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# A mean value theorem for orders of degree zero divisor class groups of quadratic extensions over a function field

## 0. Introduction

Let $`k`$ be a function field of one variable over a finite field and $`h_k`$ be the order of degree zero divisor class group. We assume that $`\mathrm{char}(k)2`$. For a quadratic extension $`L`$ of $`k`$, we denote by $`𝒩(𝔇_L)`$ the norm of its relative discriminant. In this paper, we will give a mean value of $`h_L`$ with respect to $`𝒩(𝔇_L)`$.

Our main result is Theorem 6.7. We briefly state our results here. Let $`q`$ and $`\zeta _k(s)`$ be the order of the constant field and the Dedekind zeta function of $`k`$. We denote by $`𝔐`$ the complete set of places of $`k`$, and by $`q_v`$ the absolute norm of $`v𝔐`$. The following theorem is a special case of Theorem 6.7.

###### Theorem 0.1.

$$\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{1}{q^{3n}}\underset{\begin{array}{c}[L:k]=2\\ 𝒩(𝔇_L)=q^{2n}\end{array}}{}h_L=2h_k\frac{h_k}{q1}\zeta _k(2)\underset{v𝔐}{}(1q_v^2q_v^3+q_v^4).$$

Theorems of this kind are called density theorems. Today, many density theorems are known. Among them, theorems about the asymptotic behavior of the mean value of the number of equivalence classes of quadratic forms are very classical and studied by many mathematicians including Gauss, Siegel, and Shintani. The density theorem for the case of binary quadratic forms is known as Gauss’ conjecture. This was firstly proved by Lipschitz for imaginary case, and by Siegel for real case. Siegel  also proved the density theorem for integral equivalence classes of quadratic forms in general.

M.Sato and T.Shintani formulated this kind of density problems using the notion of prehomogeneous vector spaces. In , Shintani considered a zeta function associated with the space of quadratic forms. There, he reproved the Gauss’ conjecture, and improved the error estimate. Shintani  also considered the space of binary cubic forms, and gave the density of the class number of integral binary cubic forms.

Datskovsky and Wright , , ,  treated the zeta function associated with the space of binary cubic forms over an arbitrary global field using the adelic language. Then they obtained the Davenport-Heilbronn ,  density theorem of cubic fields from the viewpoint of prehomogeneous vector spaces.

Also for the space of binary quadratic forms, Shintani’s global theory was extended to an arbitrary number field by Yukie . Then Datskovsky  carried out the local theory, and gave an another proof of the Goldfeld-Hoffstein  mean value theorem of “class number times regulator” of quadratic extensions over any fixed number field. However, the problem for binary quadratic forms over a function field was left unanswered. In this paper, we will study this case.

For the general process from a prehomogeneous vector space to its density theorem, see  or .

This paper is organized as follows. In Section 1, we collect notation we use throughout this paper. In Section 2, we review structures of the space of binary quadratic forms. The rational orbit decomposition and the structure of the stabilizers are discussed. In Sections 3 and 4, we treat the global theory. In Section 3, we define the global zeta function $`Z(\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$. This is a function of a Schwartz-Bruhat function $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$, and a complex variable $`s`$. The main purpose of this section is to show that it converges if $`\mathrm{Re}(s)`$ is sufficiently large. In Section 4, we study analytic properties of the global zeta function. We show its rationality and determine the pole structure. Our main result is Theorem 4.20. The residues at the poles are described by means of some distributions. We later need its rightmost pole, which is rather simple; it is a constant multiple of $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(0)`$ where $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}`$ is the Fourier transform of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$.

In Section 5, we define various invariant measures, and consider local zeta functions. Then in Section 6, we define certain Dirichlet series and study their analytic properties by putting together the results we have obtained before. And by using the filtering process, we obtain a density theorem which is a generalized version of Theorem 0.1.

Our discussion is quite similar to , which is the case of number fields. However, as A.Yukie pointed out at , p.12, there is an incomplete argument in his paper. His choice of the measure on the stabilizer at , p.218 is wrong because it does not satisfy the functorial property, which he implicitly used in , p.230. We will correct the argument in Section 5 following . It is easy to see that our choice can also be applied to his paper, and the final results of  need no modification.

Acknowledgments. The author would like to express his sincere gratitude to his advisor T.Terasoma for the support and encouragement. The author is also deeply grateful to A.Yukie, who read the manuscript and gave many helpful suggestions.

## 1. Notation

Here, we will prepare basic notation. For a finite set $`X`$ we denote by $`\mathrm{\#}X`$ its cardinality. If $`f,g`$ are functions on a set $`Z`$, and $`|f(z)|Cg(z)`$ for some constant $`C`$ independent of $`zZ`$, we denote $`f(z)g(z)`$. The standard symbols $`,,,`$ and $``$ will denote the set of rational, real, complex numbers and the rational integers, respectively. If $`R`$ is any ring then $`R^\times `$ is the group of units of $`R`$, and if $`X`$ is a variety defined over $`R`$ then $`X_R`$ denotes its $`R`$-points.

Suppose that $`G`$ is a locally compact group and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a discrete subgroup of $`G`$ contained in the maximal unimodular subgroup of $`G`$. For any left invariant measure $`dg`$ on $`G`$, we choose a left invariant measure $`dg`$ (we use the same notation, but the meaning will be clear from the context) on $`X=G/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ so that

$$_Gf(g)𝑑g=_X\underset{\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }}{}f(g\gamma )dg.$$

Throughout this paper, we agree that $`k`$ denotes any fixed function field of one variable over a finite field of constants $`𝔽_q`$, $`q2^n`$. Denote by $`𝔐`$ the complete set of places of $`k`$. For $`v𝔐`$, $`k_v`$ denotes the completion of $`k`$ at $`v`$ and $`||_v`$ the normalized absolute value on $`k_v`$. We denote by $`𝒪_v,\pi _v`$ and $`q_v`$, the ring of integers of $`k_v`$, a fixed uniformizer in $`𝒪_v`$, and the cardinality of $`𝒪_v/\pi _v𝒪_v`$, respectively.

Returning to $`k`$, let $`𝔤,h_k`$ be the genus of $`k`$, the order of degree zero divisor class group of $`k`$, respectively. It will be convenient to set

$$_k=\frac{h_k}{q1}.$$

Let $`\zeta _k(s)`$ denote the Dedekind zeta function $`_{v𝔐}(1q_v^1)^s`$ of $`k`$. It is known that $`\zeta _k(s)`$ is a rational function of $`q^s`$ and

$$\underset{s1}{lim}(1q^{1s})\zeta _k(s)=q^{1𝔤}_k.$$

Later, we will consider quadratic extensions of $`k`$. For an extension $`L`$ of $`k`$, the symbols $`q_L,h_L,_L`$ and $`𝔐_L`$ are defined in similar way. We will denote by $`𝒩(𝔇_L)`$ the ideal norm of the relative discriminant of $`L`$ over $`k`$.

Let $`𝔸,𝔸^\times `$ be the ring of adeles and the group of ideles of $`k`$, respectively. The group $`𝔸^\times `$ is endowed with the idele norm, denoted by $`||_𝔸`$, where $`|x|_𝔸=_{v𝔐}|x_v|_v,x=(x_v)_v𝔸^\times `$. The field $`k`$, identified with a subset of $`𝔸`$ via the diagonal embedding, forms a lattice in $`𝔸`$. Let $`𝔸^\times 𝔸^n`$ be the set of elements with idele norm $`q^n`$. If $`V`$ is a vector space over $`k`$, let $`𝒮(V_𝔸),𝒮(V_{k_v})`$ be the space of Schwartz-Bruhat functions.

We choose a Haar measure $`dx`$ on $`𝔸`$, $`d^\times t`$ on $`𝔸^\times `$, $`dx_v`$ on $`𝒪_v`$, $`d^\times t_v`$ on $`𝒪_v^\times `$, so that

$$_{𝔸/k}𝑑x=1,_{𝔸^0/k^\times }d^\times t=1,_{𝒪_v}𝑑x_v=1,_{𝒪_v^\times }d^\times t_v=1,$$

respectively. We later have to compare the global measure and the product of local measures. It is well known that

(1.1)
$$dx=q^{1𝔤}\underset{v𝔐}{}dx_v\text{and}dt=_k^1\underset{v𝔐}{}d^\times t_v.$$

Finally, for the sake of convenience , we denote the element $`G=GL(1)\times GL(2)`$ in the following manner:

$$n(u)=(1,\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ u& 1\end{array}\right)),d(t,t_1)=(t,\left(\begin{array}{cc}t_1& 0\\ 0& t_1\end{array}\right)),a(\tau )=(1,\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& \tau \end{array}\right)).$$

We note that $`a(\tau )n(u)=n(\tau u)a(\tau )`$.

## 2. The space of binary quadratic forms

Let $`V`$ be the 3-dimensional affine space. We define $`V`$ with the space of binary quadratic forms via the correspondence:

$$x=(x_0,x_1,x_2)VF_x(z_1,z_2)=x_0z_1^2+x_1z_1z_2+x_2z_2^2.$$

The group $`G=GL(1)\times GL(2)`$ acts on $`V`$ from the left, the $`GL(1)`$-part acts on $`V`$ by the usual scalar multiplication, and the $`GL(2)`$-part acts on $`V`$ by the linear change of variables. Explicitly, the action of $`G`$ on $`V`$ is given by

$$F_{gx}(z_1,z_2)=tF_x(az_1+cz_2,bz_1+dz_2),g=(t,\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ c& d\end{array}\right))G,xV.$$

For any field $`K`$ the space $`V_K`$ is a 3-dimensional vector space over $`K`$. The action of $`G`$ on $`V`$ then gives a representation $`\varrho :GGL(V)`$ defined over $`K`$. The kernel of $`\varrho `$ is a one-dimensional torus $`T_\varrho `$ in the center of $`G`$. Let

$$H=\mathrm{Im}(\varrho ).$$

$`H`$ is a closed reductive subgroup of $`GL(V)`$.

For $`xV`$, let $`P(x)`$ denote the discriminant of $`F_x`$:

$$P(x)=x_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}4x_0x_2.$$

For $`g=(t,\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ c& d\end{array}\right))G`$, set $`\chi (g)=t(adbc)`$. Since $`\chi (T_\varrho )=1`$, we can regard $`\chi `$ as a character on $`H`$. It is easy to see that

$$P(hx)=(\chi (h))^2P(x)\text{and}det(h)=\chi (h)^3.$$

We call a form $`x`$ non-singular if $`P(x)0`$ and singular otherwise. Let $`V^{}`$ be the set of all non-singular forms in $`V`$. It is easy to see that two forms in $`V_K^{}`$ are $`G_K`$-equivalent if and only if their splitting fields over $`K`$ are the same. Thus non-singular $`G_K`$-orbits in $`V_K`$ are in one-to-one correspondence with the extensions of $`K`$ of degree less or equal to two. For $`xV_K`$, $`K(x)`$ denotes the splitting field of $`x`$ over $`K`$. And for $`xV_K^{}`$, let $`G_xG`$ denote the stabilizer subgroup of $`x`$, and $`G_x^{}`$ the identity component.

###### Proposition 2.1.

1. $`|G_x/G_x^{}|=2`$.
2. $`G_x^{}=\{\begin{array}{cc}GL(1)\times GL(1)\hfill & K(x)=K,\hfill \\ G_x^{}=R_{K(x)/K}(GL(1))\hfill & [K(x):K]=2.\hfill \end{array}`$

###### Proof.

Here, we write the summary which will be needed in Section 5. For detail, see .

First for the case $`K(x)=K`$. Let $`F_x(z_1,z_2)=(pz_1+qz_2)(rz_1+sz_2)`$, then for $`g=(t,\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ c& d\end{array}\right))G_x^{}`$, $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ c& d\end{array}\right)`$ acts on $`pz_1+qz_2,rz_1+sz_2`$ as scalar multiplications, hence it has two eigenvectors and they are $`\left(\begin{array}{c}p\\ q\end{array}\right),\left(\begin{array}{c}r\\ s\end{array}\right)`$. Set these eigenvalues $`\alpha ,\beta `$, then $`t=(\alpha \beta )^1`$ and

$$G_x^{}GL(1)\times GL(1)g(\alpha ,\beta )$$

gives an isomorphism of groups. Note that $`g(\beta ,\alpha )`$ also gives an isomorphism.

Next for the case $`[K(x):K]=2`$. Let

$$F_x(z_1,z_2)=x_0z_1^2+x_1z_1z_2+x_2z_2^2=x_0(z_1+\theta z_2)(z_1+\theta ^{}z_2),$$

where $`\theta ^{}`$ is the Galois conjugate of $`\theta `$ over $`K`$. Then for $`g=(t,\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ c& d\end{array}\right))G_x^{}`$, $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ c& d\end{array}\right)`$ acts on $`z_1+\theta z_2`$ as scalar multiplication by $`a+b\theta `$ and $`t=N_{K(x)/K}(a+b\theta )^1`$. Now, let

$$\phi :G_x^{}GL(1)ga+b\theta .$$

Then $`\phi `$ is a morphism of linear algebraic groups, defined over $`K(x)`$, and as an abstract group, $`G_x^{}(K)GL(1)_{K(x)}`$. Also note that $`ga+b\theta ^{}`$ gives another isomorphism. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 3. The global zeta function: definition and convergence

### 3.1. Definition of the global zeta function

From now on, let $`k`$ be a function field of one variable over a finite field of constants $`𝔽_q`$ such that $`\mathrm{char}(k)2`$. Then $`H_k`$ becomes a discrete subgroup of $`H_𝔸`$ and $`V_k`$ a $`H_k`$-invariant lattice of $`V_𝔸`$.

###### Definition 3.1.

Let $`V_k^{\prime \prime }=\{xV_k^{}[k(x):k]=2\}`$. For $`\mathrm{\Phi }𝒮(V_𝔸)`$ and $`s`$, we define the global zeta function $`Z(\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$ by

$$Z(\mathrm{\Phi },s)=_{H_𝔸/H_k}|\chi (h)|_𝔸^s\underset{xV_k^{\prime \prime }}{}\mathrm{\Phi }(hx)dh$$

where $`dh`$ is a Haar measure on $`H_𝔸`$ that will be normalized in §3.2.

### 3.2. A Haar measure on $`H_𝔸`$

Firstly, we describe a Haar measure on $`G_𝔸`$. Let $`G_𝔸=𝒦B_𝔸`$ be the Iwasawa decomposition, where $`𝒦`$ is the standard maximal compact subgroup of $`G_𝔸`$ and $`B_𝔸`$ a Borel subgroup of $`G_𝔸`$. More precisely, $`𝒦=_{v𝔐}𝒦_v,𝒦_v=G_{𝒪_v}`$, and $`B=\{(t,\left(\begin{array}{cc}t_1& 0\\ a& t_2\end{array}\right))\}`$.

Every element of $`B_𝔸`$ can be written uniquely as $`b=d(t,t_1)a(\tau )n(u)`$, where $`u𝔸,t,t_1,\tau 𝔸^\times `$, and it is easy to check that $`db=|\tau |_𝔸d^\times td^\times t_1d^\times \tau du`$ is a right invariant measure on $`B_𝔸`$. We normalize the Haar measure $`d\kappa `$ on $`𝒦`$ by $`_𝒦𝑑\kappa =1`$. Then $`dg=d\kappa db`$ gives a normalization of the Haar measure on $`G_𝔸`$.

Let $`𝔸(\mathrm{})=_{v𝔐}𝒪_v,𝔸^\times (\mathrm{})=_{v𝔐}𝒪_v^\times `$. Note that $`t,t_1,u,\tau `$ of the Iwasawa decomposition $`g=\kappa d(t,t_1)a(\tau )n(u)`$ are not unique, but $`t,t_1,\tau `$ are unique up to multiplication by elements of $`𝔸^\times (\mathrm{})`$ (hence $`|t(g)|_𝔸,|t_1(g)|_𝔸,`$ and $`|\tau (g)|_𝔸`$ are well-defined), and $`u`$ is uniquely determined modulo $`\tau ^1𝔸(\mathrm{})`$.

