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# Hi Absorption in the Gigamaser Galaxy TXS 2226-184 and the Relation between Hi Absorption and Water Emission

## 1 Introduction

A number of studies (e.g., van Gorkom et al.  1989, Pihlström 2001) have shown that the rate of detection of Hi absorption in galaxies is highest in Compact Symmetric Objects (CSOs) and Compact Steep Spectrum (CSS) objects. Of the theories proposed to explain this phenomenon, the existence of a circumnuclear disk or torus structure seems the most likely. In this scenario, it is the orientation and geometry of the source which increases the likelihood of detecting Hi in absorption. In the CSOs and CSS objects the emission is dominated by the hot spots and lobes which are not Doppler boosted. Thus, in the CSOs we have bright symmetric emission against which to search for Hi absorption on parsec scales at a large range of source inclination angles. In large sources, however, the parsec scale emission is dominated by the relativistic jets. It is much harder to see Hi absorption in these sources since when the source is oriented towards us, the counter jet is deboosted and any disk which is perpendicular to the jet is at an unfavorable angle for absorption.

Water megamasers are found predominantly in Seyfert 2 (or obscured) galaxies for similar reasons (Braatz, Wilson & Henkel 1997). The masing gas is usually thought to be located in a circumnuclear accretion disk ($`e.g.`$ NGC 4258, Miyoshi et al. 1995; NGC 1068, Greenhill & Gwinn 1997). In order for the pathlength through the disk to be long enough to obtain significant amplification, the disk must be viewed nearly edge-on. Neufeld & Maloney (1995) predict that in sources that have a molecular accretion disk sufficiently dense in the central parsec to generate stimulated emission, atomic gas should be present above and below the plane of this disk where the pressure is slightly lower, as well as at larger radii. Although this atomic gas is expected to have a temperature as high as 8000 K, resulting in very low optical depths, detection is possible if the continuum source is bright enough. Thus H2O megamaser sources which have sufficient continuum flux at 1.4 GHz are prime candidates to search for Hi absorption (see NGC 1068, Gallimore, Baum & O’Dea 1996; NGC 3079, Satoh et al. 1997).

Several symmetric radio sources which exhibit Hi absorption have been studied with the VLA and the VLBA. A few of these are consistent with the parsec-scale circumnuclear torus model (i.e. 1946+708, Peck, Taylor & Conway 1999; PKS 2322-123, Taylor et al. 1999; Hydra A, Taylor 1996). These sources exhibit very broad (several hundred km s-1) shallow systems of multiple blended lines, usually slightly redshifted with respect to the systemic velocity of the galaxy. Not all Hi absorption systems are interpreted as the result of a parsec scale torus however. Another class of radio sources toward which Hi absorption is seen have very distinct types of absorption systems which are also close to the systemic velocity of the galaxy. These systems are comprised of only a few strong, very narrow (3–20 km s-1) lines, and vary little in FWHM or optical depth across the central parsecs of the continuum source (i.e., Cen A, Peck & Taylor 1998a). This is thought to be due to a larger, kiloparsec scale disk or dust lane in the host galaxy. In both cases, only a few sources have been well studied.

Thus both Hi and H2O can be tracers of circumnuclear material. By combining observations of both types, we are attempting to better constrain the distribution of material in the central parsecs of AGN. Our survey to date encompasses several types of radio sources (Seyfert 2, LINER, CSO, etc.) with a large range of radio powers, central masses and estimated accretion rates. The standard model of the central few parsecs should scale accordingly. It might be possible for a radio galaxy with a central mass of 109 $`M_{}`$ to have a molecular disk of radius $``$20 pc and maser emission with apparent $``$105 $`L_{}`$ isotropic luminosity (Neufeld & Maloney 1995). Here we present a search for H2O maser emission towards symmetric sources in which the Hi absorption is thought to arise in a circumnuclear torus, and a search for Hi absorption towards the H2O gigamaser galaxy TXS 2226-184.

In §2 we describe the search for water masers toward “Hi torus” sources carried out with the Effelsberg 100-m telescope, and in §3 we describe VLA observations of Hi absorption toward TXS 2226-184. A discussion of our current understanding of the circumnuclear environment is presented in §4.

We assume H$`{}_{0}{}^{}=75`$ km s-1 Mpc-1 and q0=0.5 throughout.

## 2 H2O Maser Observations and Results

The Effelsberg 100-m telescope111The 100-m telescope at Effelsberg is operated by the Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie in Bonn. of the MPIfR, equipped with a dual channel K-band HEMT receiver, was used to observe five sources known to have high columns of Hi in their central parsecs. The system temperature was 150–250 K on a main beam brightness temperature scale. The beam size of the telescope at 22 GHz is $``$40″. The data were obtained with an autocorrelator with 8$`\times `$512 channels and a bandwidth of 80 MHz (except on July 6, 2000; see below) for each of the eight backends, leading to channel spacings of 4-5 km s-1. The measurements were carried out in a dual beam switching mode with a switching frequency of 1 Hz and a beam throw of 2′ in azimuth. Pointing was checked every hour on nearby continuum sources. Linear baselines were removed from the summed spectra and we estimate the flux calibration to be accurate to $`\pm `$15%. Whenever not specifically mentioned, W3(OH) (3.2 Jy; Mauersberger et al. 1988) was used for amplitude calibration. No H2O emission was detected in any of the sources down to the rms levels indicated below. Upper limits for maser luminosities (with isotropic emission assumed here and throughout this paper) are given in Table 1. In some cases continuum detections are reported using the entire 0.5 GHz bandwidth available to the K-band HEMT receiver.

### 2.1 Hydra A

Hydra A is a high-luminosity FR I radio galaxy at a redshift of $`z`$ = 0.05384. Hi absorption with a width of 80 km s-1 is detected in this source and thought to lie in a circumnuclear disk or torus with a scale height of $`<`$30 pc (Taylor 1996). This source was observed at 21.09908 GHz on March 17, 2000. The continuum flux density at this frequency over a 0.5 GHz wide band was 2.0$`\pm `$0.3 Jy. The H2O noise level obtained with 4.4 km s-1 channel spacing (the channel resolution is about 20% wider) was 8 mJy for a $``$600 km s-1$`<`$V$`<+`$580 km s-1 band relative to 21.09908 GHz.

### 2.2 PKS 2322-123

PKS 2322-123 is the central cD galaxy in the cluster Abell 2597. Hi is detected on the kiloparsec scale (O’Dea et al.  1994), as well as on smaller scales (Taylor et al.  1999). On the parsec scale, two distinct Hi absorption lines were detected, one narrow line (110 km s-1 FWHM) is seen toward the core and one of the inner jet components, and a very broad line (735 km s-1 FWHM) appears toward only the core. This broad line is consistent with a compact, rapidly rotating circumnuclear disk with a scale height of $`<`$20 pc (Taylor et al.  1999). This source was observed at 20.546 GHz ($`z`$ = 0.08220 for the H2O rest frequency of 22.23508 GHz) on March 18, 2000. We did not try to measure a continuum flux. Calibration at the sky frequency was obtained towards NGC 7027 (5.55 Jy according to Ott et al. 1994). With 4.6 km s-1 channel separation we obtained an rms noise level of 4 mJy for $``$1050 km s-1$`<`$V$`<+`$1150 km s-1 relative to 20.546 GHz.

