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# Enumeration of Genus-Three Plane Curves with a Fixed Complex Structure

## 1 Introduction

### 1.1 Background and Results

Let $`(\mathrm{\Sigma },j_\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ be a nonsingular Riemann surface of genus-$`3`$ and let $`d`$ be a positive integer. Denote by $`_{\mathrm{\Sigma },d}(^2)`$ the set of simple holomorphic maps from $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ to $`^2`$ of degree $`d`$. Let $`\mu =(p_1,\mathrm{},p_{3d4})`$ be a tuple of points in $`^2`$ in general position. Then the set

$$_{\mathrm{\Sigma },d}(\mu )=\{(y_1,\mathrm{},y_{3d4};u):u_{\mathrm{\Sigma },d}(^2);y_l\mathrm{\Sigma },u(y_l)=\mu _ll=1,\mathrm{},3d4\}$$
(1.1)
is finite. For a dense open subset of complex structures $`j_\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, the cardinality of this set is the same number $`n_{3,d}`$. More intrinsically, $`n_{3,d}`$ is the number of genus-3 degree-$`d`$ plane curves that pass through $`3d4`$ points in general position and have a pre-specified generic complex structure on the normalization.

Enumerative numbers, such as $`n_{3,d}`$, have been of interest in algebraic geometry for a long time. The low-genus numbers, $`n_dn_{0,d}`$, $`n_{1,d}`$, and $`n_{2,d}`$ are computed in \[KM\], \[RT\], \[I\], \[P1\], \[Z2\], and \[KQR\] with completion in \[Z1\]. In this paper, we apply the machinery developed in \[Z2\] and \[Z3\] to compute the numbers $`n_{3,d}`$.

It is shown in \[RT\] that

$$n_d=\text{RT}_{0,d}(\mu _1,\mu _2,\mu _3;\mu _4,\mathrm{},\mu _{3d1}),$$

where $`\text{RT}_{0,d}(;)`$ denotes the symplectic invariant of $`^2`$ defined as in \[RT\]. In \[I\], the difference

$$\text{RT}_{1,d}(\mu _1;\mu _2,\mathrm{},\mu _{3d1})2n_{1,d}$$

is shown to be a certain multiple of $`n_d`$. Extending the general approach of \[I\], in \[Z2\], the difference

$$\text{RT}_{2,d}(;\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _{3d2})2n_{2,d}$$

is expressed in terms of the numbers $`n_d^{}`$ with $`d^{}d`$. Due to the two composition laws of \[RT\], the symplectic invariants $`\text{RT}_{g,d}(,)`$ of $`^2`$ are easily computable. Thus, comparing enumerative invariants of $`^2`$ to the symplectic ones as above is sufficient for computing the enumerative invariants. In this paper, we prove

###### Theorem 1.1

If $`d`$ is a positive integer and $`\mu `$ is a tuple of $`3d4`$ points in general position in $`^2`$,

$$n_{3,d}=RT_{3,d}(;\mu )CR_3(\mu ),\text{where}$$

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \frac{1}{12}CR_3(\mu )=413a^2c_1^2(^{})+210ac_1^3(^{})+44c_1^4(^{}),[\overline{𝒱}_1(\mu )]\hfill \\ & 217a^2+84a\left(c_1(_1^{})+c_1(_2^{})\right)+16\left(c_1^2(_1^{})+c_1^2(_2^{})\right)+10c_1(_1^{})c_1(_2^{}),[\overline{𝒱}_2(\mu )]+18|\overline{𝒱}_3(\mu )|.\hfill \end{array}$$

| $`d`$ | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $`n_d`$ | 0 | 0 | 14,280 | 9,469,152 | 6,573,686,112 | 6,289,178,278,656 |

The notation used in Theorem 1.1 is the same as in \[Z2\]; see Subsection 2.2 for more details. For now, it is sufficient to say that the intersection numbers in Theorem 1.1 can be expressed in terms of intersection numbers of tautological classes in the space of stable rational maps into $`^2`$. The latter are shown to be computable in \[P2\]; see also Subsection LABEL:enum1-chern\_class in \[Z2\]. Thus, Theorem 1.1 gives a practical formula for computing the numbers $`n_{3,d}`$. Our number $`n_{3,4}`$ agrees with that of \[AF1\].

Along the way, we also enumerate rational curves with certain singularities. In particular, let $`𝒮_{1;2}(\mu )`$ denote the set of plane rational degree-$`d`$ curves that have a $`(3,4)`$-cusp and pass through the $`3d4`$ points $`\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _{3d4}`$. Corollary 3.5 expresses the number $`|𝒮_{1;2}(\mu )|`$ in terms of intersections of tautological classes in the space of rational maps. See also Lemmas 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3. The degree-four numbers of Lemma 3.1 and Corollary 3.5 agree with the numbers computed by P. Aluffi from a formula in \[AF2\].

The argument of this paper can be modified to enumerate genus-3 plane curves with a fixed non-generic smooth complex structure on the normalization. In particular, suppose $`(\mathrm{\Sigma },j)`$ is not hyperelleptic and has $`n`$ “hyperflexes” in the sense of \[AF1\], i.e. exactly $`n`$ Weierstrass points with gap values $`(1,4)`$ and $`242n`$ Weierstrass points with gap values $`(1,3)`$; see \[GH, p273\]. Then the number of genus-3 degree-$`d`$ plane curves passing through $`3d4`$ points and with normalization $`(\mathrm{\Sigma },j)`$ is $`\left(n_{3,d}2n|S_{1;2}(\mu )|\right)/\text{Aut}(\mathrm{\Sigma },j)`$; see the remarks following Corollary 2.13. In the $`d=4`$ case, \[AF1\] obtain the same correction.

The author thanks P. Aluffi, T. Mrowka, and R. Vakil for helpful conversations. In particular, the question of enumerating genus-$`3`$ curves with a fixed non-generic complex structure was posed to the author by P. Aluffi, who also pointed out that the conclusion of the original limiting argument for obtaining counts of such curves directly from the numbers $`n_{3,d}`$ could not have been be valid.

### 1.2 Summary

We now outline the proof of Theorem 1.1. If $`\nu \mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma }\times ^2;\mathrm{\Lambda }^{0,1}\pi _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}T^{}\mathrm{\Sigma }\pi _^2^{}T^2)`$, let $`_{\mathrm{\Sigma },\nu ,d}`$ denote the set of all smooth maps $`u`$ from $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ to $`^2`$ of degree $`d`$ such that $`\overline{}u|_z=\nu |_{(z,u(z))}`$ for all $`z\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. If $`\mu `$ is as above and $`N=3d4`$, put

$$_{\mathrm{\Sigma },\nu ,d}(\mu )=\{(y_1,\mathrm{},y_N;u):u_{\mathrm{\Sigma },\nu ,d};y_l\mathrm{\Sigma },u(y_l)=\mu _ll=1,\mathrm{},N\}.$$

For a generic $`\nu `$, $`_{\mathrm{\Sigma },\nu ,d}`$ is a smooth finite-dimensional oriented manifold, and $`_{\mathrm{\Sigma },\nu ,d}(\mu )`$ is a zero-dimensional finite submanifold of $`_{\mathrm{\Sigma },\nu ,d}\times \mathrm{\Sigma }^N`$, whose cardinality (with sign) is the symplectic invariant $`\text{RT}_{3,d}(;\mu )`$. This number depends only on the degree $`d`$; see \[RT\].

If $`\nu _i_{C^0}0`$ and $`(\underset{¯}{y}_i;u_i)_{\mathrm{\Sigma },\nu _i,d}(\mu )`$, then a subsequence of $`\{(\underset{¯}{y}_i;u_i)\}_{i=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ must converge in the Gromov topology to one of the following:
(1) an element of $`_{\mathrm{\Sigma },d}(\mu )`$;
(2) $`(\mathrm{\Sigma }_b,\underset{¯}{y},u_b)`$, where $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_b`$ is a bubble tree of $`S^2`$’s attached to $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ with marked points $`y_1,\mathrm{},y_N`$, and $`u_b:\mathrm{\Sigma }_b^2`$ is a holomorphic map such that $`u_b(y_l)=\mu _l`$ for $`l=1,\mathrm{},N`$, and
(2a) $`u_b|\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is simple and the tree contains at least one $`S^2`$;
(2b) $`u_b|\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is multiply-covered;
(2c) $`u_b|\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is constant and the tree contains at least one $`S^2`$.
By an argument similar to the proof of Proposition LABEL:enum1-empty\_spaces in \[Z2\], the cases (2a) and (2b) cannot occur. As in \[Z2\], our approach will be to take $`t>0`$ very small and to determine the number $`CR_3(\mu )`$ of elements of $`_{\mathrm{\Sigma },t\nu ,d}(\mu )`$ that lie near the maps of type (2c). The rest of the elements of $`_{\mathrm{\Sigma },t\nu ,d}(\mu )`$ must lie near the space $`_{\mathrm{\Sigma },d}(\mu )`$. By Proposition LABEL:gl-holom\_prp in \[Z3\] and Corollary LABEL:enum1-reg\_crl in \[Z2\], there is a one-to-one correspondence between the elements of $`_{\mathrm{\Sigma },d}(\mu )`$ and the nearby elements of $`_{\mathrm{\Sigma },t\nu ,d}(\mu )`$, at least if $`d5`$. In fact, a standard argument shows that Corollary LABEL:enum1-reg\_crl remains valid if $`d=4`$ and $`(\mathrm{\Sigma },j)`$ is generic. If $`d=1,2,3`$, $`_{\mathrm{\Sigma },d}(\mu )=\mathrm{}`$ by \[ACGH, p116\]. Thus, we are able to compute the cardinality of $`_{\mathrm{\Sigma },d}(\mu )`$ by computing the total number $`CR_3(\mu )`$ of elements of $`_{\mathrm{\Sigma },t\nu ,d}(\mu )`$ that lie near the maps of type (2c).

The space of stable maps of type (2c) is stratified by smooth, usually noncompact, manifolds $`_𝒯(\mu )`$. The set of elements of $`_{\mathrm{\Sigma },t\nu ,d}(\mu )`$ that lie near each space $`_𝒯(\mu )`$ corresponds to the zero set of a map between two bundles over $`_𝒯(\mu )`$. By extracting dominant terms from each such map, the signed cardinality $`N(𝒯)`$ of the zero set of the map can be identified with the signed cardinality of the zero set of an affine map between vector bundles over a closure of $`_𝒯(\mu )`$ or of a certain submanifold of $`_𝒯(\mu )`$. The argument is nearly the same as in Sections LABEL:enum1-analysis\_sec and LABEL:enum1-resolvent\_sec of \[Z2\]. It is summarized briefly at the end of Subsection 2.4. The number $`CR_3(\mu )`$, the sum of the numbers $`N(𝒯)`$, can then be expressed as the sum of the cardinalities of the zero sets of affine vector bundles over compact manifolds; see Corollary 2.13. Topological formulas for the six numbers $`n_m^{(k)}(\mu )`$ of Corollary 2.13 are obtained in Section 4; see Lemmas 4.9, 4.8, 4.1, 4.4, 4.2, and 4.3, respectively. Using the results of Lemmas 3.1, 3.3, and 3.4, we obtain the expression for $`CR_3(\mu )`$ given in Theorem 1.1.

In Subsection 2.1, we review the topological tools to be used in Sections 3 and 4. We summarize our notation for spaces of bubble maps and vector bundle over them in Subsection 2.2. Subsection 2.3 describes the structure of spaces of rational maps and the behavior of certain bundle sections over them near the boundary strata. These descriptions are needed to implement the topological tools of Subsection 2.1 in Sections 3 and 4. In Subsection 2.4, we describe the number of elements of $`_{\mathrm{\Sigma },t\nu ,d}(\mu )`$ near each given strata $`_𝒯(\mu )`$ of bubble maps of type (2c) in terms of the zero sets of affine maps between finite-rank vector bundles over relatively simple topological spaces.

In Section 3, we enumerate rational curves with certain singularities and also deal the intersection numbers used in Section 4. Rational curves with singularities can be identified with the zeros of bundle sections over spaces of stable rational maps that lie in the main stratum. We use the topological tools of Subsection 2.1 to determine the contribution from the boundary strata of such spaces to the euler class of the bundle. Finally, in Section 4, we derive topological formulas for the six numbers of Corollary 2.13 using the same approach as in Section 3.

## 2 The Computational Setting

### 2.1 Topology

We begin by describing the topological tools used in the next two sections. In particular, we review the notion of contribution to the euler class of a vector bundle from a (not necessarily closed) subset of the zero set of a section. We also recall how one can enumerate the zeros of an affine map between vector bundles. These concepts are closely intertwined. Details can be found in Section LABEL:enum1-top\_sect of \[Z2\].

Throughout this paper, all vector bundles are assumed to be complex and normed. If $`F`$ is a smooth vector bundle, closed subset $`Y`$ of $`F`$ is small if it contains no fiber of $`F`$ and is preserved under scalar multiplication. If $`𝒵`$ is a compact oriented zero-dimensional manifold, we denote the signed cardinality of $`𝒵`$ by $`{}_{}{}^{\pm }|𝒵|`$.

###### Definition 2.1

Suppose $`F,𝒪`$ are smooth vector bundles.
(1) If $`F=\underset{i=1}{\overset{i=k}{}}F_i`$, bundle map $`\alpha :F𝒪`$ is a polynomial of degree $`d_{[k]}`$ if for each $`i[k]`$ there exists

$$p_i\mathrm{\Gamma }(;F_i^{d_i}𝒪)\text{ for }i[k]\text{s.t.}\alpha (\upsilon )=\underset{i=1}{\overset{i=k}{}}p_i\left(\upsilon _i^{d_i}\right)\upsilon =(\upsilon _i)_{i[k]}\underset{i=1}{\overset{i=k}{}}F_i.$$

(2) If $`\alpha :F𝒪`$ is a polynomial, the rank of $`\alpha `$ is the number

$$\text{rk}\alpha \mathrm{max}\{\text{rk}_b\alpha :b\},\text{where}\text{rk}_b\alpha =dim_{}\left(\text{Im}\alpha _b\right).$$

Polynomial $`\alpha :F𝒪`$ is of constant rank if $`\text{rk}_b\alpha =\text{rk}\alpha `$ for all $`b`$; $`\alpha `$ is nondegenerate if $`\text{rk}_b\alpha =rkF`$ for all $`b`$.
(3) If $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is an open subset of $`F`$ and $`\varphi :\mathrm{\Omega }𝒪`$ is a smooth bundle map, bundle map $`\alpha :F𝒪`$ is a dominant term of $`\varphi `$ if there exists $`\epsilon C^0(F;)`$ such that

$$\left|\varphi (\upsilon )\alpha (\upsilon )\right|\epsilon (\upsilon )|\alpha (\upsilon )|\upsilon \mathrm{\Omega }\text{and}\underset{\upsilon 0}{lim}\epsilon (\upsilon )=0.$$

Dominant term $`\alpha :F𝒪`$ of $`\varphi `$ is the resolvent of $`\varphi `$ if $`\alpha `$ is a polynomial of constant rank. (4) $`\varphi :\mathrm{\Omega }𝒪`$ is hollow if there exist dominant term $`\alpha `$ of $`\varphi `$ and splittings $`F=F^{}F^+`$ and $`𝒪=𝒪^{}𝒪^+`$ such that $`\alpha (F^+)𝒪^+`$, $`\alpha ^{}\pi ^{}(\alpha |F^{})`$ is a constant-rank polynomial, where $`\pi ^{}:𝒪𝒪^{}`$ is the projection map, and $`(\text{rk}\alpha ^{}+\frac{1}{2}dim)<\text{rk}𝒪^{}`$.

The base spaces we work with in the next two sections are closely related to spaces of rational maps into $`^2`$ of total degree $`d`$ that pass through the $`N`$ points $`\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _N`$, where $`N=3d4`$ as before. From the algebraic geometry point of view, spaces of rational maps are algebraic stacks, but with a fairly obscure local structure. We view these spaces as mostly smooth, or ms-, manifolds: compact oriented topological manifolds stratified by smooth manifolds, such that the boundary strata have (real) codimension at least two. Subsection 2.3 gives explicit descriptions of neighborhoods of boundary strata and of the behavior of certain bundle sections near such strata. We call the main stratum $``$ of ms-manifold $`\overline{}`$ the smooth base of $`\overline{}`$. Definition LABEL:enum1-euler\_dfn1 in \[Z2\] also introduces the natural notions of ms-maps between ms-manifolds, ms-bundles over ms-manifolds, and ms-sections of ms-bundles.

