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# Optical Conductivity in a Two – Dimensional Model of the Pseudogap State

## I Introduction

One of the main problems in the physics of high – temperature copper oxide superconductors (HTSC) remains the nature of the so called pseudogap state , existing in the wide region of the phase diagram. Pseudogap anomalies in electronic properties of these systems are observed in a number of experiments, such as measurements of optical conductivity, NMR, inelastic neutron scattering and angle – resolved photoemission (ARPES) . In our opinion , the preferable scenario for the pseudogap formation in copper oxides is based on the picture of strong scattering of current carriers on well developed fluctuations of “dielectric” (antiferromagnetic (AFM) or charge density wave (CDW)) short – range order, existing in the appropriate region of the phase diagram. This scattering is strong in the vicinity of a characteristic scattering vector $`𝐐=(\frac{\pi }{a},\frac{\pi }{a})`$ ($`a`$ – is the lattice spacing of the two – dimensional lattice), corresponding to the doubling of lattice period (vector of antiferromagnetism) and is a “precursor” of the spectrum transformation due to the appearance of the long – range AFM – order. Accordingly, in this region of the phase diagram develops essentially non – Fermi liquid like renormalization of electronic spectrum in certain parts of the momentum space, close to the “hot spots” on the Fermi surface , where this surface is effectively “destroyed”. Direct experimental confirmation of this scenario for the pseudogap formation was obtained in recent ARPES – experiments on $`Nd_{1.85}Ce_{0.15}CuO_4`$ , where the pseudogap renormalization of electronic spectrum was observed in the vicinity of separate “hot spots”.

Within this scenario of the pseudogap formation we can formulate a simplified “nearly exactly” solvable model, describing the main anomalies of this state , which takes into account all Feynman diagrams of perturbation theory for scattering by (Gaussian) fluctuations of short – range order with characteristic scattering vector from the vicinity of $`𝐐`$, determined by the appropriate correlation length $`\xi `$ . This model is based on the two – dimensional generalization of the pseudogap formation in one – dimension due to fluctuations of CDW – type short – range order proposed rather long ago by one of the authors . Simplified variant of this two – dimensional model (“hot patches” model) was used in Refs.  to describe basic anomalies of superconducting state, formed on the “background” of the “dielectric” pseudogap.

In Refs.  mainly one – particle properties of the model were analyzed, such as the spectral density and the density of states. The remarkable property of this model is the possibility to sum also the whole Feynman series for the two – particle problem for the vertex part, describing the system response to an external field (e.g. electromagnetic) . In the simplified version of the “hot patches” model such calculations for the two – dimensional case were performed in Ref. . The main aim of the present work is the detailed analysis of both the theoretical aspects of calculations of two – particle properties of the more general model  and calculations of the optical conductivity for different geometries (topologies) of the Fermi surface, appearing for “realistic” enough spectrum of non – interacting electrons.

## II “Hot spots” model.

### 1 Description of the model and “nearly exact” solution for the one – particle Green’s function.

In the model of “nearly antiferromagnetic” Fermi – liquid, which is actively used to explain the microscopic nature of HTSC , effective electron interaction with spin – fluctuations of AFM short – range order is usually described by the dynamic spin susceptibility $`\chi _𝐪(\omega )`$ of the following form, determined by fitting to NMR data :

$$V_{eff}(𝐪,\omega )=g^2\chi _𝐪(\omega )\frac{g^2\xi ^2}{1+\xi ^2(𝐪𝐐)^2i\frac{\omega }{\omega _{sf}}}$$
(1)
where $`g`$ – is a coupling constant, $`\xi `$ – correlation length of spin fluctuations, $`𝐐=(\pi /a,\pi /a)`$ – vector of antiferromagnetic ordering in dielectric phase, $`\omega _{sf}`$ – characteristic frequency of spin fluctuations. Both dynamic susceptibility and effective interaction (1) have a sharp maximum in the region of $`𝐪𝐐)`$, leading to two “types” of quasiparticles — “hot” one with momenta in the vicinity of “hot spots” on the Fermi surface (Fig. 1) and “cold” with momenta around the parts of the Fermi surface around Brillouin zone diagonals . This is due to the fact that quasiparticles from the regions around the “hot spots” are strongly scattered with the momentum transfer of the order of $`𝐐`$ by spin fluctuations (1), while for quasiparticles with momenta far from the “hot spots” this interaction is small enough.

For high enough temperatures $`\pi T\omega _{sf}`$ we can neglect the spin dynamics , and use the static approximation in (1):

$$V_{eff}(𝐪)=\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}^2\frac{\xi ^2}{1+\xi ^2(𝐪𝐐)^2}$$
(2)
where $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}`$ – is an effective parameter with dimension of energy. In the following, similar to Refs. , we consider both $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}`$ and $`\xi `$ as phenomenological parameters, to be determined from experiments. Considerable simplification of calculations, allowing to analyze higher order contributions of perturbation theory, can be achieved if we replace (2) by the model interaction of the following form :

$$V_{eff}(𝐪)=\mathrm{\Delta }^2\frac{2\xi ^1}{\xi ^2+(q_xQ_x)^2}\frac{2\xi ^1}{\xi ^2+(q_yQ_y)^2}$$
(3)
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }^2=\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}^2/4`$. Eq. (3) is qualitatively the same as (2) and quantitatively is very close to it in most interesting region of $`|𝐪𝐐|<\xi ^1`$, determining the scattering in the vicinity of “hot spots”.

We assume the following spectrum of free (“bare”) quasiparticles :

$$\xi _𝐩=2t(\mathrm{cos}p_xa+\mathrm{cos}p_ya)4t^{^{}}\mathrm{cos}p_xa\mathrm{cos}p_ya\mu $$
(4)
where $`t`$ – is the transfer integral between nearest neighbors, while $`t^{}`$ – is the transfer integral for second nearest neighbors on the square lattice, $`\mu `$ – is the chemical potential. This expression gives rather good approximation to the results of band structure calculations for real HTSC – systems, e.g. for $`YBa_2Cu_3O_{6+\delta }`$ we have $`t=0.25eV`$$`t^{}=0.45t`$ . Chemical potential $`\mu `$ is fixed by carrier concentration. In this paper we shall consider different characteristic values of $`t`$, $`t^{}`$ and $`\mu `$, leading to different geometries (topologies) of Fermi surfaces, with no relation to any particular system, with the aim of analyzing general enough picture.

Consider first – order in $`V_{eff}`$ correction to electronic self – energy, determined by the simplest Feynman diagram ($`\epsilon _n=(2n+1)\pi T`$):

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }(\epsilon _n𝐩)=\underset{𝐪}{}V_{eff}(𝐪)\frac{1}{i\epsilon _n\xi _{𝐩+𝐪}}$$
(5)
For large enough correlation lengths $`\xi `$, the main contribution to the sum over $`𝐪`$ comes from the region close to $`𝐐=(\pi /a,\pi /a)`$. Then we can write:

$$\xi _{𝐩+𝐪}=\xi _{𝐩+𝐐+𝐤}\xi _{𝐩+𝐐}+𝐯_{𝐩+𝐐}𝐤$$
(6)
where $`𝐯_{𝐩+𝐐}=\frac{\xi _{𝐩+𝐐}}{𝐩}`$ – is the appropriate velocity of the quasiparticle on the Fermi surface. Then (5) is easily calculated to be:

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }(\epsilon _n𝐩)=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }^2}{i\epsilon _n\xi _{𝐩+𝐐}+i(|v_{𝐩+𝐐}^x|+|v_{𝐩+𝐐}^y|)\kappa sign\epsilon _n}$$
(7)
where $`\kappa =\xi ^1`$. Let us stress that “linearization” of quasiparticle spectrum (6) in (5) is done only for a small (of the order of $`v_F\xi ^1`$), due to a large values of $`\xi `$, correction to an energy spectrum of quasiparticles close to the Fermi surface, while the form of the spectra $`\xi _𝐩`$ and $`\xi _{𝐩+𝐐}`$ is given by general expression (4).

In Ref.  we have performed a detailed analysis of higher – order contributions for $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(\epsilon _n𝐩)`$. It was shown that in case of equal signs of velocity projections (on the Fermi surface) $`v_𝐩^x`$ and $`v_{𝐩+𝐐}^x`$, as well as of $`v_𝐩^y`$ and $`v_{𝐩+𝐐}^y`$, Feynman integrals for any diagram of any order are determined only by contributions from the poles of Lorentzians in (3) and can be easily calculated ***Analogous statement is valid also for a special case of velocities in “hot spots”, connected by vector $`𝐐`$, being exactly perpendicular to each other .. In this case the contribution of an arbitrary diagram of the $`N`$-th order over effective interaction (3) is given by:

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(N)}(\epsilon _n𝐩)=\mathrm{\Delta }^{2N}\underset{j=1}{\overset{2N1}{}}\frac{1}{i\epsilon _n\xi _j(𝐩)+in_jv_j\kappa }$$
(8)
where $`\xi _j(𝐩)=\xi _{𝐩+𝐐}`$ and $`v_j=|v_{𝐩+𝐐}^x|+|v_{𝐩+𝐐}^y|`$ for odd $`j`$, while $`\xi _j(𝐩)=\xi _𝐩`$ and $`v_j=|v_𝐩^x|+|v_𝐩^y|`$ for even $`j`$. Here $`n_j`$ – is the number interaction lines surrounding $`j`$-th Green’s function in a given diagram and for definiteness we assumed $`\epsilon _n>0`$.

