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# Doubly Extended Lie Groups - Curvature, Holonomy and Parallel Spinors

## 1 Introduction

The present paper is a step in a project which is aimed at a better understanding of the following problems:

* Which pseudo-Riemannian manifolds admit parallel spinors?
* Describe (indefinite) metrics with indecomposable but non-irreducible holonomy representations.
* Describe (pseudo-Riemannian) homogeneous spaces with non semi-simple isometry group.

These problems are related to each other but are also of independent interest. The relation between parallel spinors and the holonomy representation is described by the well known holonomy principle, which states that the space of parallel spinors is isomorphic to the space of invariant elements of the holonomy representation on the spinor module. Homogeneous spaces with non semi-simple isometry group are an important class of examples of manifolds with indecomposable but non-irreducible holonomy representation.

Parallel spinor fields occur in several contexts. They are special solutions of the Dirac and the twistor equation of a semi-Riemannian spin manifold (\[BFGK91\]), they occur as a technical tool in constructing other kinds of special spinor fields, such as geometric Killing spinors (see \[Bär93\], \[Bau89\], \[Kat99\], \[Boh00\]) and they are of interest in supergravity and string theories (e.g. \[FO99a\], \[FO99b\], \[BFOHP01\]). Whereas in the pure Riemannian case the situation is quite well understood (\[Wan89\], (\[Wan93\], \[MS00\]) and the study is extended to other connections than the Levi-Civita connection (\[Mor96\], \[Buc00b\], \[Buc00a\], \[FI01\]) the question of the existence of parallel spinor fields even for the Levi-Civita connection in the Lorentzian and the general pseudo-Riemannian case is widely open and the occuring geometries are known only for irreducible manifolds (\[BK99\]). The difficulty of the problem in the indefinite case is caused by the existence of pseudo-Riemannian manifolds with indecomposable but non-irreducible holonomy representations, which do not occur in the definite case. Contrary to the irreducible case these representations are not classified and the study of metrics realizing such holonomy representations is only in the beginning (see e.g. \[BBI93\], \[FO99a\], \[Ike96\], \[Ike99\], \[Bou00\]). Already first examples show that parallel spinors are to expect mainly in the case of indecomposable but non-irreducible holonomy representations. This is seen already in the case of manifolds with transitive isometry group. Whereas there are no non-flat homogeneous Riemannian manifolds with parallel spinors, such spinors occur on all Lorentzian symmetric spaces with solvable transvection group (\[Bau00\]). These Lorentzian symmetric spaces have non-irreducible abelian holonomy representation (\[CW70\], \[Ast73\], \[Bie92\]).

In several papers local normal forms of pseudo-Riemannian metrics with parallel spinors are constructed (\[Bry00\], \[Kat00\], \[Lei01\]). We are mainly interested in complete examples. For that reason we are studying in the present paper the simplest case of complete pseudo-Riemannian spaces, the Lie groups with biinvariant pseudo-Riemannian metrics, calculate their holonomy, their curvature properties and the space of parallel spinors. Such groups are products of three types of Lie groups with biinvariant metrics: the semi-simple ones with Killing form, the abelian groups with flat metrics and the doubly extended Lie groups. Since parallel spinors occur only on scalar flat pseudo-Riemannian manifolds with 2-step nilpotent Ricci tensor, our attention was led to the third case, to that of doubly extended Lie groups.

In particular we study the curvature, the holonomy and the existence of parallel spinors for the following classes of Lie groups:

1. The cotangent bundle $`T^{}H`$ of a simple Lie group $`H`$ with its natural biinvariant metrics of split signature (Theorem 4.2).
2. Double extensions of abelian Lie groups by simple ones (Theorem 4.1, Examples 4.1, 4.2, 4.3).
3. Double extensions of abelian Lie groups by 1-dimensional ones (Theorem 5.1),
4. Special solvable Lie groups with maximal isotropic center (Theorem 9.1).

In particular, we classify all simply-connected Lie groups with biinvariant metric and describe its parallel spinors up to dimension $`n6`$, for all dimensions $`n`$ in case of Lorentzian signature $`(1,n1)`$ and in case of signature $`(2,n2)`$ (Table 1 - Table 6).

## 2 Lie groups with biinvariant metric

In this chapter we describe indecomposable Lie groups with biinvariant indefinite metrics, their curvature and holonomy. Let $`(D,d)`$ be a Lie group with biinvariant semi-Riemannian metric $`d`$ of signature $`(p,q)`$, let $`𝔡`$ be the Lie algebra of $`D`$ and $`B_𝔡`$ its Killing form. For the Levi-Civita connection and the curvature tensor of $`(D,d)`$ one has the well-known formulas

$`_XY`$ $`=`$ $`\frac{1}{2}[X,Y]`$
$`R(X,Y)Z`$ $`=`$ $`\frac{1}{4}[[X,Y],Z]`$ (1)
$`\mathrm{Ric}|_{𝔡\times 𝔡}`$ $`=`$ $`\frac{1}{4}B_𝔡`$ (2)
for all left invariant vector fields $`X,Y,Z𝔡`$. Let us denote by $`,_𝔡`$ the $`\mathrm{ad}`$-invariant scalar product of index $`(p,q)`$ defined by the metric $`d`$ on the Lie algebra $`𝔡`$. For the Lie algebra $`𝔥𝔬𝔩(D,d)`$ of the holonomy group of $`(D,d)`$ we have

$`𝔥𝔬𝔩(D,d)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{span}\{R(X,Y)X,Y𝔡\}`$ (3)
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{ad}([𝔡,𝔡])𝔰𝔬(𝔡,,_𝔡).`$
To shorten the notation we will call a Lie algebra with ad-invariant scalar product a metric Lie algebra and the corresponding Lie groups (equipped with the induced biinvariant metric) a metric Lie group.
The standard example for a metric Lie algebra is a semi-simple Lie algebra $`𝔡`$ with the metric $`,_𝔡=B_𝔡`$ given by the Killing form. The corresponding Lie groups $`(D,d)`$ are semi-Riemannian Einstein spaces with negative scalar curvature $`R=\frac{1}{4}dim𝔡`$. In particular, in this case there are no parallel spinors. The other extremal case, an abelian Lie group $`D=𝕋^r\times ^s`$ with invariant semi-Riemannian metric is flat and its universal covering has the maximal possible number of linearely independent parallel spinors. Let us now consider a third class of examples; the double extensions of Lie groups.
Let $`(𝔤,,_𝔤)`$ be a metric Lie algebra, $`(𝔥,,_𝔥)`$ a Lie algebra with ad-invariant symmetric bilinear form (which can degenerate) and let $`\pi :𝔥\mathrm{Der}_\mathrm{a}(𝔤,,_𝔤)`$ be a Lie algebra homomorphism from $`𝔥`$ into the Lie algebra of all antisymmetric derivations of $`𝔤`$. Furthermore, we denote by $`\beta :\mathrm{\Lambda }^2𝔤𝔥^{}`$ the 2-cocycle

$$\beta (X,Y)(H):=\pi (H)X,Y_𝔤,X,Y𝔤,H𝔥$$

and by $`\mathrm{ad}_𝔥^{}(H):𝔥^{}𝔥^{}`$ the coadjoint representation of $`𝔥`$.

Now we define a Lie algebra and a metric structure on the vector space $`𝔡:=𝔥^{}𝔤𝔥`$. We will denote the resulting metric Lie algebra by $`𝔡_\pi (𝔤,𝔥)`$.
The commutator is given by

$`[(\alpha ,X,H),(\stackrel{~}{\alpha },\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{H})]_{𝔡_\pi }:=`$
$`(\beta (X,\stackrel{~}{X})+\mathrm{ad}_𝔥^{}(H)\stackrel{~}{\alpha }\mathrm{ad}_𝔥^{}(\stackrel{~}{H})\alpha ,[X,\stackrel{~}{X}]_𝔤+\pi (H)\stackrel{~}{X}\pi (\stackrel{~}{H})X,[H,\stackrel{~}{H}]_𝔥).`$
The metric is defined by

$$(\alpha ,X,H),(\stackrel{~}{\alpha },\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{H})_{𝔡_\pi }:=H,\stackrel{~}{H}_𝔥+X,\stackrel{~}{X}_𝔤+\alpha (\stackrel{~}{H})+\stackrel{~}{\alpha }(H).$$
(5)
The bilinear form $`,_{𝔡_\pi }`$ is non-degenerate, $`\mathrm{ad}_𝔡`$-invariant and of signature

$$\text{signature}(,_{𝔡_\pi })=\text{signature}(,_𝔤)+(dim𝔥,dim𝔥).$$

The Lie algebra $`𝔡_\pi (𝔤,𝔥)`$ is called double extension of $`𝔤`$ with respect to $`\pi `$. It can be viewed as extension of the semi-direct product of $`𝔤_\pi 𝔥`$ by the abelian Lie algebra $`𝔥^{}`$. Let $`D_\pi `$ be the simply connected Lie group with Lie algebra $`𝔡_\pi (𝔤,𝔥)`$. We will say that a metric Lie algebra is indecomposable if it is not the orthogonal sum of two non-trivial metric Lie algebras. A metric Lie group is called indecomposable if its Lie algebra is indecomposable.

###### Theorem 2.1 (Medina/Revoy)

Let $`(𝔡,,_𝔡)`$ be an indecomposable metric Lie algebra. Then we are in one of the following cases:

1. $`𝔡`$ is simple
2. $`𝔡`$ is 1-dimensional
3. $`𝔡`$ is a double extension $`𝔡=𝔡_\pi (𝔤,𝔥)`$ as defined above, where $`𝔥`$ is 1-dimensional or simple.

Proof. See \[MR85\], \[FS87\], \[Bor97\]. $`\mathrm{}`$

Since we can restrict ourselves to indecomposable Lie algebras, we can exclude the cases where $`\pi 0`$ and $`𝔤0`$, where all derivations $`\pi (𝔥)\mathrm{Der}_\mathrm{a}(𝔤,,_𝔤)`$ are inner ones and where $`𝔤`$ has a factor $`𝔭`$ with $`H^1(𝔭,)=H^2(𝔭,)=0`$ due to the following proposition:

###### Proposition 2.1

\[FOS95\]

1. If $`\pi 0`$, then the Lie algebra $`𝔡_\pi (𝔤,𝔥)`$ decomposes into an orthogonal direct sum of the Lie algebras $`𝔤`$ and $`𝔥^{}_{\mathrm{ad}^{}}𝔥`$.
2. If $`\pi :𝔥\mathrm{Der}_\mathrm{a}(𝔤,,_𝔤)`$ is given by inner derivations, i.e. if there is a homomorphism $`\phi :𝔥𝔤`$ such that

$$\pi (H)=\mathrm{ad}{}_{𝔤}{}^{}\phi (H),$$

then there exists an isometric Lie algebra isomorphism

$$\mathrm{\Phi }:𝔡_\pi (𝔤,𝔥)𝔤\times (𝔥^{}_{\mathrm{ad}_𝔥^{}}𝔥)$$

where the metric on the image is given by the product of the metrics $`,_𝔤`$ and

$$(\alpha ,H),(\stackrel{~}{\alpha },\stackrel{~}{H})_{𝔥^{}_{\mathrm{ad}_𝔥^{}}𝔥}=H,\stackrel{~}{H}_𝔥+\phi (H),\phi (\stackrel{~}{H})_𝔤+\alpha (\stackrel{~}{H})+\stackrel{~}{\alpha }(H)$$
3. If $`𝔤`$ has a factor $`𝔭`$ with $`H^1(𝔭,)=H^2(𝔭,)=0`$, then its double extension $`𝔡_\pi (𝔤,𝔥)`$ is decomposable.

###### Proposition 2.2

The Ricci curvature $`\mathrm{Ric}^{D_\pi }`$ and the scalar curvature $`R^{D_\pi }`$ of the doubly extended Lie group $`D_\pi `$ satisfy

* $`\mathrm{Ric}^{D_\pi }|_{𝔤\times 𝔤}=\mathrm{Ric}^G|_{𝔤\times 𝔤}=\frac{1}{4}B_𝔤`$
$`\mathrm{Ric}^{D_\pi }|_{𝔥^{}\times 𝔡_\pi }=0`$
$`\mathrm{Ric}^{D_\pi }|_{𝔥\times 𝔥}=\mathrm{tr}_𝔤(\pi ()\pi ())+2B_𝔥`$
$`\mathrm{Ric}^{D_\pi }(X,H)=\mathrm{tr}_𝔤(\mathrm{ad}_g(X)\pi (H))X𝔤,H𝔥`$
* $`R^{D_\pi }=R^G=\mathrm{tr}_𝔤B_𝔤`$.

