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# 𝑁-commutators of vector fields

## 1. Introduction

Let $`M=M^n`$ be a $`n`$-dimensional smooth flat manifold, $`U`$ the algebra of smooth functions on $`M`$ and $`Diff(n)`$ an algebra of $`n`$-dimensional differential operators $`_{\alpha 𝐙^n}\lambda _\alpha u_\alpha ^\alpha `$ where $`^\alpha =_{i=1}^n_i^{\alpha _i},`$ $`_i=/x_i,`$ $`\alpha =(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _n),`$ $`\alpha _i𝐙,`$ and $`u_\alpha U.`$ The subspace of differential operators of first order $`Vect(n)=\{_{i=1}^nu_i_i\}`$ can be interpreted as a space of vector fields on $`M`$.

The algebra $`Diff(n)`$ is associative but its subspace $`Vect(n)`$ is not closed under composition. If $`X=u_i_i,Y=v_j_j,`$ then

$$XY=u_i_i(v_j)_j+u_iv_j_i_j,$$

has a quadratic differential part $`u_iv_j_i_j.`$ But $`Vect(n)`$ is closed under commutator. We see that

$$YX=v_j_j(u_i)_i+v_ju_i_j_i,$$

has also a quadratic differential part that is cancelled by the quadratic differential part of $`XY.`$ Since $`M`$ is flat, $`_i_j=_j_i`$ and

$$[X,Y]=XYYX=u_i_i(v_j)_jv_j_i(u_i)_iVect(n).$$

This is a well known fact, that in terms of skew-symmetric polynomials means the following. Let $`Sym_k`$ be a permutation group, $`sign\sigma `$ the sign of a permutation $`\sigma Sym_k`$ and

$$s_k(t_1,\mathrm{},t_k)=\underset{\sigma Sym_k}{}sign\sigma t_{\sigma (1)}\mathrm{}t_{\sigma (k)}$$

standard skew-symmetric associative polynomial. Then we can substitute instead of $`t_i`$ any differential operator from $`Diff(n).`$ Closedness of $`Vect(M)`$ means that $`s_2`$ is a well defined operator, i.e.,

$$s_2(X,Y)Vect(M),$$

for any $`X,YVect(M).`$

Now we consider the question: does there exist $`k>2,`$ such that $`s_k`$ is also a well defined operation on $`Vect(n)`$? In other words, does there exist some $`k>2,`$ such that

$$s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)Vect(n),$$

for any $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_kVect(n)`$? Since $`X_i=_{j=1}^nu_{ij}_j,i=1,2,\mathrm{},k,`$ are differential operators of first order, $`X_{\sigma (1)}\mathrm{}X_{\sigma (k)}`$ are in general differential operators of order $`k`$ and $`s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)`$ is a differential operator of order $`k.`$

Surprisingly, for some special $`k=k(n)`$ it might happen that all higher degree differential parts of $`s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k),`$ like quadratic differential part of $`s_2,`$ can be cancelled for any $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_kVect(n),`$ but the first order part not.

Let us demonstrate this observation on the space of vector fields on 2-dimensional manifolds. We prove that for $`n=2`$ $`s_6`$ is a well defined non-trivial $`6`$-linear map on $`Vect(2):`$

$$X_1,\mathrm{},X_6Vect(2)s_6(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6)Vect(2),$$

and

$$s_6(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6)0,\text{for some}X_1,\mathrm{},X_6Vect(2).$$

The number $`6`$ here can not be improved:

$$k>6s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)=0,X_1,\mathrm{},X_kVect(2),$$

and $`s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k),2<k<6,`$ has a non-trivial quadratic differential part for some $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_kVect(2).`$

We also prove that, for the subspace of divergenceless vector fields $`Vect_0(2),`$ the number $`6`$ can be improved. It has a non-trivial $`5`$-commutator:

$$X_1,\mathrm{},X_5Vect_0(2)s_5(X_1,\mathrm{},X_5)Vect_0(2),$$

and

$$s_5(X_1,\mathrm{},X_5)0,\text{for some}X_1,\mathrm{},X_5Vect_0(2).$$

Moreover, the number $`5`$ here can not be changed:

$$k>5s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)=0,X_1,\mathrm{},X_kVect_0(2).$$

If $`2<k<5,`$ then $`s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)`$ has a non-trivial quadratic differential part for some $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_kVect_0(2).`$

So, the vector space $`Vect(2)`$ can be endowed with a structure of algebra under 2-commutator $`s_2,`$ usually denoted by $`[,],`$ and $`6`$-commutator $`s_6.`$ Similarly, $`Vect_0(2)`$ can be endowed by a structure of Lie algebra under $`2`$-commutator $`s_2`$ and $`5`$-commutator $`s_5.`$ These commutators have some nice properties.

Let $`A=Vect(2)`$ or $`Vect_0(2)`$ and $`X,Y,X_1,X_2,\mathrm{}A.`$ It is well known that an adjoint derivation $`adX,`$ defined by $`(Y)adX=[Y,X],`$ is a derivation of $`A.`$ It is also well known that vector fields can be interpreted as differential operators of first order and in this sense $`Vect(n)`$ is a subspace of a space of all differential operators $`Diff(n).`$ The space of differential operators have a composition operation, denoted by $``$, and under this operation $`(Diff(n),)`$ is an associative algebra. The $`2`$-commutator $`[X,Y]=XYYX`$ as we mentioned can be represented in terms of right-symmetric multiplication $`XYYX=XYYX.`$ As it turns out, these facts have analogues for $`5`$\- and $`6`$-commutators.

The following Leibniz rule holds:

$$[X,s_5(X_1,\mathrm{},X_5)]=\underset{i=1}{\overset{5}{}}s_5(X_1,\mathrm{},X_{i1},[X,X_i],X_{i+1},\mathrm{},X_5),$$

for any $`X,X_1,\mathrm{},X_5Vect_0(2).`$ To calculate the $`5`$-commutator of $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_5,`$ one can use right-symmetric multiplication:

$$\underset{\sigma Sym_5}{}sign\sigma X_{\sigma (1)}X_{\sigma (2)}X_{\sigma (3)}X_{\sigma (4)}X_{\sigma (5)}=$$

$$\underset{\sigma Sym_5}{}sign\sigma (((X_{\sigma (1)}X_{\sigma (2)})X_{\sigma (3)})X_{\sigma (4)})X_{\sigma (5)}.$$

In other words,

$$s_5(X_1,\mathrm{},X_5)=s_5^{rsym.r}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_5),X_1,\mathrm{},X_5Vect_0(2).$$

Using right-symmetric multiplication makes the calculation of $`5`$-commutators easier than the calculation of a composition of $`5`$ differential operators. The $`5`$-commutator satisfies the following condition

$$\underset{\sigma Sym_5}{}sign\sigma s_5(X_{\sigma (1)},X_{\sigma (2)},X_{\sigma (3)},X_{\sigma (4)},s_5(X_{\sigma (6)},X_{\sigma (7)},X_{\sigma (8)},X_{\sigma (9)},X_0))=0,$$

for any $`X_0,X_1,\mathrm{},X_9Vect_0(2).`$ We call this identity the $`4`$-left commutativity identity. The algebra $`Vect_0(2)`$ endowed with multiplications $`\omega _1,\omega _2,\omega _3,\mathrm{},`$ such that $`\omega _i=s_i`$ for $`i=2,5`$ and $`\omega _i=0`$ for $`i2,5,`$ is a $`sh`$-algebra or strongly homotopical algebra in the sense of Stasheff . In particular, $`s_5`$ is a $`5`$-cocycle of the adjoint module of the Lie algebra $`(Vect_0(2),[,]).`$ Moreover, the following relations hold:

$$\underset{1i<j6}{}(1)^{i+j}s_5^{rsym.r}([X_i,X_j],X_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{X_i},\mathrm{},\widehat{X_j},\mathrm{},X_6)=0,$$

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{6}{}}(1)^i[X_i,s_5^{rsym.r}(X_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{X_i},\mathrm{},X_6)]=0,$$

for any $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_6Vect_0(2).`$

For any two vector fields their commutator is once again a vector field. One can repeat this procedure $`k1`$ times and construct from any $`k`$ vector fields a new vector field. This can be done in many ways. One can get a linear combination of such commutators. So, in general there are many ways to construct invariant $`k`$-operation on $`Vect_0(n)`$ or $`Vect(n).`$ We consider invariant operations obtained in such ways as standard. Call a $`k`$-invariant non-standard operation on vector fields a primitive $`k`$-commutator. We prove that the $`5`$-commutator and the $`6`$-commutator are primitive, i.e., they can not be obtained from commutators by such a procedure.

Any divergenceless vector field in two variables can be presented in the form $`X=D_{1,2}(u)=_1(u)_2_2(u)_1.`$ We find that

$$s_5(D_{12}(u_1),D_{12}(u_2),D_{12}(u_3),D_{12}(u_4),D_{12}(u_5))=3D_{12}([u_1,u_2,u_3,u_4,u_5]),$$

where $`[u_1,u_2,u_3,u_4,u_5]`$ is the following determinant

$$[u_1,u_2,u_3,u_4,u_5]=\left|\begin{array}{ccccc}_1u_1& _1u_2& _1u_3& _1u_4& _1u_5\\ _2u_1& _2u_2& _2u_3& _2u_4& _2u_5\\ _1^2u_1& _1^2u_2& _1^2u_3& _1^2u_4& _1^2u_5\\ _1_2u_1& _1_2u_2& _1_2u_3& _1_2u_4& _1_2u_5\\ _2^2u_1& _2^2u_2& _2^2u_3& _2^2u_4& _2^2u_5\end{array}\right|$$

For example,

$$s_5(_1,_2,x_1_2,x_1_1x_2_2,x_2^2_1)=$$

$$(1/6)s_5(D_{12}(x_1),D_{12}(x_2),D_{12}(x_1^2),D_{12}(x_1x_2),D_{12}(x_2^3))=$$

$$\frac{1}{2}D_{12}(\left|\begin{array}{ccccc}1& 0& 2x_1& x_2& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& x_1& 3x_2^2\\ 0& 0& 2& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 6x_2\end{array}\right|)=6D_{12}(x_2)=6_1.$$

We can construct similar formulas for $`n=2,3`$ and $`4.`$ Formulas for $`n=3,4`$ are too huge to present in an article. In this paper we present such a formula for $`s_6.`$ To calculate a $`6`$-commutator on $`Vect(2)`$ one needs to calculate a sum of fourteen $`6\times 6`$ determinants (see theorem 10.1.) All properties given above for $`5`$-commutators can be generalized for the $`6`$-commutator $`s_6`$ on $`Vect(2).`$

One more property that a $`5`$-commutator has, but a $`6`$-commutator does not, is as follows. It is not true that a composition of adjoint derivations is a derivation of Lie algebras, but

$$ad[X,Y]=[adX,adY],X,YVect(n).$$

In general it is also false that $`s_k(adX_1,\mathrm{},adX_k)`$ is a derivation. Nevertheless, for $`Vect_0(2),`$ $`k=5,`$ it is. Moreover, $`s_5(adX_1,\mathrm{},adX_5)`$ is an adjoint derivation and its potential can be constructed by the $`5`$\- commutator:

$$ads_5(X_1,\mathrm{},X_5)=s_5(adX_1,\mathrm{},adX_5),$$

for any $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_5Vect_0(2).`$ A similar result for a $`6`$-commutator is no longer true. For example,

$$F=s_6(ad_1,ad_2,adx_1_1,adx_2_1,adx_1_2,adx_2_2)EndVect(2),$$

as a linear operator on $`Vect(2)`$ is defined by

$$(u_1_1+u_2_2)F=6(_1_2(u_1)+_2^2(u_2))_16(_2^2(u_1)+_1_2(u_2))_2.$$

We see that $`F`$ has nontrivial quadratic differential part, so it is not even a derivation of the Lie algebra $`(Vect(2),[,]).`$

Note also the following relation between $`5`$ and $`6`$-commutators and divergences of vector fields:

$$s_6^{rsym.r}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{6}{}}(1)^{i+1}DivX_is_5^{rsym.r}(X_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{X_i},\mathrm{},X_6),$$

for any $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_6Vect(2).`$ Here one can change on the right hand $`s_5^{rsym.r}`$ to $`s_5,`$ despite of the fact that $`s_5`$ is not well defined on $`Vect(2).`$ Quadratic differential part of a $`5`$-commutator can be presented as a sum of three determinants (see lemma 8.4). All quadratic differential terms of $`s_5`$ are cancelled in taking alternative sum:

$$s_6^{rsym.r}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{6}{}}(1)^{i+1}DivX_is_5(X_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{X_i},\mathrm{},X_6),$$

for any $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_6Vect(2).`$ Recall that $`s_6=s_6^{rsym.r}`$ on $`Vect(2).`$ Notice that here $`6`$ and $`5`$ can not be changed to lower numbers. For example,

$$s_5(_1,_2,x_1_1,x_2_1,x_1_2)Div(x_1_1)s_4(_1,_2,x_2_1,x_2_2)=3_1_20.$$

Notice that these results valid for $`5`$ and $`6`$-commutators do not valid for lower degree commutators. Namely $`s_3,s_4,`$ for $`Vect_0(2)`$ and $`s_3,s_4,s_5`$ for $`Vect(2)`$ have no such properties. One can state some weaker versions of these statements. Let $`gl_2+𝐂^2`$ is a semi-direct sum of $`gl_2`$ and standard $`2`$-dimensional module $`𝐂^2.`$ For example, if $`k=3,4,5,`$ then

$$[X,s_k^{rsym.r}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)]=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}s_k^{rsym.r}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_{i1},[X,X_i],X_{i+1},\mathrm{},X_k),$$

for any $`Xgl_2+𝐂^2,`$ and $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_kVect(2).`$

Since composition of linear operators is a tensor operation, $`s_N`$ for $`N=n^2+2n2`$ is also a tensor operation. It is a natural differential operation on the space of vector fields in sense of . Identities of Witt algebra as a Lie algebra were considered by Razmyslov (see ). One of his conjectures about minimality of Lie identity of Lie algebra $`W_n`$ of degree $`(n+1)^2`$ is still open in general case. For $`n=2`$ it was proved in . Identities of Witt algebra as a right-symmetric algebra and their connection with $`N`$-commutators was considered in .

## 2. Preliminary facts and main definitions

### 2.1. $`𝒟`$-differential algebras

For simplicity, all vector spaces are considered over the field of complex numbers $`𝐂.`$ By $`𝐙_+`$ we denote the set of nonnegative integers.

A vector space $`A`$ is called a $`k`$-algebra with multiplication $`\omega `$ and denoted $`A=(A,\omega )`$ , if $`\omega `$ is a polylinear map $`A\times \mathrm{}\times AA`$ with $`k`$ arguments. Usually multiplications are understood as a bilinear maps and instead of $`\omega (a,b)`$ one writes something like $`ab`$ or $`ab.`$ In such cases we will omit $`2`$ in the name $`2`$-algebra and write $`A=(A,)`$ or $`A=(A,).`$

Let $`U`$ be an associative commutative algebra with commuting system of derivations $`𝒟=\{_1,\mathrm{},_n\}.`$ Call $`U`$ $`𝒟`$-differential algebra. Let $`L=U𝒟`$ be its Lie algebra of derivations $`u_i:i=1,\mathrm{},n`$ by the multiplication

$$[u_i,v_j]=u_i(v)_jv_j(u)_i.$$

One can identify derivations as a vector fields and consider a space of vector fields $`Vect(n)=u_i:uU,i=1,\mathrm{},n.`$ So, $`U𝒟=(Vect(n),[,]),`$ i.e., as a linear spaces $`U𝒟`$ and $`Vect(n)`$ are coincide. Below we will endow $`Vect(n)`$ with other multiplications. For example, $`U𝒟^{rsym}=(Vect(n),),`$ the vector space $`Vect(n)`$ by the multiplication given by

$$u_iv_j=v_j(u)_i,$$

is right-symmetric. i.e., it satisfies the right-symmetric identity

$$(X_1,X_2,X_3)=(X_1,X_3,X_2),$$

where $`(X_1,X_2,X_3)=X_1(X_2X_3)(X_1X_2)X_3`$ is an associator. Here we would like to pay attention to some differences of our notations with usual ones. Usually action of vector field to a function is denoted as $`X(u),`$ a vector field $`X`$ is in the left hand and an argument $`u`$ is on the right. But in considering of right-symmetric algebras and its Lie algebras we denote such actions as $`(u)X.`$ Therefore, the commutator given above for $`U𝒟`$ as a Lie algebra and the commutator of a Lie algebra obtained from right-symmetric algebra $`U𝒟^{rsym}`$ are differ by signs.