Recall that $`HG/T_\varrho `$ where $`T_\varrho =\{d(t_1^2,t_1^1)G\}`$. Define $`dh`$ on $`H_𝔸`$ by setting $`dg=d^\times t_1dh`$. More explicitly, if we write

$$h=\varrho (\kappa d(t,1)a(\tau )n(u)),$$

then

$$dh=|\tau |_𝔸d\kappa d^\times td^\times \tau du.$$

Let $`=\varrho (B)`$ and $`𝒯=\varrho (T)`$ where $`T`$ is the maximal torus in $`B`$. In Section 4, we will compute integrals over $`H_𝔸/_k`$ and $`H_𝔸/𝒯_k`$ with respect to the measure $`H_𝔸`$. Such integrals are explicitly given as follows:

(3.1) $`{\displaystyle _{H_𝔸/_k}}\mathrm{\Psi }(h)𝑑h`$ $`={\displaystyle _𝒦}𝑑\kappa {\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times /k^\times }}d^\times t{\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times /k^\times }}d^\times \tau {\displaystyle _{𝔸/k}}𝑑u\mathrm{\Psi }(\varrho (\kappa d(t,1)a(\tau )n(u)))|\tau |_𝔸,`$
(3.2) $`{\displaystyle _{H_𝔸/𝒯_k}}\mathrm{\Psi }(h)𝑑h`$ $`={\displaystyle _𝒦}𝑑\kappa {\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times /k^\times }}d^\times t{\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times /k^\times }}d^\times \tau {\displaystyle _𝔸}𝑑u\mathrm{\Psi }(\varrho (\kappa d(t,1)a(\tau )n(u)))|\tau |_𝔸,`$
where $`\mathrm{\Psi }L^1(H_𝔸/_k),L^1(H_𝔸/𝒯_k)`$, respectively.

Let $`\widehat{𝒯}_k`$ be the subgroup of $`H_k`$ generated by $`𝒯_k`$ and $`\iota =\varrho (1,\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ 1& 0\end{array}\right))`$. We will also consider an integral over $`H_𝔸/\widehat{𝒯}_k`$. Note that $`𝒯_k`$ is a subgroup of $`\widehat{𝒯}_k`$ of index 2. In the same way as , p362, we can prove the next lemma.

###### Lemma 3.2.

For $`u=(u_v)_{v𝔐}𝔸`$, define

$$\alpha (u)=\underset{v𝔐}{}\mathrm{max}(1,|u_v|_v).$$

Then for $`g=\kappa d(t,1)n(u)a(\tau )G_𝔸`$, $`|\tau (g\iota )|_𝔸=\alpha (u)^2|\tau (g)|_𝔸^1`$.

By this lemma, we can write down the integral over $`H_𝔸/\widehat{𝒯}_k`$ as follows:

(3.3)
$$_{H_𝔸/\widehat{𝒯}_k}\mathrm{\Psi }(h)𝑑h=_𝒦𝑑\kappa _{𝔸^\times /k^\times }d^\times t\left(\underset{|\tau |_𝔸<\alpha (u)}{_{𝔸^\times /k^\times }d^\times \tau }+\frac{1}{2}\underset{|\tau |_𝔸=\alpha (u)}{_{𝔸^\times /k^\times }d^\times \tau }\right)_𝔸𝑑u\mathrm{\Psi }(\varrho (\kappa d(t,1)n(u)a(\tau ))),$$

where $`\mathrm{\Psi }L^1(H_𝔸/\widehat{𝒯}_k)`$.

### 3.3. The convergence of the global zeta function

Firstly, we describe a fundamental domain of $`H_𝔸/H_k`$. Set $`\mathrm{\Theta }_2=\{gGL(2)_𝔸||\tau (g)|_𝔸<q^{2𝔤}\}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Theta }=𝔸^\times \times \mathrm{\Theta }_2G_𝔸`$. Then by a reduction theorem of Harder , $`\mathrm{\Theta }G_k=G_𝔸`$. The set $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ is invariant under multiplication by elements of $`B_k`$ on the right. Hence a fundamental domain of $`B_k`$ in $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ contains a fundamental domain of $`G_k`$ in $`G_𝔸`$. Then

$$|Z(\mathrm{\Phi },s)|_{\varrho (\mathrm{\Theta })/_k}|\chi (h)|_𝔸^{\mathrm{Re}(s)}\underset{xV_k^{\prime \prime }}{}|\mathrm{\Phi }(hx)|dh.$$

Let us describe the fundamental domain of $`\varrho (\mathrm{\Theta })/_k`$.  Lemma 2.2 immediately leads to the following.

###### Lemma 3.3.

Every element of $`\varrho (\mathrm{\Theta })`$ is right $`_k`$-equivalent to an element of $`\varrho (𝒮)`$, where

$$𝒮=\underset{u}{}\underset{t,\tau }{}𝒦n(u)d(t,1)a(\tau )G_𝔸,$$

$`t,\tau `$ run over a set of representative of $`𝔸^\times /k^\times `$, $`|\tau |_𝔸q^{2𝔤}`$, and $`u`$ runs over a finite set in $`𝔸`$.

Next, we will estimate $`_{xV_k^{\prime \prime }}\mathrm{\Phi }(hx)`$.

###### Lemma 3.4.

There exists an integer $`N>0`$ such that $`_{xV_k^{\prime \prime }}|\mathrm{\Phi }(d(t,1)a(\tau )x)|=0`$ whenever $`|t|_𝔸>q^N`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`x=(x_0,x_1,x_2)V_k^{\prime \prime }`$. Suppose

$$\varrho (d(t,1)a(\tau ))x=(tx_0,t\tau x_1,t\tau ^2x_2)supp(\mathrm{\Phi }).$$

Since $`supp(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ is compact, the first coordinate is bounded, that is, there exists an integer $`N>0`$ such that $`|tx_0|_𝔸q^N`$. On the other hand, $`x_00`$ follows from $`xV_k^{\prime \prime }`$, and hence $`|x_0|_𝔸=1`$. This completes the proof. ∎

We recall the following well known fact.

###### Lemma 3.5.

1. Let $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ be a Schwartz-Bruhat function on $`𝔸`$. Then,

$$\underset{xk}{}|\mathrm{\Psi }(tx)|\mathrm{max}(1,|t|_𝔸^1),\underset{xk^\times }{}|\mathrm{\Psi }(tx)||t|_𝔸^1.$$
2. Let $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ be a Schwartz-Bruhat function on $`\mathrm{Aff}_𝔸^n`$. Then there exist Schwartz-Bruhat functions $`\mathrm{\Psi }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Psi }_n0`$ such that

$$|\mathrm{\Psi }(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)|\mathrm{\Psi }_1(x_1)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Psi }_n(x_n)$$

for $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_n`$.

We are now ready to prove

###### Theorem 3.6.

$`Z(\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$ converges absolutely and locally uniformly in the region of $`\mathrm{Re}(s)>3`$. In particular, $`Z(\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$ is a holomorphic function of $`s`$ in the region.

###### Proof.

Let $`\sigma =\mathrm{Re}(s)`$. We have

$`Z(\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$ $`{\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times /k^\times }}d^\times t\underset{|\tau |_𝔸q^{2𝔤}}{{\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times /k^\times }}d^\times \tau }|\tau |_𝔸|t\tau |_𝔸^\sigma {\displaystyle \underset{xV_k^{\prime \prime }}{}}\left|\mathrm{\Phi }(tx_0,t\tau x_1,t\tau ^2x_2)\right|\text{by Lemma }\text{3.3}`$
$`=\underset{|t|_𝔸q^N}{{\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times /k^\times }}d^\times t}\underset{|\tau |_𝔸q^{2𝔤}}{{\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times /k^\times }}d^\times \tau }|\tau |_𝔸|t\tau |_𝔸^\sigma {\displaystyle \underset{xV_k^{\prime \prime }}{}}\left|\mathrm{\Phi }(tx_0,t\tau x_1,t\tau ^2x_2)\right|\text{by Lemma }\text{3.4}.`$
For $`x=(x_0,x_1,x_2)V_k^{\prime \prime }`$, both $`x_00`$ and $`x_20`$. Hence,
$`\underset{|t|_𝔸q^N}{{\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times /k^\times }}d^\times t}\underset{|\tau |_𝔸q^{2𝔤}}{{\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times /k^\times }}d^\times \tau }|\tau |_𝔸|t\tau |^\sigma |t|^1|t\tau ^2|^1\mathrm{max}(1,|t\tau |_𝔸^1)\text{by Lemma }\text{3.5}`$
$`=\underset{|t|_𝔸q^{N+2𝔤}}{{\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times /k^\times }}d^\times t}\underset{|\tau |_𝔸q^{2𝔤}}{{\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times /k^\times }}d^\times \tau }|\tau |_𝔸|t|_𝔸^\sigma |t/\tau |_𝔸^1|t\tau |_𝔸^1\mathrm{max}(1,|t|_𝔸^1)`$
$`\underset{|t|_𝔸q^{N+2𝔤}}{{\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times /k^\times }}}|t|_𝔸^{\sigma 3}d^\times t\underset{|\tau |_𝔸q^{2𝔤}}{{\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times /k^\times }}}|\tau |_𝔸d^\times \tau .`$
Hence, we obtain the desired result. ∎

### 3.4. The definition of $`Z_+(\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$ and $`Z_{}(\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$

For $`t𝔸^\times `$, set

$$\lambda _+(t)=\{\begin{array}{cc}0,\hfill & |t|_𝔸<1,\hfill \\ \frac{1}{2},\hfill & |t|_𝔸=1,\hfill \\ 1,\hfill & |t|_𝔸>1,\hfill \end{array}\lambda _{}(t)=\{\begin{array}{cc}1,\hfill & |t|_𝔸<1,\hfill \\ \frac{1}{2},\hfill & |t|_𝔸=1,\hfill \\ 0,\hfill & |t|_𝔸>1,\hfill \end{array}$$

and for $`hH_𝔸`$, the same symbol $`\lambda _+,\lambda _{}`$ denotes

$$\lambda _+(h)=\lambda _+(\chi (h))\lambda _{}(h)=\lambda _{}(\chi (h)).$$

Using these symbols, define

$`Z_+(\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$ $`={\displaystyle _{H_𝔸/H_k}}|\chi (h)|_𝔸^s\lambda _+(h){\displaystyle \underset{xV_k^{\prime \prime }}{}}\mathrm{\Phi }(hx)dh,`$
$`Z_{}(\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$ $`={\displaystyle _{H_𝔸/H_k}}|\chi (h)|_𝔸^s\lambda _{}(h){\displaystyle \underset{xV_k^{\prime \prime }}{}}\mathrm{\Phi }(hx)dh.`$
Then we have

$$Z(\mathrm{\Phi },s)=Z_+(\mathrm{\Phi },s)+Z_{}(\mathrm{\Phi },s).$$

Moreover, the following proposition holds. We can obtain this just as in  Proposition 2.1, and we omit the proof.

###### Proposition 3.7.

$`Z_+(\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$ is a polynomial in $`q^s`$.

## 4. The global zeta function: analytic continuation and the principal part formula

### 4.1. The principal part $`I(\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$

Let $`:𝔸^\times `$ be a fixed non-trivial additive character on $`𝔸`$ trivial on $`k`$. Let $`[,]`$ be a nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form on $`V_𝔸`$ given by

$$[x,y]=x_0y_2\frac{1}{2}x_1y_1+x_2y_0,$$

and we identify $`V_𝔸^{}`$ with $`V_𝔸`$ via the pairing $`(x,y)=[x,y]`$. Then, the lattice $`V_kV_𝔸`$ becomes self-dual. For $`g=(t,\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ c& d\end{array}\right))G`$, set $`g^{}=(t^1,\frac{1}{adbc}\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ c& d\end{array}\right))`$. Then the above form satisfies

$$[x,y]=[\varrho (g)x,\varrho (g^{})y].$$

Set $`dy=dy_0dy_1dy_2`$, for $`y=(y_0,y_1,y_2)V_𝔸`$. For $`\mathrm{\Phi }𝒮(V_𝔸)`$, we define the Fourier transform $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}`$ of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ by

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(x)=_{V_𝔸}\mathrm{\Phi }(y)(x,y)𝑑y.$$

Then $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}𝒮(V_𝔸)`$, and $`\widehat{\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}}(x)=\mathrm{\Phi }(x)`$. For $`h=\varrho (g)H`$, set $`\mathrm{\Phi }_h(x)=\mathrm{\Phi }(hx)`$ and $`h^{}=\varrho (g^{})`$. Then it is easy to see that the Fourier transform of $`\mathrm{\Phi }(h)`$ is $`|\chi (h)|_𝔸^3\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(h^{})`$.

Set $`S_k=V_kV_k^{\prime \prime }`$, and $`H_𝔸^0=\{hH_𝔸|\chi (h)|_𝔸=1\}`$. For $`n`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }𝒮(V_𝔸)`$, we define $`\mathrm{\Phi }_n(x)=\mathrm{\Phi }(\pi ^nx)`$. Let

(4.1) $`I^0(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ $`={\displaystyle _{H_𝔸^0/H_k}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{xS_k}{}}\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(h^{}x){\displaystyle \underset{xS_k}{}}\mathrm{\Phi }(hx)\right)𝑑h,`$
(4.2) $`I(\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}I^0(\mathrm{\Phi })+{\displaystyle \underset{n1}{}}q^{ns}I^0(\mathrm{\Phi }_n).`$
Then by applying the Poisson summation formula to $`Z_{}(\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$, we obtain the following.

###### Proposition 4.1.

$$Z(\mathrm{\Phi },s)=Z_+(\mathrm{\Phi },s)+Z_+(3s,\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }})+I(\mathrm{\Phi },s).$$

From now on, we will study the integral $`I^0(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ in §4.2–§4.8 and then compute $`I(\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$ in §4.9.

### 4.2. The smoothed Eisenstein series

To compute $`I^0(\mathrm{\Phi })`$, it seems natural to divide the index set $`S_k`$ of the summation into its $`H_k`$-orbits and perform integration separately. However, we cannot put this into practice because the corresponding integrals diverge. This is the main difficulty when one calculates the global zeta functions of the prehomogeneous vector spaces. To surmount this problem Shintani  introduced the smoothed Eisenstein series of $`GL(2)`$. Then he determined the principal part in the case of the space of binary cubic forms and the space of binary quadratic forms over $``$. Later A.Yukie  generalized the theory of Eisenstein series to the groups of products of $`GL(n)`$’s, and determined the principal part in some more cases. In this subsection, we essentially repeat their argument in our settings.

For $`gG_𝔸`$ and $`z`$, we define the Eisenstein series $`E(z,g)`$ by

$$E(z,g)=\underset{\gamma G_k/B_k}{}|\tau (g\gamma )|_𝔸^{\frac{z+1}{2}}.$$

This is left $`𝒦Z(G)_𝔸`$-invariant and right $`Z(G)_𝔸G_k`$-invariant. Since the kernel of $`\varrho `$ is contained in the center of $`G`$, we can regard $`E(z,g)`$ as a function of $`hH_𝔸`$. That is to say, we can write

(4.3)
$$E(z,h)=\underset{\gamma H_k/_k}{}|\tau (h\gamma )|_𝔸^{\frac{z+1}{2}}.$$

This series converges for $`\mathrm{Re}(z)>1`$ and is, in fact, a rational function of $`q^{z/2}`$.

Write $`h=\varrho (\kappa d(t,1)a(\tau )n(u))`$. Then $`E(z,h)`$ depends only on $`\tau ,u`$, and does not on $`\kappa ,t`$. Moreover, $`E(z,h)`$ is right $`H_k`$-invariant, hence its value remains unchanged if we replace $`u`$ by $`u+a`$ for $`ak`$. Hence $`E(z,h)=E_\tau (z,u)`$ has the following Fourier expansion.

(4.4)
$$E_\tau (z,u)=C_0(z,\tau )+\underset{ak^\times }{}C_a(z,\tau )au,$$

where

$$C_a(z,\tau )=_{𝔸/k}E_\tau (z,u)au𝑑u.$$

We define

$$\varphi (z)=q^{1𝔤}\frac{\zeta _k(z)}{\zeta _k(z+1)}.$$

Note that $`\varphi (z)`$ is a rational function of $`q^z`$ and is holomorphic in the region $`\mathrm{Re}(z)1\delta `$ for some $`\delta >0`$ except for a simple pole at $`z`$ satisfying $`q^{1z}=1`$. The following lemma about the Fourier coefficients $`C_a(z,\tau )`$ is well known and we omit the proof.

###### Lemma 4.2.

1. The constant term $`C_0(z,\tau )`$ has the following explicit formula.

$$C_0(z,\tau )=|\tau |_𝔸^{\frac{z+1}{2}}+|\tau |_𝔸^{\frac{z1}{2}}\varphi (z).$$
2. Let $`[\tau ]=_{v𝔐}(ord_v(\tau ))_v`$ denote the divisor of $`\tau `$, and $`𝔠`$ a canonical divisor, associated with the character $``$. Then, $`C_a(z,\tau )=0`$ for all $`aL(𝔠[\tau ])`$. If $`aL(𝔠[\tau ]),a0`$, then

$$C_a(z,\tau )=|\tau |_𝔸^{\frac{z1}{2}}\frac{P_a(z,\tau )}{\zeta _k(z+1)},$$

where $`P_a(z,\tau )`$ is a polynomial in $`q^z`$. In particular, $`C_a(z,\tau )`$ is a holomorphic function of $`z`$ in the half-plane $`\mathrm{Re}(z)>0`$.

