry algebra obtained from the Calogero model act within a fixed tower of states in $`F_{\mathrm{phys}}^{\mathrm{CS}}`$. However, one can introduce an additional generator acting between different towers in order to describe the larger dynamical symmetry connecting all degenerate states in the CS matrix model.

### VI.3 The $`_N^{\mathrm{CS}}`$ algebra

The problem of finding the underlying algebra of observables in the CS matrix model is more complicated than in the Calogero model. An additional problem is that in the CS matrix model there are more invariants of a given order. For example, let us consider the set of six observables of the fourth order $`\{\mathrm{Tr}(A^2A^2),\mathrm{Tr}(AA^2A),\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}A^2A^{}),\mathrm{Tr}(A^2A^2),\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}AA^{}A),\mathrm{Tr}(AA^{}AA^{})\}`$. After performing the normal ordering (see Appendix C), we find that there are two independent, normally ordered invariants $`\{\mathrm{Tr}(A^2A^2),A_{ij}^{}A_{kl}^{}A_{jk}A_{li}\}`$, for $`N4`$. (For $`N=3`$ there is only one independent invariant of that order.) In the Calogero model, for $`N4`$ there is only one invariant of the fourth order $`a_i^2a_i^2`$. Hence, we cannot describe the $`_N^{\mathrm{CS}}`$ algebra in terms of the generators $`B_{m,n}=\mathrm{Tr}(A^mA^n)`$ in a way analogous to the procedure in the Calogero model.

There are two approaches to the construction of algebra of observables in the CS matrix model. Generally, these two approaches result in different algebra, although in the Calogero model they produce the same algebra. The first one is to write all possible invariants in $`A^{}`$ and $`A`$, and then to reduce them to the normally ordered ones. The main point is that this set of normally ordered inariants coincides with the set of all invariants in two $`N\times N`$ matrices $`X`$ and $`Y`$ of which the matrix elements are $`c`$ numbers. The problem thus reduces to finding the minimal number of algebraically independent invariants of two $`N\times N`$ matrices. This was solved explicitly for $`N=2,3`$ by Sibirski Sib  and for general $`N`$ by Donkin don . One starts with the finite set of the algebraically independent invariants, for example, for $`N=3`$ with $`\{B_1,B_2,B_3,B_1^{},B_2^{},B_3^{},\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}A),\mathrm{Tr}(A^2A),\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}A^2),\mathrm{Tr}(A^2A^2),:\mathrm{Tr}(A^2A^2A^{}A):\}`$, and calculates all possible commutators between them. The results are invariant operators that can be expressed generally in terms of polynomials in algebraically independent invariants. Note that the basic set of independent invariants is not unique and can be chosen in different ways. However, each invariant can be uniquely expressed in terms of a given basic set of algebraically independent invariants. Generally, one can express the commutator between any two observables as a polynomial in terms of basic generators. This approach is under investigation and will be reported separately.

The second approach is a generalization of our construction of the $`𝒜_N`$ algebra. Namely, we start with a minimal number of generators $`\{B_1,B_2,\mathrm{},B_1^{},B_2^{},\mathrm{}\}`$ describing the complete physical Fock space, and try to close the algebra under the Lie bracket (commutator) with a minimal number of additional generators. For finite $`N`$, the algebra is finite and generally contains less generators compared with the first approach. Since the result of the Lie-commutator of two generators is a polynomial in the basic generators, we call the algebra of this type finite polynomial Lie algebra.

For $`N=2`$, the $`_2`$ algebras for the Calogero model and the CS matrix model are equivalent, but for $`N3`$ they differ. We demonstrate this by the $`N=3`$ example. We start the construction of the $`_3^{\mathrm{CS}}`$ algebra with $`\{B_1,B_2,B_3,B_1^{},B_2,^{}B_3^{}\}`$ and four additional generators $`𝒪_{1,1},𝒪_{1,2},𝒪_{2,1},𝒪_{2,2}`$ defined as

$$[B_i,B_j^{}]=ij𝒪_{i1,j1},i,j=2,3.$$

The operators $`\{B_2,B_2^{},𝒪_{1,1}\}`$ build the $`su(1,1)`$ algebra. This algebra is a subalgebra of every polynomial Lie algebra $`_N^{\mathrm{CS}}`$. The operator $`𝒪_{1,1}`$, (the total number operator) satisfies the following relation:

$$[𝒪_{1,1},𝒪_{i,j}]=(ij)𝒪_{i,j}.$$

The $`_3^{\mathrm{CS}}`$ algebra is defined by two types of commutation relations:

$$[B_i,𝒪_{j,k}]=ij𝒪_{j1,k+i1},[B_i^{},𝒪_{j,k}]=ik𝒪_{i+j1,k1},$$
(71)
and

$$[𝒪_{i+1,j+1},𝒪_{k+1,l+1}]=(jkil)𝒪_{i+k+1,j+l+1},i,j,l,k=0,1.$$
(72)
The latter commutator (72) follows from the former (71) and the Jacobi identities.