### 2.2. Witt algebra

The basic example of $`𝒟`$-differential algebra for us is $`U=𝐂[x_1,\mathrm{},x_n]`$ with a system of partial derivations $`_i=_i/x_i,i=1,\mathrm{},n.`$ In this case the algebra $`U𝒟`$ is denoted by $`W_n.`$ Call Lie algebra $`W_n`$ a Witt algebra. Unless stated otherwise, by $`U`$ and $`L=U𝒟`$ we will understand these algebras.

Note that $`U`$ has a natural grading

$$U=_{s0}U_s,U_sU_kU_{s+k},$$

$$U_s=x^\alpha :\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }_n^+,|\alpha |=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\alpha _i=s,$$

and a filtration

$$U=𝒰_0𝒰_1𝒰_2\mathrm{},𝒰_s𝒰_k𝒰_{s+k},$$

$$𝒰_s=_{sk}U_k.$$

These grading and filtration induce a grading and a filtration on the vector space of $`L=W_n.`$ Then a grading on $`L`$ is given by

$$L=_{s1}L_s,L_s=x^\alpha _i:\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }_n^+,|\alpha |=s+1,i=1,\mathrm{},n$$

and a filtration

$$L=_1_0_1\mathrm{},_k=_{sk}L_s.$$

These grading and filtration are compatible with the right-symmetric multiplication:

$$L_sL_kL_{s+k},_s_k_{k+s},$$

for any $`k,s1.`$ In particular, they induce grading and filtration of Witt algebra $`W_n`$ as a right-symmetric algebra and as a Lie algebra.

For example, as vector spaces,

$$U_0=1𝐂,$$

$$U_1=x_i:i=1,\mathrm{}n𝐂^n,$$

$$U_2=x_ix_j:ij,i,j=1,\mathrm{}n𝐂^{(n+1)n/2},$$

and

$$L_1=_1,\mathrm{},_n𝐂^n,$$

$$L_0=x_i_j:i,j=1,\mathrm{},n>𝐂^{n^2},$$

$$L_1=x_ix_j_s:i,j,s=1,\mathrm{},n𝐂^{(n+1)n^2/2}.$$

By the grading property of Witt algebra $`W_n^{rsym}`$ we see that

$$L_0L_sL_s$$

for any $`s1.`$ In particular, $`L_0`$ is a right-symmetric subalgebra of $`L=W_n^{rsym}.`$ Hence it is a Lie subalgebra of $`W_n.`$ One can see that the subalgebra $`L_0W_n^{rsym}`$ is not only right-symmetric. It is associative and isomorphic to the matrix algebra $`Mat_n.`$ It is easy to see that $`L_0`$ as a Lie algebra is isomorphic to $`gl_n;`$ moreover,

$$[L_0,L_0]=x_j_s,x_i_ix_{i+1}_{i+1}:1i<n,1j,sn,j,s,sl_2.$$

$$L_0=[L_0,L_0]e,e=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}x_i_i.$$

So, we have $`sl_n`$-module structures on $`L_k.`$ Let $`\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _{n1}`$ be fundamental weights of $`sl_n`$ and $`R(\gamma )`$ denote the irreducible module over Lie algebra $`sl_n`$ with the highest weight $`\gamma .`$

For example, as a $`sl_n`$-modules,

$$L_1R(\pi _{n1}),$$

$$L_0R(\pi _1+\pi _{n1})R(0),$$

$$L_1R(2\pi _1+\pi _{n1})R(\pi _1).$$

Let

$$Div:LU,X=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}u_i_i\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}_i(u_i),$$

be a divergence map. Then

$$Div[X,Y]=X(Div(Y))Y(Div(X)),$$

for any $`X,Y,ZL.`$ In particular,

$$Div[a,X]=a(Div(X)),$$

for any $`aL_0`$ and $`XL.`$ So, we have an exact sequence of $`sl_n`$-modules

$$0\overline{L}_kL_k\stackrel{Div}{}U_{k1}0,$$

where

$$\overline{L}_k=XL_k:DivX=0.$$

In other words, the following isomorphisms of $`sl_n`$-modules holds

$$L_k\overline{L}_k\stackrel{~}{L}_k,$$

$$\overline{L}_kR((k+1)\pi _1+\pi _{n1}),\stackrel{~}{L}_kR(k\pi _1).$$

### 2.3. Root system in Witt algebra

Let $``$ be a subset of $`𝐙^n`$ consisting of elements of the form $`\alpha ϵ_i,`$ where $`\alpha 𝐙_+^n`$ and $`ϵ_i=(0,\mathrm{},0,1,0,\mathrm{},0)`$ ($`1`$ is in the $`i`$-th place), $`i=1,\mathrm{},n.`$

Note that $`L=W_n`$ has a Cartan subalgebra $`H=h_1,\mathrm{},h_n`$ where $`h_i=x_i_i,i=1,\mathrm{},n`$ and $`W_n`$ has a root decomposition with the root system $`:`$

$$L=_\alpha L_\alpha ,[L_\alpha ,L_\beta ]L_{\alpha +\beta },$$

$$L_\alpha =x^{\alpha +ϵ_j}_j:\alpha +ϵ_j𝐙_+^n,j=1,\mathrm{},n,\alpha .$$

Moreover, the actions of $`h_i`$ generate a grading on $`L`$-module $`U:`$

$$U=_{\alpha 𝐙_+^n}U_\alpha ,$$

$$U_\alpha U_\beta U_{\alpha +\beta },\alpha ,\beta 𝐙_+^n,$$

$$U_\alpha L_\beta U_{\alpha +\beta },\alpha 𝐙_+^n,\beta .$$

So, we have constructed an $``$-grading on $`W_n`$ and on its $`(L,U)`$-module $`U.`$ Here we suppose that $`𝐙_+^n`$ and $`L_\alpha =0`$ if $`\alpha `$ and $`U_\alpha =0`$ if $`\alpha 𝐙_+^n.`$

Let $`L=W_n`$ and assume that all modules $`M_1\mathrm{},M_{k+1}`$ coincide with the adjoint module $`L.`$ Let $`\psi T^k(L,L)^{L_1}:`$

$$_i(\psi (X_1,\mathrm{},X_k))=\underset{i=s}{\overset{k}{}}\psi (X_1,\mathrm{},X_{s1},_i(X_s),X_{s+1},\mathrm{},X_k),$$

for any $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_kL.`$ The notation $`T^k`$ means here that we consider polylinear maps with $`k`$ arguments, but arguments are not necessary skew-symmetric. Suppose that $`\psi `$ is $``$-graded:

$$\psi (L_{\alpha ^1},\mathrm{},L_{\alpha ^k})L_{\alpha ^1+\mathrm{}+\alpha ^k},$$

for any $`\alpha ^1,\mathrm{},\alpha ^k.`$

### 2.4. $`𝒟`$-invariant polynomials

Let $`f=f(t_1,\mathrm{},t_k)`$ be an associative noncommutative polynomial, $`f=_{i_1,\mathrm{},i_l}\lambda _{i_1,\mathrm{},i_l}t_{i_1}\mathrm{}t_{i_l}.`$ I.e., $`f`$ is a linear combination of monomials $`t_{(i)}=t_{i_1}\mathrm{}t_{i_l},`$ where $`i_1,\mathrm{},i_l`$ run through elements $`1,\mathrm{},k,`$ possibly repeated. Later on we will make substitutions of variables $`t_i`$ by elements of some $`2`$-algebras. Since our algebras may be non-associative in such cases (unless stated otherwise) we will suppose that any monomial $`t_{(i)}`$ has a left-normed bracketing, i.e., $`t_{(i)}=(\mathrm{}((t_{i_1}t_{i_2})t_{i_3})\mathrm{})t_{i_l}.`$

Let $`A=(A,)`$ be an algebra with multiplication $`.`$ Suppose that $`B`$ is a subspace of $`A.`$ Since $`f`$ is a linear combination of monomials of the form $`t_{(i)},`$ one can substitute instead of $`t_i`$ elements of $`B`$ and calculate $`T`$ using the multiplication of the algebra $`A.`$ So, we obtain a map $`f_B:B\times \mathrm{}\times BA`$ defined by

$$f_B(b_1,\mathrm{},b_k)=f(b_1,\mathrm{},b_k).$$

Sometimes we endow $`A`$ by several multiplications. In such cases, we will write $`f_B^{}`$ instead of $`f_B,`$ if $`A`$ is considered as an algebra with multiplication $`.`$ Notice that $`B`$ may be not closed under multiplication $`.`$ Whenever it is clear from the context to what $`B`$ we make substitutions, we reduce the notation $`f_B`$ to $`f.`$

Suppose now that $`U`$ is a $`𝒟`$-differential algebra. We endow the space of differential operators $`Diff(n)`$ by three multiplications. Namely, the multiplications $`,`$ $``$ and $`[,]`$ stand for composition, right-symmetric multiplication and commutators. We will sometimes write $`f_{Vect(n)}^{}=f,f_{Vect(n)}^{}=f^{rsym.r}.`$

Call a polynomial $`f=f(t_1,\mathrm{},t_k)`$ or more precisely $`f_{Diff(n)},`$ is $`𝒟`$-invariant, if

$$[f(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k),_i]=\underset{s=1}{\overset{k}{}}f(X_1,\mathrm{},X_{s1},[X_s,_i],X_{s+1},\mathrm{},X_k)$$

for any $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_kDiff(n)`$ and $`i=1,\mathrm{},n.`$ Here we do not specify what kind of multiplications in $`Diff(n)`$ we use in the calculation of $`f_{Diff(n)}`$. The reason is that

$$[X,_i]=X_i_iX=X_i_iX,$$

for any $`XDiff(n).`$ By this observation, $`𝒟`$-invariance of $`f_{Diff(n)}^{}`$ and $`f_{Diff(n)}^{circ}`$ are equivalent notions.

### 2.5. Primitive commutators

Assume that $`g=g(t_1,\mathrm{},t_k)`$ is a skew-symmetric multilinear polynomial with $`k`$ arguments. We call $`g`$ a $`k`$-commutator on some class of vector fields, if for any $`k`$ vector fields $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_k`$ of this class $`g(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)`$ is again a vector field of this class.

Suppose that $`f`$ is some polynomial with left-normed brackets. Let $`(A,[,])`$ be a Lie algebra with vector space $`A`$ and commutator $`[,].`$ As we have explained above, $`f_A^{[,]}:A\times \mathrm{}\times AA`$ is a map with $`k`$ arguments that is obtained from $`f`$ by substituting elements of algebra $`A`$ instead of parameters $`t_j`$ and using the commutator $`[,].`$

Suppose now that $`(A,[,])`$ is a Lie algebra for some class of vector fields. Then $`f_A^{[,]}`$ is the standard $`k`$-commutator for any vector field algebra $`A.`$ Call $`k`$-commutator $`g`$ primitive on $`Vect(n)`$ if $`g_{(Vect(n)}^{}`$ can not be represented as $`f_{Vect(n)}^{[,]},`$ for any left-normed polynomial $`f.`$ It is easy to give a similar definition for $`Vect_0(n).`$

The right-symmetric multiplication on $`Vect(n)`$ is given by

$$u_iv_j=v_j(u)_i.$$

This multiplication satisfies the right-symmetric identity

$$(X,Y,Z)=(X,Z,Y),$$

where $`(X,Y,Z)=X(YZ)(XY)Z`$ is the associator of $`X,Y,Z.`$ In other words,

$$X[Y,Z]=(XY)Z(XZ)Y,$$

for any $`X,Y,ZVect(n).`$ So, we obtain a right-symmetric algebra $`(Vect(n),).`$ Any right-symmetric algebra is Lie-admissible. In particular, $`(Vect(n),[,]),`$ i.e., the space $`Vect(n)`$ with the commutator $`[X,Y]=XYYX`$ is a Lie algebra. As we have noticed, the commutator $`XYYX`$ coincides here with the standard commutator $`XYYX.`$

### 2.6. $`n`$-Lie algebras, $`(n1)`$-left commutative algebras and $`sh`$-algebras

For vector spaces $`M`$ and $`N`$ denote by $`T^k(M,N)=Hom(M^k,N)`$ the space of polylinear maps with $`k`$ arguments $`\psi :M\times \mathrm{}\times MN`$ if $`k>0,`$ and set $`T^0(M,N)=N`$ and $`T^k(M,N)=0`$ if $`k<0.`$ Let $`T^{}(M,N)=_kT^k(M,N).`$ Let $`^kM`$ be the $`k`$-th exterior power of $`M`$ and $`C^k(M,N)=Hom(^kM,N)T^k(M,N)`$ be a space of skew-symmetric polylinear maps with $`k`$ arguments in $`M`$ and $`C^0(M,N)=N,`$ $`C^k(M,N)=0,`$ if $`k<0.`$ Set $`C^{}(M,N)=_kC^k(M,N).`$

Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }=\{\omega _1,\omega _2,\mathrm{}\}`$ be a set of polylinear maps $`\omega _iC^i(A,A).`$ Let $`(A,\mathrm{\Omega })`$ be an algebra with vector space $`A`$ and signature $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ . This means that $`A`$ is endowed by the $`i`$-ary multiplication $`\omega _i.`$ Call $`A`$ an $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$-algebra and in case where $`\mathrm{\Omega }=\{\omega _i\}`$ set $`A=(A,\omega _i).`$ For $`\omega \mathrm{\Omega },`$ write $`|\omega |=i`$ if $`\omega C^i(A,A).`$

Suppose $`(A,\omega )`$ is an algebra. It is called an $`n`$-Lie  or a Nambu algebra, if

$$\omega (a_1,\mathrm{},a_{n1},\omega (a_n,\mathrm{},a_{2n1}))=$$

$$\underset{i=0}{\overset{n1}{}}\omega (a_n,\mathrm{},\omega (a_1,\mathrm{},a_{n1},a_{n+i}),a_{i+1},\mathrm{},a_{2n1}),$$

$`(n1)`$-left commutative, if

$$\underset{\sigma Sym_{2n2}}{}sign\sigma \omega (a_{\sigma (1)},\mathrm{}\omega _{\sigma (n1)},\omega (a_{\sigma (n)},\mathrm{},a_{\sigma (2n2)},a_{2n1}))=0,$$

and $`n`$-homotopical Lie, if

$$\underset{\sigma Sym_{2n1}}{}sign\sigma \omega (a_{\sigma (1)},\mathrm{}\omega _{\sigma (n1)},\omega (a_{\sigma (n)},\mathrm{},a_{\sigma (2n2)},a_{\sigma (2n1)}))=0,$$

for any $`a_1,\mathrm{},a_{2n1}A.`$

Finally, an algebra $`(A,\mathrm{\Omega }),`$ where $`\mathrm{\Omega }=\{\omega _1,\omega _2,\mathrm{}\}`$ is called homotopical Lie or $`sh`$-Lie , if

$$\underset{i+j=k+1,i,j1}{}(1)^{(j1)i}sign\sigma \omega _j(\omega _i(a_{\sigma (1)},\mathrm{},a_{\sigma (i)}),a_{\sigma (i+1)},\mathrm{},a_{\sigma (i+j1)})=0,$$

for any $`k=1,2,\mathrm{},`$ and for any $`a_1,\mathrm{},a_{i+j1}A.`$ In particular, an $`n`$-homotopical Lie algebra is an $`sh`$-algebra if $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is concentrated in only one non-zero multiplication $`\omega _n,`$ i.e., $`\omega _i=0,`$ if $`in`$. Suppose now that $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is concentrated in two elements $`\omega _2`$ and $`\omega _n.`$ Then the condition that $`(A,\mathrm{\Omega })`$ is $`sh`$-Lie means that $`(A,\omega _2)`$ is a Lie algebra, $`(A,\omega _n)`$ is a $`n`$-homotopical Lie and $`\omega _n`$ is a $`n`$-cocycle of the adjoint module of the Lie algebra $`(A,\omega _2).`$

In  it is established that, over the field of characteristic 0, any $`n`$-Lie algebra is $`(n1)`$-left commutative and any $`(n1)`$-left commutative algebra is $`n`$-homotopical Lie. We prove that $`(Vect_0(2),s_5)`$ and $`(Vect(2),s_6)`$ are correspondingly $`4`$\- and $`5`$-left commutative. Hence $`(Vect_0(2),s_5)`$ is $`5`$-homotopical Lie and $`(Vect(2),s_6)`$ is $`6`$-homotopical Lie. But they are not, correspondingly, 5- and 6-Lie.