In Ref.  we have given a detailed analysis of conditions for these requirements for velocities in the points on the Fermi surface, connected by vector $`𝐐`$ (“hot spots”) to be valid, and also presented some examples of appropriate geometries of the Fermi surface, which are realized for certain relations between transfer integrals $`t`$ and $`t^{}`$ in Eq. (4). Under these conditions expression (8) is exact, with only limitation due to the use of abovementioned “linearization” in Eq. (6). In general case (for other relations between $`t`$ and $`t^{}`$) we use (8) as a fortunate Ansatz for the contribution of an arbitrary order, obtained by simple continuation over spectrum parameters $`t`$ and $`t^{}`$ to the region of interest. Even in the worst one – dimensional case , equivalent to the case of the simple square Fermi surface, appearing in two – dimensions for (4) with $`t^{}=0`$ and $`\mu =0`$, the use of this Ansatz gives results (e.g. for the density of states) which are quantitatively very close  to the results of an exact numerical simulation of this problem . In this sense we are using the term “nearly exact” solution.

In case of the use of this Ansatz Eq. (8) it is easily seen, that a contribution of some arbitrary diagram with crossing interaction lines is in fact equal to the contribution of some definite diagram of the same order without intersections of interaction lines . Thus we can limit ourselves only to diagrams without crossing interaction lines, taking those with intersections into account with the help of additional combinatorial factors, attributed to “initial” interaction vertices (or interaction lines) . As a result we obtain the following recursion relation for the one – electron Green’s function (continuous fraction representation) ), giving an effective algorithm for numerical computations :

$`G_k(\epsilon _n\xi _𝐩)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{i\epsilon _n\xi _k(𝐩)+ikv_k\kappa \mathrm{\Sigma }_{k+1}(\epsilon _n\xi _𝐩)}}`$ (9)
$`\left\{G_{0k}^1(\epsilon _n\xi _𝐩)\mathrm{\Sigma }_{k+1}(\epsilon _n\xi _𝐩)\right\}^1`$ (10)
$$\mathrm{\Sigma }_k(\epsilon _n\xi _𝐩)=\mathrm{\Delta }^2\frac{v(k)}{i\epsilon _n\xi _k(𝐩)+ikv_k\kappa \mathrm{\Sigma }_{k+1}(\epsilon _n\xi _𝐩)}$$
(11)
In graphic form this recursion relation for the Green’s function is shown in Fig. 2. The physical Green’s function of interest to us is given by $`G(\epsilon _n\xi _𝐩)=G_{k=0}(\epsilon _n\xi _𝐩)`$. In (10) we also introduced a helpful technical notation:

$$G_{0k}(\epsilon _n\xi _𝐩)=\frac{1}{i\epsilon _n\xi _k(𝐩)+ikv_k\kappa }$$
(12)
Combinatorial factor:

$$v(k)=k$$
(13)
for our case of commensurate fluctuations with $`𝐐=(\pi /a,\pi /a)`$ , if we neglect the spin variables (CDW – fluctuations). If we take into account the spin structure of interaction within the model of “nearly antiferromagnetic” Fermi liquid (spin – fermion model of Ref. ), combinatorics of diagrams becomes more complicated. In this case, spin – conserving scattering formally gives commensurate combinatorics, while spin – flip scattering is described by diagrams with incommensurate combinatorics (“charged” random field in terms of Ref. ). As a result, the recursion relation for the Green’s function (11) is still valid, but with different combinatorial factor $`v(k)`$ :

$$v(k)=\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{k+2}{3}& \text{for odd }k\\ \frac{k}{3}& \text{for even }k\end{array}$$
(14)
Below we limit ourselves to the cases of (13) and (14), some details concerning the case of incommensurate CDW – fluctuations can be found in Ref. .

Our solution for one – particle Green’s function is exact in the limit of $`\xi \mathrm{}`$, when it can be found also in analytic form . It is also exact in a trivial limit of $`\xi 0`$, when for fixed value of $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ interaction (3) just vanishes. For all intermediate values of $`\xi `$ it gives apparently very good interpolation, being practically exact for certain geometries of the Fermi surface, which are realized for definite regions of spectrum parameters in (4) .

Using (10) we can easily perform numerical computations of one – electron spectral density:

$$A(E𝐩)=\frac{1}{\pi }ImG^R(E𝐩)$$
(15)
which can be determined also from ARPES – experiments . In (15) $`G^R(E𝐩)`$ denotes the retarded Green’s function, which is obtained by the usual analytic continuation of (10) from Matsubara’s frequencies to the real axis of $`E`$. Similarly, we can perform calculations of one – electron density of states:

$$N(E)=\underset{𝐩}{}A(E𝐩)=\frac{1}{\pi }\underset{𝐩}{}ImG^R(E𝐩)$$
(16)
Details of these calculations and discussion of results for our two – dimensional model can be found in Refs. .

### 2 Recurrence relations for the vertex part and conductivity.

To calculate optical conductivity we need the knowledge of the vertex part describing electromagnetic response of the system. This vertex can be determined using the method suggested for the similar one – dimensional problem in Refs. . Arbitrary diagram for the vertex part can be obtained by an insertion of an external field line to the appropriate diagram for the self – energy . We have already noted that in our model we can limit ourselves only to diagrams with non – intersecting interaction lines with additional combinatorial factors $`v(k)`$ in “initial” interaction vertices. It is clear then that to calculate vertex corrections we have to consider only diagrams of the type shown in Fig. 3. Then we immediately obtain the system of recurrence equations for the vertex parts shown by diagrams of Fig. 4. To find appropriate analytic expressions consider the simplest vertex correction shown in Fig. 5 (a). Performing explicit calculations for $`T=0`$ in $`RA`$ – channel we find its contribution to be:

$`𝒥_1^{(1)RA}(\epsilon 𝐩;\epsilon +\omega 𝐩+𝐪)={\displaystyle \underset{𝐊}{}}V_{eff}(𝐊)G_{00}^A(\epsilon \xi _{𝐩𝐊})G_{00}^R(\epsilon +\omega \xi _{𝐩𝐊+𝐪})=`$ (17)
$`=\mathrm{\Delta }^2\left\{G_{00}^A(\epsilon ,\xi _1(𝐩)+iv_1\kappa )G_{00}^R(\epsilon +\omega ,\xi _1(𝐩+𝐪)iv_1\kappa )\right\}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega +\xi _1(𝐩)\xi _1(𝐩+𝐪)}}=`$ (18)
$`=\mathrm{\Delta }^2G_{00}^A(\epsilon ,\xi _1(𝐩)+iv_1\kappa )G_{00}^R(\epsilon +\omega ,\xi _1(𝐩+𝐪)iv_1\kappa )\left\{1+{\displaystyle \frac{2iv_1\kappa }{\omega +\xi _1(𝐩)\xi _1(𝐩+𝐪)}}\right\}`$ (19)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }^2G_{01}^A(\epsilon ,\xi _𝐩)G_{01}^R(\epsilon +\omega ,\xi _{𝐩+𝐪})\left\{1+{\displaystyle \frac{2iv_1\kappa }{\omega +\xi _1(𝐩)\xi _1(𝐩+𝐪)}}\right\}`$ (20)
where during the integral calculations we have used the following identity, valid for the free – electron Green’s functions:

$$G_{00}^A(\epsilon \xi _𝐩)G_{00}^R(\epsilon +\omega \xi _{𝐩+𝐪})=\left\{G_{00}^A(\epsilon \xi _𝐩)G_{00}^R(\epsilon +\omega \xi _{𝐩+𝐪})\right\}\frac{1}{\omega \xi _{𝐩+𝐪}+\xi _𝐩}$$
(21)
“Dressing” the internal electronic lines we obtain the diagram shown in Fig. 5 (b), so that using the identity:

$`G^A(\epsilon \xi _𝐩)G^R(\epsilon +\omega \xi _{𝐩+𝐪})=\{G^A(\epsilon \xi _𝐩)G^R(\epsilon +\omega \xi _{𝐩+𝐪})\}\times `$ (22)
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega \xi _{𝐩+𝐪}+\xi _𝐩\mathrm{\Sigma }_1^R(\epsilon +\omega \xi _{𝐩+𝐪})+\mathrm{\Sigma }_1^A(\epsilon \xi _𝐩)}}`$ (23)
valid for exact Green’s functions, we can write the contribution of this diagram as:

$`𝒥_1^{RA}(\epsilon 𝐩;\epsilon +\omega 𝐩+𝐪)=\mathrm{\Delta }^2v(1)G_1^A(\epsilon ,\xi _𝐩)G_1^R(\epsilon +\omega ,\xi _{𝐩+𝐪})\times `$ (24)
$`\times \left\{1+{\displaystyle \frac{2iv_1\kappa }{\omega \xi _1(𝐩+𝐪)+\xi _1(𝐩)\mathrm{\Sigma }_2^R(\epsilon +\omega \xi _{𝐩+𝐪})+\mathrm{\Sigma }_2^A(\epsilon \xi _𝐩)}}\right\}J_1^{RA}(\epsilon 𝐩;\epsilon +\omega 𝐩+𝐪)`$ (25)
Here we have assumed that interaction line in the vertex correction of Fig. 5 (b) “transforms” self – energies $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_1^{R,A}`$ of internal lines into $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_2^{R,A}`$,in accordance with our main approximation for the self – energy (cf. Fig. 2) One of the main motivations for this trick is that it guarantees the fulfillment of an exact Ward identity to be discussed below.