### 2.3 NGC 3894

NGC 3894 is a nearby ($`z`$=0.01068) elliptical galaxy with twin relativistic parsec-scale jets (Taylor, Wrobel & Vermeulen 1998). The structure of the Hi detected in absorption in this source is substantially more complicated than in Hydra A or PKS 2322-123. High resolution observations (Peck & Taylor 1998b) indicate that the absorbing gas might lie in a circumnuclear torus, a large number of clouds along the line of sight to the radio continuum source, or most likely, a combination of both. This source was observed on 2000 March 19 and 2000 July 6, in the latter case with 40 MHz backends. Rms limits are 4 mJy for 2800 km s-1 to 4300 km s-1 and 6 mJy for 2050 km s-1 to 2800 km s-1 LSR in March. In July, the rms was 5 mJy for 2620 km s-1 to 3880 km s-1. In both cases, the channel separation was 4.2 km s-1.

### 2.4 NGC 4151

NGC 4151 is a nearby ($`z`$=0.00332; distance=16.5 Mpc) Seyfert 1.5 galaxy which has been well-studied at most wavebands. MERLIN observations indicate that the Hi absorption in this source occurs only toward the core with a linewidth of 90 km s-1 in the strongest component. If this gas is in a toroidal structure, it must be less than 50 pc in height (Mundell et al.  1995). This source was the nearest target in our sample. NGC 4151 was observed on March 20, 2000. We obtained 3 mJy rms noise levels for 0 km s-1 to 2000 km s-1 LSR with a channel spacing of 4.2 km s-1.

### 2.5 1946+708

1946+708 is a CSO at a redshift of $`z`$=0.101. This source was initially found to exhibit Hi absorption in VLA observations in 1995 (Peck, Taylor & Conway 1999). This absorption was then imaged at very high angular resolution with the Global VLBI Network, showing the region of broadest absorption (FWHM$``$400 km s-1) toward the core, and several narrower components toward both the approaching and receding jets. The absorbing gas in 1946+708 is thought to occur in a circumnuclear torus with an outer radius of at least 80 pc and a scale height of $`<`$10 pc. Further evidence for a torus in this source is found in free-free absorption (Peck & Taylor 2001). This source was observed with the Effelsberg 100-m telescope three times, on March 19, April 13, and July 6. As with NGC 3894, the July data were obtained with 40 MHz backends. The continuum flux was measured on April 13: 0.27$`\pm `$0.04 Jy at 20.19535 GHz (with a bandwidth of 0.5 GHz). With a channel separation of 4.6 km s-1 we obtained 2-3 mJy rms values between $``$1050 $`<`$ V $`<`$ 1180 km s-1 in March, 5 mJy between $``$900 $`<`$ V $`<`$1000 km s-1 in April, and 4 mJy between $``$550$`<`$ V $`<`$ 730 km s-1 in July (all velocities with respect to the central observing frequency of 20.19535 GHz).

## 3 TXS 2226-184 Hi Observations and Results

The observations were made with Very Large Array222The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is operated by Associated Universities, Inc., under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. at a center frequency of 1385 MHz on 2001 April 19 and 20. The array was in the ’B’ configuration, which provided an angular resolution of $``$6″. A total of 3.6 hours were obtained on source on April 19th using 32 channels across a 6.25 MHz band to provide a resolution of 43 km/s. Both right and left circular polarizations were observed. Phase and bandpass calibration was obtained by short (1 min) observations of the strong (2.1 Jy) calibrator J2246-1206 every $``$20 minutes. The data were loaded in real time and a rough reduction revealed the Hi detection. For the observations on the following day the velocity resolution was doubled (to 22 km/s) at the expense of only recording in right circular polarization. A total of 2.3 hours were obtained on source.

Following standard VLA calibration practices, a continuum visibility data set and image were generated from the line data for each epoch by averaging the line-free channels. These data were then self-calibrated to remove small residual phase errors. The rms noise in the final continuum image of TXS 2226-184 is 0.10 mJy. The continuum emission from TXS 2226-184 is unresolved (size $`<`$3 kpc) and there are no other sources stronger than 0.3 mJy within one arcminute. The self-calibration solutions were then transferred to the line data. Spectral line cubes were made for TXS 2226-184 and all the sources in the field (see Fig. 1) stronger than 2 mJy simultaneously using the AIPS task IMAGR. The rms noise in a single channel from the combined data set is 0.25 mJy/beam, while in the higher spectral resolution data the rms noise in a channel is 0.66 mJy/beam. The higher noise is the result both narrower channels (by factor 0.5) and less data (factor 0.24).

In Fig. 2 we present the 43 km/s resolution spectrum of TXS 2226-184. In addition to a component with width $``$125 km/s, there appear substantial wings to the line, indicative of a broader (420 km/s) component. Two Gaussian components have been fit to the data and are drawn individually in Fig. 2 along with their sum. Parameters of the fits are given in Table 2. The higher resolution (22 km/s) spectrum is shown in Fig. 3 with the Gaussian fits overlaid.

### 3.1 TXS 2226-184 Continuum Observations and Results

The continuum observations were made with Very Large Array on 2001 April 24 at C, X, U, and K bands. A total of 1 hour was used to obtain the measurements presented in Fig. 4 and Table 3. The observations at frequencies of 15 GHz and below consisted of a single scan on TXS 2226-184 of 1–3 minutes duration bracketed by a 1 minute integration on the strong calibrator J2246-1206. At 22 GHz we employed the fast switching mode using a 3 minute cycle time for 18 minutes and the nearby calibrator J2236-1433. From 1.4 to 5 GHz the spectral index, $`\alpha `$, where $`S_\nu \nu ^\alpha `$, is $`\alpha =0.66`$. Between 5 and 22 GHz the spectrum steepens to a power law of slope $``$0.92.

The highest resolution, obtained at 22 GHz, is 0.39 $`\times `$ 0.21″ in position angle $``$12. At this resolution TXS 2226-184 is found to be slightly resolved with an extension along PA 145.3. This is in good agreement with the ’A’ configuration VLA image presented by Falcke et al.  (2000) at 8.46 GHz.