## 3. Main results

###### Theorem 3.1.

Let $`N=n^2+2n2.`$ Then

(i) $`s_k=s_k^{rsym.r}`$ on $`Vect(n),`$ for any $`kN.`$ In particular, $`s_k`$ is well defined on $`Vect(n),`$ if $`kN.`$

(ii) $`s_k=0`$ is an identity on $`Vect(n)`$ for any $`k>N+1.`$

(iii) $`(Vect(n),s_N)`$ is $`(N1)`$-left commutative. In particular, $`(Vect(n),s_N)`$ is $`N`$-homotopical Lie.

(iv) $`adXDer(Vect(n),s_k)`$ for any $`XVect(n)`$ and for any $`kN.`$

(v) $`adXDer(Vect(n),s_k)`$ for any $`XVect(n)`$ such that $`_i_j(X)=0,i,j=1,\mathrm{},n.`$ Here $`k`$ is any integer $`>0.`$

###### Theorem 3.2.

(i) $`s_50`$ on $`Vect_0(2).`$

(ii) $`s_5`$ is a $`5`$-commutator on $`Vect_0(2).`$

(iii) $`s_6=0`$ is an identity on $`Vect_0(2).`$

(iv) $`5`$-commutator $`s_5`$ on $`Vect_0(2)`$ is primitive.

(v) $`s_5=s_5^{rsym.r}`$ on $`Vect_0(2).`$

(vi) $`ads_5(X_1,\mathrm{},X_5)=s_5(adX_1,\mathrm{},adX_5)`$ for any $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_5Vect_0(2).`$

(vii) $`(Vect_0(2),s_5)`$ is a $`4`$-left commutative algebra.

(viii) $`(Vect_0(2),\{s_2,s_5\})`$ is an $`sh`$-Lie algebra.

###### Theorem 3.3.

(i) $`s_60`$ on $`Vect(2).`$

(ii) $`s_6`$ is a $`6`$-commutator on $`Vect(2).`$

(iii) $`s_7=0`$ is an identity on $`Vect(2).`$

(iv) $`6`$-commutator $`s_6`$ on $`Vect(2)`$ is primitive.

(v) $`s_6=s_6^{rsym.r}`$ on $`Vect(2).`$

(vi) For any $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_6Vect(2),`$

$$s_6(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{6}{}}(1)^{i+1}DivX_is_5(X_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{X_i},\mathrm{},X_6).$$

(vii) $`(Vect(2),s_6)`$ is a $`5`$-left commutative algebra.

(viii) $`(Vect(2),\{s_2,s_6\})`$ is an $`sh`$-Lie algebra.

A natural question arises: Is it possible to construct nontrivial $`N`$\- commutators on $`Vect(n)`$ for $`n>2`$ ? If $`N=n^2+2n2,`$ then $`s_N`$ is a well defined $`N`$-commutator on $`Vect(n),n>1`$ (theorem 3.1, (i)). One can prove that $`s_{N1}`$ is also a well defined operation on $`Vect_0(n).`$

Conjecture.

* $`S_N(X_1,\mathrm{},X_N)0`$ for some $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_NVect(n).`$
* $`S_{N1}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_{N1})0,`$ for some $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_NVect_0(n).`$

We have checked this conjecture by a computer for $`n=2,3,4.`$

## 4. $`k`$-commutators by right-symmetric multiplications

The aim of this section is to prove that for any $`n`$ there exists $`N=N(n)`$ such that for any $`kN,`$ $`s_k=s_k^{rsym.r}`$ on $`Vect(n).`$

For $`X=_{\alpha 𝐙^n+}u_\alpha ^\alpha Diff(n),`$ where $`u_\alpha U,`$ set $`|X|=s`$ if $`u_\alpha 0`$ for some $`\alpha 𝐙_+^n,`$ $`|\alpha |=s`$ but $`u_\beta =0`$ for any $`\beta 𝐙_+^n`$ such that $`|\beta |<s.`$ Set also $`X=q`$ if $`u_\alpha 0`$ for some $`\alpha 𝐙_+^n,`$ $`|\alpha |=q,`$ but $`u_\beta =0`$ for all $`\beta 𝐙_+^n`$ such that $`|\beta |>q.`$ Notice that

$$|X+Y|min\{|X|,|Y|\},$$

$$X+Ymax\{X,Y\},$$

for any $`X,YDiff(n).`$

Define a multiplication $`Diff(n)\times Diff(n)Diff(n),(X,Y)XY`$ by

$$u^\alpha v^\beta =\underset{\gamma 𝐙_+^n,\gamma 0}{}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\beta }{\gamma }\right)v^{\beta \gamma }(u)^{\alpha +\gamma },$$

for any $`\alpha ,\beta 𝐙_+^n.`$ Prolong right-symmetric multiplication $``$ from a space of differential operators of first order to a space of differential operators of any order by

$$u^\alpha v^\beta =v^\beta (u)^\alpha .$$

We see that

$$XY=XY+XY,$$

$$|XY|>|X|,\text{ if }XY0,$$

for any $`X,YDiff(n).`$

###### Lemma 4.1.

Suppose that $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_kDiff(n),`$ are linear differential operators such that $`|X_i|s`$ for any $`i=1,2,\mathrm{},k`$ and $`s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)s.`$ Then

$$s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)=pr_s(s_k^{rsym.r}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)),$$

where $`pr_s:Diff(n)Diff(n)`$ a projection map to $`u^\alpha :\alpha 𝐙_+^n,|\alpha |=s.`$

Proof. By the formula $`XY=XY+XY`$ one can write a composition $`X_{\sigma (1)}\mathrm{}X_{\sigma (k)}`$ as a linear combination of elements of the form $`X_\sigma ^{}=(\mathrm{}((X_{\sigma (1)}X_{\sigma (2)})\mathrm{})X_{\sigma (k)},`$ where no $``$ is appeared, and elements of the form $`X_\sigma ^{\prime \prime }=(\mathrm{}((X_{\sigma (1)}X_{\sigma (2)})\mathrm{})X_{\sigma (k)},`$ where $`=`$ or $``$ and the number of the $``$’s is at least one. Notice that $`|XY|>|X|`$ if $`|XY|0.`$ Therefore,

$$|X_\sigma ^{\prime \prime }|>s,$$

if $`X_\sigma ^{\prime \prime }0.`$ Since

$$s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)=\underset{\sigma Sym_k}{}X_\sigma ^{}+X_\sigma ^{\prime \prime },$$

$$s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)s,$$

$$|\underset{\sigma Sym_k}{}sign\sigma X_\sigma ^{}|s,$$

$$|\underset{\sigma Sym_k}{}sign\sigma X_\sigma ^{\prime \prime }|>s,$$

which means that

$$s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)=|s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)|=s$$

and

$$s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)=pr_s(s_k^{rsym.r}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)).$$

###### Corollary 4.2.

Suppose that $`s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)Vect(n)`$ for $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_kVect(n).`$ Then

$$s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)=s_k^{rsym.r}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k).$$

###### Lemma 4.3.

Suppose that $`s_k=s_k^{rsym.r}`$ on $`Vect(n)`$ and $`D`$ is a derivation of $`(Diff(n),)`$ that saves subspace $`Vect(n).`$ Then $`D`$ is a derivation of $`k`$-algebra $`(Vect(n),s_k^{rsym.r}),`$ i.e.,

$$D(s_k^{rsym.r}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k))=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}s_k^{rsym.r}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_{i1},D(X_i),X_{i+1},\mathrm{},X_k),$$

for any $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_kVect(n).`$

Proof. We have

$$D(s_k^{rsym.r}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k))=$$

(corollary 4.2)

$$D(s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k))=$$

(since $`DDerDiff(n)`$)

$$=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},X_{i1},D(X_i),X_{i+1},\mathrm{},X_k).$$

Since $`D(Vect(n))Vect(n)`$ by our condition,

$$s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},X_{i1},D(X_i),X_{i+1},\mathrm{},X_k)Vect(n),$$

for any $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_kVect(n).`$ Thus by corollary 4.2,

$$s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},X_{i1},D(X_i),X_{i+1},\mathrm{},X_k)=$$

$$s_k^{rsym.r}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_{i1},D(X_i),X_{i+1},\mathrm{},X_k).$$

Hence,

$$D(s_k^{rsym.r}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k))=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}s_k^{rsym.r}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_{i1},D(X_i),X_{i+1},\mathrm{},X_k),$$

for any $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_kVect(n).`$

###### Corollary 4.4.

Suppose that $`s_k=s_k^{rsym.r}`$ on $`Vect(n).`$ Then for any $`XVect(n)`$ the adjoint derivation $`adX`$ generates also a derivation of $`(Vect(n),s_k^{rsym.r}).`$ In particular, $`adX`$ is a derivation of the algebra $`(Vect(n),s_{n^2+2n2})`$ for any $`XVect(n).`$ Similarly, $`adX`$ is a derivation of $`(Vect_0(2),s_5)`$ for any $`XVect_0(2).`$

## 5. How to calculate $`𝒟`$-invariant forms

### 5.1. $`(L,U)`$-modules

Let $`U=𝐂[x_1,\mathrm{},x_n]`$ and $`L=W_n=DerU.`$

Let $`M`$ be $`L`$-module. Then the subspace of $`L_1`$-invariants, $`M_0=M^{L_1}=mM:(m)_i=0,`$ has a natural structure of an $`L_0`$-module. Make $`M_0`$ an $`_0`$-module by the trivial action of $`_1.`$ Call the $`_1`$-module $`M_0`$ the base of $`L`$-module $`M.`$

Let $`M`$ be a module over Lie algebra $`L=W_n`$. Call $`M`$ an it $`(L,U)`$-module, if there exists an additional structure of $`M`$ as a right $`U`$-module such that

$$(mu)X=m[u,X]+(mX)u,$$

for any $`mM,uU,XL.`$

Let $`M`$ be an $`(L,U)`$-module and $`M_0=M^{L_1}`$ is a base of $`M`$ as an $`L`$-module. Call $`M`$ an $`(L,U)`$-module with base $`M_0,`$ if $`M`$ is an $`(L,U)`$-module and $`M`$ as a $`U`$-module is a free module with base $`M_0.`$

The main construction of $`(L,U)`$-modules () is the following.

Let $`L=W_n`$ and $`U`$ be a natural $`L`$-module. Let $`M_0`$ be an $`_0`$-module such that $`M_0_1=0.`$ Recall that $`_0=_{s0}L_i=L_0_1.`$ One can make $`=UM_0`$ an $`(L,U)`$-module by

$$(um)X=(u)Xm+u\underset{aV(_0}{}E_a(X)u(m)a,$$

$$(um)v=(vu)m,$$

where $`V()_0=\{x^\alpha _i:\alpha 𝐙_+^n,i=1,\mathrm{},n\}`$ is the standard basis of $`_0.`$ Recall that for $`L=W_n`$ and $`L=S_{n1}=XW_n:DivX=0`$ the map $`E_a:LU`$ is defined by

$$E_{x^\alpha _j}(v_j)=\delta _{i,j}\frac{^\alpha (v)}{\alpha !}.$$

Then $`=UM_0`$ will be an $`(L,U)`$-module with base $`M_0.`$ It has a standard grading induced by a grading of $`U:`$

$$=_{sq}_[s],_{[s]}=x^\alpha m:|\alpha |=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\alpha _i=s+q,$$

where one can assume that $`M_01m:mM_0`$ has the grading degree $`q`$ and $`|x^\alpha m|=|\alpha |q.`$ For example,

$$_{[2+q]}=x_ix_jm:ij,mM_0,dimM_{[2+q]}=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n+1}{2}\right)dimM_0.$$

Example. $`U`$ under the natural actions of $`L=W_n`$ and $`U`$ is an $`(L,U)`$-module with base $`1.`$ The adjoint module of $`L=W_n`$ under the natural action of $`U,`$ $`(u_i,v)uv_i,`$ is also an $`(L,U)`$-module with base $`L_1.`$ This module is isomorphic to the $`(L,U)`$-module $`UL_1`$ with the module structures given above. If $`L=S_{n1}=XW_n:DivX=0,`$ then the adjoint module has no structure of an $`(L,U)`$-module.

Let $`_1,\mathrm{},_k`$ and $`_{k+1}`$ are $`(L,U)`$-modules with bases $`M_{1,0},\mathrm{},M_{k,0}`$ and $`M_{k+1,0},`$ correspondingly. Let $`C^k(_1,\mathrm{},_k;_{k+1})`$ be a space of polylinear maps $`\psi :_1\times \mathrm{}\times _k_{k+1}.`$ Endow $`C^k(_1,\mathrm{},_k;_{k+1})`$ with a structure of $`(L,U)`$-module. The action of $`L`$ is natural:

$$(m_1,\mathrm{},m_k)(\psi X)=$$

$$((m_1,\mathrm{},m_k)\psi )X\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}\psi (m_1,\mathrm{},m_{i1},(m_i)X,m_{i+1},\mathrm{},m_k).$$

The action of $`U`$ is given by

$$(m_1,\mathrm{},m_k)(\psi u)=((m_1,\mathrm{},m_k)\psi )u.$$

Here $`\psi C^k(_1,\mathrm{},_k;)`$ and $`m_i_i,1ik,`$ $`XL,`$ $`uU.`$ It is easy to see that

$$(\psi u)X=\psi (uX)+(\psi X)u,$$

for any $`\psi C^k(_1,\mathrm{},_k;_{k+1}),XL`$ and $`uU.`$ So, $`C^k(_1,\mathrm{},_k;_{k+1})`$ is a $`(L,U)`$-module. The algorithm how to find its base or how to calculate $`𝒟`$-invariant forms is given in .

We need results of  in one particular case. Namely, we use this algorithm in the calculation of $`k`$-commutators. This algorithm is given below.