Now we can write down the similar expression for the general diagram, shown in Fig. 5 (c):

$`𝒥_k^{RA}(\epsilon 𝐩;\epsilon +\omega 𝐩+𝐪)=\mathrm{\Delta }^2v(k)G_k^A(\epsilon ,\xi _𝐩)G_k^R(\epsilon +\omega ,\xi _{𝐩+𝐪})\times `$ (26)
$`\times \left\{1+{\displaystyle \frac{2iv_k\kappa k}{\omega \xi _k(𝐩+𝐪)+\xi _k(𝐩)\mathrm{\Sigma }_{k+1}^R(\epsilon +\omega \xi _{𝐩+𝐪})+\mathrm{\Sigma }_{k+1}^A(\epsilon \xi _𝐩)}}\right\}J_k^{RA}(\epsilon 𝐩;\epsilon +\omega 𝐩+𝐪)`$ (27)
Then we can write the general recurrence relation for the vertex part Fig. 2 in the following form:

$`J_{k1}^{RA}(\epsilon 𝐩;\epsilon +\omega 𝐩+𝐪)=1+\mathrm{\Delta }^2v(k)G_k^A(\epsilon ,\xi _𝐩)G_k^R(\epsilon +\omega ,\xi _{𝐩+𝐪})\times `$ (28)
$`\times \left\{1+{\displaystyle \frac{2iv_k\kappa k}{\omega \xi _k(𝐩+𝐪)+\xi _k(𝐩)\mathrm{\Sigma }_{k+1}^R(\epsilon +\omega \xi _{𝐩+𝐪})+\mathrm{\Sigma }_{k+1}^A(\epsilon \xi _𝐩)}}\right\}J_k^{RA}(\epsilon 𝐩;\epsilon +\omega 𝐩+𝐪)`$ (29)
The “physical” vertex $`J^{RA}(\epsilon 𝐩;\epsilon +\omega 𝐩+𝐪)`$ is determined as $`J_{k=0}^{RA}(\epsilon 𝐩;\epsilon +\omega 𝐩+𝐪)`$. Recurrence procedure (29) takes into account all perturbation theory diagrams for the vertex part. For $`\kappa 0(\xi \mathrm{})`$ (29) reduces to the series studied in Ref.  (cf. also Ref. ), which can be summed exactly in analytic form. Standard “ladder” approximation corresponds in our scheme to the case of combinatorial factors $`v(k)`$ in (29) being equal to 1 .

Conductivity of our system can be expressed  via retarded density – density response function $`\chi ^R(q\omega )`$:

$$\sigma (\omega )=e^2\underset{q0}{lim}\left(\frac{i\omega }{q^2}\right)\chi ^R(q\omega )$$
(30)
where $`e`$ – is electronic charge,

$$\chi ^R(q\omega )=\omega \left\{\mathrm{\Phi }^{RA}(0q\omega )\mathrm{\Phi }^{RA}(00\omega )\right\}$$
(31)
while two – particle Green’s function $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{RA}(\epsilon q\omega )`$ is determined by the loop graph shown in Fig. 6.

Direct numerical computations confirm that the recurrence procedure (29) satisfies an exact relation, which directly follows (for $`\omega 0`$) from the Ward identity derived in Ref. :

$$\mathrm{\Phi }^{RA}(00\omega )=\frac{N(E_F)}{\omega }$$
(32)
where $`N(E_F)`$ – is the density of states at the Fermi level $`E_F=\mu `$. This is the main argument for the validity of an Ansatz used to derive Eqs. (25), (27) and (29).

Finally we can write conductivity in the following symmetrized form, convenient for numerical computations:

$`\sigma (\omega )={\displaystyle \frac{e^2\omega ^2}{\pi }}\underset{q0}{lim}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{q^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{𝐩}{}}\{G^R({\displaystyle \frac{\omega }{2}},𝐩+{\displaystyle \frac{𝐪}{2}})J^{RA}({\displaystyle \frac{\omega }{2}},𝐩+{\displaystyle \frac{𝐪}{2}};{\displaystyle \frac{\omega }{2}},𝐩{\displaystyle \frac{𝐪}{2}})G^A({\displaystyle \frac{\omega }{2}},𝐩{\displaystyle \frac{𝐪}{2}})`$ (33)
$`G^R({\displaystyle \frac{\omega }{2}},𝐩)J^{RA}({\displaystyle \frac{\omega }{2}},𝐩;{\displaystyle \frac{\omega }{2}},𝐩)G^A({\displaystyle \frac{\omega }{2}},𝐩)\}`$ (34)
(35)
where we have introduced an additional factor of 2 due to spin summation.

Direct numerical computations were performed using (35), (29), (10), with recurrence procedure being cut for high enough $`k`$, where all $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_k`$ are $`J_k`$ were supposed to be equal to zero. Integration in (35) was made over the whole Brillouin zone. The “bare” electronic spectrum was taken from (4). Integration momenta are made dimensionless in a natural way with the help of the lattice constant $`a`$, while all energies in what follows are in units of the transfer integral $`t`$. Conductivity is measured in units of the universal conductivity in two – dimensions $`\sigma _0=\frac{e^2}{\mathrm{}}=\mathrm{2.5\; 10}^4`$ Ohm-1, and the density of states — in units of $`1/ta^2`$.

## III Results and Discussion.

Optical conductivity and some other characteristics of the model were computed for different values of parameters, determining the “bare” quasiparticle spectrum (4) and for fixed value of $`\mathrm{\Delta }=t`$. Let us consider first Fermi surfaces close to the case of half – filled band with $`\mu =0`$ and $`t^{}=0`$, shown (for the first quadrant of the Brillouin zone) in Fig. 7 (a). For $`\mu =0`$ and $`t^{}=0`$ the Fermi surface is a well known simple square (complete nesting), so that this case is quite similar to that of one – dimensional system, considered in Refs. . Our results for the real part of optical conductivity of two – dimensional model, for the case of spin – fermion combinatorics of diagrams and different values of correlation length of AFM short – range order (parameter $`\kappa =\xi ^1`$, where $`\xi `$ is measured in units of lattice spacing $`a`$) are shown in Fig. 8. Qualitative form of conductivity is similar to that found previously for the one – dimensional model (for the case of incommensurate CDW – fluctuations) in Refs. . It is characterized by a sharp maximum due to pseudogap absorption (corresponding densities of states, demonstrating pseudogap at the Fermi level, are shown at the insert in Fig. 8) at $`\omega 2\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and also by weaker maximum at smaller frequencies due to Anderson localization of carriers in the random field of static AFM fluctuations. Localization nature of this maximum is confirmed by its transformation into the usual “Drude – like” peak (with maximum at $`\omega =0`$) if we perform calculations in the “ladder” approximation, when combinatorial factors $`v(k)=1`$, corresponding to “switching off” the contribution of diagrams with intersecting interaction lines, leading to two – dimensional Anderson localization . Qualitative form of conductivity in this case is also quite similar to that obtained previously for one – dimensional model in Ref. . The narrowing of localization peak with diminishing correlation length of fluctuations can be explained, as was noted in Ref. , by weakening of effective interaction (3) for smaller values of $`\xi `$ (for the fixed value of $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$), leading to general weakening of scattering rate also at the “cold” parts of the Fermi surface. Note that general behavior of our density of states and optical conductivity is in full qualitative agreement with the results of quantum Monte – Carlo calculations of a similar model of two – dimensional Peierls transition obtained recently in Ref. .

Consider now the case of $`\mu =0`$ again, but “switch on” the second nearest neighbor transfer integral $`t^{}`$ in (4). Then we are dealing with Fermi surfaces different from the square one, as shown in Fig. 7 (a). At the insert in this figure we show the energy dependence of spectral densities (15) in several typical points of these Fermi surfaces. It can be seen that these spectral densities have characteristic “non – Fermi liquid” like behavior of the type studied in Refs. , practically everywhere at the Fermi surface, while this surface is not very far from the square, despite the fact that the “hot spot” in this case is precisely at the crossing of the zone diagonal with the Fermi surface. Corresponding frequency dependences of the real part of optical conductivity are shown in Fig. 9. At the insert in this figure we show corresponding densities of states. It is seen that as we depart from the situation of complete nesting, conductivity maximum due to pseudogap transitions becomes smaller, while the localization peak grows and becomes sharper (in accordance with the general sum rule for conductivity). Note, however, that pseudogap absorption peak remains noticeable even in the case, when the pseudogap in the density of states is practically absent (curves 4 in Fig. 9).

Let us now return to the case of $`t^{}=0`$ and vary chemical potential $`\mu `$, obtaining Fermi surfaces, which are sufficiently close to square, as shown in Fig. 7 (b). Strictly speaking there are no “hot spots” at these Fermi surfaces at all, but the spectral density, shown at the insert in Fig. 7 (b) still conserves a typical pseudogap form. Corresponding dependences for the real part of optical conductivity are shown in Fig. 10.

