text:
# From Double Lie Groups to Quantum Groups.

## 0 Introduction

The theory of objects we now call Quantum Groups is from its very beginning related to group factorization. First constructions are due to Kac . Then an important step (in the context of Kac-von Neumann algebras) was made by Majid . Afterwards, Baaj and Skandalis created their theory of multiplicative unitaries . From this moment on one could expect that there is a $`C^{}`$-algebraic quantum group behind any (locally compact) group factorization. And indeed, recently a very general construction of $`C^{}`$-algebraic quantum groups related to a group factorization was presented in .

This paper is devoted to a construction of quantum groups from factorizations known as Double Lie Groups (DLG) . In contrast to  we are able to use different, more geometric methods, because we deal with Lie groups. This fact enables us to use their rich geometric structure.

Since we are dealing with Lie groups, the objects used in our constructions are defined at a smooth level. All of them have a clear geometric interpretation as objects related to differential groupoids associated naturally with DLGs. Starting from a concrete algebra of such objects we construct at this smooth level various mappings, which appear in the theory of quantum groups. Then by using density arguments we lift those mappings to a $`C^{}`$-algebraic level.

This paper is full of long integrals and other technical details. Therefore, in order to improve its readability, we sketch its conceptual framework, which, we believe, is simple and natural. For any DLG $`(G;A,B)`$ there is a naturally defined multiplicative unitary operator (in fact there are four of them). This operator is manageable in the sense of Woronowicz as was proved in . Therefore, by the results of Woronowicz from , there is a quantum group (modulo the problem of Haar measure) associated with any DLG.

Additionally, given a triple $`(G;A,B)`$, one can define two differential groupoid structures on $`G`$: $`G_A`$ and $`G_B`$ over $`A`$ and $`B`$, respectively. It turns out that a multiplication of one of the groupoids, say $`G_B`$, defines a morphism in the sense of Zakrzewski  from $`G_A`$ to $`G_A\times G_A`$. This morphism is coassociative. Using a construction presented in  we get a coassociative morphism from $`C^{}(G_A)`$ to $`C^{}(G_A\times G_A)`$. We may suppose that $`C^{}(G_A\times G_A)`$ is (some sort of) $`C^{}(G_A)C^{}(G_A)`$. Therefore, the morphism constructed as above begins to resemble a comultiplication, one of the main ingredients of a quantum group structure. Completion of such construction of a comultiplication complicates the fact that we are not able to prove the equality $`C^{}(G_A\times G_A)=C^{}(G_A)C^{}(G_A)`$. Nevertheless, we have a corresponding morphism of reduced $`C^{}`$-algebras. It turns out, as one can expect, that this morphism is implemented by the multiplicative unitary.

Due to great richness of the structure of a DLG, its other components enable us to find natural objects giving us almost a Hopf algebra structure. Moreover, they enable to construct an invariant positive functional on it with a natural modular group. To be more specific, group inverse implements the unitary part of an antipode; a natural cocycle on a groupoid implements a scaling group; a distinguished fiber gives a “counit”; and Haar density on the set of units of a groupoid gives us an invariant functional. We give explicit formulae for all of these mappings.

An additional advantage of the geometric approach we use in this paper is that, after recognizing the geometric content of a formula, we usually can prove it using only the very standard and well known results from calculus: the Fubini theorem and change of variables for a Riemann integral of smooth functions.

Although from a theoretical point of view this work adds nothing to the pure theory of quantum groups, it shows, we believe, interesting links of the theory of quantum groups with differential geometry, and, may be even more importantly, provides us with plenty of examples. In the examples constructed this way we have a natural, dense $``$-subalgebra of “smooth” elements in our $`C^{}`$-algebra, which, putting aside subtleties with densities, is an algebra of smooth, compactly supported functions, with a kind of convolution as a product. As a result, we can use various techniques and estimates from the theory of integral and appeal to our geometric intuitions in order to do our computations. Finally, these examples can serve as testing ground for general theory of non-compact quantum groups. Such a theory, we believe, is not finished even at the conceptual level.

There are also connections of our work with “quantization” of some semi-direct product Poisson-Lie groups, among them $`\kappa `$-Poincaré group. However, in this case the situation is not so good. Namely, the construction presented in the paper does not directly apply, since the set of decomposable elements in $`G`$ i.e. $`\{gG:g=ab=\stackrel{~}{b}\stackrel{~}{a},a,\stackrel{~}{a}A,b,\stackrel{~}{b}B\}`$ is only open and dense in $`G`$, instead of being equal to $`G`$. Nevertheless, the methodology proposed in this paper can be applied also in this case and may give us correct results.

Let us now briefly describe the content of the paper. In section 1 we collect basic facts about differential groupoids, their morphisms and related algebras, in order to make the paper more self-contained. Section 2 is devoted to proofs of some technical results used later on. In the third section we present groupoids related to DLG. In section 4 we prove that our constructions indeed provide a comultiplication in the sense of the theory of quantum groups. In section 5 we show that the algebra of a groupoid $`G_A`$ is very similar to a Hopf algebra, by identifying other ingredients of its structure and proving some needed formulae. The sixth section is devoted to the Haar measure. We use the results from , where it was shown that there is a natural class of KMS weights on any differential groupoid. Since in a groupoid $`G_A`$ the set of units is a group $`A`$, one can distinguish invariant half-densities on $`A`$. These half-densities give us Haar measure on a quantum group based on $`G_A`$. In the last section we collect all the constructions and results. Finally, there are two appendixes, where we give a geometric interpretation of a cocycle implementing a scaling group, and relate an algebra associated to a multiplicative unitary with a groupoid algebra.

In the end of the introduction the author wants to say, that the idea of construction presented in this paper was born during his collaboration with Stanislaw Zakrzewski. The author also wants to thank Robert Owczarek for his useful comments.

## 1 Differential groupoids, their morphisms and algebras.

In this section we introduce notation, recall basic facts about groupoids, their morphisms (in the sense of S. Zakrzewski) and action of morphisms on groupoid algebras. For a detailed exposition of the subject we refer to  (differential groupoids and morphisms) and  (constructions related to groupoid algebras).

The category of differential groupoids.

Let us recall that a differential relation $`r`$ from a manifold $`X`$ to a manifold $`Y`$ is a triple $`(X,Y;R)`$, such that $`R=:Gr(r)`$ is a submanifold in $`Y\times X`$. By a submanifold we always mean embedded submanifold. All manifolds considered here are smooth, Hausdorff, and have countable bases of neighborhoods. A relation $`r`$ from $`X`$ to $`Y`$ will be denoted by $`r:X\text{ }\text{ }Y`$. For a relation $`r:X\text{ }\text{ }Y`$, by $`r^T`$ we denote a transposed relation, i.e. $`r^T:Y\text{ }\text{ }X`$ is given by $`Gr(r^T):=\{(x,y)X\times Y:(y,x)Gr(r)\}`$. A composition of differential relations may fail to be a differential relation. Therefore, in a definition below we assume that there are compositions, which give again differential relations. There are also other conditions which, together with this composition property, are contained in the notion of transversality . A transversality of differential relations $`r`$ and $`s`$ will be denoted by $`r|s`$. A differential relation $`r:X\text{ }\text{ }Y`$ is a differential reduction if $`r=fi^T`$, where $`i`$ is an inclusion mapping of a submanifold $`CX`$ and $`f:CY`$ is a surjective submersion. Now we recall a definition of a differential groupoid.

###### Definition 1.1

 Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a manifold. A differential groupoid structure on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a triple $`(m,s,e)`$, where $`m:\mathrm{\Gamma }\times \mathrm{\Gamma }\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a differential reduction, $`e:\{1\}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a differential relation, $`s:\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is an involutive diffeomorphism and the following conditions are satisfied:

1. $`m(m\times id)=m(id\times m)`$
2. $`m(e\times id)=m(id\times e)=id`$
3. $`m(s\times s)=sm`$, where $`:\mathrm{\Gamma }\times \mathrm{\Gamma }(x,y)(y,x)\mathrm{\Gamma }\times \mathrm{\Gamma }`$
4. For any $`x\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ $`\mathrm{}m(x,s(x))e(\{1\})`$
5. $`m|(m\times id),m|(id\times m),m|(e\times id),m|(id\times e)`$.

It follows that objects defined in this way coincide with standard differential groupoids. The set $`E:=e(\{1\})`$ is a submanifold of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ called the set of identities. There are also two projections (surjective submersions): source or right projection: $`e_R:\mathrm{\Gamma }xm(s(x),x)E`$, and target or left projection: $`e_L:\mathrm{\Gamma }xm(x,s(x))E`$. A fiber of $`e_L`$ passing through $`g`$ (i.e. the set $`\{x\mathrm{\Gamma }:e_L(x)=e_L(g)\}`$) will be denoted by $`F_l(g)`$, and similarly a fiber of $`e_R`$ by $`F_r(g)`$.

Now comes a definition of a morphism. It should be stressed that this definition does not coincide with the standard one. For examples and motivations see .

###### Definition 1.2

 Let $`(\mathrm{\Gamma },m,s,e)`$ and $`(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{},m^{},s^{},e^{})`$ be differential groupoids. A differential relation $`h:\mathrm{\Gamma }\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ is a morphism from $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ iff

1. $`hm=m^{}(h\times h)`$
2. $`hs=s^{}h`$
3. $`he=e^{}`$
4. $`m^{}|(h\times h),h|e`$.

In the next proposition we collect basic properties of objects associated with a morphism.

###### Proposition 1.3

 Let $`h:\mathrm{\Gamma }\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ be a morphism of differential groupoids. Then

1. The formula $`Gr(f_h):=(E\times E^{})Gr(h^T)`$ defines a smooth mapping $`f_h:E^{}E`$.
2. For each $`bE^{}`$, the relation $`h^T`$ restricted to $`F_l(b)\times F_l(f_h(b))`$ defines a smooth mapping $`h_b^L:F_l(f_h(b))F_l(b)`$. The same is true for restriction to right fibers with the resulting map $`h_b^R:F_r(f_h(b))F_r(b)`$.
3. The set $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\times _h\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}:=\{(x,y)\mathrm{\Gamma }\times \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}:e_R(x)=f_h(e_L^{}(y))\}`$ is a submanifold of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\times \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$.
4. The set $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_h\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}:=\{(x,y)\mathrm{\Gamma }\times \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}:e_L(x)=f_h(e_L^{}(y))\}`$ is a submanifold of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\times \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$.
5. The sets $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_hE^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\times _hE^{}`$ are submanifolds and the mappings $`h^L:\mathrm{\Gamma }_hE^{}(x,b)h_b^L(x)\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ and $`h^R:\mathrm{\Gamma }\times _hE^{}(x,b)h_b^R(x)\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ are smooth.
6. The mapping $`m_h:\mathrm{\Gamma }\times _h\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(x,y)m^{}(h^R(x,e_L^{}(y)),y)\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ is a surjective submersion.
7. The mapping $`\text{t}_h:\mathrm{\Gamma }\times _h\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(x,y)(x,m_h(x,y))\mathrm{\Gamma }_h\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ is a diffeomorphism.
8. The mapping: $`\pi _2:\mathrm{\Gamma }\times _h\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(x,y)y\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ is a surjective submersion and $`\pi _2^1(y)`$ is diffeomorphic to $`F_r(f_h(e_L^{}(y)))`$.
9. The mapping $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_2:\mathrm{\Gamma }_h\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(x,y)y\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ is a surjective submersion and $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_2^1(y)`$ is diffeomorphic to $`F_l(f_h(e_L^{}(y)))`$.
10. Points 6-9 remain true if we replace $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ by $`F_r(y)`$ for any $`y\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ and restrict the corresponding mappings in an obvious way.

Bidensities.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a differential groupoid and let $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(e_L),(\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(e_R))`$ be a bundle of smooth, complex-valued, half-densities along left (right) fibers of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. By $`𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ we denote the linear space of compactly supported, smooth sections of the bundle $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(e_L)\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(e_R)`$ . Its elements will be called bidensities and usually denoted by $`\omega `$. So $`\omega (x)=\lambda (x)\rho (x)\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}T_x^l\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}T_x^r\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, where $`T_x^l\mathrm{\Gamma }:=T_x(F_l(x))`$ and $`T_x^r\mathrm{\Gamma }:=T_x(F_r(x))`$. In the following we also write $`\mathrm{\Omega }_L^{1/2}(x):=\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}T_x^l\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_R^{1/2}(x):=\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}T_x^r\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

We also use the following notation: if $`M,N`$ are manifolds, $`F:MN`$ and $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ is some geometric object on $`M`$ which can be pushed-forward by $`F`$, then we denote the push-forward of $`\psi `$ simply by $`F\psi `$. What it really means will be clear from the context. So below we write for example $`s(v)`$ instead of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }T_xs(v)`$ for $`v\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_x^l\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ (for a vector space $`V`$ by $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}V`$ we denote the maximal non-zero exterior power of $`V`$).

The groupoid inverse induces a star operation on $`𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$:

$$\omega ^{}(x)(vw):=\overline{\omega (s(x))(s(w)s(v))},v\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_x^l\mathrm{\Gamma },w\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_x^r\mathrm{\Gamma }$$

Because $`s`$ is an involutive diffeomorphism which interchanges left and right fibers, the $``$-operation is a well defined antilinear involution.

One can define a multiplication on the vector space $`𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. This multiplication introduces a $``$-algebra structure on $`𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. The formula for multiplication is a special case of a more general construction presented in  and will be given later on. Before giving the formula, we define some special sections of $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(e_L)\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(e_R)`$, which are very convenient for computations.

Since left(right) translations are diffeomorphisms of left(right) fibers, we can define in a natural way left(right)-invariant sections of $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(e_L)(\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(e_R))`$. Any left-invariant section of $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(e_L)`$ is determined by its value on $`E`$ and, conversely, any section of $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(e_L)|_E`$ can be uniquely extended to a left-invariant section of $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(e_L)`$.

So let $`\stackrel{~}{\lambda }`$ be a non-vanishing, real, half-density on $`E`$ along left fibers (one constructs such a density by covering $`E`$ with maps adapted to the submersion $`e_L`$ and using appropriate partition of unity to glue them together). We define

$$\lambda _0(x)(v):=\stackrel{~}{\lambda }(e_R(x))(s(x)v),v\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_x^l\mathrm{\Gamma }.$$

This $`\lambda _0`$ is a left-invariant, real, non-vanishing section of $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(e_L)`$. Now, $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }:=\stackrel{~}{\lambda }s`$ is a non-vanishing, real, half-density on $`E`$ along right fibers, and $`\rho _0`$ defined by

$$\rho _0(x)(w):=\stackrel{~}{\rho }(e_L(x)(ws(x)),w\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_x^r\mathrm{\Gamma }$$

is a right-invariant, non-vanishing, real section of $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(e_L)`$. Let $`\omega _0:=\lambda _0\rho _0`$, then this is a real, non-vanishing bidensity (of course, it doesn’t belong to $`𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ but we will still call it bidensity).

From now on the symbol $`\omega _0`$ will always mean bidensity constructed in this way.

When $`\omega _0`$ is chosen any element $`\omega 𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ can be written uniquely as $`\omega =f\omega _0`$ for some smooth, complex-valued function $`f`$ with compact support. Note the following simple:

###### Lemma 1.4

If $`\omega =f\omega _0`$ then $`\omega ^{}=f^{}\omega _0`$, where $`f^{}(x):=\overline{f(s(x))}.`$

Action of groupoid morphisms on bidensities.

It turns out that groupoid morphisms act on bidensities, i.e. for a morphism $`h:\mathrm{\Gamma }\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ one can construct a linear mapping $`\widehat{h}:𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })Lin(𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}))`$ which behaves very nicely with respect to a composition of morphisms and $``$-operation. This construction depends in a crucial way on the prop. 1.3. Let us briefly describe the construction here.

Let $`aE^{}`$, $`(x,y)\mathrm{\Gamma }\times _hF_r(a)`$ , $`\text{t}_h(x,y)=:(x,z)`$ and $`b:=e_L^{}(z)`$. Due to the prop. 1.3 we have the following isomorphisms:

$$i_1:\mathrm{\Omega }_R^{1/2}(x)\mathrm{\Omega }_R^{1/2}(y)\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}T_{(x,y)}(\mathrm{\Gamma }\times _hF_r(a)),$$

$$\text{t}_h:\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}T_{(x,y)}(\mathrm{\Gamma }\times _hF_r(a))\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}T_{(x,z)}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_hF_r(a)),$$

$$i_2:\mathrm{\Omega }_L^{1/2}(x)\mathrm{\Omega }_R^{1/2}(z)\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}T_{(x,z)}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_hF_r(a)).$$

Thus: $`(i_2)^1\text{t}_hi_1(\rho _x\rho _y)=:\lambda _x\rho _z`$ for some $`\lambda _x\rho _z\mathrm{\Omega }_L^{1/2}(x)\mathrm{\Omega }_R^{1/2}(z)`$.
Moreover, since the mapping: $`F_l(y)uh_{e_L^{}(y)}^R(x)uF_l(z)`$ is a diffeomorphism, it defines isomorphism between $`\mathrm{\Omega }_L^{1/2}(y)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_L^{1/2}(z)`$.
Now let $`\omega =\lambda \rho 𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ $`\omega ^{}=\lambda ^{}\rho ^{}𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{})`$. Then $`(i_2)^1\text{t}_hi_1(\rho (x)\rho ^{}(y))=:\stackrel{~}{\lambda _x}\stackrel{~}{\rho _z},`$ and $`h_{e_L^{}(y)}^R(x)\lambda ^{}(y)=:\stackrel{~}{\lambda _z^{}}`$, so the expression $`[\lambda (x)\stackrel{~}{\lambda _x}]\stackrel{~}{\lambda _z^{}}\stackrel{~}{\rho _z}`$ defines a 1-density on $`F_l(f_h(b))`$ with values in one-dimensional vector space $`\mathrm{\Omega }_L^{1/2}(z)\mathrm{\Omega }_R^{1/2}(z)`$. In this way we can define a mapping $`\widehat{h}`$ mentioned above

$$(\widehat{h}(\omega )\omega ^{})(z):=_{F_l(f_h(b))}[\lambda \stackrel{~}{\lambda }]\stackrel{~}{\lambda _z^{}}\stackrel{~}{\rho _z}.$$

Choose $`\omega _0=\lambda _0\rho _0`$, $`\omega _0^{}=\lambda _0^{}\rho _0^{}`$. Then $`(i_2)^1\text{t}_hi_1(\rho _0(x)\rho _0^{}(y))=:t_h(x,y)\lambda _0(x)\rho _0^{}(z)`$ for some smooth, non-vanishing function $`t_h:\mathrm{\Gamma }\times _h\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}R`$ and $`h_{e_L^{}(y)}^R(x)\lambda _0^{}(y)=\lambda _0^{}(z)`$. For $`\omega =f_1\omega _0,\omega ^{}=f_2\omega _0^{}`$ we get the explicit expression

$$(\widehat{h}(\omega )\omega ^{})(z):=\left[_{F_l(f_h(b))}\lambda _0^2(x)f_1(x)t_h(x,y)f_2(y)\right]\omega _0^{}(z)=:(f_1_hf_2)(z)\omega _0^{}(z),$$
(1)
where $`y`$ is defined by $`\text{t}_h(x,y)=(x,z)`$, i.e. $`y=s^{}(h_b^L(x))z`$.

Now taking $`h=id:\mathrm{\Gamma }\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ we get algebra structure on $`𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ and the formula for the product is

$$\omega _1\omega _2=:(f_1f_2)\omega _0,(f_1f_2)(x):=_{F_l(x)}\lambda _0^2(y)f_1(y)f_2(s(y)x)=_{F_r(x)}\rho _0^2(y)f_1(xs(y))f_2(y).$$
(2)
It seems that there is no natural, geometric, norm on $`𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, but one can introduce the family of useful norms “indexed” by $`\omega _0`$’s . Then, let us choose $`\lambda _0`$ and write $`\omega =f\omega _0`$. Let us define quantities:

$$\omega _l:=\underset{a\mathrm{\Gamma }^0}{sup}_{F_l(a)}\lambda _0^2|f|,\omega _r:=\underset{a\mathrm{\Gamma }^0}{sup}_{F_r(a)}\rho _0^2|f|,\omega _0:=max\{\omega _l,\omega _r\}.$$
(3)
(We do not explicitly write the dependence on $`\lambda _0`$ to make our notation simpler.) It can be shown that $`\omega _l`$, $`\omega _r`$, $`\omega _0`$ are norms, and $`(𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma }),,||||_0)`$ is a normed $``$-algebra.

Representation of an algebra of a groupoid associated with a morphism.

