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# Nambu system associated with 𝑛-dimensional maps

## 1 Introduction

In our previous paper \[SSYY\], we studied $`2`$-dimensional maps :

$$(x_1^i,x_2^i)(x_1^{i+1},x_2^{i+1})$$

and behaviors of point $`(x_1^m(x_1^0,x_2^0),x_2^m(x_1^0,x_2^0))`$ maped $`m`$ times repeatedly. The map is assumed to have its inverse and being differentiable. Changing point of view, let $`tx_1^0`$ be a independent ”time” variable, $`\lambda x_2^0`$ be a fixed parameter, $`X(t)x_1^m`$ be a dependent coordinate variable and $`P(t)x_2^m`$ be also a dependent momentum variable. We denote by $`J^{0,m}`$ Jacobi matrix of the map : $`(x_1^0,x_2^0)(x_1^m,x_2^m)`$. In this view-point, we obtained the following result.

###### Theorem 1

Let $`H`$ be a function of $`(X,P)`$ given by

$$H(X,P)=^\lambda (detJ^{0m})𝑑\lambda ,$$
(1)
and satisfying

$$\frac{H}{t}=0.$$

Then the set of Hamilton’s equations

$$\frac{dX}{dt}=\frac{H}{P},\frac{dP}{dt}=\frac{H}{X}$$
(2)
hold.

In order to support our claim we derived Hamiltonians corresponding to the Hénon, KdV and $`q`$PIV maps in \[SSYY\]. This view-point is based on studies of a discrete version of exact WKB analysis by Shudo and Ikeda.

The aim of this paper is to generalize this mechanism, in order to find a dynamical system associated with $`n`$-dimensional map based on this view-point. In consequence, we will show that the corresponding dynamical system is a Nambu system.

Nambu system is a generalized Hamilton dynamical system which was introduced by Nambu, \[Na, Ta\]. This system is defined by $`(n1)`$-Hamiltonians and Nambu brackets which reprace Poisson brackets in the ordinary Hamilton systems. Nambu brackets satisfy some properties such as skew-symmetry, Libnitz rule, fundamental identity and linear combination. Nambu system is useful tool, ex. deformation quantization \[DFST, DF\], dispersionless KP hierarchies and self-dual Einstein equation \[Gu\], etc. And one of the most famous problem is the Euler tops problem which have bi-Hamiltonian structure studied by Nambu \[Na\]. And more, commutators corresponding to Nambu bracket and algebra of it, called Nambu-Lie algebra, $`n`$-Lie algebra, $`n`$-ary Lie algebroid or Filippov algebroid are studied in recent \[DT, Fi, GM1, GM2, GM3, ILMP, Vai1, Vai2, Val\].

## 2 $`n`$-dimensional maps

Let us consider $`n`$-dimensional maps and inverse of them:

$$s:(x_1^i,\mathrm{},x_n^i)(x_1^{i+1},\mathrm{},x_n^{i+1}),s^1:(x_1^{i+1},\mathrm{},x_n^{i+1})(x_1^i,\mathrm{},x_n^i),$$

$$x_j^{i+1}:=s(x_j^i)g_j(x_1^i,\mathrm{},x_n^i),x_j^i:=s^1(x_j^{i+1})g_j^1(x_1^{i+1},\mathrm{},x_n^{i+1}).$$

where $`g_j`$’s are some differentiable functions. We consider also Jacobi matrices associated wiht this maps :

$$\begin{array}{ccccc}J^{i,i+1}\hfill & :=& \left[\frac{x_j^{i+1}}{x_k^i}\right]& =& \left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{x_1^{i+1}}{x_1^i}& \mathrm{}& \frac{x_1^{i+1}}{x_n^i}\\ \mathrm{}& & \mathrm{}\\ \frac{x_n^{i+1}}{x_1^i}& \mathrm{}& \frac{x_n^{i+1}}{x_n^i}\end{array}\right],\hfill \\ J^{i+1,i}\hfill & :=& \left[\frac{x_j^i}{x_k^{i+1}}\right]& =& \left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{x_1^i}{x_1^{i+1}}& \mathrm{}& \frac{x_1^i}{x_n^{i+1}}\\ \mathrm{}& & \mathrm{}\\ \frac{x_n^i}{x_1^{i+1}}& \mathrm{}& \frac{x_n^i}{x_n^{i+1}}\end{array}\right].\hfill \end{array}$$