Consider now different geometries of the Fermi surface with “hot spots”, shown in Fig. 11. In Figs. 1213 we show the real part of optical conductivity, calculated (for different diagram combinatorics) for two characteristic values of $`t^{}=0.4t`$ and $`t^{}=0.6t`$ for the chemical potential value $`\mu =0`$, when “hot spots” are on the zone diagonal (curve 5 in Fig. 11 (a) and curve 4 in Fig. 11 (b)). We can see again that the pseudogap behavior of conductivity persists even for the case, when the pseudogap in the density of states (shown at the inserts in Figs. 1213) is practically absent. Dashed curve in Fig. 12 shows the results of the “ladder” approximation, demonstrating typical vanishing of two – dimensional localization in this approximation. The results shown in Fig. 13 demonstrate typical “smearing” of the pseudogap maximum of conductivity with diminishing correlation length of short – range order fluctuations.

For majority of copper oxide high – temperature superconductors typical geometry of the Fermi surface is described by the case of $`t^{}=0.4t`$ and $`\mu =1.3t`$  (as shown by curve 3 in Fig. 11 (a)). Results of our calculations of optical conductivity for this case and for different values of the inverse correlation length $`\kappa `$ are shown in Fig. 14 (for spin – fermion combinatorics of diagrams). Here we also introduced an additional weak scattering due to inelastic processes, using the standard substitution $`\omega \omega +i\gamma `$ , which leads to the appearance of a narrow “Drude – like” peak in the region of $`\omega <\gamma `$ (destruction of two – dimensional localization due to dephasing). It can be easily checked that for higher values of inelastic scattering rate $`\gamma `$ localization peak is “smeared” and transforms into the “usual” Drude – like peak in the region of small frequencies. Pseudogap absorption maximum becomes more pronounced with the growth of correlation length $`\xi `$ (diminishing $`\kappa `$). In Fig. 15 we show frequency dependencies of an effective scattering rate $`1/\tau (\omega )`$ and effective mass $`m^{}(\omega )`$, which can be determined from our calculations, using the generalized Drude formula, which is often used to fit experimental data :

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\tau (\omega )}}={\displaystyle \frac{\omega _p^2}{4\pi }}Re\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma (\omega )}}\right)`$ (36)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{m^{}(\omega )}{m}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega }}{\displaystyle \frac{\omega _p^2}{4\pi }}Im\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma (\omega )}}\right)`$ (37)
Here $`\omega _p`$ – is plasma frequency, $`m`$ – is the mass of a free electron. From Fig. 15 we can see, that $`1/\tau (\omega )`$ (expressed in this figure in units of $`\frac{\omega _p^2}{4\pi e^2}\mathrm{}`$) demonstrates quite typical pseudogap behavior for the frequency range of $`\omega <2\mathrm{\Delta }`$. Note, that the density of states in this case possess only rather weak pseudogap  (cf. insert in Fig. 12). In Fig. 16 we show similar results for the same case (typical for HTSC – oxides), but for commensurate combinatorics of diagrams (CDW – type fluctuations). We see that in this case the pseudogap absorption maximum is almost invisible.

From Fig. 11 (b) we can see that with the change of the chemical potential in the interval from $`\mu =0`$ to $`\mu =1.666t`$ the Fermi surface acquires larger and larger “flat” parts, transforming for $`\mu 1.666t`$ practically into a “cross – like”. Similar Fermi surface was observed in ARPES – experiments on $`La_{1.28}Nd_{0.6}Sr_{0.12}CuO_4`$ . In this case velocity projections in “hot spots”, connected by $`𝐐=(\frac{\pi }{a},\frac{\pi }{a})`$, become orthogonal. For $`\mu /t=1.666\mathrm{}`$ topology of the Fermi surface change (cf. Fig. 11 (b)) and in the whole region of $`\mu /t<1.666\mathrm{}`$ these projections have the same signs, guaranteeing the exactness of our main Ansatz (8) for the contributions of higher order diagrams . It is of some interest to present the results of our calculations of optical conductivity also for these values of $`\mu `$. These are shown (for the case of commensurate (CDW) diagram combinatorics) in Fig. 17, where we can follow the changes of localization peak in conductivity as the chemical potential passes through the region of topological phase transition. A weak pseudogap absorption maximum practically does not change at all. At the insert in Fig. 17 we show the evolution of localization peak as we “switch on” inelastic scattering processes (scattering rate $`\gamma `$) for the case of $`\mu =1.8t`$. The transition from localization to Drude – like behavior due to inelastic dephasing is clearly seen. These results show, that the change in topology of the Fermi surface does not lead to any strong qualitative change of optical conductivity in our model.

## IV Conclusion

Our analysis shows the variety of results, which may be obtained in this model for different geometries and topologies of the Fermi surface, appearing for different values of the “bare” quasiparticle energy spectrum (4). It is interesting to compare these data with results obtained earlier for the simplified model with “hot patches” on the Fermi surface . Pseudogap anomalies in the “hot patches” model were determined mainly by strong scattering on these (flat) patches only, as well as by their relative size. Accordingly, the localization peak of conductivity in this model was rather weak and dominating behavior at small frequencies was determined by Drude – like peak due to the scattering on “cold” parts of the Fermi surface with the scattering rate $`\gamma `$ (analogous to inelastic scattering rate defined above). Analysis of the more realistic model, given in this paper, shows that the contribution of localization peak may be more pronounced and in fact this peak may transform into a narrow enough “Drude – like” peak with the inclusion of dephasing processes.

Probably the main deficiency of the present model is the neglect of the dynamics of fluctuations of short – range order. This approximation is justified, as was noted in Refs. , only for high enough temperatures. However, at higher temperatures inelastic scattering, responsible for dephasing processes and breakdown of localization, become more important. The other shortcoming, as was stressed several times , is our limitation to Gaussian fluctuations only of short – range order, which also may be justified only for high enough temperatures.

Discussing the possible relation of the above results with experimental data obtained on real HTSC – cuprates we note, that in majority of these experiments  localization peak was not observed at all, which may be due to the large contribution of inelastic processes (dephasing) at high enough temperatures used in these measurements. Peaks in optical conductivity at small frequencies, attributed to localization, were observed in disordered samples of $`YBaCuO`$ in Refs. . In recent experiments on $`NdCeCuO`$  this peak was especially clearly seen. In particular, the qualitative behavior of optical conductivity observed in Ref.  for several samples of $`NdCeCuO`$ with different compositions (from underdoped to optimally doped) is in complete agreement with our results shown above in Fig. 14, which were considered as typical for HTSC – cuprates. We conclude that the “hot spots” model may be successfully used for realistic enough description of anomalies of optical conductivity in high – temperature superconductors.

The authors are grateful to E.Z.Kuchinskii for numerous discussions. This work was supported in part by the grants of the Russian Foundation of Basic Research 02-02-16031, CRDF No. REC-005 and the program of fundamental research of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Quantum Macrophysics”. It was also partly supported by the project of the Russian Ministry of Industry and Science “Studies of collective and quantum effects in condensed matter”.


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# The extended Weyl group 𝑊̃(𝐷₅⁽¹⁾) as an extension of KNY’s birational representation of 𝑊̃(𝐴₁⁽¹⁾×𝐴₃⁽¹⁾)

## 1 Introduction

Since the singularity confinement criterion was introduced as a discrete analogue of the Painlevé test , many discrete analogues of Painlevé equations have been proposed and extensively studied . Discrete Painlevé equations have been considered as 2-dimensional non-autonomous birational dynamical systems which satisfy this criterion and which have limiting procedures to the (continuous) Painlevé equations. In recent years it was shown by Sakai that all of these (from the point of view of symmetries) are obtained by studying rational surfaces in connection with extended affine Weyl groups .

On the other hand, recently Kajiwara et al (KNY)  have proposed a birational representation of the extended Weyl groups $`\stackrel{~}{W}(A_{m1}^{(1)}\times A_{n1}^{(1)})`$ on the field of rational functions $`(x_{ij})`$, which is expected to provide higher order discrete Painlevé equations (however, this representation is not always faithful, for example it is not faithful in the case where $`m`$ or $`n`$ equals $`1`$ and in the case of $`m=n=2`$). In the case of $`m=2`$ and $`n=3,4`$, the actions of the translations can be considered to be 2-dimensional non-autonomous discrete dynamical systems and therefore to correspond to discrete Painlevé equations. Special solutions and some properties of these equations have been studied by several authors . In the case of $`m=2`$ and $`n=4`$, the action of the translation was thought to be a symmetric form of the $`q`$-discrete analogue of Painlevé V equation ($`q`$-$`P_V`$). However, the symmetry $`\stackrel{~}{W}(A_1^{(1)}\times A_3^{(1)})`$ does not coincides with any symmetry of discrete Painlevé equations in Sakai’s list, (in the case of $`m=2`$ and $`n=3`$, it coincides with an equation, which is associated with a family of $`A_3^{(1)}`$ surfaces and whose symmetry is $`\stackrel{~}{W}(A_1^{(1)}\times A_2^{(1)})`$, in Sakai’s list). So it is natural to suspect that the symmetry might be a subgroup of a larger group associated with some family of rational surfaces.

In this paper we show that in the case of $`m=2`$ and $`n=4`$ the action of the translation can be lifted to an automorphism of a family of rational surfaces of the type $`A_3^{(1)}`$, i.e. surfaces such that the type of the configuration of irreducible components of their anti-canonical divisors is $`A_3^{(1)}`$, and therefore that the group of these automorphisms is $`\stackrel{~}{W}(D_5^{(1)})`$ (hence it is not $`q`$-$`P_V`$ by Sakai’s classification). The action can be decomposed into two mappings which are conjugate to the $`q`$-$`P_{VI}`$ equation. It is also shown that the subgroup of automorphisms which commute with the original translation is isomorphic to $`\times \stackrel{~}{W}(A_3^{(1)})\times \stackrel{~}{W}(A_1^{(1)})`$.