It is important to note that the invariant of the sixth order $`\mathrm{Tr}(A^2A^2A^{}A)`$ does not participate in the above algebra! This means that although the above algebra $`_3^{\mathrm{CS}}`$ is the minimal algebra, closed under commutation, it is not complete in the sense that we do not know the commutator between any two observables. The second important point is that the above algebra $`_3^{\mathrm{CS}}`$ applies equally well to the three-body Calogero model. The only difference is that the invariant $`𝒪_{2,2}`$ in the Calogero model can be expressed in terms of the lower invariants, see Appendix A. However, when we reduce the set of generators for $`_3^{\mathrm{Cal}}`$ to nine, using the identity for $`𝒪_{2,2}`$, we obtain a different algebra with different commutation relations. The above construction can be generalized for any finite $`N`$. The generators are of the form $`B_n`$, $`B_m^{}`$, $`[B_n,B_m^{}]`$, $`[B_k,[B_n,B_m^{}]]`$, etc. The number of generators is finite, with an upper limit of $`2N^2`$ generators. Of course, the lower limit of the number of generators is the number of generators of $`_N^{\mathrm{Cal}}`$ in the Calogero model - $`1/2(N+4)(N1)`$. Using Jacobi identities the commutator of any two generators can be expressed as a combination of successive commutators. Some of them are generators of the algebra, and the others can be expressed as polynomials of generators. Here we give some simple, general results:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{[B_{i_{n1}},\mathrm{},[B_i,B_n^{}]\mathrm{}]}{\left(_{\alpha =1}^{n1}i_\alpha \right)n!}}={\displaystyle \frac{[B_{I^{}n+2},B_2^{}]}{2(I^{}n+2)}},I^{}={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{n1}{}}}i_\alpha ,`$
$`\mathrm{Tr}(A^rAA^s+A^sAA^r)=\mathrm{Tr}(A^{r+s}A+AA^{r+s}).`$ (73)
The authors of Ref.poly-mx  considered the infinite set of all successive commutators of the type $`[g_{i_1},[g_{i_2},\mathrm{},[g_{i_n},g_{i_{n+1}}]\mathrm{}]`$, where $`g_i`$ is either $`B_i`$ or $`B_i^{}`$, $`i`$ natural number. This set was closed under commutation, which followed from the Jacobi identities, and all generators were ”mirror” symmetric. However, they did not know how the algebra $`𝒢`$ looked like explicitly, and gave a step by step construction. As their main results they presented a Table with numbers of linearly independent invariants of a given type $`(n,m)`$, but they completely omitted the discussion of non-linear identities between invariants that are crucial for the finite number of degrees of freedom. The conclusion of Ref.poly-mx  was that the algebras $`𝒢`$ for the Calogero model and for the matrix model were the same. Although this is true, the actual models are different, as can be seen from the algebraic structure obtained for a fixed number of particles $`N`$.

## VII Conclusion

The minimal algebra $`𝒜_N`$ of invariant operators $`A_i`$ defined by the successive commutation relation and the generalized vacuum conditions completely define the action of the operators $`A_i`$ on the states in the physical Fock space. The general structure of the $`𝒜_N`$ algebra can be viewed as a generalization of triple operator algebras trip  to the $`(N+1)`$-tuple operator algebra. For $`N=2`$, the $`𝒜_2(\nu )`$ algebra is just $`[A_2,[A_2,A_2^{}]]=8A_2`$ for a single oscillator $`A_2=(a_1a_2)^2/2`$ describing the relative motion in the two-body problem.

We have constructed an orthogonal basis $`\stackrel{~}{A}_i`$ in the dual Fock space. The operators $`\stackrel{~}{A}_i`$ and $`A_j^{}`$ are conjugate to each other with respect to the new scalar product that they induce on the dual Fock space. This construction differs from the construction proposed in Ref.ind  where conjugated operators with different indices do not commute. Furthermore, we have shown that there exists a mapping from ordinary Bose oscillators to operators $`A_k,A_k^{}`$, and its inverse, and in this way we have obtained a natural orthogonal basis for the symmetric Fock space.