Note that the number of $`ak^\times `$ such that $`aL(𝔠[\tau ])`$ is finite. From this, we immediately obtain the following.

###### Corollary 4.3.

The function $`E(z,\tau )`$ is holomorphic in the region $`\mathrm{Re}(z)>0`$ with an exception of a simple pole at $`z`$ satisfying $`q^{1z}=1`$, and

$$\underset{z1}{lim}(1q^{1z})E(z,\tau )=\underset{z1}{lim}(1q^{1z})\varphi (z)=\frac{q^{22𝔤}_k}{\zeta _k(2)}.$$

We denote the value in the formula of Corollary 4.3 by $`\rho _0`$. Let $`\psi `$ be an entire function such that for any $`c_1,c_2`$ and $`N>0`$,

$$\underset{c_1<\mathrm{Re}(w)<c_2}{sup}\left(1+|w|^N\right)|\psi (w)|<\mathrm{}.$$

Let $`\mathrm{Re}(w)>1`$. Following , we define the smoothed Eisenstein series $`(w,h)`$ by

(4.5)
$$(w,h)=\frac{1}{2\pi i}_{\mathrm{Re}(z)=r}\frac{E(z,h)}{wz}\psi (z)𝑑z$$

for some $`1<r<\mathrm{Re}(w)`$. Note that this integral does not depend on the choice of $`r`$. Similarly as $`E(z,h)`$, $`(w,h)`$ has the Fourier expansion

$$(w,h)=\underset{ak}{}𝒞_a(w,\tau )au,$$

where

$$𝒞_a(w,\tau )=\frac{1}{2\pi i}_{\mathrm{Re}(z)=r}\frac{C_a(z,\tau )}{wz}\psi (z)𝑑z.$$

This $`(w,h)`$ satisfies the following property.

###### Lemma 4.4.

1. As a function of $`w`$, $`(w,h)`$ is holomorphic in the region $`\mathrm{Re}(w)>1`$.
2. For any $`w`$ such that $`\mathrm{Re}(w)>1`$, $`(w,h)|\tau (h)|_𝔸^{(\mathrm{Re}(w)1)/2}`$.
3. $`lim_{w1+0}(1q^{1w})(w,h)=\rho _0\psi (1)`$.
4. For any $`M>1`$,

$$\underset{hH_𝔸}{\underset{1<\mathrm{Re}(w)<M}{sup}}|(1q^{1w})(w,h)|<\mathrm{}.$$

Since the proof is similar to that of Lemma 3.2 of , we omit it. (Note that the convergence of (iii) is not uniform.) As a result of this, we have the following.

###### Corollary 4.5.

For $`fL^1(H_𝔸^0/H_k)`$,

$$\underset{w1+0}{lim}(1q^{1w})_{H_𝔸^0/H_k}f(h)(w,h)𝑑h=\rho _0\psi (1)_{H_𝔸^0/H_k}f(h)𝑑h.$$

### 4.3. Decomposition of $`I^0(\mathrm{\Phi },w)`$

Set

(4.6)
$$I^0(\mathrm{\Phi },w)=_{H_𝔸^0/H_k}\underset{xS_k}{}\left(\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(h^{}x)\mathrm{\Phi }(hx)\right)(w,h)dh.$$

By Corollary 4.5, we have

$$\underset{w1+0}{lim}(1q^{1w})I^0(\mathrm{\Phi },w)=\rho _0\psi (1)I^0(\mathrm{\Phi }).$$

We have the following lemma on the structure of $`S_k`$. This can be easily proved and we simply state the result here.

###### Lemma 4.6.

Let $`S_k^i,i=0,1,2`$, be the subsets of $`V_k`$ given by

$$S_k^0=\{0\},S_k^1=\{xV_kx0,P(x)=0\},S_k^2=\{xV_kk(x)=k,P(x)0\}.$$

Then $`S_k=S_k^0S_k^1S_k^2`$ and moreover,

$$S_k^1=H_k\times _{B_k}\{(0,0,a)|ak^\times \},S_k^2=H_k\times _{\widehat{𝒯}_k}\{(0,a,0)|ak^\times \}.$$

###### Definition 4.7.

For $`i=0,1,2`$, we define

$$J_i(\mathrm{\Phi },w)=_{H_𝔸^0/H_k}\underset{xS_k^i}{}\mathrm{\Phi }(hx)(w,h)dh.$$

The next lemma shows that each $`J_i(\mathrm{\Phi },w)`$ converges and is holomorphic in the right half-plane $`\mathrm{Re}(w)>1`$.

###### Lemma 4.8.

The integral

$$_{H_𝔸^0/H_k}\underset{xV_k}{}|\mathrm{\Phi }(hx)||(w,h)|dh$$

converges absolutely and locally uniformly in the region $`\mathrm{Re}(w)>1`$.

###### Proof.

Set $`\mathrm{\Theta }^0=\{g\mathrm{\Theta }||det(\varrho (g))|_𝔸=1\}`$. For $`|t\tau |_𝔸=1`$ and $`|\tau |_𝔸q^{2𝔤}`$, by Lemma 3.5,

$`{\displaystyle \underset{xV_k}{}}|\mathrm{\Phi }(\varrho (d(t,1)a(\tau ))x)|`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{xV_k}{}}|\mathrm{\Phi }(tx_0,t\tau x_1,t\tau ^2x_2)|`$
$`\mathrm{max}\{1,|t|_𝔸^1\}\mathrm{max}\{1,|t\tau |_𝔸^1\}\mathrm{max}\{1,|t\tau ^2|_𝔸^1\}|\tau |_𝔸^1.`$
Then, by Lemma 4.4(ii), the integral is bounded by a constant multiple of

$`{\displaystyle _𝒦}𝑑\kappa \underset{|t\tau |_𝔸=1,|\tau |_𝔸q^{2𝔤}}{{\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times /k^\times }}d^\times t{\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times /k^\times }}d^\times \tau }{\displaystyle _{𝔸/k}}𝑑u|\tau |_𝔸^{\frac{\mathrm{Re}(w)1}{2}}`$ $`=\underset{|\tau |_𝔸q^{2𝔤}}{{\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times /k^\times }}}|\tau |_𝔸^{\frac{\mathrm{Re}(w)1}{2}}d^\times \tau <\mathrm{}.`$
Note that if $`hH_𝔸^0`$, $`h=h^{}`$. Then, by Lemma 4.6, we have the following.

###### Proposition 4.9.

(4.7)
$$I^0(\mathrm{\Phi },w)=J_0(\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }},w)J_0(\mathrm{\Phi },w)+J_1(\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }},w)J_1(\mathrm{\Phi },w)+J_2(\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }},w)J_2(\mathrm{\Phi },w).$$

From now on, we will compute $`J_0,J_1,J_2`$ in §4.4,4.5,4.7, respectively. For this purpose, we will introduce some notation. For meromorphic functions $`f_1(w),f_2(w)`$, we will use the notation $`f_1f_2`$ if $`f_1f_2`$ can be continued meromorphically to a right half plane $`\mathrm{Re}(w)>1\sigma `$ for some $`\sigma >0`$ and becomes holomorphic in the region.

### 4.4. Computation of $`J_0(\mathrm{\Phi },w)`$

###### Proposition 4.10.

$$J_0(\mathrm{\Phi },w)\mathrm{\Phi }(0)\frac{\psi (w)}{1q^{\frac{1w}{2}}}.$$

###### Proof.

By the formula of §3.2,(3.1), we have

$`J_0(\mathrm{\Phi },w)`$ $`=\mathrm{\Phi }(0){\displaystyle _{H_𝔸^0/H_k}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi i}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{Re}(z)=r}}{\displaystyle \frac{_{\gamma H_k/_k}|\tau (h\gamma )|_𝔸^{\frac{z+1}{2}}}{wz}}\psi (z)𝑑z\right)𝑑h`$
$`=\mathrm{\Phi }(0){\displaystyle _{H_𝔸^0/_k}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi i}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{Re}(z)=r}}{\displaystyle \frac{|\tau (h)|_𝔸^{\frac{z+1}{2}}}{wz}}\psi (z)𝑑z\right)𝑑h`$
$`=\mathrm{\Phi }(0)\underset{|t\tau |_𝔸=1}{{\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times /k^\times }}d^\times t{\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times /k^\times }}d^\times \tau }{\displaystyle _{𝔸/k}}𝑑u\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi i}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{Re}(z)=r}}{\displaystyle \frac{|\tau |_𝔸^{\frac{z+1}{2}}}{wz}}\psi (z)𝑑z\right)|\tau |_𝔸.`$
By replacing $`\tau `$ by $`\tau /t`$,
$`=\mathrm{\Phi }(0){\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times /k^\times }}d^\times t\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi i}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{Re}(z)=r}}{\displaystyle \frac{|t|_𝔸^{\frac{z1}{2}}}{wz}}\psi (z)𝑑z\right)`$
$`=\mathrm{\Phi }(0)\left({\displaystyle _{𝔸^+/k^\times }}d^\times t+{\displaystyle _{𝔸^{}/k^\times }}d^\times t\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi i}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{Re}(z)=r}}{\displaystyle \frac{|t|_𝔸^{\frac{z1}{2}}}{wz}}\psi (z)𝑑z\right),`$
where, $`𝔸^+=\{t𝔸^\times ||t|_𝔸>1\},𝔸^{}=\{t𝔸^\times ||t|_𝔸1\}`$. Let $`r_1<1`$. The former integral is equal to

$`{\displaystyle _{𝔸^+/k^\times }}d^\times t{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi i}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{Re}(z)=r_1}}{\displaystyle \frac{|t|_𝔸^{\frac{z1}{2}}}{wz}}\psi (z)𝑑z`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi i}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{Re}(z)=r_1}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{z1}{2}m}}{wz}}\psi (z)𝑑z`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi i}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{Re}(z)=r_1}}{\displaystyle \frac{(q^{\frac{1z}{2}}1)^1}{wz}}\psi (z)𝑑z`$
and is holomorphic for $`\mathrm{Re}(w)>r_1`$. Hence,

$`J_0(\mathrm{\Phi },w)`$ $`\mathrm{\Phi }(0){\displaystyle _{𝔸^{}/k^\times }}d^\times t{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi i}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{Re}(z)=r}}{\displaystyle \frac{|t|_𝔸^{\frac{z1}{2}}}{wz}}\psi (z)𝑑z`$
$`=\mathrm{\Phi }(0){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi i}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{Re}(z)=r}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1q^{\frac{1z}{2}})^1}{wz}}\psi (z)𝑑z`$
$`=\mathrm{\Phi }(0){\displaystyle \frac{\psi (w)}{1q^{\frac{1w}{2}}}}+\mathrm{\Phi }(0){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi i}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{Re}(z)=r_2>\mathrm{Re}(w)}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1q^{\frac{1z}{2}})^1}{wz}}\psi (z)𝑑z`$
$`\mathrm{\Phi }(0){\displaystyle \frac{\psi (w)}{1q^{\frac{1w}{2}}}}.`$
We have thus proved the proposition. ∎

### 4.5. Computation of $`J_1(\mathrm{\Phi },w)`$

For $`\mathrm{\Phi }𝒮(V_𝔸)`$, we define $`M\mathrm{\Phi }𝒮(V_𝔸)`$ by

(4.8)
$$M\mathrm{\Phi }(x)=_𝒦\mathrm{\Phi }(\varrho (\kappa )x)𝑑\kappa .$$

Since $`Z(\mathrm{\Phi },s)=Z(M\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$, we assume that $`\mathrm{\Phi }=M\mathrm{\Phi }`$ for the rest of this section.

For $`\mathrm{\Psi }𝒮(𝔸)`$ and $`s`$, Tate’s zeta function $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Psi },s)`$ is defined by

(4.9)
$$\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Psi },s)=_{𝔸^\times }|t|_𝔸^s\mathrm{\Psi }(t)d^\times t.$$

It is well known (see ,) that $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Psi },s)`$ can be written as follows:

(4.10)
$$\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Psi },s)=P(\mathrm{\Psi },s)+\frac{\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}(0)}{1q^{1s}}\frac{\mathrm{\Psi }(0)}{1q^s},$$

where $`P(\mathrm{\Psi },s)`$ is a polynomial in $`q^s,q^s`$.

For $`\mathrm{\Phi }𝒮(V_𝔸)`$, define $`R_1\mathrm{\Phi }𝒮(𝔸)`$ as $`R_1\mathrm{\Phi }(t)=\mathrm{\Phi }(0,0,t)`$.

###### Proposition 4.11.

$$J_1(\mathrm{\Phi },w)\varphi (w)\psi (w)\mathrm{\Sigma }(R_1\mathrm{\Phi },\frac{w+1}{2}).$$

###### Proof.

By Lemma 4.6 and the formula §3.2,(3.2), we have

$`J_1(\mathrm{\Phi },w)`$ $`={\displaystyle _{H_𝔸^0/H_k}}{\displaystyle \underset{\gamma H_k/_k}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{ak^\times }{}}\mathrm{\Phi }(h\gamma (0,0,a))(w,h)dh`$
$`={\displaystyle _{H_𝔸^0/_k}}{\displaystyle \underset{ak^\times }{}}\mathrm{\Phi }(h(0,0,a))(w,h)dh`$
$`={\displaystyle _𝒦}𝑑\kappa \underset{|t\tau |_𝔸=1}{{\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times /k^\times }}d^\times t{\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times /k^\times }}d^\times \tau }{\displaystyle _{𝔸/k}}𝑑u{\displaystyle \underset{ak^\times }{}}\mathrm{\Phi }(\varrho (\kappa )(0,0,at\tau ^2))(w,a(\tau )n(u))|\tau |_𝔸`$
$`=\underset{|t\tau |_𝔸=1}{{\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times }}d^\times t{\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times /k^\times }}d^\times \tau }R_1\mathrm{\Phi }(t\tau ^2)𝒞_0(w,\tau )|\tau |_𝔸.`$
Here, in the last expression, we replaced $`(w,h)`$ by $`𝒞_0(w,\tau )`$ by the orthogonality of characters. By replacing $`\tau `$ by $`\tau /t`$ and afterwards $`t`$ by $`\tau ^2/t`$, we have

$`J_1(\mathrm{\Phi },w)`$ $`={\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times }}d^\times t\underset{|\tau |_𝔸=1}{{\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times /k^\times }}d^\times \tau }R_1\mathrm{\Phi }(t)𝒞_0(w,{\displaystyle \frac{t}{\tau }})|{\displaystyle \frac{t}{\tau }}|_𝔸`$
$`={\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times }}d^\times tR_1\mathrm{\Phi }(t){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi i}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{Re}(z)=r}}{\displaystyle \frac{|t|_𝔸^{\frac{z1}{2}}+|t|_𝔸^{\frac{z+1}{2}}\varphi (z)}{wz}}\psi (z)𝑑z.`$
We now break the above integral into two parts. Let $`r_1<1`$. The first part is equal to

$$\frac{1}{2\pi i}_{\mathrm{Re}(z)=r_1}\mathrm{\Sigma }(R_1\mathrm{\Phi },\frac{z1}{2})\frac{\psi (z)}{wz}𝑑z.$$

By the theory of Tate’s zeta function, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(R_1\mathrm{\Phi },\frac{z1}{2})`$ is a holomorphic function in the region $`\mathrm{Re}(z)<1`$. Therefore this part is an entire function of $`w`$. Hence,

$`J_1(\mathrm{\Phi },w)`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi i}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{Re}(z)=r}}\mathrm{\Sigma }(R_1\mathrm{\Phi },{\displaystyle \frac{z+1}{2}}){\displaystyle \frac{\varphi (z)}{wz}}\psi (z)𝑑z`$
$`\varphi (w)\psi (w)\mathrm{\Sigma }(R_1\mathrm{\Phi },{\displaystyle \frac{w+1}{2}}).`$
### 4.6. Unstable distributions

Here, we introduce some distributions and consider its analytic properties, which will be needed later. The results in this subsection are essentially due to  Section 2.