### 5.2. Escorts and supports

Let $``$ be a root system on $`W_n.`$ associate with $`\psi `$ a polylinear map $`esc(\psi )T^k(L,L_1),`$ called the escort of $`\psi ,`$ by the rule

$$esc(\psi )(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)=\psi (X_1,\mathrm{},X_k),$$

if $`X_1L_{\alpha ^1},\mathrm{},X_kL_{\alpha ^k}`$ and $`\alpha ^1+\mathrm{}+\alpha ^k`$ has a form $`ϵ_s`$ for some $`s=1,\mathrm{},n.`$ Here $`\alpha ^1,\mathrm{},\alpha ^k`$ are some roots from $`.`$ If $`\alpha ^1+\mathrm{}+\alpha ^k`$ can not be presented in the form $`ϵ_s`$ for some $`s\{1,2,\mathrm{},n\}`$ then, by definition,

$$esc(\psi )(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)=0.$$

So, we have defined $`esc(\psi )(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)`$ for root elements $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_k.`$ Define now $`esc(\psi )(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)`$ by polylinearity for any $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_k.`$ Notice that $`esc(\psi )`$ is correctly defined, i.e.,

$$X_1,\mathrm{},X_kLesc(\psi )(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)L_1.$$

Notice also that $`ϵ_s`$ can not be presented as a sum of $`k`$ roots in infinitely many ways. Therefore, the following subspace

$$supp_s(\psi )=_{\alpha ^1,\mathrm{},\alpha ^k,\alpha ^1+\mathrm{}+\alpha ^k=ϵ_s}L_{\alpha ^1}\mathrm{}L_{\alpha ^k},$$

called the $`s`$-support of $`\psi `$, is finite-dimensional for any $`s\{1,\mathrm{},n\}.`$ Call a finite-dimensional subspace

$$supp(\psi )=_{s=1}^nsupp_s(\psi )$$

the support of $`\psi .`$ So, escort of any $`𝒟`$-invariant $``$-graded map $`\psi T^k(L,L)`$ is uniquely defined by the restriction to its support $`supp(\psi ).`$

Let $`V(L)`$ be the standard basis of $`L=W_n`$ consisting of vectors of the form $`x^\alpha _i`$ where $`\alpha 𝐙_+^n`$ and $`i\{1,\mathrm{},n\}.`$ Denote by $`V(\psi )`$ a basis of $`supp(\psi )`$ which is collected by tensoring of basic vectors of $`V(L).`$ We will write $`(a_1,\mathrm{},a_k)`$ instead of $`a_1\mathrm{}a_k.`$ So,

$$V(\psi )=_{s=1}^nV_s(\psi ),$$

where

$$V_s(\psi )=\{(a_1,\mathrm{},a_k):a_lV(L_{\alpha ^l}),\alpha ^l,\alpha ^1+\mathrm{}+\alpha ^k=ϵ_s,l=1,\mathrm{},k\}.$$

As was shown in , any $``$-graded $`𝒟`$-invariant map can be uniquely restored by its escort. Namely,

(1)
$$\psi (X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)=\underset{(a_1,\mathrm{},a_k)V(\psi )}{}E_{a_1}(X_1)\mathrm{}E_{a_k}(X_k)esc(\psi )(a_1,\mathrm{},a_k),$$

where

$$E_{x^\alpha _i}(v_j)=\delta _{i,j}\frac{^\alpha (v)}{\alpha !}.$$

Denote by $`s_k`$ the standard skew-symmetric associative polynomial

$$s_k=s_k(t_1,\mathrm{},t_k)=\underset{\sigma Sym_k}{}sign\sigma t_{\sigma (1)}\mathrm{}t_{\sigma (k)}.$$

### 5.3. Cup-products

Given an algebra $`A`$ with multiplication $``$, define the cup-product of cochain complexes $`C^{}(A,A)\times C^{}(A,A)`$ corresponding to a multiplication on $`A.`$ If $`\psi C^k(A,A)`$ and $`\varphi C^l(A,A)`$ then define $`\psi \varphi C^{k+l}(A,A)`$ by

$$\psi \varphi (a_1,\mathrm{},a_{k+l})=\underset{\sigma Sym_{k,l}}{}sign\sigma \psi (a_{\sigma (1)},\mathrm{},a_{\sigma (k)})\varphi (a_{\sigma (k+1)},\mathrm{},a_{\sigma (k+l)}).$$

Here

$$Sym_{k,l}=\{\sigma Sym_{k+l}:\sigma (1)<\mathrm{}\sigma (k),\sigma (k+1)<\mathrm{}<\sigma (k+l)\}$$

is a set of $`(k,l)`$-shuffle permutations.

Suppose that $`A`$ has an associative multiplication $``$ and a right-symmetric multiplication $`.`$ Denote by $`\stackrel{}{}`$ and $`\stackrel{}{}`$ cup-products induced by multiplications $``$ and $``$ correspondingly.

If $`B`$ is a subspace of $`A`$ then one can consider cup-products

$$:C^{}(B,A)\times C^{}(B,A)C^{}(B,A).$$

We use the cup-products for $`A=Diff(n)`$ and $`B=Vect(n)`$ or $`Vect_0(n).`$ Sometimes the cup-product of $`\psi C^k(A,B)`$ and $`\varphi C^l(A,B)`$ lies in $`C^{k+l}(B,B).`$ Such fortunate situations occur in calculating of $`s_{k+l}`$ for sufficiently large $`k+l.`$

### 5.4. General case

The difficult part of $`k`$-commutator calculations is related to the problem of exact constructions of $`k`$-commutators. Calculations for $`k`$-commutators are done mainly for the case $`U=𝐂[x_1,\mathrm{},x_n].`$ This allows us to use the escort method effectively. After receiving exact formulas it is less difficult to check that these formulas for $`k`$-commutators are valid for any $`𝒟`$-differential algebras. For example, for the cases $`U=𝐂[x_1,\mathrm{},x_n]`$ or $`U=C^{\mathrm{}}(M)`$ one can use continuity properties of functions and the fact that polynomials are dense.

One can give a pure algebraic proof of these statements. It needs some additional arguments based on the super variational calculus. Our questions are equivalent to the following question. Let $`D`$ be an odd derivation. Is it possible to find some $`k,`$ such that $`D^k`$ is also derivation? For $`k=2,`$ it is well known. Surprisingly, that for some $`n`$ one can find a special $`k=k(n),`$ as in case of $`k`$-commutators, such that $`D^k`$ will be a derivation and $`D^{k+1}=0.`$ For example, $`D^7=0`$ if $`D=u_1_1+u_2_2,`$ where $`u_1`$ and $`u_2`$ are odd variables and $`_1,_2`$ are even derivations. In general, $`D^{n^2+2n1}=0`$ for $`D=_{i=1}^nu_i_i`$ where $`u_i`$ are odd elements and $`_1,\mathrm{},_n`$ are commuting even derivations. It seems that this topic is interesting in itself, and we are planning to discuss it in a separate paper.

We give here only some key ideas. Let $`U`$ be a $`𝒟`$-differential algebra, e.g. the Laurent polynomial algebra $`𝐂[x_1^{\pm 1},\mathrm{},x_n^{\pm 1}]`$ or an algebra of smooth functions on some $`n`$-dimensional manifold. We would like to calculate $`s_k`$ on $`Diff(n)`$ corresponding to this $`U.`$ Notice that all of these algebras contain $`𝐂[x_1,\mathrm{},x_n].`$ Therefore, to have the identity $`s_k=0`$ on $`Vect(n),`$ it is necessary to have the identity $`s_k=0`$ on $`W_n.`$ These conditions in our cases are sufficient. In fact, let $`U`$ be any $`𝒟`$-differential algebra and $`X_l=u_l_{i_l}Vect(n)Diff(n),`$ where $`u_lU`$ and $`i_l\{1,\mathrm{},n\}.`$ If $`i_l=s,`$ we say that $`X_l`$ or $`u_l`$ has type $`s.`$ Notice that $`s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)`$ is a sum of elements of the form $`^{\alpha ^1}(u_1)\mathrm{}^{\alpha ^k}(u_k)^{\alpha ^{k+1}}`$ where $`\alpha ^1,\mathrm{},\alpha ^k,\alpha ^{k+1}𝐙_+^n`$ such that $`\alpha ^1+\mathrm{}+\alpha ^{k+1}=k.`$ Moreover, since $`s_k`$ is skew-symmetric, if $`\alpha ^l=\alpha ^s,`$ then $`u_l`$ and $`u_s`$ should have different types. For example, monomials of the form $`u_{j_1}\mathrm{}u_{j_l}`$ should enter no more than $`n`$ times.

These kind of arguments shows that in obtaining the formula for $`s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)`$ one uses only

* the Leibniz rule,
* the polylinearity of $`s_k`$,
* the $`𝒟`$-invariance of $`s_k`$,
* the $`0`$-grading property of $`s_k.`$

One can show that $`s_k(u_1_{i_1},\mathrm{},u_k_{i_k})`$ is a sum of elements of the form $`\lambda _{(\alpha ^1,u_1,\mathrm{},\alpha ^k,u_k,\alpha ^{k+1})}^{\alpha ^1}(u_1)\mathrm{}^{\alpha ^k}(u_k)^{\alpha ^{k+1}}`$ where coefficients $`\lambda _{(\alpha ^1,u_1,\mathrm{},\alpha ^k,u_k,\alpha ^{k+1})}`$ do not depend on the choice of $`𝒟`$-differential algebra $`U.`$ Therefore, we can get as a testing algebra a polynomials algebra. This is the main way how to reduce calculations to the polynomials case.

The following lemma 5.1 is stated in a general case, although we prove it below essentially in case of $`U=𝐂[x_1,\mathrm{},x_n].`$ One can check directly that statements of this lemma are true independently of $`U`$ in each of the cases, where we use these statements.

###### Lemma 5.1.

Let $`s_k`$ be a standard skew-symmetric polynomial and $`U`$ an associative commutative algebra with a system of commuting derivations $`𝒟=\{_1,\mathrm{},_n\}.`$ Let $`Diff(n)=u^\alpha :\alpha 𝐙_+^n,uU`$ be a space of differential operators on $`U`$ endowed with associative multiplication $`.`$ Let $`Vect(n)=u_i:uU,i=1,\mathrm{},n`$ be the subspace of differential operators on $`U,`$ of differential degree one. Let $`W_n=x^\alpha _i:\alpha 𝐙^n+,i=1,\mathrm{},n`$ be the Lie algebra corresponding to $`U=𝐂[x_1,\mathrm{},x_n].`$ Then

(i) $`s_{k,Diff(n)}`$ is $`𝒟`$-invariant.

(ii) $`s_{k,W_n}`$ is $``$-graded.

(iii) $`s_{k+l,Diff(n)}=s_{k,Diff(n)}s_{l,Diff(n)}.`$

(iv) $`esc(s_{k+l,W_n}^{rsym.r}=s_{k,W_n}^{rsym.r}\stackrel{}{}s_{l,Vect(n)},`$ if $`k+ln^2+2n2.`$

(v) $`s_{k+l,S_1}^{rsym.r}=s_{k,S_1}^{rsym.r}\stackrel{}{}s_{l,S_1},`$ if $`i+j5.`$

## 6. Sufficient condition for a $`𝒟`$-invariant form with skew-symmetric arguments to be zero

Let $`L`$ be a graded algebra $`L=_{i1}L_i`$ with the commuting system of derivations $`𝒟=L_1.`$ Recall that $`=_{sq}_{[s]}`$ is a graded $`L`$-module if

$$L_i_{[s]}_{[i+s]},$$

for any $`i1`$ and $`sq.`$

Suppose $`_1,\mathrm{},_k,_0`$ are graded $`L`$-modules. Say $`\psi C^k(_1,\mathrm{},_k;)`$ is graded and that $`\psi `$ has grade $`r`$ if

$$\psi (_{1,[s_1]},\mathrm{},_{k,[s_k]})_{0,[i_1+\mathrm{}+i_k+r]},$$

for any $`s_1,\mathrm{},s_k.`$ Then

$$C^k(_1,\mathrm{},_k;_0)=_sC^k(_1,\mathrm{},_k;_0)_{[s]},$$

is also graded, where

$$C^k(_1,\mathrm{},_k;_0)_{[s]}=<\psi C^k(_1,\mathrm{},_k;_0):|\psi |=s.$$

###### Lemma 6.1.

Consider the linear programming problem

$$\{\begin{array}{c}_{i=1}^mx_i=r\hfill \\ 0<x_il_i,i=1,0,\mathrm{},m1,\hfill \\ \\ f(x_1,x_1,\mathrm{},x_m):=_{i=1}^mix_imin.\hfill \end{array}$$

Then

$$\mathrm{min}f(x_1,x_0,\mathrm{},x_m)=mr\underset{i=1}{\overset{m1}{}}(mi)x_i$$

and this value is attained for $`x_1=l_1,x_0=l_0,\mathrm{},x_{m1}=l_{m1}`$ and $`x_m=r_{i=1}^{m1}l_i.`$

Proof. Since $`x_m=r_{i=1}^{m1}x_i,`$

$$f(x_1,x_0,\mathrm{},x_m)=mr\underset{i=1}{\overset{m1}{}}(mi)x_i.$$

Thus,

$$f(x_1,x_0,\mathrm{},x_m)mr\underset{i=1}{\overset{m1}{}}(mi)l_i$$

and the inequality can be converted to equality if $`x_i=l_i,i=1,0,\mathrm{},m1,`$ and $`x_m=r_{i=1}^{m1}l_i.`$

###### Theorem 6.2.

Let $`A=_{i1}A_i`$ and $`M=_{iq}M_i`$ be $`𝒟`$-graded modules such that $`A^𝒟=A_1,M^𝒟=M_q.`$ Suppose that $`\psi T^k(A,M)`$ is a $`0`$-graded polylinear map and skew-symmetric in $`r`$ arguments. Let $`i_0`$ be number such that

$$\underset{1ii_0}{}dimA_ir<\underset{1ii_0+1}{}dimA_i.$$

If

$$k+q<r(i_0+2)\underset{1ii_0}{}(i_0+1i)dimA_i$$

and $`\psi `$ is $`𝒟`$-invariant then $`\psi =0.`$

Proof. We prove that $`esc(\psi )=0.`$ Suppose that it is not true and $`\psi 0.`$ Then there exist homogeneous $`a_1,\mathrm{},a_kA`$ such that $`\psi (a_1,\mathrm{},a_k)0`$ and $`|a_1|+\mathrm{}+|a_k|`$ is minimal. We have

$$\psi T^k(A,M)^𝒟$$

$$_i\psi (a_1,\mathrm{},a_k)=\underset{j=1}{\overset{k}{}}\psi (a_1,\mathrm{},a_{j1},_i(a_j),a_{j+1},\mathrm{},a_k).$$

As $`|a_1|+\mathrm{}+|a_k|`$ is minimal with property $`\psi (a_1,\mathrm{},a_k)0`$ and

$$|a_1|+\mathrm{}+|a_k|>|a_1|+\mathrm{}+|a_{j1}|+|_i(a_j)|+|a_{j+1}|+\mathrm{}+|a_k|,$$

we obtain that

$$0\psi (a_1,\mathrm{},a_k)M^𝒟=M_q.$$

Since $`\psi `$ is graded with degree 0, this means that we can choose homogeneous elements $`a_1,\mathrm{},a_kA`$ such that

$$\psi (a_1,\mathrm{},a_k)0,|a_1|+\mathrm{}+|a_k|=|\psi (a_1,\mathrm{},a_k)|=q.$$

As $`\psi `$ is skew-symmetric in $`r`$ arguments, the set $`\{a_1,\mathrm{},a_k\}`$ should have at least $`r`$ linear independent elements. Denote them by $`a_{i_1},\mathrm{},a_{i_r}.`$

Suppose that among $`a_{i_1},\mathrm{},a_{i_r}`$ there are $`l_i`$ elements of $`A_i.`$ Then

(2)
$$r=\underset{i1}{}l_i$$

and

(3)
$$l_idimA_i.$$

Since $`r_{i=1}^{i_0+1}l_i,`$ from (2) it follows that

$$l_i=0,i>i_0+1$$

and

(4)
$$r=\underset{i=1}{\overset{i_0+1}{}}l_i.$$

So, among elements $`a_{i_1},\mathrm{},a_{i_r}`$ there are $`l_1`$ elements of degree $`1,`$ $`l_0`$ elements of degree $`0,`$ etc, $`l_{i_0}`$ elements of degree $`i_0`$ and finally $`r_{i=1}^{i_0}l_ir_{i=1}^{i_0}dimA_i`$ elements of degree $`i_0+1.`$ Since $`|a_i|1`$ for any $`i1,`$ we obtain that

$$|\psi (a_1,\mathrm{},a_k)|=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}|a_i|(1)(kr)+\underset{s=1}{\overset{r}{}}|a_{i_s}|f(l_1,l_0,\mathrm{},l_{i_0+1}),$$

where

$$f(l_1,l_0,\mathrm{},l_{i_0+1})=rk+\underset{i=1}{\overset{i_0+1}{}}il_i.$$

According to lemma 6.1 and our condition,

$$minf(l_1,l_0,\mathrm{},l_{i_0+1})=rk+(i_0+1)r\underset{i=1}{\overset{i_0+1}{}}(i_0+1i)dimA_i>q.$$

Therefore,

$$|\psi (a_1,\mathrm{},a_k)|>q.$$

In particular,

$$\psi (a_1,\mathrm{},a_k)M^𝒟,$$

which is a contradiction.