## 2  Birational representation of $`\stackrel{~}{W}(A_{m1}^{(1)}\times A_{n1}^{(1)})`$

The birational representation of $`\stackrel{~}{W}(A_{m1}^{(1)}\times A_{n1}^{(1)})`$ on $`(x_{i,j})`$ proposed by Kajiwara et al (KNY)  is an action on $`(x_{i,j})`$ ($`i=0,1,\mathrm{},m1`$, $`j=0,1,\mathrm{},n1`$ and the indices $`i,j`$ are considered in modulo $`m,n`$ respectively) defined as follows.

We write the elements of the Weyl group corresponding to the simple roots as

$$r_iW(A_{m1}^{(1)}),s_jW(A_{n1}^{(1)})$$

and the elements corresponding to the rotations of the Dynkin diagrams as

$$\pi \mathrm{Aut}(\mathrm{Dynkin}(A_{m1}^{(1)})),\rho \mathrm{Aut}(\mathrm{Dynkin}(A_{n1}^{(1)})).$$

The action of these elements on $`(x_{i,j})`$ are defined as

$`r_i(x_{ij})=x_{i+1,j}{\displaystyle \frac{P_{i,j1}}{P_{ij}}},r_i(x_{i+1,j})=x_{ij}{\displaystyle \frac{P_{ij}}{P_{i,j1}}},r_k(x_{ij})=x_{ij},(ki,i1),`$
$`s_j(x_{ij})=x_{i,j+1}{\displaystyle \frac{Q_{i1,j}}{Q_{ij}}},s_j(x_{i,j+1})=x_{ij}{\displaystyle \frac{Q_{ij}}{Q_{i1,j}}},s_k(x_{ij})=x_{ij},(kj,j1),`$
$`\pi (x_{ij})=x_{i+1,j},\rho (x_{i,j})=x_{i,j+1},`$
where

$`P_{ij}={\displaystyle \underset{a=0}{\overset{n1}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{a1}{}}}x_{i,j+k+1}{\displaystyle \underset{k=a+1}{\overset{n1}{}}}x_{i+1,j+k+1}\right),`$ $`Q_{ij}={\displaystyle \underset{a=0}{\overset{m1}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{a1}{}}}x_{i+k+1,j}{\displaystyle \underset{k=a+1}{\overset{m1}{}}}x_{i+k+1,j+1}\right).`$
For example in the $`(m,n)=(2,4)`$ case,

$$P_{00}=x_{1,2}x_{1,3}x_{1,0}+x_{0,1}x_{1,3}x_{1,0}+x_{0,1}x_{0,2}x_{1,0}+x_{0,1}x_{0,2}x_{0,3}$$

and $`Q_{00}=x_{0,1}+x_{1,0}`$. It was shown by KNY that this action is a representation of $`\stackrel{~}{W}(A_{m1}^{(1)}\times A_{n1}^{(1)})`$ as automorphisms of the field $`(x_{i,j})`$. But it is still an open problem when this representation is faithful. In the case of $`m=2`$ and $`n=3,4`$, one can see it is faithful by considering the actions on the root systems which we discuss later.

In the case of $`(m,n)=(2,4)`$, the variable transformation:

$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{x_{0,j}x_{1,j}}{x_{0,j+1}x_{1,j+1}}}\right)^{1/2}=a_j,`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{x_{0,j}x_{0,j+1}}{x_{1,j}x_{1,j+1}}}\right)^{1/2}=f_j,`$
reduces the actions of $`r_0,r_1,s_0,s_1,s_2,s_3,\pi ,\rho `$ to

$`r_0(a_i)=a_i,`$
$`r_0(f_i)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{a_ia_{i+1}f_{i+1}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1+a_if_i+a_ia_{i+1}f_if_{i+1}+a_ia_{i+1}a_{i+2}f_if_{i+1}f_{i+2}}{1+a_{i+2}f_{i+2}+a_{i+2}a_{i+3}f_{i+2}f_{i+3}+a_{i+2}a_{i+3}a_{i+4}f_{i+2}f_{i+3}f_{i+4}}}`$
$`\pi (a_i)=a_i,\pi (f_i)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{f_i}}`$
$`r_1=\pi r_0\pi `$
$`s_i(a_j)=a_ja_i^{c_{i,j}},s_i(f_j)=f_j\left({\displaystyle \frac{a_i+f_i}{1+a_if_i}}\right)^{u_{i,j}}`$
$`\rho (a_i)=a_{i+1},\rho (f_i)=f_{i+1}`$
where $`c_{i,j}`$ and $`u_{i,j}`$ are

$`(c_{i,j})=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}\hfill 2& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\\ \hfill 1& \hfill 2& \hfill 1& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 2& \hfill 1\\ \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 2\end{array}\right),`$ $`(u_{i,j})=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}\hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\\ \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 1\\ \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0\end{array}\right).`$
Remark. By the variable transformation we have $`a_0a_1a_2a_3=1`$, but if we remove this constraint and set $`a_0a_1a_2a_3=q^1`$, the actions also generate $`\stackrel{~}{W}(A_{m1}^{(1)}\times A_{n1}^{(1)})`$.

The element $`\pi r_0`$ is a translation of $`A_1^{(1)}`$ and provides a discrete dynamical system:

$`\begin{array}{c}\overline{a}_0=a_0,\overline{a}_1=a_1,\overline{a}_2=a_2,\overline{a}_3=a_3,\\ \overline{f}_0=a_0a_1f_1{\displaystyle \frac{1+a_2f_2+a_2a_3f_2f_3+a_2a_3a_0f_2f_3f_0}{1+a_0f_0+a_0a_1f_0f_1+a_0a_1a_2f_0f_1f_2}},\\ \overline{f}_1=a_1a_2f_2{\displaystyle \frac{1+a_3f_3+a_3a_0f_3f_0+a_3a_0a_1f_3f_0f_1}{1+a_1f_1+a_1a_2f_1f_2+a_1a_2a_3f_1f_2f_3}},\\ \overline{f}_2=a_2a_3f_3{\displaystyle \frac{1+a_0f_0+a_0a_1f_0f_1+a_0a_1a_2f_0f_1f_2}{1+a_2f_2+a_2a_3f_2f_3+a_2a_3a_0f_2f_3f_0}},\\ \overline{f}_3=a_3a_0f_0{\displaystyle \frac{1+a_1f_1+a_1a_2f_1f_2+a_1a_2a_3f_1f_2f_3}{1+a_3f_3+a_3a_0f_3f_0+a_3a_0a_1f_3f_0f_1}}.\end{array}`$
Remark. Contrary to the case where these mappings are considered to be field operators, we define the composition of mappings as that of functions. For example, for $`\phi :(x,y)(x^2,y)`$ and $`\psi :(x,y)(x+y,y)`$, we have $`\psi \phi :(x,y)(x^2+y,y)`$.

By the change of variables

$`a_3=1/(a_0a_1a_2q),`$ $`f_0=x,f_1=y,f_2=c/x,f_3=d/y`$
this equation reduces to the following 2-dimensional non-autonomous discrete dynamical system:

$`\phi :(x,y)`$ $``$ $`(\overline{x},\overline{y}),`$
$`\{\begin{array}{c}\overline{x}={\displaystyle \frac{qa_0a_1xy+c(d+a_0dx+qa_0a_1a_2y)}{qx(1+a_0(x+a_1a_2cy+a_1xy))}}\hfill \\ \overline{y}={\displaystyle \frac{c(d+a_0dx+a_0a_1dxy+qa_0a_1a_2y)}{y(qa_0x(1+a_1y)+c(d+qa_0a_1a_2y))}},\hfill \end{array}`$ (5)
where the change in the parameters is given by

$`(\overline{a_0},\overline{a_1},\overline{a_2},\overline{q},\overline{c},\overline{d})=(a_0,a_1,a_2,q,{\displaystyle \frac{d}{q}},{\displaystyle \frac{c}{q}}).`$
## 3 Space of initial conditions and Cremona isometries

### 3.1 Space of initial conditions

The notion of space of initial conditions (values) was first proposed by Okamoto  for the continuous Painlevé equations and was recently applied by Sakai  for the discrete Painlevé equations. In the discrete case it is linked to automorphisms of certain families of rational surfaces. The relations of surfaces and groups of these automorphisms were also studied by many authors from the algebraic-geometric view point . In this section, following Sakai’s method, we construct the space of initial conditions for $`\phi `$.

Let $`X`$ and $`Y`$ be rational surfaces and let $`X^{}`$ and $`Y^{}`$ be surfaces obtained by the successive blow-ups $`\pi _X:X^{}X`$ and $`\pi _Y:Y^{}Y`$. A rational mapping $`\phi ^{}:X^{}Y^{}`$ is called lifted from a rational mapping $`\phi :XY`$, if $`\pi _Y\phi ^{}=\phi \pi _X`$ holds for any point where $`\phi \pi _X`$ and $`\phi ^{}`$ are defined.

Definition(space of initial conditions). Let $`X_i`$’s be rational surfaces and let $`\{\phi _i:X_iX_{i+1}\}`$ be a sequence of birational mappings. A sequence of rational surfaces $`\{Y_i\}`$ is (or $`Y_i`$ themselves are) called the space of initial conditions for $`\{\phi _i\}`$ if each $`\phi _i`$ is lifted to an isomorphism, i.e. bi-holomorphic mapping, from $`Y_i`$ to $`Y_{i+1}`$.