Since this algebraic structure is identical in the Calogero model with that in the CS matrix model, all above-mentioned results aplly equally to both models.

It has been shown ks ; jhep  that the states in the $`l`$th tower of the CS matrix model Fock space are equivalent to the states in the physical Fock space of the Calogero model with the interaction parameter $`\nu =l+1`$. Therefore, in order to describe the dynamical symmetry of the CS matrix model, we can use the same relations as those obtained for the Calogero model.

The authors of Ref.poly-mx  claim that the infinite algebra $`𝒢`$, analyzed in their paper, is common to both, the Calogero model and the CS matrix model. In fact, this algebra is common to all systems of infinitely many identical particles. However, the analysis of the finite CS matrix model proposed in Ref.pol11  requires finite algebras of observables. We have shown that owing to the trace identities between observables for finite $`N`$, the effective, minimal, finite $`_N`$ algebras of observables for the Calogero model and the CS matrix model are quite different. The $`_N^{\mathrm{CS}}`$ algebra contains more algebraically independent observables than $`_N^{\mathrm{Cal}}`$. Also, in the CS matrix model one has to be careful when constructing the $`_N^{\mathrm{CS}}`$ algebra. There are two different methods of constructing the algebra and they lead to different results, as we have demonstrated by the $`N=3`$ example. Moreover, for the Calogero model, $`_N^{\mathrm{Cal}}`$ can be connected to $`W`$ algebras, whereas for the CS matrix model it is unclear whether $`_N^{\mathrm{CS}}`$ represents a generalization of the $`W`$ algebra.

Acknowledgment

We would like to thank V. Romanovsky and D. Svrtan for useful discussions. This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Republic of Croatia under contract No. 00980103.

## Appendix A

It is known Mac ; MF  that the sum of powers $`B_n=_{i=1}^Na_i^n`$ for $`n>N`$ can be expressed in terms of $`B_k,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}1}kN`$ in the form $`B_n=\left(B\right)^n.`$ In the preceding sections we have claimed that there exist similar relations for the elements of the algebras $`A_N(\nu )`$ and $`B_N(\nu )`$ of the form

$$A_n=\left(A\right)^n,n>N,$$
(74)
and more generally,

$$\overline{B}_{n,m}=\left(\overline{B}_{n_\alpha ,m_\alpha }\right),n+m>N,$$
(75)
where $`n_\alpha n,m_\alpha m`$. Here we give a method for calculating the coefficients in the identities (74) and (75).

For fixed $`N`$, let us denote

$$A_n=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N1}{}}\overline{a}_i^n+()^n\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{N1}{}}\overline{a}_i\right)^n,$$
(76)
where $`\overline{a}_1,\mathrm{},\overline{a}_{N1}`$ are independent operators. Since these operators mutually commute, we treat the above identity as an identity in the ring of polynomials in real variables $`a_iIR`$. In order to calculate the coefficients in Eq.(74), we construct a set of linear equations inserting some points $`(a_1,a_2,\mathrm{},a_{N1})`$ in Eq.(74). For example, the point $`(\underset{N1}{\underset{}{1,k,0,\mathrm{},0}})`$ gives $`A_n=1+k^n+()^n(1+k)^n`$ for $`A_n`$ in Eq.(76). For $`N=2`$, one easily finds

$$A_{2k}=\frac{1}{2^{k1}}A_2^k,A_{2k+1}=0,k>1.$$

We also list some results for $`N=3`$:

$`A_4`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}A_2^2,`$
$`A_5`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{5}{6}}A_2A_3,`$
$`A_6`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}A_2^3+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}A_3^2,`$
and for $`N=4`$:

$`A_5`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{5}{6}}A_2A_3,`$
$`A_6`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}A_2A_4{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}A_2^3+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}A_3^2,`$
$`A_7`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{7}{12}}A_3A_4+{\displaystyle \frac{7}{24}}A_2^2A_3.`$
To calculate the coefficients in Eq.(75), we proceed in two steps. First, we find the coefficients in the following relation:

$$\overline{B}_{n,m}=:\overline{B}_{n_\alpha ,m_\alpha }:,$$
(77)
where $`n_\alpha =n,m_\alpha =m`$, and $`:𝒪:`$ denotes normal ordering of the operator $`𝒪`$, $`\overline{a}_i^{}`$ on left and $`\overline{a}_j`$ on the right. Since by definition $`:a_ia_j^{}:=:a_j^{}a_i:`$, we consider the identity (77) as an identity in the ring of polynomials in two sets of commuting, real variables. Then we construct a set of linear equations inserting some points in relations (75) and (77). For example, for points $`\{\overline{a}_1^{},\mathrm{},\overline{a}_{N1}^{}\}=\{1,k,0,\mathrm{},0\}\mathrm{and}\{\overline{a}_1,\mathrm{},\overline{a}_{N1}\}=\{l,0,\mathrm{},0,1\}`$ the corresponding invariants are:

$`\overline{B}_{n,m}`$ $`=`$ $`l+()^{m+n}(1+k)^n(1+l)^m,m>0,n,`$
$`A_n^{}`$ $`=`$ $`1+k^n+()^n(1+k)^n,n,`$
$`A_n`$ $`=`$ $`1+l^n+()^n(1+k)^n,n.`$
For the $`N=2`$ case, we find

$`\overline{B}_{n,m}=0,\mathrm{for}n+m=\mathrm{odd},`$
$`\overline{B}_{2k,2l}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2^{k+l1}}}A_2^kA_2^l,\overline{B}_{2k+1,2l+1}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2^{k+l1}}}A_2^k\overline{B}_{1,1}A_2^l.`$
We also have a set of relations for $`N=3`$:

$`\overline{B}_{3,1}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}A_2^{}\overline{B}_{1,1},`$
$`\overline{B}_{2,2}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}:\overline{B}_{1,1}^2:+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}A_2^{}A_2,`$
$`\overline{B}_{4,1}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}A_3^{}\overline{B}_{1,1}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}A_2^{}\overline{B}_{2,1},`$
$`\overline{B}_{3,2}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{7}{12}}A_3^{}A_2+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}A_2^{}\overline{B}_{1,2}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}:\overline{B}_{2,1}\overline{B}_{1,1}:.`$
In the four-particle case, the expressions for $`\overline{B}_{4,1}`$ and $`\overline{B}_{3,2}`$ are the same as in the three-particle case, and we present results for $`B_{5,1}`$, $`\overline{B}_{4,2}`$ and $`\overline{B}_{3,3}`$:

$`\overline{B}_{5,1}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}A_3^{}\overline{B}_{2,1}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}A_2^{}B_{3,1},`$
$`\overline{B}_{4,2}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}A_4^{}A_2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}A_2^2A_2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}A_2^{}\overline{B}_{2,2}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}A_3^{}\overline{B}_{1,2},`$
$`\overline{B}_{3,3}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{24}}A_3^{}A_3+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}:\overline{B}_{2,2}\overline{B}_{1,1}:{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}:\overline{B}_{1,1}^3:+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{8}}:\overline{B}_{2,1}\overline{B}_{1,2}:.`$
Note that identities for $`\overline{B}_{n,m}`$ transform into identities for $`A_{n+m}`$ after identification $`\overline{a}_i^{}=\overline{a}_i`$.

In the second step we express the normally ordered products in terms of the elements of the $`\overline{B}_N(\nu )`$ algebra:

$$:\overline{B}_{n_\alpha ,m_\alpha }:=(\overline{B}_{n_\alpha ^{},m_\alpha ^{}}),n_\alpha ^{}n_\alpha ,m_\alpha ^{}m_\alpha ,$$
(78)
using the commutation relations (II). We present few examples:

$`:\overline{B}_{1,1}^2:`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{B}_{1,1}(\overline{B}_{1,1}1+N\nu ),`$
$`:\overline{B}_{2,1}\overline{B}_{1,1}:`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{B}_{2,1}(\overline{B}_{1,1}1+N\nu ),`$
$`:\overline{B}_{2,1}\overline{B}_{1,2}:`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{B}_{2,1}\overline{B}_{1,2}(1N\nu )\left(\overline{B}_{2,2}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}A_2^{}A_2\right),`$
$`:\overline{B}_{2,2}\overline{B}_{1,1}:`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{B}_{2,2}(\overline{B}_{1,1}2+N\nu )\nu A_2^{}A_2,`$
$`:\overline{B}_{1,1}^3:`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{B}_{1,1}(\overline{B}_{1,1}1+N\nu )(\overline{B}_{1,1}2+2N\nu 2\nu )\nu (A_2^{}A_2+N\overline{B}_{2,2}).`$
Finally, we have