###### Corollary 6.3.

Let $`\psi T^9(S_1,S_1)`$ be a $`𝒟`$-invariant $`0`$-graded form with $`8`$ skew-symmetric arguments. Then $`\psi =0.`$

Proof. Recall that $`S_1`$ denotes the subalgebra of $`W_2`$ consisting of derivations with divergence $`0.`$ Let $`A=S_1.`$ Then $`dimA_1=2,dimA_0=3,dimA_1=4,`$ since $`A_1=_1,_2,`$ $`A_0=x_1_2,x_1_1x_2_2,x_2_1,`$ $`A_1=x_2^2_1,x_1^2_12x_1x_2_2,x_2^2_22x_1x_2_1,x_1^2_2.`$ Thus,

$$dimA_1+dimA_0=2+3r=8<dimA_1+dimA_0+dimA_1=2+3+4.$$

In other words, $`i_0=0`$ for $`r=8.`$ Furthermore, for $`k=9,q=1,r=8,i_0=0.`$ We see that

$$k+q=8<9=r(i_0+2)\underset{1ii_0}{}(i_0+1i)dimA_i=8(0+2)2213.$$

Therefore, all conditions of theorem 6.2 are fulfilled and $`\psi =0`$ for $`A=S_1.`$

###### Corollary 6.4.

Let $`\psi T^{11}(W_2,W_2)`$ be a $`𝒟`$-invariant form with $`10`$ skew-symmetric arguments. Then $`\psi =0.`$

Proof. Take $`A=W_2`$. Then $`dimA_1=2,dimA_0=4,dimA_1=6,`$ since $`A_1=_1,_2,`$ $`A_0=x_i_j:i,j=1,2,`$ $`A_1=x_ix_j_s:i,j,s=1,2,ij.`$ For $`r=10,k=11,q=1`$ we see that

$$dimA_1+dimA_0=2+4r=10<dimA_1+dimA_0+dimA_1=2+4+6.$$

Hence $`i_0=0,`$ and

$$k+q=10<12=r(i_0+2)\underset{1ii_0}{}(i_0+1i)dimA_i=10(0+2)2214.$$

Therefore, by theorem 6.2, $`\psi =0`$ on $`A=W_2.`$

###### Corollary 6.5.

$`s_k=0`$ is an identity on $`W_n,`$ if $`kn^2+2n.`$

Proof. Let $`A=W_n.`$ Then $`dimA_1=n,dimA_0=n^2,dimA_1=n^2(n+1)/2.`$ We see that for $`r=kn^2+2n,`$

$$dimA_1+dimA_0=n+n^2r.$$

Therefore $`i_00.`$ Hence, if $`i_0=0`$ then

$$k+q=r1<r+r2nn^2=r(0+2)2dimA_1dimA_0.$$

If $`i_0>0,`$ $`n>1,`$ then $`2dimA_1dimA_1`$ and

$$r(i_0+2)\underset{1ii_0}{}(i_0+1i)dimA_i=$$

$$r2dimA_1+\underset{1ii_0}{}idimA_i+(i_0+1)(r\underset{1ii_0}{}dimA_i)$$

$$r2dimA_1+\underset{1ii_0}{}idimA_i>r1.$$

Thus, we can use theorem 6.2, if $`n>1.`$ If $`n=1,`$ it is easy to check that $`s_3=0,`$ and, $`s_k=0,`$ for any $`k>3.`$

So, we have proved $`\psi =0`$ for $`A=W_n.`$

###### Corollary 6.6.

Let $`\psi T^{2n^2+4n5}(W_n,W_n),n>1,`$ be skew-symmetric in $`r(3n^2+6n5)/2`$ arguments. Then $`\psi =0.`$ In particular, $`(Vect(n),s_{n^2+2n2})`$ is $`(n^2+2n3)`$-left commutative.

Proof. Let $`A=W_n.`$ For $`q=1,k=2n^2+4n5,r(3n^2+6n5)/2,`$ it is easy to see that $`i_00.`$

Check that the case $`i_0>0`$ is impossible. If $`n=2`$ then we obtain a contradiction with the conditions

$$rk=11$$

and

$$dimA_1+dimA_0+dimA_1=12r.$$

Let $`n>2.`$ Then we will have

$$dimA_1+dimA_0+dimA_1=n+n^2+n^2(n+1)/2r<k=2n^2+4n5,$$

and

$$n^3n^26n+50.$$

For $`n3,`$

$$n^3n^26n+52n^26n+5>0,$$

and again obtain a contradiction.

So, $`i_0=0.`$ Then

$$k+q=2n^2+4n6<2n^2+4n52r2dimA_1dimA_0.$$

Hence, the condition of theorem 6.2 is satisfied. Thus, $`\psi =0`$ for $`A=W_n.`$

Notice that $`2(n^2+2n3)(3n^2+6n5)/2`$ if $`n>1.`$ Therefore, the $`(n^2+2n3)`$-left commutativity condition, as a condition for a $`𝒟`$-invariant form with $`2(n^2+2n3)`$ skew-symmetric arguments, is an identity on $`W_n.`$

## 7. Invariant $`N`$-operation on vector fields

###### Lemma 7.1.

The $`sl_n`$-module $`^{n2}(R(2\pi _1)R(\pi _{n1})`$ does not contain $`R(2\pi _{n1})`$ as a submodule.

Proof. I am grateful to R.Howe for the following elegant proof of this lemma.

One can argue that the full $`(n2)`$ tensor power of $`R(2\pi _1)R(\pi _{n1})`$ does not contain $`R(2\pi _{n1}).`$ Indeed, the $`(n2)`$ tensor power of this tensor product is equal to the tensor product of the $`(n2)`$ tensor powers of each factor.

The representation $`R(2\pi _1)`$ corresponds to the diagram with one row or length two. The representation $`R(\pi _{n1})`$ corresponds to the diagram with one column of length $`n1.`$ So, the question then becomes, does the Young diagram with $`n3`$ columns of length $`n,`$ and two columns of length $`n1,`$ appear in the indicated tensor product?

Since the diagram of $`R(\pi _{n1})`$ has only one column, all of the components of its $`(n2)`$ tensor power will have at most $`(n2)`$ columns. Since the diagram of $`R(2\pi _1)`$ has only one row, all the components of its $`(n2)`$ tensor power will contain at most $`n2`$ rows. Now taking the tensor product of these two representations, we can say that all components of the tensor product will have diagrams which fit in an $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-shaped region with $`(n2)`$ columns and $`(n2)`$ rows. But the diagram of the representation we are asking about does not fit in to this region, so it cannot be a component.

###### Corollary 7.2.

$`s_{n^2+2n2}`$ has no quadratic differential part on $`Vect(n).`$

Proof. Since, as $`sl_n`$-modules,

$$L_1R(2\pi _1+\pi _{n1})R(\pi _1)R(2\pi _1)R(\pi _{n1}),$$

we obtain an isomorphism of $`sl_n`$-modules

$$^kL_1^k(R(2\pi _1)R(\pi _{n1})).$$

Consider the homomorphism of $`sl_n`$-modules

$$\rho _{k,s}:^{kn^2n}L_1R(s\pi _{n1}),$$

induced by

$$\rho (X_1\mathrm{}X_{kn^2n})=$$

$$pr_s(s_{k,Diff(n)}(_1,\mathrm{},_n,x_1_1,\mathrm{},x_n_1,\mathrm{},x_1_n,\mathrm{},x_n_n,X_1,\mathrm{},X_{kn^2n})),$$

where $`pr_s:Diff(n)<^\alpha :|\alpha |=sR(s\pi _{n1})`$ is the projection map.

Since

$$^nL_1^{n^2}L_0𝐂,$$

it is clear that $`\rho _{n^2+2n2,2}`$ should give a homomorphism of $`^{n2}(R(\pi _1)R(\pi _1+\pi _{n1}))`$ to $`R(2\pi _{n1}).`$ By lemma 7.1 this homomorphism is trivial. Thus, $`s_{n^2+2n2}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_{n^2+2n2})Vect(n)`$ for any $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_{n^2+2n2}Vect(n).`$

###### Lemma 7.3.

Let $`U`$ be any $`𝒟`$-differential algebra. For any $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_kVect(n),`$ $`s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)Vect(n),`$ if $`k=n^2+2n2`$ and $`k=n^2+2n1.`$

Proof. For $`k=n^2+2n2`$ this follows from corollary 7.2. For $`k=n^2+2n1`$ we see that $`esc(s_k)`$ has support $`^nL_1^{n^21}^{n1}L_1`$ and $`s_k(_1,\mathrm{},_n,a_1,\mathrm{},a_{n^{}1},X_1,\mathrm{},X_{n1}),`$ where $`a_1,\mathrm{},a_{n^21}L_0,`$ $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_{n1}L_1,`$ never gives quadratic terms, as

$$|s_k(_1,\mathrm{},_n,a_1,\mathrm{},a_{n^{}1},X_1,\mathrm{},X_{n1})|=1.$$

###### Lemma 7.4.

$`s_k=0`$ is an identity on $`Vect(n)`$ for $`kn^2+2n.`$

Proof. This is corollary 6.5. However, we give here another proof. $`s_k`$ is skew-symmetric in $`kn^2+2n`$ arguments and graded. Since $`dimL_1=n,dimL_0=n^2,dimL_1=n^2(n+1)/2n`$ and

$$|s_k(_1,\mathrm{},_n,x_1_1,\mathrm{},x_n_1,\mathrm{},x_1_n,\mathrm{},x_n_n,X_1,\mathrm{},X_k))|$$

$$(kn^2n)1+n^20+n(1)0,$$

we see that $`esc(s_k)=0,`$ if $`kn^2+2n.`$

Remark. $`n^2+2n`$ here is not minimal. One can prove that $`s_{n^2+2n1}=`$ is an identity on $`Vect(n)`$ and that $`s_{n^2+2n2}=0`$ is an identity on $`Vect_0(n).`$

## 8. Quadratic differential parts for $`k`$-commutators in two variables

Let $`Diff_s(n)`$ be a subspace of $`Diff(n)`$ that consists of differential operators of differential order $`s,`$ i.e., $`Diff_s(n)=u^\alpha :uU,\alpha 𝐙_+^n,|\alpha |=_i\alpha _i=s.`$ Let $`pr_s:Diff(n)Diff_s(n)`$ be the projection map.

###### Lemma 8.1.

For any $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_kVect(2),`$

$$pr_l(s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k))=0,$$

if $`l>2.`$

Proof. If $`k>6`$ then by lemma 7.4 and 13.1, $`s_k=0`$ is an identity. If $`k=6,`$ then $`s_{k,Vect(2)}`$ has only a linear part. If $`k5`$ then $`s_k`$ can be decomposed into a cup-product of $`s_2`$ and $`s_{k2}.`$ We know that $`s_2`$ can only give differential operators of first order. So, $`s_3=s_2s_1`$ and $`s_4=s_2s_2`$ can give differential operators at most second order. As far as $`s_5=s_3s_2,`$ the following reasoning shows that the differential operators of third order can not be represented as $`s_5(X_1,\mathrm{},X_5)`$ for any $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_5Vect(2).`$ For $`L=W_2,`$ support for an escort map of $`pr_ls_5`$ with a maximal $`l`$ should contain $`\{_1,_2,x_2_1,a,b,c\}`$, where $`a,b,cL_0.`$ Easy calculations then show that $`l2`$ if $`k=5.`$

Remark. One can prove that if $`l>n`$ then $`pr_l(s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k))=0`$ for any $`k`$ and $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_kVect(n).`$

###### Lemma 8.2.

$$pr_2(s_3(X_1,X_2,X_3))=$$

$$\left|\begin{array}{ccc}(x_1)X_1& (x_1)X_2& (x_1)X_3\\ (x_2)X_1& (x_2)X_2& (x_2)X_3\\ _2((x_1)X_1)& _2((x_1)X_2)& _2((x_1)X_3)\end{array}\right|_1^2$$

$$+\left|\begin{array}{ccc}(x_1)X_1& (x_1)X_2& (x_1)X_3\\ (x_2)X_1& (x_2)X_2& (x_2)X_3\\ _1((x_1)X_1)& _1((x_1)X_2)& _1((x_1)X_3)\end{array}\right|_1_2$$

$$\left|\begin{array}{ccc}(x_1)X_1& (x_1)X_2& (x_1)X_3\\ (x_2)X_1& (x_2)X_2& (x_2)X_3\\ _2((x_2)X_1)& _2((x_2)X_2)& _2((x_2)X_3)\end{array}\right|_1_2$$

$$+\left|\begin{array}{ccc}(x_1)X_1& (x_1)X_2& (x_1)X_3\\ (x_2)X_1& (x_2)X_2& (x_2)X_3\\ _1((x_2)X_1)& _1((x_2)X_2)& _1((x_2)X_3)\end{array}\right|_2^2,$$

for any $`X_1,X_2,X_3Vect(2).`$

###### Lemma 8.3.

$$pr_2(s_4(X_1,\mathrm{},X_4))=$$

$$2\left|\begin{array}{cccc}(x_1)X_1& (x_1)X_2& (x_1)X_3& (x_1)X_4\\ (x_2)X_1& (x_2)X_2& (x_2)X_3& (x_2)X_4\\ _1((x_1)X_1)& _1((x_1)X_2)& _1((x_1)X_3)& _1((x_1)X_4)\\ _2((x_1)X_1)& _2((x_1)X_2)& _2((x_1)X_3)& _2((x_1)X_4)\end{array}\right|_1^2$$

$$2\left|\begin{array}{cccc}(x_1)X_1& (x_1)X_2& (x_1)X_3& (x_1)X_4\\ (x_2)X_1& (x_2)X_2& (x_2)X_3& (x_2)X_4\\ _1((x_1)X_1)& _1((x_1)X_2)& _1((x_1)X_3)& _1((x_1)X_4)\\ _2((x_2)X_1)& _2((x_2)X_2)& _2((x_2)X_3)& _2((x_2)X_4)\end{array}\right|_1_2$$