###### Definition 2.2

Let $`\overline{}=_n_{i=0}^{n2}_i=_{i=0}^{n2}_i`$ be an ms-manifold of dimension $`n`$.
(1) If $`𝒵_i`$ is a smooth oriented submanifold, a normal-bundle model for $`𝒵`$ is a tuple $`(F,Y,\vartheta )`$, where
(1a) $`F𝒵`$ is a smooth vector bundle and $`Y`$ is a small subset of $`F`$;
(1b) for some $`\delta C^{\mathrm{}}(𝒵;^+)`$, $`\vartheta :F_\delta (Y𝒵)\overline{}`$ is a continuous map such that
(1b-i) $`\vartheta :F_\delta (Y𝒵)\overline{}`$ is a homeomorphism onto an open neighborhood of $`𝒵`$ in $`𝒵`$;
(1b-ii) $`\vartheta |_𝒵`$ is the identity map, and $`\vartheta :F_\delta Y𝒵`$ is an orientation-preserving diffeomorphism on an open subset of $``$.
(2) A closure of normal-bundle model $`(F,Y,\vartheta )`$ for $`𝒵`$ is a tuple $`(\overline{𝒵},\stackrel{~}{F},\pi )`$, where
(2a) $`\overline{𝒵}`$ is an ms-manifold with smooth base $`𝒵`$;
(2b) $`\pi :\overline{𝒵}\overline{}`$ is an ms-map such that $`\pi |_𝒵`$ is the identity;
(2c) $`\stackrel{~}{F}\overline{𝒵}`$ is an ms-bundle such that $`\stackrel{~}{F}|_𝒵=F`$.

We use a normal-bundle model for $`𝒵`$ to describe the behavior of bundle sections over $`\overline{}`$ near $`𝒵`$. In particular, if $`\alpha :E𝒪`$ is an ms-polynomial, we call $`𝒵`$ an $`\alpha `$-regular subset of $`\overline{}`$ if for some normal-bundle model $`(F,Y,\vartheta )`$ for $`𝒵`$, $`\vartheta ^{}\alpha `$ can be approximated, by a constant-rank polynomial $`p:FE𝒪`$; see Definition LABEL:enum1-euler\_dfn3 in \[Z2\]. Polynomial $`\alpha :E𝒪`$ is regular if $`\overline{}`$ can be decomposed into finitely many $`\alpha `$-regular subsets. If $`\text{rk}E+\frac{1}{2}dim\overline{}=\text{rk}𝒪`$, for a generic $`\nu \mathrm{\Gamma }(\overline{};𝒪)`$, the zero set of the polynomial map

$$\psi _{\alpha ,\nu }:E𝒪,\psi _{\alpha ,\nu }(\upsilon )=\nu _\upsilon +\alpha (\upsilon ),$$

is a zero-dimensional oriented submanifold of $`E|`$. By Lemma LABEL:enum1-euler\_l1l in \[Z2\], if $`\alpha `$ is a regular polynomial, $`\psi _{\alpha ,\nu }^1(0)`$ is a finite set for a generic choice of $`\nu `$, and $`N(\alpha )^\pm \left|\psi _{\alpha ,\nu }^1(0)\right|`$ is independent of such a choice of $`\nu `$.

In Section 3, rational curves with pre-specified singularities are identified with the zero set of a section $`s`$ of a vector bundle $`V`$ over a smooth manifold $``$. The section $`s`$ extends over a compactification $`\overline{}`$ of $``$. Thus, the subset of $``$ we are interested in can be identified with the euler class $`e(V)`$ of $`V`$ minus the $`s`$-contribution $`𝒞_\overline{}(s)`$ to $`e(V)`$ from $`\overline{}`$. In the cases we encounter in Sections 3 and 4, $`s^1(0)(\overline{})`$ decomposes into disjoint, and usually non-compact, manifolds $`𝒵_i`$ near which the behavior of $`s`$ can be understood. Then $`𝒞_\overline{}(s)=𝒞_{𝒵_i}(s)`$, where $`𝒞_{𝒵_i}(s)`$ is the $`s`$-contribution of $`𝒵_i`$ to $`e(V)`$. This is the signed number of elements of $`\{s+\nu \}^1(0)`$ that lie very close to $`𝒵_i`$, where $`\nu \mathrm{\Gamma }(\overline{};V)`$ is a small generic perturbation of $`s`$. The manifolds $`𝒵_i`$ we encounter fall in one of the two categories described below.

###### Definition 2.3

Suppose $`\overline{}`$ is an ms-manifold of dimension $`2n`$, $`V\overline{}`$ is an ms-bundle of rank $`n`$, $`s\mathrm{\Gamma }(\overline{};V)`$, and $`𝒵s^1(0)`$.
(1) $`𝒵`$ is $`s`$-hollow if there exist a normal-bundle model $`(F,Y,\vartheta )`$ for $`𝒵`$ and a bundle isomorphism $`\vartheta _V:\vartheta ^{}V\pi _F^{}V`$, covering the identity on $`F_\delta (Y𝒵)`$, such that
(1a) $`\vartheta _V|_{F_\delta Y𝒵}`$ is smooth and $`\vartheta _V|_𝒵`$ is the identity;
(1b) the map $`\varphi \vartheta _V\vartheta ^{}s:F_\delta (Y𝒵)V`$ is hollow.
(2) $`𝒵`$ is $`s`$-regular if there exist a normal-bundle model $`(F,Y,\vartheta )`$ for $`𝒵`$ with closure $`(\overline{𝒵},\stackrel{~}{F},\pi )`$, regular polynomial $`\alpha :\stackrel{~}{F}\pi ^{}V`$, and a bundle isomorphism $`\vartheta _V:\vartheta ^{}V\pi _F^{}V`$ covering the identity on $`F_\delta (Y𝒵)`$, such that
(2a) $`\vartheta _V|_{F_\delta Y𝒵}`$ is smooth and $`\vartheta _V|_𝒵`$ is the identity;
(2b) $`\alpha |_𝒵`$ is nondegenerate and is the resolvent for $`\varphi \vartheta _V!\vartheta ^{}s:F_\delta (Y𝒵)V`$, and $`Y`$ is preserved under scalar multiplication in each of the components of $`F`$ for the splitting corresponding to $`\alpha `$ as in (1) of Definition 2.1.

###### Proposition 2.4

Let $`V\overline{}`$ be an ms-bundle of rank $`n`$ over an ms-manifold of dimension $`2n`$. Suppose $`𝒰`$ is an open subset of $``$ and $`s\mathrm{\Gamma }(\overline{};V)`$ is such that $`s|_𝒰`$ is transversal to the zero set.
(1) If $`s^1(0)𝒰`$ is a finite set, $`{}_{}{}^{\pm }|s^1(0)𝒰|=e(V),[\overline{}]𝒞_{\overline{}𝒰}(s)`$.
(2) If $`\overline{}𝒰=\underset{i=1}{\overset{i=k}{}}𝒵_i`$, where each $`𝒵_i`$ is $`s`$-regular or $`s`$-hollow, then $`s^1(0)𝒰`$ is finite, and

$${}_{}{}^{\pm }|s^1(0)𝒰|=e(V),[\overline{}]𝒞_{\overline{}𝒰}(s)=e(V),[\overline{}]\underset{i=1}{\overset{i=k}{}}𝒞_{𝒵_i}(s).$$

If $`𝒵_i`$ is $`s`$-hollow, $`𝒞_{𝒵_i}(s)=0`$. If $`𝒵_i`$ is $`s`$-regular and $`\alpha _i:\stackrel{~}{F}_iV`$ is the corresponding polynomial,

$$𝒞_{𝒵_i}(s)=^\pm \left|\{\upsilon \stackrel{~}{F}_i:\overline{\nu }_\upsilon +\alpha _i(\upsilon )=0\}\right|N(\alpha _i),$$

where $`\overline{\nu }\mathrm{\Gamma }(\overline{𝒵}_i;V)`$ is a generic section. Finally, if $`\alpha _i\mathrm{\Gamma }(\overline{𝒵}_i;\stackrel{~}{F}_i^k\pi ^{}V)`$ has constant rank over $`\overline{𝒵}_i`$ and factors through a $`\stackrel{~}{k}`$-to-$`1`$ cover $`\rho _i:\stackrel{~}{F}_i\stackrel{~}{F}_i^k`$,

$$𝒞_{𝒵_i}(s)=\stackrel{~}{k}e\left(\pi ^{}V/\alpha _i(\stackrel{~}{F}_i)\right),[\overline{𝒵}_i].$$

This is Corollary LABEL:enum1-euler\_crl in \[Z2\]. Proposition 2.4 reduces the problem of computing $`𝒞_{𝒵_i}(s)`$ for an $`s`$-regular manifold $`𝒵_i`$ to counting the zeros of a polynomial map between two vector bundles. The general setting for the latter problem is the following. Suppose $`E,𝒪\overline{}`$ are ms-bundles such that $`\text{rk}E+\frac{1}{2}dim\overline{}=\text{rk}𝒪`$, and $`\alpha :E𝒪`$ is a regular polynomial. Let $`\overline{\nu }\mathrm{\Gamma }(\overline{};𝒪)`$ be such that the map

$$\psi _{\alpha ,\overline{\nu }}\overline{\nu }+\alpha :E𝒪$$

is transversal to the zero set in $`𝒪`$ on $`E|`$, and all its zeros are contained in $`E|`$. Then $`N(\alpha )^\pm |\psi _{\alpha ,\overline{\nu }}^1(0)|`$ depends only on $`\alpha `$. If the rank of $`E`$ is zero, then clearly

$$N(\alpha )=^\pm \left|\psi _{\alpha ,\overline{\nu }}^1(0)\right|=e(𝒪),[\overline{}].$$

If the rank of $`E`$ is positive and $`\overline{\nu }`$ is generic, it does not vanish and thus determines a trivial line subbundle $`\overline{\nu }`$ of $`𝒪`$. Let $`𝒪^{}=𝒪/\overline{\nu }`$ and denote by $`\alpha ^{}`$ the composition of $`\alpha `$ with the quotient projection map. If $`E`$ is a line bundle and $`\alpha `$ is linear,

$$N(\alpha )=^\pm \left|\psi _{\alpha ,\overline{\nu }}^1(0)\right|=e(E^{}𝒪^{}),[\overline{}]𝒞_{\alpha ^1(0)}(\alpha ^{}).$$

By Proposition 2.4, computation of $`𝒞_{\alpha ^1(0)}(\alpha ^{})`$ again involves counting the zeros of polynomial maps, but with the rank of the new target bundle, i.e. $`E^{}𝒪^{}`$, one less than the rank of the original one, i.e. $`𝒪`$. Subsection LABEL:enum1-zeros\_sec in \[Z2\] reduces the problem of determining $`N(\alpha )`$ in all other cases to the case $`E`$ is a line bundle and $`\alpha `$ is linear. Thus, at least in reasonably good cases, $`N(\alpha )`$ can be determined after a finite number of steps.

The next lemma summarizes the results of Subsection LABEL:enum1-zeros\_sec in \[Z2\] in the case the original map $`\alpha :E𝒪`$ is linear. This case suffices for our purposes. We denote by $`\alpha ^E\mathrm{\Gamma }(E;\gamma _E^{}\pi _E^{}𝒪)`$ the section induced by $`\alpha `$. Let $`\lambda _E=c_1(\gamma _E^{})`$.

###### Lemma 2.5

Suppose $`\overline{}`$ is an ms-manifold and $`E,𝒪\overline{}`$ are ms-bundles such that

$$\text{rk}E+\frac{1}{2}dim\overline{}=\text{rk}𝒪m.$$

If $`\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }(\overline{};E^{}𝒪)`$ and $`\overline{\nu }\mathrm{\Gamma }(\overline{};𝒪)`$ are such that $`\alpha `$ is regular, $`\overline{\nu }`$ has no zeros, the map

$$\psi _{\alpha ,\overline{\nu }}\overline{\nu }+\alpha :E𝒪$$

is transversal to the zero set on $`E|`$, and all its zeros are contained in $`E|`$, then $`\psi _{\alpha ,\overline{\nu }}^1(0)`$ is a finite set, $`{}_{}{}^{\pm }|\psi _{\alpha ,\overline{\nu }}^1(0)|`$ depends only on $`\alpha `$, and

$$N(\alpha )^\pm |\psi _{\alpha ,\overline{\nu }}^1(0)|=\underset{k=0}{\overset{k=m1}{}}c_k(𝒪)\lambda _E^{m1k},[E]𝒞_{\alpha ^{E1}(0)}(\alpha ^E).$$

Furthermore, if the rank of $`E`$ is $`n`$,

$$\lambda _E^n+\underset{k=1}{\overset{k=n}{}}c_k(E)\lambda _E^{nk}=0H^{2n}(E)\text{and}\mu \lambda _E^{n1},[E]=\mu ,[\overline{}]\mu H^{2m2n}(\overline{}).$$
(2.1)
Finally, if $`\alpha `$ has constant rank,

$$N(\alpha )=^\pm |\psi _{\alpha ,\overline{\nu }}^1(0)|=e\left(𝒪/(Im\alpha )\right),[\overline{}].$$

### 2.2 Review of Notation

In this subsection, we give a brief description of the most important notation used in this paper. See Section LABEL:gl-bubble\_sect in \[Z3\] for more details.

Let $`q_N,q_S:S^2^3`$ be the stereographic projections mapping the origin in $``$ to the north and south poles, respectively. Denote the south pole of $`S^2`$, i.e. the point $`(0,0,1)^3`$, by $`\mathrm{}`$. We identify $``$ with $`S^2\{\mathrm{}\}`$ via the map $`q_N`$.

If $`N`$ is any nonnegative integer, let $`[N]=\{1,\mathrm{},N\}`$. If $`I_1`$ and $`I_2`$ are two sets, we denote the disjoint union of $`I_1`$ and $`I_2`$ by $`I_1+I_2`$.

###### Definition 2.6

A finite partially ordered set $`I`$ is a linearly ordered set if for all $`i_1,i_2,hI`$ such that $`i_1,i_2<h`$, either $`i_1i_2`$ or $`i_2i_1`$.
A linearly ordered set $`I`$ is a rooted tree if $`I`$ has a unique minimal element, i.e. there exists $`\widehat{0}I`$ such that $`\widehat{0}i`$ for all $`iI`$.

If $`I`$ is a linearly ordered set, let $`\widehat{I}`$ be the subset of the non-minimal elements of $`I`$. For every $`h\widehat{I}`$, denote by $`\iota _hI`$ the largest element of $`I`$ which is smaller than $`h`$. We call $`\iota :\widehat{I}I`$ the attaching map of $`I`$. Suppose $`I=\underset{kK}{}I_k`$ is the splitting of $`I`$ into rooted trees such that $`k`$ is the minimal element of $`I_k`$. If $`\widehat{1}I`$, we define the linearly ordered set $`I+_k\widehat{1}`$ to be the set $`I+\widehat{1}`$ with all partial-order relations of $`I`$ along with the relations

$$k<\widehat{1},\widehat{1}<h\text{ if }h\widehat{I}_k.$$

If $`I`$ is a rooted tree, we write $`I+\widehat{1}`$ for $`I+_k\widehat{1}`$.