Let $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ be a smooth half-density on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ with compact support and $`\omega 𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, $`\omega =\lambda \rho `$. Let $`(x,y)\mathrm{\Gamma }\times _h\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ and $`\text{t}_h(x,y)=:(x,z)`$. As in the definition of $`\widehat{h}`$, $`\rho (x)\mathrm{\Psi }(y)`$ can be viewed as a half-density on $`T_{(x,y)}(\mathrm{\Gamma }\times _h\mathrm{\Gamma }^{})`$ and $`\text{t}_h(\rho (x)\mathrm{\Psi }(y))`$ is a half-density on $`T_{(x,z)}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_h\mathrm{\Gamma }^{})`$. Since $`\mathrm{\Omega }_L^{1/2}(x)\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}T_z\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}T_{(x,z)}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_h\mathrm{\Gamma }^{})`$ this half-density can be written as $`\stackrel{~}{\lambda _x}\mathrm{\Psi }_x(z)`$ for some $`\stackrel{~}{\lambda _x}`$ – a half-density on $`T_x^l(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ and $`\mathrm{\Psi }_x(z)`$ – a half-density on $`T_z(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{})`$. Then $`\lambda (x)\stackrel{~}{\lambda _x}\mathrm{\Psi }_x(z)`$ is a 1-density on $`T_x^l\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with values in half-densities on $`T_z(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{})`$. Integrating $`\lambda (x)\stackrel{~}{\lambda _x}\mathrm{\Psi }_x(z)`$ we get a half-density on $`T_z(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{})`$. In this way we get an operator $`\pi _h(\omega )`$ for $`\omega 𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ defined on a dense linear subspace of $`L^2(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{})`$

$$(\pi _h(\omega )\mathrm{\Psi })(z):=_{F_l(f_h(b))}[\lambda (x)\stackrel{~}{\lambda }(x)]\mathrm{\Psi }_x(z).$$

Let us choose $`\omega _0`$ and write $`\omega =f\omega _0`$. Since $`e_R^{}`$ is a surjective submersion, there is a natural isomorphism: $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}T_w\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}\mathrm{\Omega }_R^{1/2}(w)\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}T_{e_R^{}(w)}E^{}`$ for any $`w\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$. Therefore, if we choose $`\rho _0^{}`$ and $`\nu _0`$ – a non-vanishing, real half-density on $`E^{}`$, then $`\rho _0^{}\nu _0`$ defines a non-vanishing, real, half-density on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$. So any other smooth half-density with compact support $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ can be written as $`\mathrm{\Psi }=\psi \rho _0^{}\nu _0=:\psi \mathrm{\Psi }_0`$ for some smooth, complex-valued function $`\psi `$ with compact support. It is easy to see that: $`\text{t}_h(\rho _0(x)\rho _0^{}(y)\nu _0(a))=t_h(x,y)(\lambda _0(x)\rho _0^{}(z)\nu _0(a)),`$ where $`t_h`$ is as in the definition of $`\widehat{h}`$. So the explicit formula is

$$(\pi _h(\omega )\mathrm{\Psi })(z)=\left[_{F_l(f_h(b)}\lambda _0^2(x)f(x)t_h(x,y)\psi (y)\right]\mathrm{\Psi }_0(z),$$
(4)
where $`b:=e_L^{}(z),\text{t}_h(x,y)=(x,z)`$. In the next proposition we collect essential properties of the mappings $`\widehat{h}`$ and $`\pi _h`$.

###### Proposition 1.5

 Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma },\mathrm{\Gamma }^{},\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\prime \prime }`$ be differential groupoids, $`h:\mathrm{\Gamma }\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ and $`k:\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\prime \prime }`$ differential groupoid morphisms. For any $`\omega 𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma }),\omega ^{},\omega _1^{}𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}),\omega ^{\prime \prime }𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\prime \prime })`$:

* $`\widehat{k}((\widehat{h}(\omega )\omega ^{}))\omega ^{\prime \prime }=\widehat{kh}(\omega )(\widehat{k}(\omega ^{})\omega ^{\prime \prime })`$
* $`\pi _k(\widehat{h}(\omega )\omega ^{})=\pi _{kh}(\omega )\pi _k(\omega ^{})`$
* $`(\omega ^{})^{}(\widehat{h}(\omega )\omega _1^{})=(\widehat{h}(\omega ^{})\omega ^{})^{}\omega _1^{}`$
* $`\pi _h`$ is a $``$-representation of $`𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ by bounded operators on $`L^2(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{})`$, moreover for any $`\omega _0`$ we have the estimate: $`\pi _h(\omega )\omega _0`$ (on the right hand side is used the norm defined in eq. 3).
* Let us choose some $``$-invariant $`\omega _0^{}`$ and let $`||||_0^{}`$ denote the associated norm. For any $`\omega ^{}𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{})`$ there exists a sequence $`\omega _n𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ such that $`lim_n\mathrm{}\widehat{h}(\omega _n)\omega ^{}\omega ^{}_0^{}=0`$.

Due to these properties one can define a $`C^{}`$-norm on $`𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, then complete $`𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ in this norm and get a kind of universal $`C^{}`$-algebra of a differential groupoid. For any morphism $`h`$, a mapping $`\widehat{h}`$ can be uniquely extended to a morphism between corresponding $`C^{}`$-algebras and $`\pi _h`$ to a non-degenerate representation .

It is also easy to see that the representation $`\pi _{id}`$ is faithful on $`𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, so the function $`\omega \pi _{id}(\omega )`$ defines a $`C^{}`$-norm on $`𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. The completion of $`𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ in this norm is called the reduced $`C^{}`$-algebra of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and will be denoted by $`C_r^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.

Bisections and their action on groupoid algebras.

Recall that a submanifold $`B\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a bisection iff $`e_L|_B`$ and $`e_R|_B`$ are diffeomorphisms. A set of bisections of a groupoid $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a group under a natural multiplication of subsets of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and inverse given by $`B^1:=s(B).`$ Bisections act (from the left) on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ by diffeomorphisms: for $`g\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ $`Bg=g^{}g`$, where $`g^{}`$ is a unique point in $`B`$ composable with $`g`$. One can immediately verify that $`BF_r(g)=F_r(g)`$ and $`BF_l(g)=F_l(Bg).`$ These facts enable us to define an action of bisections on $`𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ according to the formula

$$(B\omega )(Bg)(BvBw):=\omega (g)(vw),\mathrm{where}v\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_g^l\mathrm{\Gamma },w\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_g^r\mathrm{\Gamma }.$$

It is easy to see that for $`\omega _0=\lambda _0\rho _0`$ and $`B\omega _0=:f\omega _0`$, the function $`f`$ is given by

$$f(Bg)\rho _0(Bg)(Bw)=\rho _0(g)(w),w\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_g^r\mathrm{\Gamma }.$$
(5)
It turns out that if $`B`$ is a bisection of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`h:\mathrm{\Gamma }\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ is a morphism, then the set $`h(B)`$ is a bisection of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$. In the next lemma we collect basic properties of action of morphisms on bisections which allow us to interpret bisections as multipliers on $`C^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ and $`C_r^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.

###### Proposition 1.6

 Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma },\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ be differential groupoids, $`B`$ a bisection of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`h:\mathrm{\Gamma }\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ a morphism. For any $`\omega ,\omega _1𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ and $`\omega ^{}𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{})`$:

1. $`\omega ^{}(B\omega _1)=(s(B)\omega )^{}\omega _1`$
2. $`(\widehat{h}(B\omega ))\omega ^{}=h(B)(\widehat{h}(\omega )\omega ^{})`$
3. $`\pi _h(B\omega )=h(B)\pi _h(\omega )`$.

## 2 $`C^{}`$-algebra of Cartesian product of groupoids.

In this section we collect some technical results about a $`C^{}`$-algebra of the Cartesian product of differential groupoids. We are not able to prove that $`C^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_2)`$ is equal to (some kind of) $`C^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_1)C^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_2)`$. However, we have the following (expected) result.

###### Proposition 2.1

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1,\mathrm{\Gamma }_2`$ be differential groupoids. Then $`C_r^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_2)=C_r^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_1)_\sigma C_r^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_2)`$, where $`_\sigma `$ denotes the minimal tensor product.

Proof: We adopt the following notation: $`𝒜_i:=𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma }_i)`$, $`H_i:=L^2(\mathrm{\Gamma }_i)`$, $`\pi _i:𝒜_iB(H_i)`$ – the identity representation of $`𝒜_i`$, $`||||_i`$ – an operator norm on $`B(H_i)`$, $`A_i:=C_r^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_i)=\overline{\pi _i(𝒜_i)}^{||||_i}`$, $`i=1,2`$ and the corresponding objects for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_2`$: $`𝒜:=𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_2)`$, $`H:=L^2(\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_2)=H_1H_2`$, $`\pi :𝒜B(H)`$, $`||||`$ – operator norm on $`B(H)`$ and $`A:=C_r^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_2)=\overline{\pi (𝒜)}^{||||}`$. It is clear that $`𝒜_1𝒜_2𝒜`$ and $`\pi |_{𝒜_1𝒜_2}=\pi _1\pi _2`$.

Let us choose $`\lambda _0`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\lambda _0}`$ – non-vanishing, real, left-invariant half-densities along left fibers on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_2`$ respectively. Then $`\lambda _0\stackrel{~}{\lambda _0}`$ is a non-vanishing, real, left-invariant half-density along left fibers on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_2`$, and we have the corresponding right-invariant half-densities and $``$-invariant bidensities: $`\omega _0^1=\lambda _0\rho _0,\omega _0^2=\stackrel{~}{\lambda _0}\stackrel{~}{\rho _0}`$ and $`\omega _0=\omega _0^1\omega _0^2`$. Let $`||||_0`$ be the corresponding norm on $`𝒜`$. We begin by the following

###### Lemma 2.2

$`𝒜_1𝒜_2`$ is dense in $`𝒜`$ in the topology defined by $`||||_0`$.

Proof: Let $`𝒟()`$ denotes compactly supported, smooth functions. The following result is standard.
For any $`f𝒟(\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_2)`$ there exist compact sets $`K_1\mathrm{\Gamma }_1,K_2\mathrm{\Gamma }_2`$ such that
$`ϵ>0g𝒟(\mathrm{\Gamma }_1)𝒟(\mathrm{\Gamma }_2):\mathrm{supp}(g)K_1\times K_2\mathrm{and}sup|fg|<ϵ`$.

Let $`\omega 𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_2)`$, then $`\omega =f\omega _0`$ for some $`f𝒟(\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_2)`$. Let $`K_1,K_2`$ be subsets as above and choose some $`h𝒟(\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_2)`$, such that $`h(x)0`$, $`h=1`$ on $`K_1\times K_2`$ and let $`M:=h\omega _0_0.`$ Take $`ϵ>0`$ and let $`g=f_ik_i𝒟(\mathrm{\Gamma }_1)𝒟(\mathrm{\Gamma }_2)`$ be such that $`sup|fg|<ϵ/M`$. Define $`\omega _i^1:=f_i\omega _0^1,\omega _i^2:=k_i\omega _0^2`$. Then simple computations show that $`\omega \omega _i^1\omega _i^2_0ϵ.`$

Since for $`\omega 𝒜`$ there is an inequality $`\omega \omega _0`$, we get that the closure of $`\pi (𝒜_1𝒜_2)`$ contains the closure of $`\pi (𝒜)`$ i.e. $`A\overline{\pi (𝒜_1𝒜_2)}^{||||}=\overline{\pi _1(𝒜_1)\pi _2(𝒜_2)}^{||||}`$. This means that $`AA_1_\sigma A_2`$. On the other hand for $`A_1a_1=lim\omega _n,\omega _n𝒜_1`$ and $`A_2a_2=lim\omega _n^{},\omega _n^{}𝒜_2`$ we immediately verify that $`\pi _1(a_1)\pi _2(a_2)=lim\pi _1(\omega _2)\pi _2(\omega _n^{})=lim\pi (\omega _n\omega _n^{})`$. In this way $`\pi _1(A_1)\pi _2(A_2)\overline{\pi (𝒜)}=C_r^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_2)`$ and $`A_1_\sigma A_2=\overline{\pi _1(A_1)\pi _2(A_2)}C_r^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\times \mathrm{\Gamma }_2)`$.

From now on, if $`A`$ and $`B`$ are $`C^{}`$-algebras, a tensor product $`AB`$ means the minimal tensor product.
In the next lemma $`\omega (\omega _1I)`$ and $`\omega (I\omega _1)`$ mean product in $`M(C_r^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }\times \mathrm{\Gamma }))`$ (i.e. multiplier algebra).

###### Lemma 2.3

Let $`\omega =F(\omega _0\omega _0)𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma }\times \mathrm{\Gamma })`$ and $`\omega _1=f\omega _0𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. Then $`\omega (\omega _1I)`$ and $`\omega (I\omega _1)`$ are elements of $`𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma }\times \mathrm{\Gamma })`$, which are given by the formulae

$$\omega (\omega _1I)=:(F(fI))(\omega _0\omega _0),\omega (I\omega _1)=:(F(If))(\omega _0\omega _0)$$

$$(F(fI))(g_1,g_2):=_{F_l(g_1)}\lambda _0^2(g)F(g,g_2)f(s(g)g_1),$$

$$(F(If))(g_1,g_2):=_{F_l(g_2)}\lambda _0^2(g)F(g_1,g)f(s(g)g_2).$$

Proof: To verify these equations it is enough to show that: $`(F(fI))(f_1f_2)=F(ff_1f_2)`$ and $`(F(If))(f_1f_2)=F(f_1ff_2)`$. Let us compute the LHS of the first equality:

$$(F(fI))(f_1f_2)(g_1,g_2)=_{F_l(g_1)\times F_l(g_2)}(\lambda _0^2(g)\lambda _0^2(h))(F(fI))(g,h)f_1(s(g)g_1)f_2(s(h)g_2)=$$

$$=_{F_l(g_1)\times F_l(g_2)}(\lambda _0^2(g)\lambda _0^2(h))f_1(s(g)g_1)f_2(s(h)g_2)_{F_l(g)}\lambda _0^2(k)F(k,h)f(s(k)g).$$

Since $`F_l(g)=F_l(g_1)`$ the above integral is equal to

$$_{F_l(g_1)\times F_l(g_1)\times F_l(g_2)}(\lambda _0^2(g)\lambda _0^2(k)\lambda _0^2(h))f_1(s(g)g_1)f_2(s(h)g_2)F(k,h)f(s(k)g).$$

And the RHS:

$$F(ff_1f_2)(g_1,g_2)=_{F_l(g_1)\times F_l(g_2)}(\lambda _0^2(g)\lambda _0^2(h))F(g,h)(ff_1)(s(g)g_1)f_2(s(h)g_2)=$$

$$=_{F_l(g_1)\times F_l(g_2)}(\lambda _0^2(g)\lambda _0^2(h))F(g,h)f_2(s(h)g_2)_{F_r(g_1)}\rho _0^2(k)f(s(g)g_1s(k))f_1(k)=$$

$$=_{F_l(g_1)\times F_l(g_2)}(\lambda _0^2(g)\lambda _0^2(h))F(g,h)f_2(s(h)g_2)_{F_l(e_R(g_1))}\lambda _0^2(k)f(s(g)g_1k))f_1(s(k))=$$

$$=_{F_l(g_1)\times F_l(g_2)}(\lambda _0^2(g)\lambda _0^2(h))F(g,h)f_2(s(h)g_2)_{F_l(g_1)}\lambda _0^2(k)f(s(g)k))f_1(s(k)g_1)=$$

$$=_{F_l(g_1)\times F_l(g_1)\times F_l(g_2)}(\lambda _0^2(k)\lambda _0^2(g)\lambda _0^2(h))f_1(s(k)g_1)f_2(s(h)g_2)F(g,h)f(s(g)k);$$

the passage from the second to the third line follows from the fact that $`s`$ restricted to $`F_r(g_1)`$ is a diffeomorphism onto $`F_l(e_R(g_1))`$ and $`s(\rho _0)=\lambda _0`$; the equality of the third and the fourth line is implied by diffeomorphism $`F_l(e_R(g_1))kg_1kF_l(g_1)`$.

The equality $`(F(If))(f_1f_2)=F(f_1ff_2)`$ can be proved in the same way.
Later on we will need the following technical result

###### Lemma 2.4

Let $`\mathrm{\Phi }:\mathrm{\Gamma }\times \mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Gamma }\times \mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a diffeomorphism, and $`\psi :\mathrm{\Gamma }\times \mathrm{\Gamma }R`$ be a smooth, non-vanishing function. Let $`\lambda _0`$ be a left-invariant, real, non-vanishing half-density and $`\omega _0`$ corresponding \*-invariant bidensity. Then $`\lambda _0\lambda _0`$ is a left-invariant, real, non-vanishing half-density on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\times \mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`\omega _0\omega _0`$ is the corresponding \*-invariant bidensity. Let $`||||_l,||||_r,||||_0`$ be the norms on $`𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma }\times \mathrm{\Gamma })`$ associated with $`\lambda _0\lambda _0`$ as defined in eq. 3. Define $`S:𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma }\times \mathrm{\Gamma })`$ by a formula:

$$S\left(\omega _i\omega _i^{}\right):=\psi \mathrm{\Phi }\left(f_if_i^{}\right)(\omega _0\omega _0),$$

where $`\omega _i=:f_i\omega _0,\omega _i^{}=:f_i^{}\omega _0`$ and $`(\mathrm{\Phi }g)(x):=g(\mathrm{\Phi }^1(x))`$ is a push-forward of a function $`g`$. Then $`S(𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma }))`$ is dense in $`𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma }\times \mathrm{\Gamma })`$ in the topology defined by $`||||_0`$.

Proof: Let $`\omega =:F(\omega _0\omega _0)𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma }\times \mathrm{\Gamma })`$ and $`K:=\mathrm{supp}F`$. Define $`\stackrel{~}{F}:=F/\psi `$ and $`F_1:=\mathrm{\Phi }^1\stackrel{~}{F}`$. Then $`\mathrm{supp}F_1=\mathrm{\Phi }^1(K)`$ is a compact set. There exist compact sets $`K_1,K_2`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Phi }^1(K)K_1\times K_2`$ and

$$ϵf_i,g_i:\mathrm{supp}f_iK_1,\mathrm{supp}g_iK_2,sup|F_1f_ig_i|ϵ$$

Then $`\mathrm{supp}\mathrm{\Phi }(f_ig_i)\mathrm{\Phi }(K_1\times K_2)`$. Choose a smooth function $`h𝒟(\mathrm{\Gamma }\times \mathrm{\Gamma })`$ such that $`0h1`$ and $`h=1`$ on $`K\mathrm{\Phi }(K_1\times K_2)`$. Let $`M:=h_0`$ and $`N:=sup\{|\psi (g_1,g_2)|:(g_1,g_2)K\mathrm{\Phi }(K_1\times K_2)\}`$. Let $`ϵ>0`$ be given and let $`f_i,g_i`$ be as above, and $`sup|F_1f_ig_i|ϵ/MN`$. Now for $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }:=f_i\omega _0g_i\omega _0`$ we have:

$$\omega S(\stackrel{~}{\omega })_l=\underset{(e_1,e_2)E\times E}{sup}_{F_l(e_1,e_2)}\lambda _0^2(g_1)\lambda _0^2(g_2)|F(g_1,g_2)\psi (g_1,g_2)\mathrm{\Phi }(f_ig_i)(g_1,g_2)|.$$

We can estimate the integral as follows:

$$_{F_l(e_1,e_2)}\lambda _0^2(g_1)\lambda _0^2(g_2)|F(g_1,g_2)\psi (g_1,g_2)\mathrm{\Phi }(f_ig_i)(g_1,g_2)|=$$

$$=_{F_l(e_1,e_2)}\lambda _0^2(g_1)\lambda _0^2(g_2)|h(g_1,g_2)||F(g_1,g_2)\psi (g_1,g_2)\mathrm{\Phi }(f_ig_i)(g_1,g_2)|=$$

$$=_{F_l(e_1,e_2)}\lambda _0^2(g_1)\lambda _0^2(g_2)|h(g_1,g_2)||\psi (g_1,g_2)||\stackrel{~}{F}(g_1,g_2)\mathrm{\Phi }(f_ig_i)(g_1,g_2)|$$

$$Nsup|\stackrel{~}{F}\mathrm{\Phi }(f_ig_i)|_{F_l(e_1,e_2)}\lambda _0^2(g_1)\lambda _0^2(g_2)|h(g_1,g_2)|.$$

Since

$$sup|\stackrel{~}{F}\mathrm{\Phi }(f_ig_i)|=sup|(\mathrm{\Phi }F_1)\mathrm{\Phi }(f_ig_i)|=sup|F_1f_ig_i)|ϵ/MN.$$

we get an inequality:$`\omega S(\stackrel{~}{\omega })_lϵ`$. In the same way we can estimate $`\omega S(\stackrel{~}{\omega })_r`$.

## 3 Double Lie Groups and related objects.

In this section we introduce basic objects of our investgations – groupoids related to a Double Lie Group (DLG). We begin by recalling the definition of a DLG (also known as a matched pair of Lie groups or a bicrossproduct Lie group).