###### Definition 4.12.

For $`s,w`$ and $`\mathrm{\Psi }𝒮(\mathrm{Aff}_𝔸^2)`$, we define

$`T(\mathrm{\Psi },s,w)`$ $`={\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times }}{\displaystyle _𝔸}|t|_𝔸^s\alpha (u)^w\mathrm{\Psi }(t,tu)𝑑ud^\times t,`$
$`T^+(\mathrm{\Psi },s,w)`$ $`={\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times }}{\displaystyle _𝔸}\lambda _+(t)|t|_𝔸^s\alpha (u)^w\mathrm{\Psi }(t,tu)𝑑ud^\times t,`$
$`T^{}(\mathrm{\Psi },s,w)`$ $`={\displaystyle _{𝔸^\times }}{\displaystyle _𝔸}\lambda _{}(t)|t|_𝔸^s\alpha (u)^w\mathrm{\Psi }(t,tu)𝑑ud^\times t,`$
$`T^0(\mathrm{\Psi },w)`$ $`={\displaystyle _{𝔸^0}}{\displaystyle _𝔸}\alpha (u)^w\mathrm{\Psi }(t,tu)𝑑ud^\times t,`$
where $`\alpha (u)`$ is introduced in §3.2.

###### Lemma 4.13.

1. $`T^+(\mathrm{\Psi },s,w)`$ converges absolutely and locally uniformly for all $`s,w`$, and $`T^{}(\mathrm{\Psi },s,w)`$ converges absolutely and locally uniformly for all $`\mathrm{Re}(s)+\mathrm{Re}(w)>2,\mathrm{Re}(s)>2`$. In particular, $`T^0(\mathrm{\Psi },w)`$ converges absolutely and locally uniformly for all $`w`$.
2. As a function of $`s`$, $`T^+(\mathrm{\Phi },s,w)`$ is a polynomial in $`q^s`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`\sigma =\mathrm{Re}(s),\sigma _1=\mathrm{Re}(w)`$. Let $`f,g0`$ be Schwartz-Bruhat functions on $`𝔸`$ such that $`|\mathrm{\Psi }(x_1,x_2)|f(x_1)g(x_2)`$ for $`x_1,x_2𝔸`$. By changing $`u`$ to $`ut^1`$, we have

$$T^{}(\mathrm{\Psi },s,w)_{𝔸^\times /k^\times }d^\times t_𝔸𝑑u\lambda _{}(t)|t|_𝔸^{\sigma 1}\underset{xk^\times }{}f(tx)g(u)\alpha (t^1x^1u)^{\sigma _1}.$$

Also, the same argument as the proof of Lemma 3.4 shows that there exists an integer $`N>0`$ such that

$$T^+(\mathrm{\Psi },s,w)\underset{|t|_𝔸q^N}{_{𝔸^\times /k^\times }d^\times t}_𝔸𝑑u\lambda _+(t)|t|_𝔸^{\sigma 1}\underset{xk^\times }{}f(tx)g(u)\alpha (t^1x^1u)^{\sigma _1}.$$

Let $`C_1=suppf,C_2=suppg`$. We will give an estimate $`\alpha (t^1x^1u)^{\sigma _1}`$ for $`t𝔸^\times ,xk^\times ,u𝔸`$ such that $`txC_1,uC_2`$. Since $`\alpha ()1`$, we have $`\alpha (t^1x^1u)^{\sigma _1}1`$ if $`\sigma _10`$. Let $`\sigma _10`$. By the definition of $`\alpha ()`$, we have

$`\alpha (t^1x^1u)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{v𝔐}{}}sup(1,|t^1x^1u|_v)`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{v𝔐}{}}|t^1x^1|_vsup(|tx|_v,|u|_v)=|t|_𝔸^1{\displaystyle \underset{v𝔐}{}}sup(|tx|_v,|u|_v).`$
Since $`C_1,C_2`$ are compact, $`_{v𝔐}sup(|tx|_v,|u|_v)`$ is bounded by a constant. Hence,

$$\alpha (t^1x^1u)^{\sigma _1}|t|_𝔸^{\sigma _1}$$

Therefore (i) follows from Lemma 3.5.

Let $`\mathrm{\Psi }_n()=\mathrm{\Psi }(\pi ^n)`$. Then we have

$$T^+(\mathrm{\Psi },s,w)=\frac{1}{2}T^0(\mathrm{\Psi },w)+\underset{n=1}{\overset{N}{}}q^{ns}T^0(\mathrm{\Psi }_n,w).$$

This establishes (ii). ∎

From now on, we will give the explicit formula of $`T(\mathrm{\Psi },s,w)`$. Since $`\alpha (u)`$ is a product of local factors $`\alpha _v(u)`$, we can also define local distributions $`T_v`$ for $`\mathrm{\Psi }_v𝒮(k_v^2)`$:

$$T_v(\mathrm{\Psi }_v,s,w)=_{k_v^\times }_{k_v}|t_v|_v^s\alpha _v(u_v)^w\mathrm{\Psi }_v(t_v,t_vu_v)𝑑u_vd^\times t_v.$$

Then by (1.1),

$$T(\mathrm{\Psi },s,w)=q^{1𝔤}_k^1\underset{v𝔐}{}T_v(\mathrm{\Psi }_v,s,w)$$

for $`\mathrm{\Psi }=_{v𝔐}\mathrm{\Psi }_v`$. We recall Proposition 2.8 and 2.9 of .

###### Lemma 4.14.

1. $`T_v(\mathrm{\Psi }_v,s,w)`$ converges absolutely and locally uniformly in the region $`\mathrm{Re}(s)+\mathrm{Re}(w)>1,\mathrm{Re}(s)>0`$, and is holomorphic in the region.
2. If $`\mathrm{\Psi }_v`$ is the characteristic function of $`𝒪_v^2`$,

$$T_v(\mathrm{\Psi }_v,s,w)=\frac{1q_v^{(s+w)}}{(1q_v^s)(1q_v^{(s+w1)})}.$$
3. For any $`\mathrm{\Psi }_v`$, $`(1q_v^s)(1q_v^{(s+w1)})T_v(\mathrm{\Psi }_v,s,w)`$ becomes a polynomial in $`q_v^{\pm s},q_v^{\pm w}`$.

This lemma implies

###### Lemma 4.15.

$`T(\mathrm{\Psi },s,w)`$ is holomorphic in the region $`\mathrm{Re}(s)+\mathrm{Re}(w)>2,\mathrm{Re}(s)>1`$, and moreover, is a rational function of $`q^s,q^w`$. More precisely, suppose that $`\mathrm{\Psi }=\mathrm{\Psi }_v`$ and that $`S`$ a finite set of places such that $`\mathrm{\Psi }_v`$ are the characteristic functions of $`𝒪_v^2`$ for $`vS`$, then

$$T(\mathrm{\Psi },s,w)=T_S(\mathrm{\Psi },s,w)\frac{\zeta _{k,S}(s)\zeta _{k,S}(s+w1)}{\zeta _{k,S}(s+w)},$$

where $`T_S(\mathrm{\Psi },s,w)=q^{1𝔤}_k^1_{vS}T_v(\mathrm{\Psi }_v,s,w)`$ and

$$\zeta _{k,S}(s)=\underset{vS}{}(1q_v^s)^1$$

is the truncated Dedekind zeta function.

Let us define the distribution $`\stackrel{~}{T}(\mathrm{\Psi },s)`$ by

$$\stackrel{~}{T}(\mathrm{\Psi },s)=\frac{1}{\mathrm{log}q}\frac{d}{dw}T(\mathrm{\Psi },s,w)|_{w=0}.$$

Also we define $`\stackrel{~}{T}^+(\mathrm{\Psi },s),\stackrel{~}{T}^{}(\mathrm{\Psi },s)`$ in similar way. These are rational functions of $`q^s`$. For later purposes, we will state the pole structure of $`\stackrel{~}{T}(\mathrm{\Psi },s)`$. Since

$$\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{T}(\mathrm{\Psi },s)=\zeta _{k,S}(s1)\frac{d}{dw}T_S(\mathrm{\Psi },s,w)|_{w=0}+T_S(\mathrm{\Psi },s,0)\left(\zeta _{k,S}^{}(s1)\zeta _{k,S}(s1)\frac{\zeta _{k,S}^{}(s)}{\zeta _{k,S}(s)}\right)\hfill \end{array}$$

and hence,

###### Lemma 4.16.

$`\stackrel{~}{T}(\mathrm{\Psi },s)`$ is a rational function of $`q^s`$, and holomorphic in the region $`\mathrm{Re}(s)>2`$. It has at most double pole at $`s=2`$, and $`(1q^{2s})^2\stackrel{~}{T}(\mathrm{\Psi },s)`$ is holomorphic in the region $`\mathrm{Re}(s)>1`$.

### 4.7. Computation of $`J_2(\mathrm{\Phi },w)`$

For $`\mathrm{\Phi }𝒮(V_𝔸)`$, we define $`R_2\mathrm{\Phi }𝒮(\mathrm{Aff}_𝔸^2)`$ by $`R_2\mathrm{\Phi }(t,u)=\mathrm{\Phi }(0,t,u)`$.

###### Proposition 4.17.

$$J_2(\mathrm{\Phi },w)\varphi (w)\psi (w)\left(\frac{1}{1q^{\frac{1w}{2}}}\frac{1}{2}\right)T^0(R_2\mathrm{\Phi },\frac{1w}{2}).$$

###### Proof.

By the formula of §3.2,(3.3),

$`J_2(\mathrm{\Phi },w)`$ $`={\displaystyle _{H_𝔸^0/H_k}}{\displaystyle \underset{\gamma H_k/\widehat{𝒯}_k}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{ak^\times }{}}\mathrm{\Phi }(h\gamma (0,a,0))(w,h)dh`$
$`={\displaystyle _{H_𝔸^0/\widehat{𝒯}_k}}{\displaystyle \underset{ak^\times }{}}\mathrm{\Phi }(h(0,a,0))(w,h)dh`$
$`={\displaystyle _𝒦}𝑑\kappa {\displaystyle _𝔸}𝑑u{\displaystyle d^\times \tau \underset{|t\tau |_𝔸=1}{_{𝔸^\times /k^\times }d^\times t}\underset{ak^\times }{}\mathrm{\Phi }(\varrho (\kappa )(0,at\tau ,aut\tau ))(w,n(u)a(\tau ))}`$
$`={\displaystyle _𝔸}𝑑u{\displaystyle d^\times \tau _{𝔸^0}d^\times t}R_2\mathrm{\Phi }(t,tu)(w,a(\tau )n({\displaystyle \frac{u}{\tau }})),`$
where the last transformation can be obtained by changing $`t`$ to $`t/\tau `$, and including the sum $`_{ak^\times }`$ into the integration of $`t`$. Here, we used the notation

$$d^\times \tau =\underset{|\tau |_𝔸<\alpha (u)}{_{𝔸^\times /k^\times }d^\times \tau }+\frac{1}{2}\underset{|\tau |_𝔸=\alpha (u)}{_{𝔸^\times /k^\times }d^\times \tau }$$

for simplicity. Now, we show the following claim.

###### Claim .

Set

$$^{}(w,h)=\underset{ak^\times }{}𝒞_a(w,\tau )au=(w,h)𝒞_0(w,\tau ).$$

Then

$$P_1=_𝔸𝑑ud^\times \tau _{𝔸^0}d^\times tR_2\mathrm{\Phi }(t,tu)^{}(w,a(\tau )n(\frac{u}{\tau }))$$

is a holomorphic function of $`w`$ in the half-plane $`\mathrm{Re}(w)>0`$.

Proof of Claim. By the Fourier expansion of the Eisenstein series,

$$P_1=\underset{ak^\times }{}_𝔸𝑑ud^\times \tau _{𝔸^0}d^\times tR_2\mathrm{\Phi }(t,tu)𝒞_a(w,\tau )\frac{ua}{\tau }.$$

We can see that there are finitely many $`a`$’s such that $`𝒞_a(w,\tau )0`$ for some $`\tau `$ with $`|\tau |_𝔸<\alpha (u)`$ for the following reason.

1. For each $`\tau `$, the number of $`a`$’s such that $`𝒞_a(w,\tau )0`$ is finite. Moreover, for the same $`k^\times 𝔸^\times (\mathrm{})`$-coset in $`𝔸^\times `$ the Fourier coefficients $`𝒞_a(w,\tau )`$ are equal.
2. By Lemma 4.2, $`𝒞_a(w,\tau )=0`$ for all $`ak^\times `$ when $`|\tau |_𝔸<q^{22𝔤}`$.
3. The set $`\{\tau 𝔸^\times /k^\times 𝔸^\times (\mathrm{})q^{22𝔤}|\tau |_𝔸\alpha (u)\}`$ is a finite set.

Therefore, it is enough to prove that each integral in the sum $`_{ak^\times }`$ is holomorphic in the region $`\mathrm{Re}(w)>0`$. On the other hand, (ii) implies that the region of integration with respect to $`\tau `$ is compact. Since $`𝒞_a(w,\tau )`$ is holomorphic in the region $`\mathrm{Re}(w)>0`$, we obtain the claim. $`\mathrm{}`$

Now by the claim above, we have

$`J_2(\mathrm{\Phi },w)`$ $`={\displaystyle _𝔸}𝑑u{\displaystyle _{𝔸^0}}d^\times t{\displaystyle d^\times \tau }R_2\mathrm{\Phi }(t,tu){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi i}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{Re}(z)=r}}{\displaystyle \frac{|\tau |_𝔸^{\frac{z+1}{2}}+|\tau |_𝔸^{\frac{z1}{2}}\varphi (z)}{wz}}\psi (z)𝑑z.`$
We break the above integral into two parts. Note that

$$d^\times \tau |\tau |_𝔸^z=\left(\frac{1}{1q^z}\frac{1}{2}\right)\alpha (u)^z$$

for $`\mathrm{Re}(z)>0`$. Let $`r_1<1`$. Then the first one is equal to

$$\begin{array}{c}_𝔸𝑑u_{𝔸^0}d^\times tR_2\mathrm{\Phi }(t,tu)d^\times \tau \frac{1}{2\pi i}_{\mathrm{Re}(z)=r_1}|\tau |_𝔸^{\frac{z+1}{2}}\frac{\psi (z)}{wz}𝑑z\hfill \\ \hfill =\frac{1}{2\pi i}_{\mathrm{Re}(z)=r_1}\left(\frac{1}{1q^{\frac{z+1}{2}}}\frac{1}{2}\right)T^0(R_2\mathrm{\Phi },\frac{z+1}{2})\frac{\psi (z)}{wz}𝑑z\end{array}$$

and hence, is holomorphic in the region $`\mathrm{Re}(w)>r_1`$. Therefore,

$`J_2(\mathrm{\Phi },w)`$ $`{\displaystyle _𝔸}𝑑u{\displaystyle _{𝔸^0}}d^\times t{\displaystyle d^\times \tau }R_2\mathrm{\Phi }(t,tu){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi i}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{Re}(z)=r}}{\displaystyle \frac{|\tau |_𝔸^{\frac{z1}{2}}\varphi (z)}{wz}}\psi (z)𝑑z`$
$`=\varphi (w)\psi (w){\displaystyle _𝔸}𝑑u{\displaystyle _{𝔸^0}}d^\times tR_2\mathrm{\Phi }(t,tu){\displaystyle d^\times \tau |\tau |_𝔸^{\frac{w1}{2}}}`$
$`+{\displaystyle _𝔸}𝑑u{\displaystyle _{𝔸^0}}d^\times t{\displaystyle d^\times \tau R_2\mathrm{\Phi }(t,tu)\frac{1}{2\pi i}_{\mathrm{Re}(z)=r_2>\mathrm{Re}(w)}\frac{|\tau |_𝔸^{\frac{z1}{2}}\varphi (z)}{wz}\psi (z)𝑑z}`$
$`=\varphi (w)\psi (w)\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{1q^{\frac{1w}{2}}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)T^0(R_2\mathrm{\Phi },{\displaystyle \frac{1w}{2}})`$
$`+{\displaystyle _𝔸}𝑑u{\displaystyle _{𝔸^0}}d^\times t{\displaystyle d^\times \tau R_2\mathrm{\Phi }(t,tu)\frac{1}{2\pi i}_{\mathrm{Re}(z)=r_2>\mathrm{Re}(w)}\frac{|\tau |_𝔸^{\frac{z1}{2}}\varphi (z)}{wz}\psi (z)𝑑z}.`$
Now, Similarly to $`P_2`$, we can show that the second part of the last expression is an entire function of $`w`$. Hence we have the proposition. $`\mathrm{}`$

### 4.8. Explicit evaluation of $`I^0(\mathrm{\Phi })`$

Now, we turn to $`I^0(\mathrm{\Phi })`$. Recall that

(4.11)
$$\underset{w1+0}{lim}(1q^{1w})I^0(\mathrm{\Phi },w)=\rho _0\psi (1)I^0(\mathrm{\Phi })$$

by Corollary 4.5. We will compute $`I^0(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ by using Proposition 4.9 and 4.10, 4.11, 4.17. Recall that $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Psi }_1,w)`$ has a simple pole at $`w=1`$, and $`T^0(\mathrm{\Psi }_2,w)`$ is holomorphic at $`w=0`$. We will write their Laurent expansion in $`q^{1w},q^w`$, respectively, at the values $`q^{1w}=1,q^w=1`$, by

$`\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Psi }_1,w)={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{(i)}(\mathrm{\Psi }_1,1)(1q^{1w})^i,T^0(\mathrm{\Psi }_2,w)={\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}T_{(i)}^0(\mathrm{\Psi }_2,0)(1q^w)^i.`$
Obviously, $`T_{(0)}^0(\mathrm{\Psi }_2,0)=T^0(\mathrm{\Phi }_2,0),T_{(1)}^0(\mathrm{\Psi }_2,0)=\frac{1}{\mathrm{log}q}\frac{d}{dw}T^0(\mathrm{\Psi }_2,w)|_{w=0}`$.