## 4 Discussion

TXS 2226-184 contains the most luminous known H2O megamaser with a luminosity in the 1.3 cm line of 6100 $`L_{}`$ (Koekemoer et al. 1995). The water maser emission from TXS 2226-184 is fairly broad, with a FWHM of 88 km s-1. Recent HST observations by Falcke et al. (2000) classify the galaxy as a spiral and reveal a dust lane cutting across the nucleus. Falcke et al. (2000) also present VLA observations at 8.4 GHz showing that the radio emission is compact ($`<`$ 1″), symmetric, and has an axis perpendicular to the dust lane. No larger-scale diffuse emission is present to the sensitivity limits of the Northern VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) at about 2 mJy/beam (Fig. 1; Condon et al. 1998).

Although the $``$420 km s-1 absorption probably results from neutral material associated with the atomic and molecular torus thought to feed the active nucleus, the deeper $``$125 km s-1 line in TXS 2226-184 could be indicative of an interaction between the radio jet and surrounding material. The water maser emission is also fairly broad (88 km/s) in TXS 2226-184, and could likewise originate from the central torus or from a jet-cloud interaction. VLBA observations of both the H2O emission and Hi absorption could help to discriminate between these two models.

Both the H2O megamaser emission and the Hi absorption are thought to arise from the central 0.1 to 100 parsecs of the molecular and atomic torus around an AGN. In searching for these two processes, however, it is important to keep in mind that the observed flux density of the maser emission falls off with distance (although this may be less steep than the inverse square-law if the water maser emission is amplifying a beamed nuclear continuum), while the Hi absorption relies on the presence of suitably bright radio emission, but is independent of distance. Perhaps because of this difference, maser emission and Hi absorption studies thus far have focused on different classes of AGN. The majority of megamaser surveys have targeted low luminosity AGN, predominantly optically selected and relatively nearby Seyferts and LINER galaxies, while the Hi surveys, encompassing a much smaller number of sources but usually obtaining longer integrations, have mainly targeted powerful radio galaxies. There has been one megamaser survey directed toward FRI radio galaxies (Henkel et al. 1998) and a survey of FRII galaxies and BL Lac objects has also been made (E. Ros, A. Tarchi, priv. communication), but no detections were found and the upper limits of the two latter studies have yet to be determined.

In Table 1 we summarize the properties of all known H2O megamasers and the Hi absorption detections in these systems to date. This table illustrates a fair amount of overlap with 8/19 (42%) of the sources having both H2O megamaser emission and Hi absorption. Not all megamaser sources shown have been searched carefully for Hi absorption, so the actual overlap could be somewhat larger.

Given the fairly high incidence of Hi absorption in systems with H2O megamaser emission previously reported in the literature, we carried out a moderately deep search for H2O megamaser emission in five sources with optical depths in Hi of 0.1 or more. None of these sources were detected (see Table 1 for the luminosity limits derived from the observations). The luminosity limits for the two closest sources, NGC 4151 and NGC 3894 are below those of all known H2O megamasers, so in the case of isotropic emission we would have expected to detect those sources (see Fig. 5). For the other, more-distant, systems the luminosity limits are fairly high so it is still possible that faint H2O megamasers reside there, or that these systems are also beamed away from us. As evident from Fig. 5, there is only a weak correlation between radio power and H2O maser luminosity, with a Spearman’s rank-order correlation coefficient of 0.465 leading to a probability that the two quantities are correlated at the 97.5% level. The Hi absorbers detected so far appear to be distributed in a similar way as the megamasers without any Hi absorption.

There are several possible reasons for not detecting H2O emission from the nearby sources, even if the interpretation of the Hi is correct, and a pc scale molecular disk exists within the torus, as in the scenario proposed by Neufeld & Maloney (1995) based on the prototypical source NGC 4258. First, the molecular disk is expected to be extremely thin and warped by radiation pressure (Pringle 1996), making the detection of H2O much more dependent on the geometry and orientation of the disk than the detection of Hi absorption is on the orientation of the larger torus. In some sources, the radio axis might be close to the plane of the sky, but the regions in the warped disk which have suitable temperatures and pressures to obtain population inversion do not lie along our line of sight to a continuum source nor have a long enough path length to generate self-amplification. Another possibility is that the model wherein a molecular disk is embedded in the Hi torus simply does not scale to higher powered AGN. A higher accretion rate, a stronger gravitational potential, a stronger central x-ray source, or a combination of these factors might alter the temperature and pressure of the mid-plane of the torus and thus the conditions for establishing H2O masers is not met in these systems. Conversely, the non-detection of Hi absorption in a few megamaser galaxies might indicate that the H2O emission is the result of an interaction between the jet and a nearby molecular cloud, rather than arising in an accretion disk, as is thought to be the case in Mrk 348 (Peck et al.  2001, in preparation), or could possibly be the result of very high spin temperatures in the atomic part of the torus, yielding extremely low Hi optical depths.

Braatz, Wilson & Henkel (1997) find a detection rate for extragalactic H2O masers of 7.2% in Seyferts 2’s and LINERs in a distance-limited sample. This is a greater success rate than we achieved in selecting systems with Hi absorption, but our sample is still too small to say anything meaningful about the difference. However, the number of sources with known Hi absorption is increasing dramatically thanks to new facilities at the Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope (GMRT) and Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT). The detection of a torus signature in either Hi or H2O masers is of interest since it can then be followed up with VLBA studies which can provide important information about the spatial distribution and velocity field of the accreting gas and the mass of the central engine.

## 5 Conclusions

We report on the detection of broad Hi absorption in the gigamaser galaxy TXS 2226-184. Sensitive VLBI observations are being planned in order to investigate the location and kinematics of the Hi gas. It will also be of interest to learn more about the parsec-scale morphology of this exceptional object.

Among known H2O masers the incidence of Hi absorption is fairly common ($`>`$42%). Although a moderately deep survey of five radio galaxies failed to yield any new H2O megamasers, there is still some promise to a physically motivated search. In the near future it should be possible to start with larger samples of Hi absorbing systems and refine our understanding of the connection between the Hi absorbers and the H2O emitters.

We thank the referee for insightful comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, under contract with NASA. This research has also made use of NASA’s Astrophysics Data System Abstract Service.

TABLE 2

TXS 2226-184 Hi Column Densities

|  | $`S_{1.4\mathrm{GHz}}`$ | $`S_{\mathrm{line}}`$ | $`V`$ | $`\mathrm{\Delta }V`$ | $`\tau `$ | $`N_\mathrm{H}`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Component | (mJy) | (mJy) | (km s-1) | (km s-1) |  | (cm-2) |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) |
| narrow | 73.5 | 12.3 $`\pm `$ 0.98 | 7491 $`\pm `$ 3 | 125 $`\pm `$ 10 | 0.183 | 3.3 $`\times 10^{23}`$ |
| broad | 73.5 | 5.6 $`\pm `$ 0.74 | 7454 $`\pm `$ 18 | 418 $`\pm `$ 72 | 0.079 | 4.8 $`\times 10^{23}`$ |

Notes to Table 2

Col.(1).—Component name. Col.(2).—Continuum flux density at 1.4 GHz in mJy. Col.(3).—Depth of the line in mJy. Col.(4).—Central velocity (c$`z`$) in km s-1. Col.(5).—FWHM in velocity in km s-1. Col.(6).—Optical depth, assuming a continuum source covering factor of unity. Col.(7).—The column density in units of cm-2 calculated assuming a spin temperature of 8000 K (Conway & Blanco 1995). If the Hi absorption results from gas outside the nuclear region then a more reasonable assumption for the spin temperature would be 100 K, reducing the column densities quoted here by a factor of 80.