In particular, we have

1. The Ricci tensor of $`D_\pi `$ is 2-step nilpotent if and only if the Ricci tensor of $`G`$ is 2-step nilpotent and

$`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\epsilon _jB_𝔤(X,X_j)\mathrm{tr}_𝔤(\mathrm{ad}_𝔤(X_j)\pi (H))=0`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\epsilon _j\mathrm{tr}_𝔤(\mathrm{ad}_𝔤(X_j)\pi (H))\mathrm{tr}_𝔤(\mathrm{ad}_𝔤(X_j)\pi (\stackrel{~}{H}))=0`$
for all $`H,\stackrel{~}{H}𝔥`$ and $`X𝔤`$, where $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_n`$ is an ON-basis of $`(𝔤,,_𝔤)`$.
2. The Lie group $`D_\pi `$ is Ricci-flat if and only if
$`B_𝔤=0`$
$`\mathrm{tr}_𝔤(\mathrm{ad}_g(X)\pi (H))=0`$
$`\mathrm{tr}_𝔤(\pi (H)\pi (\stackrel{~}{H}))+2B_𝔥(H,\stackrel{~}{H})=0`$
for all $`X𝔤`$ and $`H,\stackrel{~}{H}𝔥`$.

Proof. A direct calculation using formulas (2), (2) and (5). $`\mathrm{}`$

Using formulas (3) and (2) we obtain the holonomy algebra of the doubly extended Lie group $`D_\pi `$ (with its biinvariant pseudo-Riemannian metric).

###### Proposition 2.3

The holonomy algebra $`𝔥𝔬𝔩(D_\pi )`$ of the doubly extended Lie group $`D_\pi `$ is spanned by the following elements of $`𝔰𝔬(𝔡_\pi (𝔤,𝔥))`$

$`\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& \beta (Y,)& \mathrm{ad}_𝔥()^{}\beta (Y_1,Y_2)\\ 0& \mathrm{ad}_𝔤Y& \pi ()Y\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right),\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{ad}_𝔥(H)^{}& 0& 0\\ 0& \pi (H)& 0\\ 0& 0& \mathrm{ad}_𝔥(H)\end{array}\right),`$
$`\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 0& \mathrm{ad}_𝔥()^{}\alpha \\ 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right),\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& \beta (X,)& 0\\ 0& \mathrm{ad}_𝔤(X)& \pi ()X\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right),`$
where $`Y=[Y_1,Y_2]_𝔤[𝔤,𝔤]_𝔤,H[𝔥,𝔥]_𝔥,\alpha \mathrm{ad}_𝔥^{}(𝔥)(𝔥^{}),X\pi (𝔥)𝔤`$ (all matrices are taken with respect to the decomposition $`𝔡_\pi =𝔥^{}𝔤𝔥`$).

## 3 Spin holonomy of double extensions

Let $`(V,\mathrm{\Phi })`$ be an $`n`$-dimensional real vector space with scalar product $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ of signature $`(r,s)`$. We denote by $`\mathrm{Cliff}(V,\mathrm{\Phi })`$ the Clifford algebra generated by $`(V,\mathrm{\Phi })`$ with the relations

$$xy+yx=2\mathrm{\Phi }(x,y)\mathrm{𝟏},x,yV.$$

If $`n=2m`$, then the complexified Clifford algebra $`\mathrm{Cliff}^{}(V,\mathrm{\Phi })`$ is isomorphic to the algebra $`(2^m)`$ of all complex $`2^m\times 2^m`$-matrices. In case $`n=2m+1`$ $`\mathrm{Cliff}^{}(V,\mathrm{\Phi })`$ is isomorphic to $`(2^m)(2^m)`$. For concrete calculations we will use the following realization of these isomorphisms. Let $`e_1,\mathrm{},e_n`$ be an orthonormal basis of $`(V,\mathrm{\Phi })`$, let denote by $`\kappa _j`$ the sign $`\kappa _j=\mathrm{\Phi }(e_j,e_j)=\pm 1`$ and by $`\tau _j`$ the number

$$\tau _j=\{\begin{array}{ccc}i& \text{if}& \kappa _j=\mathrm{\Phi }(e_j,e_j)=1\hfill \\ 1& \text{if}& \kappa _j=\mathrm{\Phi }(e_j,e_j)=1\hfill \end{array}.$$

Furthermore, let

$$U=\left(\begin{array}{cc}i& 0\\ 0& i\end{array}\right),V=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& i\\ i& 0\end{array}\right),E=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right),T=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& i\\ i& 0\end{array}\right).$$

Then in case $`n=2m`$ an isomorphism

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_{2m}:\mathrm{Cliff}^{}(V,\mathrm{\Phi })(2^m)$$

is given by
$`\mathrm{\Phi }_{2m}(e_{2j1})`$ $`=`$ $`\tau _{2j1}E\mathrm{}EUT\mathrm{}T`$    $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{2m}(e_{2j})`$ $`=`$ $`\tau _{2j}E\mathrm{}EV\underset{j1}{\underset{}{T\mathrm{}T}}`$  (8)

In case $`n=2m+1`$ we use the isomorphism

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_{2m+1}:\mathrm{Cliff}^{}(V,\mathrm{\Phi })(2^m)(2^m)$$

given by
$`\mathrm{\Phi }_{2m+1}(e_{2j})`$ $`=`$ $`(\mathrm{\Phi }_{2m}(e_j),\mathrm{\Phi }_{2m}(e_j))j=1,\mathrm{},2m`$    $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{2m+1}(e_n)`$ $`=`$ $`\tau _n(iT\mathrm{}T,iT\mathrm{}T)`$  (9)

Let $`\mathrm{Spin}(V,\mathrm{\Phi })\mathrm{Cliff}(V,\mathrm{\Phi })`$ be the Spin group of $`(V,\mathrm{\Phi })`$. Let as above $`m=[n/2]`$. We denote by $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{r,s}`$ the spinor representation of $`\mathrm{Spin}(V,\mathrm{\Phi })`$ defined by

$$\rho _{r,s}:=\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}_{r+s}|_{\mathrm{Spin}(V,\mathrm{\Phi })}:\mathrm{Spin}(V,\mathrm{\Phi })\mathrm{GL}(2^m,)$$

where $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}_{2m}:=\mathrm{\Phi }_{2m}`$ and $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}_{2m+1}=pr_1\mathrm{\Phi }_{2m+1}`$. Let us denote by $`u(\epsilon )^2`$ the vector $`u(\epsilon )=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ \epsilon i\end{array}\right)`$ , $`\epsilon =\pm 1`$, and by

$$u(\epsilon _m,\mathrm{},\epsilon _1)=u(\epsilon _m)\mathrm{}u(\epsilon _1),\epsilon _j=\pm 1$$

the orthonormal basis of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{r,s}=^{2^m}`$ with respect to the standard scalar product of $`^{2^m}`$. The Lie algebra $`𝔰𝔭𝔦𝔫(V,\mathrm{\Phi })`$ of $`\mathrm{Spin}(V,\mathrm{\Phi })`$ is the subalgebra

$$𝔰𝔭𝔦𝔫(V,\mathrm{\Phi })=\mathrm{span}\{xyx,yV\}\mathrm{Cliff}(V,\mathrm{\Phi }).$$

Let us denote by

$$\lambda :\mathrm{Spin}(V,\mathrm{\Phi })\mathrm{SO}(V,\mathrm{\Phi })$$

the 2-fold covering of the special orthogonal group defining the Spin group. Then the differential

$$\lambda _{}:𝔰𝔭𝔦𝔫(V,\mathrm{\Phi })𝔰𝔬(V,\mathrm{\Phi })$$

satisfies

$$\lambda _{}^1(A)=\frac{1}{4}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\kappa _ie_iA(e_i),A𝔰𝔬(V,\mathrm{\Phi }).$$
(10)
Now, let $`𝔡:=𝔡_\pi (𝔤,𝔥)`$ be a doubly extended Lie algebra as defined in Section 2, where $`(𝔤,,_𝔤)`$ is $`n`$-dimensional of signature $`(p,q)`$ and $`dim𝔥=r`$. We choose a basis

$$(\underset{𝔥^{}}{\underset{}{\alpha _r,\mathrm{},\alpha _1}},\underset{𝔤}{\underset{}{X_1,\mathrm{},X_n}},\underset{𝔥}{\underset{}{H_1,\mathrm{},H_r}})$$

such that

$$X_i,X_j_𝔤=\kappa _j\delta _{ij}\kappa _j=\{\begin{array}{cc}1& 1jp\hfill \\ 1& p<jp+q\hfill \end{array}$$

$$H_i,H_j_𝔥=c_j\delta _{ij},c_j\{\pm 1,0\}$$

$$\alpha _i(H_j)=\delta _{ij}.$$

Using the orthonormal basis

$$e_{2i1}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(H_i(\frac{c_i}{2}+1)\alpha _i\right),e_{2i}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(H_i(\frac{c_i}{2}1)\alpha _i\right),i=1,\mathrm{},r$$

of $`𝔥^{}𝔥`$ and $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_n`$ of $`𝔤`$ we obtain from (10)

$$\lambda _{}^1(A)=\frac{1}{4}\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}\left(H_iA(\alpha _i)+\alpha _iA(H_i)c_i\alpha _iA(\alpha _i)\right)+\frac{1}{4}\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}\kappa _jX_jA(X_j)$$
(11)
for all $`A𝔰𝔬(𝔡)`$. Furthermore, from the formulas (8) and (9) we obtain for the Clifford multiplication in the spinor modul $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{p+r,q+r}=\mathrm{\Delta }_{p,q}\mathrm{\Delta }_{r,r}`$

$`\alpha _j(uu(\epsilon _r,\mathrm{},\epsilon _1))`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}(1)^{j1}\epsilon _1\mathrm{}\epsilon _{j1}(\epsilon _j+1)`$
$`uu(\epsilon _r,\mathrm{},\epsilon _j,\mathrm{}\epsilon _1)`$
$`H_j(uu(\epsilon _r,\mathrm{},\epsilon _1))`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}(1)^{j1}\epsilon _1\mathrm{}\epsilon _{j1}((\epsilon _j1)+{\displaystyle \frac{c_j}{2}}(\epsilon _j+1))`$
$`uu(\epsilon _r,\mathrm{},\epsilon _j,\mathrm{}\epsilon _1)`$
$`X(uu(\epsilon _r,\mathrm{},\epsilon _1))`$ $`=`$ $`(1)^r\epsilon _1\mathrm{}\epsilon _r(Xu)u(\epsilon _r,\mathrm{},\epsilon _1)`$
where $`X𝔤,u\mathrm{\Delta }_{p,q},j=1,\mathrm{},r`$.
Let us denote by

$$\stackrel{~}{𝔥𝔬𝔩}(D_\pi ):=\lambda _{}^1(𝔥𝔬𝔩(D_\pi ))𝔰𝔭𝔦𝔫(𝔡)$$

the holonomy algebra of the group $`D_\pi `$ represented in the Clifford algebra. Furthermore, we denote by $`𝒫_{D_\pi }`$ the space of parallel spinors of the group $`D_\pi `$. According to the holonomy principle this space is isomorphic to the elements of the spinor modul annihilated by the action of $`\stackrel{~}{𝔥𝔬𝔩}(D_\pi )`$:

$$𝒫_{D_\pi }\{u\mathrm{\Delta }_{p+r,q+r}\stackrel{~}{𝔥𝔬𝔩}(D_\pi )u=0\}.$$

Combining formula (11) with Proposition 2.3 a direct calculation yields the generators of the holonomy algebra $`\stackrel{~}{𝔥𝔬𝔩}(D_\pi )`$.