The Jacobi matrix $`J^{0,m}`$ is given by a product of them,

$$J^{0,m}:=J^{0,1}\mathrm{}J^{m1,m},J^{m,0}:=J^{m,m1}\mathrm{}J^{1,0},$$

$$J^{ij}J^{ji}=E,\text{(}E\text{ : idntity matrix).}$$

If we introduce notations $`dx^i=(dx_1^i,\mathrm{},dx_n^i)^T`$ and $`^i=(/x_1^i,\mathrm{},/x_n^i)^T`$, the following results hold.

$$dx^{i+1}=J^{i,i+1}dx^i,dx^i=J^{i+1,i}dx^{i+1},$$
(3)
$$^{i+1}=(J^{i+1,i})^T^i,^i=(J^{i,i+1})^T^{i+1},$$
(4)
where $`T`$ express a transposition.

Here, let us change a point of view. We consider a $`m`$ times repeated map : $`x^0x^m`$ where $`x^i`$ is a set of variables $`(x_1^i,\mathrm{},x_n^i)`$. We also use notations as follows :

$$(q_1,\mathrm{},q_n)(x_1^m,\mathrm{},x_n^m),(\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _{n1},t)(x_1^0,\mathrm{},x_n^0)$$

$`q_j(t)(j=1,\mathrm{},n)`$ are coordinates of an $`n`$-dimensional phase space, $`\lambda _j(j=1,\mathrm{},n1)`$ are fixed parameters and $`t`$ is a parameter which we consider as an independent ”time” variable. In this view-point, the set of variables $`q=(q_1,\mathrm{},q_n)`$ satisfy the following dynamical system.

###### Proposition 1

Let $`h=(h_1,\mathrm{},h_{n1})`$ be a set of functions of $`(q_1(t),\mathrm{},q_n(t))`$ given by

$$h_i=^{\lambda _i}(detJ^{0m})^{\frac{1}{n1}}𝑑\lambda _i,i=1,\mathrm{},n1$$
(5)
satisfying

$$\frac{dh_i}{dt}=0,i=1,\mathrm{},n1.$$
(6)
Then Nambu-Hamilton equations

$$\frac{df}{dt}=\{h_1,\mathrm{},h_{n1},f\}$$
(7)
hold, where $`f=f(q_1,\mathrm{},q_n,t)`$ is a certain function.

If $`f=q_i`$ then $`(\text{7})`$ is an equation of motion. In $`(\text{7})`$, Nambu brackets is defined by

$$\{f_1,\mathrm{},f_n\}=\frac{(f_1,\mathrm{},f_n)}{(q_1,\mathrm{},q_n)}.$$
(8)
Here we assume the existence of the inverse map $`s^1`$, such that $`h_j`$’s are considered as functions of $`q_j`$’s through $`\lambda =\lambda (q)=(s^1)^m(q)`$.

For simplicity, we define some symbols before proof. $`H`$ is a Jacobi matrix of $`(h_1,\mathrm{},h_n)`$ given by

$$H_q:=\left[\frac{h_j}{q_k}\right],H_\lambda :=\left[\frac{h_j}{\lambda _k}\right],j,k=1,\mathrm{},n,$$

and $`\stackrel{~}{H}_q`$ is a cofactor matrix of $`H_q`$. Namely the $`(j,k)`$-element of $`\stackrel{~}{H}_q`$ is the $`(j,k)`$-cofactor of $`H_q`$. Here, we set formally $`\lambda _n=t`$ and

$$h_n:=^{\lambda _n}(detJ^{0m})^{\frac{1}{n1}}𝑑\lambda _n$$

Then these matrices satisfy the following Lemma.