Let us consider the mapping (5) to be a birational mapping from $`^1\times ^1`$ to itself. Blowing up successively at the indeterminate points of $`\phi `$ and $`\phi ^1`$ (as usual), we have the surface $`X_i`$ as described in Fig.1. The total transforms of the points of successive blow-ups are

$`\begin{array}{cc}E_1:(x,y)=(0,da_3)\hfill & E_2:(x,y)=(0,a_1)\hfill \\ E_3:(x,y)=(1/a_0,0)\hfill & E_4:(x,y)=(c/a_2,0)\hfill \\ E_5:(1/x,y)=(0,1/a_1)\hfill & E_6:(1/x,y)=(0,d/a_3)\hfill \\ E_7:(x,1/y)=(ca_2,0)\hfill & E_8:(x,1/y)=(a_0,0),\hfill \end{array}`$ (10)
where we use $`a_3=1/(a_0a_1a_2q)`$ instead of $`q`$.

###### Theorem 3.1

The mapping $`\phi :^1\times ^1^1\times ^1`$ (5) can be lifted to the sequence of isomorphisms $`\{\phi :X_iX_{i+1}\}`$.

Let $`X`$ be a rational surface which is given by blow-ups (10) from $`^1\times ^1`$, where $`a_i,c,d\{0\}`$. We denote the linear equivalence class of total transforms of $`x=\mathrm{constant},`$ ($`y=\mathrm{constant}`$) on $`X`$ by $`H_0`$ (resp. $`H_1`$). The Picard group of the surface $`X`$, i.e. the group of linear equivalence classes of divisors on $`X`$, is denoted as $`\mathrm{Pic}(\mathrm{X})`$. The mapping $`\phi `$ induces the push-forward mapping $`\phi _{}:\mathrm{Pic}(\mathrm{X}_\mathrm{i})\mathrm{Pic}(\mathrm{X}_{\mathrm{i}+1})`$ ($`\mathrm{Pic}(\mathrm{X}_\mathrm{i})\mathrm{Pic}(\mathrm{X}_{\mathrm{i}+1})`$) as

$`\begin{array}{cc}H_02H_0+H_1E_2E_4E_6E_8\hfill & \\ H_1H_0+2H_1E_2E_4E_6E_8\hfill & \\ E_1H_0+H_1E_2E_4E_8\hfill & E_2E_5\hfill \\ E_3H_0+H_1E_2E_4E_6\hfill & E_4E_7\hfill \\ E_5H_0+H_1E_4E_6E_8\hfill & E_6E_1\hfill \\ E_7H_0+H_1E_2E_6E_8\hfill & E_8E_3.\hfill \end{array}`$
### 3.2 The group of Cremona isometries

In this section we shall consider automorphisms of the family of $`X`$ with various parameters.

The Picard group of $`X`$ is the $``$-module (lattice)

$$\mathrm{Pic}(X)=H_0+H_1+E_1+\mathrm{}+E_8.$$

The intersection number of any two divisors can be calculated by using the intersection form

$`H_iH_j=1\delta _{i,j},E_kE_l=\delta _{k,l},H_iE_k=0.`$ (12)
Let $`D_0,D_1,D_2,D_3`$ be divisors as

$`\begin{array}{cc}D_0=H_0E_1E_2,\hfill & D_1=H_1E_3E_4\hfill \\ D_2=H_0E_5E_6,\hfill & D_3=H_1E_7E_8.\hfill \end{array}`$
The anti canonical divisor of $`X`$, $`K_X=2H_0+2H_1E_1\mathrm{}E_8`$, is uniquely decomposed into prime divisors (for generic parameters) as

$$K_X=D_0+D_1+D_2+D_3.$$

The connections of the $`D_i`$ are expressed by the following diagram.

(14)
Such rational surfaces are said to be of the $`A_3^{(1)}`$ type which is the type of those surfaces in Sakai’s list associated with the $`q`$-$`P_{VI}`$ equation .

Definition. An automorphism $`s`$ of $`\mathrm{Pic}(\mathrm{X})`$ is called a Cremona isometry  if $`s`$ preserves i) the intersection form on $`\mathrm{Pic}(\mathrm{X})`$, ii) the canonical divisor $`K_X`$, iii) the semigroup of effective classes of divisors.

Let $`X`$ and $`X^{}`$ be rational surfaces. In general, if a mapping $`\phi `$ is an isomorphism from $`X`$ to $`X^{}`$, its action on the Picard group $`\phi _{}:\mathrm{Pic}(\mathrm{X})\mathrm{Pic}(\mathrm{X}^{})`$ (or $`\phi ^{}:\mathrm{Pic}(\mathrm{X}^{})\mathrm{Pic}(\mathrm{X})`$) ($`\mathrm{Pic}(\mathrm{X})\mathrm{Pic}(\mathrm{X}^{})`$)is always a Cremona isometry.

A Cremona isometry preserves the set $`\{D_i\}`$ and its orthogonal (with respect to the intersection form) lattice,

$`Q:=\alpha _0\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3\alpha _4\alpha _5`$ (15)
where the $`\alpha _i`$’s are

$`\begin{array}{cc}\alpha _0=E_5E_6,\hfill & \alpha _1=E_1E_2\hfill \\ \alpha _2=H_1E_1E_5,\hfill & \alpha _3=H_0E_3E_7\hfill \\ \alpha _4=E_3E_4,\hfill & \alpha _5=E_7E_8.\hfill \end{array}`$
We define the action $`w_i`$ on $`\mathrm{Pic}(\mathrm{X})`$ corresponding to $`\alpha _i`$ as

$$w_i(D)=D\frac{2D\alpha _i}{\alpha _i\alpha _i}\alpha _i$$

where $`D\mathrm{Pic}(\mathrm{X})`$. The Cartan matrix is as follows.

$`(c_{i,j})`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill 2& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 2& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 1& \hfill 1& \hfill 2& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 2& \hfill 1& \hfill 1\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 2& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill 1& \hfill 0& \hfill 2\end{array}\right).\text{}`$
We also define the actions of the generators of automorphisms of the Dynkin diagrams $`\sigma _{102345}`$ and $`\sigma _{543210}`$ as

$`\sigma _{102345}:`$ $`(H_0,H_1,E_1,E_2,E_3,E_4,E_5,E_6,E_7,E_8)`$
$`(H_0,H_1,E_5,E_6,E_3,E_4,E_1,E_2,E_7,E_8)`$
$`\sigma _{543210}:`$ $`(H_0,H_1,E_1,E_2,E_3,E_4,E_5,E_6,E_7,E_8)`$ (18)
$`(H_1,H_0,E_3,E_4,E_1,E_2,E_7,E_8,E_5,E_6),`$
where the suffixes of $`\sigma `$ mean corresponding permutations. For convenience we also use the automorphism $`\sigma _{012354}=\sigma _{543210}\sigma _{102345}\sigma _{543210}`$. For simplicity we write $`\sigma _{102345}`$ and $`\sigma _{012354}`$ as $`\sigma _{10}`$ and $`\sigma _{54}`$ respectively.

Here, the group of automorphisms of the lattice $`\alpha _i`$ which preserve the intersection form (considered to be the inner product) is $`\pm \stackrel{~}{W}(D_5^{(1)})`$ (see  §5.10). Since each element of $`\stackrel{~}{W}(D_5^{(1)})`$ does not preserve effectiveness of divisor classes, we have the following theorem (it can be confirmed directly that $`\stackrel{~}{W}(D_5^{(1)})`$ does preserve effectiveness by realization as automorphisms of the family of surfaces).

###### Theorem 3.2

The group of Cremona isometries of the surface $`X`$ is $`\stackrel{~}{W}(D_5^{(1)})`$.

###### Corollary 3.3

The mapping $`\phi ^2`$ acts on the root basis as

$`\phi ^2:(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4,\alpha _5)`$
$`(\alpha _0+K,\alpha _1+K,\alpha _2K,\alpha _3K,\alpha _4+K,\alpha _5+K)`$
where $`K=K_X=\alpha _0+\alpha _1+2\alpha _2+2\alpha _3+\alpha _4+\alpha _5`$ corresponds to the canonical central element and $`\phi `$ is written by generators as

$`\phi `$ $`=`$ $`\sigma _{54}\sigma _{10}w_5w_4w_1w_0w_2w_3w_2.`$
Remark. Since we have defined the composition of mappings as in Sect. 2, the composition of actions on the Picard group should like a changes of basis, i.e. for $`\phi :(x,y)(2x,y)`$ and $`\psi :(x,y)(x+y,y)`$, we have $`\psi \phi :(x,y)(2x+2y,y)`$.

### 3.3 Realization of Cremona isometries

Each Cremona isometry of Th.3.2 can be realized as birational mapping on $`^1\times ^1`$ which is lifted to an automorphism of the family of surfaces $`X`$ (cf. ).