If $`S=\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ or $`S=S^2`$ and $`M`$ is a finite set, a $`^2`$-valued bubble map with $`M`$-marked points is a tuple

$$b=(S,M,I;x,(j,y),u),$$

where $`I`$ is a linearly ordered set, and

$$x:\widehat{I}SS^2,j:MI,y:MSS^2,\text{ and }u:IC^{\mathrm{}}(S;^2)C^{\mathrm{}}(S^2;^2)$$

are maps such that

$$x_h\{\begin{array}{cc}S^2\{\mathrm{}\},\hfill & \text{if }\iota _h\widehat{I};\hfill \\ S,\hfill & \text{if }\iota _h\widehat{I},\hfill \end{array}y_l\{\begin{array}{cc}S^2\{\mathrm{}\},\hfill & \text{if }j_l\widehat{I};\hfill \\ S,\hfill & \text{if }j_l\widehat{I},\hfill \end{array}u_i\{\begin{array}{cc}C^{\mathrm{}}(S^2;^2),\hfill & \text{if }i\widehat{I};\hfill \\ C^{\mathrm{}}(S;^2),\hfill & \text{if }i\widehat{I},\hfill \end{array}$$

and $`u_h(\mathrm{})=u_{\iota _h}(x_h)`$ for all $`h\widehat{I}`$. We associate such a tuple with Riemann surface

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }_b=\left(\underset{iI}{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{b,i}\right)/,\text{ where}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{b,i}=\{\begin{array}{cc}\{i\}\times S^2,\hfill & \text{if }i\widehat{I};\hfill \\ \{i\}\times S,\hfill & \text{if }i\widehat{I},\hfill \end{array}\text{and}(h,\mathrm{})(\iota _h,x_h)h\widehat{I},$$

with marked points $`(j_l,y_l)\mathrm{\Sigma }_{b,j_l}`$, and continuous map $`u_b:\mathrm{\Sigma }_b^2`$, given by $`u_b|\mathrm{\Sigma }_{b,i}=u_i`$ for all $`iI`$. We require that all the singular points of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_b`$, i.e. $`(\iota _h,x_h)\mathrm{\Sigma }_{b,\iota _h}`$ for $`h\widehat{I}`$, and all the marked points be distinct. Furthermore, if $`S=S^2`$, all these points are to be different from the special marked point $`(\widehat{0},\mathrm{})\mathrm{\Sigma }_{b,\widehat{0}}`$. In addition, if $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{b,i}=S^2`$ and $`u_i[S^2]=0H_2(^2;)`$, then $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{b,i}`$ must contain at least two singular and/or marked points of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_b`$ other than $`(i,\mathrm{})`$. Two bubble maps $`b`$ and $`b^{}`$ are equivalent if there exists a homeomorphism $`\varphi :\mathrm{\Sigma }_b\mathrm{\Sigma }_b^{}`$ such that $`u_b=u_b^{}\varphi `$, $`\varphi (j_l,y_l)=(j_l^{},y_l^{})`$ for all $`lM`$, $`\varphi |_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_{b,i}}`$ is holomorphic for all $`iI`$, and $`\varphi |_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_{b,i}}=Id`$ if $`S=\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ and $`iI\widehat{I}`$.

The general structure of bubble maps is described by tuples $`𝒯=(S,M,I;j,\underset{¯}{d})`$, with $`d_i`$ describing the degree of the map $`u_b`$ on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{b,i}`$. We call such tuples bubble types. Bubble type $`𝒯`$ is simple if $`I`$ is a rooted tree; $`𝒯`$ is is basic if $`\widehat{I}=\mathrm{}`$; $`𝒯`$ is semiprimitive if $`\iota _h\widehat{I}`$ for all $`h\widehat{I}`$. We call semiprimitive bubble type $`𝒯`$ primitive if $`j_l\widehat{I}`$ for all $`j_lM`$. The above equivalence relation on the set of bubble maps induces an equivalence relation on the set of bubble types. For each $`h,iI`$, let

$$D_i𝒯=\{h\widehat{I}:i<h\},\overline{D}_i𝒯=D_i𝒯\{i\},H_i𝒯=\{h\widehat{I}:\iota _h=i\},M_i𝒯=\{lM:j_l=i\},$$

$$\chi _𝒯h=\{\begin{array}{cc}0,\hfill & \text{if }iI\text{ s.t. }h\overline{D}_i𝒯,d_i=0;\hfill \\ 1,\hfill & \text{if }d_h0,\text{ but }iI\text{ s.t. }hD_i𝒯,d_i=0;\hfill \\ 2,\hfill & \text{otherwise};\hfill \end{array}\chi (𝒯)=\{hI:\chi _𝒯h=1\}.$$

Denote by $`_𝒯`$ the space of all holomorphic bubble maps with structure $`𝒯`$.

The automorphism group of every bubble type $`𝒯`$ we encounter in the next two sections is trivial. Thus, every bubble type discussed below is presumed to be automorphism-free.

If $`S=\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, we denote by $`_𝒯`$ the set of equivalence classes of bubble maps in $`_𝒯`$. Then there exists $`_𝒯^{(0)}_𝒯`$ such that $`_𝒯`$ is the quotient of $`_𝒯^{(0)}`$ by an $`(S^1)^{\widehat{I}}`$-action. Corresponding to this action, we obtain $`|\widehat{I}|`$ line orbi-bundles $`\{L_h𝒯_𝒯:h\widehat{I}\}`$. The bundle of gluing parameters in the case $`S=\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is

$$F𝒯=\underset{h\widehat{I}}{}F_h𝒯,\text{ where}F_{h,[b]}𝒯=\{\begin{array}{cc}L_{h,[b]}𝒯L_{\iota _h,[b]}^{}𝒯,\hfill & \text{if }\iota _h\widehat{I};\hfill \\ L_{h,[b]}𝒯T_{x_h}\mathrm{\Sigma },\hfill & \text{if }\iota _h\widehat{I}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Let $`F^{\mathrm{}}𝒯=\{\upsilon =(\upsilon _h)_{h\widehat{I}}F𝒯:\upsilon _h0h\widehat{I}\}`$.

For each bubble type $`𝒯=(S^2,M,I;j,d)`$, let

$$𝒰_𝒯=\{[b]:b=(S^2,M,I;x,(j,y),u)_𝒯,u_{i_1}(\mathrm{})=u_{i_2}(\mathrm{})i_1,i_2I\widehat{I}\}.$$

Similarly to the $`S=\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ case above, $`𝒰_𝒯`$ is the quotient of a subset $`_𝒯`$ of $`_𝒯`$ by a $`\stackrel{~}{G}_𝒯(S^1)^I`$-action. Denote by $`𝒰_𝒯^{(0)}`$ the quotient of $`_𝒯`$ by $`G_𝒯(S^1)^{\widehat{I}}\stackrel{~}{G}_𝒯`$. Then $`𝒰_𝒯`$ is the quotient of $`𝒰_𝒯^{(0)}`$ the residual $`G_𝒯^{}(S^1)^{I\widehat{I}}\stackrel{~}{G}_𝒯`$ action. Corresponding to these quotients, we obtain line orbi-bundles $`\{L_h𝒯𝒰_𝒯^{(0)}:h\widehat{I}\}`$ and $`\{L_i𝒯𝒰_𝒯:iI\}`$. Let

$$F𝒯=\underset{h\widehat{I}}{}F_h𝒯𝒰_𝒯^{(0)},\text{ where}F_{h,[b]}𝒯=\{\begin{array}{cc}L_{h,[b]}𝒯L_{\iota _h,[b]}^{}𝒯,\hfill & \text{if }\iota _h\widehat{I};\hfill \\ L_{h,[b]}𝒯,\hfill & \text{if }\iota _h\widehat{I};\hfill \end{array}$$

$$𝒯=\underset{h\widehat{I}}{}_h𝒯𝒰_𝒯,\text{ where}_{h,[b]}𝒯=L_{h,[b]}𝒯L_{\iota _h,[b]}^{}𝒯.$$

The bundle of gluing parameters in the case $`S=S^2`$ is $`𝒯`$.

Gromov topology on the space of equivalence classes of bubble maps induces a partial ordering on the set of bubble types and their equivalence classes such that the spaces

$$\overline{}_𝒯=\underset{𝒯^{}𝒯}{}_𝒯^{},\overline{𝒰}_𝒯^{(0)}=\underset{𝒯^{}𝒯}{}𝒰_𝒯^{}^{(0)}\overline{𝒰}_𝒯=\underset{𝒯^{}𝒯}{}𝒰_𝒯^{}$$

are compact and Hausdorff. The $`G_𝒯^{}`$-action on $`𝒰_𝒯^{(0)}`$ extends to an action on $`\overline{𝒰}_𝒯^{(0)}`$, and thus line orbi-bundles $`L_{𝒯,i}𝒰_𝒯`$ with $`iI\widehat{I}`$ extend over $`\overline{𝒰}_𝒯`$. The evaluation maps

$$\text{ev}_l:_𝒯^2,\text{ev}_l\left((S,M,I;x,(j,y),u)\right)=u_{j_l}(y_l),$$

descend to all the quotients and induce continuous maps on $`\overline{}_𝒯`$, $`\overline{𝒰}_𝒯`$, and $`\overline{𝒰}_𝒯^{(0)}`$. If $`\mu =\mu _M`$ is an $`M`$-tuple of submanifolds of $`^2`$, let

$$_𝒯(\mu )=\{b_𝒯:\text{ev}_l(b)\mu _llM\}$$

and define spaces $`𝒰_𝒯(\mu )`$, $`\overline{𝒰}_𝒯(\mu )`$, etc. in a similar way. If $`S=S^2`$, we define another evaluation map,

$$\text{ev}:_𝒯^2\text{by}\text{ev}\left((S^2,M,I;x,(j,y),u)\right)=u_{\widehat{0}}(\mathrm{}),$$

where $`\widehat{0}`$ is any minimal element of $`I`$. This map descends to $`𝒰_𝒯^{(0)}`$ and $`𝒰_𝒯`$. If $`\mu =\mu _{\stackrel{~}{M}}`$ is an $`\stackrel{~}{M}`$-tuple of constraints, let

$$𝒰_𝒯(\mu )=\{b𝒰_𝒯:\text{ev}_l(b)\mu _llM\stackrel{~}{M},\text{ev}(b)\mu _llM\stackrel{~}{M}\}$$

and define $`𝒰_𝒯^{(0)}(\mu )`$, etc. similarly. If $`S=\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, $`𝒯`$ is a simple bubble type, and $`d_{\widehat{0}}=0`$, define

$$\text{ev}:_𝒯^2\text{by}\text{ev}\left((\mathrm{\Sigma },M,I;x,(j,y),u)\right)=u_{\widehat{0}}(\mathrm{\Sigma }).$$

This map is well-defined, since $`u_{\widehat{0}}`$ is a degree-zero holomorphic map and thus is constant.

Suppose $`𝒯=(S^2,M,I;j,\underset{¯}{d})`$ is a bubble type, $`\left\{𝒯_k=(S^2,M_k,I_k;j_k,\underset{¯}{d}_k)\right\}`$ are the corresponding simple types (see \[Z3\]), $`kI\widehat{I}`$, and $`M_0`$ is nonempty subset of $`M_k𝒯`$. Let

$$𝒯/M_0=(S^2,\widehat{I},MM_0;j|(MM_0),d|\widehat{I}).$$

Define $`𝒯(M_0)(S^2,M,\widehat{I}+_k\widehat{1};j^{},d^{})`$ by

$$j_l^{}=\{\begin{array}{cc}k,\hfill & \text{if }lM_0;\hfill \\ \widehat{1},\hfill & \text{if }lM_k𝒯M_0;\hfill \\ j_l,\hfill & \text{otherwise};\hfill \end{array}d_i^{}=\{\begin{array}{cc}0,\hfill & \text{if }i=k;\hfill \\ d_k,\hfill & \text{if }i=\widehat{1};\hfill \\ d_i,\hfill & \text{otherwise}.\hfill \end{array}$$

The tuples $`𝒯/M_0`$ and $`𝒯(M_0)`$ are bubble types as long as $`d_k0`$ or $`M_0M_{\widehat{0}}𝒯`$. Then,

$$\overline{𝒰}_{𝒯(M_0)}(\mu )=\overline{}_{0,\{\widehat{1}\}+M_0}\times \overline{𝒰}_{𝒯/M_0}(\mu ),$$
(2.2)
where $`\overline{}_{0,\{\widehat{1}\}+M_0}`$ denotes the Deligne-Mumford moduli space of rational curves with $`(\{\widehat{0},\widehat{1}\}+M_0)`$-marked points. If $`lM_k𝒯`$ for some $`kI\widehat{I}`$, we denote $`𝒯(\{l\})`$ by $`𝒯(l)`$. Let

$$c_1(_{𝒯,k}^{})c_1(L_{𝒯,k}^{})\underset{M_0M_k,M_0\mathrm{}}{}PD_{\overline{𝒰}_𝒯(\mu )}\left[\overline{𝒰}_{𝒯(M_0)}(\mu )\right]H^2\left(\overline{𝒰}_𝒯(\mu )\right).$$
(2.3)
If the constraints $`\mu `$ are disjoint, $`\overline{𝒰}_{𝒯(M_0)}(\mu )=\mathrm{}`$ if $`|M_0|2`$ and

$$\left[\overline{𝒰}_{𝒯(l)}(\mu )\right]c_1(_{𝒯,k}^{})=\left[\overline{𝒰}_{𝒯(l)}(\mu )\right]c_1(L_{𝒯(l),\widehat{1}}^{})=\left[\overline{𝒰}_{𝒯(l)}(\mu )\right]c_1(_{𝒯(l),\widehat{1}}^{}).$$
(2.4)
See Subsection LABEL:enum1-comp\_sec2 in \[Z2\].

We are now ready to explain the statement of Theorem 1.1. Let $`d`$ and $`\mu `$ be as in Subsection 1.1. If $`k`$ is a positive integer, let $`\overline{𝒱}_k(\mu )`$ denote the disjoint union of the spaces $`\overline{𝒰}_𝒯(\mu )`$ taken over equivalence classes of basic bubble types $`𝒯=(S^2,[N],I;j,\underset{¯}{d})`$ with $`|I|=k`$ and $`d_k=d`$. Similarly, we denote by $`𝒱_k(\mu )`$ the subspace of $`\overline{𝒱}_k(\mu )`$ consisting of the spaces $`𝒰_𝒯(\mu )`$ with $`𝒯`$ as above. Note that the dimension of $`\overline{𝒱}_k(\mu )`$ over $``$ is $`124k`$. Let

$$a=\text{ev}^{}c_1(\gamma _^2^{})H^2(\overline{𝒱}_k(\mu );),c_1(^{})=c_1\left(_{(S^2,[N],\{\widehat{0}\};\widehat{0},d),\widehat{0}}^{}\right)H^2(\overline{𝒱}_1(\mu );).$$

While the components of $`\overline{𝒱}_2(\mu )`$ are unordered, we can still define the chern classes

$$c_1(_1^{})+c_1(_2^{}),c_1^2(_1^{})+c_1^2(_2^{}),c_1(_1^{})c_1(_2^{})H^{}\left(\overline{𝒱}_2(\mu )\right).$$

In the notation of the previous paragraph, $`c_1(_i^{})`$ denotes the cohomology class $`c_1(_{𝒯_{k_i},k_i}^{})`$, where we write $`I=\{k_1,k_2\}`$.

There are generalizations of the splitting (2.2) that are useful in computations. Let $`𝒯`$ and $`\{𝒯_k\}`$ be as above. Suppose $`kI\widehat{I}`$ and $`d_k=0`$. Denote by $`\overline{𝒯}`$ the bubble type obtained from $`𝒯`$ by removing $`k`$ from $`I`$ and $`M_k𝒯`$ from $`M`$. Then,

$$𝒰_𝒯(\mu )=_{0,H_k𝒯+M_k𝒯}\times 𝒰_{\overline{𝒯}}(\mu ),$$
(2.5)
where $`_{0,H_k𝒯+M_k𝒯}`$ denotes the main stratum of $`\overline{}_{0,H_k𝒯+M_k𝒯}`$. It is shown in \[Z3\], that $`_{0,H_k𝒯+M_k𝒯}`$ is a quotient of a subset $`_{0,H_k𝒯+M_k𝒯}^{(0)}`$ of $`^{H_k𝒯+M_k𝒯}`$ by the diagonal $`S^1`$-action. The closure $`\stackrel{~}{}_{0,H_k𝒯+M_k𝒯}^{(0)}`$ of $`_{0,H_k𝒯+M_k𝒯}^{(0)}`$ is $`S^1`$-equivarently diffeomorphic to $`S^{2(|H_k𝒯+M_k𝒯|)3}`$; see Subsection LABEL:enum1-chern\_class for the case $`|H_k𝒯+M_k𝒯|=3`$. Thus, $`_{0,H_k𝒯+M_k𝒯}`$ admits a compactification

$$\stackrel{~}{}_{0,H_k𝒯+M_k𝒯}=\stackrel{~}{}_{0,H_k𝒯+M_k𝒯}^{(0)}/S^1^{|H_k𝒯+M_k𝒯|2}.$$

Via the splitting (2.5), we obtain a compactification of $`𝒰_𝒯(\mu )`$:

$$\stackrel{~}{𝒰}_𝒯(\mu )\stackrel{~}{}_{0,H_k𝒯+M_k𝒯}\times \overline{𝒰}_{\overline{𝒯}}(\mu ).$$
(2.6)
Note that $`\stackrel{~}{𝒰}_𝒯(\mu )=\overline{𝒰}_𝒯(\mu )`$ if the cardinality of $`H_k𝒯+M_k𝒯`$ is two or three. Furthermore, in all cases, the restrictions of $`L_{𝒯,k}`$ and the tautological line bundle of $`\stackrel{~}{}_{0,H_k𝒯+M_k𝒯}`$ to $`𝒰_{\overline{𝒯}}(\mu )`$ agree.