###### Proposition 3.1

The holonomy algebra $`\stackrel{~}{𝔥𝔬𝔩}(D_\pi )`$ is spanned by the elements

$$\underset{i,j=1}{\overset{r}{}}\pi ([H_i,H_j]_𝔥)Y_1,Y_2_𝔤\alpha _i\alpha _j+2\underset{j=1}{\overset{r}{}}\pi (H_j)Y\alpha _j+\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}\kappa _jX_j[Y,X_j]_𝔤,$$

$$2\underset{j=1}{\overset{r}{}}[H,H_j]_𝔥\alpha _j+2\underset{j=1}{\overset{r}{}}\alpha _j([H,H_j]_𝔥)\mathrm{𝟏}+\underset{i,j=1}{\overset{r}{}}c_i\alpha _i([H,H_j])\alpha _i\alpha _j\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}\kappa _jX_j\pi (H)X_j,$$

$$\underset{i,j=1}{\overset{r}{}}\alpha ([H_i,H_j]_𝔥)\alpha _i\alpha _j,2\underset{j=1}{\overset{r}{}}\pi (H_j)X\alpha _j+\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}\kappa _jX_j[X,X_j]_𝔤,$$

where $`Y=[Y_1,Y_2]_𝔤[𝔤,𝔤]_𝔤,H[𝔥,𝔥]_𝔥,\alpha \mathrm{ad}_𝔥(𝔥)^{}𝔥^{},X\pi (𝔥)𝔤`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

If the Lie algebra $`𝔥`$ is abelian or semi-simple, then

$$\underset{j=1}{\overset{r}{}}\alpha _j([H,H_j]_𝔥)=\mathrm{tr}_𝔥(\mathrm{ad}(H))=0$$

for all $`H𝔥`$. Hence, we obtain the following

###### Theorem 3.1

Let $`D_\pi =D_\pi (𝔤,𝔥)`$ be a simply connected metric Lie group, where $`𝔥`$ is abelian or semi-simple, and let $`G`$ be the simply connected metric Lie group corresponding to $`(𝔤,,_𝔤)`$. Let us denote by $`𝔟`$ the subspace

$$𝔟:=\mathrm{ad}_𝔤(\pi (𝔥)𝔤)+\pi ([𝔥,𝔥]_𝔥)𝔰𝔬(𝔤).$$

Then the space $`𝒫_{D_\pi }`$ of parallel spinor fields on the double extension $`D_\pi `$ satisfies

$$dim𝒫_{D_\pi }dim(V_𝔟V_{𝔥𝔬𝔩(G)}),$$

where for $`𝔞𝔰𝔬(𝔤)`$ the vector space $`V_𝔞`$ is defined by

$$V_𝔞:=\{v\mathrm{\Delta }_{p,q}\lambda _{}^1(𝔞)v=0\}.$$

In particular, if the Lie group $`G`$ admits a parallel spinor field defined by an element $`vV_{𝔥𝔬𝔩(G)}`$ such that $`\lambda _{}^1(𝔟)v=0`$, then $`D_\pi `$ admits a parallel spinor field.

Proof. Since $`𝔥𝔬𝔩(G)=\mathrm{ad}_𝔤([𝔤,𝔤]_𝔤)`$ and $`𝔥`$ is simple or 1-dimensional we obtain from Proposition 3.1 and the formulas $`(10)`$ that

$$\stackrel{~}{𝔥𝔬𝔩}(D_\pi )(vu(1,\mathrm{},1))=0$$

for each $`vV_{𝔥𝔬𝔩(G)}V_𝔟`$. The spinor $`vu(1,\mathrm{},1)\mathrm{\Delta }_{p+r,q+r}`$ defines a parallel spinor field on $`D_\pi `$. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 4 Double extensions by simple Lie groups

Let $`𝔥`$ be a simple Lie algebra. Then $`[𝔥,𝔥]=𝔥`$ and $`\mathrm{ad}(𝔥)^{}=𝔥^{}`$. Therefore we have

$$[𝔡,𝔡]_𝔡=𝔥^{}([𝔤,𝔤]_𝔤+\pi (𝔥)𝔤)𝔥𝔡.$$

Consequently, the holonomy algebra of $`D_\pi `$ is spanned by

$$\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& \beta (X,)& 0\\ 0& \mathrm{ad}_𝔤X& \pi ()X\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right),\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{ad}_𝔥(H)^{}& 0& 0\\ 0& \pi (H)& 0\\ 0& 0& \mathrm{ad}_𝔥H\end{array}\right),\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 0& \mathrm{ad}_𝔥()^{}\alpha \\ 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)$$

where $`H𝔥,\alpha 𝔥^{}`$ and $`X[𝔤,𝔤]_𝔤+\pi (𝔥)𝔤`$.

Let us first consider the special case, that $`(𝔤,,_𝔤)`$ is an abelian Lie algebra with metric of signature $`(p,q)`$. Since $`𝔥`$ is simple the homomorphism $`\pi :𝔥𝔰𝔬(p,q)`$ has no kernel. Hence $`𝔥`$ can be viewed as simple subalgebra of $`𝔰𝔬(p,q)`$. ¿From Theorem 3.1 and Proposition 2.2 we obtain

###### Theorem 4.1

Let $`𝔤`$ be an abelian Lie algebra with scalar product $`,_𝔤`$ and let $`𝔥𝔰𝔬(𝔤,,_𝔤)`$ be a simple subalgebra. We denote by $`𝔡(𝔤,𝔥)`$ the double extension given by $`\pi =\mathrm{id}`$ and by $`D(𝔤,𝔥)`$ the simply connected Lie group corresponding to $`𝔡(𝔤,𝔥)`$. Then we have

$$dim𝒫_{D(𝔤,𝔥)}dimV_𝔥.$$

The Ricci tensor of $`D(𝔤,𝔥)`$ is given by

$$\mathrm{Ric}(H,\stackrel{~}{H})=\mathrm{Tr}(H\stackrel{~}{H})+2B_𝔥(H,\stackrel{~}{H})0.$$

All other components vanish.

There is a whole string of examples where $`dimV_𝔥1`$. Let us mention the following ones.

###### Example 4.1

In the paper \[BK99\] we calculated the space $`V_𝔥`$ for the simple Lie algebras $`𝔥`$ occurring in Berger’s list of holonomy groups of irreducible pseudo-Riemannian manifolds and of $`𝔰𝔬^{}(2p)`$. It turns out that $`dimV_𝔥1`$ for $`𝔰𝔲(p,q)𝔰𝔬(2p,2q)`$, $`𝔰𝔭(p,q)𝔰𝔬(4p,4q)`$, $`𝔰𝔬^{}(2p)𝔰𝔬(2p,2q)`$, $`𝔤_2𝔰𝔬(7)`$, $`𝔤_{2(2)}^{}𝔰𝔬(4,3)`$, $`𝔤_2^{}𝔰𝔬(7,7)`$, $`𝔰𝔭𝔦𝔫(7)𝔰𝔬(8)`$, $`𝔰𝔭𝔦𝔫(4,3)𝔰𝔬(4,4)`$, and $`𝔰𝔭𝔦𝔫(7)^{}𝔰𝔬(8,8)`$.

###### Example 4.2

We consider the real irreducible representations of $`𝔰𝔲(2)`$.

1. $`\rho _k:𝔰𝔲(2)𝔰𝔬(2k+1),k1`$
The complexification $`\rho _k^{}:𝔰𝔲(2)^{}=𝔰𝔩(2,)𝔰𝔬(2k+1,)`$ equals Sym$`{}_{}{}^{2k}_{}^{2}`$, where $`^2`$ is the standard representation of $`𝔰𝔩(2,)`$. Consider $`H=\left(\begin{array}{cc}i& 0\\ 0& i\end{array}\right).`$ Since the highest weight of $`\rho _k^{}`$ is $`2k`$ there exists an orthonormal frame $`e_1,\mathrm{},e_{2k+1}`$ of $`^{2k+1}`$ such that

$$\lambda _{}^1\rho _k(H)=e_1e_2+2e_3e_4+\mathrm{}+ke_{2k1}e_{2k}.$$

The elements $`u(\epsilon _k,\mathrm{},\epsilon _1)`$, $`\epsilon _i=\pm 1`$ for $`i=1,\mathrm{},k`$ constitute a basis of weight vectors of the representation $`(\lambda _{}^1\rho _k)^{}`$ of $`𝔰𝔲(2)^{}`$ on $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{2k+1}`$. More exactly we have

$$\lambda _{}^1\rho _k(H)u(\epsilon _k,\mathrm{},\epsilon _1)=(i\epsilon _1+2i\epsilon _2+\mathrm{}+ki\epsilon _k)u(\epsilon _k,\mathrm{},\epsilon _1).$$

Let

$`N_0`$ $`:=`$ $`\mathrm{\#}\{(\epsilon _k,\mathrm{},\epsilon _1)\epsilon _i=\pm 1\text{ for }i=1,\mathrm{},k;\epsilon _1+2\epsilon _2+\mathrm{}+k\epsilon _k=0\}`$
$`N_2`$ $`:=`$ $`\mathrm{\#}\{(\epsilon _k,\mathrm{},\epsilon _1)\epsilon _i=\pm 1\text{ for }i=1,\mathrm{},k;\epsilon _1+2\epsilon _2+\mathrm{}+k\epsilon _k=2\}.`$
The decomposition of $`(\lambda _{}^1\rho _k)^{}`$ into irreducible $`𝔰𝔩(2,)`$-representations yields

$$dimV_{\rho _k(𝔰𝔲(2)^{})}=N_0N_2.$$

Consequently, there exists a biinvariant metric of signature $`(3,2k+4)`$ on
$`D(^{2k+1},\rho _k(𝔰𝔲(2)))`$ with at least $`N_0N_2`$ parallel spinors. For example, we have

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $`k`$ | $`3`$ | $`4`$ | $`7`$ | $`8`$ | $`11`$ | $`12`$ | $`15`$ | $`16`$ | $`19`$ | $`20`$ |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| $`N_0N_2`$ | $`1`$ | $`0`$ | $`0`$ | $`1`$ | $`1`$ | $`1`$ | $`3`$ | $`1`$ | $`5`$ | $`12`$ |

If $`k1,2`$ mod $`4`$, then $`N_0N_2=0`$.
2. $`\sigma _k:𝔰𝔲(2)𝔰𝔬(4k),k1`$
The representation $`\sigma _k`$ equals $`(`$Sym$`{}_{}{}^{2k1}_{}^{2})_{}`$, where $`^2`$ is the standard representation of $`𝔰𝔲(2)`$. Since the highest weight of Sym$`{}_{}{}^{2k1}_{}^{2}`$ equals $`2k1`$ there exists an orthonormal frame $`e_1,\mathrm{},e_{4k}`$ of $`^{4k}`$ such that

$$\lambda _{}^1\sigma _k(H)=\frac{1}{2}\left((e_1e_2e_3e_4)+3(e_5e_6e_7e_8)+\mathrm{}+(2k1)(e_{4k3}e_{4k2}e_{4k1}e_{4k})\right).$$

Hence, $`u(\epsilon _k,\mathrm{},\epsilon _1)`$, $`\epsilon _i=\pm 1`$ for $`i=1,\mathrm{},k`$ is a basis of weight vectors of $`(\lambda _{}^1\sigma _k)^{}`$ of $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_{4k},\lambda _{}^1\sigma _k)^{}`$. And with

$`N_0^{}:=\mathrm{\#}\{(\epsilon _{2k},\mathrm{},\epsilon _1)`$ $``$ $`\epsilon _i=\pm 1\text{ for }i=1,\mathrm{},k;`$
$`(\epsilon _1\epsilon _2)+3(\epsilon _3\epsilon _4)+\mathrm{}+(2k1)(\epsilon _{2k1}\epsilon _{2k})=0\}`$
$`N_2^{}:=\mathrm{\#}\{(\epsilon _{2k},\mathrm{},\epsilon _1)`$ $``$ $`\epsilon _i=\pm 1\text{ for }i=1,\mathrm{},k;`$
$`(\epsilon _1\epsilon _2)+3(\epsilon _3\epsilon _4)+\mathrm{}+(2k1)(\epsilon _{2k1}\epsilon _{2k})=4\}.`$
we obtain

$$dimV_{\sigma _k(𝔰𝔲(2))}=N_0^{}N_2^{}.$$

Furthermore, since $`\sigma _k(𝔰𝔲(2))𝔰𝔲(2k)𝔰𝔬(4k)`$ we have $`N_0^{}N_2^{}2`$ (see Example 4.1 and \[BK99\]). Consequently, there exists a biinvariant metric of signature $`(3,4k+3)`$ on $`D(^{4k},\sigma _k(𝔰𝔲(2)))`$ with at least $`N_0^{}N_2^{}2`$ parallel spinors. For example, we have

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $`k`$ | $`1`$ | $`2`$ | $`3`$ | $`4`$ | $`5`$ | $`6`$ | $`7`$ | $`8`$ | $`9`$ | $`10`$ |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| $`N_0^{}N_2^{}`$ | $`2`$ | $`3`$ | $`4`$ | $`5`$ | $`8`$ | $`11`$ | $`16`$ | $`29`$ | $`50`$ | $`94`$ |

###### Example 4.3

Let $`𝔥`$ be a compact simple Lie algebra and $`(V,\rho )`$ a representation of $`𝔥^{}`$. Then there exists a hermitian product $`,`$ on $`V`$ such that

$$\rho (𝔥)𝔰𝔲(V,,)𝔰𝔬(V_{},\mathrm{Re},).$$

Consequently,

$$dimV_{\rho (𝔥)}2$$

(see Example 4.1 and \[BK99\]). Hence, $`D(V_{},\rho (𝔥))`$ is a Lie group with biinvariant metric of signature $`(dim𝔥,dimV_{}+dim𝔥)`$ and admits at least two parallel spinors.