The birational actions of generators are as follows: $`(x,y,a_0,a_1,a_2,a_3,c,d)`$ is mapped to

$`(x,y\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{a_3}{a_1d}}};a_0,\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{a_1a_3}{d}}},a_2,\sqrt{a_1a_3d},c,{\displaystyle \frac{a_3}{a_1}})`$ by $`w_0`$
$`(x,y\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{a_1}{a_3d}}};a_0,\sqrt{a_1a_3d},a_2,\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{a_1a_3}{d}}},c,{\displaystyle \frac{a_1}{a_3}})`$ by $`w_1`$
$`({\displaystyle \frac{x(a_1y+1)}{(y+a_3d)}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{a_3d}{a_1}}},{\displaystyle \frac{y}{\sqrt{a_1a_3d}}};a_0\sqrt{a_1a_3d},\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{a_1}{a_3d}}},a_2\sqrt{a_1a_3d},\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{a_3}{a_1d}}},c,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{a_1a_3}})`$ by $`w_2`$
$`({\displaystyle \frac{x}{\sqrt{a_0a_2c}}},{\displaystyle \frac{y(x+a_2c)}{(a_0x+1)}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{a_0}{a_2c}}};\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{a_0}{a_2c}}},a_1\sqrt{a_0a_2c},\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{a_2}{a_0c}}},a_3\sqrt{a_0a_2c},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{a_0a_2}},d)`$ by $`w_3`$
$`(x\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{a_2}{a_0c}}},y;\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{a_0a_2}{c}}},a_1,\sqrt{a_0a_2c},a_3,{\displaystyle \frac{a_2}{a_0}},d)`$ by $`w_4`$
$`(x\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{a_0}{a_2c}}},y;\sqrt{a_0a_2c},a_1,\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{a_0a_2}{c}}},a_3,{\displaystyle \frac{a_0}{a_2}},d)`$ by $`w_5`$
$`({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},{\displaystyle \frac{y}{d}};{\displaystyle \frac{1}{a_0}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{a_3}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{a_2}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{a_1}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{c}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{d}})`$ by $`\sigma _{10}`$
$`({\displaystyle \frac{y}{d}},{\displaystyle \frac{x}{c}};{\displaystyle \frac{1}{a_3}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{a_2}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{a_1}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{a_0}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{d}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{c}})`$ $`\text{by }\sigma _{543210}\text{ }.`$
Remark. If one would prefer to relate these transformation to Sakai’s paper  explicitly, it is sufficient to put $`f,g`$ and $`b_1,b_2,\mathrm{},b_8`$ as $`f=x,g=y`$ and $`b_1=a_1,b_2=da_3,b_3=1/a_1,b_4=d/a_3,b_5=1/a_0,b_6=c/a_2,b_7=a_0,b_8=ca_2`$. (This coincidence is up to the coefficients of $`f`$ and $`g`$ in each birational transformation, because the normalization is different in Sakai’s paper. While there are 8 parameters in that paper, there are only 6 parameters here. If we consider surfaces whose Picard group and effective classes are the same as those of the surfaces $`X`$ and normalize by automorphisms of $`^1\times ^1`$, then only “6” parameters remain.)

### 3.4 Relation to the $`q`$-Painlevé VI equation

We define the mapping $`\psi `$ as $`\psi =\sigma _{10}\sigma _{543210}w_3w_5w_4w_3`$, then $`\psi `$ is expressed as

$`\psi :(x,y)`$ $``$ $`(\overline{x},\overline{y}),`$
$`\{\begin{array}{c}\overline{x}={\displaystyle \frac{d(1+a_0x)(c+a_2x)}{y(x+a_0)(x+ca_2)}}\hfill \\ \overline{y}=x\hfill \end{array}`$ (21)
with the change of parameters:

$`(\overline{a_0},\overline{a_1},\overline{a_2},\overline{q},\overline{c},\overline{d})=({\displaystyle \frac{a_0}{q}},qa_1,{\displaystyle \frac{a_2}{q}},q,d,c).`$
The mapping $`\psi ^2`$ is the $`q`$-$`P_{VI}`$ equation. Actually it acts on the root basis as

$`(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4,\alpha _5)(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2+K,\alpha _3K,\alpha _4,\alpha _5).`$
Remark. If one would prefer to relate these transformation to Sakai’s $`qP_{VI}`$ , it is sufficient to put $`f=x,g=y`$ and $`b_1=ta_1,b_2=tda_3,b_3=t/a_1,b_4=td/a_3,b_5=t/a_0,b_6=tc/a_2,b_7=ta_0,b_8=tca_2`$ and $`\overline{t}=qt`$ and $`q^{}=q^2`$ (the normalization is changed by introducing the new variable $`t`$).

###### Proposition 3.4

The mapping $`\phi ^2`$ can be decomposed into conjugate mappings of $`q`$-$`P_{VI}(=\psi ^2)`$ as

$`\phi ^2=(\sigma _{543210}w_2q\text{-}P_{VI}w_2\sigma _{543210})(w_2q\text{-}P_{VI}w_2).`$
## 4 The group of commutative elements

In this section we investigate the subgroup of $`\stackrel{~}{W}(D_5^{(1)})`$ whose elements commute with $`\phi ^2`$ (we denote it as $`W_C`$). We prove the following theorem.

###### Theorem 4.1

$$W_C\times \stackrel{~}{W}(A_3^{(1)})\times \stackrel{~}{W}(A_1^{(1)})$$

holds, where the meaning of each symbol is:

i) $``$ is $`\phi ^2`$;

ii) $`\stackrel{~}{W}(A_3^{(1)})`$ is the extended Weyl group defined by the root basis

$$(\beta _0,\beta _1,\beta _2,\beta _3):=(\alpha _3+\alpha _5,\alpha _1+\alpha _2,\alpha _3+\alpha _4,\alpha _0+\alpha _2)$$

and the automorphisms of Dynkin diagram $`\sigma _{\beta (1032)}`$ and $`\sigma _{\beta (3210)}`$; It coincides with the original $`W(A_3^{(1)})`$ except for the extension;

iii) $`\stackrel{~}{W}(A_1^{(1)})`$ is the extended Weyl group defined by the root basis

$$(\gamma _0,\gamma _1):=(\alpha _0+\alpha _1+\alpha _2+\alpha _3,\alpha _2+\alpha _3+\alpha _4+\alpha _5)$$

and the automorphisms of Dynkin diagram $`\sigma _{\gamma (10)}`$.

Notice that the subset of the lattice $`Q`$ (15) whose elements are preserved by $`\phi ^2`$ is

$$Q_B:=\{\underset{i=0}{\overset{5}{}}a_i\alpha _iQ;a_0+a_1a_2a_3+a_4+a_5=0\}.$$

The lattice $`Q_B`$ can be described as

$`\alpha Q_B`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Span}_{}(\beta _0,\beta _1,\beta _2,\beta _3,\gamma _0)`$ (22)
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{Span}_{}(\beta _0,\beta _1,\beta _2,\gamma _0,\gamma _1).`$
###### Lemma 4.2

The group $`W_C`$ preserves the lattice $`Q_B`$.

Proof. Let $`w_cW_C`$ and let $`qQ_B`$. Since $`\phi ^2w_c(q)=w_c\phi ^2(q)=w_c(q)`$, $`w_c(q)`$ is preserved by $`\phi ^2`$ and therefore $`w_c(q)Q_B`$.

###### Lemma 4.3

The group whose actions preserve the lattice $`Q_B`$ and the intersection form is $`\pm \stackrel{~}{W}(A_3^{(1)})\times \pm \stackrel{~}{W}(A_1^{(1)})`$.

Proof. First we consider $`w(\beta _i)`$. $`w(\beta _i)`$ is written as

$$w(\beta _i)=b_{i,0}\beta _0+b_{i,1}\beta _1+b_{i,2}\beta _2+b_{i,3}\beta _3+c_{i,0}\gamma _0,$$

where $`b_{i,j},c_{i,j}`$. From the equation

$`2`$ $`=`$ $`\beta _i\beta _i=w(\beta _i)w(\beta _i)`$
$`=`$ $`(b_{i,0}b_{i,1})^2(b_{i,1}b_{i,2})^2(b_{i,2}b_{i,3})^2(b_{i,3}b_{i,0})^22(c_{i,0})^2,`$
we have $`b_{i,0}=b_{i,1}=b_{i,2}=b_{i,3}`$ or $`c_{i,0}=0`$. In the former case we have that

$$1=w(\beta _i)w(\beta _{i+1})=2c_{i,0}c_{i+1,0},$$

which is a contradiction. Hence $`w`$ preserves the lattice $`\beta _0+\beta _1+\beta _2+\beta _3`$ and therefore the action of $`w`$ on this lattice coincides with an element of the extended affine Weyl group $`\pm \stackrel{~}{W}(A_3^{(1)})`$ (See  §5.10).

Next we consider $`w(\gamma _0)`$ and $`w(\gamma _1)`$. $`w(\gamma _i)`$ is written as

$$w(\gamma _i)=b_{i,0}\beta _0+b_{i,1}\beta _1+b_{i,2}\beta _2+b_{i,3}\beta _3+c_{i,0}\gamma _0$$

and we have $`b_{i,0}=b_{i,1}=b_{i,2}=b_{i,3}`$ or $`c_{i,0}=0`$ for each $`i`$. Since the rank of $`w(Q_B)`$ equals that of $`Q_B`$, $`c_{i,0}`$ can not be zero. Hence we have $`w(\gamma _i)K\pm \gamma _0\gamma _0+\gamma _1`$ and therefore the action of $`w`$ on the lattice $`\gamma _0+\gamma _1`$ coincides with an element of the extended affine Weyl group $`\pm \stackrel{~}{W}(A_1^{(1)})`$.

Now we are ready to prove the theorem.