Finally, if $`X`$ is any space, $`FX`$ is a normed vector bundle, and $`\delta :X`$ is any function, let

$$F_\delta =\{(b,v)F:|v|_b<\delta (b)\}.$$

Similarly, if $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is a subset of $`F`$, let $`\mathrm{\Omega }_\delta =F_\delta \mathrm{\Omega }`$. If $`\upsilon =(b,v)F`$, denote by $`b_\upsilon `$ the image of $`\upsilon `$ under the bundle projection map, i.e. $`b`$ in this case.

### 2.3 Spaces of Rational Maps

In this subsection, we describe the structure of various spaces of bubble maps passing through the points $`\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _N`$. The main goal is to describe the behavior of certain bundle sections over such spaces near the boundary strata.

###### Lemma 2.7

There exist $`r_^2>0`$ and a smooth family of Kahler metrics $`\{g_{^2,q}:q^n\}`$ on $`^2`$ with the following property. If $`B_q(q^{},r)^2`$ denotes the $`g_{^2,q}`$-geodesic ball about $`q^{}`$ of radius $`r`$, the triple $`(B_q(q,r_^2),J,g_{^2,q})`$ is isomorphic to a ball in $`^2`$ for all $`q^2`$.

This is the $`n=2`$ case of Lemma LABEL:enum1-flat\_metrics in \[Z2\]. If $`b=(S^2,M,I;x,(j,y),u)_𝒯`$, $`m1`$, and $`kI`$, let

$$𝒟_{𝒯,k}^{(m)}b=\frac{2}{(m1)!}\frac{D^{m1}}{ds^{m1}}\frac{d}{ds}(u_kq_S)|_{(s,t)=0},$$

where the covariant derivatives are taken with respect to the metric $`g_{^2,b}g_{^2,\text{ev}(b)}`$ and $`s+it`$. If $`𝒯^{}`$ is a basic bubble type, the maps $`𝒟_{𝒯,k}^{(m)}`$ with $`𝒯<𝒯^{}`$ and $`kI\widehat{I}`$ induce a continuous section of $`\text{ev}^{}T^2`$ over $`\overline{𝒰}_𝒯^{}^{(0)}`$ and a continuous section of the bundle $`L_{𝒯^{},k}^m\text{ev}^{}T^2`$ over $`\overline{𝒰}_𝒯^{}`$, described by

$$𝒟_{𝒯^{},k}^{(m)}[b,c_k]=c_k^m𝒟_{𝒯,k}^{(m)}b,\text{if}b𝒰_𝒯^{(0)},c_k.$$

We will often write $`𝒟_{𝒯,k}`$ instead of $`𝒟_{𝒯,k}^{(1)}`$. If $`𝒯`$ is simple, we will abbreviate $`𝒟_{𝒯,k}^{(m)}`$ as $`𝒟^{(m)}`$. If $`𝒯=(\mathrm{\Sigma },[N],I;j,\underset{¯}{d})`$ is a simple bubble type and $`k\widehat{I}`$, let $`𝒟_{𝒯,k}^{(m)}`$ denote the section $`𝒟_{\overline{𝒯},k}^{(m)}`$. Finally, fix a real number $`p>2`$.

###### Theorem 2.8

Suppose $`d`$ is a positive integer, $`N=3d4`$, $`M_0`$ is a subset of $`[N]`$, and $`\mu =(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _N)`$ is an $`N`$-tuple of points in general position in $`^2`$. If $`𝒯^{}=(S^2,[N]M_0,I^{};j^{},\underset{¯}{d}^{})`$ is a basic bubble type such that $`d_i^{}=d`$, the space $`\overline{𝒰}_𝒯^{}(\mu )`$ is an ms-manifold of dimension $`2(62|I^{}||M_0|)`$ and $`L_{𝒯^{},k}`$ for $`kI^{}`$ and $`\text{ev}^{}T^2`$ are ms-bundles over $`\overline{𝒰}_𝒯^{}(\mu )`$. If $`𝒯=(S^2,[N]M_0,I;j,\underset{¯}{d})<𝒯^{}`$, there exist $`\delta ,CC^{\mathrm{}}(𝒰_𝒯(\mu );^+)`$ and a homeomorphism

$$\gamma _𝒯^\mu :𝒯_\delta \overline{𝒰}_𝒯^{}(\mu ),$$

onto an open neighborhood of $`𝒰_𝒯(\mu )`$ in $`\overline{𝒰}_𝒯^{}(\mu )`$ such that $`\gamma _𝒯^\mu |𝒰_𝒯(\mu )`$ is the identity and $`\gamma _𝒯^\mu |^{\mathrm{}}𝒯_\delta `$ is an orientation-preserving diffeomorphism onto an open subset of $`𝒰_𝒯(\mu )`$. Furthermore, with appropriate identifications,

$$\left|𝒟_{𝒯^{},k}\gamma _𝒯^\mu (\upsilon )\alpha _{𝒯,k}\left(\rho _𝒯(\upsilon )\right)\right|C(b_\upsilon )|\upsilon |^{\frac{1}{p}}\left|\rho _𝒯(\upsilon )\right|\upsilon 𝒯_\delta ,\text{where}$$

$$\rho _𝒯(\upsilon )=(b,(\stackrel{~}{v}_h)_{h\chi (𝒯)})\stackrel{~}{}𝒯\underset{h\chi (𝒯)}{}L_h𝒯L_{\stackrel{~}{\iota }_h}^{}𝒯;\stackrel{~}{v}_h=\underset{i\widehat{I},h\overline{D}_i𝒯}{}v_i;\stackrel{~}{\iota }_hI\widehat{I},h\overline{D}_{\stackrel{~}{\iota }_h}𝒯$$

$$\alpha _{𝒯,k}(b,(\stackrel{~}{v}_h)_{h\chi (𝒯)})=\underset{hI_k\chi (𝒯)}{}𝒟_{𝒯,h}\stackrel{~}{v}_h.$$

and $`I_kI`$ is the rooted tree containing $`k`$.

This is a special case of Theorem LABEL:enum1-str\_global in \[Z2\]; see also the remark following the theorem. The analytic estimate on $`𝒟_{𝒯^{},k}`$ is used frequently in the next two sections. If $`𝒯`$ is semiprimitive, the bundle $`𝒯=\stackrel{~}{}𝒯`$ and the section $`\alpha _𝒯=\alpha _𝒯\rho _𝒯`$ extend over $`\overline{𝒰}_𝒯(\mu )`$ via the decomposition (2.6). In terms of the notions of Subsection 2.1, $`(𝒯,𝒯F^{\mathrm{}}𝒯,\gamma _𝒯^\mu )`$ is a normal-bundle model for $`𝒰_𝒯(\mu )\overline{𝒰}_𝒯^{}(\mu )`$. This normal-bundle model admits a closure if $`𝒯`$ is semiprimitive.

We will need a similar description for spaces of stable maps corresponding to the rational degree-$`d`$ curves with certain singularities that pass through the $`3d4`$ points $`\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _N`$. If $`𝒯=(S^2,M,I;j,\underset{¯}{d})`$ is a bubble type and $`\chi _𝒯h=1`$, let

$$E_h𝒯=\{\begin{array}{cc}L_h,\hfill & \text{if }hI\widehat{I};\hfill \\ \stackrel{~}{}_h𝒯,\hfill & \text{if }h\widehat{I};\hfill \end{array}E𝒯=\underset{h\chi (𝒯)}{}E_h𝒯.$$

If $`M=[N]M_0`$ and $`d_i=d`$, put

$$𝒮_{𝒯;1}(\mu )=\{b𝒰_𝒯(\mu ):𝒟_{𝒯,h}b=0\text{ for some }h\chi (𝒯)\}.$$

If $`|\chi (𝒯)|2`$, let

$$𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu )=\{[b,(\stackrel{~}{v})_{h\chi (𝒯)}]E𝒯:\underset{h\chi (𝒯)}{}𝒟_{𝒯,h}\stackrel{~}{v}_h=0\}𝒮_{𝒯;1}(\mu ).$$

If $`𝒯`$ is basic and $`|I|=1`$, the set $`𝒮_1(\mu )𝒮_{𝒯;1}(\mu )`$ of maps can be identified with a dense open subset of the set of irreducible rational degree-$`d`$ curves that pass through the $`3d4`$ points and have a cusp. We denote the closure of $`𝒮_1(\mu )`$ in $`\overline{𝒱}_1(\mu )`$ by $`\overline{𝒮}_1(\mu )`$. Let $`𝒮_{2;2}(\mu )`$ be the disjoint union of the spaces $`𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu )`$ taken over all equivalence classes of basic bubble types $`𝒯`$ with $`|I|=2`$. The set $`𝒮_{2;2}(\mu )`$ can be identified with a dense open subset of the set of two-component rational degree-$`d`$ curves that pass through the $`3d4`$ points and have a tacnode as a node common to both components. We denote by $`\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )`$ the closure of $`𝒮_{2;2}(\mu )`$ in $`E_2`$, where $`E_2\overline{𝒱}_2(\mu )`$ is the bundle such that $`E_2|\overline{𝒰}_𝒯(\mu )=E𝒯`$. Similarly, we denote by $`𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )`$ the disjoint union of the spaces $`𝒮_{𝒯;1}(\mu )`$ taken over all equivalence classes of basic bubble types $`𝒯`$ with $`|I|=2`$. This finite set can be identified with a subset of $`\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )`$ as well as with the set of two-component rational degree-$`d`$ curves passing through the $`3d4`$ points such that the two components meet at a node at which one of them has a cusp.

Suppose $`𝒯=(S^2,[N]M_0,I;j,\underset{¯}{d})`$ is a simple bubble type with $`d_i=d`$. By Corollary LABEL:enum1-reg\_crl2 in \[Z2\], the space $`𝒮_{𝒯;1}(\mu )`$ is a smooth complex submanifold of $`𝒰_𝒯(\mu )`$. Let

$$𝒩𝒮_{𝒯;1}=L_{𝒯,h_1}^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2𝒮_{𝒯;1}(\mu )$$

denote its normal bundle, where $`h_1\chi (𝒯)`$ is such that $`𝒟_{𝒯,h_1}b=0`$. Put

$$𝒮_{𝒯;1}=\underset{h\widehat{I}\chi (𝒯)}{}_h𝒯\{\begin{array}{cc}\{0\},\hfill & \text{if }h_1\widehat{I};\hfill \\ _{h_1}𝒯,\hfill & \text{if }h_1\widehat{I}\&\chi (𝒯)=\{h_1\};\hfill \\ _{h_1}𝒯L_{𝒯,h_1}^{}L_{𝒯,h_2},\hfill & \text{if }\chi (𝒯)=\{h_1,h_2\};\hfill \end{array}$$

$$\stackrel{~}{}𝒮_{𝒯;1}=\{\begin{array}{cc}_{h_1}𝒯^2\hfill & \text{if }h_1\widehat{I}\&\chi (𝒯)=\{h_1\};\hfill \\ _{h_1}𝒯^2_{h_2}𝒯,\hfill & \text{if }\chi (𝒯)=\{h_1,h_2\}.\hfill \end{array}$$

If $`d_{\widehat{0}}=0`$, we define $`\rho _{𝒯;1}:𝒮_{𝒯;1}\stackrel{~}{}𝒮_{𝒯;1}`$ and $`\alpha _{𝒯;1}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\overline{𝒮}_{𝒯;1}(\mu );\text{Hom}(\stackrel{~}{}𝒮_{𝒯;1};L_{𝒯,\widehat{0}}^2\text{ev}^{}T^2))`$ by

$$\rho _{𝒯;1}(\upsilon )=\{\begin{array}{cc}\upsilon _{h_1}\upsilon _{h_1},\hfill & \text{if }\chi (𝒯)=\{h_1\};\hfill \\ (\upsilon _{h_1}\upsilon _{h_1},\upsilon _{h_1}u),\hfill & \text{if }\chi (𝒯)=\{h_1,h_2\}\&uL_{𝒯,h_1}^{}L_{𝒯,h_2};\hfill \end{array}$$

$$\alpha _{𝒯;1}(\varpi )=\{\begin{array}{cc}𝒟_{𝒯,h_1}^{(2)}\varpi ,\hfill & \text{if }\chi (𝒯)=\{h_1\};\hfill \\ 𝒟_{𝒯,h_1}^{(2)}\varpi _1+x_{h_2}𝒟_{𝒯,h_1}^{(1)}\varpi _2,\hfill & \text{if }\chi (𝒯)=\{h_1,h_2\},\varpi =(\varpi _1,\varpi _2),b_\varpi =(S^2,M,I;x,(j,y),u).\hfill \end{array}$$

If $`\left|\chi (𝒯)\right|2`$, $`𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu )`$ is a smooth submanifold of $`E𝒯𝒰_𝒯(\mu )`$. We identify it with a subset of $`𝒰_𝒯(\mu )`$ via the bundle projection map $`\pi _{E𝒯}:E𝒯𝒰_𝒯(\mu )`$. If $`\left|\chi (𝒯)\right|=3`$, $`𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu )=𝒰_𝒯(\mu )`$, and we put $`𝒩𝒮_{𝒯;2}=\{0\}`$. If $`\chi (𝒯)=\{h_1,h_2\}`$, $`𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu )`$ is a smooth submanifold of $`𝒰_𝒯(\mu )`$ with normal bundle

$$𝒩𝒮_{𝒯;2}=L_{𝒯;h_2}^{}\left(\text{Im}𝒟_{𝒯,h_1}\right)^{}.$$

If $`\iota _{h_1}=\iota _{h_2}`$ for all $`h_1,h_2\chi (𝒯)`$, put

$$𝒮_{𝒯;2}=\gamma _{\underset{h\chi (𝒯)}{}_h𝒯}\underset{h\chi (𝒯)}{}F_h𝒯,\stackrel{~}{}𝒮_{𝒯;2}=\gamma _{\underset{h\chi (𝒯)}{}_h𝒯}\{\begin{array}{cc},\hfill & \text{if }\iota _h=\widehat{0}h\chi (𝒯);\hfill \\ _{\widehat{1}}𝒯^2,\hfill & \text{if }\iota _h=\widehat{1}\widehat{0}h\chi (𝒯).\hfill \end{array}$$

Let $`\rho _{𝒯;2}:𝒮_{𝒯;2}\stackrel{~}{}𝒮_{𝒯;2}`$ be the projection map followed by multiplication. Define

$$\alpha _{𝒯;2}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\overline{𝒮}_{𝒯;2}(\mu );\text{Hom}(\stackrel{~}{}𝒮_{𝒯;2};L_{𝒯,\widehat{0}}^2\text{ev}^{}T^2))\text{by}$$

$$\alpha _{𝒯;2}\left((\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_h)_{h\chi (𝒯)}\right)=\underset{h\chi (𝒯)}{}x_h𝒟_{𝒯,h}^{(1)}\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_h\text{if }b_\upsilon =(S^2,M,I;x,(j,y),u).$$

If $`\chi _𝒯\widehat{1}=0`$ for some $`\widehat{1}\widehat{I}\chi (𝒯)`$, $`H_{\widehat{0}}𝒯=\{\widehat{1},h_1\}`$, and $`h_2\chi (𝒯)\{h_1\}`$, let

$$𝒮_{𝒯;2}=_{\widehat{1}}𝒯_{h_2}𝒯,\stackrel{~}{}𝒮_{𝒯;2}=_{\widehat{1}}𝒯_{h_2}𝒯,\text{and}\rho _{𝒯;2}:𝒮_{𝒯;2}\stackrel{~}{}𝒮_{𝒯;2}$$

be the multiplication map. Define $`\alpha _{𝒯;2}\mathrm{\Gamma }(𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu );\text{Hom}(\stackrel{~}{}𝒮_{𝒯;2};L_{𝒯,\widehat{0}}^2\text{ev}^{}T^2))`$ by

$$\alpha _{𝒯;2}\left(\upsilon _{\widehat{1}}\upsilon _{h_2}\right)=x_{\widehat{1}}\upsilon _{\widehat{1}}\underset{h\chi (𝒯)\{h_1\}}{}𝒟_{𝒯,h}\upsilon _h^{}+x_{h_1}𝒟_{𝒯,h_1}\upsilon _{h_1},$$

$$\text{if}b_{\upsilon _{\widehat{1}}\upsilon _{h_2}}=(S^2,M,I;x,(j,y),u),[\upsilon _{\widehat{1}}\upsilon ^{},\upsilon _{h_1}]𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu ),\text{where}\upsilon ^{}=(\upsilon _h)_{h\chi (𝒯)\{h_1\}}.$$

In all cases, denote by $`^{\mathrm{}}𝒮_{𝒯;k}`$ the subset of $`𝒮_{𝒯;k}`$ consisting of vectors with all components nonzero.