TABLE 3

Continuum Observations

| $`\nu `$ | $`S_{\mathrm{VLA}}`$ | time | $`\mathrm{\Delta }\nu `$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| (GHz) | (mJy) | (min) | (MHz) |
| 1.385 | 73.3 $`\pm `$ 2.2 | 350 | 5 |
| 4.860 | 32.2 $`\pm `$ 0.98 | 1.4 | 50 |
| 8.460 | 20.0 $`\pm `$ 0.60 | 0.8 | 50 |
| 14.940 | 11.7 $`\pm `$ 0.38 | 2.0 | 50 |
| 22.460 | 7.87 $`\pm `$ 0.41 | 10.2 | 50 |


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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

The massless bosonic field compactified on the circle has been particularly useful for studying the moduli space of c=1 theories  . In this case, there are two continuous families of theories corresponding to the torus and the $`Z_2`$ orbifold models. Theories in each family are connected by marginal operator deformations. In both cases there is a duality that identifies the model with radious R with the model with radious $`1/2R`$. Also the theory corresponding to $`R=\sqrt{2}`$ for the torus models is identified with the $`R=1/\sqrt{2}`$ theory for the orbifold models. For the self-dual radious $`R=1/\sqrt{2}`$ the theory possesses an extended $`SU(2)\times SU(2)`$ symmetry. By dividing this symmetry by the three special discrete subgroups of $`SU(2)`$, the tetrahedral, octahedral and icosahedral,  constructed three more theories that are not connected to the others by marginal operator deformations. This list of $`c=1`$ theories has been shown to be complete in the case the partition function is a linear combination of toroidal partition functions by . However the partition functions of these theories contain an infinite sum of products of holomorphic times antiholomorphic Virasoro characters, as predicted by a theorem of . In the particular case $`R^2`$ is rational, these products group into a finite sum of holomorphic times antiholomorphic blocks. Furthermore this is the complete list of c=1 theories possesing this property as proven in .

Next we consider conformal field theory on surfaces with boundaries . On the finite cylinder it is possible to construct a partition function in two ways. Either through a closed string propagating between two boundary states or through an open string satisfying corresponding boundary conditions propagating around a loop. Compatibility between these two points of view gives two conditions on the boundary states. One is the Ishibashi condition  arising from the restriction of the conformal field theory to the upper half plane (necessary in the open string picture) and the other is the Cardy condition   which arises from the representational compatibility of the two constructions. Cardy in particular showed that given the Verlinde formula and a complete set of Ishibashi states it is possible to construct a consistent set of boundary states for diagonal theories. In the particular case the representation space of the theory splits into a direct sum of irreducible representations of an extended $`\widehat{su}(2)`$ chiral algebra the Ishibashi states have been constructed in . The case of the $`Z_2`$ orbifold model at radious 1 has been considered in . In this case boundary states have been derived that do not correspond to bulk operators.

In this work we study the rational torus models from the boundary CFT point of view. We distinguish a particular class of models ($`R=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2k}}`$) which posesses a consistent set of Newmann boundary states (or dually Dirichlet boundary states) in the sense of . These boundary states have been constructed explicitly. Next the extended symmetry algebra of these theories has been written down. Finally the infinite direct sum of Fock modules, that constitutes the chiral representation space of this particular set of torus models, is shown to decompose into a finite sum of irreducible extended algebra modules.

## 2 Torus Models Revisited

These models correspond to a free massless real bosonic field compactified on a circle of radious R. The action in this case is

$`S={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi }}{\displaystyle X\overline{}X}`$ (1)
The partition function for these models turns out to be

$`Z(\beta )={\displaystyle \underset{m,n}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{1}{2}(\frac{m}{2R}+nR)^2}}{\eta (q)}}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{q}^{\frac{1}{2}(\frac{m}{2R}nR)^2}}{\eta (\overline{q})}}`$ (2)
Here $`q=e^{2\pi i\tau }=e^{2\pi \beta }`$, $`\beta =i\tau `$, and $`\eta (q)`$ is the Jacobi eta function. The representation space for these models can be read of from the partition function to be

$`H={\displaystyle \underset{n,mϵZ}{}}F_{\alpha _{m,n}}{\displaystyle F_{\overline{\alpha }_{m,n}}}`$ (3)
where the possible charges are $`\alpha _{m,n}=\frac{m}{2R}nR`$ and $`\overline{\alpha }_{m,n}=\frac{m}{2R}nR`$.

In the particular case $`R^2=\frac{p}{p^{}}`$ the partition function becomes a finite sum of holomorphic times antiholomorphic parts:

$`Z(q)={\displaystyle \underset{r=0}{\overset{2p1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{s=0}{\overset{2p^{}1}{}}}f_{r,s}(q)f_{r,s}(\overline{q})`$ (4)
where

$`f_{r,s}(q)={\displaystyle \underset{nϵZ}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^{2pp^{}(n+\frac{r}{4p}+\frac{s}{2p^{}})^2}}{\eta (q)}}`$ (5)
Now consider the free field more closely. We can view our field as describing an open string propagating along a strip periodic in the horizontal direction but with boundary conditions along the end point lines of the string. What we really have in this way is an open string propagating along the sides of a cylinder, while it obeys boundary conditions on the end point circles. The length of the circumference will be taken to be $`\beta `$, while the height of the cylinder will be 1/2. This one loop open string diagram is equivalent to a closed string propagating along the cylinder from one boundary to the other. The boundaries of the closed string are to be interpreted as states. Following the closed string picture we will take time to be the vertical direction. The free field admits now the following expansion into oscillator modes:

$`\varphi (\sigma ,t)=\widehat{x}+{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi }{\beta }}R\widehat{w}\sigma +{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{\beta }}\widehat{p}t+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}i{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{a_n}{n}}e^{\frac{2\pi i}{\beta }n(t+\sigma )}+{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{a}_n}{n}}e^{\frac{2\pi i}{\beta }n(t\sigma )}\right)`$ (6)
This splits into left and right modes according to

$`\varphi (\sigma ,t)=\varphi _L(x^+)+\varphi _R(x^{})`$ (7)
where $`x^+=t+\sigma `$ and $`x^{}=t\sigma `$. Here