###### Lemma 1

Let us consider the Nambu-Hamilton equation given by

$$\frac{f}{\lambda _k}=\{h_1,\mathrm{},h_{k1},f,h_{k+1},\mathrm{},h_n\},k=1,\mathrm{},n,$$
(9)
where $`\lambda _j(1jn,jk)`$ are fixed parameters, $`\lambda _k`$ is a independent parameter, $`q_j(1jn)`$ are depnendent parameters $`q_j(\lambda _k)`$, $`h_j(1jn)`$ are hamiltonians without $`h_k`$ and $`f,f_j(1jn)`$ are arbitrary functions $`f_j(q_1,\mathrm{},q_n,\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _n)`$.

Then, for above Jacobi matrices $`H_q`$, $`H_\lambda `$, $`J^{0m}`$, the cofactor matrices $`\overline{H}_q`$ and $`\overline{H}_\lambda `$, following three relations hold.

1. $`H_\lambda =H_qJ^{0,m}`$,
2. $`J^{0,m}=\stackrel{~}{H}_q^T`$,
3. $`H_q=(det\stackrel{~}{H}_q)^{\frac{1}{n1}}(\stackrel{~}{H}_q^T)^1`$.

Proof of Lemma 1 :

1. $`H_\lambda =H_qJ^{0,m}`$. Using (4),

$$\left[\begin{array}{c}h_j/\lambda _1\\ \mathrm{}\\ h_j/\lambda _n\end{array}\right]=(J^{0,m})^T\left[\begin{array}{c}h_j/q_1\\ \mathrm{}\\ h_j/q_n\end{array}\right]$$

Hence,

$$H_\lambda ^T=(J^{0,m})^TH_q^T.$$

Transposing this, therefore, the relation $`H_\lambda =H_qJ^{0,m}`$ hold. ∎

2. $`J^{0,m}=\stackrel{~}{H}_q^T`$. Substituting $`q_j`$ to $`f`$ in Nambu-Hamilton equation (9),

$$\frac{q_j}{\lambda _k}=\{h_1,\mathrm{},h_{k1},q_j,h_{k+1},\mathrm{},h_n\}$$

Then r.h.s. of this is a $`(k,j)`$ cofactor, because

$$\frac{(h_1,\mathrm{},h_{k1},q_j,h_{k+1},\mathrm{},h_n)}{(q_1,\mathrm{},,q_n)}=(1)^{k+j}\frac{(h_1,\mathrm{},h_{k1},h_{k+1},\mathrm{},h_n)}{(q_1,\mathrm{},q_{j1},q_{j+1},\mathrm{},q_n)}=\stackrel{~}{h}_{k,j}.$$

And l.h.s. is one of entries of $`J^{0,m}`$. Hence we obtain $`J^{0,m}=\stackrel{~}{H}_q^T`$. ∎

3. $`H_q=(det\stackrel{~}{H}_q)^{\frac{1}{n1}}(\stackrel{~}{H}_q^T)^1`$. It is well known that an arbitrary $`n\times n`$ matrix $`A`$ and its cofactor matrix $`\stackrel{~}{A}`$ satisfy the following relation.

$$A\stackrel{~}{A}^T=\stackrel{~}{A}A^T=(detA)E.$$

Since this relation derives

$$det\stackrel{~}{A}=(detA)^{n1},$$

the matrix $`A`$ can be expressed by $`\stackrel{~}{A}`$ as follows :