$$2\left|\begin{array}{cccc}(x_1)X_1& (x_1)X_2& (x_1)X_3& (x_1)X_4\\ (x_2)X_1& (x_2)X_2& (x_2)X_3& (x_2)X_4\\ _1((x_2)X_1)& _1((x_2)X_2)& _1((x_2)X_3)& _1((x_2)X_4)\\ _2((x_1)X_1)& _2((x_1)X_2)& _2((x_1)X_3)& _2((x_1)X_4)\end{array}\right|_1_2$$

$$2\left|\begin{array}{cccc}(x_1)X_1& (x_1)X_2& (x_1)X_3& (x_1)X_4\\ (x_2)X_1& (x_2)X_2& (x_2)X_3& (x_2)X_4\\ _1((x_2)X_1)& _1((x_2)X_2)& _1((x_2)X_3)& _1((x_2)X_4)\\ _2((x_2)X_1)& _2((x_2)X_2)& _2((x_2)X_3)& _2((x_2)X_4)\end{array}\right|_2^2,$$

for any $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_4Vect(2).`$

###### Lemma 8.4.

$$pr_2(s_5(X_1,\mathrm{},X_5))=$$

$$\left|\begin{array}{ccccc}(x_1)X_1& (x_1)X_2& (x_1)X_3& (x_1)X_4& (x_1)X_5\\ (x_2)X_1& (x_2)X_2& (x_2)X_3& (x_2)X_4& (x_2)X_5\\ _1((x_1)X_1)& _1((x_1)X_2)& _1((x_1)X_3)& _1((x_1)X_4)& _1((x_1)X_5)\\ _2((x_2)X_1)& _2((x_2)X_2)& _2((x_2)X_3)& _2((x_2)X_4)& _2((x_2)X_5)\\ _2((x_1)X_1)& _2((x_1)X_2)& _2((x_1)X_3)& _2((x_1)X_4)& _2((x_1)X_5)\end{array}\right|_1^2$$

$$\left|\begin{array}{ccccc}(x_1)X_1& (x_1)X_2& (x_1)X_3& (x_1)X_4& (x_1)X_5\\ (x_2)X_1& (x_2)X_2& (x_2)X_3& (x_2)X_4& (x_2)X_5\\ DivX_1& DivX_2& DivX_3& DivX_4& DivX_5\\ _2((x_1)X_1)& _2((x_1)X_2)& _2((x_1)X_3)& _2((x_1)X_4)& _2((x_1)X_5)\\ _1((x_2)X_1)& _1((x_2)X_2)& _1((x_2)X_3)& _1((x_2)X_4)& _1((x_2)X_5)\end{array}\right|_1_2$$

$$\left|\begin{array}{ccccc}(x_1)X_1& (x_1)X_2& (x_1)X_3& (x_1)X_4& (x_1)X_5\\ (x_2)X_1& (x_2)X_2& (x_2)X_3& (x_2)X_4& (x_2)X_5\\ _1((x_1)X_1)& _1((x_1)X_2)& _1((x_1)X_3)& _1((x_1)X_4)& _1((x_1)X_5)\\ _2((x_2)X_1)& _2((x_2)X_2)& _2((x_2)X_3)& _2((x_2)X_4)& _2((x_2)X_5)\\ _1((x_2)X_1)& _1((x_2)X_2)& _1((x_2)X_3)& _1((x_2)X_4)& _1((x_2)X_5)\end{array}\right|_2^2,$$

for any $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_5Vect(2).`$

To prove these statements one needs to calculate their escorts. A sufficient number of examples of similar calculations will be given below.

## 9. Exact formula for $`5`$-commutator

###### Theorem 9.1.

Let $`U`$ be an associative commutative algebra with two commuting derivations $`_1`$ and $`_2.`$ Then

$$s_5(D_{12}(u_1),D_{12}(u_2),D_{12}(u_3),D_{12}(u_4),D_{12}(u_5))=3D_{12}([u_1,u_2,u_3,u_4,u_5]),$$

for any $`u_1,\mathrm{},u_5U,`$ where

$$[u_1,u_2,u_3,u_4,u_5]=\left|\begin{array}{ccccc}_1u_1& _1u_2& _1u_3& _1u_4& _1u_5\\ _2u_1& _2u_2& _2u_3& _2u_4& _2u_5\\ _1^2u_1& _1^2u_2& _1^2u_3& _1^2u_4& _1^2u_5\\ _1_2u_1& _1_2u_2& _1_2u_3& _1_2u_4& _1_2u_5\\ _2^2u_1& _2^2u_2& _2^2u_3& _2^2u_4& _2^2u_5\end{array}\right|$$

and $`D_{12}(u)=_1(u)_2_2(u)_1.`$

Proof. Let $`L_i`$ be graded components for $`S_1=xW_2:DivX=0`$ and $`a,b,cL_0,XL_1.`$ Notice that

$$s_3^{rsym.r}(_i,a,X)=[_i,a]X+[a,X]_i+[X,_i]a=$$

$$a_iX+X_iaL_0.$$

Therefore, by lemma 5.1

$$s_5(_1,_2,a,b,X)=$$

$$s_3^{rsym.r}(_1,b,X)_2(a)+s_3^{rsym.r}(_2,b,X)_1(a)$$

$$+s_3^{rsym.r}(_1,a,X)_2(b)s_3^{rsym.r}(_2,a,X)_1(b)=$$

$$+(b_1XX_1b)_2a(b_2XX_2b)_1a$$

$$+(X_1aa_1X)_2b(X_2aa_2X)_1b=$$

$$(a_1XX_1a)_2b+(a_2XX_2a)_1b$$

$$+(b_1XX_1b)_2a(b_2XX_2b)_1a=$$

$$a[_1X,_2b]+[X,_2b]_1a+a[_2X,_1b][X,_1b]_2a$$

$$+b[_1X,_2a][X,_2a]_1bb[_2X,_1a]+[X,_1a]_2b.$$

We see that non-zero components for $`esc(s_5)`$ are

$$s_5(_1,_2,x_2_1,x_1_1x_2_2,x_1^2_2)=6_2,$$

$$s_5(_1,_2,x_2_1,x_1_1x_2_2,x_1^2_12x_1x_2_2)=6_1,$$

$$s_5(_1,_2,x_2_1,x_1_2,x_1^2_12x_1x_2_2)=6_2,$$

$$s_5(_1,_2,x_2_1,x_1_2,x_2^2_22x_1x_2_1)=6_1,$$

$$s_5(_1,_2,x_1_1x_2_2,x_1_2,x_2^2_22x_1x_2_1)=6_2,$$

$$s_5(_1,_2,x_1_1x_2_2,x_1_2,x_2^2_1)=6_1.$$

It is easy to check, that

$$esc(s_5^{rsym.r})(D_{12}(u_1),\mathrm{},D_{12}(u_5))=3pr_1D_{12}([u_1,\mathrm{},u_5]),$$

for any $`u_1,\mathrm{},u_5𝐂[x_1,x_2],`$ such that $`|u_1|+\mathrm{}+|u_5|=11.`$

It remains to use (1) for $`𝒟`$-invariant form $`s_5^{rsym.r}`$ and use lemma 8.4.

## 10. Exact formula for $`6`$-commutator

In this section we give a formula for calculating the $`6`$-commutator $`s_6(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6)`$ for $`X_i=u_{i,1}_1+u_{i,2}_2,`$ $`i=1,\mathrm{},6.`$ It can be presented as a sum of fourteen $`6\times 6`$ determinants of the form

$$\lambda \left|\begin{array}{cccccc}u_{1,1}& u_{2,1}& u_{3,1}& u_{4,1}& u_{5,1}& u_{6,1}\\ u_{1,2}& u_{2,2}& u_{3,2}& u_{4,2}& u_{5,2}& u_{6,2}\\ & & & & & \end{array}\right|_i$$

where $`\lambda =1,2,3`$ and $`i=1,2.`$ Write $`4\times 6`$ parts of such matrices denoted by $``$ for $`i=1.`$ They are

$$\left|\begin{array}{cccccc}_2u_{1,1}& _2u_{2,1}& _2u_{3,1}& _2u_{4,1}& _2u_{5,1}& _2u_{6,1}\\ _1u_{1,2}& _1u_{2,2}& _1u_{3,2}& _1u_{4,2}& _1u_{5,2}& _1u_{6,2}\\ _2u_{1,2}& _2u_{2,2}& _2u_{3,2}& _2u_{4,2}& _2u_{5,2}& _2u_{6,2}\\ _2^2u_{1,2}& _2^2u_{2,2}& _2^2u_{3,2}& _2^2u_{4,2}& _2^2u_{5,2}& _2^2u_{6,2}\end{array}\right|_1$$

$$\left|\begin{array}{cccccc}_1u_{1,1}& _1u_{2,1}& _1u_{3,1}& _1u_{4,1}& _1u_{5,1}& _1u_{6,1}\\ _2u_{1,1}& _2u_{2,1}& _2u_{3,1}& _2u_{4,1}& _2u_{5,1}& _2u_{6,1}\\ _2u_{1,2}& _2u_{2,2}& _2u_{3,2}& _2u_{4,2}& _2u_{5,2}& _2u_{6,2}\\ _1^2u_{1,1}& _1^2u_{2,1}& _1^2u_{3,1}& _1^2u_{4,1}& _1^2u_{5,1}& _1^2u_{6,1}\end{array}\right|_1$$

$$\left|\begin{array}{cccccc}_1u_{1,1}& _1u_{2,1}& _1u_{3,1}& _1u_{4,1}& _1u_{5,1}& _1u_{6,1}\\ _2u_{1,1}& _2u_{2,1}& _2u_{3,1}& _2u_{4,1}& _2u_{5,1}& _2u_{6,1}\\ _1u_{1,2}& _1u_{2,2}& _1u_{3,2}& _1u_{4,2}& _1u_{5,2}& _1u_{6,2}\\ _2^2u_{1,2}& _2^2u_{2,2}& _2^2u_{3,2}& _2^2u_{4,2}& _2^2u_{5,2}& _2^2u_{6,2}\end{array}\right|_1$$

$$+2\left|\begin{array}{cccccc}_2u_{1,1}& _2u_{2,1}& _2u_{3,1}& _2u_{4,1}& _2u_{5,1}& _2u_{6,1}\\ _1u_{1,2}& _1u_{2,2}& _1u_{3,2}& _1u_{4,2}& _1u_{5,2}& _1u_{6,2}\\ _2u_{1,2}& _2u_{2,2}& _2u_{3,2}& _2u_{4,2}& _2u_{5,2}& _2u_{6,2}\\ _{12}u_{1,1}& _{12}u_{2,1}& _{12}u_{3,1}& _{12}u_{4,1}& _{12}u_{5,1}& _{12}u_{6,1}\end{array}\right|_1$$

$$+2\left|\begin{array}{cccccc}_1u_{1,1}& _1u_{2,1}& _1u_{3,1}& _1u_{4,1}& _1u_{5,1}& _1u_{6,1}\\ _2u_{1,1}& _2u_{2,1}& _2u_{3,1}& _2u_{4,1}& _2u_{5,1}& _2u_{6,1}\\ _1u_{1,2}& _1u_{2,2}& _1u_{3,2}& _1u_{4,2}& _1u_{5,2}& _1u_{6,2}\\ _{12}u_{1,1}& _{12}u_{2,1}& _{12}u_{3,1}& _{12}u_{4,1}& _{12}u_{5,1}& _{12}u_{6,1}\end{array}\right|_1$$

$$+2\left|\begin{array}{cccccc}_1u_{1,1}& _1u_{2,1}& _1u_{3,1}& _1u_{4,1}& _1u_{5,1}& _1u_{6,1}\\ _2u_{1,1}& _2u_{2,1}& _2u_{3,1}& _2u_{4,1}& _2u_{5,1}& _2u_{6,1}\\ _2u_{1,2}& _2u_{2,2}& _2u_{3,2}& _2u_{4,2}& _2u_{5,2}& _2u_{6,2}\\ _{12}u_{1,2}& _{12}u_{2,2}& _{12}u_{3,2}& _{12}u_{4,2}& _{12}u_{5,2}& _{12}u_{6,2}\end{array}\right|_1$$

$$3\left|\begin{array}{cccccc}_1u_{1,1}& _1u_{2,1}& _1u_{3,1}& _1u_{4,1}& _1u_{5,1}& _1u_{6,1}\\ _1u_{1,2}& _1u_{2,2}& _1u_{3,2}& _1u_{4,2}& _1u_{5,2}& _1u_{6,2}\\ _2u_{1,2}& _2u_{2,2}& _2u_{3,2}& _2u_{4,2}& _2u_{5,2}& _2u_{6,2}\\ _2^2u_{1,1}& _2^2u_{2,1}& _2^2u_{3,1}& _2^2u_{4,1}& _2^2u_{5,1}& _2^2u_{6,1}\end{array}\right|_1$$

Here we use the notation $`_{12}=_1_2.`$ Corresponding matrices for the $`_2`$ parts can be obtained from these matrices by changing $`1`$ to $`2`$ and $`2`$ to $`1.`$

###### Theorem 10.1.

$`6`$-commutator $`s_6`$ on $`Vect(2)`$ is be given by the formula given above.

Proof. Let $`X_1=_1,X_2=_2,`$ $`a_1=x_1_1,a_2=x_2_1,a_3=x_1_2,a_4=x_2_2.`$ Let $`V`$ be the set of $`6`$-tuples of the form $`(X_1,X_2,a_1,\mathrm{}\widehat{a_i},\mathrm{},a_4,X_6),`$ where $`i=1,2,3,4`$ and $`X_6`$ runs over the basic elements of $`W_2`$ with order $`|X_6|=1.`$

We see that

$$supp(s_6)V.$$

One calculates that

$$s_6(_1,_2,x_i_i,x_2_1,x_1_2,x_1^2_1)=2_2,$$

$$s_6(_1,_2,x_i_i,x_2_1,x_1_2,x_1x_2_1)=2_1,$$

$$s_6(_1,_2,x_i_i,x_2_1,x_1_2,x_1x_2_2)=2_2,$$

$$s_6(_1,_2,x_i_i,x_2_1,x_1_2,x_2^2_2)=2_1,$$

for $`i=1,2`$ and

$$s_6(_1,_2,x_1_1,x_2_1,x_2_2,x_1^2_1)=2_1,$$

$$s_6(_1,_2,x_1_1,x_2_1,x_2_2,x_1x_2_2)=2_1,$$

$$s_6(_1,_2,x_1_1,x_2_1,x_2_2,x_1^2_2)=6_2,$$

$$s_6(_1,_2,x_1_1,x_1_2,x_2_2,x_1x_2_1)=2_2,$$

$$s_6(_1,_2,x_1_1,x_1_2,x_2_2,x_2^2_1)=6_1,$$

$$s_6(_1,_2,x_1_1,x_1_2,x_2_2,x_2^2_2)=2_2,$$

For other $`(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6)V,`$

$$s_6(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6)=0.$$

Calculations here are not difficult, but tedious. We perform them in one example.