###### Definition 3.1

 A double Lie group is a triple of Lie groups $`(G;A,B)`$ such that $`A,B`$ are closed subgroups of $`G`$, $`AB=\{e\}`$ and $`G=AB`$.

The structure of a DLG defines four projections:

$$a_L,a_R:GA,b_L,b_R:GB\mathrm{by}:g=a_L(g)b_R(g)=b_L(g)a_R(g).$$

We also define a relation $`m_A:G\times G\text{ }\text{ }G`$ by:

$$Gr(m_A):=\{(b_1ab_2;b_1a,ab_2):aA,b_1,b_2B\},$$

and a diffeomorphism $`s_A:Gga_R(g)b_R(g)^1=b_L(g)^1a_L(g)G`$.
It turns out  that $`G_A:=(G,m_A,A,s_A)`$ is a differential groupoid. The same is true for $`G_B:=(G,m_B,B,s_B)`$, where $`m_B,s_B`$ are defined similarly to $`m_A,s_A`$. Moreover $`\delta :=m_B^T:G_A\text{ }\text{ }G_A\times G_A`$ and $`s_B:G_A\text{ }\text{ }G_A`$ are morphisms of differential groupoids. In the “extreme case” $`A=\{e\},B=G`$ we have $`G_A=G`$ (the groupoid $`G_A`$ is a group) and $`G_B=(G,diag^T,G,id)`$, where $`diag:Gg(g,g)G\times G`$ is the diagonal mapping. The basic example of a DLG, the reader may think of, is an Iwasawa decomposition of a semi-simple Lie group $`G=K(AN)`$.

In the next lemma we explicitly describe mappings and sets related to the morphism $`\delta `$. We use the same notation as in prop. 1.3. The proof is straightforward.

###### Lemma 3.2

Let $`(G;A,B)`$ be a double Lie group and let $`\delta :=m_B^T`$. Then:

1. $`Gr(\delta )=\{(a_2b_2,b_2a_3;a_2b_2a_3):a_2,a_3A,b_2B\};`$
2. $`f_\delta :A\times A(a_1,a_2)a_1a_2A;`$
3. $`G_A\times _\delta (G_A\times G_A)=\{(\stackrel{~}{b_1}a_2a_3;a_2b_2,a_3b_3):\stackrel{~}{b_1},b_2,b_3B,a_2,a_3A\};`$
4. $`G_A\times _\delta F_r(\stackrel{~}{a_2},\stackrel{~}{a_3})=\{(\stackrel{~}{b_1}a_L(\stackrel{~}{b_2}\stackrel{~}{a_2})a_L(\stackrel{~}{b_3}\stackrel{~}{a_3});\stackrel{~}{b_2}\stackrel{~}{a_2},\stackrel{~}{b_2}\stackrel{~}{a_2}):\stackrel{~}{b_1},\stackrel{~}{b_2},\stackrel{~}{b_3}B\};`$
5. $`G_A_\delta (G_A\times G_A)=\{(a_2a_3b_1;a_2b_2,a_3b_3):b_1,b_2,b_3B,a_2,a_3A\};`$
6. $`G_A_\delta F_r(\stackrel{~}{a_2},\stackrel{~}{a_3})=\{(a_L(\stackrel{~}{b_2}\stackrel{~}{a_2})a_L(\stackrel{~}{b_3}\stackrel{~}{a_3})b_1;\stackrel{~}{b_2}\stackrel{~}{a_2},\stackrel{~}{b_2}\stackrel{~}{a_2}):b_1,\stackrel{~}{b_2},\stackrel{~}{b_3}B\};`$
7. $`\delta ^L(g_1;a_2,a_3)=(a_2b_L(a_3b_R(g_1)),a_3b_R(g_1)),a_L(g_1)=a_2a_3;`$
8. $`\delta ^R(g_1;a_2,a_3)=(b_L(g_1)a_2,b_R(b_L(g_1)a_2)a_3),a_R(g_1)=a_2a_3;`$
9. $`m_\delta (g_1;g_2,g_3)=(b_L(g_1)g_2,b_R(b_L(g_1)a_L(g_2))g_3);`$
10. $`\text{t}_\delta (g_1;g_2,g_3)=(g_1;b_L(g_1)g_2,b_R(b_L(g_1)a_L(g_2))g_3).`$

For any DLG one can define a pentagonal diffeomorphism $`W:G\times GG\times G`$:

$$W(s,t):=(sa_L(t)^1,b_R(sa_L(t)^1)t),W^1(s,t)=(sa_L(b_R(s)^1t),b_R(s)^1t).$$
(6)
By a push-forward of half-densities, $`W`$ defines a multiplicative unitary operator on $`L^2(G)L^2(G)`$ , which will also be denoted by $`W`$. Then $`W^{}`$ is a push-forward by $`W^1`$.

Now we give an interpretation of $`W`$ in terms of groupoids $`G_A`$ and $`G_B`$. We need this to prove easily that $`WM(CB(L^2(G))C_r^{}(G_A))`$ ($`CB(H)`$ stands for compact operators). However, this interpretation can be also used to show that $`W`$ is a unitary bicharacter on quantum groups with some universal properties and to construct a quantum double. For a groupoid $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=(\mathrm{\Gamma },m,E,s)`$ we denote by $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{op}`$ the groupoid with the reverse multiplication i.e. $`(\mathrm{\Gamma },m^{op},E,s)`$. As it was shown in , the pentagonal diffeomorphism $`W`$ is equal to $`(id\times m_A)(m_B^T\times id)`$ and the pentagon equation follows from the fact that $`m_B^T`$ is a morphism $`G_A\text{ }\text{ }G_A\times G_A`$. (Now it is clear that there are four multiplicative operators, since one can interchange $`A`$ and $`B`$; one can also consider $`G_A^{op}`$ and $`G_B^{op}`$.) But $`W`$ is not only a diffeomorphism but a diffeomorphism of a very special kind, namely, it is implemented by a bisection. Consider the set $`U:=\{(g,s_B(g)):gG\}`$. This is clearly a submanifold in $`G\times G`$. The following lemma is a result of direct computations.

###### Lemma 3.3

$`U`$ is a bisection of $`G_B^{op}\times G_A`$, moreover $`U(s,t)=W(s,t)`$. (the left hand side of this equality is understood as an action of a bisection on a groupoid element).

Because a bisection of a differential groupoid $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is an element of $`M(C_r^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }))`$ we conclude that $`WM(C_r^{}(G_B^{op}\times G_A))=M(C_r^{}(G_B^{op})C_r^{}(G_A))`$. The algebra $`C_r^{}(G_B^{op})`$ acts on $`L^2(G_B^{op})=L^2(G)`$ in a non-degenerate way, therefore $`WM(CB(L^2(G))C_r^{}(G_A))`$.

In what follows we will also need various modular functions related to DLG, so now we fix notation:

$$\psi _A(a)=det(P_AAd(a)P_A),\psi _B(a)=det(P_BAd(a)P_B),aA;$$
(7)
$$\phi _A(b)=det(P_AAd(b)P_A),\phi _B(b)=det(P_BAd(b)P_B),bB,$$
(8)
where $`P_B`$ and $`P_A`$ denote projections in g corresponding to the decomposition $`\text{g}=\text{a}\text{b}`$.

The last object we define is a smooth function $`Q:GR\{0\}`$.
Let $`Ad(g)=:\left(\begin{array}{cc}g_1& g_2\\ g_3& g_4\end{array}\right)`$ be a decomposition of operators of the adjoint representation with respect to the direct sum structure $`\text{g}=\text{a}\text{b}`$ i.e. $`g_1:\text{a}\text{a},g_2:\text{b}\text{a}`$, etc. Then $`Q`$ is defined by

$$GgQ(g):=\frac{det(Ad(g))}{det(g_1)det(g_4)}R\{0\}.$$
(9)
For $`bB,aA`$ we have: $`Ad(a)=:\left(\begin{array}{cc}\alpha _1& \alpha _2\\ 0& \alpha _4\end{array}\right),Ad(b)=:\left(\begin{array}{cc}\beta _1& 0\\ \beta _3& \beta _4\end{array}\right)`$, and

$$Q(ba)=\frac{det(\beta _4\alpha _4)}{det(\beta _3\alpha _2+\beta _4\alpha _4)}.$$

The function $`Q`$ is related to the modular functions by equalities:

$$Q(g)=\frac{\psi _A(a_L(g))\phi _A(b_R(g))}{\psi _A(a_R(g))\phi _A(b_L(g))}=\frac{\psi _B(a_R(g))\phi _B(b_L(g))}{\psi _B(a_L(g))\phi _B(b_R(g))}.$$
(10)
The relationship of the function $`Q`$ with groupoids $`G_A`$ and $`G_B`$ is described in the following lemma, the proof of which is straightforward.

###### Lemma 3.4

$`Q`$ is a one cocycle on $`G_A`$ and $`G_B`$, i.e. $`Q(ab)Q(ba^{})=Q(aba^{}),Q(ba)Q(ab^{})=Q(bab^{})`$ for any $`a,a^{}A,b,b^{}B`$. Moreover, $`Q`$ is invariant with respect to the group inverse i.e. $`Q(g)=Q(g^1)`$.

The function $`Q`$ is exactly the one which appears in the definition of manageability of $`W`$ . For the geometric meaning of $`Q`$ see Appendix.

Multiplication in $`𝒜(G_A)`$.

Let us choose some $`\mu _00`$ – a real half-density on $`T_eB`$ and define

$$\lambda _0(g)(v):=\mu _0(g^1v),v\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_g^lG_A.$$
(11)
It is easy to see that this is a left-invariant, non-vanishing, half-density on $`G_A`$ and the corresponding right-invariant half-density is given by

$$\rho _0(g)(w)=|\psi _B(a_L(g))|^{1/2}\mu _0(wg^1),w\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_g^rG_A$$
(12)
We put $`\omega _0=\lambda _0\rho _0`$, and from the formula (2) we obtain the expression for multiplication in $`𝒜(G_A)`$.

$$((f_1\omega _0)(f_2\omega _0))(g)=:(f_1f_2)(g)\omega _0(g)$$

$`(f_1f_2)(g)={\displaystyle _B}\mu _L^2(b)f_1(a_L(g)b)f_2(b_L(a_L(g)b)^1g)=`$ (13)
$`={\displaystyle _B}\mu _R^2(b)|\psi _B(a_L(ba_R(g)))|^1f_1(gb_R(ba_R(g))^1)f_2(ba_R(g)),`$ (14)
where $`\mu _L`$ and $`\mu _R`$ are left and right-invariant half-densities on $`B`$ defined by $`\mu _0`$ (we use the fact that left and right fibers are diffeomorphic to $`B`$).
We finish this section with a simple observation, which will be used later on.

###### Lemma 3.5

For $`g_0G`$ the sets $`\{gG:(g_0,g)\delta (G)\}=b_R(g_0)A`$ and $`\{gG:(g,g_0)\delta (G)\}=Ab_L(g_0)`$ are bisections of $`G_A`$.

## 4 Comultiplication

This section is entirely devoted to a proof that indeed $`\widehat{\delta }`$ can be used to obtain a comultiplication in the sense of the theory of quantum groups.

###### Theorem 4.1

Let $`(G;A,B)`$ be a double Lie group, $`G_A=(G,m_A,s_A,A),G_B=(G,m_B,s_B,B)`$ corresponding differential groupoids and let $`\delta :=m_B^T`$. Then

* The mapping $`\widehat{\delta }`$ extends uniquely to $`\mathrm{\Delta }Mor(C_r^{}(G_A),C_r^{}(G_A)C_r^{}(G_A))`$;
* $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is coassociative, i.e. $`(\mathrm{\Delta }id)\mathrm{\Delta }=(id\mathrm{\Delta })\mathrm{\Delta }`$;
* For any $`a,bC_r^{}(G_A)`$, elements $`\mathrm{\Delta }(a)(bI)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }(a)(Ib)`$ belong $`C_r^{}(G_A)C_r^{}(G_A)`$. Moreover, the linear spaces $`span\{\mathrm{\Delta }(a)(bI):a,bC_r^{}(G_A)\}`$ and $`span\{\mathrm{\Delta }(a)(Ib):a,bC_r^{}(G_A)\}`$ are dense in $`C_r^{}(G_A)C_r^{}(G_A)`$.

In general we know  that $`\widehat{\delta }`$ extends to a morphism from $`C^{}(G_A)`$ to $`C^{}(G_A\times G_A)`$ and it is not a priori clear that it defines also a morphism between reduced algebras. However, it is easy to see that, for $`\omega 𝒜(G_A)`$, $`\widehat{\delta }(\omega )`$ defines a multiplier on $`C_r^{}(G_A\times G_A)`$.

Indeed, let $`\pi _{id}`$ denotes the identity representation of $`𝒜(G_A\times G_A)`$ on $`L^2(G_A\times G_A)`$. Using the prop. 1.5 we have the inequality $`\pi _{id}(\widehat{\delta }(\omega )\omega _1)=\pi _\delta (\omega )\pi _{id}(\omega _1)\pi _\delta (\omega )\pi _{id}(\omega _1)`$. From this inequality we infer that $`\widehat{\delta }(\omega )`$ is a bounded, linear mapping, defined on a dense, linear subspace of $`C_r^{}(G_A\times G_A)`$. Therefore, it can be extended in a unique way to the whole $`C_r^{}(G_A\times G_A)`$. Moreover, since $`\omega _2^{}(\widehat{\delta }(\omega )\omega _1)=(\widehat{\delta }(\omega ^{})\omega _2)^{}\omega _1`$, we see that $`\widehat{\delta }(\omega )`$ is adjointable. Thanks to this property, $`\widehat{\delta }(\omega )`$ defines a multiplier.

Let us choose some $`\omega _0^{}𝒜(G_A\times G_A)`$ and let $`\omega 𝒜(G_A\times G_A)`$. Take $`\omega _n𝒜(G_A)`$ as in item e) of the prop.1.5. We have an estimate: $`\pi _{id}(\widehat{\delta }(\omega _n)\omega )\pi _{id}(\omega )\widehat{\delta }(\omega _n)\omega \omega _0^{}`$ and, since this tends to $`0`$, we see that any element of $`𝒜(G_A\times G_A)`$ can be approximated in the norm defined by identity representation by elements from $`\widehat{\delta }(𝒜(G_A))𝒜(G_A\times G_A)`$. So the same is true for the whole $`C_r^{}(G_A\times G_A)`$.

In this way to prove statement a) of the theorem we need continuity of $`\widehat{\delta }`$ as a mapping defined on a dense subspace $`𝒜(G_A)C_r^{}(G_A)`$. This will immediately follow from the following.

###### Proposition 4.2

Let $`W`$ be the pentagonal diffeomorphism defined in (6). Representation $`\pi _\delta `$ is implemented by $`W`$ i.e.

$$\pi _\delta (\omega )=W(\pi _{id}(\omega )I)W^{}$$

Proof: Of course this result should be expected taking into account the close relationship between the algebra defined by $`W`$ in a “standard way” and $`C_r^{}(G_A)`$ (see Appendix B). We start by giving a formula for $`\widehat{\delta }`$. For $`\omega =:f\omega _0𝒜(G_A)`$ and $`\omega _1=:F(\omega _0\omega _0)𝒜(G_A\times G_A)`$, by (1) and lemma 3.2 we have $`\widehat{\delta }(\omega )\omega _1=(f_\delta F)(\omega _0\omega _0)`$, and

$$(f_\delta F)(a_1b_1,a_2b_2)=_{F_l(a_1a_2)}\lambda _0^2(a_1a_2b)f(a_1a_2b)t_\delta (a_1a_2b;b_L^1(a_1a_2b)a_1b_1,a_R(a_2b)b^1b_2)\times $$

$$\times F(b_L^1(a_1a_2b)a_1b_1,a_R(a_2b)b^1b_2)$$

As it was proved in , for any morphism $`h`$ of differential groupoids, the function $`t_h`$ is right-invariant with respect to multiplication in the second groupoid i.e. $`t_h(x,y)=t_h(x,e_L(y))`$. In the next lemma we prove a formula for this function.

###### Lemma 4.3

$`t_\delta (b_1a_2a_3;a_2,a_3)=|\phi _B(b_R(b_1a_2))|^{1/2}`$.

Proof:  We use notation and results given in prop 1.3 and lemma 3.2. Let $`x:=b_1a_2a_3,y:=(a_2,a_3)`$ and $`z:=m_\delta (x,y)=(b_1a_2,b_R(b_1a_2)a_3)`$. Let $`W:=T_{(x,y)}(G_A\times _\delta F_r(y))`$ and $`U:=\mathrm{ker}\pi _2W`$. Vectors from $`U`$ are represented by curves $`u(t):=(b_1(t)a_2a_3;a_2,a_3),b_1(0)=b_1`$. It is easy to see that a subspace $`VW`$ of vectors represented by curves

$$v(t):=(b_1a_L(b_2(t)a_2)a_L(b_3(t)a_3);b_2(t)a_2,b_3(t)a_3),b_2(0)=b_3(0)=e$$

is complementary to $`U`$. So the isomorphism $`i_1:\mathrm{\Omega }_R^{1/2}(x)\mathrm{\Omega }_R^{1/2}(y)\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}W`$ is given by

$$i_1(\rho _0(x)\rho _0^{}(y))(uv):=\rho _0(x)(\pi _1u)\rho _0^{}(y)(\pi _2v),u\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}U,v\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}V.$$
(15)
Let $`\stackrel{~}{W}:=T_{(x,z)}(G_A_\delta F_r(y))`$. Then $`\stackrel{~}{U}:=\mathrm{ker}\stackrel{~}{\pi }_2\stackrel{~}{W}`$ is a subspace of vectors represented by curves $`\stackrel{~}{u}(t):=(b_1a_2a_3b_1(t);b_1a_2,b_R(b_1a_2)a_3),b_1(0)=e`$. Choosing some $`\stackrel{~}{V}\stackrel{~}{W}`$ complementary to $`\stackrel{~}{U}`$ we can write isomorphism $`i_2:\mathrm{\Omega }_L^{1/2}(x)\mathrm{\Omega }_R^{1/2}(z)\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}\stackrel{~}{W}`$ as

$$i_2(\lambda _0(x)\rho _0^{}(z))(\stackrel{~}{u}\stackrel{~}{v}):=\lambda _0(x)(\stackrel{~}{\pi }_1\stackrel{~}{u})\rho _0^{}(z)(\stackrel{~}{\pi }_2\stackrel{~}{v}),\stackrel{~}{u}\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}\stackrel{~}{U},\stackrel{~}{v}\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}\stackrel{~}{V}.$$
(16)
The function $`t_\delta `$ is defined by $`\text{t}_\delta i_1(\rho _0(x)\rho _0^{}(y))=:t_\delta (x,y)i_2(\lambda _0(x)\rho _0^{}(z))`$, i.e.

$$i_1(\rho _0(x)\rho _0^{}(y))(uv)=t_\delta (x,y)i_2(\lambda _0(x)\rho _0^{}(z))(\text{t}_\delta (u)\text{t}_\delta (v)).$$
(17)
Since the subspace $`\text{t}_\delta (V)`$ is represented by curves

$$t(b_1a_L(b_2(t)a_2)a_L(b_3(t)a_3);b_1b_2(t)a_2,b_R(b_1a_L(b_2(t)a_2))b_3(t)a_3),$$

one immediately sees that it is complementary to $`\stackrel{~}{U}`$. So to compute $`t_\delta `$ we need a decomposition of $`\text{t}_\delta (u)`$ with respect to the direct sum $`\stackrel{~}{W}=\stackrel{~}{U}\text{t}_\delta (V)`$. This is given by curves $`\stackrel{~}{u}(t),v(t)`$ such that $`\text{t}_\delta u(t)=(\text{t}_dv(t))(x^1,z^1)\stackrel{~}{u}(t)`$ (group multiplication in $`G\times G\times G`$). Using our parametrization we see that for a given curve $`b_1(t),b_1(0)=b_1`$ we have to find curves $`\stackrel{~}{b}_1(t),\stackrel{~}{b}_1(0)=e`$ and $`b_2(t),b_3(t),b_2(0)=b_3(0)=e`$ such that

$$(b_1(t)a_2a_3;b_1(t)a_2,b_R(b_1(t)a_2)a_3)=$$

$$=(b_1a_L(b_2(t)a_2)a_L(b_3(t)a_3);b_1b_2(t)a_2,b_R(b_1a_L(b_2(t)a_2))b_3(t)a_3)$$

$$(b_1a_2a_3;b_1a_2,b_R(b_1a_2)a_3)^1(b_1a_2a_3\stackrel{~}{b}_1(t);b_1a_2,b_R(b_1a_2)a_3)$$