$$A=(det\stackrel{~}{A})^{\frac{1}{n1}}(\stackrel{~}{A}^T)^1.$$

If $`A=H_q`$, the relation 3 holds. ∎

Proof of Proposition 1 : We assume that maps $`s`$, $`s^1`$ and their explicit forms $`g_j`$ are given.
($`\mathrm{i}`$) : We must show that functions $`h_j`$ satisfy Nambu-Hamilton equation $`(\text{7})`$ if $`h_j`$ are given by $`(\text{5})`$, because $`h_j`$’s are given by explicit functions $`g_j`$. Hence, we must check a compatibility between $`(\text{6})`$ and $`(\text{7})`$. Substituting $`h_j`$ to $`(\text{7})`$,

$$\frac{dh_j}{dt}=\{h_1,\mathrm{},h_{n1},h_j\}=0\text{ if }jn$$

because Nambu bracket is a Jacobian. Therefore if the functions $`h_j`$, called Hamiltonians, are given by maps $`s`$ and $`s^1`$ with $`(\text{5})`$, then $`h_j`$’s satisfy Nambu-Hamilton equation.
($`\mathrm{ii}`$) : We will show that if Nambu-Hamilton equation is given by $`(\text{7})`$ and maps $`s`$, $`s^1`$ are given, then functions $`h_j`$ are given by $`(\text{5})`$. Using the three relations of Lemma 1,

$$H_\lambda =H_qJ^{0,m}=(det\stackrel{~}{H}_q)^{\frac{1}{n1}}(\stackrel{~}{H}_q^T)^1\stackrel{~}{H}_q^T=(detJ^{0,m})^{\frac{1}{n1}}E.$$

Since r.h.s. is a diagonal matrix, we obtain $`h_j`$ as follow :

$$_{\lambda _k}h_j=(detJ^{0,m})^{\frac{1}{n1}}\delta _{j,k}h_j=^{\lambda _j}(detJ^{0,m})^{\frac{1}{n1}}𝑑\lambda _j$$

Therefore, if maps and Nambu system are given then Hamiltonian $`h_j`$ are given by $`(\text{5})`$.
($`\mathrm{iii}`$) : If maps $`s`$ and $`s^1`$ has been given, then there exist Nambu system corresponding to maps because of ($`\mathrm{i}`$) and ($`\mathrm{ii}`$). The Nambu system have Nambu-Hamilton equation $`(\text{7})`$ and Hamiltonians $`(\text{5})`$. ∎

The generalized Nambu-Hamilton equation $`(\text{9})`$ is not dynamical equation. If we select one independent variable $`\lambda _k`$ as a time variable, then Nambu-Hamilton dynamical equation is given by

$$\frac{df}{d\lambda _k}=\{h_1,\mathrm{},h_{k1},f,h_{k+1},\mathrm{},h_n\}.$$

This equation is also Nambu-Hamilton equation, and Hamiltonians are $`h_j,(jk)`$ but $`h_k`$ is not Hamiltonian. We can choose one independent variable in parameters $`(\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _n)`$ on Nambu system, freely.

On the Nambu system, explicit functions $`g_j`$ of maps are solutions of Nambu dynamics, because this functions

$$q_j(t)=g_j^m(\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _{k1},t,\lambda _{k+1},\mathrm{},\lambda _n)$$

are depend on $`(n1)`$-constants and one independent variable, where $`g_j^m`$ is a explicit form of $`m`$ time repeated maps of $`s`$.

In the special case of $`(detJ^{0m})=1`$, $`(n1)`$-constants are $`(n1)`$-Hamiltonians, since

$$h_j=^{\lambda _j}𝑑\lambda _j=\lambda _j.$$

And the map $`s`$ is a canonical transformation or a $`n`$-dimensional volume preserving transformation, since

$$dx_1^{i+1}\mathrm{}dx_n^{i+1}=dx_1^i\mathrm{}dx_n^i,$$

and

$$dq_1\mathrm{}dq_n=d\lambda _1\mathrm{}dt\mathrm{}d\lambda _n=dh_1\mathrm{}dt\mathrm{}dh_n.$$

So, $`(h_j,t)`$ is a set of canonical conjugate variables.

In our sense, a independent ”time” value is a initial value. This mean that the response of changes of a initial value in discrete systems can be investigated with Nambu mechanics in continuum systems because of this Nambu-map correspondence.