Take

$$X_1=_1,X_2=_2,X_3=x_2_1,X_4=x_1_1x_2_2,X_5=x_1_2,X_6=x_1^2_1.$$

Then

$$s_6^{\prime \prime }(X_1,\mathrm{},X_5,x_1^2_1)=$$

$$2(3x_1^2_1+2x_1x_2_2)_1_2+2x_1x_2_1_2^2=4_2.$$

We see that

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_1,X_3,X_6)=s_3(_1,x_2_1,x_1^2_1)=2x_2_1x_1_1=0,$$

and

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_1,X_3,X_6)s_3^{rsym}(X_2,X_4,X_5)=0.$$

Furthermore,

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_1,X_4,X_6)=s_3^{rsym}(_1,x_1_1x_2_2,x_1^2_1)=$$

$$2(x_1_1x_2_2)x_1_1x_1^2_1_1=2x_1_12x_1_1=0,$$

and

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_1,X_4,X_6)s_3^{rsym}(X_2,X_3,X_5)=0.$$

At last,

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_1,X_5,X_6)=s_3^{rsym}(_1,x_1_2,x_1^2_1)=$$

$$2x_1_2x_1_1x_1^2_1_2=2x_1_2,$$

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_2,X_3,X_4)=s_3^{rsym}(_2,x_2_1,x_1_1x_2_2)=$$

$$x_2_1_2(x_1_1x_2_2)_1=2_1,$$

and

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_1,X_5,X_6)s_3^{rsym}(X_2,X_3,X_4)=4_2.$$

Similarly,

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_2,X_3,X_6)=s_3^{rsym}(_2,x_2_1,x_1^2_1)=x_1^2_1_1=2x_1_1,$$

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_1,X_4,X_5)=s_3^{rsym}(_1,x_1_1x_2_2,x_1_2)=$$

$$(x_1_1x_2_2)_2x_1_2_1=2_2,$$

and

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_2,X_3,X_6)s_3^{rsym}(X_1,X_4,X_5)=0.$$

We have:

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_2,X_4,X_6)=s_3^{rsym}(_2,x_1_1x_2_2,x_1^2_1)=$$

$$x_1^2_1_2=0,$$

and

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_2,X_4,X_6)s_3^{rsym}(X_1,X_3,X_5)=0.$$

Finally,

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_2,X_5,X_6)=s_3^{rsym}(_2,x_1_2,x_1^2_1)=0,$$

and

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_2,X_5,X_6)s_3^{rsym}(X_1,X_3,X_4)=0.$$

Thus,

$$s_6^{}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_5,x_1^2_1)=s_3^{rsym}(X_1,X_5,X_6)s_3^{rsym}(X_2,X_3,X_4)=4_2.$$

Hence

$$s_6(X_1,\mathrm{},X_5,x_1^2_1)=s_6^{}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_5,x_1^2_1)+s_6^{\prime \prime }(X_1,\mathrm{},X_5,x_1^2_1)=$$

$$4_2+4_2=0.$$

So, we have constructed $`esc(s_{6,W_2}^{rsym.r}).`$ A reconstruction of $`s_{6,W_2}^{rsym.r}`$ by its escort (formula (1)) gives us the formula for $`s_6.`$ By lemma 7.3, $`s_6=s_6^{rsym.r}`$ on $`Vect(2).`$

## 11. 5-commutator of adjoint derivations

###### Lemma 11.1.

Let $`U`$ be any $`\{_1,_2\}`$-differential algebra and $`Vect_0(2)`$ be the subspace of vector fields without divergence of $`Vect(2).`$ Then

$$ads_5(X_1,\mathrm{},X_5)=s_5(adX_1,\mathrm{},adX_5),$$

for any $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_5Vect_0(2).`$

Proof. Consider a multilinear polynomial $`f`$ with 6 variables defined by

$$f(t_0,t_1,\mathrm{},t_5)=(t_0)s_5^{ad}(t_1,\mathrm{},t_5)=\underset{\sigma Sym_5}{}sign\sigma [\mathrm{}[[t_0,t_{\sigma (1)}],t_{\sigma (2)}],\mathrm{}].$$

We see that $`f`$ is polylinear and skew-symmetric in all variables except the first one. Important properties for us are: $`f_{Vect_0(2)}`$ is $`𝒟`$-invariant and $``$-graded. Therefore, $`f`$ can be uniquely restaured from its escort. We see that

$$supp(f)=$$

$$L_1^2L_1^2L_0L_2L_1^2L_1L_0^2L_1$$

$$L_1L_1^3L_0L_1$$

$$L_0^2L_1^2L_0L_1$$

$$L_1^2L_1^3L_0.$$

Here by $`L_i`$ we denote the graded components for $`S_1=XW_2:DivX=0.`$

Let $`(a,b,c)=(x_2_1,x_1_1x_2_2,x_1_2).`$ Then

$$F:=s_5^{ad}(_1,_2,a,b,c)]EndW_n,$$

is defined by

(5)
$$(u_1_1+u_2_2)F=6(_1_2(u_1)+6_2^2(u_2))_16(_1^2u_1+_1_2u_2)_2.$$

In other words,

$$(u_1_1+u_2_2)F=6D_{12}(_1(u_1)+_2(u_2)).$$

Set $`s_k^{ad}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)=s_k(adX_1,\mathrm{},adX_k)),`$ where $`ad:LEndL.`$

Let us prove (5). By lemma 5.1 we have

$$F=F_1+F_2+F_3,$$

where

$$F_1=s_3^{ad}(_1,a,b)ad[_2,c]+s_3^{ad}(_1,b,c)ad[_2,a]+s_3^{ad}(_1,c,a)ad[_2,b],$$

$$F_2=s_3^{ad}(_2,a,b)ad[_1,c]s_3^{ad}(_2,b,c)ad[_1,a]s_3^{ad}(_2,c,a)ad[_1,b],$$

$$F_3=s_3^{ad}(_1,_2,a)ad[b,c]+s_3^{ad}(_1,_2,b)ad[c,a]+s_3^{ad}(_1,_2,c)ad[a,b].$$

Further,

$$F_1=s_3^{ad}(_1,b,c)_1+s_3^{ad}(_1,c,a)_2,$$

$$F_2=s_3^{ad}(_2,a,b)_2+s_3^{ad}(_2,c,a)_1,$$

$$F_3=2s_3^{ad}(_1,_2,a)adcs_3^{ad}(_1,_2,b)adb2s_3^{ad}(_1,_2,c)ada.$$

It is easy to see that

$$F_3=$$

$$2(_1_2a)adc2(_2_1a)adc$$

$$+(_1_2b)adb(_2_1b)adb$$

$$+2(_1_2c)ada2(_2_1c)ada=$$

$$2(_1_1)adc(_1_2)adb(_2_1)adb2(_2_2)ada=$$

$$2_1^2adc2(_1_2)adb2_2^2ada.$$

Note that

$$((u_1_1+u_2_2)_1^2)adc=$$

$$[_1^2(u_1)_1+_1^2(u_2)_2,x_1_2]=_1^2(u_1)_2,$$

$$(u_1_1+u_2_2)(_1_2adb)=$$

$$[_1_2(u_1)_1+_1_2(u_2)_2,x_1_1x_2_2]=0,$$

$$((u_1_1+u_2_2)_2^2)ada=$$

$$[_2^2(u_1)_1+_2^2(u_2)_2,x_2_1]=_2^2(u_2)_1.$$

Therefore,

$$(u_1_1+u_2_2)F_3=$$

$$2_1^2(u_1)_2+2_2^2(u_2)_1.$$

Similarly,

$$(u_1_1+u_2_2)(F_1+F_2)=$$

$$4_1_2(u_1)_14_1^2(u_1)_2+4_2^2(u_2)_14_1_2(u_2)_2.$$

From these expressions of $`F_1,`$ $`F_2`$ and $`F_3`$ we obtain (5).

So, by (5), $`F=0`$ on $`Vect_0(2).`$ In particular

$$esc(f)(X,_1,_2,x_2_1,x_1_1x_2_2,x_1_2)=0,$$

for any $`XL_1.`$

Similar calculations show that non-zero components for $`esc(f)`$ are

$$f(x_2_1,_1,_2,x_2_1,x_1_1x_2_2,D_{12}(x_1^3))=18_1,$$

$$f(x_2_1,_1,_2,x_2_1,x_1_2,D_{12}(x_1^2x_2))=6_1,$$

$$f(x_2_1,_1,_2,x_1_1x_2_2,x_1_2,D_{12}(x_1x_2^2))=6_1,$$

$$f(x_1_1x_2_2,_1,_2,x_2_1,x_1_1x_2_2,D_{12}(x_1^3))=18_2,$$

$$f(x_1_1x_2_2,_1,_2,x_2_1,x_1_1x_2_2,D_{12}(x_1^2x_2))=6_1,$$

$$f(x_1_1x_2_2,_1,_2,x_1_1x_2_2,x_1_2,D_{12}(x_1x_2^2))=6_2,$$

$$f(x_1_1x_2_2,_1,_2,x_1_1x_2_2,x_1_2,D_{12}(x_2^3))=18_1,$$

$$f(x_1_2,_1,_2,x_2_1,x_1_2,D_{12}(x_1x_2^2))=6_2,$$

$$f(x_1_2,_1,_2,x_2_1,x_1_1x_2_2,D_{12}(x_1^2x_2))=6_2,$$

$$f(x_1_2,_1,_2,x_1_1x_2_2,x_1_2,D_{12}(x_2^3))=18_2,$$

and

$$f(_1,_1,_2,x_2_1,x_1_1x_2_2,D_{12}(x_1^4))=72_2,$$

$$f(_1,_1,_2,x_2_1,x_1_1x_2_2,D_{12}(x_1^3x_2))=18_1,$$

$$f(_1,_1,_2,x_2_1,x_1_2,D_{12}(x_1^3x_2)=18_2,$$

$$f(_1,_1,_2,x_2_1,x_1_2,D_{12}(x_1^2x_2^2)=12_1,$$

$$f(_1,_1,_2,x_1_1x_2_2,x_1_2,D_{12}(x_1^2x_2^2))=12_2,$$

$$f(_1,_1,_2,x_1_1x_2_2,x_1_2,D_{12}(x_1x_2^3))=18_1,$$

$$f(_1,_1,x_2_1,x_1_1x_2_2,x_1_2,D_{12}(x_1^3))=18_2,$$

$$f(_1,_1,x_2_1,x_1_1x_2_2,x_1_2,D_{12}(x_1^2x_2))=6_1,$$

$$f(_1,_2,x_2_1,x_1_1x_2_2,x_1_2,D_{12}(x_1^2x_2))=6_2,$$

$$f(_1,_2,x_2_1,x_1_1x_2_2,x_1_2,D_{12}(x_1x_2^2))=6_1,$$

$$f(_1,_1,_2,x_2_1,D_{12}(x_1^3),D_{12}(x_1^2x_2))=72_2,$$

$$f(_1,_1,_2,x_2_1,D_{12}(x_1^3),D_{12}(x_1x_2^2))=36_1,$$

$$f(_1,_1,_2,x_1_1x_2_2,D_{12}(x_1^3),D_{12}(x_1x_2^2))=72_2,$$

$$f(_1,_1,_2,x_1_1x_2_2,D_{12}(x_1^3),D_{12}(x_2^3))=108_1,$$

$$f(_1,_1,_2,x_1_2,D_{12}(x_1^2x_2),D_{12}(x_2^3))=36_1,$$

$$f(_1,_1,_2,x_1_2,D_{12}(x_1^2x_2),D_{12}(x_1x_2^2))=24_2.$$

Other components of the form $`f(_1,_1,_2,a,b,X)`$ $`f(_1,_i,a,b,c,Y),`$ and $`f(_1,_1,_2,a,Y,Z)`$ are equal to $`0,`$ where $`a,b,cL_0,`$ $`XL_2,Y,ZL_1`$ and $`i=1,2.`$ To find $`f(_2,_1,_2,a,b,X),`$ $`f(_1,_i,a,b,c,Y)`$ and $`f(_2,_1,_2,a,Y,Z)`$ one should use the involutive automorphism of $`W_n`$ induced by changing of variables $`(x_1,x_2)(x_2,x_1).`$

Using lemma 9.1 we see that

$$esc(f)=esc(g),$$

where $`𝒟`$-invariant map $`g:S_1^5S_1S_1`$ is given by

$$g(X_1,X_1,\mathrm{},X_5)=[X_0,s_5^{rsym.r}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_5)].$$

It remains to use (1), for $`𝒟`$-invariant forms $`f`$ and $`g`$ to obtain that $`s_5^{ad}=ads_5`$ for $`Vect_0(2).`$

## 12. $`s_6=0`$ is an identity on $`Vect_0(2)`$

###### Lemma 12.1.

$`s_6=0`$ is an identity on $`Vect_0(2).`$

Proof. Set

$$X_1=_1,X_2=_2,X_3=x_2_1,X_4=x_1_1x_2_2,X_5=x_1_2,$$

$$V=\{(X_1,X_2,\mathrm{},X_6):|X_6|=1,X_6S_1\}.$$

Notice that $`supp(s_6)V.`$ We need to check that $`s_6(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6)=0,`$ for all $`(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6)V.`$ By lemma 7.3,

$$s_6^{rsym.r}=s_6.$$

By lemma 5.1,

$$s_6=s_3s_3.$$

Let $`(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6)V`$ and $`F=s_6(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6).`$

We see that, $`s_6(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6)`$ is the alternating sum of elements of the form $`s_3(X_{\sigma (1)},X_{\sigma (2)},X_{\sigma (3)})s_3(X_{\sigma (4)},X_{\sigma (5)},X_{\sigma (6)}),`$ where $`\sigma Sym_{3,3}`$ are shuffle permutations, i.e., $`\sigma (1)<\sigma (2)<\sigma (3),\sigma (4)<\sigma (5)<\sigma (6).`$ Moreover,

$$s_6(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6)=$$

$$\underset{\sigma Sym_{3,3},\sigma (1)<\sigma (4)}{}sign\sigma [s_3(X_{\sigma (1)},X_{\sigma (2)},X_{\sigma (3)}),s_3(X_{\sigma (4)},X_{\sigma (5)},X_{\sigma (6)})].$$

Since $`|s_6(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6)|=1,`$

$$s_6(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6)<_i,$$

for some $`i=1,2.`$ Therefore, in calculating $`F=s_6(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6)`$ we can make summation only in $`\sigma Sym_{3,3}`$ such that

$$s_3(X_{\sigma (1)},X_{\sigma (2)},X_{\sigma (3)})<u_i:|u|=1,2,$$

$$s_3(X_{\sigma (4)},X_{\sigma (5)},X_{\sigma (6)})<^\alpha :|\alpha |=1,2.$$

Since

$$s_3(X_1,X_2,X)=s_3(_1,_2,X)=[_2,X]_1+[X,_1]_2,$$

there are two possibilities:

* if $`1,2\{\sigma (1),\sigma (2),\sigma (3)\}`$ or $`1,2\{\sigma (4),\sigma (5),\sigma (6)\}`$ then $`(\sigma (4),\sigma (5),\sigma (6))=(1,2,s),`$ and $`(\sigma (1),\sigma (2),\sigma (3))=(q,r,6),`$ where $`\{q,r,s\}=\{3,4,5\},`$ and $`q<r.`$
* if each of the following subsets $`\{\sigma (1),\sigma (2),\sigma (3)\}`$ and $`\{\sigma (4),\sigma (5),\sigma (6)\}`$ contains exactly one element $`s\{1,2\}.`$

Therefore,

$$s_6(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6)=s_6^{}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6)+s_6^{\prime \prime }(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6),$$

where

$$s_6^{}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6)=$$

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_1,X_3,X_6)s_3^{rsym}(X_2,X_4,X_5)s_3^{rsym}(X_1,X_4,X_6)s_3^{rsym}(X_2,X_3,X_5)$$

$$+s_3^{rsym}(X_1,X_5,X_6)s_3^{rsym}(X_2,X_3,X_4)s_3^{rsym}(X_2,X_3,X_6)s_3^{rsym}(X_1,X_4,X_5)$$

$$+s_3^{rsym}(X_2,X_4,X_6)s_3^{rsym}(X_1,X_3,X_5)s_3^{rsym}(X_2,X_5,X_6)s_3^{rsym}(X_1,X_3,X_4),$$

$$s_6^{\prime \prime }(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6)=$$

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_4,X_5,X_6)s_3(X_1,X_2,X_3)+s_3^{rsym}(X_3,X_5,X_6)s_3(X_1,X_2,X_4)$$

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_3,X_4,X_6)s_3(X_1,X_2,X_5).$$

Here we use notation $`s_3^{rsym}`$ instead of $`s^{rsym.r}`$ or $`s_3^{rsym.l},`$ because $`s^{rsym.r}=s_3^{rsym.l}`$ for any right-symmetric algebra.