The solution of this equation is given by

$$\stackrel{~}{b}_1(t)=b_R(b_1^1b_1(t)a_2a_3),b_2(t)=b_1^1b_1(t),b_3(t)=b_R(b_1^1b_1(t)a_2).$$
(18)
Now we know enough to perform computations for the function $`t_\delta `$. Let $`(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)`$ be a basis in $`T_eB`$ such that $`\mu _0(X_1\mathrm{}X_n)=1`$. Then $`(X_1x,\mathrm{},X_nx)`$ is a basis in $`T_x^rG_A`$ and $`u_i:=(X_ix;0_{a_2},0_{a_3}),i=1,\mathrm{},n`$ form a basis in $`U`$. We have also corresponding bases in $`T_{a_2}^rG_A`$ and $`T_{a_3}^rG_A`$, and $`(v_1,\mathrm{},v_n,v_1^{},\mathrm{},v_n^{})`$, where $`v_i:=(b_1a_L(X_ia_2)a_3;X_ia_2,0_{a_3})`$ and $`v_i^{}:=(b_1a_2a_L(X_ia_3);0_{a_2},X_ia_3)`$, is a basis in $`V`$. For $`\rho _0^{}=\rho _0\rho _0`$, $`\rho _0`$ as in (12), the equation (15) gives

$$i_1(\rho _0(x)\rho _0^{}(y))(u_1\mathrm{}v_n^{})=|\psi _B(a_L(x))\psi _B(a_2)\psi _B(a_3)|^{1/2}.$$

Let $`P`$ be a projection onto $`\stackrel{~}{U}`$ corresponding to the decomposition $`\stackrel{~}{W}=\stackrel{~}{U}\text{t}_\delta (V)`$. Using (16) we can now rewrite (17) as

$$|\psi _B(a_L(x))\psi _B(a_2)\psi _B(a_3)|^{1/2}=t_\delta (x;a_2,a_3)i_2(\lambda _0(x)\rho _0^{}(z))(\text{t}_\delta (u_1)\mathrm{}\text{t}_\delta (u_n)\mathrm{}\text{t}_\delta (v_n^{}))=$$

$$=t_\delta (x;a_2,a_3)\lambda _0(x)(\stackrel{~}{\pi }_1P\text{t}_\delta u_1\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{\pi }_1P\text{t}_du_1)\rho _0^{}(z)(\stackrel{~}{\pi }_2\text{t}_\delta v_1\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{\pi }_2\text{t}_\delta v_n^{}).$$

From (18) we get

$$\stackrel{~}{\pi }_1Pu_i=xb_R(x^1X_ix),\stackrel{~}{\pi }_2\text{t}_\delta v_i=(b_1X_ia_2,b_R(b_1a_L(X_ia_2))a_3),\stackrel{~}{\pi }_2\text{t}_\delta v_i^{}=(0_{b_1a_2},b_R(b_1a_2)X_ia_3),$$

therefore

$$\lambda _0(x)(\stackrel{~}{\pi }_1P\text{t}_\delta u_1\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{\pi }_1P\text{t}_du_1)\rho _0^{}(z)(\stackrel{~}{\pi }_2\text{t}_\delta v_1\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{\pi }_2\text{t}_\delta v_n^{})=$$

$$=|\psi _B(a_L(b_1a_2))\psi _B(a_L(b_R(b_1a_2)\stackrel{~}{a_3}))|^{1/2}\times $$

$$\times |det(P_BAd(x^1)P_B)|^{1/2}|det(P_BAd(b_1)P_B)|^{1/2}|det(P_BAd(b_R(b_1a_2))P_B)|^{1/2}.$$

But since $`\psi _B(a_1a_2)=\psi _B(a_1)\psi _B(a_2)`$ and $`a_L(b_1a_2)a_L(b_R(b_1a_2)a_3)=a_L(b_1a_2a_3)=a_L(x)`$, our equation for $`t_\delta `$ reduces to

$$|\psi _B(a_2a_3)|^{1/2}=t_\delta (x;a_2,a_3)|det(P_BAd(x^1)P_BAd(b_1)P_BAd(b_R(b_1a_2))P_B)|^{1/2}.$$

Since $`x=b_1a_2a_3`$ we have

$$P_BAd(x^1)P_BAd(b_1)P_BAd(b_R(b_1a_2))P_B=P_BAd(a_3^1a_2^1)P_BAd(b_R(b_1a_2))P_B,$$

and finally we get $`t_\delta (b_1a_2a_3;a_2,a_3)=|\phi _B(b_R(b_1a_2))|^{1/2}`$.

In this way we arrive at the formula for $`\widehat{\delta }`$: (we recall that $`f_\delta F`$ is defined by $`\widehat{\delta }(f\omega _0)(F(\omega _0\omega _0))=:(f_\delta F)(\omega _0\omega _0)`$)

$$(f_\delta F)(a_1b_1,a_2b_2)=$$

$$=_{F_l(a_1a_2)}\lambda _0^2(a_1a_2b)|\phi _B(b_L(a_2b))|^{1/2}f(a_1a_2b)F(b_L^1(a_1a_2b)a_1b_1,a_R(a_2b)b^1b_2)=$$

$$=_B\mu _L^2(b)|\phi _B(b_L(a_2b))|^{1/2}f(a_1a_2b)F(b_L^1(a_1a_2b)a_1b_1,a_R(a_2b)b^1b_2).$$
(19)
Now we can prove the main formula of the prop.4.2. Let $`\rho _0`$ be the right-invariant half-density defined in (12). Choose $`\nu _0`$ – a real half-density on $`T_eA`$ and let $`\nu _l`$ be the corresponding left-invariant half-density on $`A`$. Then $`\psi _0:=\rho _0\nu _l`$ is a non-vanishing half-density on $`G`$. Define $`\mathrm{\Psi }_0:=\psi _0\psi _0`$, then this is a non-vanishing half-density on $`G\times G`$. The explicit formula for $`\mathrm{\Psi }_0`$ is

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_0(s,t)(YssXY_1ttX_1)=$$

$$=\rho _0(s)(Ys)\rho _0(t)(Y_1t)\nu _l(a_R(s))(a_R(s)X)\nu _l(a_R(t))(a_R(t)X_1)=$$

$$=|\psi _B(a_L(s)a_L(t))|^{1/2}\mu _0(Y)\mu _0(Y_1)\nu _0(X)\nu _0(X_1),Y,Y_1\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_eB,X,X_1\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_eA.$$

In the next lemma we compute an action of $`W`$ on $`\mathrm{\Psi }_0`$.

###### Lemma 4.4

Let $`(s,t)G\times G`$, $`(\stackrel{~}{s},\stackrel{~}{t}):=W^1(s,t)`$, $`X,X_1\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_eA\text{ }`$ and $`Y,Y_1\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_eB\text{ }`$.

$$\phi _B(b_R(s))\psi _A(a_L(\stackrel{~}{t}))W^1(YssXY_1ttX_1)=(Y\stackrel{~}{s}\stackrel{~}{s}XY_1\stackrel{~}{t}\stackrel{~}{t}X_1).$$

Proof:  For $`(s,t)G\times G`$ let $`i_{st}:\text{b}\text{a}\text{b}\text{a}T_{(s,t)}(G\times G)`$ be an isomorphism given by the decomposition $`T_{(s,t)}(G\times G)=\text{b}ss\text{a}\text{b}tt\text{a}`$. Then

$$W^1(YssXY_1ttX_1)=det(i_{\stackrel{~}{s}\stackrel{~}{t}}^1T_{(s,t)}(W^1)i_{st})(Y\stackrel{~}{s}\stackrel{~}{s}XY_1\stackrel{~}{t}\stackrel{~}{t}X_1).$$

Let us denote the composition $`i_{\stackrel{~}{s}\stackrel{~}{t}}^1T_{(s,t)}(W^1)i_{st}`$ by $`F`$ and write $`F`$ in a block form corresponding to the decomposition $`T_{(e,e)}(G\times G)=\text{b}\text{a}\text{b}\text{a}`$:

$$F=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}F_{11}& F_{12}& F_{13}& F_{14}\\ F_{21}& F_{22}& F_{23}& F_{24}\\ F_{31}& F_{32}& F_{33}& F_{34}\\ F_{41}& F_{42}& F_{43}& F_{44}\end{array}\right).$$

From the formula for $`W^1`$ given in eq. (6) we easily obtain:

$$F_{11}=I=F_{44}\mathrm{and}F_{12}=F_{13}=F_{14}=F_{41}=F_{42}=F_{43}=0,$$

so $`detF=det\left(\begin{array}{cc}F_{22}& F_{23}\\ F_{32}& F_{33}\end{array}\right)`$, and mappings $`F_{22},F_{23},F_{32},F_{33}`$ are given by:

$$F_{22}:\text{a}XAd(a_L(z)^1)XP_AAd(b_R(z)a_L(t)^1)P_BAd(b_R(s)^1)X,$$

$$F_{23}:\text{b}YP_AAd(b_R(z)a_L(t)^1)Y,$$

$$F_{32}:\text{a}XAd(b_R(s)^1)P_BAd(b_R(s)^1)X,$$

$$F_{33}:\text{b}YAd(b_R(s)^1)Y,$$

where $`z:=b_R(s)^1a_L(t)`$.

Now it remains to compute the determinant and compare it with the definitions of $`\phi _B`$ and $`\psi _A`$.
Having these results we are ready to prove prop. 4.2. Let a function $`w:G\times GR`$ be defined by $`W\mathrm{\Psi }_0=:w\mathrm{\Psi }_0`$ and $`W(F)`$ by: $`W(F\mathrm{\Psi }_0)=:W(F)\mathrm{\Psi }_0`$. Then $`W(F)(s,t)=F(W^1(s,t))w(s,t)`$. From the preceding lemma we get

$$w(s,t)=|\phi _B(b_R(s))\psi _A(a_L(\stackrel{~}{t}))\psi _B(a_L(\stackrel{~}{t}))|^{1/2}\mathrm{where}\stackrel{~}{t}=b_R(s)^1t.$$

Now let us compute $`\pi _\delta (\omega )W`$. For $`\omega =:f\omega _0`$ and $`\mathrm{\Psi }=:F\mathrm{\Psi }_0`$ using the formula (4) we get

$$(f_\delta W(F))(a_1b_1,a_2b_2)=_B\mu _L^2(b)|\phi _B(b_L(a_2b))|^{1/2}f(a_1a_2b)W(F)(b_L^1(a_1a_2b)a_1b_1,a_R(a_2b)b^1b_2)=$$

$$=_B\mu _L^2(b)|\phi _B(b_L(a_2b))|^{1/2}f(a_1a_2b)w(b_L^1(a_1a_2b)a_1b_1,a_R(a_2b)b^1b_2)\times $$

$$\times F(b_L^1(a_1a_2b)a_1a_2b_L(a_2^1b_1),b_1^1a_2b_2)=$$

$$=|\psi _A(a_L(b_1^1a_2))\psi _B(a_L(b_1^1a_2))|^{1/2}\times $$

$$\times _B\mu _L^2(b)|\phi _B(b_L(a_2b))\phi _B(b_L^1(a_2b)b_1)|^{1/2}f(a_1a_2b)F(b_L^1(a_1a_2b)a_1a_2b_L(a_2^1b_1),b_1^1a_2b_2)=$$

$$=|\psi _A(a_L(b_1^1a_2))\psi _B(a_L(b_1^1a_2))\phi _B(b_1)|^{1/2}_B\mu _L^2(b)f(a_1a_2b)F(b_L^1(a_1a_2b)a_1a_2b_L(a_2^1b_1),b_1^1a_2b_2)$$

On the other, hand using the formula for multiplication (13) and lemma 2.3 we can write

$$W((fI)F)(a_1b_1a_2b_2)=w(a_1b_1,a_2b_2)((fI)F)(a_1b_1a_L(b_1^1a_2),b_1^1a_2b_2)=$$

$$=|\psi _A(a_L(b_1^1a_2))\psi _B(a_L(b_1^1a_2))\phi _B(b_1)|^{1/2}_B\mu _L^2(b)f(a_1a_2b)F(b_L^1(a_1a_2b)a_1a_2b_L(a_2^1b_1),b_1^1a_2b_2)$$

Comparing both expression we see that $`\pi _\delta (\omega )W=W(\pi _{id}(\omega )I)`$. The proposition 4.2 is proved.

In this way the proof of the statement a) of the theorem 4.1 is completed i.e. $`\widehat{\delta }`$ can be extended to a morphism $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ from $`C_r^{}(G_A)`$ to $`C_r^{}(G_A)C_r^{}(G_A)`$.
b) The prop. 4.2 immediately yields coassociativity of $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ by a standard proof based on the pentagonal equation.
c) Density conditions.

Our proof of the density conditions will be the following. First, let us note that, by using standard density arguments, one easily shows that if $`\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(\omega _1I)𝒜(G_A\times G_A)`$ then also for any $`a,bC_r^{}(G_A)`$ we have $`\mathrm{\Delta }(a)(bI)C_r^{}(G_A)C_r^{}(G_A)`$ and the same holds for the second inclusion.

We begin by proposing the explicit formulae for $`\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(I\omega _2)`$ and $`\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(\omega _1I)`$ for $`\omega ,\omega _1,\omega _2𝒜(G_A)`$ based on some geometric considerations. These objects will be elements of $`𝒜(G_A\times G_A)`$. Next, we verify that our guess is correct. Finally, we check the density conditions.

Let us first give some heuristic arguments for our formulae. Let us write $`\widehat{\delta }(\omega )=\omega _k^{}\omega _k^{\prime \prime }`$ and formally compute

$$\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(I\omega _1)(g_1,g_2)=\omega _k^{}(g_1)(\omega _k^{\prime \prime }\omega _1)(g_2)=\left[\left(\omega _k^{}\omega _k^{\prime \prime }\right)(g_1,)\omega _1\right](g_2)=[\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(g_1,)\omega _1](g_2)$$

What kind of object is $`\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(g_1,)`$? Since $`\delta =m_B^T`$ then we can expect that $`\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(g_1,)=\omega (m_B(g_1,))`$. Now using lemma 3.5, we can interpret $`\omega (m_B(g_1,))`$ as a function on a bisection $`b_R(g_1)A`$ and this can be identified with a multiplier on $`𝒜(G_A)`$. Therefore, the natural candidate for $`\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(I\omega _1)`$ is $`\omega (m_B(g_1,))\omega _1`$. It follows that (almost) the same is true in the differential case.

###### Remark 4.5

The author knew the formula for $`\widehat{\delta }`$ (4) before the formula for $`\widehat{h}`$ for an arbitrary morphism of differential groupoids given in section 1 was introduced in . The formula for $`\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(I\omega _1)`$ was found as below and then the equality $`\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(\omega _1\omega _2)=(\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(I\omega _2))(\omega _1I)`$ was used.

Let $`\delta ^R`$ and $`\delta ^L`$ be the mappings associated to the morphism $`\delta `$ described in lemma 3.2:
$`\delta ^L(g_1;a_2,a_3)=(a_2b_L(a_3b_R(g_1)),a_3b_R(g_1)),a_L(g_1)=a_2a_3`$,
$`\delta ^R(g_1;a_2,a_3)=(b_L(g_1)a_2,b_R(b_L(g_1)a_2)a_3),a_R(g_1)=a_2a_3`$.
In the following lemma we denote the tangents to these mappings by the same letters.

###### Lemma 4.6

For any $`(g_1,g_2;g)\delta `$ the mappings: $`\delta ^L:T_g^lG_AT_{(g_1,g_2)}^l(G_A\times G_A)=T_{g_1}^lG_AT_{g_2}^lG_A`$ and $`\delta ^R:T_g^rG_AT_{(g_1,g_2)}^r(G_A\times G_A)=T_{g_1}^rG_AT_{g_2}^rG_A`$ are injective.
Moreover, the mappings: $`\pi _1\delta ^L:T_g^lG_AT_{g_1}^lG_A,\pi _1\delta ^R:T_g^rG_AT_{g_1}^rG_A,\pi _2\delta ^L:T_g^lG_AT_{g_2}^lG_A,\pi _2\delta ^R:T_g^rG_AT_{g_2}^rG_A`$, where $`\pi _1,\pi _2`$ are projections from $`G_A\times G_A`$ to $`G_A`$, are isomorphisms.

Proof: Let $`g_1:=a_1b_1=\stackrel{~}{b}_1\stackrel{~}{a}_1,g_2:=b_1\stackrel{~}{a}_2=a_2b_2,g:=\delta ^T(g_1,g_2)=a_1b_1\stackrel{~}{a}_2=\stackrel{~}{b}_1\stackrel{~}{a}_1\stackrel{~}{a}_2=a_1a_2b_2`$. Let $`XT_g^lG_A`$ and $`YT_g^rG_A`$ be represented by curves $`a_1a_2b_2(t),b_2(0)=b_2,\stackrel{~}{b}_1(t)\stackrel{~}{a}_1\stackrel{~}{a}_2,\stackrel{~}{b}_1(0)=\stackrel{~}{b}_1`$ respectively. Then $`\delta ^L(X)`$ and $`\delta ^R(Y)`$ are represented by $`(a_1b_L(a_2b_2(t)),a_2b_2(t))`$ and $`(\stackrel{~}{b}_1(t)\stackrel{~}{a}_1,b_R(\stackrel{~}{b}_1(t)\stackrel{~}{a}_1)\stackrel{~}{a}_2)`$ and the first statement is clear. Direct computations also prove that $`(\pi _1\delta ^L)^1`$, $`(\pi _2\delta ^L)^1`$, $`(\pi _1\delta ^R)^1`$ and $`(\pi _2\delta ^R)^1`$ are given by:
$`(\pi _1\delta ^L)^1:a_1b_1(t)a_1a_2b_L(a_2^1b_1(t)),b_1(0)=b_1`$; $`(\pi _2\delta ^L)^1:a_2b_2(t)a_1a_2b_2(t),b_2(0)=b_2`$
$`(\pi _1\delta ^R)^1:\stackrel{~}{b_1}(t)\stackrel{~}{a_1}\stackrel{~}{b_1}(t)\stackrel{~}{a_1}\stackrel{~}{a_2},\stackrel{~}{b}_1(0)=\stackrel{~}{b}_1`$; $`(\pi _2\delta ^R)^1:\stackrel{~}{b_2}(t)\stackrel{~}{a_2}b_R(\stackrel{~}{b_2}(t)\stackrel{~}{a_1}^1)\stackrel{~}{a_1}\stackrel{~}{a_2},\stackrel{~}{b}_2(0)=b_1`$
Now suppose we are given $`\omega 𝒜(G_A)`$, $`g_1G_A`$ and $`u_1:=v_1w_1\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_{g_1}^lG_A\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_{g_1}^rG_A.`$ For each $`g_2`$ such that $`(g_1,g_2)\delta (G_A)`$ we can define a number:

$$\delta _1(\omega ;g_1,u_1)(g_2):=\omega (\delta ^T(g_1,g_2))((\pi _1\delta ^L)^1v_1(\pi _1\delta ^R)^1w_1).$$

Since the set of possible $`g_2`$ is the bisection $`b_R(g_1)A`$, in this way we get a function on this bisection. In the same way for each $`g_2G_A`$ and $`u_2:=v_2w_2\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_{g_2}^lG_A\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_{g_2}^rG_A.`$ we get a function on the bisection $`Ab_L(g_2)`$ given by

$$\delta _2(\omega ;g_2,u_2)(g_1):=\omega (\delta ^T(g_1,g_2))((\pi _2\delta ^L)^1v_2(\pi _2\delta ^R)^1w_2).$$

Having a bisection $`U`$ and a function $`f`$ on it, we can define a natural action of this pair on bidensities by the formula $`((fU)\omega )(g):=f(g^{})(U\omega )(g)`$, where $`g^{}`$ is the unique point in $`U`$ such that $`a_L(g^{})=a_L(g)`$. Now for $`\omega ,\omega _1,\omega _2𝒜(G_A)`$ we define $`K_1(\omega ,\omega _1)𝒜(G_A\times G_A)`$ and $`K_2(\omega ,\omega _2)𝒜(G_A\times G_A)`$ by

$`K_1(\omega ,\omega _1)(g_1,g_2)(u_1u_2):=[\delta _1(\omega ,g_1,u_1)(b_R(g_1)A)\omega _1](g_2)(u_2)`$ (20)
$`K_2(\omega ,\omega _2)(g_1,g_2)(u_1u_2):=[\delta _2(\omega ,g_2,u_2)(Ab_L(g_2))\omega _2](g_1)(u_1).`$ (21)
It is clear that these formulae are bilinear, so in fact $`K_1,K_2:𝒜(G_A)𝒜(G_A)𝒜(G_A\times G_A)`$. These mappings are our candidates for $`\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(I\omega _1)`$ and $`\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(\omega _1I)`$. In the next lemma we compute functions $`\delta _1`$ and $`\delta _2`$.