Finally, we consider the case, where $`𝔤=\{0\}`$ and $`𝔥`$ is simple. We equip $`𝔥`$ with a multiple $`cB_𝔥`$ of its Killing form, $`c`$. Then the double extension $`𝔡`$ is isomorphic to the semi-direct product $`𝔡=𝔥_{\mathrm{ad}^{}}𝔥^{}`$ of $`𝔥`$ with the abelian Lie algebra $`𝔥^{}`$. Let $`D`$ be the corresponding Lie group $`D=H_{\mathrm{Ad}^{}}𝔥^{}`$. $`D`$ is isomorphic to the cotangent bundle $`T^{}H`$ of the simple Lie group $`H`$. If $`𝔥`$ is equipped with the metric $`cB_𝔥`$, we denote the corresponding metric Lie group with $`T^{}H_c`$. For different parameters $`c_1`$ and $`c_2`$ the groups $`T^{}H_{c_1}`$ and $`T^{}H_{c_2}`$ are not isometric isomorphic. Indeed, consider a Levi decomposition $`𝔯𝔞𝔡𝔰`$ of $`𝔥_{\mathrm{ad}^{}}𝔥^{}`$. Then the (uniquely determined) radical $`𝔯𝔞𝔡`$ is equal to $`𝔥^{}𝔥_{\mathrm{ad}^{}}𝔥^{}`$ and by the Theorem of Malcev-Harish-Chandra there exists an element $`u𝔥^{}D`$ such that $`\mathrm{Ad}(u)𝔥=𝔰`$. Since the bilinear form $`,_𝔡`$ on $`𝔥_{\mathrm{ad}^{}}𝔥^{}`$ is Ad-invariant we can recover $`cB_𝔥`$ (and therefore $`c`$) from $`,_𝔡`$.

###### Theorem 4.2

Let $`H`$ be a simply connected simple Lie group. Then there is an exactly one-dimensional space of parallel spinor fields on the cotangent bundle $`T^{}H_c`$. The Ricci tensor of $`T^{}H_c`$ is given by

$$\mathrm{Ric}^{T^{}H}(Z,\stackrel{~}{Z})=2B_𝔥(Z,\stackrel{~}{Z}),$$

where $`Z,\stackrel{~}{Z}𝔥`$. All other components are zero.

Proof. Let us first prove that the only subspaces of $`𝔡`$ which are invariant under the action of the holonomy group are $`\{0\}`$, $`𝔥^{}`$, and $`𝔡`$. Since $`\mathrm{ad}_𝔡(𝔥)`$ is a subspace of the holonomy algebra which acts on $`𝔥^{}𝔡`$ by the co-adjoint representation and $`𝔥`$ is simple any invariant subspace of $`𝔥^{}`$ is equal to $`\{0\}`$ or $`𝔥^{}`$. Let now $`U𝔡`$ be an arbitrary invariant subspace. Then also $`U𝔥^{}`$ is invariant. Hence $`U𝔥^{}=0`$ or $`𝔥^{}U`$. In the latter case $`U/𝔥^{}`$ is an invariant subspace of $`𝔡/𝔥^{}`$. Again, $`\mathrm{ad}_𝔡(𝔥)`$ acts by adjoint representation and has no other invariant subspaces than $`\{0\}`$ and $`𝔡/𝔥^{}`$. Hence, in this case $`U=𝔥^{}`$ or $`U=𝔡`$. Now consider the case $`U𝔥^{}=0`$ and let $`h+h^{}`$ be in $`U`$, $`hH`$, $`h^{}H^{}`$. Since $`U`$ is invariant, $`\mathrm{ad}_𝔡(\alpha )(h+h^{})U`$ for all $`\alpha 𝔥^{}`$. Hence, $`\mathrm{ad}_𝔥(h)^{}\alpha 𝔥^{}U`$. Because of $`U𝔥^{}=0`$ we obtain $`\mathrm{ad}_𝔥(h)^{}\alpha =0`$ for all $`\alpha 𝔥^{}`$. Hence, $`\mathrm{ad}(h)=0`$, and since $`𝔥`$ is simple, $`h=0`$. Consequently, $`h^{}U𝔥^{}=0`$. This implies $`U=0`$.

Proposition 3.1 shows that $`u(1,\mathrm{},1)`$ is in $`V_{𝔥𝔬𝔩(D)}`$ and, hence, it defines a parallel spinor field $`\psi `$ on the cotangent bundle $`T^{}H`$. Now let $`\psi ^{}`$ be a further parallel spinor on $`T^{}H`$. Let it be given by $`vV_{𝔥𝔬𝔩(D)}`$. We define

$$U=\{ZTT^{}HZ\psi ^{}=0\}.$$

Then $`U`$ is a totally isotropic parallel distribution on $`T^{}H`$ and, hence, given by a totally isotropic subspace of $`𝔡`$ which is invariant under the action of the holonomy algebra. Consequently, this subspace can only be $`0`$ or $`𝔥^{}`$. If it is equal to $`\{0\}`$ then $`\mathrm{Ric}(X)\psi ^{}=0`$ implies $`\mathrm{Ric}(X)=0`$ which contradicts $`\mathrm{Ric}^D|_{𝔥\times 𝔥}=2B_𝔥0`$. Hence it must be equal to $`𝔥^{}`$ and, thus,

$$𝔥^{}v=0.$$

Now (3) implies that $`v`$ is a multiple of $`u(1,\mathrm{},1)`$. Consequently, $`\psi ^{}`$ is a multiple of $`\psi `$. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 5 Double extensions by 1-dimensional Lie groups

In this chapter we consider the case, that $`𝔥`$ is 1-dimensional. Let $`H`$ be a generator of $`𝔥`$ and $`H,H_𝔥=c`$. Then the double extensions of the Lie algebra $`(𝔤,,_𝔤)`$ are described by antisymmetric derivations $`A\mathrm{Der}_\mathrm{a}(𝔤,,_𝔤)`$:

$$𝔡_A:=𝔡_A(𝔤,):=\alpha 𝔤H$$

with the commutator

$`[\alpha ,]_{𝔡_A}`$ $`=`$ $`0`$
$`[X,Y]_{𝔡_A}`$ $`=`$ $`AX,Y_𝔤\alpha +[X,Y]_𝔤`$ (13)
$`[H,X]_{𝔡_A}`$ $`=`$ $`AX`$
for all $`X,Y𝔤`$. The invariant metric on $`𝔡_A`$ defined by (5) equals

$$,_c:=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 0& 1\\ 0& ,_𝔤& 0\\ 1& 0& c\end{array}\right),c.$$

It is not hard to prove that all $`(𝔡_A,,_c)`$ for $`c`$ are isomorphic as metric Lie algebras. Hence, we will assume that $`c=0`$. The centre of $`𝔡_A`$ is

$$𝔷(𝔡_A)=\{\begin{array}{ccc}\alpha (\mathrm{ker}A𝔷(𝔤))\hfill & \text{ if }\hfill & A0\text{ mod }\mathrm{ad}(𝔤)\hfill \\ \alpha 𝔷(𝔤)(HX_0)\hfill & \text{ if }\hfill & A=\mathrm{ad}(X_0).\hfill \end{array}$$
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If we suppose that $`𝔡_A`$ is indecomposable, then $`A0`$ mod $`\mathrm{ad}(𝔤)`$ and $`\mathrm{ker}A𝔷(𝔤)`$ is totally isotropic. The following proposition shows that it suffices to consider outer antisymmetric derivations $`A\mathrm{Out}_\mathrm{a}(𝔤,,_𝔤)=\mathrm{Der}_\mathrm{a}(𝔤,,_𝔤)/\mathrm{ad}(𝔤).`$

###### Proposition 5.1

\[FS87\] Let $`(𝔤,,_𝔤)`$ be a metric Lie algebra and $`A,\widehat{A}\mathrm{Der}_\mathrm{a}(𝔤,,_𝔤)`$ two antisymmetric derivations on $`𝔤`$. Then there exists an isometric Lie algebra isomorphism

$$\mathrm{\Psi }:𝔡_A(𝔤,)𝔡_{\widehat{A}}(𝔤,)$$

if and only if there exists $`\lambda _0\backslash \{0\},T_0𝔤`$ and $`\phi _0\mathrm{Aut}(𝔤,,_𝔤)`$ such that

$$\phi _0^1\widehat{A}\phi _0=\lambda _0A+\mathrm{ad}(T_0).$$

We denote by $`D_A(𝔤)`$ a metric Lie group with Lie algebra $`𝔡_A=𝔡_A(𝔤,).`$

Now, let us consider the special case, that $`(𝔤,,_𝔤)`$ is an abelian pseudo-Euclidean Lie algebra of signature $`(p,q)`$ and $`A𝔰𝔬(p,q)`$ is a non-vanishing antisymmetric endomorphism on $`𝔤`$. In this case we denote the Lie algebra $`𝔡_A=𝔡_A(𝔤,)`$ by the symbol $`\underset{¯}{A}(p,q)`$ and the corresponding simply connected Lie group by $`A(p,q)`$.

###### Theorem 5.1

Let $`\underset{¯}{A}(p,q)`$ be the double extension of an abelian metric Lie algebra of signature $`(p,q)`$ by $``$ defined by $`A𝔰𝔬(p,q)`$ and let $`A(p,q)`$ be the simply connected Lie group with Lie algebra $`\underset{¯}{A}(p,q)`$. The group $`A(p,q)`$ is indecomposable if and only if $`KerA`$ is totally isotropic. Furthermore, $`A(p,q)`$ is solvable, scalar flat and has a 2-step nilpotent Ricci tensor, where

$`A(p,q)\text{is Ricci-flat}`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{tr}_𝔤(A^2)=0`$
$`A(p,q)\text{is flat}`$ $``$ $`A^2=0.`$
The holonomy of $`A(p,q)`$ is abelian with Lie algebra

$$𝔥𝔬𝔩(A(p,q))=\left\{\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& (A^2X)^{}& 0\\ 0& 0& A^2X\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\right|X𝔤\}𝔰𝔬(p+1,q+1).$$

If the space $`A^2𝔤`$ is totally isotropic, then the space $`𝒫_{A(p,q)}`$ of parallel spinor fields on $`A(p,q)`$ has dimension $`\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}^{[\frac{p+q}{2}]}(1+2^\rho )`$ , where $`\rho `$ is the dimension of $`A^2𝔤`$. In case $`A^2𝔤`$ is not totally isotropic, the dimension of $`𝒫_{A(p,q)}`$ is $`\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}^{[\frac{p+q}{2}]}`$.

Proof. The claimed indecomposability is not hard to prove. The assertion about the Ricci tensor follows from Proposition 2.2. The holonomy algebra $`\stackrel{~}{𝔥𝔬𝔩}(A(p,q))`$ in this case is

$$\stackrel{~}{𝔥𝔬𝔩}(A(p,q))=\{A^2X\alpha |X𝔤\}.$$

Formulas $`(\text{3})`$ show that $`wu(1)+vu(1)`$ belongs to the annihilator of $`\stackrel{~}{𝔥𝔬𝔩}(A(p,q))𝔰𝔭𝔦𝔫(𝔡_A)`$, if and only if

$$A^2Xw=0X𝔤.$$

If $`\mathrm{Im}A^2`$ is not totally isotropic, then $`w=0`$, otherwise $`w`$ lies in the annihilator of $`A^2𝔤`$, which has dimension $`\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}^{[\frac{p+q}{2}]\rho }`$, if $`\rho `$ is the dimension of $`A^2𝔤`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 5.1

The group $`A(p,q)`$ is nilpotent if and only if $`A`$ is nilpotent. In this case $`A(p,q)`$ is an Einstein space of scalar curvature 0 (non-flat if $`A^20`$). The nilpotent Lie algebras $`\underset{¯}{A}`$ are classified, cf. \[FS87\].