$`\varphi _L(x^+)={\displaystyle \frac{\widehat{x}}{2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{\beta }}a_0x^++{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}i{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{a_n}{n}}e^{\frac{2\pi i}{\beta }nx^+}`$
$`\varphi _R(x^{})={\displaystyle \frac{\widehat{x}}{2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{\beta }}\stackrel{~}{a}_0x^{}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}i{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{a}_n}{n}}e^{\frac{2\pi i}{\beta }nx^{}}`$ (8)
where $`a_0=\widehat{p}/2+R\widehat{w}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{a}_0=\widehat{p}/2R\widehat{w}`$. The Hamiltonian in the closed string picture turns out to be

$`H_\beta ={\displaystyle \frac{2\pi }{\beta }}\left[(R\widehat{w})^2+(\widehat{p}/2)^2+{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}a_na_n+{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\stackrel{~}{a}_n\stackrel{~}{a}_n1/12\right]`$ (9)
Using the oscillator mode representation of the Virasoro generators

$`L_m={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}:a_{mn}a_n:`$
$`\overline{L}_m={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}:\stackrel{~}{a}_{mn}\stackrel{~}{a}_n:`$ (10)
we have that

$`H_\beta ={\displaystyle \frac{2\pi }{\beta }}(L_0+\overline{L}_01/12)`$ (11)
The boundary states of the closed string have to satisfy the Ishibashi condition :

$`(L_n\overline{L}_n)|B>=0`$ (12)
This is certainly satisfied if

$`(a_m\pm \stackrel{~}{a}_m)|B>=0`$ (13)
The plus sign correspond to Newmann boundary conditions in the open string picture while the minus sign correspond to Dirichlet boundary conditions . Solving the conditions (13) we get the following Ishibashi states:

$`|\iota _{nR}^N>=e^{_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{a_n\stackrel{~}{a}_n}{n}}|p=0,w=nR>`$
$`|\iota _{m/2R}^D>=e^{_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{a_n\stackrel{~}{a}_n}{n}}|{\displaystyle \frac{p}{2}}={\displaystyle \frac{m}{2R}},w=0>`$ (14)
Note that in the Newmann case the zero mode condition demands that there is no momentum while in the Dirichlet case it demands that there is no winding. Now we have the following lemma:

###### Lemma 1

The Ishibashi states (14) give rise to the following inner products:

$`<\iota _{nR}^N|e^{H_\beta /2}|\iota _{mR}^N>`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{q}^{\frac{R^2n^2}{2}}}{\eta (\stackrel{~}{q})}}\delta _{n,m}`$
$`<\iota _{n/2R}^D|e^{H_\beta /2}|\iota _{m/2R}^D>`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{q}^{\frac{n^2}{8R^2}}}{\eta (\stackrel{~}{q})}}\delta _{n,m}`$
$`<\iota _{nR}^N|e^{H_\beta /2}|\iota _{m/2R}^D>`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{q}^{\frac{1}{24}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+\stackrel{~}{q}^n}}\delta _{n,0}\delta _{m,0}={\displaystyle \frac{_{nϵZ}(1)^n\stackrel{~}{q}^{n^2}}{\eta (\stackrel{~}{q})}}\delta _{n,0}\delta _{m,0}`$ (15)
where $`\stackrel{~}{q}=e^{\frac{2\pi }{\beta }}`$.

The proof of this lemma is a simple free field calculation. Note that it is possible to interchange the Newmann and Dirichlet Ishibashi states by interchanging the directions of $`t`$ and $`\sigma `$.

There is however another condition that must be satisfied by the boundary states . This states that if $`|X_A>`$ are the boundary states, then

$`Z_{AB}(\beta )=<X_A|e^{H_\beta /2}|X_B>={\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}n_{AB}^i\chi _i(q)`$ (16)
for some integers $`n_{AB}^i`$ where $`q=e^{2\pi i\beta }`$. In particular there is a special vacuus state $`|X_0>`$ for which $`n_{0j}^i=\delta _{i,j}`$. This condition arises from the possibility to see $`Z_{AB}(\beta )`$ as an one loop amplitude of an open string satisfying the boundary conditions A,B on the boundary circles.

Now lets restrict ourselves to the Newmann sector. Consider the case $`R^2`$ is rational, and lets demand that there is a Newmann vacuum boundary state

$`|X_0^N>={\displaystyle \underset{nϵZ}{}}C_n|\iota _{nR}^N>`$ (17)
Of course demanding a Dirichlet vacuum boundary state is completely equivalent because of the $`t`$, $`\sigma `$ interchange duality. Consider the partition function on the cylinder with two vacuum boundary states at the boundary circles:

$`Z_{00}(\beta )=<X_0^N|e^{H_\beta /2}|X_0^N>={\displaystyle \underset{nϵZ}{}}|C_n|^2{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{q}^{\frac{R^2n^2}{2}}}{\eta (\stackrel{~}{q})}}`$ (18)
According to the Cardy condition , $`Z_{00}(\beta )`$ must be equal to the vacuum character. To change the variable from $`\stackrel{~}{q}`$ to q, we need to use the Poisson resummation formula, which in this case takes the form:

$`{\displaystyle \underset{nϵZ}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{q}^{A(n+b)^2}}{\eta (\stackrel{~}{q})}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2A}}}{\displaystyle \underset{nϵZ}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{n^2}{4A}}e^{2\pi inb}}{\eta (q)}}`$ (19)
In the case of the rational theories and in order to be able to get the identity character after use of formula (19) there must exist a minimum integer m such that the constants $`C_n`$ in the classes n=rmodm are equal. This gives rise to the following partition function:

$`Z_{00}(\beta )={\displaystyle \underset{r=0}{\overset{m1}{}}}|C_r|^2{\displaystyle \underset{nϵZ}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{q}^{\frac{m^2R^2}{2}(n+\frac{r}{m})^2}}{\eta (\stackrel{~}{q})}}={\displaystyle \underset{r=0}{\overset{m1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{|C_r|^2}{mR}}{\displaystyle \underset{nϵZ}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{n^2}{2m^2R^2}}e^{2\pi in\frac{r}{m}}}{\eta (q)}}`$ (20)
Now letting $`n=mn^{}+s`$ we get

$`Z_{00}(\beta )={\displaystyle \underset{r,s=0}{\overset{m1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{|C_r|^2}{mR}}e^{2\pi irs/m}{\displaystyle \underset{n^{}ϵZ}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{(n^{}+s/m)^2}{2R^2}}}{\eta (q)}}`$ (21)
Since $`s/m<1`$, the power $`q^{\frac{1}{2R^2}}`$ appears only when $`s=0`$, and taking into account that in the vacuum character only integer powers of q appear and that $`_{r=0}^{m1}\frac{|C_r|^2}{mR}0`$ we have that

$`R^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2k}}.`$ (22)
These are the values of the radious that we are going to analyse further. For these values the closed string partition function regroups to

$`Z(\beta )={\displaystyle \underset{s=0}{\overset{2k1}{}}}\chi _s(q)\chi _s(\overline{q})`$ (23)
where