###### Lemma 4.7

Let $`(g_1,g_2)\delta ^T(G_A)`$,$`u_1,u_2`$ be as above. Then the functions $`\delta _1`$ and $`\delta _2`$ are given by:

$$\delta _1(f\omega _0;g_1,u_1)(g_2)=f(\delta ^T(g_1,g_2))|\psi _B(a_L(g_2))|^{1/2}|\psi _B(a_R(g_2))|^{1/2}\omega _0(g_1)(u_1).$$

$$\delta _2(f\omega _0;g_2,u_2)(g_1)=f(\delta ^T(g_1,g_2))\omega _0(g_2)(u_2).$$

Proof: Let $`g_1=a_1b_1,g_2=b_1\stackrel{~}{a}_2,g:=\delta ^T(g_1,g_2)=a_1b_1\stackrel{~}{a}_2`$ and $`u_1=v_1w_1`$. Using the definitions of $`\omega _0`$ and $`\delta _1`$ we compute

$$\delta _1(\omega ;g_1,u_1)(g_2):=\omega (g)((\pi _1\delta ^L)^1v_1(\pi _1\delta ^R)^1w_1)=f(g)\omega _0((\pi _1\delta ^L)^1v_1(\pi _1\delta ^R)^1w_1)=$$

$$=f(g)\mu _0(g^1(\pi _1\delta ^L)^1v_1)|\psi _B(a_L(g))|^{1/2}\mu _0((\pi _1\delta ^R)^1w_1g^1).$$

Let us represent elements from $`T_{g_1}^lG_A`$ by $`g_1X`$ for $`XT_eB`$ and elements from $`T_{g_1}^rG_A`$ by $`Xg_1`$ for $`XT_eB`$. Then from the lemma 4.6 we see that the mapping $`T_eBXg^1(\pi _1\delta ^L)^1g_1XT_eB`$ is equal to $`P_BAd(\stackrel{~}{a}_2^1)`$, and the mapping $`T_eBX(\pi _1\delta ^R)^1Xg_1g^1T_eB`$ is equal to the identity mapping. Since $`a_L(g)=a_L(g_1)a_L(g_2)`$ the first formula is proved. In the same way the second one can be proved.

To find explicit expressions for $`K_1`$ and $`K_2`$ we also need formulae for actions of bisections $`bA`$ and $`Ab`$ on $`𝒜(G_A)`$.

###### Lemma 4.8

For $`b_0B`$ actions of bisections $`b_0A`$ and $`Ab_0`$ on $`\omega _0`$ are given by:

$$((b_0A)\omega _0)(g)=|\phi _B(b_0)|^{1/2}\left|\frac{\psi _B(a_L(b_0^1g))}{\psi _B(a_L(g))}\right|^{1/2}\omega _0(g)\mathrm{and}((Ab_0)\omega _0)(g)=|\phi _B(b_0)|^{1/2}\omega _0(g).$$

Proof: Let $`(b_0A)\omega _0=:f\omega _0`$, $`h:=(b_0A)g=b_0g`$. Using the equation (5) we get

$$f(h)=\left|\frac{\psi _B(a_L(g))}{\psi _B(a_L(h))}\right|^{1/2}\frac{\mu _0(w)}{\mu _0(((b_0A)(wg))h^1)}\mathrm{for}w\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_eB.$$

Let $`XT_eB`$ be represented by a curve $`b(t)`$, then $`((b_0A)(Xg))h^1`$ is represented by $`b_0b(t)b_0^1`$ and this gives us the first formula.
To prove the second one, let us again put $`h:=(Ab_0)g`$ and $`(Ab_0)\omega _0=:f\omega _0`$, but now

$$h=b_L(a_L(g)b_0^1)^1g=a_R(a_L(g)b_0^1)b_0b_R(g)\mathrm{and}g=b_L(a_L(h)b_0)^1h=a_R(a_L(h)b_0)b_0^1b_R(h).$$

For $`X`$ represented by a curve $`b(t)`$, the vector $`((Ab_0)(Xg))h^1`$ is represented by

$$\stackrel{~}{b}(t):=b_L(a_L(b(t)g)b_0^1)^1b(t)b_L(a_L(g)b_0^1)$$

To simplify expressions let us write: $`g=:ab`$. Now we observe that $`\stackrel{~}{b}(t)=:b_1(t)b_2(t)`$, for

$$b_1(t):=b_L(a_L(b(t)a)b_0^1)^1b_L(ab_0^1),b_1(0)=e\mathrm{and}b_2(t):=b_L(ab_0^1)^1b(t)b_L(ab_0^1),b_2(0)=e.$$

One easily verifies that $`b_1(t)=b_R[b_R(b_0a^1)aa_R(a^1b(t)^1a)a^1b_R(b_0a^1)^1]`$.
From this decomposition it follows that the tangent mapping is given by

$$T_eBXAd(b_R(b_0a^1))XP_BAd(b_R(b_0a^1)a)P_AAd(a^1)X$$

Let $`Ad(a)=:\left(\begin{array}{cc}\alpha _1& \alpha _2\\ 0& \alpha _4\end{array}\right)`$ and $`Ad(b_R(b_0a^1))=:\left(\begin{array}{cc}\beta _1& 0\\ \beta _3& \beta _4\end{array}\right)`$ be the decompositions as in (9). With this notation, our mapping is equal to $`\beta _4+\beta _3\alpha _2\alpha _4^1`$. Substituting it to the expression for $`f`$ and using the formula for $`h`$ one gets

$$f(h)=\left|\frac{\psi _B(a_L(g))}{\psi _B(a_R(ab_0^1))}\right|^{1/2}|det(\beta _4+\beta _3\alpha _2\alpha _4^1)|^{1/2}=\left|\frac{det(\beta _4\alpha _4+\beta _3\alpha _2)}{\psi _B(a_R(ab_0^1))}\right|^{1/2}$$

But since $`b_R(b_0a^1)a=a_R(ab_0^1)b_0`$, we get $`f(h)=|\phi _B(b_0)|^{1/2}`$.

Now, using lemmas 4.8 and 4.7, we easily derive the formulae for the mappings $`K_1`$ and $`K_2`$ (we use notation $`K_i(f\omega _0,f_i\omega _0)=:K_i(f,f_i)(\omega _0\omega _0)`$).

$`K_1(f,f_1)(a_1b_1,a_2b_2)=|\psi _B(a_L(b_1^1a_2))|^1|\phi _B(b_1)|^{1/2}f(a_1b_1a_L(b_1^1a_2))f_1(b_1^1a_2b_2)`$ (22)
$`K_2(f,f_2)(a_1b_1,a_2b_2)=|\phi _B(b_L(g_2))|^{1/2}f(a_1a_2b_2)f_2(b_L^1(a_1b_L(g_2))a_1b_1).`$ (23)
###### Lemma 4.9

$`K_1(\omega ,\omega _1)(\omega _2I)=\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(\omega _2\omega _1)=K_2(\omega ,\omega _2)(I\omega _1)`$.

Proof: Using the formula (22) and lemma 2.3 we compute

$$K_1(f,f_1)(f_2I)(a_1b_1,a_2b_2)=$$

$$=_B\mu _L^2(b)|\phi _B(b)|^{1/2}|\psi _B(a_L(b^1a_2))|^1f(a_1ba_L(b^1a_2))f_2(b_L^1(a_1b)a_1b_1)f_1(b^1a_2b_2)$$

The mapping $`Bbb_L(a_2^1b)B`$ is a diffeomorphism. Applying it to the integrated density one gets exactly eq. (4). The second equality is immediate from lemma 2.3.
Now we know enough to get rid of $`K_1`$ and $`K_2`$ i.e. identify them with $`\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(I\omega _1)`$ and $`\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(\omega _1I)`$.

###### Proposition 4.10

Let $`\omega =f\omega _0,\omega _1=f_1\omega _0𝒜(G_A)`$. Then $`\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(I\omega _1),\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(\omega _1I)𝒜(G_A\times G_A)`$. Moreover, for $`f_\delta (If_1)`$ and $`f_\delta (f_1I)`$ given by:

$$\widehat{\delta }(f\omega _0)(If_1\omega _0)=:(f_\delta (If_1))(\omega _0\omega _0)\mathrm{and}\widehat{\delta }(f\omega _0)(f_1\omega _0I)=:(f_\delta (f_1I))(\omega _0\omega _0)$$

we have the following expressions:

$$(f_\delta (If_1))(g_1,g_2)=|\psi _B(a_L(b_R(g_1)^1g_2))|^1|\phi _B(b_R(g_1))|^{1/2}f(g_1a_L(b_R(g_1)^1g_2))f_1(b_R(g_1)^1g_2)$$

$$(f_\delta (f_1I))(g_1,g_2)=|\phi _B(b_L(g_2))|^{1/2}f(a_L(g_1)g_2)f_1(b_L(a_L(g_1)g_2)^1g_1).$$

Proof: This proposition simply states that $`\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(I\omega _1)=K_1(\omega ,\omega _1)`$ and $`\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(\omega _1I)=K_2(\omega ,\omega _1)`$. Let us verify the first equality. We know that $`K_1(\omega ,\omega _1),K_2(\omega ,\omega _1)`$ and $`\widehat{\delta }(\omega )`$ are multipliers on $`C_r^{}(G_A\times G_A)`$. Using lemma 4.9 we have the following sequence of equalities for any $`\omega ,\omega _1,\omega _2,\omega _3𝒜(G_A)`$

$$K_1(\omega ,\omega _1)(\omega _2\omega _3)=K_1(\omega ,\omega _1)(\omega _2I)(I\omega _3)=\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(\omega _2\omega _1)(I\omega _3)=$$

$$=\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(I\omega _1)(\omega _2I)(I\omega _3)=\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(I\omega _1)(\omega _2\omega _3).$$

Therefore, multipliers $`K_1(\omega ,\omega _1)`$ and $`\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(I\omega _1)`$ agree on a dense subspace $`𝒜(G_A)𝒜(G_A)C_r^{}(G_A)C_r^{}(G_A)`$, so they must be equal. The second equality can be proved in the same way.

In this way the first part of the statement c) of thm. 4.1 is proved.

Now we will prove the density conditions. Comparing the formula for $`K_1(f,f_1)`$ with the expression for $`W`$ given in (6) we see that:

$$K_1(f,f_1)(s,t)=k_1(s,t)(ff_1)(W^1(s,t)),k_1(s,t):=|\psi _B(a_L(b_R(s)^1t))|^1|\phi _B(b_R(s))|^{1/2}$$

Because $`k_1(s,t)0`$, we can apply lemma 2.4 to conclude that elements in $`𝒜(G_A\times G_A)`$ can be approximated by elements of the form $`K_1(\omega ,\omega _1)`$ in the norm given by $`\omega _0\omega _0`$. Then from prop. 1.5 d) they can be approximated also in $`C_r^{}(G_A\times G_A)=C_r^{}(G_A)C_r^{}(G_A)`$ and since $`𝒜(G_A\times G_A)`$ is dense $`C_r^{}(G_A\times G_A)`$ we arrive at the conclusion: $`span\{\mathrm{\Delta }(a)(Ib),a,bC_r^{}(G_A)\}`$ is dense in $`C_r^{}(G_A)C_r^{}(G_A)`$.

The same argument can be applied to $`K_2(f,f_1)`$ since one easily checks that the mapping:

$$G\times G(s,t)(a_L(s)t,b_L(a_L(s)t)^1s)G\times G$$

is a diffeomorphism of $`G\times G`$ (its inverse is given by: $`(s,t)(b_L(s)t,a_L(b_L(s)t)^1)s)`$).

This completes the proof of the theorem.

In this way we have the main component of a quantum group structure on $`C_r^{}(G_A)`$ and in the next section we will look for the other ones.

## 5 Hopf-like structure of $`𝒜(G_A)`$.

In this section we identify other mappings which appear in the theory of quantum groups and show that the structure of algebra $`𝒜(G_A)`$ is very similar to the structure of a Hopf algebra. Of course, because $`\widehat{\delta }`$ is not a mapping from $`𝒜(G_A)`$ to $`𝒜(G_A)𝒜(G_A)`$ and even not to multipliers of $`𝒜(G_A)𝒜(G_A)`$ (in the sense of van Daele ), the pair $`(𝒜(G_A),\widehat{\delta })`$ is not a true Hopf algebra.

“Coinverse”
Let $`Q`$ be the function described in section 3, eq. (9). For $`zC`$ we define a mapping $`\tau _z`$ by

$$\tau _z:𝒜(G_A)\omega |Q|^{iz}\omega 𝒜(G_A).$$
(24)
Let us also define a mapping $`R:𝒜(G_A)𝒜(G_A)`$ by

$$R(\omega )(g)(vw):=\omega (g^1)(w^1v^1),\mathrm{where}v\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_g^lG_A,w\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_g^rG_A$$
(25)
and $`v^1,w^1`$ denote the images of $`v,w`$ by the mapping $`gg^1`$.
Defining $`Rf`$ by $`(Rf)\omega _0:=R(f\omega _0)`$ we easily get $`(Rf)(g)=|\psi _B(a_L(g)a_R(g))|^{1/2}f(g^1)`$.
Finally, let us define $`\kappa :𝒜(G_A)𝒜(G_A)`$ by

$$\kappa :=R\tau _{i/2}\mathrm{then}(\kappa f)(g)=|Q(g)|^{1/2}|\psi _B(a_L(g)a_R(g))|^{1/2}f(g^1).$$
(26)
It is clear that all these mappings are linear.

###### Proposition 5.1

1. $`\tau _z`$ is a one-parameter (complex) group of automorphisms of $`𝒜(G_A).`$
2. $`\tau _z=\tau _{\overline{z}}`$
3. $`R`$ is an involutive $``$-antiautomorphism of $`𝒜(G_A)`$.
4. $`R\tau _z=\tau _zR`$
5. $`\kappa (\omega _1\omega _2)=\kappa (\omega _2)\kappa (\omega _1)`$
6. $`\kappa \kappa =id`$.

Proof: Points 1. and 2. are immediate consequences of lemma 3.4. They are true for any cocycle $`Q`$ on a differential groupoid .
3. Since $`R`$ is implemented by a group inverse, it is clear that $`R`$ is involutive. From the formula for $`Rf`$ it immediately follows that $`R`$ commutes with \*-operation on $`𝒜(G_A)`$. To prove that $`R`$ is an antiautomorphism we compute:

$$R(f_1f_2)(g)=|\psi _B(a_L(g)a_R(g))|^{1/2}(f_1f_2)(g^1)=|\psi _B(a\stackrel{~}{a})|^{1/2}_B\mu _L^2(b^{})f_1(\stackrel{~}{a}^1b^{})f_2(b_L(\stackrel{~}{a}^1b^{})^1g^1),$$

where $`g=:ab=\stackrel{~}{b}\stackrel{~}{a}`$. On the other hand:

$$((Rf_2)(Rf_1))(g)=_B\mu _L^2(b^{})(Rf_2)(ab^{})(Rf_1)(b_L(ab^{})^1g)=$$

$$=_B\mu _L^2(b^{})f_1(g^1b_L(ab^{}))f_2(b^1a^1)|\psi _B(aa_R(ab^{}))\psi _B(a_R(ab^{})\stackrel{~}{a})|^{1/2}=$$

$$=|\psi _B(a\stackrel{~}{a})|^{1/2}_B\mu _L^2(b^{})|\psi _B(a_R(ab^{}))|f_1(g^1b_L(ab^{}))f_2(b^1a^1)$$

Now apply the diffeomorphism $`Bb^{}b_L(\stackrel{~}{a}b^1b^{})B`$ to this integral to get the previous one.
4. This follows directly from the definitions of $`R`$ and $`\tau `$.
5 and 6. Are direct consequences of the definitions and the previous statements.

“Counit”.
Since $`F_l(e)=F_r(e)=B`$ ($`e`$ is the neutral element in $`G`$), for any $`bB`$ there is a mapping $`\mathrm{\Omega }_L^{1/2}(b)\mathrm{\Omega }_R^{1/2}(b)\lambda \rho \lambda \rho \mathrm{\Omega }^1(T_bB)`$. In this way restriction of $`\omega 𝒜(G_A)`$ to $`B`$ defines a smooth one-density on $`B`$ (with compact support). Integration of this density defines a linear functional $`ϵ`$ on $`𝒜(G_A):𝒜(G_A)\omega _B\omega |_BC`$. It is easy to see that

$$ϵ(f\omega _0)=_B\mu _L^2(b)|\phi _B(b)|^{1/2}f(b).$$
(27)
In the next proposition by $`\kappa id,id\kappa ,ϵid,idϵ`$ we denote the natural extensions of these mappings to $`𝒜(G_A\times G_A)`$ and by $`m:𝒜(G_A\times G_A)𝒜(G_A)`$ the natural extension of the multiplication map of $`𝒜(G_A)`$.

###### Proposition 5.2

1. $`ϵ`$ is a character on $`𝒜(G_A)`$
2. $`(ϵid)\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(I\omega _1)=\omega \omega _1`$ and $`(idϵ)(\omega _1I)\widehat{\delta }(\omega )=\omega _1\omega `$;
3. $`m(\kappa id)\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(I\omega _1)=ϵ(\omega )\omega _1`$ and $`m(id\kappa )(\omega I)\widehat{\delta }(\omega _1)=ϵ(\omega _1)\omega `$.

Proof: 1. The definition of $`ϵ`$ is a special case of the following one. Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a differential groupoid and let $`aE`$ be such that $`F_l(a)=F_r(a)`$. Then we can define a linear functional $`ϵ_a`$ on $`𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ by $`ϵ_a(\omega ):=_{F_l(a)}\omega |_{F_l(a)}`$. We will prove that $`ϵ_a`$ is a character on $`𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.

Let $`\omega _1=f_1\omega _0,\omega _2=f_2\omega _0`$ then

$$ϵ_a(\omega _1\omega _2)=_{F_l(a)}\lambda _0(x)\rho _0(x)_{F_l(a)}\lambda _0^2(y)f_1(y)f_2(s(y)x)=_{F_l(a)\times F_l(a)}\mu (x,y)f_1(y)f_2(s(y)x),$$

where $`\mu `$ is a one density on $`F_l(a)\times F_l(a)`$ defined by

$$\mu (x,y)(vw):=\lambda _0(x)(v)\rho _0(x)(v)\lambda _0^2(y)(w),v\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_x^l\mathrm{\Gamma },w\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_y^l\mathrm{\Gamma }.$$

Now consider a diffeomorphism $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ of $`F_l(a)\times F_l(a)`$ given by $`(x,y)(s(y)x,y)`$. Short computations show that $`(\mathrm{\Phi }\mu )(z,t)=\nu (z,t)`$ for $`\nu (z,t)(vw):=\lambda _0(x)(v)\rho _0(x)(v)\lambda _0(y)(w)\rho _0(y)(w)`$. In this way our integral is equal to

$$_{F_l(a)\times F_l(a)}\nu (x,y)f_1(x)f_2(y)=\left(_{F_l(a)}\lambda _0(x)\rho _0(x)f_1(x)\right)\left(_{F_l(a)}\lambda _0(y)\rho _0(y)f_2(y)\right)=ϵ_a(\omega _1)ϵ_a(\omega _2).$$

To prove the second property, let us notice that the density $`\rho _0(x)\lambda _0(x)`$ is real and invariant with respect to $`s:F_l(a)F_l(a)`$. So we get

$$ϵ_a(\omega ^{})=_{F_l(a)}f^{}(x)\lambda _0(x)\rho _0(x)=_{F_l(a)}\overline{f(s(x))}\lambda _0(x)\rho _0(x)=_{F_l(a)}\overline{f(x)}\lambda _0(x)\rho _0(x)=\overline{ϵ_a(\omega )}.$$

2. For $`\omega =F(\omega _0\omega _0)`$ we have $`(ϵid)(F(\omega _0\omega _0))(g)=(_B\mu _L^2(b)|\phi _B(b)|^{1/2}F(b,g))\omega _0(g).`$ Using the prop. 4.10 we compute:

$$(ϵid)\widehat{\delta }(f\omega _0)(If_1\omega _0)(g)=\left(_B\mu _L^2(b)|\phi _B(b)|^{1/2}(f_\delta (If_1))(b,g)\right)\omega _0(g)=$$

$$=\left(_B\mu _L^2(b)|\psi _B(a_L(b^1g))|^1f(ba_L(b^1g))f_1(b^1g)\right)\omega _0(g)$$

Now apply a diffeomorphism $`Bbb_L(a_L(g)^1b)B`$ to get the formula (13) for $`\omega \omega _1`$.
Since $`(\omega _1I)\widehat{\delta }(\omega )=(\widehat{\delta }(\omega ^{})(\omega _1^{}I))^{}`$ we easily get from prop. 4.10

$$(f_1\omega _0I)\widehat{\delta }(f\omega _0)(g_1,g_2)=|\phi _B(b_L(g_2))|^{1/2}f(a_R(a_R(g_1)b_L(g_2)^1)g_2)f_1(g_1b_L(g_2)^1)(\omega _0\omega _0)(g_1,g_2)$$

and we compute

$$(idϵ)(f_1\omega _0I)\widehat{\delta }(f\omega _0)(g)=\left(_B\mu _L^2(b)|\phi _B(b)|^{1/2}((f_1I)_\delta f)(g,b)\right)\omega _0(g)=$$

$$=\left(_B\mu _L^2(b)|\phi _B(b)|f_1(gb^1)f(a_R(a_R(g)b^1)b)\right)\omega _0(g)$$

Again, applying a diffeomorphism $`Bbb_R(g)b^1B`$ we arrive at the formula (13) for $`\omega _1\omega `$.
3. For $`F(\omega _0\omega _0)𝒜(G_A\times G_A)`$ the mapping $`m`$ is given by (compare (13))

$$m(F(\omega _0\omega _0))=(mF)\omega _0\mathrm{and}(mF)(g):=_B\mu _L^2(b)F(a_L(g)b,b_L(a_L(g)b)^1g)$$

From the formula for $`\kappa `$ (26) and prop. 4.10 we get

$$(\kappa id)\widehat{\delta }(f\omega _0)(If_1\omega _0)(g_1,g_2)=(\kappa id)(f_\delta (If_1))(g_1,g_2)(\omega _0\omega _0)(g_1,g_2)\mathrm{and}$$

$$(\kappa id)(f_\delta (If_1))(g_1,g_2)=|Q(g_1)|^{1/2}|\psi _B(a_L(g_1)a_R(g_1))|^{1/2}(f_\delta (If_1))(g_1^1,g_2).$$

Let $`g=ab`$, we need a value of this function for $`g_1=a\stackrel{~}{b}`$ and $`g_2=b_L(a\stackrel{~}{b})^1ab`$. For this points we have $`b_R(g_1^1)=b_L(a\stackrel{~}{b})^1`$ and

$$(\kappa id)(f_\delta (If_1))(a\stackrel{~}{b},b_L(a\stackrel{~}{b})^1ab)=$$

$$=|Q(a\stackrel{~}{b})|^{1/2}|\psi _B(aa_R(a\stackrel{~}{b}))|^{1/2}(f_\delta (If_1))(\stackrel{~}{b}^1a^1,b_L(a\stackrel{~}{b})^1ab)=$$

$$=|Q(a\stackrel{~}{b})|^{1/2}|\psi _B(aa_R(a\stackrel{~}{b}))|^{1/2}|\psi _B(a))|^1|\phi _B(b_L(a\stackrel{~}{b}))|^{1/2}f(\stackrel{~}{b}^1)f_1(ab)=$$

$$=|\phi _B(\stackrel{~}{b})|^{1/2}f(\stackrel{~}{b}^1)f_1(ab),$$

where the last equality follows from (10). In this way

$$m(\kappa id)(f_\delta (If_1))(g)=f_1(g)_B\mu _L^2(b)|\phi _B(b)|^{1/2}f(b^1)=ϵ(f\omega _0)f_1(g).$$

The second equality can be proved by similar computations.