## 6 Indecomposable simply connected Lie groups with biinvariant Lorentzian metric

In this section we recall the classification of simply connected Lie groups with biinvariant Lorentzian metric and we determine the space of parallel spinors on these groups. If $`D`$ is a simply connected simple Lie group with biinvariant Lorentzian metric, then it is isomorphic to $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{SL}}(2,)`$ since $`𝔰𝔩(2,)`$ is the only simple Lie algebra for which the Killing form has Lorentzian signature.

###### Proposition 6.1

\[Med85\] Each indecomposable non-simple metric Lie algebra of Lorentzian signature $`(1,n1)`$ is isomorphic to exactly one of the double extensions

$$\underset{¯}{A}_{\underset{¯}{\lambda }}(0,2m),\underset{¯}{\lambda }=(\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _m),\lambda _1=1\lambda _2\mathrm{}\lambda _m,$$

where $`n=2m2`$ and

$$A_{\underset{¯}{\lambda }}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{\Lambda }_1& & 0\\ & \mathrm{}& \\ 0& & \mathrm{\Lambda }_m\end{array}\right),\text{ }\mathrm{\Lambda }_r=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& \lambda _r\\ \lambda _r& 0\end{array}\right).$$
(15)
Proof. By Theorem 2.1 each non-simple indecomposable Lie algebra with ad-invariant Lorentzian scalar product is the double extension $`𝔡_A(𝔤,)`$ of a Euclidean Lie algebra $`(𝔤,,_𝔤)`$ by $``$ defined by an antisymmetric derivation $`A\mathrm{Der}_\mathrm{a}(𝔤)`$. Since $`,_𝔤`$ is positive definite, $`𝔤`$ splits orthogonally into an abelian ideal $`𝔞`$ and a semi-simple ideal $`𝔭`$. By Proposition 2.1 (3.), $`𝔤`$ cannot have a semi-simple factor, hence $`𝔭=0`$. Therefore, $`𝔤`$ is abelian and $`A𝔰𝔬(𝔤)`$ is a bijective antisymmetric map. In particular, the dimension of $`𝔤`$ is even. By Proposition 5.1 $`(𝔡_A(𝔤,),,_𝔡)`$ and $`(𝔡_{\widehat{A}}(𝔤,),,_𝔡)`$ are isomorphic if and only if there is a map $`\phi _0O(𝔤,,_𝔤)`$ and a real number $`\lambda _00`$ such that $`\phi _0^1\widehat{A}\phi _0=\lambda _0A`$. If $`dim(𝔤)=2m`$ each such class of maps in $`𝔰𝔬(𝔤)`$ is represented by exactly one of the maps $`A_{\underset{¯}{\lambda }}`$ for $`\underset{¯}{\lambda }=(\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _m),\lambda _1=1\lambda _2\mathrm{}\lambda _m`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

The simply connected Lie group $`A_{\underset{¯}{\lambda }}(0,2m)`$ is also known as oscillator group and denoted by $`Osc(\underset{¯}{\lambda })`$. By construction this group is a semi-direct product of $``$ with the Heisenberg group (see \[Med85\]).

The group $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{SL}}(2,)`$ with its Killing form is an Einstein space of negative scalar curvature $`R=\frac{3}{4}`$. The oscillator group $`Osc(\underset{¯}{\lambda })`$ has a 2-step nilpotent Ricci tensor which is given by

$$\mathrm{Ric}(H,H)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}\lambda _i^2,$$

All other components of the Ricci tensor are zero (see Proposition 2.2).

It follows from Theorem 5.1 that the $`2m+2`$-dimensional oscillator groups $`Osc(\underset{¯}{\lambda })`$, have $`2^m`$-linearly independent parallel spinor fields.

We summarize the results of this section in the following table.

Table 1: Isometry classes of indecomposable simply connected Lie groups with biinvariant Lorentzian metric and number of parallel spinors

| $`G`$ | $`dimG`$ | $`dim𝒫_G`$ |
| --- | --- | --- |
| $`(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{SL}}(2,),cB_{𝔰𝔩(2,)}),c^+`$ | $`3`$ | $`0`$ |
| $`Osc(\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _m),\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}<\lambda _1=1\lambda _2\mathrm{}\lambda _m,m1`$ | $`2m+2`$ | $`2^m`$ |

## 7 Indecomposable simply connected Lie groups with biinvariant metric of signature $`(2,n2)`$

Now we turn to metric Lie groups of index 2. First we will describe the structure of such groups. In principle all these groups have to be included in the classification of symmetric spaces with index 2 due to Cahen and Parker (\[CP80\], see also \[Neu02\]). However, it is not an easy task to identify the indecomposable Lie groups among these spaces. Moreover, there are metric groups which are isomorphic as symmetric spaces but not as metric groups. Also the notion of indecomposability is not the same for groups and for symmetric spaces. Therefore, we prefer to use the Theorem of Medina and Revoy. Clearly, $`\stackrel{~}{SL}(2,)`$ is the only Lie group with biinvariant metric of index 2 which is simple. The non-simple indecomposable ones can be characterized as follows.

###### Proposition 7.1

(\[KO\]) If $`(𝔡,,)`$ is a non-simple indecomposable Lie algebra with ad-invariant metric of signature $`(2,n2)`$, then $`(𝔡,,)`$ is isomorphic to a double extension $`𝔡_A(𝔤,)`$, where

1. $`𝔤`$ is an abelian Lorentzian Lie algebra and $`A`$ is an antisymmetric endomorphism on $`𝔤`$ with totally isotropic kernel, or
2. $`𝔤`$ is an oscillator algebra

$$𝔤=𝔡_{A_0}(𝔤_0,)=\alpha _1𝔤_0H_1,$$

where $`A_0𝔰𝔬(𝔤_0)`$ is a bijective antisymmetric map on the abelian Euclidean Lie algebra $`𝔤_0`$. With respect to the decomposition $`\alpha _1𝔤_0H_1`$ the antisymmetric derivation $`A\mathrm{Der}_\mathrm{a}(𝔤)`$ is given by

$$A=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 0& 0\\ 0& U_1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right),$$

where $`U_1𝔰𝔬(𝔤_0)`$ commutes with $`A_0`$ and there is no decomposition $`𝔤_0=𝔤_0^{}𝔤_0^{\prime \prime }`$ of $`𝔤_0`$ into orthogonal $`A_0`$-invariant subspaces such that

$$U_1=\left(\begin{array}{cc}t^{}A_0^{}& 0\\ 0& t^{\prime \prime }A_0^{\prime \prime }\end{array}\right):𝔤_0^{}𝔤_0^{\prime \prime }𝔤_0^{}𝔤_0^{\prime \prime },$$

where $`A_0^{}=A_0|_{𝔤_0^{}},A_0^{\prime \prime }=A_0|_{𝔤_0^{\prime \prime }}`$ and $`t^{},t^{\prime \prime }`$, or
3. $`𝔤`$ is the direct sum of a one-dimensional Lie algebra and an oscillator algebra $`𝔡_{A_0}(𝔤_0,)`$ with a bijective antisymmetric map $`A_0𝔰𝔬(𝔤_0)`$, i.e.

$$𝔤=𝔡_{A_0}(𝔤_0,)=\alpha _1𝔤_0H_1.$$

With respect to this decomposition the derivation $`A\mathrm{Der}_\mathrm{a}(𝔤)`$ is given by

$$A=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}0& 0& 0& 1\\ 1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& U_1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)$$

where $`span\{A_0,U_1\}𝔰𝔬(𝔤_0)`$ is a 2-dimensional abelian subalgebra.

We denote the corresponding simply connected Lie group with Lie algebra $`𝔡_A(𝔤,)`$ by $`A(1,n3)`$ in case 1., by $`Osc(A_0,U_1)`$ in case 2., and by $`D(A_0,U_1)`$ in case 3.

Proposition 7.1 is more a structure theorem than a full classification. We will give now an exact classification of indecomposable metric Lie algebras of signature $`(2,n2)`$ which have a one-dimensional centre. These algebras are exactly those which appear in Proposition 7.1, case 1. Therefore Proposition 5.1 implies

###### Proposition 7.2

If $`(𝔡,,)`$ is an indecomposable metric Lie algebra of signature $`(2,n2)`$ with one-dimensional centre. Then $`𝔡`$ is isomorphic to

1. $`\underset{¯}{L}_2(1,1)`$ if $`n=4`$,
2. $`\underset{¯}{L}_3(1,2)`$ if $`n=5`$,
3. $`\underset{¯}{L}_{2,\underset{¯}{\lambda }}(1,n3)`$ for $`n>5`$ even, or
4. $`\underset{¯}{L}_{3,\underset{¯}{\lambda }}(1,n3)`$ for $`n>5`$ odd,

where

$`L_2:=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ 1& 0\end{array}\right),L_3:=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 1& 0\\ 1& 0& 1\\ 0& 1& 0\end{array}\right),L_{2,\underset{¯}{\lambda }}:=\left(\begin{array}{cc}L_2& 0\\ 0& A_{\underset{¯}{\lambda }}\end{array}\right),L_{3,\underset{¯}{\lambda }}:=\left(\begin{array}{cc}L_3& 0\\ 0& A_{\underset{¯}{\lambda }}\end{array}\right),`$
$`\underset{¯}{\lambda }=(\lambda _1,\lambda _2,\mathrm{},\lambda _l)`$ with $`0<\lambda _1\mathrm{}\lambda _l`$ and $`A_{\underset{¯}{\lambda }}`$ is defined as in (15).

Using Theorem 5.1 we can compute the number of linearly independent parallel spinors on the simply connected groups which correspond to the Lie algebras described in Proposition 7.2. The 4-dimensional Lie group $`L_2(1,1)`$ has 2 linearely independent parallel spinors. The 5-dimensional Lie group $`L_3(1,2)`$ of signature (2,3) is non-flat, Ricci-flat and has 3 linearely independent parallel spinors. The groups $`L_{2,\underset{¯}{\lambda }}(1,n3)`$ and $`L_{3,\underset{¯}{\lambda }}(1,n3)`$, $`n>5`$, have $`2^{\left[\frac{n}{2}\right]1}`$ linearly independent parallel spinors.
Next we determine the space of parallel spinors on simply-connected Lie groups with Lie algebra occuring in Proposition 7.1, case 3. These Lie algebras are exactly those indecomposable ones of signature $`(2,n2)`$ which are odd-dimensional and have a 2-dimensional centre.

###### Proposition 7.3

If $`(𝔡,,)`$ is an odd-dimensional indecomposable metric Lie algebra of signature $`(2,n2)`$ with 2-dimensional centre, then $`n7`$ and the simply connected Lie group with Lie algebra $`𝔡`$ admits $`2^{\frac{n5}{2}}`$ linearly independent parallel spinors.