$`\overline{B}_{2,2}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\overline{B}_{1,1}^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\overline{B}_{1,1}(1N\nu )+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}A_2^{}A_2,N3,`$
$`\overline{B}_{3,2}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{7}{12}}A_3^{}A_2+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}A_2^{}\overline{B}_{1,2}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\overline{B}_{2,1}\overline{B}_{1,1}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\overline{B}_{2,1}(1N\nu ),N4,`$
$`\overline{B}_{3,3}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{24}}A_3^{}A_3{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}\overline{B}_{1,1}(\overline{B}_{1,1}1+N\nu )(\overline{B}_{1,1}2+2N\nu 2\nu )+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}\overline{B}_{2,2}\overline{B}_{1,1}`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{8}}\overline{B}_{2,1}\overline{B}_{1,2}{\displaystyle \frac{5}{4}}\overline{B}_{2,2}\left({\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}N\nu \right)+A_2^{}A_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{3}{8N}}\nu \right),N5.`$
## Appendix B

In this appendix we perform some explicit calculations for the $`𝒜_3(\nu )`$ algebra. The minimal set of relations which define the $`𝒜_3`$ algebra of operators $`\{A_2,A_3,A_2^{},A_3^{},\overline{𝒩}\}`$ is

$`[A_i[A_2,A_2^{}]]=4iA_i,`$
$`[A_3,[A_3,A_2^{}]]=3A_2^2,`$
$`[A_i,[A_2,[A_3,A_3^{}]]]=6iA_iA_2,i=2,3,`$
$`[A_2,[A_2,[A_2,A_3^{}]]]=48A_3,`$
$`[A_3,[A_3,[A_3,A_3^{}]]]=54A_3^2{\displaystyle \frac{9}{2}}A_2^3.`$ (79)
For a given representation with fixed parameter $`\nu `$, we also need generalized vacuum conditions:

$`A_2|0=A_3|0=A_2A_3^{}|0=A_3A_2^{}|0=A_3A_2^2|0=0,`$
$`A_2A_2^{}|0=4(1+3\nu )|0,A_3A_3^{}|0=2(1+3\nu )(2+3\nu )|0,`$
$`A_3A_2^{}A_3^{}|0=2(2+3\nu )(4+3\nu )A_2^{}|0,A_3A_3^2|0=2(2+3\nu )(11+6\nu )A_3^{}|0.`$ (80)
The algebra (Appendix B), with the vacuum conditions (Appendix B), has a unique representation on $`F_{\mathrm{symm}}`$. Using Eqs.(Appendix B) and (Appendix B) one finds the action of the operators $`A_2`$ and $`A_3`$ on any state in the Fock space:

$`A_2|n_2,n_3=3\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n_3}{2}}\right)|n_2+2,n_32+4n_2(3n_3+n_2+3\nu )|n_21,n_3,`$
$`A_3|n_2,n_3=2(n_3(2+3\nu )(1+3\nu +3n_2)+9\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n_3}{2}}\right)(2+3\nu +n_2)+27\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n_3}{3}}\right)+6n_3\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n_2}{2}}\right))\times `$
$`\times |n_2,n_31+48\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n_2}{3}}\right)|n_23,n_3+1{\displaystyle \frac{81}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n_3}{3}}\right)|n_2+3,n_33.`$ (81)
The ket $`|n_2,n_3`$ denotes the state $`A_2^{n_2}A_3^{n_3}|0`$.

Here we demonstrate how to construct an orthogonal basis in the dual Fock space defined by (23). We write the general expression (24), up to $`k+n5`$:

$`\stackrel{~}{A}_2`$ $`=`$ $`g_2A_2+g_{22}A_2^{}A_2^2+g_{23}A_3^{}A_2A_3+\mathrm{}`$
$`\stackrel{~}{A}_3`$ $`=`$ $`g_3A_3+g_{32}A_2^{}A_2A_3+\mathrm{},`$ (82)
with unknown coefficients g. To calculate five unknown coefficients in (Appendix B), we need the following relations:

$`A_2A_2^{}|0`$ $`=`$ $`4(1+3\nu )|0,`$
$`A_3A_3^{}|0`$ $`=`$ $`2(1+3\nu )(2+3\nu )|0,`$
$`A_2A_2^2|0`$ $`=`$ $`8(2+3\nu )A_2^{}|0,`$
$`A_2A_2^{}A_3^{}|0`$ $`=`$ $`4(4+3\nu )A_3^{}|0,`$
$`A_3A_2^{}A_3^{}|0`$ $`=`$ $`2(2+3\nu )(4+3\nu )A_2^{}|0.`$ (83)
Next, we apply Eqs.(Appendix B) to the states in the Fock space, and using (Appendix B) we obtain