Since the limit (4.11) exists, the double poles of the right-hand side of (4.7) at $`w=1`$ cancel out on the whole. Hence we get the following lemma. Note that some straightforward calculation also shows the following equality. (See .)

###### Lemma 4.18.

$$T_{(0)}^0(R_2\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }},0)T_{(0)}^0(R_2\mathrm{\Phi },0)=\mathrm{\Sigma }_{(1)}(R_1\mathrm{\Phi },1)\mathrm{\Sigma }_{(1)}(R_1\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }},1).$$

Hence, we have

$`\begin{array}{cc}\hfill I(\mathrm{\Phi },w)& {\displaystyle \frac{\psi (w)}{1q^{\frac{1w}{2}}}}(\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(0)\mathrm{\Phi }(0))\hfill \\ & +\varphi (w)\psi (w)\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Sigma }_{(1)}(R_1\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }},1)}{2}}+\mathrm{\Sigma }_{(0)}(R_1\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }},1){\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Sigma }_{(1)}(R_1\mathrm{\Phi },1)}{2}}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{(0)}(R_1\mathrm{\Phi },1)\right\}\hfill \\ & \varphi (w)\psi (w)\left\{T_{(1)}^0(R_2\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }},0)T_{(1)}^0(R_2\mathrm{\Phi },0)\right\}.\hfill \end{array}`$
Then, together with (4.11), we obtain the following.

###### Proposition 4.19.

$`I^0(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{2}{\rho _0}}(\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(0)\mathrm{\Phi }(0))`$
$`+\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Sigma }_{(1)}(R_1\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }},1)}{2}}+\mathrm{\Sigma }_{(0)}(R_1\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }},1){\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Sigma }_{(1)}(R_1\mathrm{\Phi },1)}{2}}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{(0)}(R_1\mathrm{\Phi },1)\right\}`$
$`T_{(1)}^0(R_2\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }},0)+T_{(1)}^0(R_2\mathrm{\Phi },0).`$
### 4.9. The principal part formula

###### Theorem 4.20.

Suppose that $`\mathrm{\Phi }=M\mathrm{\Phi }`$. Then $`Z(\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$ is a rational function of $`q^s`$. More precisely,

$$Z(\mathrm{\Phi },s)=Z_+(\mathrm{\Phi },s)+Z_+(\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }},3s)+I(\mathrm{\Phi },s),$$

where $`Z_+(\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$ and $`Z_+(\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }},3s)`$ are polynomials in $`q^s`$ and $`q^s`$, respectively, and $`I(\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$ is given by

(4.12)
$$\begin{array}{cc}& \frac{2}{\rho _0}\left\{\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{q^{3s}}{1q^{3s}}\right)\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(0)\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{q^s}{1q^s}\right)\mathrm{\Phi }(0)\right\}\hfill \\ & +\left\{\left(\frac{\mathrm{\Sigma }_{(1)}(R_1\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }},1)}{2}+\mathrm{\Sigma }_{(0)}(R_1\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }},1)\right)\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{q^{2s}}{1q^{2s}}\right)\mathrm{\Sigma }_{(1)}(R_1\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }},1)\frac{q^{2s}}{(1q^{2s})^2}\right\}\hfill \\ & \left\{\left(\frac{\mathrm{\Sigma }_{(1)}(R_1\mathrm{\Phi },1)}{2}+\mathrm{\Sigma }_{(0)}(R_1\mathrm{\Phi },1)\right)\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{q^{1s}}{1q^{1s}}\right)+\mathrm{\Sigma }_{(1)}(R_1\mathrm{\Phi },1)\frac{q^{1s}}{(1q^{1s})^2}\right\}\hfill \\ & (\stackrel{~}{T}^+(R_2\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }},3s)\stackrel{~}{T}^{}(R_2\mathrm{\Phi },s)).\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Proof.

We will compute $`I(\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$ by (4.2) and Proposition 4.19. Note that $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }_n}(t)=q^{3n}\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}_n(t)`$. Then we have

(4.13)
$$\mathrm{\Phi }_n(0)=\mathrm{\Phi }(0),\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }_n}(0)=q^{3n}\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(0).$$

Also since

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Phi }_n,w)=q^{nw}\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Phi },w),\mathrm{\Sigma }(R_1\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }_n},w)=q^{n(3w)}\mathrm{\Sigma }(R_1\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }},w),$$

we have

(4.14) $`\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{\Sigma }_{(1)}(R_1\mathrm{\Phi }_n,1)& =q^n\mathrm{\Sigma }_{(1)}(R_1\mathrm{\Phi },1),\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Sigma }_{(0)}(R_1\mathrm{\Phi }_n,1)& =q^n\mathrm{\Sigma }_{(0)}(R_1\mathrm{\Phi },1)nq^n\mathrm{\Sigma }_{(1)}(R_1\mathrm{\Phi },1),\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Sigma }_{(1)}(R_1\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }_n},1)& =q^{2n}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{(1)}(R_1\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }},1),\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Sigma }_{(0)}(R_1\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }_n},1)& =q^{2n}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{(0)}(R_1\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }},1)+nq^{2n}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{(1)}(R_1\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }},1).\hfill \end{array}`$
Hence, By (4.13) and (4.14), we obtain the first three terms of (4.12). To get the last term of (4.12), note that simple calculation shows

(4.15) $`\begin{array}{cc}\hfill {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}T^0(R_2\mathrm{\Phi },w)+{\displaystyle \underset{n1}{}}q^{ns}T^0(R_2\mathrm{\Phi }_n,w)& =T^{}(R_2\mathrm{\Phi },s,w),\hfill \\ \hfill {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}T^0(R_2\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }},w)+{\displaystyle \underset{n1}{}}q^{ns}T^0(R_2\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }_n},w)& =T^+(R_2\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }},3s,w).\hfill \end{array}`$
On the other hand, by Lemma 4.13, 4.15, $`\stackrel{~}{T}^+(R_2\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }},3s)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{}(R_2\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$ are rational functions of $`q^s`$, and hence $`Z(\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$ is a rational function of $`q^s`$. This finishes the proof. ∎

We define

(4.16)
$$_1=\frac{1}{\mathrm{log}q}\frac{2}{\rho _0}=\frac{1}{\mathrm{log}q}\frac{2\zeta _k(2)}{q^{22𝔤}_k}.$$

Together with Theorem 4.20 and Lemma 4.16, we obtain the following.

###### Corollary 4.21.

$`Z(\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$ is a rational function of $`q^s`$, and $`(1q^{3s})Z(\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$ is holomorphic in the region $`\mathrm{Re}(s)>2`$. Moreover,

$$\underset{s=3}{Res}Z(\mathrm{\Phi },s)=_1\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(0).$$

We have the following functional equation for the global zeta function $`Z(\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$.

###### Corollary 4.22.

Let $`Z_{ad}(\mathrm{\Phi },s)=Z(\mathrm{\Phi },s)\stackrel{~}{T}(R_2\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$, then $`Z_{ad}(\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$ satisfies the functional equation

$$Z_{ad}(\mathrm{\Phi },s)=Z_{ad}(\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }},3s).$$

## 5. Local theory

### 5.1. The canonical measure on the stabilizer

For an algebraic group $`G`$, Let $`G^{}`$ denote its identity component. In this subsection, we normalize invariant measures on $`H_{k_v},H_{k_v}/H_{x}^{}{}_{k_v}{}^{},H_{x}^{}{}_{k_v}{}^{}`$ for $`xV_{k_v}^{}`$, and $`H_𝔸/H_{x}^{}{}_{𝔸}{}^{},H_{x}^{}{}_{𝔸}{}^{}`$ for $`xV_k^{\prime \prime }`$, following the method of . We also define a constant $`b_{x,v}`$, and compute the volume of $`H_{x}^{}{}_{𝔸}{}^{}/H_{x}^{}{}_{k}{}^{}`$ with respect to this measure (Proposition 5.3).

We define the invariant measure $`dh_v`$ on $`H_{k_v}`$ similarly as in §3.2. Let $`𝒦_v=G_{𝒪_v}`$ be the standard maximal compact subgroup of $`G_{k_v}`$. For $`h_vH_{k_v}`$, let $`h_v=\varrho (\kappa _vd(t_v,1)a(\tau _v)n(u_v))`$ be its Iwasawa decomposition. Define an invariant measure $`dh_v`$ on $`H_{k_v}`$ by $`dh_v=|\tau |_vd\kappa _vd^\times t_vd^\times \tau _vdu_v`$. This normalization is equivalent to $`_{\varrho (𝒦_v)}𝑑h_v=1`$.

If we write $`d_{\text{pr}}h=_{v𝔐}dh_v`$, then by (1.1) we can see

(5.1)
$$dh=q^{1𝔤}_k^2d_{\text{pr}}h,$$

where $`dh`$ is defined in §3.2.

Next, we choose a left invariant measure $`dh_{x,v}^{}`$ on $`H_{k_v}/H_{x}^{}{}_{k_v}{}^{}`$ for $`xV_{k_v}^{}`$. Let $`dy_v`$ be the Haar measure on $`V_{k_v}`$ such that the volume of $`V_{𝒪_v}`$ is one. Note that $`\frac{dy_v}{|P(y_v)|_v^{3/2}}`$ is a left $`H_{k_v}`$-invariant measure on $`V_{k_v}^{}`$ and $`H_{k_v}/H_{x}^{}{}_{k_v}{}^{}`$ is a double cover of $`H_{k_v}xV_{k_v}^{}`$. Therefore there exists a unique left $`H_{k_v}`$-invariant measure $`dh_{x,v}^{}`$ on $`H_{k_v}/H_{x}^{}{}_{k_v}{}^{}`$ such that for $`\mathrm{\Psi }L^1(H_{k_v}x,\frac{dy_v}{|P(y_v)|_v^{3/2}})`$,

(5.2)
$$_{H_{k_v}x}\mathrm{\Psi }(y_v)\frac{dy_v}{|P(y_v)|_v^{3/2}}=_{H_{k_v}/H_{x}^{}{}_{k_v}{}^{}}\mathrm{\Psi }(h_{x,v}^{}x)𝑑h_{x,v}^{}.$$

If $`h_{xy}H_{k_v}`$ satisfies $`y=h_{xy}x`$ and $`i_{h_{xy}}`$ is the inner automorphism $`hh_{xy}^1hh_{xy}`$ of $`H_{k_v}`$, then $`i_{h_{xy}}(H_{yk_v}^{})=H_{xk_v}^{}`$ and hence $`i_{h_{xy}}`$ induces the map $`i_{h_{xy}}:H_{k_v}/H_{yk_v}^{}H_{k_v}/H_{xk_v}^{}`$. Since the integral on the right hand side of (5.2) depends only on the orbit of $`x`$, it follows that $`i_{h_{xy}}^{}(dh_{x,v}^{})=dh_{y,v}^{}`$.

We divide $`V_{k_v}^{}`$ into three subsets for conveniences. Let

$$V_{k_v}^{}=V_{k_v}^{\mathrm{sp}}V_{k_v}^{\mathrm{ur}}V_{k_v}^{\mathrm{rm}},$$

where each subset consists of orbits corresponding to $`k_v`$, quadratic unramified extension of $`k_v`$, and quadratic ramified extension of $`k_v`$, respectively. Only $`V_{k_v}^{\mathrm{rm}}`$ has two orbits and $`V_{k_v}^{\mathrm{sp}},V_{k_v}^{\mathrm{ur}}`$ has a single orbit.

If we define

$$K_{x,k_v}=\{\begin{array}{cc}k_v^\times \times k_v^\times \hfill & xV_{k_v}^{\mathrm{sp}},\hfill \\ k_v(x)^\times \hfill & xV_{k_v}^{\mathrm{ur}},V_{k_v}^{\mathrm{rm}},\hfill \end{array}$$

then by Proposition 2.1, $`G_{x}^{}{}_{k_v}{}^{}K_{x,k_v}`$. Let $`𝒪_{k_v(x)}`$ denote the ring of integers of $`k_v(x)`$. We will normalize the measure $`dk_{x,v}`$ on $`K_{x,k_v}`$ so that

$$_{𝒪_v^\times \times 𝒪_v^\times }𝑑k_{x,v}=1,_{𝒪_{k_v(x)}^\times }𝑑k_{x,v}=1$$

for each case. This induces a Haar measure $`dg_{x,v}^{\prime \prime }`$ on $`G_{x}^{}{}_{k_v}{}^{}`$ via the isomorphism $`G_{x}^{}{}_{k_v}{}^{}K_{x,k_v}`$. Though there are two isomorphisms $`\psi _{x,v}^{(1)},\psi _{x,v}^{(2)}`$ for each case (see the proof of Proposition 2.1), since

$`\psi _{x,v}^{(1)1}(𝒪_v^\times \times 𝒪_v^\times )`$ $`=\psi _{x,v}^{(2)1}(𝒪_v^\times \times 𝒪_v^\times )`$ $`xV_{k_v}^{\mathrm{sp}},`$
$`\psi _{x,v}^{(1)1}(𝒪_{k_v(x)}^\times )`$ $`=\psi _{x,v}^{(2)1}(𝒪_{k_v(x)}^\times )`$ $`xV_{k_v}^{\mathrm{ur}},V_{k_v}^{\mathrm{rm}},`$
we can define $`dg_{x,v}^{\prime \prime }`$ without ambiguity. Then, define $`dh_{x,v}^{\prime \prime }`$ by setting $`dh_{x,v}^{\prime \prime }d^\times t_{1v}=dg_{x,v}^{\prime \prime }`$ via the isomorphism $`H_{x}^{}{}_{k_v}{}^{}G_{x}^{}{}_{k_v}{}^{}/T_{k_v}`$.

The next proposition shows that $`dh_{x,v}^{\prime \prime }`$ satisfies the functorial property. In this sense, our choice $`dh_{x,v}^{\prime \prime }`$ is canonical.

###### Proposition 5.1.

Suppose that $`x,yV_{k_v}^{}`$ and that $`y=\varrho (g_{xy})x`$ for some $`g_{xy}G_{k_v}`$. Let $`i_{g_{xy}}:G_{yk_v}^{}G_{xk_v}^{}`$ be the isomorphism given by $`i_{g_{xy}}(g)=g_{xy}^1gg_{xy}`$. Then,

(5.3)
$$dg_{y,v}^{\prime \prime }=i_{g_{xy}}^{}(dg_{x,v}^{\prime \prime })\text{and}dh_{y,v}^{\prime \prime }=i_{\varrho (g_{xy})}^{}(dh_{x,v}^{\prime \prime }).$$

###### Proof.

We only consider the case $`[k_v(x):k_v]=2`$. We can prove the case $`k_v(x)=k_v`$ similarly. One can easily show that for any $`g_{xy}`$, there exist $`\psi _{x,v},\psi _{y,v}`$ such that the following diagram is commutative.

$$\begin{array}{ccc}G_{y}^{}{}_{k_v}{}^{}& \stackrel{\psi _{y,v}}{}& k_v(y)^\times \\ g_{xy}& & & & \\ G_{x}^{}{}_{k_v}{}^{}& \stackrel{\psi _{x,v}}{}& k_v(x)^\times \end{array}$$

This establishes the first claim and the second claim follows from the observation that $`i_{g_{xy}}|_{T_{k_v}}`$ is the identity map. $`\mathrm{}`$

Define a constant $`b_{x,v}>0`$ such that $`dh_v=b_{x,v}dh_{x,v}^{}dh_{x,v}^{\prime \prime }.`$ Then, the following proposition shows that $`b_{x,v}`$ depends only on the orbit of $`x`$.

###### Proposition 5.2.

If $`x,yV_{k_v}^{}`$ are in the same $`H_{k_v}`$-orbit, then $`b_{x,v}=b_{y,v}`$.