###### Proposition 2.9

If $`𝒯^{}=(S^2,[N]M_0,\{\widehat{0}\};\widehat{0},d)`$ and $`𝒯=(S^2,[N]M_0,I;j,\underset{¯}{d})<𝒯^{}`$ are simple bubble types,

$$\overline{𝒮}_{𝒯^{};1}(\mu )𝒰_𝒯(\mu )=\{\begin{array}{cc}𝒮_{𝒯;1}(\mu ),\hfill & \text{if }|\chi (𝒯)|=1;\hfill \\ 𝒮_{𝒯;1}(\mu )𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu ),\hfill & \text{if }|H_{\widehat{0}}𝒯)|=|\widehat{I}|=2\&M_{\widehat{0}}𝒯=\mathrm{};\hfill \\ 𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu ),\hfill & \text{otherwise}.\hfill \end{array}$$

In addition, there exist $`\delta ,CC^{\mathrm{}}(𝒮_{𝒯;k}(\mu );^+)`$ and a continuous map

$$\gamma _{𝒯;k}:𝒮_{𝒯;k;\delta }\overline{𝒮}_{𝒯^{};1}(\mu )$$

onto an open neighborhood of $`𝒮_{𝒯;k}(\mu )`$ in $`\overline{𝒮}_{𝒯^{};1}(\mu )`$ such that $`\gamma _{𝒯;k}|𝒮_{𝒯;k}(\mu )`$ is the identity and $`\gamma _{𝒯;k}|^{\mathrm{}}𝒮_{𝒯;k;\delta }`$ is an orientation-preserving diffeomorphism onto an open subset of $`𝒮_{𝒯^{};1}(\mu )`$. Furthermore, if $`d_{\widehat{0}}0`$, $`𝒟_{𝒯^{},\widehat{0}}^{(2)}`$ does not vanish on $`𝒮_{𝒯;1}(\mu )`$. If $`d_{\widehat{0}}=0`$, with appropriate identifications,

$$\left|𝒟_{𝒯^{},\widehat{0}}^{(2)}\left(\gamma _{𝒯;k}(\upsilon )\right)\alpha _{𝒯;k}\left(\rho _{𝒯;k}(\upsilon )\right)\right|C(b_\upsilon )|\upsilon |^{\frac{1}{p}}\left|\rho _{𝒯;k}(\upsilon )\right|\upsilon 𝒮_{𝒯;k;\delta }.$$

###### Lemma 2.10

If $`𝒯^{}`$ and $`𝒯`$ are as in Proposition 2.9, there exist $`\delta C^{\mathrm{}}(𝒮_{𝒯;k}(\mu );^+)`$ and a continuous map

$$\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_{𝒯;k}:\left(𝒩𝒮_{𝒯;k}𝒯\right)_\delta \overline{𝒰}_𝒯^{}(\mu )$$

onto an open neighborhood of $`𝒮_{𝒯;k}(\mu )`$ in $`\overline{𝒰}_𝒯^{}(\mu )`$ such that $`\gamma _{𝒯;k}|𝒮_{𝒯;k}(\mu )`$ is the identity and $`\gamma _{𝒯;k}`$ is smooth and orientation-preserving on the preimage of $`𝒱_𝒯^{}(\mu )`$. Furthermore, with appropriate identifications,

$$𝒟_{𝒯^{},\widehat{0}}\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_{𝒯;k}(\upsilon )=\alpha _{𝒯;k}^{(1)}(\upsilon )\upsilon \left(𝒩𝒮_{𝒯;k}𝒯\right)_\delta ,$$

where $`\alpha _{𝒯;k}^{(1)}:𝒩𝒮_{𝒯;k}𝒯L_{𝒯,\widehat{0}}^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2`$ is a degenerate polynomial of constant rank.

The proof of Proposition 2.9, with the exception of the estimate on $`𝒟_{𝒯^{},\widehat{0}}^{(2)}`$, is either the same or very similar to the proof of Lemma LABEL:enum1-cuspcurves\_l1 in \[Z2\], depending on the bubble type $`𝒯`$. If $`d_{\widehat{0}}0`$, we apply the analytic estimate of Theorem 2.8 and the Implicit Function Theorem to the section $`\gamma _𝒯^\mu 𝒟_{𝒯^{},\widehat{0}}`$. If $`d_{\widehat{0}}=0`$ and $`k=1`$, the two theorems are applied to a section of $`(L_{𝒯,\widehat{0}}_{h_1}𝒯)^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2`$ induced by $`\gamma _𝒯^\mu 𝒟_{𝒯^{},\widehat{0}}`$. If $`|\chi (𝒯)|2`$ and $`H_{\widehat{0}}𝒯=\chi (𝒯)`$, we work with a section of $`(L_{𝒯,\widehat{0}}\gamma _{E𝒯})^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2`$ over the blowup of $`E𝒯`$ along $`𝒰_𝒯(\mu )`$. The case $`\chi _𝒯h=\widehat{1}`$ for all $`h\chi (𝒯)`$ is similar. If $`\chi (𝒯)=\{h_1,h_2\}`$ is a two-element set, and $`H_{\widehat{0}}𝒯=\{\widehat{1},h_1\}`$, we use the same section, but given a small element $`(\upsilon _{\widehat{1}},\upsilon _{h_2})𝒮_{𝒯;2}`$, we start with the approximate solution $`(\upsilon _{\widehat{1}},\kappa \upsilon _{\widehat{1}}\upsilon _{h_2},\upsilon _{h_2})`$, with

$$\kappa (L_{𝒯,\widehat{1}}L_{𝒯,h_2})^{}L_{𝒯,h_1}\text{s.t.}[\upsilon _{\widehat{1}}\upsilon _{h_2},\kappa \upsilon _{\widehat{1}}\upsilon _{h_2}]𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu ).$$

The approach to the remaining case is analogous. The estimate on $`𝒟_{𝒯^{},\widehat{0}}^{(2)}`$ is obtained by the same argument as in the proof of Lemma LABEL:enum1-cuspcurves\_l2 in \[Z2\]. The proof makes use of the construction of $`\gamma _𝒯^\mu `$ in \[Z3\], which involves a modification of the pregluing step of standard gluing procedures for pseudoholomorphic curves. Finally, Lemma 2.10 is proved similarly to Corollary LABEL:enum1-cuspcurves\_l1c in \[Z2\].

We next describe the behavior of the section

$$𝒟_{2;2}c_1𝒟_1+c_2𝒟_2\mathrm{\Gamma }(\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu );\gamma _{E_2}^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2),$$

for $`c_1,c_2`$ distinct, near $`\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )𝒮_{2;2}(\mu )`$. As before, we identify $`𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )`$ with a subset of $`\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )`$. Similarly, if $`𝒯=(S^2,[N],I;j,\underset{¯}{d})`$ is a bubble type such that $`I\widehat{I}=\{k_1,k_2\}`$ is a two-element set and $`d_i=d`$, let

$$𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu )=\{[b,L_{𝒯,k_1}]:b𝒰_𝒯(\mu ),𝒟_{𝒯,k_1}b=0\}\{[b,L_{𝒯,k_2}]:b𝒰_𝒯(\mu ),𝒟_{𝒯,k_2}b=0\}E_2.$$

###### Proposition 2.11

Suppose $`d`$ is a positive integer and $`\mu `$ is a tuple of $`3d4`$ points in general position in $`^2`$. Then

$$\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )=𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )\underset{[𝒯]}{}𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu ),$$

where the union is taken over all equivalence classes of non-basic types $`𝒯=(S^2,[N],I;j,\underset{¯}{d})`$ such that $`I\widehat{I}=\{k_1,k_2\}`$ is a two-element set and $`d_i=d`$. Furthermore, there exist $`\delta ,C>0`$ and homeomorphism

$$\gamma _{2;2}:\left\{u\gamma _{E_2}^{}(E_2/\gamma _{E_2})\right|\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu ):|u|<\delta \}\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )$$

onto an open neighborhood of $`\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )`$ in $`\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )`$ such that $`\gamma _{2;2}|\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )`$ is the identity and $`\gamma _{2;2}`$ restricts to an orientation-preserving diffeomorphism from the complement of $`\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )`$ onto an open subset of $`𝒮_{2;2}(\mu )`$. Finally, with appropriate identifications,

$$\left|𝒟_{2;2}\gamma _{2;2}(u)\alpha _{2;2}(u)\right|C|u|^{1+\frac{1}{p}}u\left\{u\gamma _{E_2}^{}(E_2/\gamma _{E_2})\right|\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu ):|u|<\delta \}\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu ),$$

where $`\alpha _{2;2}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu );\text{Hom}(\gamma _{E_2}^{}(E_2/\gamma _{E_2}),\gamma _{E_2}^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2))`$ is an injection on every fiber.

This proposition follows from Theorem 2.8 and the Implicit Function Theorem by an argument similar to the proof of Proposition 2.9. Note that with our choice of constraints, $`\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )`$ is a finite set. Thus, we are able to take $`\delta `$ and $`C`$ to be positive real numbers rather than continuous functions $`\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )^+`$.

### 2.4 Description of $`CR_3(\mu )`$

In this subsection, we describe the number of elements of $`_{\mathrm{\Sigma },t\nu ,d}(\mu )`$ that lie near each strata $`_𝒯(\mu )`$ of bubble maps of type (2c) in terms of the zeros of affine maps between vector bundles over closures of certain subspaces of $`_𝒯(\mu )`$. These results are proved by an argument similar to Sections LABEL:enum1-analysis\_sec and LABEL:enum1-resolvent\_sec in \[Z2\], which is outlined briefly at the end of this subsection.

We start by recalling more notation used in \[Z2\]. If $`𝒯=(\mathrm{\Sigma },[N],I;j,\underset{¯}{d})`$ is a simple bubble type, let $`\{g_{b,\widehat{0}}:b_𝒯(\mu )\}`$ be a smooth family of Kahler metrics on $`(\mathrm{\Sigma },j)`$ such that
(1) for all $`b=(\mathrm{\Sigma },[N],I;x,(j,y),u)_𝒯(\mu )`$ and $`hH_{\widehat{0}}𝒯`$, $`g_{b,\widehat{0}}`$ is flat on a neighborhood of $`x_h`$ in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$;
(2) the metric $`g_{b,\widehat{0}}`$ is determined by the tuple $`(x_h)_{hH_{\widehat{0}}𝒯}`$.
We denote by $`_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{0,1}`$ the 3-dimensional space of harmonic $`(0,1)`$-forms on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$.

If $`\psi _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{0,1}`$, $`b_𝒯`$, $`m1`$, and the metric $`g_{b,\widehat{0}}`$ is flat near $`x`$, we define $`D_{b,x}^{(m)}\psi T_x^{0,1}\mathrm{\Sigma }^m`$ as follows. If $`(s,t)`$ are conformal coordinates centered at $`x`$ such that $`s^2+t^2`$ is the square of the $`g_{b,\widehat{0}}`$-distance to $`x`$, let

$$\{D_{b,x}^{(m)}\psi \}\left(\frac{}{s}\right)\{D_{b,x}^{(m)}\psi \}\left(\underset{𝑚}{\underset{}{\frac{}{s},\mathrm{},\frac{}{s}}}\right)=\frac{\pi }{m!}\left\{\frac{D^{m1}}{ds^{m1}}\psi _j|_{(s,t)=0}\right\}\left(\frac{}{s}\right),$$

where the covariant derivatives are taken with respect to the metric $`g_{b,\widehat{0}}`$. If $`\{\psi _j\}`$ is an orthonormal basis for $`_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{0,1}`$, let $`s_{b,x}^{(m)}T_x^{}\mathrm{\Sigma }^m_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{0,1}`$ be given by

$$s_{b,x}^{(m)}(v)s_{b,x}^{(m)}(\underset{𝑚}{\underset{}{v,\mathrm{},v}})=\overline{\left\{D_{b,x}^{(m)}\psi _j\right\}(v)}\psi _j.$$

The section $`s_{b,x}^{(m)}`$ is always independent of the choice of a basis for $`_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{0,1}`$, but is dependent on the choice of the metric $`g_{b,\widehat{0}}`$ if $`m>1`$. By \[GH, p246\], $`s_xs_{b,x}`$ does not vanish and thus determines a line subbundle $`_\mathrm{\Sigma }^+`$ of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }\times _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{0,1}\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. We denote its orthogonal complement by $`_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$. Let

$$\pi ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma };(\mathrm{\Sigma }\times _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{0,1})^{}_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{})$$

be the orthogonal projection map onto $`_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$. While the section $`s_{b,x}`$ depends on the choice of the metric $`g_{b,\widehat{0}}`$, $`s_x^{(2)}\pi _x^{}s_{b,x}^{(2)}`$ does not and thus is globally defined on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. If $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is not hyperelleptic, as we assume to be the case, $`s_x^{(2)}`$ does not vanish and thus determines a line subbundle $`_\mathrm{\Sigma }^+`$ of $`_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$. We denote its orthogonal complement by $`_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ and the corresponding orthogonal projection map by $`\pi ^{}`$. The composition $`s_x^{(3)}\pi _x^{}s_{b,x}^{(3)}`$ is again independent of the choice of the metric $`g_{b,\widehat{0}}`$. If $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is generic, the section

$$s^{(3)}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma };T^{}\mathrm{\Sigma }^3_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{})$$

vanishes transversally at $`24`$ distinct points $`z_1,\mathrm{},z_{24}`$ of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. These points correspond to the flexes of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ under the canonical embedding into $`^2`$.

###### Theorem 2.12

Suppose $`d`$ is a positive integer, $`N=3d4`$, $`\mu `$ is an $`N`$-tuple of points in general position in $`^2`$, $`𝒯=(\mathrm{\Sigma },[N],I;j,\underset{¯}{d})`$ is a simple bubble type such $`d_{\widehat{0}}=0`$ and $`d_i=d`$. If

$$\nu \mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma }\times ^2;\mathrm{\Lambda }^{0,1}\pi _\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}T^{}\mathrm{\Sigma }\pi _^2^{}T^2)$$

is a generic section, there exist a compact subset $`K_{𝒯,\nu }`$ of $`_𝒯(\mu )`$ and integer $`N(𝒯)`$ with the following property. If $`K`$ is a compact subset of $`_𝒯(\mu )`$ containing $`K_{𝒯,\nu }`$, there exist a neighborhood $`U_K`$ of $`K`$ in $`\overline{C}_{(d;[N])}^{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Sigma };\mu )`$ and $`ϵ_K>0`$ such that for all $`t(0,ϵ_K)`$,

$${}_{}{}^{\pm }|U_K_{\mathrm{\Sigma },d,t\nu }(\mu )|=N(𝒯).$$

If $`𝒯`$ is not primitive, $`U_K_{\mathrm{\Sigma },d,t\nu }(\mu )=\mathrm{}`$. If $`𝒯`$ is primitive, $`N(𝒯)`$ is the numbers of zeros of the affine maps between vector bundles described below.

Above $`\overline{C}_{(d;[N])}^{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Sigma };\mu )`$ denotes the space of all stable maps from $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ to $`^2`$ that map the marked points to $`\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _N`$. For each primitive bubble type $`𝒯`$, we now describe the number $`N(𝒯)`$ as the sum of numbers $`N(\alpha )`$, where each $`\alpha `$ is a regular ms-polynomial between two ms-bundles over an ms-manifold; see Subsection 2.1.