###### Remark 5.3

The first two statements of the above proposition can also be proved by the following observation. If in a differential groupoid $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ there is $`aE`$ such that $`F_l(a)=F_r(a)`$, then a relation $`h_a:\mathrm{\Gamma }\text{ }\text{ }\{1\}`$ defined by $`Gr(h_a):=\{(1,g):gF_l(a)\}`$ is a morphism of differential groupoids. Since $`𝒜(\{1\})=C`$ the associated mapping $`\widehat{h_a}`$ takes values in $`C`$ and the functional $`ϵ_a`$ is just $`\widehat{h_a}`$. For the functional $`ϵ`$, $`a=e`$ (the neutral element) and the relation is $`e_B^T`$ ($`e_B`$-identity of $`G_B`$). So the second statement is implied by $`(e_B^T\times id)\delta =(id\times e_B^T)\delta =id`$, and this is just the transposition of the equality: $`m_B(e_B\times id)=m_B(id\times e_B)=id`$.

The statements in the last proposition are just axioms for a Hopf algebra rewritten in a way that makes sense in our situation. Whether this need be formalized is a question of finding other interesting examples.

Now we describe, how $`\widehat{\delta }`$ commutes with $`R`$ and $`\tau _z`$. Let us define a mapping $`:𝒜(G_A\times G_A)𝒜(G_A\times G_A)`$ by: $`(\omega )(g_1,g_2):=\omega (g_2,g_1)`$.

###### Proposition 5.4

For any $`zC`$ and $`\omega ,\omega _1,\omega _2𝒜(G_A)`$:

$`\widehat{\delta }(R\omega )(R\omega _1R\omega _2)`$ $`=`$ $`(RR)((\omega _2\omega _1)\widehat{\delta }(\omega ))`$ (28)
$`\widehat{\delta }(\tau _z\omega )(\omega _1\omega _2)`$ $`=`$ $`(\tau _z\tau _z)(\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(\tau _z\omega _1\tau _z\omega _2))`$ (29)
Proof: Let $`\omega =:f\omega _0,\omega _1=:f_1\omega _0,\omega _2=:f_2\omega _0`$. Using the same notation as before, formulae for $`\widehat{\delta }`$ (4) and $`R`$, let us compute the left hand side of the first equality

$$(Rf)_\delta (Rf_1Rf_2)(a_1b_1,a_2b_2)=$$

$$=_B\mu _L^2(b)|\phi _B(b_L(a_2b))|^{1/2}(Rf)(a_1a_2b)(Rf_1)(b_L^1(a_1a_2b)a_1b_1)(Rf_2)(a_R(a_2b)b^1b_2)=$$

$$=_B\mu _L^2(b)|\phi _B(b_L(a_2b))|^{1/2}|\psi _B(a_1a_2a_R(a_1a_2b))|^{1/2}f(b^1a_2^1a_1^1)\times $$

$$\times |\psi _B(a_R(a_1a_2b)a_L(b^1a_2^1)a_R(a_1b_1))|^{1/2}f_1(b_1^1a_1^1b_L(a_1a_2b))\times $$

$$\times |\psi _B(a_R(a_2b)a_R(a_2b_2))|^{1/2}f_2(b_2^1ba_R(a_2b)^1)=$$

$$=_B\mu _L^2(b)|\phi _B(b_L(a_2b))|^{1/2}|\psi _B(a_1a_2a_R(a_1a_2b)^2a_R(a_1b_1)a_R(a_2b_2))|^{1/2}\times $$

$$\times f(b^1a_2^1a_1^1)f_1(b_1^1a_1^1b_L(a_1a_2b))f_2(b_2^1ba_R(a_2b)^1)=$$

$$=|\psi _B(a_1a_2a_R(a_1b_1)a_R(a_2b_2))|^{1/2}\times $$

$$\times _B\mu _L^2(b)|\phi _B(b_L(a_2b))|^{1/2}|\psi _B(a_R(a_1a_2b))|f(b^1a_2^1a_1^1)f_1(b_1^1a_1^1b_L(a_1a_2b))f_2(b_2^1ba_R(a_2b)^1)$$

And the right hand side

$$(RR)((f_2f_1)_\delta f)(a_1b_1,a_2b_2)=(RR)((f_2f_1)_\delta f)(a_2b_2,a_1b_1)=$$

$$=|\psi _B(a_2a_1a_R(a_2b_2)a_R(a_1b_1))|^{1/2}(f_2f_1)_\delta f)(b_2^1a_2^1,b_1^1a_1^1)=$$

$$=|\psi _B(a_2a_1a_R(a_2b_2)a_R(a_1b_1))|^{1/2}\overline{(f^{}_\delta (f_2^{}f_1^{}))(s_B(a_2b_2),s_B(a_1b_1))}=$$

$$=|\psi _B(a_2a_1a_R(a_2b_2)a_R(a_1b_1))|^{1/2}\overline{(f^{}_\delta (f_2^{}f_1^{}))(a_2^1b_L(a_2b_2),a_1^1b_L(a_1b_1))}=$$

$$=|\psi _B(a_1a_2a_R(a_1b_1)a_R(a_2b_2))|^{1/2}\times $$

$$\times \overline{_B\mu _L^2(b)|\phi _B(b_L(a_1^1b))|^{1/2}f^{}(a_2^1a_1^1b)f_2^{}(b_L^1(a_2^1a_1^1b)a_2^1b_L(a_2b_2))f_1^{}(a_R(a_1^1b)b^1b_L(a_1b_1))}=$$

$$=|\psi _B(a_1a_2a_R(a_1b_1)a_R(a_2b_2))|^{1/2}\times $$

$$\times _B\mu _L^2(b)|\phi _B(b_L(a_1^1b))|^{1/2}f(b_L(a_2^1a_1^1b)^1a_2^1a_1^1)f_1(b_1^1a_1^1b)f_2(b_2^1a_2^1b_R(b^1a_1)^1)$$

Now use a diffeomorphism $`bb_L(a_2^1a_1^1b)`$ to get the equality of two integrals.

To prove the second equality one immediately verifies that it is enough to prove that:

$$Q(a_1a_2b)=\frac{Q(a_1b_1)Q(a_2b_2)}{Q(b_L(a_1a_2b)^1a_1b_1)Q(a_R(a_2b)b^1b_2)}$$

But since $`Q`$ is a cocycle on $`G_A`$ and $`G_B`$ we have equalities: $`Q(a_1a_2b)=Q(a_1b_L(a_2b))Q(a_2b)`$,
$`Q(b_L(a_1a_2b)^1a_1b_1)=Q(b_L(a_1a_2b)^1a_1)Q(a_1b_1)`$ and $`Q(a_1b_L(a_2b))=Q(b_L(a_1a_2b)^1a_1)^1`$. Using them we easily arrive at the desired result.

## 6 Haar measure.

We begin by recalling some results from . Let $`(\mathrm{\Gamma },m,s,E)`$ be a differential groupoid. Choose some real, non-vanishing, right-invariant half-density $`\stackrel{~}{\rho _0}`$. Let $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }_0=\stackrel{~}{\lambda _0}\stackrel{~}{\rho _0}`$ be the corresponding bidensity. Let us also choose some real, non-vanishing half-density $`\nu `$ on $`E`$. For such a pair we define:

* A smooth function $`\sigma :\mathrm{\Gamma }R\{0\}`$ defined by $`\sigma (g)(\stackrel{~}{\rho _0}\nu )(g)=(\stackrel{~}{\lambda _0}\nu )(g)`$. We call $`\sigma `$ the modular function associated with a pair $`(\stackrel{~}{\rho _0},\nu )`$. This function is a one cocycle on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ (i.e. for any composable $`g_1,g_2\mathrm{\Gamma }`$: $`\sigma (g_1g_2)=\sigma (g_1)\sigma (g_2)`$). Therefore, it defines a one parameter (complex) group of automorphisms (not $``$-automorphisms!) of $`𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma }):\sigma _z(\omega )(g):=|\sigma (g)|^{2iz}\omega (g)`$;
* A positive linear functional $`h`$ on $`𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$: $`h(f\stackrel{~}{\omega _0}):=_E\nu ^2f`$.
* A linear mapping $`\widehat{h}:𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })f\stackrel{~}{\omega }_0f\stackrel{~}{\rho _0}\nu L^2(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.

The next proposition describes basic properties of these objects.

###### Proposition 6.1

 For any $`\omega ,\omega _1𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$:

* $`h(\omega ^{}\omega )=(\widehat{h}(\omega )|\widehat{h}(\omega ))`$ (the right hand side is a scalar product in $`L^2(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$);
* $`h(\sigma _z(\omega )\omega _1)=h(\omega _1\sigma _{zi}(\omega ))`$;
* $`\widehat{h}(\omega \omega _1)=\pi _{id}(\omega )\widehat{h}(\omega _1)`$

Now we specify the choice of $`\stackrel{~}{\rho _0}`$ and $`\nu `$ for our groupoid $`G_A`$. Let $`\mu _00`$ be a real, half-density on $`T_eB`$ and let us define a right-invariant half-density $`\stackrel{~}{\rho _0}`$ on $`G_A`$ by the formula

$$\stackrel{~}{\rho _0}(g)(w):=\mu _0(wg^1),w\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_g^rG_A.$$

Let $`\stackrel{~}{\lambda _0}`$ be the corresponding left-invariant half-density and $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }_0=\stackrel{~}{\lambda _0}\stackrel{~}{\rho _0}`$. Short computations show that $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }_0(g)=|\psi _B(a_L(g)a_R(g))|^{1/2}\omega _0`$ (where $`\omega _0`$ denotes our standard bidensity constructed from $`\mu _0`$ as in (11,12)). Let us also choose some $`\nu _00`$ – a real, half-density on $`T_eA`$ and let $`\nu _r`$ be the corresponding right-invariant half-density on $`A`$. In our standard representation of bidensities we get

$$h(f\omega _0)=_A\nu _r^2(a)|\psi _B(a)|^1f(a).$$

From the definitions of $`h`$, $`\sigma `$ and $`\tau `$ it is clear that $`h\tau _z=h`$ and $`\sigma _z\tau _w=\tau _w\sigma _z`$. In the next lemma we give the formula for the associated modular function.

###### Lemma 6.2

Let $`\stackrel{~}{\rho _0}`$ and $`\nu _r`$ be as above. Then the modular function $`\sigma `$ is given by

$$\sigma (g)=\left|\frac{\psi _A(a_L(g))\phi _A(b_R(g))}{\phi _B(b_L(g))\psi _A(a_R(g))}\right|^{1/2}.$$

Proof: From the definition of $`\stackrel{~}{\lambda _0}`$ one can easily see that $`\stackrel{~}{\lambda _0}(g)(gv)=|\psi _B(a_R(g))|^{1/2}\mu _0(v),v\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_eB`$. The subspace $`gT_eAT_gG`$ is complementary to $`T_g^rG_A`$ and $`T_g^lG_A`$ i.e. $`T_gG=gT_eAT_g^rG_A=gT_eAT_g^lG_A`$. Therefore, for $`u\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_eA,v\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_eB`$ we have the equalities:

$$(\stackrel{~}{\rho _0}\nu _r)(g)(vggu)=\mu _0(v)\nu _r(a_R(g))(a_R(gu))=|\psi _A(a_R(g))|^{1/2}\mu _0(v)\nu _0(u)$$

$$(\stackrel{~}{\lambda _0}\nu _r))(g)(gvgu)=|\psi _B(a_R(g))|^{1/2}\mu _0(v)\nu _r(a_L(g))(a_L(gu))=$$

$$=|\psi _B(a_R(g))|^{1/2}|\phi _A(b_R(g))|^{1/2}|\psi _A(a_L(g))|^{1/2}\mu _0(v)\nu _0(u)$$

Now, since $`vggu=g(g^1vg)gu=det(P_BAd(g^1)P_B)(gvgu)`$ we get the expression for $`\sigma (g)`$

$$\sigma (g)=|\psi _B(a_R(g))|^{1/2}|\phi _A(b_R(g))|^{1/2}|\psi _A(a_L(g))|^{1/2}|det(P_BAd(g^1)P_B)|^{1/2}|\psi _A(a_R(g))|^{1/2},$$

and the result follows from the equality $`det(P_BAd(g^1)P_B)=\psi _B(a_R(g))^1\phi _B(b_L(g))^1`$.

Let $`hid:𝒜(G_A\times G_A)𝒜(G_A)`$ be the natural extension of $`hid:𝒜(G_A)𝒜(G_A)𝒜(G_A)`$ i.e. $`((hid)(F(\omega _0\omega _0)))(g):=\left(_A|\psi _B(a)|^1\nu _r^2(a)F(a,g)\right)\omega _0(g)`$. The next proposition states that the functional $`h`$ is “right-invariant”, relates $`h`$ to $`\kappa `$ and describes commutation of $`\widehat{\delta }`$ with the modular group $`\sigma _z`$. Let us recall that a functional $`\phi `$ on a Hopf algebra $`(𝒜,\mathrm{\Delta })`$ is right-invariant iff $`(\phi id)\mathrm{\Delta }(a)=\phi (a)I`$.

###### Proposition 6.3

For any $`\omega ,\omega _1,\omega _2𝒜(G_A)`$:

$`(hid)(\widehat{\delta }(\omega _1)(I\omega _2))`$ $`=`$ $`h(\omega _1)\omega _2,`$ (30)
$`(hid)(\widehat{\delta }(\omega _1^{})(\omega _2I))`$ $`=`$ $`\kappa ((hid)((\omega _1^{}I)\widehat{\delta }(\omega _2))`$ (31)
$`\widehat{\delta }(\sigma _z(\omega ))(\omega _1\omega _2)`$ $`=`$ $`(\sigma _z\tau _z)(\widehat{\delta }(\omega )(\sigma _z\omega _1\tau _z\omega _2)`$ (32)
Proof: Using prop. 4.10 and right invariance of $`\nu _r`$ we get

$$(hid)(\widehat{\delta }(f_1\omega _0)(If_2\omega _0))(g)=\left(_A\nu _r^2(a)|\psi _B(a)|^1|\psi _B(a_L(g))|^1f_1(aa_L(g))f_2(g)\right)\omega _0(g)=$$

$$=\left(_A\nu _r^2(a)|\psi _B(aa_L(g))|^1f_1(aa_L(g))\right)\omega _2(g)=h(\omega _1)\omega _2(g).$$

To prove the second formula, we again use prop. 4.10, right invariance of $`\nu _r`$ and the formula for $`(\omega _1^{}I)\widehat{\delta }(\omega _2)`$ given in the proof of the proposition 5.2 to obtain the left hand side of the equality (31).

$$(hid)(\widehat{\delta }((f_1\omega _0)^{})(f_2\omega _0I))(g)=\left(_A\nu _r^2(a)|\psi _B(a)|^1(f_1^{}_\delta (f_2I))(a,g)\right)\omega _0(g)=$$

$$=\left(|\phi _B(b_L(g))|^{1/2}_A\nu _r^2(a)|\psi _B(a)|^1\overline{f_1(s_A(ag))}f_2(b_L(ag)^1a)\right)\omega _0(g)$$

And the right hand side of this equality:

$$\kappa ((hid)(((f_1\omega _0)^{}I)\widehat{\delta }(f_2\omega _0))(g)=$$

$$=\left(|Q(g)|^{1/2}|\psi _B(a_L(g)a_R(g))|^{1/2}_A\nu _r^2(a)|\psi _B(a)|^1((f_1^{}I)_\delta f_2)(a,g^1)\right)\omega _0(g)=$$

$$=(|Q(g)|^{1/2}|\psi _B(a_L(g)a_R(g))|^{1/2}|\phi _B(g^1)|^{1/2}\times $$

$$\times _A\nu _r^2(a)|\psi _B(a)|^1\overline{f_1(s_A(ab_R(g)))}f_2(a_R(ab_R(g))g^1))\omega _0(g)$$

Now we use the relationship among $`Q`$ and modular functions (10) to convert this expression into

$$\left(|\psi _B(a_L(g))|^{1/2}|\phi _B(b_L(g))|^{1/2}_A\nu _r^2(a)|\psi _B(a)|^1\overline{f_1(s_A(ab_R(g)))}f_2(a_R(ab_R(g))g^1)\right)\omega _0(g)$$

Since $`ab_R(g)=aa_L(g)^1g`$, $`a_R(ab_R(g))g^1=b_L(aa_L(g)^1g)^1aa_L(g)^1`$ and $`\nu _r`$ is right-invariant this is equal to the left hand side.
From the formula for $`\widehat{\delta }`$ (4) and definitions of $`\sigma `$ and $`\tau `$ it easily follows that to prove the third statement it is sufficient to show the equality

$$\frac{\psi _A(a_1a_2)\phi _A(b)}{\psi _A(a_R(a_1a_2b))\phi _B(b_L(a_1a_2b))}=$$

$$=\frac{\psi _A(a_1)\phi _A(b_1)Q(a_2b_2)\phi _B(b_L(b_L^1(a_1a_2b)a_1b_1))\psi _A(a_R(b_L^1(a_1a_2b)a_1b_1))}{\phi _B(b_L(a_1b_1))\psi _A(a_R(a_1b_1))\psi _A(a_L(b_L^1(a_1a_2b)a_1b_1))\phi _A(b_R(b_L^1(a_1a_2b)a_1b_1))Q(a_R(a_2b)b^1b_2)}$$

and this is straightforward because of equalities:

$$b_L(b_L^1(a_1a_2b)a_1b_1)=b_L^1(a_1a_2b)b_L(a_1b_1),a_R(b_L^1(a_1a_2b)a_1b_1)=a_R(a_1b_1),$$

$$a_L(b_L^1(a_1a_2b)a_1b_1)=a_R(a_1a_2b)a_R^1(a_2b),b_R(b_L^1(a_1a_2b)a_1b_1)=b_L^1(a_2b)b_1,$$

$$Q(a_2b_2)=Q(a_R(a_2b)b^1b_2)Q(a_2b),$$

and equation (10).
The relationships among $`h`$, $`\widehat{h}`$ and $`\sigma _t`$ given in prop 6.1 suggest that $`\widehat{h}`$ can be extended to a GNS mapping and $`h`$ to a KMS weight on $`C_r^{}(G_A)`$. And indeed this is true and was proved in  for a general differential groupoid.