Proof. Under the above assumptions $`𝔡`$ is a double extension $`𝔡=𝔡_A(𝔤,)`$ where $`(𝔤,,_𝔤)`$ and $`A\mathrm{Der}_\mathrm{a}(𝔤,,)`$ are as in Proposition 7.1, 3. In particular,

$$𝔤=𝔡_{A_0}(𝔤_0,)=\alpha _1𝔤_0H_1,$$

where $`𝔤_0`$ is a $`2m`$-dimensional Euclidean and abelian Lie algebra and $`A_0𝔰𝔬(𝔤_0)`$ is bijective. $`A`$ is given by $`U_1𝔰𝔬(𝔤_0)`$. Obviously,

$$[𝔤,𝔤]_𝔤=[𝔡_{A_0}(𝔤_0,),𝔡_{A_0}(𝔤_0,)]_𝔤=\alpha _1\mathrm{Im}A_0=\alpha _1𝔤_0$$

and

$$A𝔤=\alpha _1U_1(𝔤_0).$$

Therefore

$$[𝔤,𝔤]_𝔤+A𝔤=\alpha _1𝔤_0.$$
(17)
Now let $`y`$ be a unit vector in $``$ and $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_{2m}`$ an orthonormal basis of $`𝔤_0`$. By Proposition 3.1 and (17)

$`\stackrel{~}{𝔥𝔬𝔩}(D_A(𝔤))`$ $`=`$ $`\{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}AZ\alpha +y[Z,y]_𝔤+{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{2m}{}}}X_j[Z,X_j]_𝔤`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(H_1\alpha _1)[Z,H_1\alpha _1]_𝔤+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(H_1+\alpha _1)[Z,H_1+\alpha _1]_𝔤|`$
$`Z[𝔤,𝔤]_𝔤+A𝔤\}`$
$`=`$ $`\left\{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}AZ\alpha +{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{2m}{}}}X_j[Z,X_j]_𝔤+\alpha _1[Z,H_1]_𝔤\right|Zy\alpha _1𝔤_0\}`$
$`=`$ $`span\{\alpha _1\alpha ,U_1X\alpha +A_0X\alpha _1X𝔤_0\}.`$
Consider now $`u=u_{++}u(1,1)+u_+u(1,1)+u_+u(1,1)+u_{}u(1,1)\mathrm{\Delta }_{2m+1}\mathrm{\Delta }_{2,2}=\mathrm{\Delta }_{y𝔤_0}\mathrm{\Delta }_{2,2}`$. We have

$`\alpha _1\alpha u`$ $`=`$ $`2u_{++}u(1,1)`$
and

$`(U_1X\alpha +A_0X\alpha _1)u`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{2}((U_1Xu_{++})u(1,1)+(U_1Xu_+)u(1,1)`$
$`+(A_0Xu_{++})u(1,1)+(A_0Xu_+)u(1,1)).`$
Therefore $`\stackrel{~}{𝔥𝔬𝔩}(D_A(𝔤))u=0`$ is equivalent to

$`u_{++}=0,`$ $`U_1Xu_++A_0Xu_+=0`$ (18)
for all $`X𝔤_0`$. Since $`A_0`$ and $`U_1`$ commute we may assume

$$\begin{array}{cc}A_0X_{2i1}=\lambda _iX_{2i},\hfill & A_0X_{2i}=\lambda _iX_{2i1}\hfill \\ U_1X_{2i1}=\mu _iX_{2i},\hfill & U_1X_{2i}=\mu _iX_{2i1}\hfill \end{array}$$

for $`i=1,\mathrm{},2m`$. Therefore we obtain from (18)

$$\mu _iX_{2i}u_++\lambda _iX_{2i}u_+=0$$

and, thus,

$$\mu _iu_+=\lambda _iu_+.$$

Since $`U_1`$ and $`A_0`$ are linearly independent this implies $`u_+=u_+=0`$. Hence,

$$u_{++}=u_+=u_+=0.$$

We conclude

$$dim𝒫_{D_A}=dim\mathrm{\Delta }_{2m+1}=2^m.$$

$`\mathrm{}`$

It remains to consider case 2. of Proposition 7.1. The Lie algebras occuring there are exactly the indecomposable ones of signature $`(2,n2)`$ which are even-dimensional and have a 2-dimensional centre. Since these spaces will occur in a more general context in Section 9 we will postpone the calculation of the space of parallel spinors on $`Osc(A_0,U_1)`$. However, we alredy mention the result in the following table.

Table 2: Indecomposable simply connected Lie groups with biinvariant metric of signature $`(2,n2)`$ and number of parallel spinors

| $`G`$ | $`dimG=n`$ | $`dim𝒫_G`$ |
| --- | --- | --- |
| $`(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{SL}}(2,),cB_{𝔰𝔩(2,)}),c^+`$ | $`3`$ | $`0`$ |
| $`L_2(1,1)`$ | $`4`$ | $`2`$ |
| $`L_3(1,2)`$ | $`5`$ | $`3`$ |
| $`L_{2,\underset{¯}{\lambda }}(1,n3),n>5,n\text{ even}`$ | $`n>5`$ | $`2^{\left[\frac{n}{2}\right]1}`$ |
| $`L_{3,\underset{¯}{\lambda }}(1,n3),n>5,n\text{ odd}`$ | $`n>5`$ | $`2^{\left[\frac{n}{2}\right]1}`$ |
| $`Osc(A_0,U_1),A_0,U_1𝔰𝔬(2m)`$ | $`2m+48`$ | $`2^m`$ |
| $`A_0,U_1`$ as in Proposition 7.1 |  |  |
| $`D(A_0,U_1),A_0,U_1𝔰𝔬(2m)`$ | $`2m+5`$ | $`2^m`$ |
| $`A_0`$ bijective; $`A_0,U_1`$ linearly independent |  |  |

## 8 Indecomposable simply connected metric Lie groups of dimension $`n6`$

Now we will classify the indecomposable simply connected metric Lie groups of dimension $`n6`$ and determine the space of parallel spinors for each isomorphism class. We will summarize the results in Table 3 - Table 6. Since we already have a classification for index 1 and 2 it remains to study the case of signature $`(3,3)`$. The Lie algebra $`𝔰𝔭𝔦𝔫(1,3)`$ is the only simple Lie algebra, whose Killing form has this signature. Each indecomposable metric Lie algebra $`𝔡`$ which is not simple is a double extension by a simple or a one-dimensional Lie algebra $`𝔥`$. If $`𝔥`$ is simple and $`n6`$ , then $`𝔥`$ must be 3-dimensional, hence, $`𝔥=𝔰𝔲(2)`$ or $`𝔥=𝔰𝔩(2,)`$. Consider now the case where $`𝔥`$ is one-dimensional, i.e. $`𝔡=𝔡_A(𝔤,)`$. Then $`𝔤`$ is of signature $`(2,2)`$. Since $`𝔡`$ is indecomposable, $`𝔤`$ cannot contain a simple ideal. Consequently, $`𝔤=\underset{¯}{L}_2(1,1)`$ or $`𝔤`$ is abelian. It is not hard to prove that any double extension of $`𝔤=\underset{¯}{L}_2(1,1)`$ is decomposable (see also Remark 9.2). This implies $`𝔡=𝔡_A(𝔤,)`$, where $`𝔤`$ is abelian and of signature $`(2,2)`$ and the kernel of $`A𝔰𝔬(2,2)`$ is totally isotropic. Such a linear map $`A`$ is up to conjugation and up to non-zero multiples one of the following ones

1. $`A=N_1=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1\\ 0& 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right),,_𝔤=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}0& 0& 0& 1\\ 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 1& 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)`$,
2. $`A=N_{2,t}=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}1& t& 0& 0\\ t& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& t\\ 0& 0& t& 1\end{array}\right),,_𝔤=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}0& 0& 0& 1\\ 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 1& 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)`$$`t>0`$,
3. $`A=N_{3,\pm }=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}0& 1& \pm 1& 0\\ 1& 0& 0& \pm 1\\ 0& 0& 0& 1\\ 0& 0& 1& 0\end{array}\right),,_𝔤=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}0& 0& 0& 1\\ 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 1& 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)`$,
4. $`A=N_{4,t}=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}0& 1& 0& 0\\ 1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& t\\ 0& 0& t& 0\end{array}\right),,_𝔤=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right)`$, $`t>0`$,
5. $`A=N_5=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}1& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 1\\ 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right),,_𝔤=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}0& 0& 0& 1\\ 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 1& 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)`$,
6. $`A=N_{6,t}=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& t& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& t\end{array}\right),,_𝔤=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}0& 1& 0& 0\\ 1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1\\ 0& 0& 1& 0\end{array}\right)`$$`t1`$.

Only $`N_1`$ has a non-trivial kernel. Since $`N_1^2=0`$ the 6-dimensional indecomposable Lie group $`N_1(2,2)`$ of signature $`(3,3)`$ is flat and has 8 linearly independent parallel spinors. The 6-dimensional Lie groups $`N_k(2,2),k=2,\mathrm{},6`$ have 4 linearly independent parallel spinors. $`N_k(2,2)`$ is Ricci-flat if and only if $`k=2`$ with the parameter $`t=1`$.

Table 3: $`dimG=3`$

| $`G`$ | signature | $`dim𝒫_G`$ | geometry |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | $`(p,q)`$ |  |  |
| $`(SU(2),cB_{𝔰𝔲(2)}),c^+`$ | $`(0,3)`$ | 0 | $`G`$ simple |
|  |  |  | simple holonomy |
| $`(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{SL}}(2,),cB_{𝔰𝔩(2,)}),c^+`$ | $`(1,2)`$ | $`0`$ | Einstein space, $`R>0`$ |

Table 4: $`dimG=4`$

| $`G`$ | signature | $`dim𝒫_G`$ | geometry |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | $`(p,q)`$ |  |  |
| $`Osc(1)`$, i.e. the oscillator group | $`(1,3)`$ | 2 | $`G`$ solvable |
| $`Osc(\underset{¯}{\lambda })`$ with $`\underset{¯}{\lambda }=\lambda _1=1`$ |  |  | abelian holonomy $`^2𝔰𝔬(1,3)`$ |
|  |  |  | $`R=0`$$`\mathrm{Ric}(H,H)=2`$ |
| $`L_2(1,1)`$ | $`(2,2)`$ | $`2`$ | $`G`$ solvable |
|  |  |  | abelian holonomy $`^2𝔰𝔬(2,2)`$ |
|  |  |  | $`R=0`$$`\mathrm{Ric}(H,H)=2`$ |

Table 5: $`dimG=5`$

| $`G`$ | signature | $`dim𝒫_G`$ | geometry |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | $`(p,q)`$ |  |  |
| $`L_3(1,2)`$ | $`(2,3)`$ | 3 | $`G`$ 3-step nilpotent |
|  |  |  | abelian holonomy $`𝔰𝔬(2,3)`$ |
|  |  |  | $`\mathrm{Ric}=0`$, non-flat |

Table 6: $`dimG=6`$

| $`G`$ | signature | $`dim𝒫_G`$ | geometry |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | $`(p,q)`$ |  |  |
| $`Osc(1,\lambda ),\lambda ,\lambda 1`$ | $`(1,5)`$ | 4 | $`G`$ solvable |
|  |  |  | abelian holonomy $`^4`$ |
|  |  |  | $`\mathrm{Ric}(H,H)=1\lambda ^2`$ |
| $`L_{2,\lambda }(1,3),\lambda ,\lambda >0`$ | $`(2,4)`$ | 4 | $`G`$ solvable |
|  |  |  | abelian holonomy $`^4`$ |
|  |  |  | $`\mathrm{Ric}(H,H)=22\lambda ^2`$ |
| $`(Spin(1,3),cB_{𝔰𝔭𝔦𝔫(1,3)}),c^+`$ | (3,3) | 0 | $`G`$ simple |
|  |  |  | simple holonomy |
|  |  |  | Einstein space, $`R>0`$ |
| $`T^{}SU(2)_c,c`$ | $`(3,3)`$ | 1 | $`G`$ proper Levi |
|  |  |  | holonomy equals $`𝔤`$ |
| $`T^{}\stackrel{~}{SL}(2,)_c,c`$ | $`(3,3)`$ | 1 | $`\mathrm{Ric}^2=0,\mathrm{Ric}0,R=0`$ |
| $`N_1(2,2)`$ | $`(3,3)`$ | 8 | $`G`$ 2-step nilpotent |
|  |  |  | holonomy $`=0`$, flat |
| $`N_k(2,2),k=2,\mathrm{},6`$ | $`(3,3)`$ | 4 | $`G`$ solvable |
|  |  |  | abelian holonomy $`^4`$ |
|  |  |  | $`\mathrm{Ric}^2=0,R=0`$ |
|  |  |  | $`\mathrm{Ric}=0k=2,t=1`$ |

## 9 Solvable Lie groups with maximal isotropic centre

In this chapter we study a special class of solvable metric Lie algebras with maximal isotropic centre. For that reason we consider multiply 1-dimensional extended Lie algebras. Let $`(𝔤_0,,_0)`$ be an $`n`$-dimensional Euclidean abelian Lie algebra and $`A_0=U_0𝔰𝔬(𝔤_0)`$ a bijective antisymmetric map. Then the oscillator algebra

$$𝔤_1:=𝔡_{A_0}(𝔤_0,)$$

is an indecomposable Lorentzian Lie algebra with maximal isotropic centre $`𝔷(𝔤_1)=\alpha _1`$. We now define a series of Lie algebras $`𝔤_1,𝔤_2,𝔤_3,\mathrm{}`$ by induction. Let $`𝔤_1,\mathrm{},𝔤_{m1}`$ be already defined. Choose $`A_{m1}\mathrm{Der}_\mathrm{a}(𝔤_{m1},,_{m1})`$ and define

$`𝔤_m`$ $`:=`$ $`𝔡_{A_{m1}}(𝔤_{m1},)=\alpha _m𝔤_{m1}H_m`$
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{span}\{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _m,𝔤_0,H_1,\mathrm{},H_m\}.`$
We will denote the Lie bracket of $`𝔤_m`$ by $`[,]_m`$. If $`𝔤_m`$ arises from $`𝔤_0`$ by this procedure using $`A_0,\mathrm{},A_{m1}`$ we will write

$$𝔤_m=𝔡(𝔤_0,A_0,\mathrm{},A_{m1}).$$

The Lie algebra $`𝔤_m`$ has a pseudo-Euclidean metric of signature $`(m,m+n)`$ given by

$$,_m=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 0& E\\ 0& ,_0& 0\\ E& 0& 0\end{array}\right)$$

with respect to $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _m,𝔤_0,H_1,\mathrm{},H_m`$.