###### Proof.

Since the group $`H_{k_v}`$ is unimodular, $`i_{h_{x,y}}^{}dh_v=dh_v`$. Hence,

$`dh_v`$ $`=b_{y,v}dh_{y,v}^{}dh_{y,v}^{\prime \prime }`$
$`=b_{y,v}i_{h_{x,y}}^{}dh_{x,v}^{}i_{h_{x,y}}^{}dh_{x,v}^{\prime \prime }`$ $`=b_{y,v}b_{x,v}^1i_{h_{x,y}}^{}dh_v`$
$`=b_{y,v}b_{x,v}^1dh_v.`$
Therefore $`b_{x,v}=b_{y,v}`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

For $`xV_k^{\prime \prime }`$, Let

$$dh_x^{}=\underset{v𝔐}{}b_{x,v}dh_{x,v}^{},dh_x^{\prime \prime }=\underset{v𝔐}{}dh_{x,v}^{\prime \prime }$$

be measures on $`H_𝔸/H_{x}^{}{}_{𝔸}{}^{},H_{x}^{}{}_{𝔸}{}^{}`$, respectively. Then,

$$dh_x^{}dh_x^{\prime \prime }=d_{\text{pr}}h.$$

We will conclude this subsection by computing the volume of $`H_{x}^{}{}_{𝔸}{}^{}/H_{x}^{}{}_{k}{}^{}`$ with respect to the measure $`dh_x^{\prime \prime }`$ defined above.

###### Proposition 5.3.

For $`xV_k^{\prime \prime }`$,

$$_{(H_x^{})_𝔸/(H_x^{})_k}𝑑h_x^{\prime \prime }=2\frac{_{k(x)}}{_k}.$$

###### Proof.

Recall that $`(H_x^{})_𝔸/(H_x^{})_k(G_x^{})_𝔸/T_𝔸(G_x^{})_k`$. One can easily see that the inclusion

has index two, and the sequence

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}1& & T_𝔸^0/T_k& & (G_x^{})_𝔸^0/(G_x^{})_k& & (G_x^{})_𝔸^0/T_𝔸^0(G_x^{})_k& & 1\end{array}$$

is exact. Since

$$_{T_𝔸^0/T_k}d^\times t=_k\mathrm{and}_{(G_x^{})_𝔸^0/(G_x^{})_k}𝑑g_x^{\prime \prime }=_{k(x)},$$

we can get

$$_{(H_x^{})_𝔸/(H_x^{})_k}𝑑h_x^{\prime \prime }=2_{(G_x^{})_𝔸^0/T_𝔸^0(G_x^{})_k}𝑑h_x^{\prime \prime }=2\frac{_{k(x)}}{_k}.$$

$`\mathrm{}`$

### 5.2. Local zeta function

Here, we will define the local zeta function, and compute the local zeta function and the constant $`b_{x,v}`$ for some orbital representatives.

###### Definition 5.4.

Let $`xV_{k_v}^{}`$, $`\mathrm{\Phi }_v𝒮(V_{k_v})`$, and $`s`$. We define

$`Z_{x,v}(\mathrm{\Phi }_v,s)`$ $`=b_{x,v}{\displaystyle _{H_{k_v}/H_{x}^{}{}_{k_v}{}^{}}}|\chi (h_{x,v}^{})|_v^s\mathrm{\Phi }_v(h_{x,v}^{}x)𝑑h_{x,v}^{},`$
$`\mathrm{\Omega }_{x,v}(\mathrm{\Phi }_v,s)`$ $`={\displaystyle _{H_{k_v}x}}|P(y)|_v^{s/2}\mathrm{\Phi }_v(y){\displaystyle \frac{dy}{|P(y)|_v^{3/2}}}.`$
The function $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{x,v}(\mathrm{\Phi }_v,s)`$ is called the local zeta function. By the definition of $`dh_{x,v}^{}`$,

$`Z_{x,v}(\mathrm{\Phi }_v,s)`$ $`=b_{x,v}{\displaystyle _{H_{k_v}/H_{x}^{}{}_{k_v}{}^{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{|P(h_{x,v}^{}x)|_v^{s/2}}{|P(x)|_v^{s/2}}}\mathrm{\Phi }_v(h_{x,v}^{}x)𝑑h_{x,v}^{}`$
$`=b_{x,v}|P(x)|_v^{s/2}\mathrm{\Omega }_{x,v}(\mathrm{\Phi }_v,s).`$
Since $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{x,v}(\mathrm{\Phi }_v,s)`$ depends only on the orbit of $`x`$, for $`x,yV_{k_v}^{}`$ in the same orbit,

(5.4)
$$Z_{x,v}(\mathrm{\Phi }_v,s)=\frac{|P(y)|_v^{s/2}}{|P(x)|_v^{s/2}}Z_{y,v}(\mathrm{\Phi }_v,s).$$

Now, we will express $`Z_{x,v}`$ and $`b_{x,v}`$ explicitly for some representative $`x`$.

###### Definition 5.5.

We call $`w_vV_{k_v}^{}`$ a standard orbital representative if

$$F_{w_v}(z_1,z_2)=\{\begin{array}{cc}z_1z_2\hfill & w_vV_{k_v}^{\mathrm{sp}},\hfill \\ (z_1+\theta z_2)(z_1+\theta ^{}z_2)\hfill & w_vV_{k_v}^{\mathrm{ur}},V_{k_v}^{\mathrm{rm}},\text{where }𝒪_{k_v(w_v)}=𝒪_v[\theta ].\hfill \end{array}$$

For each orbit in $`V_{k_v}^{}`$, we take one of the standard orbital representatives and denote the fixed set of representatives by $`\mathrm{SR}_v`$.

Note that for a standard orbital representative $`w_v`$, $`P(w_v)`$ is the discriminant of $`k_v(x)`$ over $`k_v`$. Hence,

(5.5)
$$|P(w_v)|_v=\{\begin{array}{cc}1\hfill & w_vV_{k_v}^{\mathrm{sp}},V_{k_v}^{\mathrm{ur}},\hfill \\ q_v^1\hfill & w_vV_{k_v}^{\mathrm{rm}}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Let $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{v,0}`$ be the characteristic function of $`V_{𝒪_v}`$. Firstly, we will give the explicit formula of $`Z_{w_v,v}(\mathrm{\Phi }_{v,0},s)`$. Although our choice of the measure on the stabilizers is different from that of  in general, they coincide for standard orbital representatives. Hence we can use his result directly. Note that our local zeta functions are $`b_{x,v}`$ times that of Datskovsky’s.

###### Proposition 5.6 (Proposition 4.1).

For a standard orbital representative $`w_v`$,

$$Z_{w_v,v}(\mathrm{\Phi }_{v,0},s)=\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{1q^{1s}}\hfill & w_vV_{k_v}^{\mathrm{sp}},\hfill \\ \frac{1+q^s}{(1q^s)(1q^{1s})}\hfill & w_vV_{k_v}^{\mathrm{ur}},\hfill \\ \frac{1}{(1q^s)(1q^{1s})}\hfill & w_vV_{k_v}^{\mathrm{rm}}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Secondly, we will give the values of $`b_{w_v,v}`$. To use Datskovsky’s result, we need some discussion.

###### Lemma 5.7.

For a standard orbital representative $`w_v`$,

$$_{\varrho (𝒦_v)H_{w_v}^{}{}_{k_v}{}^{}}𝑑h_{w_v,v}^{\prime \prime }=1.$$

###### Proof.

Here, we only consider the case $`[k_v(w_v):k_v]=2`$. The case $`k_v(w_v)=k_v`$ can be proved similarly. Let $`N=N_{k_v(w_v)/k_v}:k_v(w_v)^\times k_v^\times `$ be the norm map.

Let $`F_{w_v}(z_1,z_2)=(z_1+\theta z_2)(z_1+\theta ^{}z_2)`$. Recall that for $`g=(t,\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ c& d\end{array}\right))G_{k_v}`$, the condition $`gG_{w_v}^{}{}_{k_v}{}^{}`$ is equivalent to

$$tN(a+b\theta )=1,c+d\theta =\theta (a+b\theta )$$

and that the isomorphism $`\psi _{w_v,v}:G_{w_v}^{}{}_{k_v}{}^{}k_v(w_v)^\times `$ is defined by $`ga+b\theta `$ for this $`g`$. This map also gives the isomorphism $`T_{k_v}k_v^\times `$. One can easily see that $`\psi _{w_v,v}(T_{k_v}𝒦_v)=𝒪_v^\times `$. We claim that

$$\psi _{w_v,v}(G_{w_v}^{}{}_{k_v}{}^{}𝒦_v)=𝒪_{k_v(w_v)}^{}{}_{}{}^{\times }.$$

Let $`g=(t,\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ c& d\end{array}\right))G_{w_v}^{}{}_{k_v}{}^{}𝒦_v`$. Then $`N(a+b\theta )=t^1𝒪_v^\times `$ and hence we have $`a+b\theta 𝒪_{k_v(w_v)}^{}{}_{}{}^{\times }`$. On the other hand, any element of $`𝒪_{k_v(w_v)}^{}{}_{}{}^{\times }`$ can be written as $`\gamma =a+b\theta `$ with $`a,b𝒪_v`$. For this $`\gamma `$, take $`t,c,dk_v`$ such that

$$tN(a+b\theta )=1,c+d\theta =\theta (a+b\theta ),$$

and let $`g=(t,\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ c& d\end{array}\right))G_{k_v}`$. Then, clearly $`t𝒪_v^\times ,c,d𝒪_v`$, $`gG_{w_v}^{}{}_{k_v}{}^{}`$, and $`\gamma =\psi _{w_v,v}(g)`$. Also, $`P(w_v)=P(gw_v)=\chi (g)^3P(w_v)`$ shows $`\chi (g)=t(adbc)𝒪_v^\times `$. Hence, we have $`g𝒦_v`$. This establishes the claim and now by the definition of $`dh_{w_v,v}^{\prime \prime }`$, we have

$$_{\varrho (𝒦_vG_{w_v}^{}{}_{k_v}{}^{})}𝑑h_{w_v,v}^{\prime \prime }=\frac{\mathrm{vol}(𝒪_{k_v(w_v)}^{}{}_{}{}^{\times })}{\mathrm{vol}(𝒪_v^\times )}=\frac{1}{1}=1.$$

$`\mathrm{}`$

###### Proposition 5.8.

For a standard orbital representative $`w_v`$,

$$b_{w_v,v}=\frac{|P(w_v)|_v^{3/2}}{_{\varrho (𝒦_v)w_v}𝑑x_v}.$$

###### Proof.

Recall that $`dh_v`$ is the measure on $`H_{k_v}`$ such that $`\mathrm{vol}(\varrho (𝒦_v))=1`$. Hence,

$`1={\displaystyle _{\varrho (𝒦_v)}}𝑑h_v`$ $`=b_{w_v,v}{\displaystyle _{\varrho (𝒦_v)H_{w_v}^{}/H_{w_v}^{}}}𝑑h_{w_v,v}^{}{\displaystyle _{\varrho (G_{w_v}^{}𝒦_v)}}𝑑h_{w_v,v}^{\prime \prime }`$
$`=b_{w_v,v}{\displaystyle _{\varrho (𝒦_v)H_{w_v}^{}/H_{w_v}^{}}}𝑑h_{w_v,v}^{}`$
$`=b_{w_v,v}{\displaystyle _{\varrho (𝒦_v)w_v}}{\displaystyle \frac{dx_v}{|P(x_v)|_v^{3/2}}}.`$
On the other hand, for $`x_v\varrho (𝒦_v)w_v,|P(x_v)|_v=|P(w_v)|_v`$. This finishes the proof. $`\mathrm{}`$

Under the above preparation, we can describe $`b_{w_v,v}`$. For our purpose, $`|P(w_v)|_v^{3/2}/b_{w_v,v}`$ (which is equal to $`_{\varrho (𝒦_v)w_v}𝑑x_v`$ by Proposition 5.8) is more important than $`b_{w_v,v}`$ itself, and the following proposition gives the desired description.

###### Proposition 5.9.

For a standard orbital representative $`w_v`$,

$$\frac{|P(w_v)|_v^{3/2}}{b_{w_v,v}}=\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{2}(1q_v^2)\hfill & w_vV_{k_v}^{\mathrm{sp}},\hfill \\ \frac{1}{2}(1q_v^1)^2\hfill & w_vV_{k_v}^{\mathrm{ur}},\hfill \\ \frac{1}{2}q_v^1(1q_v^1)(1q_v^2)\hfill & w_vV_{k_v}^{\mathrm{rm}}.\hfill \end{array}$$

This proposition is essentially proved in  Proposition 4.2, but he did not give a detailed account of the argument for determining the volume of each of $`\varrho (𝒦_v)w_v`$ from the sum for two orbits in $`V_{k_v}^{\mathrm{rm}}`$. We can directly determine each volume by following the argument in  Section 4. For the convenience of the reader, we briefly sketch their argument by indicating the main steps of the proof. Note that the action of $`𝒦_v=G_{𝒪_v}`$ on $`V_{𝒪_v}`$ induces the action of $`G_{𝒪_v/𝔭_v^2}`$ on $`V_{𝒪_v/𝔭_v^2}`$. Let $`x`$ be one of the standard orbital representatives in $`V_{k_v}^{\mathrm{rm}}`$ and denote by $`\overline{x}V_{𝒪_v/𝔭_v^2}`$ its reduction modulo $`𝔭_v^2`$.

1. Set $`𝒟=\{yV_{𝒪_v}yx(𝔭_v^2)\}`$.
2. If $`y𝒟`$, $`k_v(y)=k_v(x)`$. Moreover, $`𝒟𝒦_vx`$.
3. $`vol(𝒦_vx)=vol(𝒟)\mathrm{\#}(G_{𝒪_v/𝔭_v^2}/G_{𝒪_v/𝔭_v^2,\overline{x}})`$.
4. $`vol(𝒟)=q_v^6`$, $`\mathrm{\#}G_{𝒪_v/𝔭_v^2}=q_v^6(q_v1)^2(q_v^21)`$,
5. $`\mathrm{\#}G_{𝒪_v/𝔭_v^2,\overline{x}}=2(q_v1)q_v^4`$.

From this proposition, we can obtain $`b_{w_v,v}`$ easily using (5.5).

## 6. The mean value theorem

In this section, we will deduce our mean value theorem by putting together the results we have obtained before. In §6.1, we will see that the global zeta function is approximately the Dirichlet generating series for the sequence $`\mathrm{vol}(H_{x𝔸}^{}/H_{xk}^{})`$. If it were exactly this generating series, the theory of partial fraction would allow us to extract the mean value of the coefficients from the analytic behavior of this series. However, our global zeta function contains an additional factor in each term. In §6.2 we will surmount this difficulty by using the technique called the filtering process, which was formulated by Datskovsky-Wright .

### 6.1. The adelic synthesis

We will introduce some notation. For the rest of this paper, we suppose $`\mathrm{\Phi }𝒮(V_𝔸)`$ is of the form $`\mathrm{\Phi }=\mathrm{\Phi }_v`$, where $`\mathrm{\Phi }_v𝒮(V_{k_v})`$. For $`xV_k^{\prime \prime }`$, define $`Z_x(\mathrm{\Phi },s)=_{v𝔐}Z_{x,v}(\mathrm{\Phi }_v,s)`$. For each $`v𝔐`$, take $`w_{v,x}\mathrm{SR}_v`$ which lies in the orbit of $`x`$. We write $`\mathrm{\Xi }_{x,v}(\mathrm{\Phi }_v,s)=Z_{w_{v,x},v}(\mathrm{\Phi }_v,s)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Xi }_x(\mathrm{\Phi },s)=_{v𝔐}\mathrm{\Xi }_{x,v}(\mathrm{\Phi }_v,s)`$.

Then, as is well known, our global zeta function has the following expansion. (See  Section 6, for example. Note that $`|H_x/H_x^{}|=2`$ for all $`xV_k^{\prime \prime }`$.)