###### Proposition 6.4

 The mapping $`\widehat{h}`$ is closable and defines GNS mapping from $`C_r^{}(G_A)`$ to $`L^2(G)`$. Consequently, the linear functional $`h`$ can be extended to a densely defined, lower semi-continuous weight on $`C_r^{}(G_A)`$, which is a KMS weight with the modular group $`\sigma _t`$.

In the remaining part of this section we show that this weight is right-invariant. The crucial (although not difficult) step is lemma 6.5, and then we use results from  and .

Let $`H`$ be a Hilbert space. For two vectors $`x,yH`$, we define a linear functional $`\eta _{xy}`$ on $`B(H)`$ by $`\eta _{xy}(a):=(x|ay)`$. Then for $`aB(HH)`$ we define operators $`(id\eta _{xy})a`$ and $`(\eta _{xy}id)a`$ by $`(z|((id\eta _{xy})a)t):=(zx|a(ty))`$ and $`(z|((\eta _{xy}id)a)t):=(xz|a(yt))`$.

###### Lemma 6.5

Let $`\widehat{h}:C_r^{}(G_A)L^2(G)`$ be the GNS-mapping associated with the weight $`h`$ and $`W`$ the multiplicative unitary defined in (6). For $`x,yL^2(G)`$ and $`aD(\widehat{h})`$ an element $`\widehat{h}((id\eta _{xy})\pi _\delta (a))`$ belongs to $`D(\widehat{h})`$ and

$$\widehat{h}((id\eta _{xy})\pi _\delta (a))=((id\eta _{xy})W)\widehat{h}(a)$$

Proof:  First, let us notice that since $`\widehat{h}`$ is a closed mapping and $`𝒜(G_A)`$ is its core, it is enough to prove the formula for $`x,y𝒟(G)`$ and $`a𝒜(G_A)`$. Indeed, let $`aD(\widehat{h})`$ and $`x=\widehat{h}(a)`$. This means that $`a=lim\omega _n,\omega _n𝒜(G_A)`$ and $`x=lim\widehat{h}(\omega _n)`$. It is shown below that $`(id\eta _{xy})\pi _\delta (\omega _n)`$ is a sequence in $`𝒜(G_A)`$ and it converges to $`(id\eta _{xy})\pi _\delta (a)`$. So $`\widehat{h}((id\eta _{xy})\pi _\delta (\omega _n))=((id\eta _{xy})W)\widehat{h}(\omega _n)`$. But since $`lim\widehat{h}(\omega _n)=x`$, the sequence on the right hand side is convergent to $`((id\eta _{xy})W)x`$. Therefore $`(id\eta _{xy})\pi _\delta (a)`$ is in $`D(\widehat{h})`$ and $`\widehat{h}((id\eta _{xy})\pi _\delta (a))=((id\eta _{xy})W)\widehat{h}(a)`$. Since $`𝒟(G)`$ is dense in $`L^2(G)`$, similar arguments show that it is enough to check the equality for $`x,y𝒟(G)`$.

Now we compute $`(id\eta _{xy})\pi _\delta (\omega )`$ for $`x,y𝒟(G)`$ and $`\omega 𝒜(G_A)`$. Let $`\psi _0:=\rho _0\nu _r`$, where $`\rho _0`$ is our standard right-invariant half-density defined in (12) and $`\nu _r`$ is as in the definition of $`h`$. We write: $`x=:f_x\psi _0,y=:f_y\psi _0,\omega =:f\omega _0`$. With this notation we get $`(id\eta _{xy})\pi _\delta (\omega )=f_{xy}\omega _0`$, where

$$f_{xy}(ab):=|\phi _B(b))|^{1/2}_G\psi _0^2(g_2)\overline{f_x(g_2)}|\psi _B(a_R(a_2^1b))|f(aa_2b_L(a_2^1b))f_y(b^1g_2).$$
(33)
To prove this formula it is enough to show that $`(z|\pi _{id}(f_{xy}\omega _0)t)=(zx|\pi _\delta (\omega )(ty))`$ for any $`z,t𝒟(G)`$. Let $`z=:f_z\psi _0,t=:f_t\psi _0.`$ From the formula for $`\widehat{\delta }`$ (4) we get

$$(zx|\pi _\delta (\omega )(ty))=_{G\times G}(\psi _0\psi _0)^2(g_1,g_2)\overline{f_z(g_1)}\overline{f_x(g_2)}\times $$

$$\times _B\mu _L^2(b)|\phi _B(b_L(a_2b))|^{1/2}f(a_1a_2b)f_t(b_L(a_1a_2b)^1a_1b_1)f_y(a_R(a_2b)b^1b_2)=$$

$$=_G\psi _0^2(g_1)\overline{f_z(g_1)}_G\psi _0^2(g_2)\overline{f_x(g_2)}\times $$

$$\times _B\mu _L^2(b)|\phi _B(b_L(a_2b))|^{1/2}f(a_1a_2b)f_t(b_L(a_1a_2b)^1a_1b_1)f_y(a_R(a_2b)b^1b_2),$$

where $`g_1=a_1b_1,g_2=a_2b_2.`$
Applying a diffeomorphism $`Bbb_L(a_2b)B`$, we can rewrite integral over $`B`$ as

$$_B\mu _L^2(b)|\phi _B(b))|^{1/2}|\psi _B(a_R(a_1^1b))|f(a_1a_2b_L(a_2^1b))f_y(b^1a_2b_2)f_t(b_L(a_1b)^1a_1b_1),$$

and interchanging the order of integration we get

$$(zx|\pi _\delta (\omega )(ty))=_G\psi _0^2(g_1)\overline{f_z(g_1)}_B\mu _L^2(b)|\phi _B(b))|^{1/2}\times $$

$$\times \left[_G\psi _0^2(g_2)\overline{f_x(g_2)}|\psi _B(a_R(a_1^1b))|f(a_1a_2b_L(a_2^1b))f_y(b^1g_2)\right]f_t(b_L(a_1b)^1g_1).$$

Comparing this with the formula for a multiplication in $`G_A`$ (13) and the definition of $`f_{xy}`$ we obtain the result.

To prove the lemma it remains to show that $`(z|\widehat{h}(f_{xy}\omega _0))=(zx|W(\widehat{h}(\omega )y))`$. Using the definition of $`\widehat{h}`$ we obtain $`\widehat{h}(f\omega _0)=\widehat{f}\psi _0`$, for $`\widehat{f}(g):=f(g)|\psi _B(a_R(g))|^{1/2}`$. Let us compute the right hand side of our equality

$$(zx|W(\widehat{h}(\omega )y))=_{G\times G}(\psi _0\psi _0)^2(g_1,g_2)\overline{f_z(g_1)}\overline{f_x(g_2)}[W(\widehat{f}f_y)](g_1,g_2)=$$

$$=_G\psi _0^2(g_1)\overline{f_z(g_1)}_G\psi _0^2(g_2)\overline{f_x(g_2)}[W(\widehat{f}f_y)](g_1,g_2)$$

In this way we have to prove the equality

$$f_{xy}(g)|\psi _B(a_R(g))|^{1/2}=_G\psi _0^2(g_2)\overline{f_x(g_2)}[W(\widehat{f}f_y)](g,g_2),()$$

where $`W(f\psi _0k\psi _0)=:W(fk)(\psi _0\psi _0)`$.
The formula for the action of $`W`$ was given after the lemma 4.4. Notice, that now $`\psi _0`$ is not the same as $`\psi _0`$ defined before that lemma, so the expressions for $`W(\widehat{f}f_y)`$ are different. But since both $`\psi _0`$’s can be easily compared, we immediately deduce needed formula from the one contained in lemma 4.4:

$$[W(\widehat{f}f_y)](g,g_2)=|\phi _B(b_R(g))\psi _B(a_L(b_R(g)^1g_2))|^{1/2}\widehat{f}(ga_L(b_R(g)^1g_2))f_y(b_R(g)^1g_2)$$

To verify the equality $`()`$ use this expression, expression for $`f_{xy}`$ (33) and $`\widehat{f}`$. This completes the proof of the lemma.
Now we can prove right invariance of $`h`$ with respect to positive vector functionals in a GNS space for $`h`$. This immediately follows from

###### Proposition 6.6

For any $`aD(\widehat{h})`$ and $`xL^2(G)`$:

$$h((id\eta _{xx})\pi _\delta (a^{}a))=x^2h(a^{}a).$$

Proof:  Let $`e_i`$ be an orthonormal basis in $`L^2(G)`$. For $`xL^2(G)`$ let

$$B_n:=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}[(id\eta _{e_ix})\pi _\delta (a)]^{}[(id\eta _{e_ix})\pi _\delta (a)].$$

Then $`B_nC_r^{}(G_A)`$ and $`B_n`$ converges strictly to $`(id\eta _{xx})\pi _\delta (a^{}a)`$ (see ). On the other hand

$$h(B_n)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left(\widehat{h}[(id\eta _{e_ix})\pi _\delta (a)]|\widehat{h}[(id\eta _{e_ix})\pi _\delta (a)]\right)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left([(id\eta _{e_ix})W]\widehat{h}(a)|[(id\eta _{e_ix})W]\widehat{h}(a)\right)=$$

$$=(\widehat{h}(a)|\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}[(id\eta _{e_ix})W]^{}[(id\eta _{e_ix})W]\widehat{h}(a)).$$

Because $`WM(CB(L^2(G))C_r^{}(G_A))`$ (see remarks after lemma 3.3), the sequence
$`_{i=1}^n[(id\eta _{e_ix})W]^{}[(id\eta _{e_ix})W]`$ converges strongly to $`(id\eta _{xx})(W^{}W)=x^2I`$. Therefore $`h(B_n)`$ converges to $`x^2h(a^{}a)`$. Since the weight $`h`$ is strictly lower semi-continuous we get the result.

The last step is to prove that this is enough for full right invariance. To this end we use the following

###### Theorem 6.7

Let $`h`$ be a densely defined, lower semicontinuous weight on a separable $`C^{}`$-algebra $`A`$ and $`(H,\eta _h,\pi _h)`$ be a GNS-triple. There exists a sequence of vectors $`\mathrm{\Omega }_nH`$ such that:

1. $`\pi _h(A)\mathrm{\Omega }_n`$ and $`\pi _h(A)\mathrm{\Omega }_m`$ are orthogonal for $`mn`$;
2. $`aD(\eta _h)\pi _h(a)\mathrm{\Omega }_n^2<\mathrm{}`$;
3. $`\eta _h(a)=\pi _h(a)\mathrm{\Omega }_n`$;
4. $`H=H_n,H_n:=\overline{\pi _h(A)\mathrm{\Omega }_n}`$

To simplify notation we put: $`\eta _i:=\eta _{\mathrm{\Omega }_i\mathrm{\Omega }_i}`$ and, for $`a,bD(\widehat{h})`$, $`\eta _{ia}:=\eta _{\mathrm{\Omega }_i\widehat{h}(a)}`$, $`\eta _{ab}:=\eta _{\widehat{h}(a)\widehat{h}(b)}`$. We also denote $`C_r^{}(G_A)`$ by $`A`$. From lemma 6.5 and the theorem above we easily obtain three useful formulae:

$$(\eta _iid)\mathrm{\Delta }(a)=(\eta _{ia}id)W,aD(\widehat{h}),$$

$$\mathrm{\Delta }(a)(\mathrm{\Omega }_nx)=(p_nI)W(\widehat{h}(a)x),aD(\widehat{h}),$$

$$(\eta _{i(a^{}a)}id)W=(\eta _aid)(W^{}(p_iI)W),$$

where $`p_n`$ denotes projection onto the closure of $`A\mathrm{\Omega }_n`$.
Indeed, let $`x,y,zL^2(G)`$ then

$$(x|(\eta _{ia}id)Wy)=(\mathrm{\Omega }_ix|W(\widehat{h}(a)y))=(\mathrm{\Omega }_i|(id\eta _{xy})W\widehat{h}(a))=$$

$$=(\mathrm{\Omega }_i|\widehat{h}((id\eta _{xy})\mathrm{\Delta }(a)))=(\mathrm{\Omega }_i|(id\eta _{xy})\mathrm{\Delta }(a)\mathrm{\Omega }_i)=(x|(\eta _iid)\mathrm{\Delta }(a)y),$$

and this proves the first one. To prove the second one, let us compute

$$(xz|W(\widehat{h}(a)y))=(x|(id\eta _{zy})W\widehat{h}(a))=(x|\widehat{h}((id\eta _{zy})\mathrm{\Delta }(a)))=\underset{n}{}(x|(id\eta _{zy})\mathrm{\Delta }(a)\mathrm{\Omega }_n),$$

so

$$(xz|(p_nI)W(\widehat{h}(a)y))=(x|(id\eta _{zy})\mathrm{\Delta }(a)\mathrm{\Omega }_n)=(xz|\mathrm{\Delta }(a)(\mathrm{\Omega }_ny)).$$

And the third one:

$$(z|(\eta _{i(a^{}a)}id)Wy)=(\mathrm{\Omega }_iz|W(\widehat{h}(a^{}a)y))=(\mathrm{\Omega }_iz|W(a^{}I)(\widehat{h}(a)y))=$$

$$=(\mathrm{\Omega }_iz|\mathrm{\Delta }(a^{})W(\widehat{h}(a)t))=(\mathrm{\Delta }(a)(\mathrm{\Omega }_iz)|W(\widehat{h}(a)y))=$$

$$=(\widehat{h}(a)z|W^{}(p_iI)W\widehat{h}(a)y)=(z|((\eta _aid)W^{}(p_iI)W)y).$$

Now, let $`\phi `$ be a positive linear functional on $`A`$ and $`(K,\pi _\phi ,\mathrm{\Omega }_\phi )`$ the associated GNS triple. We compute:

$$\eta _i((id\phi )\mathrm{\Delta }(a^{}a))=\phi ((\eta _iid)\mathrm{\Delta }(a^{}a))=\phi ((\eta _{i(a^{}a)}id)W)=\phi ((\eta _aid)(W^{}(p_iI)W))$$

But since $`WM(CB(L^2(G))C_r^{}(G_A))`$ and $`_{i=1}^np_i`$ converges strictly (in $`B(H)=M(CB(H))`$) to $`I`$, we conclude that $`_i\eta _i((id\phi )\mathrm{\Delta }(a^{}a))=h(a^{}a)\phi (I)`$. This shows that $`h((id\phi )\mathrm{\Delta }(a^{}a))`$ is finite and equal to $`h(a^{}a)\phi (I)`$. In this way we have proved:

###### Proposition 6.8

Let $`aD(\widehat{h})`$ and $`\phi `$ be a positive linear functional on $`A`$. Then

$$h((id\phi )\mathrm{\Delta }(a^{}a))=h(a^{}a)\phi (I).$$

Therefore the weight $`h`$ is right-invariant.

## 7 Putting all together.

In this section we lift some objects from the section 5 to a $`C^{}`$-algebraic level and recapitulate the structure we got. Let us start by showing that $`R`$ defines $``$-antiautomorphism of $`C_r^{}(G_A)`$. To this end it is enough to prove its continuity. This will immediately follow from

###### Lemma 7.1

There exists an antiunitary operator $`\widehat{J}`$ on $`L^2(G_A)`$ such that

$$\pi _{id}(R\omega )=\widehat{J}\pi _{id}(\omega ^{})\widehat{J},\omega 𝒜(G_A).$$

Proof:  Since $`s_B`$ (inverse of the groupoid $`G_B`$) is a diffeomorphism of $`G_A`$, it defines a unitary operator on $`L^2(G_A)`$ (by a push-forward of half-densities), which we also denote by $`s_B`$. On $`L^2(G_A)`$ there is a canonical antiunitary involution, namely a complex conjugation: $`\overline{}`$. Let us define $`\widehat{J}:=\overline{}s_B`$ and check that this is the right choice. We choose $`\psi _0=\rho _0\nu `$ – a non-vanishing, real half-density on $`G_A`$ as before lemma 4.4. Then short computations show that:

$$s_B(YggX)=\psi _B(a_L(g))^1\psi _A(a_R(g))(1)^{dimA}(Ys_B(g)s_B(g)X)$$
(34)
$$\mathrm{for}X\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_eA,Y\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_eB$$

From this formula we deduce that $`(s_B\psi _0)(g)=|\psi _B(a_L(g))|^{1/2}|\psi _A(a_R(g))|^{1/2}\psi _0(g).`$ Defining $`(s_B\psi )`$ for any smooth, compactly supported function $`\psi `$ on $`G_A`$ by $`s_B(\psi \psi _0)=:(s_B\psi )\psi _0`$ we get

$$(s_B\psi )(g)=|\psi _B(a_L(g))|^{1/2}|\psi _A(a_R(g))|^{1/2}\psi (s_B(g)).$$

As usual, writing $`\omega =f\omega _0`$, we have to show that $`(Rf)\psi =\overline{s_B((f^{})\overline{(s_B\psi )})}`$. We compute the left hand side using the formulae for $`R`$ (25) and the multiplication (13):

$$((Rf)\psi )(g)=_B\mu _L^2(b)(Rf)(a_L(g)b)\psi (b_L(a_L(g)b)^1g)=$$

$$=|\psi _B(a_L(g))|^{1/2}_B\mu _L^2(b)|\psi _B(a_R(a_L(g)b))|^{1/2}f(b^1a_L(g)^1)\psi (b_L(a_L(g)b)^1g).$$

And the right hand side

$$\overline{s_B(f^{}\overline{s_B\psi })}(g)=|\psi _B(a_L(g))|^{1/2}|\psi _A(a_R(g))|^{1/2}\overline{(f^{}\overline{s_B\psi })(s_B(g))}=$$

$$=|\psi _B(a_L(g))|^{1/2}|\psi _A(a_R(g))|^{1/2}_B\mu _L^2(b)\overline{(f^{})}(a_L(s_B(g))b)(s_B\psi )(b_L(a_L(s_B(g))b)^1s_B(g))=$$

$$=|\psi _B(a_L(g))|^{1/2}|\psi _A(a_R(g))|^{1/2}_B\mu _L^2(b)f(s_A(a_L(g)^1b))(s_B\psi )(b_L(a_L(g)^1b)^1s_B(g))=$$

$$=|\psi _B(a_L(g))|^{1/2}|\psi _A(a_R(g))|^{1/2}_B\mu _L^2(b)f(b_L(a_L(g)^1b)^1a_L(g)^1)(s_B\psi )(b_L(a_L(g)^1b)^1s_B(g)).$$

Now apply to the integral over $`B`$ a diffeomorphism $`Bbb_L(a_L(g)^1b)B`$ to convert it into

$$|\psi _B(a_L(g))|^{1/2}|\psi _A(a_R(g))|^{1/2}_B\mu _L^2(b)|\psi _B(a_R(a_L(g)b))|f(b^1a_L(g)^1)(s_B\psi )(b^1s_B(g))$$

and use the definition of $`s_B\psi `$ to conclude that that this is equal to left hand side.
Now we pass to the group $`\tau _t`$. The following proposition was proved in :

###### Proposition 7.2

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a differential groupoid and $`\sigma :\mathrm{\Gamma }]0,\mathrm{}[`$ a smooth cocycle. The mapping $`𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })\omega \sigma _t(\omega ):=\sigma ^{it}\omega 𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ extends to a strongly continuous one parameter group on $`C_r^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. Let $`\sigma _{\frac{i}{2}}`$ be its analytic generator, then $`𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is a core for $`\sigma _{\frac{i}{2}}`$ and $`\sigma _{\frac{i}{2}}(\omega )=\sigma ^{1/2}\omega `$ for $`\omega 𝒜(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.

From this proposition we infer that $`\tau _t`$ defined by (24) extends to a strongly continuous one parameter group on $`C_r^{}(G_A)`$, moreover from prop. 5.1 this group commutes with $`R`$. Since now we know that $`R`$ $`\tau _t`$ and $`\sigma _t`$ are continuous, using lemma 5.4 and prop. 6.3 we easily obtain the following equalities on $`C_r^{}(G_A)`$:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }\tau _t=(\tau _t\tau _t)\mathrm{\Delta },\mathrm{\Delta }R=(RR)\mathrm{\Delta },\mathrm{\Delta }\sigma _t=(\sigma _t\tau _t)\mathrm{\Delta }.$$

We finish this work with a short resume. Let $`(G;A,B)`$ be a double Lie group.