Consider now linear maps $`A_k^0𝔰𝔬(k,k+n),k=1,\mathrm{},m1`$ and a bijective map $`A_0^0𝔰𝔬(n)`$. Then $`\{A_0^0,A_1^0,\mathrm{},A_{m1}^0\}`$ is called a normal set of derivations if

* $`A_k^0=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 0& Z_k\\ 0& U_k& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)`$, where $`U_k𝔰𝔬(n),Z_k(k)`$ with $`Z_k^{}=Z_k`$ and
* $`\mathrm{span}\{U_0,\mathrm{},U_{m1}\}𝔰𝔬(n)`$ is abelian.

If as above $`𝔤_0`$ is a Euclidean abelian Lie algebra, then one proves by induction that $`A_k^0`$ is indeed a derivation on $`𝔤_k^0=𝔡(𝔤_0,A_0^0,\mathrm{},A_{k1}^0)`$.

###### Proposition 9.1

Let $`\{A_0^0,\mathrm{},A_{m1}^0\}`$ be a set of normal derivations. Then the Lie bracket of

$`𝔤_m^0`$ $`=`$ $`𝔡(𝔤_0,A_0^0,\mathrm{},A_{m1}^0)`$
$`=`$ $`\alpha _m\mathrm{}\alpha _1𝔤_0H_1\mathrm{}H_m`$
is given by

$`[\alpha _i,]_m`$ $`=`$ $`0`$
$`[X,Y]_m`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{m}{}}}U_{j1}X,Y_0\alpha _jX,Y𝔤_0`$
$`[H_i,X]_m`$ $`=`$ $`U_{i1}Xi=1,\mathrm{},m`$ (19)
$`[H_i,H_j]_m`$ $`=`$ $`(Z_{m1})_i^j\alpha _m+(Z_{m2})_i^j\alpha _{m1}+\mathrm{}`$
$`+(Z_i)_i^j\alpha _{i+1}+{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{i1}{}}}(Z_{i1})_j^k\alpha _k\text{for}\text{ }mi>j1.`$
In particular, $`𝔤_m^0`$ is solvable. Let $`G_m^0`$ be the simply connected metric Lie group associated with $`(𝔤_m^0,,_m)`$. Then

$$𝔥𝔬𝔩(G_m^0)=\left\{\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& \begin{array}{c}(U_{m1}X)^{}\\ \mathrm{}\\ (U_0X)^{}\end{array}& 0\\ 0& 0& U_0X\mathrm{}U_{m1}X\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\right|X𝔤_0\}$$
(20)
is abelian and for the spin holonomy

$$\stackrel{~}{𝔥𝔬𝔩}(G_m^0)=\{\underset{k=1}{\overset{m}{}}(U_{k1}X)\alpha _kX𝔤_0\}𝔰𝔭𝔦𝔫(𝔤_m^0)$$
(21)
holds. The Ricci tensor of $`G_m^0`$ is given by

$$\mathrm{Ric}(H_i,H_j)=\mathrm{tr}(U_{i1}U_{j1}).$$

All other components are zero. In particular, $`G_m^0`$ is a scalar flat, non-Einstein space with 2-step nilpotent Ricci tensor.

Proof. Relation (9.1) follows from the definition of $`𝔤_m^0`$; the formula for the Ricci tensor from Proposition 2.2. Obviously, the third derivative of $`𝔤_m^0`$ vanishes, hence $`𝔤_m^0`$ is solvable. The assertion on $`𝔥𝔬𝔩(G_m^0)`$ follows from

$$𝔥𝔬𝔩(G_m^0)=\mathrm{ad}_m([𝔤_m^0,𝔤_m^0])=\mathrm{ad}_m(span\{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _m\}𝔤_0)=\mathrm{ad}_m(𝔤_0).$$

and (9.1). Equation (21) is a consequence of (10) and (20). $`\mathrm{}`$
If $`\{A_0^0,\mathrm{},A_{m1}^0\}`$ is a normal set of derivations such that

$$A_k^0=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 0& 0\\ 0& U_k& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right),k=0,\mathrm{},m1$$

we call the Lie algebra $`𝔤_m^0=𝔡(𝔤_0,A_0^0,\mathrm{},A_{m1}^0)`$ a generalized oscillator algebra of index m and denote it by

$$𝔬𝔰𝔠(U_0,\mathrm{},U_{m1}).$$

The corresponding simply-connected Lie group is denoted by $`Osc(U_0,\mathrm{},U_{m1})`$.

###### Corollary 9.1

For a set $`\{A_0^0,\mathrm{},A_{m1}^0\}`$ of normal derivations we may assume that all $`U_k`$ with $`U_k0`$ are linearly independent.

Proof. Fix $`k<m`$ and assume that all $`U_l`$, $`l<k`$, with $`U_l0`$ are linearly independent. If $`U_k`$ is a linear combination of these $`U_l`$, i.e. if

$$U_k=\lambda _0U_0+\mathrm{}+\lambda _{k1}U_{k1},\lambda _0,\mathrm{},\lambda _{k1},$$

then we consider the inner derivation

$$\mathrm{ad}_k\left(\underset{j=1}{\overset{k}{}}\lambda _{j1}H_j\right)=\underset{j=1}{\overset{k}{}}\lambda _{j1}\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 0& Z_{j1}\\ 0& U_{j1}& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 0& \stackrel{~}{Z}_k\\ 0& U_k& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)$$

and therefore

$$\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 0& Z_k\\ 0& U_k& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 0& Z_k\stackrel{~}{Z}_k\\ 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\mathrm{mod}\mathrm{ad}(𝔤_k).$$

The assertion now follows from Proposition 5.1. $`\mathrm{}`$

We know from Proposition 9.1 that the Lie algebra $`𝔤_m^0`$ constructed above is solvable and $`span\{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _m\}𝔷(𝔤_m^0)`$ is a maximal isotropic subspace of $`𝔤_m^0`$. Conversely, the following is true

###### Proposition 9.2

Let $`(𝔤_m,,)`$ be a solvable metric Lie algebra of signature $`(m,m+n)`$, $`m,n`$, such that the centre $`𝔷(𝔤_m)`$ of $`𝔤_m`$ contains a maximal isotropic subspace $`𝔞_m`$. Then

1. $`(𝔤_m,,)`$ is isomorphic to a Lie algebra $`𝔡(𝔤_0,A_0,\mathrm{},A_{m1})`$, where $`𝔤_0`$ is a Euclidean abelian Lie algebra, $`𝔞_m=span\{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _m\}`$ and the derivations $`A_k`$ satisfy $`A_k(span\{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k\})=0`$ for $`k=1,\mathrm{},m1`$.
2. If $`A_0`$ in 1. is bijective, then $`𝔤_m=𝔡(𝔤_0,A_0^0,\mathrm{},A_{m1}^0)`$ for a normal set of derivations $`\{A_0^0,\mathrm{},A_{m1}^0\}`$.

Proof. Let $`𝔞_m𝔷(𝔤_m)`$ be maximal isotropic. Choose an element $`\alpha _m𝔞_m`$ with $`\alpha _m0`$. Then there exists an element $`H_m𝔤_m`$ such that $`\alpha _m,H_m=1`$ and $`H_m,H_m=0`$. Define $`𝔤_{m1}:=\{\alpha _m,H_m\}^{}`$. Then there is a Lie algebra structure on $`𝔤_{m1}`$ such that

$$𝔤_m=𝔡_{A_{m1}}(𝔤_{m1},)=\alpha _m𝔤_{m1}H_m,$$

where $`A_{m1}=\mathrm{ad}_m(H_m)|_{𝔤_{m1}}`$. Since $`𝔤_m`$ is solvable, $`𝔤_{m1}`$ is solvable as well.

By (14) the center of $`𝔤_m`$ equals

$$𝔷(𝔤)=\{\begin{array}{c}\alpha _m(\mathrm{ker}A_{m1}𝔷(𝔤_{m1}))\text{ if }A_{m1}0\text{ mod }\mathrm{ad}(𝔤_{m1})\hfill \\ \alpha _m𝔷(𝔤_{m1})(H_mX_0)\text{ if }A_{m1}=\mathrm{ad}_{m1}(X_0).\hfill \end{array}$$
(22)
Since $`𝔞_m𝔷(𝔤_m)`$ is totally isotropic and $`\alpha _m𝔞_m`$ we have $`𝔞_m\alpha _m𝔤_{m1}`$. Hence, we obtain $`𝔞_m=\alpha _m𝔞_{m1}`$, where $`𝔞_{m1}𝔤_{m1}`$ is maximal isotropic. On the other hand, it follows from $`𝔞_m𝔷(𝔤)`$ and (22) that

$$𝔞_{m1}𝔷(𝔤_{m1})KerA_{m1}𝔷(𝔤).$$

Hence the center $`𝔷(𝔤_{m1})`$ admits a maximal isotropic subspace $`𝔞_{m1}`$. If we continue with $`𝔞_{m1}`$ in the same way as with $`𝔞_m`$ we obtain a sequence of isotropic elements $`\alpha _m,\alpha _{m1},\mathrm{},\alpha _1𝔞_m`$ and derivations $`A_{m1},A_{m2},\mathrm{},A_1`$ such that

$$𝔤_m=𝔡(𝔤_0,A_0,\mathrm{},A_{m1})\text{and}A_k(span\{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k\})=0k=1,\mathrm{},m1.$$

Now, let us assume in addition that the derivation $`A_0`$ in this representation is bijective. Then, if $`m=1`$, the second statement of the Proposition is obviously true. Let us suppose, that statement 2. is true for $`m11`$. Then we may assume that $`𝔤_m=𝔡_{A_{m1}}(𝔤_{m1},)`$ and

$$𝔤_{m1}=𝔡(𝔤_0,A_0^0,\mathrm{},A_{m2}^0)$$
(23)
where $`𝔤_0`$ is a Euclidean abelian Lie algebra, $`\{A_0^0,\mathrm{},A_{m2}^0\}`$ is a normal set of derivations and $`𝔞_{m1}=span\{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _{m1}\}`$. From $`𝔞_{m1}KerA_{m1}`$ we get

$$A_{m1}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& V_{m1}^{}& Z_{m1}\\ 0& U_{m1}& V_{m1}\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right),\begin{array}{c}U_{m1}𝔰𝔬(n)\hfill \\ V_{m1}(n,m1)\hfill \\ Z_{m1}(m1),Z_{m1}^{}=Z_{m1}\hfill \end{array}$$
(24)
with respect to $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _{m1},𝔤_0,H_1,\mathrm{},H_{m1}`$. Let us prove, that there exists an antisymmetric derivation $`A_{m1}^0`$ on $`𝔤_{m1}`$ such that $`A_{m1}`$ is equal to $`A_{m1}^0`$ modulo inner derivations and $`\{A_0^0,\mathrm{},A_{m1}^0\}`$ is a normal set of derivations. From (9.1) we know that

$`A_{m1}[H_i,X]_{m1}=A_{m1}U_{i1}X={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{m1}{}}}(V_{m1})_j,U_{i1}X_0\alpha _j+U_{m1}U_{i1}X`$
and

$`[A_{m1}H_i,X]_{m1}+[H_i,A_{m1}X]_{m1}=`$
$`=`$ $`[{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{m1}{}}}(Z_{m1})_i^l\alpha _l+(V_{m1})_i,X]_{m1}{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{m1}{}}}(V_{m1})_l,X_0[H_i,\alpha _l]_{m1}`$
$`+[H_i,U_{m1}X]_{m1}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{m1}{}}}U_{j1}(V_{m1})_i,X_0\alpha _j+U_{i1}U_{m1}X`$
for all $`X𝔤_0`$. It follows, that

$$[U_j,U_{m1}]=0\text{for all }j=0,\mathrm{},m2$$

and that

$$U_{i1}(V_{m1})_j=U_{j1}(V_{m1})_ii,j=1,\mathrm{},m1.$$

Hence, $`span\{U_0,\mathrm{},U_{m1}\}`$ is abelian and the matrix $`V_{m1}`$ is given by the columns

$$V_{m1}=(Y,U_0^1U_1Y,U_0^1U_2Y,\mathrm{},U_0^1U_{m2}Y),$$

where $`Y=(V_{m1})_1`$. By (9.1) we have

$$\mathrm{ad}_{m1}(Y)=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& \begin{array}{c}(U_0Y)^{}\\ \mathrm{}\\ (U_{m2}Y)^{}\end{array}& 0\\ 0& 0& U_0Y\mathrm{}U_{m2}Y\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right).$$
(25)
Therefore,

$`A_{m1}`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 0& Z_{m1}\\ 0& U_{m1}& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\mathrm{ad}_{m1}(U_0^1(V_{m1})_1)`$
$``$ $`\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 0& Z_{m1}\\ 0& U_{m1}& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\mathrm{mod}\mathrm{ad}(𝔤_{m1}).`$
$`\mathrm{}`$

For the following Proposition we need a simple fact on the Lie algebra $`𝔰𝔬(n)`$.