$`Z(\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{g^{1𝔤}}{2_k^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{xH_k\backslash V_k^{\prime \prime }}{}}{\displaystyle _{(H_x^{})_𝔸/(H_x^{})_k}}𝑑h_x^{\prime \prime }{\displaystyle _{H_𝔸/(H_x^{})_𝔸}}|\chi (h_x^{})|_𝔸^s\mathrm{\Phi }(h_x^{}x)𝑑h_x^{}`$
$`=q^{1𝔤}_k^3{\displaystyle \underset{xH_k\backslash V_k^{\prime \prime }}{}}_{k(x)}Z_x(\mathrm{\Phi },s).`$
We will consider $`Z_x(\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$. By (5.4), we have

$`Z_x(\mathrm{\Phi },s)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{v𝔐}{}}Z_{x,v}(\mathrm{\Phi }_v,s)={\displaystyle \underset{v𝔐}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{|P(w_{v,x})|_v^{s/2}}{|P(x)|_v^{s/2}}}\mathrm{\Xi }_{x,v}(\mathrm{\Phi }_v,s).`$
Observe that since $`P(x)k^\times `$, $`_{v𝔐}|P(x)|_v=|P(x)|_𝔸=1`$. Also since $`P(w_v)`$ is the local discriminant of $`k_v(x)`$ over $`k_v`$, $`_{v𝔐}|P(w_{v,x})|_v=𝒩(𝔇_{k(x)})^1`$. Hence, we obtain the following:

(6.1)
$$Z(\mathrm{\Phi },s)=q^{1𝔤}_k^3\underset{xH_k\backslash V_k^{\prime \prime }}{}\frac{_{k(x)}}{𝒩(𝔇_{k(x)})^{s/2}}\mathrm{\Xi }_x(\mathrm{\Phi },s).$$

Let $`T`$ be a finite set of places of $`k`$, and we denote by $`\mathrm{SR}_T`$ the Cartesian product $`_{vT}\mathrm{SR}_v`$. We consider $`T`$-tuples $`w_T=(w_v)_{vT}`$ of an element of $`\mathrm{SR}_T`$. We say that $`xV_k^{\prime \prime }`$ is equivalent to $`w_T`$ if $`x`$ lies in the $`H_{k_v}`$-orbit of $`w_v`$ for each $`vT`$ and denoted by $`xw_T`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Phi }|_T=_{vT}\mathrm{\Phi }_v`$, and

(6.2)
$$Z_{w_T,T}(\mathrm{\Phi }|_T,s)=\underset{vT}{}Z_{w_v,v}(\mathrm{\Phi }_v,s).$$

Then,

(6.3)
$$Z(\mathrm{\Phi },s)=q^{1𝔤}_k^3\underset{w_T\mathrm{SR}_T}{}Z_{w_T,T}(\mathrm{\Phi }|_T,s)\left(\underset{xw_T}{}\frac{_{k(x)}}{𝒩(𝔇_{k(x)})^{s/2}}\underset{vT}{}\mathrm{\Xi }_{x,v}(\mathrm{\Phi }_v,s)\right).$$

For $`vT`$, we take $`\mathrm{\Phi }_v`$ as the characteristic function $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{v,0}`$ of $`V_{𝒪_v}`$. Then, for $`vT`$, $`\mathrm{\Xi }_{x,v}(\mathrm{\Phi }_{v,0},s)`$ is given in Proposition 5.6 and hence we have

(6.4)
$$\underset{vT}{}\mathrm{\Xi }_{x,v}(\mathrm{\Phi }_{v,0},s)=\frac{\zeta _{k,T}(s1)\zeta _{k,T}^2(s)}{\zeta _{k(x),T}(s)},$$

where $`\zeta _{k,T}(s)`$ and $`\zeta _{k(x),T}(s)`$ are the truncated Dedekind zeta function

$$\zeta _{k,T}(s)=\underset{vT}{}(1q_v^s)^1,\zeta _{k(x),T}(s)=\underset{\begin{array}{c}\mu 𝔐_{k(x)}\\ \mu |v,vT\end{array}}{}(1q_\mu ^s)^1.$$

We will denote the function (6.4) by $`\eta _{k(x),T}(s)`$. Note that $`\eta _{k(x),T}(s)`$ is a Dirichlet series. Set the Dirichlet series $`\xi _{w_T}(s)`$ by

(6.5)
$$\xi _{w_T}(s)=\underset{\begin{array}{c}[k(x):k]=2\\ xw_T\end{array}}{}\frac{_{k(x)}}{𝒩(𝔇_{k(x)})^{s/2}}\eta _{k(x),T}(s).$$

Then (6.3) becomes

(6.6)
$$Z(\mathrm{\Phi },s)=q^{1𝔤}_k^3\underset{w_T\mathrm{SR}_T}{}Z_{w_T}(\mathrm{\Phi }|_T,s)\xi _{w_T}(s).$$

In order to determine the analytic properties of $`\xi _{w_T}(s)`$, we require the following lemma. This is quite similar to  Lemma 6.17, and we omit the proof.

###### Lemma 6.1.

Let $`v𝔐,xV_{k_v}^{}`$ and $`s_0`$. Then there exists $`\mathrm{\Phi }_v𝒮(V_{k_v})`$ such that the support of $`\mathrm{\Phi }_v`$ is contained in $`H_{k_v}x`$, $`Z_{x,v}(\mathrm{\Phi }_v,s)`$ is a polynomial in $`q_v^s,q_v^s`$ and $`Z_{x,v}(\mathrm{\Phi }_v,s_0)0`$.

Let

$$_2=\frac{2\zeta _k(2)_k^2}{\mathrm{log}q}.$$

Also for $`w_v\mathrm{SR}_v`$ and $`w_T=(w_v)_{vT}\mathrm{SR}_T`$, we define

$$\epsilon _v(w_v)=\frac{|P(w_v)|_v^{3/2}}{b_{w_v}},\epsilon _T(w_T)=\underset{vT}{}\epsilon _v(w_v).$$

Now we can prove the following theorem.

###### Theorem 6.2.

For $`w_T=(w_v)_{vT}`$, the series $`\xi _{w_T}(s)`$ is a rational function of $`q^s`$, and is holomorphic in the region $`\mathrm{Re}(s)>3`$. Also $`(1q^{3s})\xi _{w_T}(s)`$ is holomorphic in the region $`\mathrm{Re}(s)>2`$. Moreover,

$$\underset{s=3}{Res}\xi _{w_T}(s)=_2\epsilon _T(w_T)$$

###### Proof.

For each $`vT`$, we choose $`\mathrm{\Phi }_v𝒮(V_{k_v})`$ such that $`supp(\mathrm{\Phi }_v)H_{k_v}w_v`$. Then, $`Z_{w_v,v}(\mathrm{\Phi }_v,s)=0`$ unless $`xw_v`$. Hence (6.6) becomes

(6.7)
$$Z(\mathrm{\Phi },s)=q^{1𝔤}_k^3Z_{w_T}(\mathrm{\Phi }|_T,s)\xi _{w_T}(s).$$

Then the first two statements follows from Corollary 4.21 and Lemma 6.1. We will compute $`Res_{s=3}\xi _{w_T}(s)`$. By Corollary 4.21, $`Res_{s=3}Z(\mathrm{\Phi },s)=_1\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(0)`$. We consider

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(0)=_{V_𝔸}\mathrm{\Phi }(x)𝑑x=q^{33𝔤}\underset{v𝔐}{}_{V_{k_v}}\mathrm{\Phi }_v(x_v)𝑑x_v.$$

For $`vT`$, $`_{V_{k_v}}\mathrm{\Phi }_v(x_v)𝑑x_v=1`$ since $`\mathrm{\Phi }_v=\mathrm{\Phi }_{v,0}`$ is the characteristic function of $`V_{𝒪_v}`$. For $`vT`$,

$$_{V_{k_v}}\mathrm{\Phi }_v(x_v)𝑑x_v=_{H_{k_v}w_v}\mathrm{\Phi }_v(x_v)𝑑x_v=\mathrm{\Omega }_{w_v,v}(\mathrm{\Phi }_v,3)=\frac{|P(w_v)|_v^{3/2}}{b_{w_v}}Z_{w_v,v}(\mathrm{\Phi }_v,3).$$

Hence we have

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(0)=q^{33𝔤}Z_{w_T}(\mathrm{\Phi }|_T,3)\epsilon _T(w_T).$$

Together with (6.6), this yields the residue of $`\xi _{w_T}(s)`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

### 6.2. The filtering process

We fix a finite set $`T_0`$ of places of $`k`$ and $`w_{T_0}=(w_v)_{vT_0}`$.

###### Definition 6.3.

For each finite subset $`TT_0`$ of $`𝔐`$, we define

$$\xi _{w_{T_0},T}(s)=\underset{xw_{T_0}}{}\frac{_{k(x)}}{𝒩(𝔇_{k(x)})^{s/2}}\eta _{k(x),T}(s).$$

For $`v𝔐`$, let

$$E_v=\underset{w_v\mathrm{SR}_v}{}\epsilon _v(w_v)=1q_v^2q_v^3+q_v^4,$$

and also for any subset $`T^{}`$ of $`𝔐`$, define

$$E_T^{}=\underset{vT^{}}{}E_v.$$

Note that this product always converges to a positive number.

###### Proposition 6.4.

The Dirichlet series $`\xi _{w_{T_0},T}(s)`$ becomes a rational function of $`q^s`$ and holomorphic in the region $`\mathrm{Re}(s)>3`$. Also $`(1q^{3s})\xi _{w_{T_0},T}(s)`$ is holomorphic in the region $`\mathrm{Re}(s)>2`$. The residue of $`\xi _{w_{T_0},T}(s)`$ at $`s=3`$ is given by

$$_2\epsilon _{T_0}(w_{T_0})E_{T\backslash T_0}.$$

###### Proof.

For $`y_T=(y_v)_{vT}\mathrm{SR}_T`$, we denote $`y_T|_{T_0}=(y_v)_{vT_0}\mathrm{SR}_{T_0}`$. Then

$$\xi _{w_{T_0},T}(s)=\underset{y_T|_{T_0}=w_{T_0}}{}\xi _{y_T}(s).$$

Now the proposition immediately follows from Theorem 6.2. ∎

To deduce our mean value theorem, we have to show some properties of $`\eta _{k(x),T}(s)`$. For two Dirichlet series $`\vartheta _i(s)=_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}r_{i,n}/q^{ns},i=1,2`$, we will indicate $`\vartheta _1(s)\vartheta _2(s)`$ or $`\vartheta _2(s)\vartheta _1(s)`$ if $`r_{1,n}r_{2,n}`$ for all $`n`$. Especially, write $`\vartheta (s)=_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}r_n/q^{ns}0`$ if $`r_n0`$ for all $`n`$. The following proposition is easy to prove.

###### Proposition 6.5.

The Dirichlet series $`\eta _{k(x),T}(s)`$ satisfies $`\eta _{k(x),T}(s)0`$, and its first coefficient is $`1`$. Also, for all $`k(x)`$,

$$\eta _{k(x),T}(s)\eta _T(s)=\frac{\zeta _{k,T}(s1)\zeta _{k,T}^2(s)}{\zeta _{k,T}(2s)}.$$

Moreover, $`\eta _T(s)`$ converges in the region $`\mathrm{Re}(s)>2`$ and

$$\underset{T𝔐}{lim}(\eta _T(1)1)=0.$$

Let us define $`a_n0`$ by

$$\underset{n0}{}\frac{a_n}{q^{ns}}=\underset{xw_{T_0}}{}\frac{_k(x)}{𝒩(𝔇_{k(x)})^{s/2}}.$$

Now, we are ready to prove the following theorem.

###### Theorem 6.6.

$$\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{a_n}{q^{3n}}=\mathrm{log}q_2\epsilon _{T_0}(w_{T_0})E_{𝔐T_0}.$$

###### Proof.

Since $`\eta _{k(x),T}(s)0`$, we have

$$\xi _{w_{T_0},T}(s)\underset{xw_{T_0}}{}\frac{_k(x)}{𝒩(𝔇_{k(x)})^{s/2}}=\underset{n0}{}\frac{a_n}{q^{ns}}.$$

Hence, if one write $`\xi _{w_{T_0},T}(s)=r_{T,n}/q^{ns}`$, then $`r_{T,n}a_n`$. By the theory of partial fraction, $`lim_n\mathrm{}r_{T,n}/q^{3n}=\mathrm{log}q_2\epsilon _{T_0}(w_{T_0})E_{TT_0}`$. Hence,

$$\overline{\mathrm{lim}}_n\mathrm{}\frac{a_n}{q^{3n}}\mathrm{log}q_2\epsilon _{T_0}(w_{T_0})E_{TT_0}.$$

By letting $`T`$ approach to $`𝔐`$, we obtain

$$\overline{\mathrm{lim}}_n\mathrm{}\frac{a_n}{q^{3n}}\mathrm{log}q_2\epsilon _{T_0}(w_{T_0})E_{𝔐T_0}.$$

This allows us to take $`R^{}>0`$ such that $`a_nq^{3n}R^{}`$ for all $`n`$. Let $`\eta _T(s)=_{n0}l_{T,n}/q^{ns}`$. Then $`l_{T,0}=1`$ and

$$\xi _{w_{T_0},T}(s)\underset{n0}{}\frac{a_n}{q^{ns}}\eta _{T_0}(s)=\underset{n0}{}\frac{_{n_1+n_2=n}a_{n_1}l_{T,n_2}}{q^{ns}}.$$

Since

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n_1+n_2=n}{}}a_{n_1}l_{T,n_2}`$ $`=a_n+{\displaystyle \underset{n_2=1}{\overset{n}{}}}l_{T,n_2}a_{nn_2}`$
$`a_n+q^{3n}R^{}{\displaystyle \underset{n_2=1}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{l_{T,n_2}}{q^{3n_2}}}a_n+q^{3n}R^{}(\eta _T(1)1),`$
we have

$$\underset{¯}{\mathrm{lim}}_n\mathrm{}\frac{a_n}{q^{3n}}\mathrm{log}q_2\epsilon _{T_0}(w_{T_0})E_{TT_0}R^{}(\eta _T(1)1).$$

Again by letting $`T`$ approach to $`𝔐`$, we obtain

$$\underset{¯}{\mathrm{lim}}_n\mathrm{}\frac{a_n}{q^{3n}}\mathrm{log}q_2\epsilon _{T_0}(w_{T_0})E_{𝔐T_0}.$$

Together with the estimate for the superior limit, we obtain the result. $`\mathrm{}`$

### 6.3. Main results

Let us rewrite Theorem 6.6 to a mean value theorem for the degree zero divisor class groups of quadratic extensions. Let $`_v`$ be the index set of extensions of $`k_v`$ of degree not greater than two. By assumption that $`\mathrm{char}(k)2`$, the cardinality of this set is four for all $`v`$. We denote by $`k_{v,\beta _v}`$ an extension corresponding to $`\beta _v_v`$. From now on, the letter $`L`$ always denotes a quadratic extension of $`k`$. For $`\beta _v_v`$, we write $`L\beta _v`$ when the extension of $`L/k`$ at $`v`$ is $`k_{v,\beta _v}/k_v`$. We fix a finite set $`T`$ of places of $`k`$ and $`\beta _T=(\beta _v)_{vT}_{vT}_v`$. If $`L\beta _v`$ for all $`vT`$ then we write $`L\beta _T`$.

Define $`b_{\beta _v}`$ and $`b_{\beta _T}`$ as follows.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& b_{\beta _v}=\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{2}(1q_v^2)\hfill & k_{v,\beta _v}=k_v,\hfill \\ \frac{1}{2}(1q_v^1)^2\hfill & k_{v,\beta _v}\text{ is quadratic unramified over }k_v,\hfill \\ \frac{1}{2}q_v^1(1q_v^1)(1q_v^2)\hfill & k_{v,\beta _v}\text{ is quadratic ramified over }k_v,\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ & b_{\beta _T}=\underset{vT}{}b_{\beta _v}.\hfill \end{array}$$

For all quadratic extensions $`L`$ except $`k_{𝔽_q}𝔽_{q^2}`$, $`q_L=q`$. Then, we can rewrite Theorem 6.6 as follows.

###### Theorem 6.7.

$$\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{1}{q^{3n}}\underset{\begin{array}{c}L\beta _S\\ 𝒩(𝔇_L)=q^{2n}\end{array}}{}h_L=2_kh_k\zeta _k(2)b_{\beta _S}\underset{vS}{}(1q_v^2q_v^3+q_v^4).$$

If we take $`S=\mathrm{}`$, we will obtain Theorem 0.1 in the introduction.

We conclude this paper with some modification of this formula. The next proposition about the density of quadratic extensions is well known. We can evaluate this formula by means of class field theory or an analysis of a slight variation of Tate’s zeta function. We simply state the result here.