If $`|\widehat{I}|>3`$, $`_𝒯(\mu )=\mathrm{}`$. If $`|\widehat{I}|=1,2,3`$, define

$$\alpha _{|\widehat{I}|}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\widehat{I}}\times \overline{𝒰}_{\overline{𝒯}}(\mu );\text{Hom}(\underset{h\widehat{I}}{}T\mathrm{\Sigma }_hL_{𝒯,h},_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{0,1}\text{ev}^{}T^2)),$$

$$\text{by}\alpha _{|\widehat{I}|}(b,(x_h)_{h\widehat{I}};(v_h\upsilon _h)_{h\widehat{I}})=\underset{h\widehat{I}}{}\left(𝒟_{𝒯,h}\upsilon _h\right)\left(s_{x_h}v_h\right).$$
(2.7)
If $`|\widehat{I}|=3`$, $`N(𝒯)=n^{(1)}(𝒯)=N(\alpha _3)`$. If $`|\widehat{I}|=2`$, $`N(𝒯)=n^{(1)}(𝒯)+2n^{(2)}(𝒯)=N(\alpha _2)+2N(\alpha _{2;1})`$, with $`\alpha _{2;1}`$ defined as follows. If $`\widehat{I}=\{\widehat{1},\widehat{2}\}`$, $`b𝒮_{\overline{𝒯};1}(\mu )`$, and $`𝒟_{\overline{𝒯};\widehat{1}}(b)=0`$,

$$\alpha _{2;1}(b,(x_h)_{h\widehat{I}};(v_h\upsilon _h)_{h\widehat{I}})=\left(𝒟_{𝒯,\widehat{1}}^{(2)}\upsilon _{\widehat{1}}\right)(s_{x_{\widehat{1}}}^{(2)}v_{\widehat{1}})+\left(𝒟_{𝒯,\widehat{2}}\upsilon _{\widehat{2}}\right)\left(\pi _{x_{\widehat{1}}}^{}s_{x_{\widehat{2}}}v_{\widehat{2}}\right)_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}(x_{\widehat{1}})T_{\text{ev}(b)}^2,$$

$$\text{if}v_{\widehat{1}}\upsilon _{\widehat{1}}T\mathrm{\Sigma }_{\widehat{1}}^2L_{𝒯,\widehat{1}}^2|_{(b,x_{\widehat{1}})},v_{\widehat{2}}\upsilon _{\widehat{2}}T\mathrm{\Sigma }_{\widehat{2}}L_{𝒯,\widehat{2}}|_{(b,x_{\widehat{2}})}.$$
(2.8)
If $`|\widehat{I}|=1`$,

$$N(𝒯)=n^{(1)}(𝒯)+2n^{(2)}(𝒯)+3n_3(𝒯)+4n_4(𝒯)=N(\alpha _1)+2N(\alpha _{1;1})+3N(\alpha _{1;2})+96|𝒮_{1;2}(\mu )|,$$
(2.9)
where

$$\alpha _{1;1}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma }\times \overline{𝒮}_1(\mu );\text{Hom}(T\mathrm{\Sigma }^2L_{𝒯,\widehat{1}}^2,_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2))\text{and}$$

$$\alpha _{1;2}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma }\times 𝒮_{1;2}(\mu );\text{Hom}(T\mathrm{\Sigma }^3L_{𝒯,\widehat{1}}^3,_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2))$$

are defined by

$$\alpha _{1;k}(x,b,v\upsilon )=\left(𝒟_{𝒯,\widehat{1}}^{(k+1)}\upsilon \right)\left(s_x^{(k+1)}v\right).$$
(2.10)
Finally, for each $`m=1,2,3`$, we denote by $`n_m^{(k)}(\mu )`$ the sum of the numbers $`n^{(k)}(𝒯)`$ taken over all equivalence classes of primitive bubble types $`𝒯`$ with $`|\widehat{I}|=m`$.

###### Corollary 2.13

With notation as above,

$$CR_3(\mu )=\left(n_1^{(1)}(\mu )+2n_1^{(2)}(\mu )+3n_1^{(3)}(\mu )+96|𝒮_{1;2}(\mu )|\right)+\left(n_2^{(1)}(\mu )+2n_2^{(2)}(\mu )\right)+n_3^{(1)}(\mu ).$$

Corollary 2.13 follows immediately from the preceding paragraph, Theorem 2.12, and the definition of $`CR_3(\mu )`$ in Subsection 1.2.

Remark 1: The multiplicity $`k`$ for $`n_m^{(k)}(\mu )`$ is the degree of a polynomial map between two vector spaces of small dimensions. In the cases under consideration, these degrees are clear. In the genus-two case, they are described in Section LABEL:enum1-resolvent\_sec of \[Z2\].

Remark 2: The number $`96`$ in (2.9) arises because each element of $`_𝒯(\mu )`$ corresponding to a simple flex of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ and a rational map in $`𝒮_{2;2}(\mu )`$ enters with a multiplicity of $`4`$. A hyperflex of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ would result in a multiplicity of $`10`$, at least if $`d4`$. Thus, if $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ has $`n`$ hyperflexes and $`242n`$ simple flexes, the number $`96`$ in equation (2.9) and in Corollary 2.13 should be replaced by $`96+2n`$. No other changes are needed. The analogue of the term $`n_1^{(4)}(\mu )=24|𝒮_{1;2}(\mu )`$ in the genus-two case is $`n_1^{(3)}(\mu )=6|𝒮_1(\mu )|`$, as each of the six hyperelleptic points of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ and a cuspidal map through the fixed $`3d2`$ points enters with a multiplicity of $`3`$; see Subsection LABEL:enum1-order3\_case1 in \[Z2\].

Remark 3: It should be possible to adapt this approach to the case $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is a hyperelleptic genus-three surface, but significant changes would be required. In particular, there will likely be a contribution to $`CR_3(\mu )`$ from an affine map over the space $`\mathrm{\Sigma }\times \overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )`$, as is the case in the genus-two case in $`^3`$; see Subsection LABEL:enum1-order2\_case2a in \[Z2\]. Furthermore, higher-order contributions $`n_m^{(k)}(\mu )`$, $`k3`$, will have a very different description, which will involve the hyperelleptic and Weierstrass points of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$.

We now outline the proof of Theorem 2.12 following \[Z2\]. For each $`b_𝒯`$ and $`\upsilon F^{\mathrm{}}𝒯`$ sufficiently small, we first construct a nearly holomorphic map $`u_\upsilon :\mathrm{\Sigma }^n`$. We then attempt to solve the equation

$$\overline{}\mathrm{exp}_{u_\upsilon }\xi =t\nu \overline{}u_\upsilon +D_\upsilon \xi +N_\upsilon \xi =t\nu \mathrm{\Gamma }^{0,1}(u_\upsilon )$$
(2.11)
for a small vector $`\xi \mathrm{\Gamma }(u_\upsilon )`$ along $`u_\upsilon `$. Since we need to count the number of elements of $`_{\mathrm{\Sigma },t\nu ,d}(\mu )`$ that lie nearly $`_𝒯(\mu )`$, we require that $`\xi `$ lie in a subspace $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_+(\upsilon )`$ complementary to the “tangent bundle” $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}(\upsilon )`$ of the space $`\{u_\upsilon :\upsilon F^{\mathrm{}}𝒯_\delta \}`$. The cokernel of the operator $`D_b`$ is $`_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{0,1}T_{\text{ev}(b)}^2`$. It induces an orthogonal splitting

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }^{0,1}(\upsilon )=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}^{0,1}(\upsilon )\mathrm{\Gamma }_+^{0,1}(\upsilon )$$

such that $`\pi _+^{0,1}D_\upsilon :\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_+(\upsilon )\mathrm{\Gamma }_+^{0,1}(\upsilon )`$ is an isomorphism and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}^{0,1}(\upsilon )`$ is isomorphic to $`_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{0,1}T_{\text{ev}(b)}^2`$. If $`\upsilon `$ and $`t`$ are sufficiently small, depending on $`b`$, the $`\pi _+^{0,1}`$-part of equation (2.11) has a unique solution $`\xi _\upsilon `$, which also solves the entire equation (2.11) if and only if

$$\pi _{}^{0,1}\left(t\nu \overline{}u_\upsilon D_\upsilon \xi _\upsilon N_\upsilon \xi _\upsilon \right)=0\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}^{0,1}(u_\upsilon )_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{0,1}T_{\text{ev}(b)}^2.$$
(2.12)
It then remains to adjust for the constraints and extract the leading-order term from (2.12). The latter part depends on the choices of the above splittings of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\upsilon )`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{0,1}(\upsilon )`$. The spaces $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}(\upsilon )`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}^{0,1}(\upsilon )`$ are constructed from the kernel and cokernel of $`D_b`$ fairly explicitly in Subsections LABEL:enum1-obs\_sec and LABEL:enum1-tangent\_sec of \[Z2\]. In order to extract the leading-order term from (2.12), we need the composite $`\pi _{}^{0,1}D_\upsilon `$ to be sufficiently small on $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_+(\upsilon )`$. In \[Z2\], this is insured by choosing $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_+(\upsilon )`$ so that its image under $`D_\upsilon `$ is orthogonal to $`_\mathrm{\Sigma }^+(x_{\widehat{1}})\text{ev}^{}T^2`$ if $`b=(S^2,[N],I;x,(j,y),u)`$ and $`\widehat{1}`$ is an element of $`H_{\widehat{0}}𝒯`$. By an argument similar to Subsection LABEL:enum1-tangent\_sec in \[Z2\], in the given case we can choose $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_+(\upsilon )`$ so that its image under $`D_\upsilon `$ is orthogonal to $`\left(_\mathrm{\Sigma }^+(x_{\widehat{1}})_\mathrm{\Sigma }^+(x_{\widehat{1}})\right)\text{ev}^{}T^2`$, provided $`d_{\widehat{1}}2`$. Then in all cases, $`\pi _{}^{0,1}D_\upsilon |\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_+(\upsilon )`$ will be sufficiently small for the purposes of extracting dominant terms from (2.12) as in Section LABEL:enum1-resolvent\_sec of \[Z2\]. Polynomial maps between vector bundles arise from the power series expansion for $`\overline{}u_\upsilon `$ given in Proposition LABEL:enum1-dbar\_gen2prp of \[Z2\].

## 3 Rational Curves with Singularities

### 3.1 Intersections in $`𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )`$, $`\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )`$, and $`\overline{𝒮}_1(\mu )`$

This section is dedicated to computing the intersection numbers of spaces of stable rational maps that are needed in Section 4. We start with “codimension-one” and “-two” cases.

###### Lemma 3.1

If $`d`$ is a positive integer, the number of two-component rational degree-$`d`$ curves passing through a tuple $`\mu `$ of $`3d4`$ points in general position in $`^2`$ such that the two components meet at a node at which one of them has a cusp is given by

$$\left|𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )\right|=6a^2+3a\left(c_1(_1^{})+c_1(_2^{})\right)+\left(c_1^2(_1^{})+c_1^2(_2^{})\right),\left[\overline{𝒱}_2(\mu )\right]3\tau _3(\mu ),$$

where $`\tau _3(\mu )=\left|𝒱_3(\mu )\right|`$.

| $`d`$ | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $`|𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )|`$ | 0 | 0 | 528 | 91,872 | 26,055,360 | 12,596,219,904 |

Proof: The proof is essentially the same as that of Lemma LABEL:enum1-n2cusps in \[Z2\], which enumerates irreducible cuspidal curves through $`3d2`$ points. The argument uses the analytic estimate of Theorem 2.8 and the topological tools of Subsection 2.1. In fact, the above formula can be deduced from the formula of Lemma LABEL:enum1-n2cusps in \[Z2\], since its proof applies with no change to enumerate irreducible curves through $`3d3`$ points with a cusp on a fixed line in $`^2`$.

###### Lemma 3.2

If $`d`$ is a positive integer and $`\mu `$ is a tuple of $`3d4`$ points in general position in $`^2`$,

$$a,\left[\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )\right]=3a^2+a\left(c_1(_1^{})+c_1(_2^{})\right),\left[\overline{𝒱}_2(\mu )\right],$$

$$\lambda _{E_2},\left[\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )\right]=3a^2+3a\left(c_1(_1^{})+c_1(_2^{})\right)+\left(c_1^2(L_1^{})+c_1^2(L_2^{})\right)+c_1(L_1^{})c_1(L_2^{}),\left[\overline{𝒱}_2(\mu )\right],$$

with chern classes $`c_1^2(L_1^{})+c_1^2(L_2^{})`$ and $`c_1(L_1^{})c_1(L_2^{})`$ defined similarly to $`c_1^2(_1^{})+c_1^2(_2^{})`$ and $`c_1(_1^{})c_1(_2^{})`$.

Proof: We only sketch the argument, since the proof is analogous to that of Lemma LABEL:enum1-n3cusps in \[Z2\]. Let $`𝒟\mathrm{\Gamma }(E_2;\gamma _{E_2}^{}\text{ev}^{}T^n)`$ be the section induced by the section

$$𝒟_1+𝒟_2\mathrm{\Gamma }(\overline{𝒱}_2(\mu );E_2^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2),$$

defined similarly to $`c_1(_1^{})+c_1(_2^{})`$; see Subsection 2.2. Then

$$𝒮_{2;2}(\mu )=𝒟^1(0)\left(E_2|\left(𝒱_2(\mu )𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )\right)\right).$$

Let $`s`$ be a section of $`\text{ev}^{}𝒪(1_^2)E_2`$ such that $`s`$ is smooth and transversal to the zero set of the bundle on all smooth strata of $`E_2`$ and of $`\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )`$. In particular, $`s^1(0)\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )=\mathrm{}`$. Then, by Proposition 2.4,

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill a,\left[\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )\right]& =^\pm |s^1(0)𝒮_{2;2}(\mu )|=^\pm |𝒟^1(0)\left((E_2|𝒱_2(\mu )𝒮_{2;1}(\mu ))\right)s^1(0)|\hfill \\ & =e\left(\gamma _{E_2}^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2\right),\left[s^1(0)\right]𝒞_{(E_2|(\overline{}𝒱_2(\mu )𝒮_{2;1}(\mu ))s^1(0)}(𝒟).\hfill \end{array}$$

By our assumptions on $`s`$, the last term above is zero. Thus,

$$a,\left[\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )\right]=ac_2\left(\gamma _{E_2}^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2\right),\left[E_2\right].$$

The first claim then follows from (2.1) and from definitions of $`E_2`$ and of the relevant chern classes. Note that

$$a\left(c_1(L_1^{})+c_1(L_2^{})\right)=a\left(c_1(_1^{})+c_1(_2^{})\right).$$

The second identity is proved similarly.

###### Lemma 3.3

If $`d`$ is a positive integer and $`\mu `$ is a tuple of $`3d4`$ points in general position in $`^2`$,

$$a^2,\left[\overline{𝒮}_1(\mu )\right]=a^2c_1^2(^{}),\left[\overline{𝒱}_1(\mu )\right]a^2,\left[\overline{𝒱}_2(\mu )\right],$$

$$ac_1(^{}),\left[\overline{𝒮}_1(\mu )\right]=3a^2c_1^2(^{})+ac_1^3(^{}),\left[\overline{𝒱}_1(\mu )\right],$$

$$c_1^2(^{}),\left[\overline{𝒮}_1(\mu )\right]=3a^2c_1^2(^{})+3ac_1^3(^{})+c_1^4(^{}),\left[\overline{𝒱}_1(\mu )\right].$$

Proof: (1) This lemma is proved similarly to Lemma 3.2. Let

$$E=\text{ev}^{}𝒪(1_^2)\text{ev}^{}𝒪(1_^2),E=\text{ev}^{}𝒪(1_^2)^{},\text{or}E=^{}^{},$$

depending on which of the three identities we are proving. Let $`s`$ be a section of $`E\overline{𝒱}_1(\mu )`$ such that $`s`$ is smooth and transversal to the zero set in $`E`$ on all smooth strata of $`\overline{𝒱}_1(\mu )`$ and of $`\overline{𝒮}_1(\mu )`$. Then

$$c_2(E),\left[\overline{𝒮}_1(\mu )\right]=c_2(E)c_2(L^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2),\left[\overline{𝒱}_1(\mu )\right]𝒞_{\overline{𝒱}_1(\mu )s^1(0)}(𝒟).$$
(3.1)
The bundle $`L\overline{𝒱}_1(\mu )`$ and section $`𝒟\mathrm{\Gamma }(\overline{𝒱}_1(\mu );L^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2)`$ in (3.1) are defined as follows. Let $`N=3d4`$ and $`𝒯^{}=(S^2,[N],\{\widehat{0}\};\widehat{0},d)`$. Then $`L=L_{𝒯^{},\widehat{0}}`$ and $`𝒟=𝒟_{𝒯^{},\widehat{0}}`$. Suppose

$$𝒯=(S^2,[N],I;j,\underset{¯}{d})<𝒯^{}.$$

If $`d_{\widehat{0}}0`$, $`𝒟`$ is transversal to the zero set on $`𝒰_𝒯(\mu )`$, and $`s^1(0)𝒟^1(0)𝒰_𝒯(\mu )=\mathrm{}`$ by our assumptions on $`s`$. Thus, from now on, we assume that $`d_{\widehat{0}}=0`$. If $`𝒯`$ is a semiprimitive bubble type, either $`\text{ev}^{}𝒪(1_^2)|\overline{𝒰}_𝒯(\mu )`$ or $`|\overline{𝒰}_𝒯(\mu )`$ is trivial. It follows that if $`E=\text{ev}^{}𝒪(1_^2)^{}`$, we can choose $`s`$ so that it does not vanish on $`\overline{𝒱}_1(\mu )`$. The second equality is then immediate from (3.1) and

$$ac_1(L^{})=ac_1(^{})H^4\left(\overline{𝒱}_1(\mu )\right).$$
(3.2)
(2) Suppose $`E=\text{ev}^{}𝒪(1_^2)\text{ev}^{}𝒪(1_^2)`$. If the complex dimension of $`𝒰_𝒯(\mu )`$ is at least two and $`\text{ev}^{}𝒪(1_^2)|\overline{𝒰}_𝒯(\mu )`$ is not trivial, $`|\widehat{I}|=\left|H_{\widehat{0}}𝒯\right|=2`$. For a good choice of $`s`$, the map $`\gamma _𝒯^\mu `$ of Theorem 2.8 identifies neighborhoods of $`s^1(0)𝒰_𝒯(\mu )`$ in $`𝒯`$ and in $`s^1(0)`$. Since $`s^1(0)𝒮_{𝒯;k}(\mu )=\mathrm{}`$, the section $`\alpha _𝒯`$ of Theorem 2.8 defines an isomorphism between $`𝒯`$ and $`L^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2`$ over every point of $`s^1(0)𝒰_𝒯(\mu )`$. Thus, by Proposition 2.4 and the analytic estimate of Theorem 2.8,

$$𝒞_{𝒰_𝒯(\mu )s^1(0)}(𝒟)=^\pm \left|𝒰_𝒯(\mu )s^1(0)\right|=a^2,\left[\overline{𝒰}_𝒯(\mu )\right].$$