$`\chi _s(q)={\displaystyle \underset{nϵZ}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^{k(n+\frac{s}{2k})^2}}{\eta (q)}}`$ (24)
The vacuum character must be a partial sum of $`\chi _0(q)`$. Comparing this with $`Z_{00}(\beta )`$ we get that $`s=0`$, which in turn means that $`\chi _0(q)`$ itself is the vacuum character. Furthermore it is necessary that all $`|C_r|`$ are equal, so that the value $`s=0`$ is the only one that survives the sum over r. So, without loss of generality we can assume that m=1. In this case we have

$`Z_{00}(\beta )={\displaystyle \frac{|C|^2}{R}}{\displaystyle \underset{nϵZ}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^{kn^2}}{\eta (q)}}`$ (25)
Equality with $`\chi _0(q)`$ demands that $`|C|=\sqrt{R}=\frac{1}{\sqrt[4]{2k}}`$. So the corresponding vacuum state is

$`|X_0^N>={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt[4]{2k}}}{\displaystyle \underset{nϵZ}{}}|\iota _{n/\sqrt{2k}}^N>={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt[4]{2k}}}{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{2k1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{nϵZ}{}}|\iota _{\sqrt{2k}(n+l/2k)}^N>`$ (26)
Now it is necessary (because of the Cardy condition) that

$`Z_{0m}(\beta )=\chi _m(q)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2k}}}{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{2k1}{}}}e^{\frac{2\pi ilm}{2k}}\chi _l(\stackrel{~}{q})`$ (27)
This demands that the other boundary states are

$`|X_m^N>={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt[4]{2k}}}{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{2k1}{}}}e^{\frac{2\pi ilm}{2k}}{\displaystyle \underset{nϵZ}{}}|\iota _{\sqrt{2k}(n+l/2k)}^N>`$ (28)
It is not too difficult to check that

$`Z_{m_1m_2}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2k}}{\displaystyle \underset{l,m=0}{\overset{2k1}{}}}e^{2\pi il\frac{(m_2m_1+m)}{2k}}\chi _m(q)=\chi _{m_1m_2}(q)`$ (29)
This is certainly an integer sum of characters so the Cardy condition is satisfied. It is worth mentioning that since the construction of the boundary states is based on the modular properties of the characters the Verlinde formula gives integer fusion rules as was necessary. In particular we can read of from (27) that $`S_l^j=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2k}}e^{\frac{2\pi ijl}{2k}}`$ and from the Verlinde formula

$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{2k1}{}}}S_i^jN_{k^{}l}^i=S_k^jS_l^j/S_0^j`$ (30)
we can read the fusion rules

$`N_{k^{}l}^i=\delta _{(i,k^{}+l)mod2k}.`$ (31)
## 3 Extended Symmetry Algebra

We will now try to find which extended symmetry gives rise to the characters $`\chi _m(q)`$ for each k. Consider first the identity character

$`\chi _0(q)={\displaystyle \frac{_{nϵZ}q^{kn^2}}{\eta (q)}}=q^{1/24}{\displaystyle \frac{1+2q^k+2q^{4k}+\mathrm{}+2q^{n^2k}+\mathrm{}}{(1q)(1q^2)\mathrm{}(1q^k)(1q^{k+1})\mathrm{}}}`$ (32)
Expanding in q we get

$`\chi _0(q)=q^{1/24}([1+P(1)q+P(2)q^2+\mathrm{}+P(k1)q^{k1}]+`$
$`+q^k\left[[P(k)+2]+[P(k+1)+2P(1)]q+\mathrm{}+[P(4k1)+2P(3k1)]q^{3k1}\right]+\mathrm{}+`$
$`+q^{n^2k}\left[[P(n^2k)+\mathrm{}+2]+\mathrm{}+[P((n+1)^2k1)+\mathrm{}+2P((2n+1)k1)]q^{(2n+1)r1}\right]+`$
$`+\mathrm{})`$ (33)
Here $`P(n)`$ is the number of partitions of n. Now the Fock module built on the zero charge vacuum, $`F_0`$, has $`P(n)`$ linearly independent states at level n. From the above expansion we see that at level k we have two extra linearly independent states that are orthogonal to $`F_0`$, and since they are the first such states they have to be killed by all $`a_n`$ for n positive. So they can be taken to be highest weight Fock states of charge $`\alpha _{nm}=\pm \sqrt{2k}`$ because the $`L_0`$ eigenvalue $`h_{nm}=k`$. They are generated by the spin k currents

$`J^\pm (z)=e^{\pm i\sqrt{2k}\varphi (z)}`$ (34)
Here we have taken $`\varphi (z)=2\varphi _L(x^+)`$ and $`z=e^{2\pi ix^+/\beta }`$. Clearly, $`J^\pm `$ adds charge $`\pm \sqrt{2k}`$ on the states it acts. There is of course another current, of spin 1, the $`U(1)`$ current which we take to be

$`J^0(z)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2k}}}i\varphi (z)`$ (35)
Now we have the following lemma:

###### Lemma 2

The modes of the above currents generate the space $`_{nϵZ}F_{n\sqrt{2k}}`$.

Proof:

To prove this consider the mode expansion of the $`J^+(z)`$ current acting on the zero charge vacuum:

$`{\displaystyle \underset{nϵZ}{}}J_n^+z^{nk}|0>=e^{\sqrt{2k}_{n>0}\frac{a_n}{n}z^n}|\sqrt{2k}>`$ (36)
where by $`|\sqrt{2k}>`$ we denote the vacuum state of charge $`\sqrt{2k}`$. From this relation we see that

$`J_0^+|0>=0,J_1^+|0>=0,\mathrm{}J_{k+1}^+|0>=0J_k^+|0>=|\sqrt{2k}>.`$ (37)
Similarly we get that $`J_k^{}|0>=|\sqrt{2k}>`$. These are the extra states at level k. Of course since the modes of $`J^0(z)`$ can act on those states all the Fock descendents of the states $`|\pm \sqrt{2k}>`$ are generated by the current modes. If we move to level k+r then the number of them is $`2P(r)`$. Together with the descendents of $`|0>`$ we have overall $`P(k+r)+2P(r)`$ states. This takes account of the second bracket in (33). But at level 4k there are again two more states. To take account of them consider the product

$`J^+(z)J_k^+|0>=J^+(z)|\sqrt{2k}>=z^{2k}e^{\sqrt{2k}_{n>0}\frac{a_n}{n}z^n}|2\sqrt{2k}>`$ (38)
This means that we have

$`J_0^+J_k^+|0>=0,J_1^+J_k^+|0>=0,\mathrm{}J_{3k+1}^+J_k^+|0>=0J_{3k}^+J_k^+|0>=|2\sqrt{2k}>.`$ (39)
Considering also $`J_{3k}^{}J_k^{}|0>`$ we get the extra two states at level 4k. Again at level 4k+r we have all the Fock descendents of $`|0>`$, $`J_k^\pm |0>=|\pm \sqrt{2k}>`$, and $`J_{3k}^\pm J_k^\pm |0>=|\pm 2\sqrt{2k}>`$. The number of these states is $`P(4k+r)+2P(3k+r)+2P(r)`$. Continuing in this fashion we get two extra states appearing at every level of the form $`n^2k`$, as indicated by (32). They are of the form

$`J_{(2n1)k}^\pm \mathrm{}J_{3k}^\pm J_k^\pm |0>=|\pm n\sqrt{2k}>`$ (40)
Of course all the Fock descendents of these states are created by the $`J^0`$ modes so we have that the current modes generate completely the direct sum $`_{nϵZ}F_{n\sqrt{2k}}`$. This ends the proof of the lemma.