$`\stackrel{~}{A}_2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4(1+3\nu )}}A_2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{16(1+3\nu )^2(2+3\nu )}}A_2^{}A_2^2{\displaystyle \frac{3}{8(1+3\nu )^2(2+3\nu )(4+3\nu )}}A_3^{}A_3A_2+\mathrm{},`$
$`\stackrel{~}{A}_3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2(1+3\nu )(2+3\nu )}}A_3{\displaystyle \frac{3}{8(1+3\nu )^2(2+3\nu )(4+3\nu )}}A_2^{}A_2A_3+\mathrm{}.`$
Next, we calculate the coefficients in the expressions (III), up to $`k+n5`$, thus finding the mapping from the Bose oscillators $`\{b_i,b_i^{}\}`$ to the operators $`\{A_i,A_i^{}\}`$, and vice versa. We write the general expression

$`A_2`$ $`=`$ $`f_2b_2+f_{22}b_2^{}b_2^2+f_{23}b_3^{}b_2b_3+\mathrm{}`$
$`A_3`$ $`=`$ $`f_3b_3+f_{32}b_2^{}b_2b_3+\mathrm{},`$ (84)
with unknown coefficients f. Inserting the expansion (Appendix B) into Eqs.(Appendix B) and solving for f’s, we obtain

$`A_2`$ $`=`$ $`2\sqrt{1+3\nu }b_2+2\left(\sqrt{2+3\nu }\sqrt{1+3\nu }\right)b_2^{}b_2^2+2\left(\sqrt{4+3\nu }\sqrt{1+3\nu }\right)b_3^{}b_2b_3+\mathrm{},`$
$`A_3`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{2(1+3\nu )(2+3\nu )}b_3+\left(\sqrt{2(4+3\nu )(2+3\nu )}\sqrt{2(1+3\nu )(2+3\nu )}\right)b_2^{}b_2b_3+\mathrm{},`$ (85)
and similarly for hermitian conjugates.

The norms in the $`\{A_2^{n_2}A_3^{n_3}|0\}`$ Fock space are positive if $`\nu >1/3`$ (see Eq.(II)), and we look for inverse mapping. The general expressions are

$`b_2`$ $`=`$ $`f_2^{}A_2+f_{22}^{}A_2^{}A_2^2+f_{23}^{}A_3^{}A_2A_3+\mathrm{}`$
$`b_3`$ $`=`$ $`f_3^{}A_3+f_{32}^{}A_2^{}A_2A_3+\mathrm{}.`$ (86)
Inserting these relations into

$$b_ib_j^{}|0=\delta _{ij}|0,b_ib_i^{}b_j^{}|0=(1+\delta _{ij})b_j^{}|0,$$

and solving for unknown coefficients, we find

$`b_2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{A_2}{2\sqrt{1+3\nu }}}+{\displaystyle \frac{A_2^{}A_2^2}{8(1+3\nu )^{3/2}}}\left(\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1+3\nu }{2+3\nu }}}1\right)`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{A_3^{}A_2A_3}{4(1+3\nu )^{3/2}(2+3\nu )}}\left(\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1+3\nu }{4+3\nu }}}1\right)+\mathrm{},`$
$`b_3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{A_3}{\sqrt{2(1+3\nu )(2+3\nu )}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{A_2^{}A_2A_3}{4\sqrt{2(1+3\nu )^3(2+3\nu )}}}\left(\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1+3\nu }{4+3\nu }}}1\right)+\mathrm{}.`$ (87)
After determining the mapping, we are in a position to construct the orthogonal states. The first few of these states are as follows:

$`b_2^{}|0={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\sqrt{1+3\nu }}}A_2^{}|0,b_3^{}|0={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2(1+3\nu )(2+3\nu )}}}A_3^{}|0,`$
$`b_2^2|0={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\sqrt{(1+3\nu )(2+3\nu )}}}A_2^2|0,`$
$`b_2^{}b_3^{}|0={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\sqrt{2(1+3\nu )(2+3\nu )(4+3\nu )}}}A_2^{}A_3^{}|0,`$
$`b_2^3|0={\displaystyle \frac{1}{8\sqrt{3(1+3\nu )(2+3\nu )(1+\nu )}}}A_2^3|0,`$
$`b_3^2|0=\alpha \left(12(1+\nu )A_3^2|0+A_2^3|0\right),`$
$`\alpha ^1=12\sqrt{2(1+\nu )(1+3\nu )(2+3\nu )[(1+\nu )(2+3\nu )(11+6\nu )2]}.`$ (88)
## Appendix C