Summing these contributions over all equivalence classes of such bubble types $`𝒯`$, we obtain

$$𝒞_{\overline{𝒱}_1(\mu )s^1(0)}(𝒟)=a^2,\left[\overline{𝒱}_2(\mu )\right].$$
(3.3)
The first identity follows from equations (3.1), (3.2), and (3.3).
(3) Suppose $`E=^{}^{}`$. If the complex dimension of $`𝒰_𝒯(\mu )`$ is at least two and $`|\overline{𝒰}_𝒯(\mu )`$ is not trivial, $`H_{\widehat{0}}𝒯=\{\widehat{1}\}`$ is a one-element set and $`|\widehat{I}|\{1,2\}`$. If $`|\widehat{I}|=2`$, by an argument similar to (2) above, $`𝒰_𝒯(\mu )s^1(0)`$ is $`𝒟`$-hollow in the sense of Definition 2.3, where $`𝒟`$ is viewed as a section over $`s^1(0)\overline{𝒱}_1(\mu )`$. Thus, by Proposition 2.4, $`𝒞_{𝒰_𝒯(\mu )s^1(0)}(𝒟)=0`$. If $`|\widehat{I}|=1`$, $`𝒯=𝒯^{}(\{l\})`$ for some $`l[N]`$. For the purposes of computing $`𝒞_{𝒰_𝒯(\mu )s^1(0)}(𝒟)=0`$, it can be assumed that the map of Theorem 2.8 still identifies neighborhoods of $`s^1(0)𝒰_𝒯(\mu )`$ in $`𝒯`$ and in $`s^1(0)`$; see the proof of Lemma LABEL:enum1-n3cusps in \[Z2\]. Since $`\alpha _𝒯`$ does not vanish on $`𝒰_𝒯(\mu )s^1(0)`$, by Proposition 2.4 and the analytic estimate of Theorem 2.8,

$$𝒞_{𝒰_𝒯(\mu )s^1(0)}(𝒟)=c_1\left(L^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2\right)c_1(𝒯),\left[\overline{𝒰}_𝒯(\mu )s^1(0)\right]=c_1^2(^{})c_1(L_{𝒯,\widehat{1}}^{}),\left[\overline{𝒰}_𝒯(\mu )\right],$$

since the restrictions of the bundles $`L^{}`$ and $`\text{ev}^{}T^2`$ to $`\overline{𝒰}_𝒯(\mu )`$ are trivial. Summing up these contributions and using equation (2.4), we obtain

$$𝒞_{\overline{𝒱}_1(\mu )s^1(0)}(𝒟)=\underset{l[N]}{}c_1^3(^{}),\left[\overline{𝒰}_{𝒯^{}(l)}(\mu )\right].$$
(3.4)
The final identity of the lemma follows from equations (3.1), (3.2), and (3.4); see also equation (2.3).

### 3.2 Computation of $`\left|𝒮_{1;2}(\mu )\right|`$

In this subsection, we enumerate rational plane curves that have a $`(3,4)`$-cusp. We call point $`p`$ a $`(3,4)`$-cusp of plane curve $`𝒞`$ if for a choice of local coordinates near $`p`$, $`𝒞`$ is parameterized by a map of the form

$$t(t^3,t^4+o(t^4)),0p.$$

###### Lemma 3.4

If $`d`$ is a positive integer, the number of rational degree-$`d`$ curves that pass through a tuple $`\mu `$ of $`3d4`$ points in general position in $`^2`$ and have a $`(3,4)`$-cusp is given by

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \left|𝒮_{1;2}(\mu )\right|=3a^2+6ac_1(^{})+4c_1^2(^{}),\left[\overline{𝒮}_1(\mu )\right]2\left|𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )\right|3\tau _3(\mu )\\ \hfill 6a^2+3a\left(c_1(_1^{})+c_1(_2^{})\right)+c_1(_1^{})c_1(_2^{}),\left[\overline{𝒱}_2(\mu )\right]& .\hfill \end{array}$$

Proof: (1) We continue with the notation used in the proof of Lemma 3.3. By definition, Proposition 2.4, and equation (3.2),

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \left|𝒮_{1;2}(\mu )\right|& =^\pm \left|𝒟^{(2)1}(0)𝒮_1(\mu )\right|=e\left(L^2\text{ev}^{}T^2\right),\left[\overline{𝒮}_1(\mu )\right]𝒞_{\overline{𝒮}_1(\mu )}\left(𝒟^{(2)}\right)\hfill \\ & =3a^2+6ac_1(^{})+4c_1^2(L^{}),\left[\overline{𝒮}_1(\mu )\right]𝒞_{\overline{𝒮}_1(\mu )}\left(𝒟^{(2)}\right).\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.5)
Suppose $`𝒯=(S^2,[N],I;j,\underset{¯}{d})<𝒯^{}`$. If $`d_{\widehat{0}}0`$, $`𝒟^{(2)}`$ does not vanish on $`𝒰_𝒯(\mu )`$ by Proposition 2.9. Thus, from now on we consider only bubble types $`𝒯`$ such that $`d_{\widehat{0}}=0`$.
(2) Suppose $`\chi (𝒯)=\{\widehat{1}\}`$ is a one-element set. Then $`\overline{𝒮}_1(\mu )𝒰_𝒯(\mu )=𝒮_{𝒯;1}(\mu )`$ and with appropriate identifications

$$\left|𝒟_{𝒯^{},\widehat{0}}^{(2)}\left(\gamma _{𝒯;1}(\upsilon )\right)𝒟_{𝒯,\widehat{1}}^{(2)}\left(\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_{\widehat{1}}\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_{\widehat{1}}\right)\right|C(b_\upsilon )|\upsilon |^{\frac{1}{p}}\left|\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_{\widehat{1}}\right|^2\upsilon 𝒮_{𝒯;1;\delta }=𝒯_\delta ,$$

where $`\gamma _{𝒯;1}:𝒯_\delta \overline{𝒮}_1(\mu )`$ is the map of Proposition 2.9. Since $`d_{\widehat{1}}0`$, $`𝒟_{𝒯,\widehat{1}}^{(2)}`$ does not vanish on $`𝒮_{𝒯;1}(\mu )`$. Thus, if $`\widehat{I}H_{\widehat{0}}𝒯`$, $`𝒯`$ is $`𝒟^{(2)}`$-hollow and $`𝒞_{\overline{𝒮}_1(\mu )𝒰_𝒯(\mu )}\left(𝒟^{(2)}\right)=0`$. If $`\widehat{I}=H_{\widehat{0}}𝒯`$, i.e. $`𝒯=𝒯^{}(l)`$ for some $`l[N]`$, by Proposition 2.4 and the splitting (2.6),

$$𝒞_{\overline{𝒮}_1(\mu )𝒰_𝒯(\mu )}\left(𝒟^{(2)}\right)=2N\left(𝒟_{\overline{𝒯},\widehat{1}}^{(2)}\right),$$
(3.6)
where $`𝒟_{\overline{𝒯},\widehat{1}}^{(2)}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\overline{𝒮}_{\overline{𝒯};1}(\mu );\text{Hom}(L_{\overline{𝒯},\widehat{1}}^2;\text{ev}^{}T^2))`$. By Lemma 2.5,

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill N\left(𝒟_{\overline{𝒯},\widehat{1}}^{(2)}\right)& =c_1\left(\text{ev}^{}T^2\right)c_1\left(L_{\overline{𝒯},\widehat{1}}^2\right),\left[\overline{𝒮}_{\overline{𝒯};1}(\mu )\right]𝒞_{𝒟_{\overline{𝒯},\widehat{1}}^{(2)1}(0)}\left(𝒟_{\overline{𝒯},\widehat{1}}^{(2)}\right)\hfill \\ & =2c_1\left(L_{𝒯,\widehat{1}}^{}\right),\left[\overline{𝒮}_{𝒯;1}(\mu )\right]𝒞_{𝒟_{\overline{𝒯},\widehat{1}}^{(2)1}(0)}\left(𝒟_{\overline{𝒯},\widehat{1}}^{(2)}\right),\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.7)
since $`\text{ev}|𝒰_{𝒯^{}(l)}(\mu )=\mu _l`$. If $`𝒯^{}=(S^2,[N]\{l\},I^{};j^{},\underset{¯}{d}^{})\overline{𝒯}`$ and $`d_{\widehat{1}}^{}0`$, by Corollary LABEL:enum1-reg\_crl2 in \[Z2\], $`𝒟_{\overline{𝒯},\widehat{1}}^{(2)}`$ does not vanish on $`𝒰_𝒯^{}(\mu )`$ if the constraints $`\mu `$ are in general position. If $`d_{\widehat{1}}^{}=0`$ and $`\overline{𝒮}_{\overline{𝒯};1}(\mu )𝒰_𝒯^{}(\mu )\mathrm{}`$, Proposition 2.9 implies that $`H_{\widehat{1}}𝒯^{}=\widehat{I}^{}`$ is a two-element set. Furthermore, in such a case,

$$\overline{𝒮}_{\overline{𝒯};1}(\mu )𝒰_𝒯^{}(\mu )=𝒮_{𝒯^{};2}(\mu ),$$

is a finite set and there exists an identification $`\gamma _{𝒯^{};2}`$ of neighborhoods of $`𝒮_{𝒯^{};2}(\mu )`$ in $`\gamma _{E𝒯^{}}`$ and in $`\overline{𝒮}_{\overline{𝒯};1}(\mu )`$ such that

$$\left|𝒟_{\overline{𝒯},\widehat{1}}^{(2)}\gamma _{𝒯^{};2}(\upsilon )\alpha _{𝒯^{};k}(\upsilon )\right|C|\upsilon |^{1+\frac{1}{p}}\upsilon \gamma _{E𝒯^{},\delta },$$
(3.8)
where $`\alpha _{𝒯^{};k}\mathrm{\Gamma }(𝒮_{𝒯^{};2}(\mu );\text{Hom}(\gamma _{E𝒯^{}};L_{𝒯^{},\widehat{1}}^2\text{ev}^{}T^2))`$ is an injection on every fiber. On the other hand, $`𝒟_{\overline{𝒯},\widehat{1}}^{(2)}=\pi _{\overline{\nu }}^{}𝒟_{\overline{𝒯},\widehat{1}}^{(2)}`$, where

$$\pi _{\overline{\nu }}^{}:L_{𝒯^{},\widehat{1}}^2\text{ev}^{}T^2L_{𝒯^{},\widehat{1}}^2\text{ev}^{}T^2/\overline{\nu }$$

is the projection onto the quotient by a trivial subbundle $`\overline{\nu }`$; see Subsection 2.1. Since $`\alpha _{𝒯^{};2}`$ is an injection, $`\pi _{\overline{\nu }}^{}\alpha _{𝒯^{};2}`$ is an isomorphism between $`\gamma _{E𝒯^{}}`$ and $`L_{𝒯^{},\widehat{1}}^2\text{ev}^{}T^2/\overline{\nu }`$ over every point of $`𝒮_{𝒯^{};2}(\mu )`$ if $`\overline{\nu }`$ is generic. Thus, by Proposition 2.4 and the estimate (3.8),

$$𝒞_{𝒮_{𝒯^{};2}(\mu )}\left(𝒟_{\overline{𝒯},\widehat{1}}^{(2)}\right)=\left|𝒮_{𝒯^{};2}(\mu )\right|.$$
(3.9)
Combining equations (3.6)-(3.9), using (2.4), and summing over the bubble types $`𝒯`$ with $`\chi (𝒯)=\{\widehat{1}\}`$, we obtain

$$\underset{|\chi (𝒯)|=1}{}𝒞_{\overline{𝒮}_1(\mu )𝒰_𝒯(\mu )}\left(𝒟^{(2)}\right)=\underset{l[N]}{}4c_1(^{}),\left[\overline{𝒮}_{𝒯^{}(l);1}(\mu )\right]2\left|𝒮_{2,1;2}(\mu )\right|,$$
(3.10)
where $`𝒮_{2,1;2}(\mu )`$ denotes the set of two-component rational degree-$`d`$ curves that pass through the $`3d4`$ points and have a tacnode at one of the points, which is a node common to both irreducible components.
(3) Suppose $`\chi (𝒯)=\{\widehat{1},\widehat{2}\}`$ is a two-element set. If $`\chi (𝒯)=\widehat{I}`$ and $`M_{\widehat{0}}𝒯=\mathrm{}`$,

$$\overline{𝒮}_1(\mu )𝒰_𝒯(\mu )=𝒮_{𝒯;1}(\mu )𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu );$$

see Proposition 2.9. By Corollary LABEL:enum1-reg\_crl2 in \[Z2\], the images of $`𝒟_{𝒯,\widehat{1}}^{(2)}`$ and $`𝒟_{𝒯,\widehat{2}}^{(1)}`$ are transversal in $`\text{ev}^{}T^2𝒰_𝒯(\mu )`$. Since $`𝒮_{𝒯;1}(\mu )`$ is a finite set, it follows that the section $`\alpha _{𝒯;1}`$ of Proposition 2.9 defines an isomorphism between $`𝒮_{𝒯;1}`$ and $`L^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2`$ over every point of $`𝒮_{𝒯;1}(\mu )`$. Thus, by Proposition 2.4 and the analytic estimate of Proposition 2.9,

$$𝒞_{𝒮_{𝒯;1}(\mu )}\left(𝒟^{(2)}\right)=2\left|𝒮_{𝒯;1}(\mu )\right|𝒞_{𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )}\left(𝒟^{(2)}\right)=2\left|𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )\right|.$$

Similarly, since $`\alpha _{𝒯;2}`$ does not vanish on $`𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu )`$ and extends naturally over $`\overline{𝒮}_{𝒯;2}(\mu )`$,

$$𝒞_{𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu )}\left(𝒟^{(2)}\right)=N\left(\alpha _{𝒯;2}\right)=N(𝒟_{2;2}).$$

If $`\chi (𝒯)\widehat{I}`$ or $`M_{\widehat{0}}𝒯\mathrm{}`$, by Proposition 2.9, $`\overline{𝒮}_1(\mu )𝒰_𝒯(\mu )=𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu )`$. The section $`\alpha _{𝒯;2}`$ has full rank on every fiber in these cases. Thus, by Proposition 2.4 and the analytic estimate of Proposition 2.9, if $`\widehat{I}H_{\widehat{0}}𝒯`$, $`𝒯`$ is $`𝒟^{(2)}`$-hollow and $`𝒞_{\overline{𝒮}_1(\mu )𝒰_𝒯(\mu )}\left(𝒟^{(2)}\right)=0`$. If $`\chi (𝒯)=\widehat{I}`$ and $`M_{\widehat{0}}𝒯\mathrm{}`$, $`\alpha _{𝒯;2}`$ extends over $`\overline{𝒮}_{𝒯;2}(\mu )`$ via the splitting (2.6) by

$$\alpha _{𝒯;2}[x_{\widehat{1}},x_{\widehat{2}},y_l,b;\upsilon _{\widehat{1}},\upsilon _{\widehat{2}}]=x_{\widehat{1}}𝒟_{𝒯,\widehat{1}}\upsilon _{\widehat{1}}+x_{\widehat{2}}𝒟_{𝒯,\widehat{2}}\upsilon _{\widehat{2}}.$$