###### Lemma 9.1

If $`𝔟𝔰𝔬(n)`$ is an abelian subalgebra and $`[X,𝔟]𝔟`$ for $`X𝔰𝔬(n)`$, then $`[X,𝔟]=0`$.

Proof. Since $`𝔰𝔬(n)`$ admits a definite inner product also the subalgebra $`𝔠=𝔟X`$ has a definite inner product. By our assumption $`𝔟`$ is an ideal in $`𝔠`$. Hence, also $`𝔟^{}`$ is an ideal and $`𝔠=𝔟𝔟^{}`$. Thus $`𝔟^{}=(X+B_0)`$ for some $`B_0𝔟`$ and therefore $`0=[𝔟,X+B_0]=[𝔟,X]`$.$`\mathrm{}`$

###### Proposition 9.3

Let $`(𝔤_0,,_0)`$ be an $`n`$-dimensional Euclidean abelian Lie algebra and $`\{A_0^0,\mathrm{},`$ $`A_{m1}^0\}`$ a normal set of derivations such that $`U_0,\mathrm{},U_{m1}𝔰𝔬(n)`$ are linearly independent. If $`A_m`$ is an antisymmetric derivation on $`𝔤_m^0=𝔡(𝔤_0,A_0^0,\mathrm{},A_{m1}^0)`$ then the centre of the solvable Lie algebra $`𝔤_{m+1}=𝔡_{A_m}(𝔤_m^0,)`$ has a maximal isotropic subspace, i.e. an isotropic subspace of dimension $`m+1`$. In particular, $`𝔤_{m+1}`$ satisfies the condition of Proposition 9.2, 2.

Proof. If $`U_0,\mathrm{},U_{m1}`$ are linearly independent, then the centre of $`𝔤_m^0`$ is equal to $`span\{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _m\}`$. Indeed, if $`X+_{i=1}^m\lambda _iH_i𝔷(𝔤_m^0)`$ for $`X𝔤_0`$, $`\lambda _i`$, then we obtain from (9.1)

$$0=[X+\underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}\lambda _iH_i,Y]=\underset{j=1}{\overset{m}{}}U_{j1}X,Y_0\alpha _j+\underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}\lambda _iU_{i1}Y$$

for all $`Y𝔤_0`$. Hence, $`XKerU_{j1}`$ for $`j=1,\mathrm{},m`$. In particular, $`U_0X=0`$ which implies $`X=0`$. Furthermore,

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}\lambda _iU_{i1}Y=0$$

for all $`Y𝔤_0`$. Since $`U_0,\mathrm{},U_{m1}`$ are linearly independent we obtain $`\lambda _i=0`$ for $`i=1,\mathrm{},m`$.

Now let $`A_m`$ be an antisymmetric derivation on $`𝔤_m^0`$. Then

$$A_m=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}B& V^{}& Z_m\\ 0& U_m& V\\ 0& 0& B^{}\end{array}\right)\begin{array}{c}U_m𝔰𝔬(n)\hfill \\ (Z_m)^{}=Z_m\hfill \end{array}$$

since $`A_m𝔷(𝔤_m^0)𝔷(𝔤_m^0)`$. Using $`𝔷(𝔤_m^0)=\mathrm{span}\{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _m\}`$ we obtain for $`X,Y𝔤_0`$

$`A_m[X,Y]_m`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{m}{}}}U_{j1}X,Y_0A_m\alpha _j={\displaystyle \underset{k,j=1}{\overset{m}{}}}U_{j1}X,Y_0B_j^k\alpha _k`$
$`[A_mX,Y]_m+[X,A_mY]_m`$ $`=`$ $`[U_mX,Y]_m+[X,U_mY]_m`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{m}{}}}(U_{k1}U_mX,Y_0+U_{k1}X,U_mY_0)\alpha _k`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{m}{}}}[U_{k1},U_m]X,Y_0\alpha _k`$
It follows, that for all $`k=1,\mathrm{},m`$

$$\underset{j=1}{\overset{m}{}}B_j^kU_{j1}=[U_{k1},U_m]_{𝔰𝔬(n)}.$$
(28)
We know, that $`𝔟:=\mathrm{span}\{U_0,\mathrm{},U_{m1}\}𝔰𝔬(n)`$ is abelian. By (28) $`[U_m,𝔟]𝔟`$. Now Lemma 9.1 implies $`[U_m,𝔟]=0`$. Since we supposed, that $`U_0,\mathrm{},U_{m1}`$ are linearly independent in $`𝔰𝔬(n)`$, we obtain $`B0`$ by (28). Therefore, $`A_m𝔷(𝔤_m^0)=0`$ and, consequently, $`\mathrm{span}\{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _{m+1}\}𝔷(𝔤_{m+1})`$ is a maximal isotropic subspace. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 9.1

If $`𝔤_1=𝔡_{A_0}(𝔤_0,)`$, $`𝔤_2=𝔡_{A_1}(𝔤_1,)`$, $`𝔤_3=𝔡_{A_2}(𝔤_2,)`$ is a sequence of indecomposable Lie algebras, then $`𝔤_1`$, $`𝔤_2`$ and $`𝔤_3`$ have a maximal isotropic centre.

For $`𝔤_1`$ this follows from the definition. For $`𝔤_2`$ and $`𝔤_3`$ this follows from the indecomposability of $`𝔤_2`$. Indeed, if we take $`U_1=\lambda U_0`$, then $`A_1=\mathrm{ad}_1(\lambda H_1)`$. Therefore $`A_1`$ would be an inner derivation and $`𝔤_2`$ decomposable (Proposition 2.1). Hence $`U_0`$ and $`U_1`$ have to be linearly independent. Consequently, by Proposition 9.3 the centres $`𝔷(𝔤_2)`$ and $`𝔷(𝔤_3)`$ of $`𝔤_2`$ and $`𝔤_3`$, respectively, contain a maximal isotropic subspace. On the other hand, $`𝔷(𝔤_2)`$ and $`𝔷(𝔤_3)`$ are totally isotropic since $`𝔤_2`$ and $`𝔤_3`$ are indecomposable. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 9.2

The previous remark shows that a double extension of a 4-dimensional oscillator algebra by an 1-dimensional factor is decomposable. With the same argument one shows that the 6-dimensional group of split signature arising by double extension of $`L_2(1,1)`$ is decomposable as well.

Now, we describe the space of parallel spinors for the solvable metric Lie algebras with maximal isotropic center of the form $`𝔤_m^0`$.

###### Theorem 9.1

Let $`(𝔤_0,,_0)`$ be an abelian Euclidean Lie algebra of dimension $`n`$ and consider $`𝔤=𝔡(𝔤_0,A_0^0,\mathrm{},A_{m1}^0)`$ for normal set of derivations $`\{A_0^0,\mathrm{},A_{m1}^0\}`$. Then the simply connected Lie group $`G`$ with Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ has exactly $`2^{K+\frac{n}{2}}`$ linearly independent parallel spinor fields, where

$$K=mdim(span(\{U_0,\mathrm{},U_{m1}\}).$$

Proof. We may assume that all $`U_k`$ with $`U_k0`$ are linearly independent. Hence, $`K=\mathrm{\#}\{kU_k=0\}`$. The parallel spinor fields correspond to the spinors

$$v=\underset{\epsilon =(\epsilon _m,\mathrm{},\epsilon _1)}{}v_\epsilon u(\epsilon _m,\mathrm{},\epsilon _1)\mathrm{\Delta }_n\mathrm{\Delta }_{m,m}$$

satisfying

$$\underset{k=1}{\overset{m}{}}(U_{k1}X)\alpha _kv=0$$

for all $`X𝔤_0`$. The dimension $`n`$ of $`𝔤_0`$ is even since $`U_0`$ bijective. Let $`n=2N`$. Since $`span\{U_0,\mathrm{},U_{m1}\}`$ is abelian there exists a basis $`e_1,\mathrm{},e_n`$ such that

$$U_k=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{\Lambda }_1^{(k)}& & 0\\ & \mathrm{}& \\ 0& & \mathrm{\Lambda }_m^{(k)}\end{array}\right),\text{ where }\mathrm{\Lambda }_r^{(k)}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& \lambda _r^{(k)}\\ \lambda _r^{(k)}& 0\end{array}\right)$$

for each $`k\{0,\mathrm{},m1\}`$. Hence,

$$\underset{k=1}{\overset{m}{}}(U_{k1}X)\alpha _k\left(\underset{\epsilon }{}v_\epsilon u(\epsilon _m,\mathrm{},\epsilon _1)\right)=0$$

is satisfied for all $`X𝔤_0`$ if and only if

$$\underset{k=1}{\overset{m}{}}\underset{\epsilon }{}(1)^{k1}(\epsilon _k+1)\epsilon _k\mathrm{}\epsilon _m\lambda _j^{(k1)}X_{2j}v_\epsilon u(\epsilon _m,\mathrm{},\epsilon _k,\mathrm{},\epsilon _1)=0$$

for $`j=1,\mathrm{},N`$ and an orthonormal basis $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_{2N}`$ of $`𝔤_0`$. This is equivalent to

$$\underset{k=1}{\overset{m}{}}(1)^k(+\epsilon _k+1)\epsilon _k\mathrm{}\epsilon _m\lambda _j^{(k1)}v_{(\epsilon _m,\mathrm{},\epsilon _k,\mathrm{},\epsilon _1)}=0$$

for $`j=1,\mathrm{},N`$ and for all $`\epsilon `$. Since $`\{U_kU_k0\}`$ are linearly independent this is equivalent to

$$U_{k1}0,\epsilon _k=1v_{(\epsilon _m,\mathrm{},\epsilon _1)}=0.$$

Consequently,

$$dimV_{𝔥𝔬𝔩(G_m)}=(dim\mathrm{\Delta }_n)2^K=2^{K+\frac{n}{2}}.$$

$`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 9.3

In particular, each generalized oscillator group $`Osc(U_0,\mathrm{},U_{m1})`$ of index $`m`$, where $`span\{U_0,\mathrm{},U_{m1}\}𝔰𝔬(2l)`$ is an $`m`$-dimensional abelian subalgebra, has $`2^l`$ linearly independent parallel spinors.

Acknowledgement We wish to thank D. Alekseevski for his helpful comments on the first version of this paper (SFB 288 preprint Nr. 543, 2002). Furthermore, we thank M. Olbrich for valuable discussions and for pointing out an error in a previous version of the manuscript.

Helga Baum, Institut für Mathematik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Sitz: Rudower Chaussee 25, 10099 Berlin, Germany
email: baum@mathematik.hu-berlin.de
Ines Kath, Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik, Vivatsgasse 7, 53111 Bonn, Germany
email: kath@mpim-bonn.mpg.de