We propose a method for constructing algebraic relations between observables in the Chern-Simons matrix model. The starting point is the Cayley-Hamilton theorem. For a $`N\times N`$ matrix $`A`$, it expresses $`A^N`$ as a linear function of lower powers of $`A`$, with coefficients which are symmetric functions of eigenvalues of $`A`$:

$$A^N=e_1A^{N1}e_2A^{N2}+\mathrm{}()^{N1}e_N\mathrm{𝟏}\mathrm{I},$$
(89)
where $`e_r`$ is the $`r`$th elementary symmetric function Mac  of eigenvalues of $`A`$. The trace of Eq.(89) can be written in the following form:

$$p_N=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}()^{i1}e_ip_{Ni},$$
(90)
where $`p_r`$ is the $`r`$th power sum Mac  of eigenvalues of $`A`$. Using Eqs. (89) and (90) we can generate algebraic relations between observables, for fixed $`N`$. We will demonstrate the method for the $`N=2`$ and $`N=3`$ cases.

For $`N=2`$, the Cayley-Hamilton theorem gives

$$A^2=(\mathrm{Tr}A)A\mathrm{det}A\mathrm{𝟏}\mathrm{I}=B_1A\mathrm{det}A\mathrm{𝟏}\mathrm{I},$$
(91)
and the trace of (91) gives

$$B_2=B_1^22\mathrm{d}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{t}A.$$
(92)
First, we generate some algebraic relations expressing observable the $`B_n`$, defined in (65), for $`n3`$, using only $`B_1`$ and $`B_2`$. One multiplies Eq.(91) by $`A`$, takes a trace and expresses $`\mathrm{det}A`$ using Eq.(92), to obtain:

$$B_3=\frac{3}{2}B_2B_1\frac{1}{2}B_1^3.$$
(93)
The expression for $`B_4`$ is obtained along the same lines, but we also have to use the relation (93):

$$B_4=\frac{1}{2}B_2^2+B_2B_1^2\frac{1}{2}B_1^4.$$
(94)
Recursively, we can generete all algebraic relations expressing $`B_n`$, $`n3`$, using only $`B_1`$ and $`B_2`$. Of course, when we put $`B_1=0`$, we obtain results valid for $`A_j`$ operators in the Calogero model (see Appendix A).

For the $`N=3`$, case we present a few relations obtained along the same lines. The Cayley-Hamilton theorem gives

$$A^3=(\mathrm{Tr}A)A^2+\frac{1}{2}[\mathrm{Tr}A^2(\mathrm{Tr}A)^2]A+\mathrm{det}A\mathrm{𝟏}\mathrm{I},$$
(95)
and from the trace of Eq.(95) we obtain

$$\mathrm{det}A=\frac{1}{3}B_3\frac{1}{2}B_1B_2+\frac{1}{6}B_1^3.$$
(96)
Using Eqs.(95) and (96) one easily obtains

$`B_4`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}B_2^2B_2B_1^2+{\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}}B_3B_1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}B_1^4,`$
$`B_5`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{5}{6}}B_2B_3+{\displaystyle \frac{5}{6}}B_3B_1^2{\displaystyle \frac{5}{6}}B_2B_1^3+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}B_1^5,`$
$`B_6`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}B_2^3+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}B_3^2+B_3B_2B_1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}B_3B_1^3{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}B_2^2B_1^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}B_2B_1^4+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{12}}B_1^6.`$ (97)
Next, we turn to the elements of the algebra $`_N^{\mathrm{CS}}`$. These observables are all of the type $`\mathrm{Tr}(A^{n_1}A^{m_1}\mathrm{}A^{n_k}A^{m_k})`$, where $`m_i,n_i\{1,2,\mathrm{},(N1)\}`$, and $`k<N`$. They are not all algebraically indepedent, and in the following we give a method for constructing the relations between them.

We are dealing with matrices whose matrix elements are operators, so we have to take care of ordering. It is important to observe that the relations between normally ordered invariants are identical to relations between invariants in two $`N\times N`$ matrices whose matrix elements are $`c`$-numbers. Therefore, our first step is to reduce observables to normally ordered ones. For example,