Proof. By Lemma 4.2 and Lemma 4.3 it follows that the action of $`W_C\stackrel{~}{W}(D_5^{(1)})`$ on $`Q_B`$ is given by $`\stackrel{~}{W}(A_3^{(1)})\times \stackrel{~}{W}(A_1^{(1)})`$. One of the extensions of this action onto $`Q`$ is given in appendix B.

We investigate the variety of extensions. Suppose the actions of $`s_1,s_2W_C`$ on the lattice $`Q_B`$ are the same. We write $`s_1s_2^1(x)`$ as $`\overline{x}`$. Since $`\alpha _0,\beta _0,\beta _1,\beta _2,\beta _3,\gamma _0`$ are linearly independent, $`\overline{\alpha _0}`$ can be written as

$$a_0\alpha _0+b_0\beta _0+b_1\beta _1+b_2\beta _2+b_3\beta _3+c_0\gamma _0.$$

Using the relations $`\alpha _0\beta _i=\overline{\alpha _0}\overline{\beta _i}=\overline{\alpha _0}\beta _i`$ and $`\alpha _0\gamma _0=\overline{\alpha _0}\overline{\gamma _0}=\overline{\alpha _0}\gamma _0`$, we have

$`\{\begin{array}{ccc}2b_0+b_1+b_3& =& 0\\ a_0+b_02b_1+b_2& =& 1\\ b_12b_2+b_3& =& 0\\ a_0+b_0+b_22b_3& =& 1\\ a_02c_0& =& 1.\end{array}`$
and hence

$`\overline{\alpha _0}`$ $`=`$ $`\alpha _0+K+(2\alpha _0+\beta _0+2\beta _1+\beta _2\gamma _0)`$
$`=`$ $`\alpha _0+K+(\alpha _2+\alpha _3).`$
Moreover from $`(\overline{\alpha _0})^2=(\alpha _0)^2=2`$, we have

$`\overline{\alpha _0}`$ $`=`$ $`\alpha _0+K\text{ or }\alpha _0+\alpha _2+\alpha _3+K.`$ (24)
Since $`\overline{\beta _i}=\beta _i`$ and $`\overline{\gamma _0}=\gamma _0`$, we have: if $`\overline{\alpha _0}=\alpha _0+zK,`$ ($`z`$), then

$`(\overline{\alpha _0},\overline{\alpha _1},\overline{\alpha _2},\overline{\alpha _3},\overline{\alpha _4},\overline{\alpha _5})`$
$`=`$ $`(\alpha _0+zK,\alpha _1+zK,\alpha _2zK,al_3zK,\alpha _4+zK,\alpha _5+zK)`$
and if $`\overline{\alpha _0}=\alpha _0+\alpha _2+\alpha _3+zK,`$ ($`z`$), then

$`(\overline{\alpha _0},\overline{\alpha _1},\overline{\alpha _2},\overline{\alpha _3},\overline{\alpha _4},\overline{\alpha _5})`$
$`=`$ $`(\alpha _0+\alpha _2+\alpha _3+zK,\alpha _1+\alpha _2+\alpha _3+zK,\alpha _3zK,`$
$`\alpha _2zK,\alpha _2+\alpha _3+\alpha _4+zK,\alpha _2+\alpha _3+\alpha _5+zK).`$
In the former case $`s_1s_2^1=\phi ^2=(r_1r_0)^z`$ and in the later case $`s_1s_2^1=\phi ^2=r_0(r_1r_0)^z`$. Since $`r_0`$ does not commute with $`\phi ^2`$ ($`r_0\phi ^2=\phi ^2r_0`$), the action of $`W_B`$ is extended by $`\phi ^2`$.

Acknowledgment. The author would like to thank H. Sakai, J. Satsuma and R. Willox for discussions and advice. The author is also grateful to the referee for his useful comments and suggestions.

## Appendix A Embedding $`\stackrel{~}{W}(A_1^{(1)}\times A_3^{(1)})`$ of KNY into $`\stackrel{~}{W}(D_5^{(1)})`$

By studying the actions of the elements of original Weyl group $`\stackrel{~}{W}(A_1^{(1)}\times A_3^{(1)})`$ on the root basis, we can realize its embedding into the $`\stackrel{~}{W}(D_5^{(1)})`$ as follows

$`r_0`$ $`=`$ $`w_2w_3w_2`$
$`r_1`$ $`=`$ $`w_0w_1w_4w_5w_2w_3w_2w_0w_1w_4w_5`$
$`\pi `$ $`=`$ $`w_0w_1w_4w_5\sigma _{10}\sigma _{54}`$
$`s_0`$ $`=`$ $`w_5w_3w_5`$
$`s_1`$ $`=`$ $`w_1w_2w_1`$
$`s_2`$ $`=`$ $`w_3w_4w_3`$
$`s_3`$ $`=`$ $`w_0w_2w_0`$
$`\rho `$ $`=`$ $`\sigma _{543210}\sigma _{10}.`$
## Appendix B Embedding the group $`W_C`$ into $`\stackrel{~}{W}(D_5^{(1)})`$

As mentioned in Section 4 the actions of $`\stackrel{~}{W}(A_3^{(1)})\times \stackrel{~}{W}(A_1^{(1)})`$ on the lattice $`Q_B`$ are not uniquely expanded to onto the lattice $`Q`$. The variety of extensions is $`\phi ^2=(r_1r_0)^{}`$. Here, we give one of the embeddings of $`\stackrel{~}{W}(A_3^{(1)})\times \stackrel{~}{W}(A_1^{(1)})`$ into $`\stackrel{~}{W}(D_5^{(1)})`$.

For $`\beta =\beta _i`$ or $`\gamma _i`$ we define the action on the lattice $`Q`$ as

$$w_\beta (\alpha )=\alpha 2\frac{\beta \alpha }{\beta \beta }\beta ,$$

where $`\alpha Q`$. In order to find its description in terms of the fundamental elements of $`\stackrel{~}{W}(D_5^{(1)})`$, we use the relation

$`w_{w_\alpha (\beta )}=w_\alpha w_\beta w_\alpha ,`$
where $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ are real roots.

$`w_{\beta _0}`$ $`=`$ $`w_{\alpha _3+\alpha _5}=w_3w_5w_3`$
$`w_{\beta _1}`$ $`=`$ $`w_{\alpha _1+\alpha _2}=w_1w_2w_1`$
$`w_{\beta _2}`$ $`=`$ $`w_{\alpha _3+\alpha _4}=w_3w_4w_3`$
$`w_{\beta _3}`$ $`=`$ $`w_{\alpha _0+\alpha _2}=w_0w_2w_0`$
$`w_{\gamma _0}`$ $`=`$ $`w_{\alpha _0+\alpha _1+\alpha _2+\alpha _3}=w_3w_0w_2w_1w_2w_0w_3`$
$`w_{\gamma _1}`$ $`=`$ $`w_{\alpha _2+\alpha _3+\alpha _4+\alpha _5}=w_2w_5w_3w_4w_3w_5w_2`$
Finally, we define the action of automorphisms of the Dynkin diagram of $`\stackrel{~}{W}(A_3^{(1)})\times \stackrel{~}{W}(A_1^{(1)})`$: $`\sigma _{\beta (1032)},\sigma _{\beta (1032)},\sigma _{\gamma (10)}`$ as $`(\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4,\alpha _5)`$ is mapped to

$`\text{by }\sigma _{\beta (1032)}:`$ $`(\alpha _0+\alpha _1+\alpha _2+\alpha _3+\alpha _4,\alpha _0+\alpha _1+\alpha _2+\alpha _3+\alpha _5,\alpha _0\alpha _1\alpha _2,`$
$`\alpha _3\alpha _4\alpha _5,\alpha _0+\alpha _2+\alpha _3+\alpha _4+\alpha _5,\alpha _1+\alpha _2+\alpha _3+\alpha _4+\alpha _5)`$
$`\text{by }\sigma _{\beta (3210)}:`$ $`(\alpha _0+\alpha _1+\alpha _2+\alpha _3+\alpha _5,\alpha _0+\alpha _1+\alpha _2+\alpha _3+\alpha _4,\alpha _0\alpha _1\alpha _2,`$
$`\alpha _3\alpha _4\alpha _5,\alpha _1+\alpha _2+\alpha _3+\alpha _4+\alpha _5,\alpha _0+\alpha _2+\alpha _3+\alpha _4+\alpha _5)`$
$`\text{by }\sigma _{\gamma (10)}:`$ $`(\alpha _0+\alpha _2+\alpha _3+\alpha _4+\alpha _5,\alpha _1+\alpha _2+\alpha _3+\alpha _4+\alpha _5,\alpha _3\alpha _4\alpha _5,`$
$`\alpha _0\alpha _1\alpha _2,\alpha _0+\alpha _1+\alpha _2+\alpha _3+\alpha _4,\alpha _0+\alpha _1+\alpha _2+\alpha _3+\alpha _5).`$
Hence, these are written in termes of the fundamental elements of $`\stackrel{~}{W}(D_5^{(1)})`$ as:

$`\sigma _{\beta (1032)}`$ $`=`$ $`\sigma _{543210}w_5w_4w_1w_0w_2w_3w_2`$
$`\sigma _{\beta (3210)}`$ $`=`$ $`\sigma _{543210}\sigma _{54}\sigma _{10}w_5w_4w_1w_0w_2w_3w_2`$
$`\sigma _{\gamma (10)}`$ $`=`$ $`\phi =\sigma _{54}\sigma _{10}w_5w_4w_1w_0w_2w_3w_2.`$