The next question is what are the OPE’s satisfied by these high spin currents. This is not too difficult to obtain. These are the following:

$`J^0(z)J^\pm (w)`$ $`=`$ $`\pm {\displaystyle \frac{1}{zw}}J^\pm (w)+reg`$
$`J^+(z)J^{}(w)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(zw)^{2k}}}expn_{O(2k1)}e^{i\sqrt{2k}(\varphi (z)\varphi (w))}+reg`$ (41)
The second operator product have to be expressed in terms of the currents. This is possible by expanding $`\varphi (z)`$ near w:

$`J^+(z)J^{}(w)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{(zw)^{2k}}}expn_{O(2k1)}e^{2k\left[(zw)J^0(w)+\mathrm{}+\frac{(zw)^{2k1}}{(2k1)!}^{2k2}J^0(w)\right]}+reg`$ (42)
Here by $`expn_{O(2k1)}`$ we mean expansion up to and including terms of order $`(zw)^{2k1}`$. At this point it is worth mentioning that our product $`J^+(z)J^{}(w)`$ is a bilocal field in the sense of . There it was remarked that for k=1/2 (unaccepted value for us) this product is the generating function for the $`W_{1+\mathrm{}}`$ algebra. Here however we will restrict our attention to integer values of k. Now, the product (42) can be expanded in terms of Schur polynomials. In general the Schur polynomials are defined by

$`e^{_{k=1}^{\mathrm{}}t_kz^k}={\displaystyle \underset{N=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}z^NS_N(t_1,t_2,\mathrm{},t_k,\mathrm{})`$ (43)
and they turn out to be

$`S_N(t_1,t_2,\mathrm{},t_k,\mathrm{})={\displaystyle \underset{n_1,\mathrm{},n_k,\mathrm{}}{\overset{_{k=1}^{\mathrm{}}kn_k=N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{t_1^{n_1}\mathrm{}t_k^{n_k}\mathrm{}}{n_1!\mathrm{}n_k!\mathrm{}}}`$ (44)
Let us now define, following , the associated polynomials:

$`f^l(^iJ^0(z))=(l)!:S_l(J^0(z),{\displaystyle \frac{J^0(z)}{2!}},\mathrm{},{\displaystyle \frac{^{l1}J^0(z)}{l!}}):`$ (45)
They satisfy the following recurrence relation:

$`f^{l+1}(^iJ^0(z))=(J^0(z)+)f^l(^iJ^0(z))=\mathrm{}=(J^0(z)+)^lJ^0(z)`$ (46)
Using now these new definitions we have

$`J^+(z)J^{}(w)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(zw)^{2k}}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{N=0}{\overset{2k1}{}}}S_N(2kJ^0(w),\mathrm{},2k^{2k2}J^0(w)/(2k1)!)(zw)^N\right)+reg=`$ (47)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{N=0}{\overset{2k1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{f^N(2k^iJ^0(w))}{N!}}(zw)^{N2k}+reg`$
The next question is what is the algebra satisfied by the modes of the currents $`J^+(z),J^{}(z)`$. This can be read of from the OPE’s:

$`[J_n^+,J_m^{}]={\displaystyle _0}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{2\pi i}}{\displaystyle _w}{\displaystyle \frac{dz}{2\pi i}}z^{n+k1}w^{m+k1}J^+(z)J^{}(w)`$ (48)
where the left integral is around the origin and the right is around w. Expanding the product of currents as above we get

$`[J_n^+,J_m^{}]={\displaystyle \underset{N=0}{\overset{2k1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(n+k)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(2kN)\mathrm{\Gamma }(N+nk+1)}}{\displaystyle _0}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{2\pi i}}w^{n+m+N1}{\displaystyle \frac{f^N(2k^iJ^0(w))}{N!}}`$ (49)
This suggests the following definition:

$`V_{m+n,N}^k={\displaystyle _0}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{2\pi i}}w^{n+m+N1}f^N(2k^iJ^0(w))={\displaystyle _0}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{2\pi i}}w^{n+m+N1}(2kJ^0(w)+)^{N1}2kJ^0(w)`$ (50)
where we have made use of the recurrence relation (46). In this notation (49) becomes

$`[J_n^+,J_m^{}]={\displaystyle \underset{N=0}{\overset{2k1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(n+k)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(2kN)\mathrm{\Gamma }(N+nk+1)\mathrm{\Gamma }(N+1)}}V_{n+m,N}^k`$ (51)
Following the same procedure for the remaining commutators we get

$`[J_n^0,J_m^0]={\displaystyle \frac{n}{2k}}\delta _{n+m}[J_n^0,J_m^\pm ]=\pm J_{m+n}^\pm `$ (52)
while the other commutators are 0.

Note that in particular if $`k=1`$ then $`V_{m+n,0}^1=\delta _{m+n}`$ and $`V_{m+n,1}^1=2J_{m+n}^0`$, so in this case the commutator (51) becomes

$`[J_n^+,J_m^{}]=n\delta _{m+n}+2J_{m+n}^0`$ (53)
giving rise to the $`\widehat{su}(2)`$ current algebra. Nevertheless it is only for $`k=1`$ that this algebra closes so nicely. In general the operators $`V_{m+n}^k`$ belong to the universal enveloping algebra of the U(1) current.

## 4 Primary Fields

Now that we have the extended symmetry algebra, the next question is what are the primary fields with respect to this algebra. To answer this we need to consider the characters $`\chi _m(q)`$. Under $`qe^{2\pi i}q`$ we pick a phase $`e^{2\pi i\left(\frac{m^2}{4k}\frac{1}{24}\right)}`$. So the conformal dimension of the corresponding field is $`h_m=\frac{m^2}{4k}`$, $`0m2k1`$. There are two Virasoro primary fields with this conformal dimension, the fields

$`V_m^\pm (z)=e^{\pm i\frac{m}{\sqrt{2k}}\varphi (z)}.`$ (54)
Observe that for m=2k we get the two currents.