## 3 Example

### 3.1 Lotka-Volterra map

Discrete Lotka-Volterra equation :

$$\overline{x}_k\left(1+\overline{x}_{k1}\right)=x_k(1+x_{k+1}),k=1,2,3$$

have a $`3`$-dimensional map and its inverse

$$\overline{x}_k=x_k\frac{1+x_{k+1}+x_{k+1}x_{k+2}}{1+x_{k+2}+x_{k+2}x_k},x_k=\overline{x}_k\frac{1+\overline{x}_{k+2}+\overline{x}_{k+2}\overline{x}_{k+1}}{1+\overline{x}_{k+1}+\overline{x}_{k+1}\overline{x}_k}$$

under periodic boundary condition $`x_{k+3}=x_k`$, where $`\overline{x}_k=x_k^{i+1}`$, $`x_k=x_k^i`$. Jacobi matrix $`J^{i,i+1}`$ is given by

$$\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{(1+x_2+x_2x_3)(1+x_3)}{(1+x_3+x_3x_1)^2}& \frac{x_2(1+x_2+x_2x_3)}{(1+x_1+x_1x_2)^2}& \frac{x_3(1+x_2)}{1+x_2+x_2x_3}\\ \frac{x_1(1+x_3)}{1+x_3+x_3x_1}& \frac{(1+x_3+x_3x_1)(1+x_1)}{(1+x_1+x_1x_2)^2}& \frac{x_3(1+x_3+x_3x_1)}{(1+x_2+x_2x_3)^2}\\ \frac{x_1(1+x_1+x_1x_2)}{(1+x_3+x_3x_1)^2}& \frac{x_2(1+x_1)}{1+x_1+x_1x_2}& \frac{(1+x_1+x_1x_2)(1+x_2)}{(1+x_2+x_2x_3)^2}\end{array}\right]$$

and its Jacobian and inverse are the following

$$detJ^{i,i+1}=1,detJ^{i+1,i}=1$$

because $`J^{i,i+1}J^{i+1,i}=E`$. Now, we will consider the simplest case $`m=1`$. Setting up variables as follows,

$$(h_1,h_2,t)=(\lambda _1,\lambda _2,\lambda _3)=(x_1^0,x_2^0,x_3^0),(q_1,q_2,q_3)=(x_1^1,x_2^1,x_3^1),$$

satisfy the following Nambu system.

* Equations of motion

$$\frac{dq_1}{dt}=\frac{(h_1,h_2)}{(q_2,q_3)},\frac{dq_2}{dt}=\frac{(h_1,h_2)}{(q_1,q_3)},\frac{dq_3}{dt}=\frac{(h_1,h_2)}{(q_1,q_2)},$$
* Hamiltonians

$$h_1=q_1\frac{1+q_3+q_3q_2}{1+q_2+q_2q_1},h_2=q_2\frac{1+q_1+q_1q_3}{1+q_3+q_3q_2},$$
* Solutions

$$q_1(t)=h_1\frac{1+h_2+h_2t}{1+t+h_1t},q_2(t)=h_2\frac{1+t+h_1t}{1+h_1+h_1t},q_3(t)=t\frac{1+h_1+h_1h_2}{1+h_2+h_2t},$$
* Explicit forms of equations of motion

$$\begin{array}{c}\frac{dq_1}{dt}=\frac{q_1(1+q_1+q_1q_3)}{(1+q_2+q_2q_1)(1+q_3+q_3q_2)},\hfill \\ \frac{dq_2}{dt}=\frac{q_2(1+q_2)(1+q_1+q_1q_3)}{(1+q_2+q_2q_1)(1+q_3+q_3q_2)},\hfill \\ \frac{dq_3}{dt}=\frac{(1+q_3)(1+q_1+q_1q_3)}{(1+q_2+q_2q_1)(1+q_3+q_3q_2)}.\hfill \end{array}$$