$`\mathrm{Tr}(AA^n)=\mathrm{Tr}(A^nA)+{\displaystyle \underset{s=0}{\overset{n1}{}}}\mathrm{Tr}A^s\mathrm{Tr}A^{ns1},`$
$`\mathrm{Tr}(AA^{}AA^{})=:\mathrm{Tr}(AA^{}AA^{}):+3N\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}A)+N^3,`$
$`\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}AA^{}A)=:\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}AA^{}A):+\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}A),`$
$`\mathrm{Tr}(A^2A^2)=\mathrm{Tr}(A^2A^2)+3N\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}A)+2\mathrm{T}\mathrm{r}A^{}\mathrm{Tr}A+N(N^2+1),`$
$`\mathrm{Tr}(AA^2A)=\mathrm{Tr}(A^2A^2)+\mathrm{Tr}A^{}\mathrm{Tr}A+N\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}A),`$
$`\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}A^2A^{})=\mathrm{Tr}(A^2A^2)+\mathrm{Tr}A^{}\mathrm{Tr}A+N\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}A),`$
$`\mathrm{Tr}(A^2AA^{})=\mathrm{Tr}(A^3A)+N\mathrm{Tr}A^2,`$
$`\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}AA^2)=\mathrm{Tr}(A^3A)+N\mathrm{Tr}A^2+(\mathrm{Tr}A^{})^2.`$ (98)
Now, we can construct the relations connecting normally orderd observables starting from the expressions for $`B_k\mathrm{Tr}(A^k)`$. For example, in the $`N=3`$ case, we use the first relation in Eq.(Appendix C) to write

$`:\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}+A)^4:`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}:(\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}+A)^2)^2::\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}+A)^2::(\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}+A))^2:`$ (99)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}}:\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}+A)^3\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}+A):+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}:(\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}+A)):^4.`$
This relation gives us an identity expressing observables of order $`(3,1)`$ as functions of observables of lower order. An observable of order $`(m,n)`$ is any observable of the type $`\mathrm{Tr}(AA^{}\mathrm{}A\mathrm{})`$ with $`m`$ $`A^{}`$ and $`n`$ $`A`$ matrices in the trace. We take $`:\mathrm{Tr}(A^3A+A^2A^{}A+AA^{}A^2+AA^3):`$ on the l.h.s of Eq.(99) and we pick up all terms of the same order in $`A^{}`$ and $`A`$ on the r.h.s. Thus, we obtain the following result:

$`\mathrm{Tr}(A^3A)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{Tr}A^2\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}A){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{Tr}A^2\mathrm{Tr}A^{}\mathrm{Tr}A{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\mathrm{Tr}A^{})^2\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}A)`$ (100)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}(\mathrm{Tr}A^{})^3\mathrm{Tr}A+\mathrm{Tr}A^{}\mathrm{Tr}(A^2A)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\mathrm{Tr}A^3\mathrm{Tr}A,`$
Using (100) and relations given in (Appendix C) we can express all observables of order $`(3,1)`$ as functions of observables of lower order. From relation (99) we also obtain a relation for observables of order $`(2,2)`$ \- we simply pick the terms of order $`(2,2)`$ on both sides of Eq.(99):

$`2\mathrm{T}\mathrm{r}(A^2A^2)+:\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}AA^{}A):=:(\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}A))^2:+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{Tr}A^2\mathrm{Tr}A^22\mathrm{T}\mathrm{r}A^{}\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}A)\mathrm{Tr}A`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{Tr}A^2(\mathrm{Tr}A)^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\mathrm{Tr}A^{})^2\mathrm{Tr}A^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\mathrm{Tr}A^{})^2(\mathrm{Tr}A)^2+2\mathrm{T}\mathrm{r}(A^2A)\mathrm{Tr}A+2\mathrm{T}\mathrm{r}A^{}\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}A^2).`$
To obtain all relations among the invariants one uses the Cayley-Hamilton theorem for matrix $`C=A^{}+\lambda A`$. For $`k>N`$ we can write $`\mathrm{Tr}C^k`$ as a polynomial in $`\mathrm{Tr}C,\mathrm{},\mathrm{Tr}C^N`$, and project terms with $`\lambda ^n`$, $`n=1,2,\mathrm{},(k1)`$. We start with $`k=N+1`$ and construct algebraicaly independent invariants, step by step, by going to higher $`k`$.

For completeness, we give some results for $`N=2`$ case:

$`\mathrm{Tr}(A^2A)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{Tr}A^2\mathrm{Tr}A+\mathrm{Tr}A^{}\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}A){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\mathrm{Tr}A^{})^2\mathrm{Tr}A,`$
$`\mathrm{Tr}(A^2A^2)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{Tr}A^2\mathrm{Tr}A^2+\mathrm{Tr}A^{}\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}A)\mathrm{Tr}A{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\mathrm{Tr}A^{})^2(\mathrm{Tr}A)^2,`$
$`:\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}AA^{}A):={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{Tr}A^2\mathrm{Tr}A^2+:(\mathrm{Tr}(A^{}A))^2:+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{Tr}A^2(\mathrm{Tr}A)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\mathrm{Tr}A^{})^2\mathrm{Tr}A^2`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\mathrm{Tr}A^{})^2(\mathrm{Tr}A)^2.`$