These primary fields satisfy the following operator product expansions:

$`J^0(z)V_m^\pm (w)=\pm {\displaystyle \frac{m}{2k}}{\displaystyle \frac{V_m^\pm (w)}{zw}}+reg`$
$`J^+(z)V_m^{}(w)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{(zw)^m}}:V_{2km}^+(w)e^{2k(zw)J^0(w)+2k\frac{(zw)^2}{2!}J^0(w)+\mathrm{}+2k\frac{(zw)^{m1}}{(m1)!}^{m2}J^0(w)}:+reg`$
$`J^{}(z)V_m^+(w)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{(zw)^m}}:V_{2km}^{}(w)e^{2k(zw)J^0(w)2k\frac{(zw)^2}{2!}J^0(w)\mathrm{}2k\frac{(zw)^{m1}}{(m1)!}^{m2}J^0(w)}:+reg`$
(55)
where the remaining OPE’s are trivial. Note that we can take the fields $`V_m^+(z)=e^{i\frac{m}{\sqrt{2k}}\varphi (z)}`$, $`0m2k1`$ as a complete set of primary fields, since they are related to the $`V_m^{}(z)`$ through the last of the relations (55).

## 5 Module Structure

The primary fields $`V_m^+(z)`$ add charge $`m/\sqrt{2k}`$ to the vacuum so we have

$`V_m^+(0)|0>=|{\displaystyle \frac{m}{\sqrt{2k}}}>`$ (56)
Recall now that the chiral Fock space associated with the partition function was $`H=_{n,mϵZ}F_{\alpha _{nm}}`$, where $`\alpha _{nm}=n\sqrt{2k}+\frac{m}{\sqrt{2k}}`$. The currents now can only add charges that are multiples of $`\sqrt{2k}`$. So it is natural to decompose the space H into the sum

$`H={\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{2k1}{}}}_m`$ (57)
where

$`_m={\displaystyle \underset{nϵZ}{}}F_{\frac{m}{\sqrt{2k}}+n\sqrt{2k}}`$ (58)
is the space that is generated by the currents from $`V_m^+(0)|0>=|\frac{m}{\sqrt{2k}}>`$.

Lets examine now more closely what is the action of the currents on $`_m`$. Again by expanding the character $`\chi _m(q)`$ as a power series in q we see that there is one extra state appearing at the levels $`n^2knm+m^2/4k`$ and $`n^2k+nm+m^2/4k`$ for all positive integers n. Considering the product $`J^+(z)|m/\sqrt{2k}>`$ we get

$`{\displaystyle \underset{nϵZ}{}}J_n^+z^{nk}|m/\sqrt{2k}>=z^me^{\sqrt{2k}_{n>0}\frac{a_n}{n}z^n}|\sqrt{2k}+m/\sqrt{2k}>`$ (59)
This implies that

$`J_{(k+m)}^+|m/\sqrt{2k}>=|\sqrt{2k}+m/\sqrt{2k}>`$ (60)
and $`J_r^+|m/\sqrt{2k}>=0`$ for all $`r<k+m`$. Applying $`J^+(z)`$ on this new state a number of times we get eventually that

$`J_{\left((2n1)k+m\right)}^+\mathrm{}J_{(3k+m)}^+J_{(k+m)}^+|m/\sqrt{2k}>=|n\sqrt{2k}+m/\sqrt{2k}>`$ (61)
These states account for the extra states at the levels $`n^2k+nm+m^2/4k`$. Applying $`J^{}(z)`$ similarly a number of times on the state $`m/\sqrt{2k}`$ we get

$`J_{\left((2n1)km\right)}^{}\mathrm{}J_{(3km)}^{}J_{(km)}^{}|m/\sqrt{2k}>=|n\sqrt{2k}+m/\sqrt{2k}>`$ (62)
and these states account for the extra states at levels $`n^2knm+m^2/4k`$.

Suppose now that the space $`_m`$ is reducible, as a module of our current algebra. Then there must be a state $`|v_m>`$ other than $`|\frac{m}{\sqrt{2k}}>`$ such that

$`J_n^\pm |v_m>=0n>0`$ (63)
and

$`J_n^0|v_m>=0n>0.`$ (64)
(64) forces us to consider highest weight Fock states. Such states in the module $`_m`$ are the states $`|m/\sqrt{2k}+n\sqrt{2k}>`$ for n integer. Suppose now that $`n>0`$. Applying $`J^{}(z)`$ we get

$`{\displaystyle \underset{lϵZ}{}}J_l^{}z^{lk}|m/\sqrt{2k}+n\sqrt{2k}>=z^{(m+2nk)}e^{\sqrt{2k}_{l>0}\frac{a_l}{l}z^l}|m/\sqrt{2k}+(n1)\sqrt{2k}>`$ (65)
and this in turn implies that

$`J_{m+(2n1)k}^{}|m/\sqrt{2k}+n\sqrt{2k}>0`$ (66)
Since $`m+(2n1)k`$ is positive for positive n, $`J_r^{}|m/\sqrt{2k}+n\sqrt{2k}>`$ cannot be 0 for all positive r. If now $`n=n^{}<0`$ then we need to apply $`J^+(z)`$. In this case we get

$`J_{m+(2n^{}1)k}^+|m/\sqrt{2k}n^{}\sqrt{2k}>=|m/\sqrt{2k}(n^{}1)\sqrt{2k}>0`$ (67)
Since $`m+(2n^{}1)k`$ is positive for positive $`n^{}`$ (negative n), $`J_r^+|m/\sqrt{2k}+n\sqrt{2k}>`$ cannot be 0 for all positive r. So $`_m`$ cannot be reducible. Hence we have the following theorem:

###### Theorem 1

The space $`H=_{n,mϵZ}F_{\alpha _{nm}}`$ where $`\alpha _{nm}=n\sqrt{2k}+\frac{m}{\sqrt{2k}}`$ admits the decomposition $`H=_{m=0}^{2k1}_m`$ into irreducible modules of the algebra generated by the modes of the spin k currents $`J^\pm (z)`$ and the spin 1 current $`J^0(z)`$. In terms of Fock modules we have $`_m=_{nϵZ}F_{\frac{m}{\sqrt{2k}}+n\sqrt{2k}}`$.

## 6 Conclusions

What we have achieved in this work is to single out a family of rational torus models by demanding the existense of a consistent set of Newmann (dually Dirichlet) boundary states. For this models we have written down the extended symmetry algebra which restricts the number of blocks to a finite number. Furthermore it is shown that the space of these torus models, which is an infinite sum of Fock modules, splits into a direct sum of a finite number of irreducible extended algebra modules.

The extended symmetry algebra that has appeared is a W type algebra since it contains high spin currents. It should be thought of as a generalization of the SU(2) current algebra at level one, a theory which corresponds to $`k=1`$ in our list of theories. It is of interest to identify the algebras corresponding to general level, getting in this way theories that may not posess free field representations. Some work in this direction has been done in the context of W-algebras by . A study of the representation theory of such algebras may give new examples of rational conformal field theories.