* There are naturally defined differential groupoids $`G_A,G_B`$ over $`A`$ and $`B`$ respectively. Let $`C:=C_r^{}(G_A)`$ be the reduced $`C^{}`$-algebra of $`G_A`$.
* The relation $`\delta :=m_B^T`$ defines $`\mathrm{\Delta }Mor(C,CC)`$ which is a comultiplication in the sense of the theory of quantum groups.
* The inverse of the group $`G`$ defines the involutive $``$-antiautomorphism $`R`$ of $`C`$.
* There is a strongly continuous one parameter group of $``$-automorphisms $`\tau _t`$ on $`C`$, which commutes with $`R`$.
* There exists right-invariant, densely defined, lower semi-contionuous weight $`h`$ on $`C`$ which is a KMS weight with a modular group $`\sigma _t`$. Moreover the weight $`h`$ is $`\tau `$ invariant.
* The groups $`\sigma _t`$ and $`\tau _t`$ commute.
* $`\mathrm{\Delta }\tau _t=(\tau _t\tau _t)\mathrm{\Delta },\mathrm{\Delta }R=(RR)\mathrm{\Delta },\mathrm{\Delta }\sigma _t=(\sigma _t\tau _t)\mathrm{\Delta }.`$

Because positions of groups $`A`$ and $`B`$ in a DLG $`(G;A,B)`$ are completely symmetric, in fact, there are two quantum groups based on $`C_r^{}(G_A)`$ and $`C_r^{}(G_B)`$ respectively. One can think of them as duals, but the precise sense of this duality is to be understood. If these algebras coincide with algebras defined by the multiplicative operator $`W`$ in the “standard way” (see Appendix B), then one can say that this is the meaning of duality. However, here we have more, namely, there is a natural duality (in fact two ones) between $`𝒜(G_A)`$ and $`𝒜(G_B)`$ (see Appendix A). This duality enable us to think about these algebras as “dual Hopf algebras”. There is also a class of representations of (say) $`C_r^{}(G_B)`$, the ones coming from morphisms of differential groupoids $`G_B\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, which define, via $`W`$, representations of quantum group based on $`C_r^{}(G_A)`$.

## 8 Appendixes

A. Geometric interpretation of the function $`Q`$. Let $`V`$ be a finite dimensional vector space (over $`C`$ or $`R`$). Suppose we are given four subspaces $`L_1,L_2,R_1,R_2V`$, such that $`dimL_1=dimR_1`$, $`dimL_2=dimR_2`$ and $`V=L_1R_2=R_1L_2=L_1L_2=R_1R_2`$. Moreover let $`\lambda _i,\rho _i,i=1,2`$ be half-densities on $`L_i`$ and $`R_i`$ respectively. The quadruple $`(\lambda _1,\rho _1,\lambda _2,\rho _2)`$ defines two densities $`d_1,d_2`$ on $`V`$ as follows: $`d_1:=(\lambda _1\rho _2)(\lambda _2\rho _1)`$ and $`d_2:=(\lambda _1\lambda _2)(\rho _1\rho _2)`$. One can check, that $`d_1,d_2`$ depend only on $`\lambda _1\rho _1`$ and $`\lambda _2\rho _2`$ and the dependence is bilinear, so in fact $`d_1,d_2`$ are bilinear mappings $`d_1,d_2:(\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(L_1)\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(R_1))\times (\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(L_2)\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(R_2))\mathrm{\Omega }^1(V)`$. Since the space $`\mathrm{\Omega }^1(V)`$ is one dimensional we have that $`d_1=cd_2`$ for some $`cC`$. To find constant $`c`$ is enough to compare $`d_1`$ and $`d_2`$ on some basis in $`V`$. Let us recall that a $`p`$-density $`d`$ on $`V`$ is a mapping $`d:V^n:=V\times \mathrm{}\times VC,n=dimV`$ which satisfy the condition

$$d(v_{i_1}A_{i_11},\mathrm{},v_{i_n}A_{i_nn})=|detA|^pd(v_1,\mathrm{},v_n)(\mathrm{summation}),$$

for any $`AM_{n\times n}(R)`$ (or $`AM_{n\times n}(C)`$) and any $`v_1,\mathrm{},v_nV`$
If $`(v_1,\mathrm{},v_n)=:𝐯`$ is a basis in $`V`$ then we write the above condition as $`d(𝐯A)=|detA|^pd(𝐯)`$.

Choose $`𝐥:=(l_1,\mathrm{},l_n)`$, $`𝐫:=(r_1,\mathrm{},r_n)`$, $`\stackrel{~}{𝐥}:=(\stackrel{~}{l}_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{l}_m)`$, $`\stackrel{~}{𝐫}:=(\stackrel{~}{r}_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{r}_m)`$ – bases in $`L_1,R_1`$, $`L_2,R_2`$, respectively. Let $`I`$ denotes the identity matrix (of appropriate dimension) and let matrices $`A,B,C,D,J`$,$`K,G,H,`$ $`M,M_1,M_2`$ be defined by:

$$(𝐥,\stackrel{~}{𝐥})=:(𝐫,\stackrel{~}{𝐫})\left(\begin{array}{cc}A& C\\ B& D\end{array}\right)=:(𝐫,\stackrel{~}{𝐫})M$$

$$(𝐥,\stackrel{~}{𝐥})=:(𝐫,\stackrel{~}{𝐥})\left(\begin{array}{cc}J& 0\\ K& I\end{array}\right)=(𝐫,\stackrel{~}{𝐥})M_1,(𝐥,\stackrel{~}{𝐥})=:(𝐥,\stackrel{~}{𝐫})\left(\begin{array}{cc}I& G\\ 0& H\end{array}\right)=(𝐥,\stackrel{~}{𝐫})M_2.$$

Now we can compare $`d_1`$ and $`d_2`$

$$d_1(𝐥,\stackrel{~}{𝐥}):=(\lambda _1\rho _2)(𝐥,\stackrel{~}{𝐥})(\lambda _2\rho _1)(𝐥,\stackrel{~}{𝐥})=(\lambda _1\rho _2)((𝐥,\stackrel{~}{𝐫})M_2)(\lambda _2\rho _1)((𝐫,\stackrel{~}{𝐥})M_1)=$$

$$=|detH|^{1/2}|detJ|^{1/2}\lambda _1(𝐥)\rho _2(\stackrel{~}{𝐫})\lambda _2(\stackrel{~}{𝐥})\rho _1(𝐫).$$

$$d_2(𝐥,\stackrel{~}{𝐥}):=(\lambda _1\lambda _2)(𝐥,\stackrel{~}{𝐥})(\rho _1\rho _2)(𝐥,\stackrel{~}{𝐥})=\lambda _1(𝐥)\lambda _2(\stackrel{~}{𝐥})(\rho _1\rho _2)((𝐫,\stackrel{~}{𝐫})M)=$$

$$=|detM|^{1/2}\lambda _1(𝐥)\lambda _2(\stackrel{~}{𝐥})\rho _1(𝐫)\rho _2(\stackrel{~}{𝐫}).$$

In this way $`d_2=\frac{|detM|^{1/2}}{|detH|^{1/2}|detJ|^{1/2}}d_1`$.
But from equalities:

$$𝐥=𝐫A+\stackrel{~}{𝐫}B,\stackrel{~}{𝐥}=𝐫C+\stackrel{~}{𝐫}D,𝐥=𝐫J+\stackrel{~}{𝐥}K,\stackrel{~}{𝐥}=𝐥G+\stackrel{~}{𝐫}H,$$

we infer that $`C=AG,B=DK,J=A(IGK),D=(IKG)`$ and we can write

$$d_2=\left|\frac{detAdetD}{detM}\right|^{1/2}d_1.$$

Now for a DLG $`(G;A,B)`$ let us fix a point $`gG`$ and define

$$L_1:=T_g^lG_B,L_2=T_g^lG_A,R_1:=T_g^rG_B,R_2:=T_g^rG_A\mathrm{and}V:=T_gG.$$

Let $`𝐗:=(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n),𝐘=(Y_1,\mathrm{},Y_m)`$ be bases in $`T_eA`$ and $`T_eB`$, respectively. Then $`g𝐗,g𝐘`$, $`𝐗g,𝐘g`$ are bases in $`L_1,L_2,R_1,R_2`$, respectively. Moreover, if $`M=\left(\begin{array}{cc}A& C\\ B& D\end{array}\right)`$ is a matrix of adjoint representation of $`g`$ in $`(𝐗,𝐘)`$, then $`(g𝐗,g𝐘)=(𝐗g,𝐘g)M`$. Comparing this with the definition of the function $`Q`$ we conclude that $`d_1=|Q(g)|^{1/2}d_2`$.

In this way we see that the function $`Q`$ relates two natural dualities between $`𝒜(G_A)`$ and $`𝒜(G_B)`$ given, for $`\omega _A=\lambda _A\rho _A𝒜(G_A)`$ and $`\omega _B=\lambda _B\rho _B𝒜(G_B)`$, by formulae:

$$<\omega _A,\omega _B>_1:=_G(\lambda _A\rho _B)(\lambda _B\rho _A)\mathrm{and}<\omega _A,\omega _B>_2:=_G(\lambda _A\lambda _B)(\rho _A\rho _B).$$

B. Comparison with the standard approach. Let $`WB(HH)`$ be a multiplicative unitary operator. As shown by Baaj and Skandalis  the set:

$$C:=\overline{\{(\eta id)W,\eta B(H)_{}\}}=\overline{span\{(\eta _{xy}id)W,x,yH\}},$$

(bar denotes norm closure) is a $`C^{}`$-algebra with a comultiplication. This is the “standard procedure”. In this appendix we consider the following problem. For a DLG $`(G;A,B)`$ there is a multiplicative unitary (manageable) $`WB(L^2(G)L^2(G))`$ and we have $`C^{}`$-algebra $`C`$ defined as above. It is easy to see that in the definition of $`C`$, it is enough to consider vectors $`x,y`$ from a dense subspace of $`H`$. So a “typical” element of $`C`$ is obtained from two vectors $`x,y`$ by $`a_{xy}:=(\eta _{xy}id)W`$, in particular it is defined by two smooth half-densities on $`G`$ with compact support. On the other hand we have the groupoid $`G_A`$ and its reduced $`C^{}`$-algebra defined in a different way, and its “typical” elements are bidensities on $`G_A`$. We can suppose that those algebras are in fact the same. We will not prove this equality here, but we will show that $`CC_r^{}(G_A)`$. From the remark we made above, it follows that we have to interpret elements $`(\eta _{xy}id)W`$ as elements of $`𝒜(G_A)`$ for $`x,y`$ – smooth with compact support. The question is: how from two smooth half-densities on $`G`$ and $`W`$ we can get an element of $`𝒜(G_A)`$ ?

Suppose we are given $`\phi ,\psi `$ – half-densities on $`G`$ with compact support. Let $`U`$ be the bisection implementing $`W`$ and let $`gG`$ be given. Consider the set $`U(g,A)G\times G`$. It is easy to see that $`U(g,A)=\delta (g)`$ (we recall: $`\delta =m_B^T`$). Let $`(g_1,g_2)\delta (g)`$. There are the following natural isomorphisms:

$`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(T_{g_1}G)`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(T_{b_L(g)}B)\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(T_{g_1}^lG_B)`$
$`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(T_{g_2}G)`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(T_{b_R(g)}B)\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(T_{g_2}^rG_B)`$
$`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(T_{b_L(g)}B)`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(T_g^rG_A)`$
$`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(T_{b_R(g)}B)`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(T_g^lG_A)`$
$`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(T_{(g_1,g_2)}\delta (g))`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(T_{g_1}^lG_B)`$
$`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(T_{(g_1,g_2)}\delta (g))`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(T_{g_2}^rG_B)`$
The first two isomorphisms follow from the fact that $`b_L`$ and $`b_R`$ are surjective submersions;
The third and the forth ones are given, respectively, by ismorphisms $`T_{b_L(g)}BXXa_R(g)T_g^rG_A`$ and $`T_{b_R(g)}BYa_L(g)YT_g^lG_A`$;
The last two ones are due to the fact that $`\pi _1:\delta (g)(g_1,g_2)g_1F_B^l(g)`$ and $`\pi _2:\delta (g)(g_1,g_2)g_2F_B^r(g)`$ are diffeomorphisms.
And consequently:

$`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(T_{g_1}G)`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(T_g^rG_A)\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(T_{(g_1,g_2)}\delta (g))`$
$`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(T_{g_2}G)`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(T_g^lG_A)\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(T_{(g_1,g_2)}\delta (g)).`$
In this way, having $`\phi (g_1),\psi (g_2)`$ we can define a 1-density on $`T_{(g_1,g_2)}\delta (g)`$ with values in one dimensional vector space $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(T_g^lG_A)\mathrm{\Omega }^{1/2}(T_g^rG_A)`$. Let us denote the resulting mapping by $`\mathrm{\Phi }_g`$. The explicit formula for $`\mathrm{\Phi }_g(\phi ,\psi )`$ is given by

$$[\mathrm{\Phi }_g(\phi ,\psi )(u)](vw)=\phi (g_1)(wa\pi _1(u))\psi (g_2)(\stackrel{~}{a}v\pi _2(u)),\mathrm{where}$$

$$u\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_{(g_1,g_2)}\delta (g),v\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_g^lG_A,w\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_g^rG_A,a:=g^1g_1,\stackrel{~}{a}:=g_2g^1$$

and $`\pi _1,\pi _2`$ are defined above.
Integrating $`\mathrm{\Phi }_g(\phi ,\psi )`$ we get a bidensity on $`G_A`$, which will be denoted by $`\mathrm{\Phi }(\phi ,\psi )`$. Finally, we define a mapping

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}:(\phi ,\psi )|Q|^{1/2}\mathrm{\Phi }(\overline{s_B(\phi )},\psi )\mathrm{i}.\mathrm{e}.\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(\phi ,\psi )(g)=|Q|^{1/2}(g)_{\delta (g)}\mathrm{\Phi }_g(\overline{s_B(\phi )},\psi ).$$

and will prove the following

###### Proposition 8.1

Let $`\phi ,\psi `$ be smooth, compactly supported half-densities on $`G`$. Then $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(\phi ,\psi )𝒜(G_A)`$, $`\kappa (\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(\phi ,\psi ))=(\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(\psi ,\phi ))^{}`$ and $`(\eta _{\phi \psi }id)W=\pi _{id}(\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(\phi ,\psi ))`$.

Proof:  We begin by computing the mapping $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}`$. Let us choose $`\mu _0,\nu _0`$ – real, non-zero half-densities on $`T_eB`$ and $`T_eA`$, respectively, and let $`\mu _l,\nu _r`$ denote the corresponding left and right-invariant half-densities on $`B`$ and $`A`$. Then $`\nu _r\mu _l`$ is a real, non-vanishing half-density on $`A\times B`$ and, since the mapping $`A\times B(a,b)abG`$ is a diffeomorphism, this half-density defines a half-density on $`G`$ which will be denoted by $`ϵ`$. Explicitly

$$ϵ(g)(XggY)=\nu _0(X)\mu _0(Y),\mathrm{for}X\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_eA\text{ },Y\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_eB\text{ }.$$

Now we can write $`\phi =:f_\phi ϵ,\psi =:f_\psi ϵ`$ and $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(\phi ,\psi )=:f_{\phi \psi }\omega _0`$. Let us define a mapping

$$\alpha :Aa\alpha (a):=(m_B(g,s_B(ag)),ag)=(ga_R(ag)^1,ag)\delta (g).$$

This is clearly a diffeomorphism. Let us put $`v:=gY,w:=\stackrel{~}{Y}g,Y,\stackrel{~}{Y}\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_eB,\stackrel{~}{u}:=Xa,X\mathrm{\Lambda }^{max}T_eA`$, then $`\pi _1\alpha (\stackrel{~}{u})=(1)^{dimA}\phi _A(b_L(ab_L(g))^1s_B(ab_L(g))X`$ and $`\pi _2\alpha (\stackrel{~}{u})=Xag`$. Inserting this into the formula for $`\mathrm{\Phi }_g`$ and using (34) we get

$$(\mathrm{\Phi }_g(\overline{s_B(\phi )},\psi )(\alpha (Xa))(gY\stackrel{~}{Y}g)=$$

$$=|\phi _A(b_L(ab_L(g)))|^{1/2}\overline{s_B(\phi )}(\stackrel{~}{Y}s_B(ab_L(g))s_B(ab_L(g))X)\psi (agYXag)=$$

$$=\left|\frac{\psi _B(a)}{\psi _A(a_R(ab_L(g)))\phi _A(b_L(ab_L(g)))}\right|^{1/2}\overline{\phi (\stackrel{~}{Y}ab_L(g)ab_L(g)X)}\psi (agYXag),$$

and since

$$gXYg=\frac{\psi _A(a_R(g))\phi _A(b_L(g))}{\psi _B(a_L(g))\phi _B(b_R(g))}(XggY),$$

we obtain

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_g(\overline{s_B(\phi )},\psi )(\alpha (Xa))(gY\stackrel{~}{Y}g)=|\phi _B(b_L(g))|^{1/2}\overline{\phi (ab_L(g)\stackrel{~}{Y}Xab_L(g))}\psi (agYXag)$$

Finally (we also use (10))

$$f_{\phi \psi }(g)=\left|\frac{\psi _B(a_R(g))}{\phi _B(b_R(g))}\right|^{1/2}_A\nu _r^2(a)\overline{f_\phi (ab_L(g))}f_\psi (ag).$$
(35)
From this equation is clear that $`f_{\phi \psi }\omega _0𝒜(G_A)`$.

Having the above expression and using (26) one easily proves that $`\kappa (\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(\phi ,\psi ))=\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(\psi ,\phi )^{}`$.

Now we are going to prove the last equality. Of course it is enough to prove that $`(\phi z|W(\psi t))=(z|\pi _{id}(\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(\phi ,\psi ))t)`$ for compactly supported, smooth half-densities $`z,t`$ on $`G`$. Let $`\psi _0=:\rho _0\nu _l`$, where $`\nu _l`$ is the left-invariant half-density on $`A`$ defined by $`\nu _0`$. (this is $`\psi _0`$ as defined before the proof of lemma 4.4). We can write $`t=:f_t\psi _0`$ and $`z=:f_z\psi _0`$.

Using the formula (13) we have $`\pi _{id}(\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(\phi ,\psi ))t=(f_{\phi \psi }f_t)\psi _0`$ and

$$(f_{\phi \psi }f_t)(g)=_B\mu _l^2(b)f_{\phi \psi }(a_L(g)b)f_t(b_L(a_L(g)b)^1g)=$$

$$=_B\mu _l^2(b)|\psi _B(a_R(a_L(g)^1b))|f_{\phi \psi }(a_L(g)b_L(a_L(g)^1b)f_t(b^1g)=$$

$$=_B\mu _l^2(b)|\psi _B(a_R(a_L(g)^1b))|f_t(b^1g)|\frac{\psi _B(a_R(a_L(g)b_L(a_L(g)^1b)))}{\phi _B(b_L(a_L(g)^1b))}|^{1/2}\times $$

$$\times _A\nu _r^2(a)\overline{f_\phi (ab)}f_\psi (aa_L(g)b_L(a_L(g)^1b))=$$

$$_Gϵ^2(\stackrel{~}{g})\left|\frac{\psi _B(a_R(a_L(g)^1b_R(\stackrel{~}{g})))}{\phi _B(b_L(a_L(g)^1b_R(\stackrel{~}{g}))}\right|^{1/2}\overline{f_\phi (\stackrel{~}{g})}f_\psi (\stackrel{~}{g}a_L(b_R(\stackrel{~}{g})^1g))f_t(b_R(\stackrel{~}{g})^1g)=$$

$$_Gϵ^2(\stackrel{~}{g})\left|\frac{\psi _B(a_R(a_L(g)^1b_R(\stackrel{~}{g})))}{\phi _B(b_L(a_L(g)^1b_R(\stackrel{~}{g}))}\right|^{1/2}\overline{f_\phi (\stackrel{~}{g})}(f_\psi f_t)(W^1(\stackrel{~}{g},g))$$

In the second equality we use a diffeomorphism $`Bbb_L(a_L(g)b)B`$, then the expression for $`f_{\phi \psi }`$ and finally the definition of $`ϵ`$ ($`\stackrel{~}{g}:=ab`$), and formula for $`W^1`$ (6).

On the other hand, doing computations similar to the ones done in the proof of lemma 6.5 we get $`(\phi z|W(\psi t))=(z|y)`$ for $`y=:f_y\psi _0`$ and $`f_y`$ given by

$$f_y(g)=_Gϵ^2(\stackrel{~}{g})\overline{f_\phi (\stackrel{~}{g})}[W(f_\psi f_t)](\stackrel{~}{g},g),$$

where $`W(f_\psi f_t)`$ is defined by $`W(f_\psi ϵf_t\psi _0)=:W(f_\psi f_t)(ϵ\psi _0).`$

Since we can easily compare $`ϵ\psi _0`$ with $`\psi _0\psi _0`$, the expression for the function $`W(f_tf_\psi )`$ follows from the action of $`W`$ on $`\psi _0\psi _0`$ given in the proof of lemma 4.4. In this way we obtain

$$W(f_\psi f_t)(\stackrel{~}{g},g)=(f_\psi f_t)(W^1(\stackrel{~}{g},g))\left|\frac{\psi _B(a_R(a_L(g)^1b_R(\stackrel{~}{g})))}{\phi _B(b_L(a_L(g)^1b_R(\stackrel{~}{g}))}\right|^{1/2}$$

Now insert this into formula for $`f_y`$ and compare with the expression for $`f_{\phi \psi }f_t`$. This completes the proof of the proposition.