Notice that

$$s_3(_1,_2,x_1_1)=_1_2,$$

$$s_3(_1,_2,x_2_1)=_1^2,$$

$$s_3(_1,_2,x_1_2)=_2^2,$$

$$s_3(_1,_2,x_2_2)=_1_2.$$

Therefore,

$$s_6^{\prime \prime }(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6)=$$

(6)
$$s_3^{rsym}(x_1_1x_2_2,x_1_2,X_6)_1^2+2s_3^{rsym}(x_2_1,x_1_2,X_6)_1_2$$

$$s_3^{rsym}(x_2_1,x_1_1x_2_2,X_6)_2^2$$

Now calculate $`s_6^{\prime \prime }(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6)`$ for $`X_6=x_1^2_2.`$ By (6) we have

$$s_6^{\prime \prime }(X_1,\mathrm{},X_5,x_1^2_2)=$$

$$2x_1^2_2_1_2+(4x_1^2_1+6x_1x_2_2)_2^2=0.$$

Check that $`s_6^{}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6)=0`$ for $`X_6=x_1^2_2.`$

Let $`a,b,c<x_2_1,x_1_1x_2_2,x_1_2.`$ Notice that

$$s_3^{rsym}(_i,a,X_6)=a[X_6,_i]+X_6[_i,a]=$$

$$a_i(X_6)X_6_i(a),$$

$$s_3^{rsym}(_j,b,c)=b[c,_j]+c[_j,b]=b_j(c)c_j(b).$$

By these formulas, it is easy to calculate that

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_1,X_3,X_6)=s_3(_1,x_2_1,x_1^2_2)=2x_2_1x_1_2=2x_1_1,$$

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_2,X_4,X_5)=s_3(_2,x_1_1x_2_2,x_1_2)=x_1_2_2=0,$$

and

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_1,X_3,X_6)s_3(X_2,X_4,X_5)=0.$$

Furthermore,

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_1,X_4,X_6)=s_3^{rsym}(_1,x_1_1x_2_2,x_1^2_2)=$$

$$2(x_1_1x_2_2)x_1_2x_1^2_2_1=$$

$$2x_1_22x_1_2=4x_1_2,$$

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_2,X_3,X_5)=s_3^{rsym}(_2,x_2_1,x_1_2)=x_1_2_1=_2,$$

and

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_1,X_4,X_6)s_3(X_2,X_3,X_5)=0.$$

Finally,

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_1,X_5,X_6)=s_3(_1,x_1_2,x_1^2_2)=$$

$$2x_1_2x_1_2x_1^2_2_2=0,$$

and

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_1,X_5,X_6)s_3^{rsym}(X_2,X_3,X_4)=0.$$

Similarly,

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_2,X_3,X_6)s_3^{rsym}(X_1,X_4,X_5)=0,$$

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_2,X_4,X_6)s_3^{rsym}(X_1,X_3,X_5)=0,$$

$$s_3^{rsym}(X_2,X_5,X_6)s_3^{rsym}(X_1,X_3,X_4)=0.$$

So, we have established that $`s_6^{}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6)=0`$ for $`X_6=x_1^2_2.`$ Thus,

$$s_6(X_1,\mathrm{},X_5,x_1^2_2)=s_6^{}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_5,x_1^2_2)+s_6^{\prime \prime }(X_1,\mathrm{},X_5,x_1^2_2)=0.$$

Similarly, one can calculate that

$$s_6(X_1,\mathrm{},X_5,X_6)=0,$$

for any $`X_6=x_1^2_12x_1x_2_2,x_2^2_22x_1x_2_1,x_2^2_1.`$ In other words, $`esc(s_6)(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6)=0,`$ for any $`(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6)V.`$

Therefore, by (1) $`s_6=0`$ is an identity on $`Vect_0(2).`$

## 13. $`s_7=0`$ is an identity on $`Vect(2).`$

###### Lemma 13.1.

$`s_7=0`$ is an identity on $`Vect(2).`$

Proof. We see that $`esc(s_7)`$ is uniquely defined by the homomorphism of $`sl_2`$-modules $`f:L_1L_1`$ given by $`f(X)=s_7(_1,_2,x_1_1,x_2_2,x_1_1,x_2_2,X).`$ Since

$$L_1R(\pi _1)+R(2\pi _1+\pi _2),$$

and this isomorphism of $`sl_2`$-modules can be given by divergence map, it is clear that $`f(X)=\lambda Div(X)`$ for some $`\lambda 𝐂.`$ Using the decomposition $`s_7^{rsym.r}=s_4^{rsym.r}\stackrel{}{}s_3,`$ one can calculate that

$$s_7(_1,_2,x_1_1,x_2_2,x_1_1,x_2_2,x_1^2_1)=0.$$

Thus, $`\lambda =0`$ and $`s_7=0`$ is an identity on $`Vect(2).`$

## 14. $`5`$\- and $`6`$-commutators are primitive.

The commutator operation is an invariant operation with two arguments on the space of vector fields. Therefore, any iteration of commutator operations $`k1`$ times gives us a new invariant operation with $`k`$ arguments on the space of vector fields. Any linear combination of invariant $`k`$-operations is also a $`k`$-operation. Below we show that for $`L=Vect_0(2)`$ the $`5`$-commutator $`s_5`$ can not be obtained in a such way from commutator operations. So, $`5`$-commutator $`s_5`$ is a new invariant operation on $`Vect_0(2)`$ that can not be reduced to commutators. Similar results hold for $`6`$-commutator.

###### Lemma 14.1.

There does not exist a Lie polynomial $`f=f(t_1,\mathrm{},t_5)`$ such that $`s_5(X_1,\mathrm{},X_5)=f(X_1,\mathrm{},X_5),`$ for any $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_5Vect_0(2).`$ Similarly, one can not represent a $`6`$-commutator on $`Vect(2)`$ in the form $`s_6(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6)=g(X_1,\mathrm{},X_6),`$ for any $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_6Vect(2),`$ where $`g`$ a is Lie polynomial in $`6`$ variables.

Proof. Let $`L`$ be a Lie algebra, $`U(L)`$ its universal enveloping algebra and

$$\mathrm{\Delta }:U(L)U(L)U(L),\mathrm{\Delta }(X)=X1+1X,XL,$$

a comultiplication. For any $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_kL,`$

$$\mathrm{\Delta }(X_1\mathrm{}X_k)=\underset{l=0}{\overset{k}{}}\underset{\sigma Sym_{l,kl}}{}X_{\sigma (1)}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}X_{\sigma (kl)}X_{\sigma (l+1)}\mathrm{}X_{\sigma (k)}.$$

Thus, for any $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_kL,`$

$$\mathrm{\Delta }(s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k))=\underset{l=0}{\overset{k}{}}\underset{\sigma Sym_{l,kl}}{}s_l(X_1,\mathrm{},X_l)s_{kl}(X_{l+1},\mathrm{},X_k).$$

Therefore, if $`s_k`$ is the standard $`k`$-commutator, i.e., if $`s_k`$ is obtained from Lie polynomial, then

$$G_k=\underset{l=1}{\overset{k1}{}}s_l(X_1,\mathrm{},X_l)s_{kl}(X_{l+1},\mathrm{},X_k).$$

should be identically 0 for any $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_kL.`$ Here $`L=W_2`$ if $`k=6,`$ and $`L=S_1`$ if $`k=5.`$

In a calculation of $`G_k`$ below we use formulas for quadratic parts of $`k`$ commutators (lemmas 8.2, 8.3, 8.4).

Consider the case of $`5`$-commutators. Take

$$(X_1,X_2,X_3,X_4,X_5)=(_1,_2,x_1_1x_2_2,x_2_1,x_1_2).$$

One can calculate that

$$G_5=$$

$$4_1_24_2_12_2x_1_1^24_2x_2_1_2+4_1_2x_1_1$$

$$4_1_2x_2_2+4x_1_1_1_22x_1_1^2_24x_2_2_1_24x_2_1_2_2$$

$$0.$$

So, $`s_5`$ on $`S_1`$ can not be obtained from any Lie polynomial.

Consider now the case of $`6`$-commutator. Take

$$(X_1,X_2,X_3,X_4,X_5,X_6)=(_1,_2,x_1_1,x_2_1,x_1_2,x_1^2_1).$$

We see that

$$s_3(X_1,X_2,X_3)s_3(X_4,X_5,X_6)=_1_2(3x_1^2_1+2x_1x_2_2+x_1^3_1^2+2x_1^2x_2_1_2),$$

Therefore, $`G_6`$ has the term of the form $`_1_2x_1^3_1^2.`$ Collect all terms of $`G_6`$ of the form $`\lambda _1_2x_1^3_1^2.`$ Then their sum, denoted by $`R,`$ should be $`0`$ if $`s_6`$ is standard $`5`$-commutator. As a differential operator of second order, $`x_1^3_1^2`$ can not appear in $`s_2(X_i,X_j).`$ Direct calculations then show that the elements of the form $`s_l(X_{j_1},\mathrm{},X_{j_l}),j_1<\mathrm{}<j_l,l=3,4,5,`$ may have the part $`\mu x_1^3_1^2,\mu 0`$ only in one case: $`l=3,(j_1,j_2,j_3)=(4,5,6).`$ So, $`R=_1_2x_1^3_1^20.`$ This contradiction shows that $`6`$-commutator on $`W_2`$ is primitive.

## 15. $`s_5`$ and $`s_6`$ are cocycles

Let $`d:C^k(L,L)C^{k+1}(L,L)`$ be the coboundary operator. Then

$$d\psi =d^{}\psi +d^{\prime \prime }\psi ,$$

where

$$d^{}\psi (X_1,\mathrm{},X_{k+1})=\underset{i<j}{}(1)^{i+j}\psi ([X_i,X_j],X_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{X_i},\mathrm{},\widehat{X_j},\mathrm{},X_{k+1}),$$

$$d^{\prime \prime }\psi (X_1,\mathrm{},X_{k+1})=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k+1}{}}(1)^{i+1}[X_i,\psi (X_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{X_i},\mathrm{},X_{k+1}).$$

###### Lemma 15.1.

$`d^{}s_k^{rsym.r}=0,`$ if $`k`$ is even and $`d^{}s_k^{rsym.r}=s_{k+1}^{rsym.r},`$ if $`k`$ is odd.

Proof. This follows from induction in $`n`$ and the following relation

$$s_{k+1}^{rsym.r}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k+1}{}}(1)^{i+k+1}(s_k^{rsym.r}(X_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{X_i},\mathrm{},X_{k+1}))X_i.$$

###### Lemma 15.2.

$`(2d^{}+d^{\prime \prime })s_k=0,`$ for any $`kn^2+2n2.`$

Proof. By corollary 4.4, $`adXDer(Vect(n),s_k),`$ if $`kn^2+2n2.`$ Therefore,

$$[X_i,s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{X_i},\mathrm{},X_{k+1})]=$$

$$\underset{j=1}{\overset{i1}{}}(1)^{1+j}s_k([X_i,X_j],\mathrm{},\widehat{X_i},\mathrm{},\widehat{X_j},\mathrm{},X_{k+1})$$

$$+\underset{j=i+1}{\overset{k+1}{}}(1)^js_k([X_i,X_j],\mathrm{},\widehat{X_i},\mathrm{},\widehat{X_j},\mathrm{},X_{k+1}),$$

and

$$d^{\prime \prime }s_k(X_1,\mathrm{},X_{k+1})=$$

$$2\underset{i<j}{}(1)^{i+j}s_k([X_i,X_j],\mathrm{}\widehat{X_i},\mathrm{},\widehat{X_j},\mathrm{},X_{k+1}).$$

In other words, $`d^{\prime \prime }s_k=2d^{}s_k,`$ if $`kn^2+2n2.`$

###### Corollary 15.3.

$`ds_5=0`$ on $`Vect_0(2).`$

Proof. By lemma 12.1 $`s_5=s_5^{rsym.r}`$ and $`s_6=s_6^{rsym.r}=0`$ are identities on $`Vect_0(2).`$ Therefore, by lemma $`d_{s_5}=d^{}s_5+d^{\prime \prime }s_5=d^{}s_5=s_6=0`$ is an identity on $`Vect_0(2).`$

###### Corollary 15.4.

$`ds_6=0`$ on $`Vect(2).`$

Proof. By lemma 7.3 and lemma 13.1 $`s_6=s_6^{rsym.r}`$ and $`s_7=s_7^{rsym.r}`$ is an identity on $`Vect(2).`$ Therefore, by lemma 15.1 and 15.2 $`d_{s_6}=d^{}s_6+d^{\prime \prime }s_6=d^{}s_6=0`$ is an identity on $`Vect(2).`$

Remark. One can prove that $`(L,\{s_2,s_l\})`$ is also $`sh`$-Lie, for $`l=n^2+2n2,`$ if $`L=Vect(n)`$ and $`l=n^2+2n3,`$ if $`L=Vect_0(n).`$

Our results can be formulated in terms of generalized cohomology operators. There are two ways to do it. In the first way one saves the index of nilpotency $`d^2=0,`$ but changes the grading degree. In the second way one saves grading degree, but changes the index of nilpotency from $`d^2=0`$ to $`d^N=0.`$ A cohomology theory for $`d^N=0`$ was developed in .

Let us show how to do it for left multiplication operators. Let $`L=Vect(n)`$ be the right-symmetric algebra of vector fields and $`l_a`$ denotes left multiplication operator, $`(b)l_a=ab.`$ Define a linear operator $`d:^{}(L,L)^{}(L,L)`$ by

$$d:C^k(L,L)C^{k+n}(L,L),$$

$$d\psi (a_1,\mathrm{},a_{k+n})=\underset{\sigma Sym_{n,k}}{}sign\sigma l_{a_{\sigma (1)}}\mathrm{}l_{a_{\sigma (n)}}\psi (a_{\sigma (n+1)},\mathrm{},a_{\sigma (k+n)}).$$

Then the condition $`d^2=0`$ follows from theorem 3.3 of .

In the second case we need to consider a coboundary operator with grading degree $`+1,`$

$$d_l:^{}(L,L)^{}(L,L),$$

$$d_l:^k(L,L)^{k+1}(L,L),$$

$$d_l\psi (a_1,\mathrm{},a_{k+1})=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k+1}{}}(1)^il_{a_i}\psi (a_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{a_i},\mathrm{},a_{k+1}).$$

Then $`d_l^{2n}=0.`$

One can construct similar coboundary operators corresponding to right-multiplication operators. For example,

$$d_r:^{}(L,L)^{}(L,L),$$

$$d_r:^k(L,L)^{k+1}(L,L),$$

$$d_r\psi (a_1,\mathrm{},a_{k+1})=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k+1}{}}(1)^ir_{a_i}\psi (a_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{a_i},\mathrm{},a_{k+1}).$$

has the property $`d_r^{n^2+2n1}=0.`$

These constructions have some other modifications that include the case of more general right-symmetric algebras and their modules.

## 16. Proofs of main results

Proof of theorem 3.1. This follows from lemmas 7.3, 7.4, 6.6 and corollary 6.5.

Proof of theorem 3.2. This follows from lemmas 6.3, 11.1, 12.1, 14.1 and corollary 15.3.

Proof of theorem 3.3. This follows from lemmas 13.1, 14.1,6.4 and corollary 15.4.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am grateful to INTAS foundation for support. I wish to thank M. Kontsevich and J. Hoppe for the stimulating interest these results.