###### Proposition 6.8.

Set

$$c_{\beta _S}=\underset{vS}{}c_{\beta _v},c_{\beta _v}=\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{2}(1q_v^1)\hfill & k_{v,\beta _v}\text{ is unramified over }k_v,\hfill \\ \frac{1}{2}q_v^1(1q_v^1)\hfill & k_{v,\beta _v}\text{ is quadratic ramified over }k_v.\hfill \end{array}$$

Then

$$\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{1}{q^{2n}}\underset{\begin{array}{c}L\beta _S\\ 𝒩(𝔇_L)=q^{2n}\end{array}}{}1=2q^{1𝔤}_kc_{\beta _S}\underset{vS}{}(1q_v^2).$$

Therefore, together with Theorem 6.7, we can obtain the following formula:

###### Corollary 6.9.

$$\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{1}{q^n}\frac{_{L\beta _S,𝒩(𝔇_L)=q^{2n}}h_L}{_{L\beta _S,𝒩(𝔇_L)=q^{2n}}1}=q^{𝔤1}h_k\zeta _k(2)d_{\beta _S}\underset{vS}{}\frac{1+q_v^1q_v^3}{1+q_v^1},$$

where, $`d_{\beta _S}`$ is given by

$$d_{\beta _S}=\underset{vS}{}d_{\beta _v},d_{\beta _v}=\{\begin{array}{cc}1+q_v^1\hfill & k_{v,\beta _v}=k_v,\hfill \\ 1q_v^1\hfill & k_{v,\beta _v}\text{ is quadratic unramified over }k_v,\hfill \\ 1q_v^2\hfill & k_{v,\beta _v}\text{ is quadratic ramified over }k_v.\hfill \end{array}$$

Let $`𝔤_L`$ be the genus of $`L`$. To avoid the notational confusion, here we denote the genus of $`k`$ by $`𝔤_k`$. If $`𝒩(𝔇_L)=q^{2n}`$, $`𝔤_L1=2𝔤_k2+n`$. Hence the preceding formula can also be expressed as follows:

###### Corollary 6.10.

$$\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{1}{q^n}\frac{_{L\beta _S,𝔤_L=n}h_L}{_{L\beta _S,𝔤_L=n}1}=\frac{h_k\zeta _k(2)}{q^{𝔤_k}}d_{\beta _S}\underset{vS}{}\frac{1+q_v^1q_v^3}{1+q_v^1}.$$


text:
# References

Fractional Dynamical Behavior in Quantum Brownian Motion

Kyungsik Kima,∗, Y. S. Kongb, M. K. Yumc and J. T. Kimd

a$`Department`$ $`of`$ $`Physics`$, $`Pukyong`$ $`National`$ $`University`$,
$`Pusan`$ $`608`$-$`737`$, $`Korea`$
b$`School`$ $`of`$ $`Ocean`$ $`Engineering`$, $`Pukyong`$ $`National`$ $`University`$,
$`Pusan`$ $`608`$-$`737`$, $`Korea`$
c$`Department`$ $`of`$ $`Pediatric`$ $`Cardiology`$, $`Hanyang`$ $`University`$,

$`Kuri`$ $`471701`$, $`Korea`$

d$`Department`$ $`of`$ $`Photonic`$ $`Engineering`$, $`Chosun`$ $`University`$,

$`Gwangju`$ $`501759`$, $`Korea`$

Abstract

The dynamical behavior for a quantum Brownian particle is investigated under a random potential of the fractional iterative map on a one-dimensional lattice. For our case, the quantum expectation values can be obtained numerically from the wave function of the fractional Schr$`\ddot{o}`$dinger equation. Particularly, the square of mean displacement which is ensemble-averaged over our configuration is found to be proportional approximately to $`t^\delta `$ in the long time limit, where $`\delta `$ $`=`$ $`0.96\pm 0.02`$. The power-law behavior with scaling exponents $`ϵ`$ $`=`$ $`0.98\pm 0.02`$ and $`\theta `$ $`=`$ $`0.51\pm 0.01`$ is estimated for $`\overline{p(t)^2}`$ and $`\overline{f(t)^2}`$, and the result presented is compared with other numerical calculations.

$`PACS`$: 0530, 0540
$`Keywords`$: Quantum Brownian motion; Fractional iterative map; Quantum expectation value; Scaling exponent

Corresponding author. Tel.: +82-51-620-6354; fax: +82-51-611-6357.
$`Email`$ $`address`$: kskim@pknu.ac.kr (Kyungsik Kim ).

Until now, The Langevin equation has been played a important role in stochastic process, classically and quantum-mechanically. The classical Brownian motion has mainly been represented from the Langevin equation among the stochastic process problems $`[1]`$. The solution of this motion has analytically been obtained under the influence of a time-dependent fluctuation and known to be different from that of other motions which the stable probability distribution has usually the well-known Gaussian form. Furthermore, the natural generalization of the Brownian motion and the Wiener stochastic process $`[2]`$ has been founded on the theory of stable probability distributions developed by L$`\stackrel{´}{e}`$vy.

On the other hand, the random motion of the Brownian particle has generally been described as the fluctuation-dissipation theorem $`[3]`$. In particular, the generalized Brownian motion $`[4,5]`$ has been showed to be equal to the Lioville equation that is presented from the dynamical variables in the phase space. The generalized Brownian motion has essentially been a determined equation which has more informations for the time-dependence of many-body system. As a counterpart, the quantum Brownian motion $`[6,7]`$ has been defined as the dynamics of a quantum particle under the the time-dependent potential and treated extensively with the transport of quantum excitation, the directed polymer problem, and quantum tunneling phenomena $`[810]`$.

Recently, there have been investigated many diffusion processes deterministically by periodic iterated maps on the basis of the theory of dynamical systems. The nature of these diffusion motions is charaterized by the temporal scaling of the mean-square displacement $`\sigma ^2(t)t^\nu `$. For the normal diffusion $`\nu =1`$, whereas in the subdiffusion $`\nu <1`$, and in the superdiffusion $`\nu >1`$. The subdiffusion has been arised typically in amorphous semiconductor $`[11]`$ and polymer networks $`[12]`$ and in porous media and fractal lattices $`[13]`$. The superdiffusion has been observed in rotating laminar fluid flows $`[14]`$ and in enhanced transport of particles $`[15]`$. In particular, for the Kim-Kong map, the mean-square displacement for the resultant diffusive motion is found to scale approximately linearly with time for typical two control parameters $`[16]`$.

In reality, the dynamical behavior of a quantum particle for the quantum Brownian motion has analytically and numerically been discussed from the square of the mean displacement $`[9,10,17]`$ that is followed the scaling behavior of the width of the wave function, due to the unitary condition of the Schr$`\ddot{o}`$dinger equation. To our knowledge, it is of special interest to be dealt with the random potential described by the form of fractional iterative map for the dynamical behavior of the quantum particle. Our extended random potential studied in this paper have not been fully explored up to now. Our purpose in this study is to present the dynamical behavior of a quantum particle through the fractional Schr$`\ddot{o}`$dinger equation, where our potential is a time-dependent potential with the form of the fractional iterative map.

First of all the fractional Schr$`\ddot{o}`$dinger equation is represented in terms of

$$i\frac{^\tau }{t^\tau }\mathrm{\Phi }(x,t)=^{2\alpha }\mathrm{\Phi }(x,t)+W\rho (x,t)\mathrm{\Phi }(x,t)$$
(1)
where $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x,t)`$ is the wave function at displacment $`x=x`$ at time $`t=t`$. Eq. $`(1)`$ is the fractional Schr$`\ddot{o}`$dinger equation reduced by dimensionless quantities such that $`m=\frac{1}{2}`$ and $`\frac{\mathrm{}}{2m}=1`$. The space scaling value $`\tau `$ and the time scaling value $`\alpha `$ are, repectively, the fractional values in the range $`0<\tau 1`$ and $`\frac{1}{2}<\alpha 1`$, $`W`$ is the magnitute of a random potential, and $`\rho (x,t)`$ is a random function. Let’s introduce that a random function given by the form of the fractional iterative map $`[18]`$ at each displacement is represented as follows:

$`\rho (t)=\{\begin{array}{cc}\gamma \mathrm{exp}[\beta (\mathrm{log}\rho (t1))^\eta ][1\mathrm{exp}[\beta (\mathrm{log}\rho (t1))^\eta ]]& \text{for}0<\rho (t)1\\ \gamma \mathrm{exp}[\beta (\mathrm{log}\rho (t1))^\eta ][1\mathrm{exp}[\beta (\mathrm{log}\rho (t1))^\eta ]]& \text{ for }1\rho (t)0,\end{array}`$ (4)
where $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ are control parameters of the fractional iterative map, and the ensemble-averaged values of a random function are

$$\overline{\rho (x,t)}=0$$
(5)
and

$$\overline{\rho (x,t)\rho (x^{},t^{})}=\rho ^2(t)\delta _{xx^{^{}}}\delta (tt^{^{}}).$$
(6)
We assume the initial condition that the quantum particle is distributed by a Gaussian packet centered at displacment $`x=0`$ at time $`t=0`$ with a width $`\sigma `$ $`=`$ $`10`$:

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(x,t)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi \sigma ^2}}e^{x^2/2\sigma ^2}.$$
(7)
Since the derivative of order $`2\alpha `$ for the wave function $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x,t)`$ calculated by Crank-Nicolson method $`[19]`$ can be written in terms of

$$^{2\alpha }\mathrm{\Phi }(x,t)=\frac{\mathrm{\Phi }(x+1,t)2\mathrm{\Phi }(x,t)+\mathrm{\Phi }(x1,t)}{\mathrm{\Delta }x^{2\alpha }},$$
(8)
Eq.$`(1)`$ can be derived as

$`\mathrm{\Phi }(x,t+1)\mathrm{\Phi }(x,t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i\mathrm{\Delta }t^\tau }{2}}\{[^{2\alpha }\mathrm{\Phi }(x,t+1)`$ (9)
$`+^{2\alpha }\mathrm{\Phi }(x,t)]{\displaystyle \frac{W}{2}}[\rho (x,t+1)`$
$`+\rho (x,t)][\mathrm{\Phi }(x,t+1)+\mathrm{\Phi }(x,t)]\}.`$
Hence the quantum expectation values $`[20]`$ are defined by

$$x(t)=\mathrm{\Phi }(x,t)|x|\mathrm{\Phi }(x,t),$$
(10)
$$p(t)=\frac{i}{2}\mathrm{\Phi }(x,t)|[x,H]|\mathrm{\Phi }(x,t),$$
(11)
and

$$f(t)=\frac{W}{2}\mathrm{\Phi }(x,t)|\rho (x+1,t)\rho (x1,t)|\mathrm{\Phi }(x,t).$$
(12)
Here $`[x,H]`$ denotes the commutator of position operator $`x`$ and Hamiltonian operator $`H`$. In our scheme, we will calculate numerically three quantum expectation values $`\overline{x(t)^2}`$, $`\overline{p(t)^2}`$, and $`\overline{f(t)^2}`$ from Eq.$`(8)(10)`$, and our numerical result that we have obtained will be also compared with that of other random potential.

For the sake of simplicity, we conveniently restrict ourselves to the random function, i.e. the form of fractional iterative map, for three cases with $`\eta `$ $`=`$ $`1.6`$, $`1.8`$, and $`2.0`$. In Eq. $`(2)`$, we focus on a random function of the fractional iterative map with control parameters $`\beta =0.2`$ and $`\gamma =3.78`$. After finding the wave function $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x,t)`$ in the special case of $`\tau =1`$ and $`\alpha =1`$, we discuss numerically the diffusive dynamical behavior of the quantum particle from quantum expectation values. The quantum expectation values $`\overline{x(t)^2}`$, $`\overline{p(t)^2}`$, and $`\overline{f(t)^2}`$ ensemble-averaged over $`2\times 10^3`$ configurations are exactly found for fixed fractional value $`\eta `$ and the magnitude of a random potential $`W`$ $`=`$ $`2,5,10`$, and $`15`$, and the result of these calculations is summarized in Table $`1`$. Furthermore, Fig. $`1`$ depicts $`\overline{x(t)^2}`$ as a function of time $`t`$, while the plots of $`\overline{p(t)^2}`$ and $`\overline{f(t)^2}`$ are shown in Figs. $`2`$ and $`3`$, respectively. In the long time limit, it is obtained from Table $`1`$ that $`\overline{x(t)^2}`$ $``$ $`t^\delta `$ with $`\delta `$ $`=`$ $`0.96\pm 0.02`$, and that $`\overline{p(t)^2}`$ $``$ $`t^ϵ`$ and $`\overline{f(t)^2}`$ $``$ $`t^\theta `$, where $`ϵ`$ $`=`$ $`0.98\pm 0.02`$ and $`\theta `$ $`=`$ $`0.51\pm 0.01`$.

In conclusion, we have investigated the dynamical behavior for a fractional quantum Brownian particle under a random potential of the fractional iterative map on a one-dimensional lattice, and the scaling exponents for the quantum expectation value obtained have also discussed at three fractional values $`\eta `$. It has until now been well-known that $`\overline{x(t)^2}`$ $``$ $`t`$ $`[10]`$, if both the momentum and the random potential are given by the white noise. Moreover, since the expectation value $`\overline{x(t)^2}`$ is proportional to $`t^3`$ for both the force and the random potential described by the white noise, this case has been known to be similar to that of a classical random walker with no dissipation $`[21]`$. In the large time limit, it has been reported $`[6]`$ that the scaling exponents are $`\delta `$ $`=`$ $`0.50.6`$ and $`ϵ`$ $`=`$ $`\theta `$ $`=`$ $`0.5`$ if a random potential has the pattern of the white noise. We obtain that our scaling exponents $`\delta `$ and $`ϵ`$ take larger value than those of other result for a quantum particle characterized by the subdiffusive motion $`[9,17]`$. Our case would be considered to be consistent with the normal diffusion because of the feature of chaotic orbital density of the fractional iterative map. It is also important to notice that our result for $`\overline{f(t)^2}`$ is in agreement with previous estimates $`[6]`$. However, both cases can be recongnized as resulting from the continuous spread of the quantum wave packet. In future, we will be treated extensively with the dynamical behavior for a fractional quantum Brownian particle under a random potential of the fractional iterative map, from the fractional Schr$`\ddot{o}`$dinger equation at arbitrary fractional values $`\tau `$ and $`\alpha `$. It is hoped that further detailed investigation for the fractional quantum Brownian motion will present analytically and numerically elsewhere.

FIGURE CAPTIONS

Figure $`1`$. Plot of the quantum expectation value $`\overline{x(t)^2}`$ as a function of the time $`t`$ for a random function with $`\eta =1.6`$ for $`W`$ $`=`$ $`2`$, $`5`$, $`10`$, and $`15`$, where $`\delta =0.940.98`$.

Figure $`2`$. Plot of the quantum expectation value $`\overline{p(t)^2}`$ as a function of the time $`t`$ for a random function with $`\eta =1.8`$ for $`W`$ $`=`$ $`2`$, $`5`$, $`10`$, and $`15`$. The four lines have a near unity slope of $`ϵ=0.961.00`$ which is consistent with the normal diffusion.

Figure $`3`$. Plot of the quantum expectation value $`\overline{f(t)^2}`$ as a function of the time $`t`$ for a random function with $`\eta =2.0`$ for $`W`$ $`=`$ $`2`$, $`5`$, $`10`$, and $`15`$, where $`\theta =0.490.54`$.

TABLE CAPTIONS

Table $`1`$. Summary of values of the scaling exponents $`\delta `$, $`ϵ`$, and $`\theta `$ in the case of three fractional values $`\eta `$.

|  | $`W=2`$ | $`W=5`$ | $`W=10`$ | $`W=15`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $`\delta `$ $`(\eta =1.6)`$ | $`0.96`$ | $`0.98`$ | $`0.94`$ | $`0.94`$ |
| $`ϵ`$ $`(\eta =1.6)`$ | $`1.00`$ | $`1.00`$ | $`0.94`$ | $`0.97`$ |
| $`\theta `$ $`(\eta =1.6)`$ | $`0.50`$ | $`0.52`$ | $`0.51`$ | $`0.52`$ |
| $`\delta `$ $`(\eta =1.8)`$ | $`0.97`$ | $`1.01`$ | $`0.95`$ | $`0.91`$ |
| $`ϵ`$ $`(\eta =1.8)`$ | $`1.00`$ | $`0.96`$ | $`0.96`$ | $`0.96`$ |
| $`\theta `$ $`(\eta =1.8)`$ | $`0.50`$ | $`0.51`$ | $`0.51`$ | $`0.50`$ |
| $`\delta `$ $`(\eta =2.0)`$ | $`0.95`$ | $`0.97`$ | $`1.00`$ | $`1.00`$ |
| $`ϵ`$ $`(\eta =2.0)`$ | $`1.00`$ | $`0.98`$ | $`0.96`$ | $`1.00`$ |
| $`\theta `$ $`(\eta =2.0)`$ | $`0.49`$ | $`0.51`$ | $`0.53`$ | $`0.54`$ |