This extension vanishes only on the set $`x_{\widehat{1}}=x_{\widehat{2}}`$. Thus, by Proposition 2.4 and Lemma 2.5,

$$𝒞_{\overline{𝒮}_1(\mu )𝒰_𝒯(\mu )}\left(𝒟^{(2)}\right)=c_1\left(L^2\text{ev}^{}T^n\right)c_1\left(\gamma _{L^{}L_{\widehat{1}}L^{}L_{\widehat{2}}}\right),[\overline{𝒮}_{𝒯;2}(\mu )]𝒞_{\alpha _{𝒯;2}^1(0)}\left(\alpha _{𝒯;2}^{}\right)=2\left|𝒮_{\overline{𝒯};2}(\mu )\right|.$$

Here we used $`c_1(L^{}),[\overline{}_{0,4}]=1`$; see Corollary LABEL:enum1-chern\_mbar4 in \[Z2\]. Summing over all bubble types $`𝒯`$ as above and using Lemma 3.6, we obtain

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \underset{|\chi (𝒯)|=2}{}𝒞_{\overline{𝒮}_1(\mu )𝒰_𝒯(\mu )}\left(𝒟^{(2)}\right)=6a^2+3a\left(c_1(_1^{})+c_1(_2^{})\right)+c_1(_1^{})c_1(_2^{}),\left[\overline{𝒱}_2(\mu )\right]& \\ \hfill +2\left|S_{2;1}(\mu )\right|+2\left|𝒮_{2,1;2}(\mu )\right|& .\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.11)
(4) Finally, suppose $`\chi (𝒯)=\{\widehat{1},\widehat{2},\widehat{3}\}`$ is a three-element set. By Proposition 2.9,

$$\overline{𝒮}_1(\mu )𝒰_𝒯(\mu )=𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu )=𝒰_𝒯(\mu ).$$

The section $`\alpha _{𝒯;2}`$ again has full rank. Thus, $`𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu )`$ is $`𝒟^{(2)}`$-hollow if $`\chi (𝒯)\widehat{I}`$. If $`\chi (𝒯)=\widehat{I}`$, $`\alpha _{𝒯;2}`$ extends over $`\overline{𝒮}_{𝒯;2}(\mu )`$ via the splitting (2.6) by

$$\alpha _{𝒯;2}[x_{\widehat{1}},x_{\widehat{2}},x_{\widehat{3}},b;\upsilon _{\widehat{1}},\upsilon _{\widehat{2}},\upsilon _{\widehat{3}}]=x_{\widehat{1}}𝒟_{𝒯,\widehat{1}}\upsilon _{\widehat{1}}+x_{\widehat{2}}𝒟_{𝒯,\widehat{2}}\upsilon _{\widehat{2}}+x_{\widehat{3}}𝒟_{𝒯,\widehat{3}}\upsilon _{\widehat{3}}.$$

This extension does not vanish on $`𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu )`$, since $`x_{\widehat{1}},x_{\widehat{2}},x_{\widehat{3}}`$ are never all the same. Thus, by Proposition 2.4,

$$𝒞_{\overline{𝒮}_1(\mu )𝒰_𝒯(\mu )}\left(𝒟^{(2)}\right)=c_1\left(L^2\text{ev}^{}T^n\right)c_1\left(\gamma _{L^{}L_{\widehat{1}}L^{}L_{\widehat{2}}L^{}L_{\widehat{3}}}\right),[\overline{𝒮}_{𝒯;2}(\mu )]=3\left|𝒰_{\overline{𝒯}}(\mu )\right|.$$

Summing over all such bubble types $`𝒯`$, we obtain

$$\underset{|\chi (𝒯)|=3}{}𝒞_{\overline{𝒮}_1(\mu )𝒰_𝒯(\mu )}\left(𝒟^{(2)}\right)=3\tau _3(\mu ).$$
(3.12)
The claim follows by plugging the sum of equations (3.10), (3.11), and (3.12) into (3.5) and using (2.3).

###### Corollary 3.5

If $`d`$ is a positive integer, the number of rational degree-$`d`$ curves that pass through a tuple $`\mu `$ of $`3d4`$ points in general position in $`^2`$ and have a $`(3,4)`$-cusp is given by

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \left|𝒮_{1;2}(\mu )\right|=& 33a^2c_1^2(^{})+18ac_1^3(^{})+4c_1^4(^{}),\left[\overline{𝒱}_1(\mu )\right]+3\tau _3(\mu )\hfill \\ & 21a^2+9a\left(c_1(_1^{})+c_1(_2^{})\right)+2\left(c_1^2(_1^{})+c_1^2(_2^{})\right)+c_1(_1^{})c_1(_2^{}),\left[\overline{𝒱}_2(\mu )\right]\hfill \end{array}$$

| $`d`$ | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $`|𝒮_{1;2}(\mu )|`$ | 0 | 0 | 147 | 54,612 | 23,177,124 | 14,617,373,280 |

This corollary is immediate from Lemmas 3.4, 3.1, and 3.3.

###### Lemma 3.6

If $`d`$ is a positive integer and $`\mu `$ is a a tuple of $`3d4`$ points in general position in $`^2`$,

$$N\left(𝒟_{2;2}\right)=6a^2+3a\left(c_1(_1^{})+c_1(_2^{})\right)+c_1(_1^{})c_1(_2^{}),\left[\overline{𝒱}_2(\mu )\right].$$

Proof: (1) Since $`𝒟_{2;2}`$ does not vanish on $`𝒮_{2;2}(\mu )`$, by Lemmas 2.5 and 3.2,

$$N\left(𝒟_{2;2}\right)=c_1(\text{ev}^{}T^2)c_1\left(\gamma _{E_2}\right),\left[\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )\right]𝒞_{\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )}\left(𝒟_{2;2}^{}\right)=3a+\lambda _{E_2},\left[\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )\right]𝒞_{\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )}\left(𝒟_{2;2}^{}\right)$$

$$=12a^2+6a\left(c_1(_1^{})+c_1(_2^{})\right)+\left(c_1^2(L_1^{})+c_1^2(L_2^{})\right)+c_1(L_1^{})c_1(L_2^{}),\left[\overline{𝒱}_2(\mu )\right]𝒞_{\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )}\left(𝒟_{2;2}^{}\right)$$
(3.13)
In (3.13), $`𝒟_{2;2}^{}=\pi _{\overline{\nu }}^{}𝒟_{2;2}`$, where $`\pi _{\overline{\nu }}^{}:\text{ev}^{}T^2\text{ev}^{}T^2/\overline{\nu }`$ is the projection onto the quotient by a trivial subbundle $`\overline{\nu }`$; see Subsection 2.1. If $`\overline{\nu }`$ is generic, by Proposition 2.11, $`\pi _{\overline{\nu }}^{}\alpha _{2;2}`$ is an isomorphism between $`\gamma _{E_2}^{}\left(E_2/\gamma _{E_2}\right)`$ and $`\text{ev}^{}T^2/\overline{\nu }`$ over every point of $`\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )`$. Thus, by Proposition 2.4 and the analytic estimate of Proposition 2.11,

$$𝒞_{\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )}\left(𝒟_{2;2}^{}\right)=\left|\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )\right|=\left|𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )\right|+\underset{[𝒯]}{}\left|𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu )\right|,$$
(3.14)
where the sum is taken over all equivalence classes of non-basic types $`𝒯=(S^2,[N],I;j,\underset{¯}{d})`$ such that $`I\widehat{I}=\{k_1,k_2\}`$ is a two-element set and $`d_i=d`$.
(2) Let $`𝒯_i=(S^2,M_{k_i},I_{k_i};j,\underset{¯}{d})`$, where $`i=1,2`$, be the simple bubble types corresponding to a bubble type $`𝒯`$ as above. If $`𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu )\mathrm{}`$, up to a re-ordering of indices, $`𝒯`$ must have one of two forms. The first possibility is that $`𝒯_2`$ is basic, while $`d_{k_1}=0`$ and $`H_{k_1}𝒯=I_{k_1}`$ is a two-element set. Then $`𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu )=𝒰_𝒯(\mu )`$. The sum of the cardinalities of the sets $`𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu )`$ taken over all equivalence classes of such bubble types is then $`3\tau _3(\mu )`$, since one of the three irreducible components of the image of each map is distinguished. The other possibility is that $`𝒯_2`$ is basic, while $`d_{k_1}=0`$, $`H_{k_1}𝒯=I_{k_1}`$ is a one-element set, and $`j_l=k_1`$ for some $`l[N]`$. Since $`\text{ev}^{}𝒪(1_^2)`$ is trivial on $`\overline{𝒰}_𝒯(\mu )`$,

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \left|𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu )\right|=c_2\left(\gamma _{E\overline{𝒯}}^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2\right),\left[E\overline{𝒯}\right]& =c_1(L_{\overline{𝒯},\widehat{1}}^{})+c_1(L_{\overline{𝒯},k_2}^{}),\left[\overline{𝒰}_{\overline{𝒯}}(\mu )\right]\hfill \\ & =c_1(L_{𝒯,\widehat{1}}^{})+c_1(L_{𝒯,k_2}^{}),\left[\overline{𝒰}_𝒯(\mu )\right],\hfill \end{array}$$

if $`I=\{k_1,k_2,\widehat{1}\}`$. Summing over all equivalence classes of such bubble types and using equations (2.3) and (2.4), we obtain

$$\underset{[𝒯]}{}\left|𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu )\right|=\underset{[𝒯^{}]}{}\underset{l[N]}{}c_1(_1^{})+c_1(_2^{}),\left[\overline{𝒰}_{𝒯^{}(l)}(\mu )\right]+3\tau _3(\mu ),$$

where the second sum is taken over equivalence classes of basic bubble types $`𝒯^{}=(S^2,[N],I^{};j^{},\underset{¯}{d}^{})`$ such that $`|I^{}|=2`$ and $`d_i^{}=d`$. Combing equations (3.13) and (3.14) thus gives

$$N\left(𝒟_{2;2}\right)=12a^2+6a\left(c_1(_1^{})+c_1(_2^{})\right)+\left(c_1^2(_1^{})+c_1^2(_2^{})\right)+c_1(_1^{})c_1(_2^{}),\left[\overline{𝒱}_2(\mu )\right]\left|S_{2;1}(\mu )\right|3\tau _3(\mu ).$$

The claim now follows by using Lemma 3.1.

## 4 Computation of $`CR_3(\mu )`$

### 4.1 The Numbers $`n_1^{(3)}(\mu )`$, $`n_2^{(2)}(\mu )`$, and $`n_3^{(1)}(\mu )`$

The goal of this section is to give topological formulas for the six numbers $`n_m^{(k)}(\mu )`$ of Corollary 2.13. We start with the three numbers that involve zero-dimensional spaces of rational maps, i.e. $`𝒮_{1;2}(\mu )`$, $`𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )`$, and $`𝒱_3(\mu )`$.

###### Lemma 4.1

$`n_1^{(3)}(\mu )=12\left|𝒮_{1;2}(\mu )\right|`$

Proof: By Subsection 2.4, $`n_1^{(3)}(\mu )=N(\alpha _{1;2})`$, where

$$\alpha _{1;2}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma }\times 𝒮_{1;2}(\mu );\text{Hom}(T\mathrm{\Sigma }^3L^3,_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2)),$$

$$\alpha _{1;2}(x,b,v\upsilon )=\left(𝒟^{(3)}\upsilon \right)\left(s_x^{(3)}v\right).$$
(4.1)
The section $`s^{(3)}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma };\text{Hom}(T\mathrm{\Sigma }^3,_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}))`$ has simple zeros at $`z_1,\mathrm{},z_{24}`$. Thus, $`s^{(3)}`$ induces a non-vanishing section

$$\stackrel{~}{s}^{(3)}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma };\text{Hom}(\stackrel{~}{T}\mathrm{\Sigma },_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{})),\text{where}\stackrel{~}{T}\mathrm{\Sigma }=T\mathrm{\Sigma }^3𝒪(z_1)\mathrm{}𝒪(z_{24}).$$

Furthermore, $`N(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{1;2})=N(\alpha _{1;2})`$, where

$$\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{1;2}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma }\times 𝒮_{1;2}(\mu );\text{Hom}(\stackrel{~}{T}\mathrm{\Sigma }L^3,_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2))$$

is the section obtained by replacing $`s^{(3)}`$ by $`\stackrel{~}{s}^{(3)}`$ in (4.1). See Subsection LABEL:enum1-comp\_sec2 in \[Z2\] for a similar argument in the genus-two case. Since $`𝒟^{(3)}`$ does not vanish on $`𝒮_{1;2}(\mu )`$ by Corollary LABEL:enum1-reg\_crl2 in \[Z2\], $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{1;2}`$ does not vanish on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }\times 𝒮_{1;2}(\mu )`$. Thus, by Lemma 2.5,

$$n_1^{(3)}(\mu )=N\left(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{1;2}\right)=c_1\left(_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2\right)c_1(\stackrel{~}{T}\mathrm{\Sigma }),\left[\mathrm{\Sigma }\times 𝒮_{1;2}(\mu )\right]=12\left|𝒮_{1;2}(\mu )\right|.$$

since the euler characteristic of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is $`4`$.

Remark: Note that this argument remains valid even if $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ has hyperflexes, i.e. the points $`z_1,\mathrm{},z_{24}`$ are not all distinct.

###### Lemma 4.2

$`n_2^{(2)}(\mu )=36\left|𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )\right|`$

Proof: (1) By Subsection 2.4, $`n_2^{(2)}(\mu )=N(\alpha _{2;1})`$, where

$$\alpha _{2;1}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma }_1\times \mathrm{\Sigma }_2\times 𝒮_{2;1}(\mu );\text{Hom}(E,𝒪)),E=T\mathrm{\Sigma }_1^2L_1^2T\mathrm{\Sigma }_2L_2,𝒪=_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_1}^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2,$$

$$\alpha _{2;1}(x_1,x_2,b;v_1\upsilon _1,v_2\upsilon _2)=\left(𝒟_1^{(2)}\upsilon _1\right)(s_{x_1}^{(2)}v_1)+\left(𝒟_2\upsilon _2\right)\left(\pi _{x_1}^{}s_{x_2}v_2\right)_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}(x_1)T_{\text{ev}(b)}^2.$$

Here we define the line bundles $`L_1,L_2𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )`$ and the sections $`𝒟_1^{(2)}`$ and $`𝒟_2^{(1)}`$ as follows. If $`b𝒰_𝒯^{}(\mu )𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )`$, $`𝒯^{}=(S^2,[N],I^{};j^{},\underset{¯}{d}^{})`$, $`I^{}=\{k_1,k_2\}`$, and $`𝒟_{𝒯^{},k_1}b=0`$, we take

$$L_1|_b=L_{k_1}|_b,L_2|_b=L_{k_2}|_b,𝒟_1^{(2)}|_b=𝒟_{𝒯^{},k_1}^{(2)}|_b,𝒟_2^{(1)}|_b=𝒟_{𝒯^{},k_2}^{(1)}|_b.$$

(2) By Lemma 2.5,

$$N(\alpha _{2;1})=\underset{k=0}{\overset{k=2}{}}\lambda _E^{3k}c_k\left(_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_1}^{}^2\right),\left[E\right]𝒞_{\alpha ^{E1}(0)}\left(\alpha ^E\right)=64\left|𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )\right|𝒞_{\alpha ^{E1}(0)}\left(\alpha ^E\right).$$
(4.2)
Since $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is not hyperelleptic by assumption, $`s_{x_1}=\lambda s_{x_2}`$ for some $`\lambda C^{}`$ if and only if $`x_1=x_2`$. Thus, $`\pi _{x_1}^{}s_{x_2}=0`$ if and only if $`x_1=x_2`$. Since the images of $`𝒟_1^{(2)}|_b`$ and $`𝒟_2^{(1)}|_b`$ in $`T_{\text{ev}(b)}^2`$ are linearly independent for all $`b𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )`$ by Corollary LABEL:enum1-reg\_crl2 in \[Z2\], it follows that

$$\alpha ^{E1}(0)=𝒵\{(x,x,b;T\mathrm{\Sigma }_2L_2):x\mathrm{\Sigma },b𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )\}.$$

The normal bundle of $`𝒵`$ in $`E_2`$ is

$$𝒩𝒵=T\mathrm{\Sigma }_2(T\mathrm{\Sigma }_2L_2)^{}T\mathrm{\Sigma }_1^2L_1^2T\mathrm{\Sigma }T\mathrm{\Sigma }𝒵.$$

With appropriate identifications,

$$\left|\alpha ^E(x,x,b;w,u)\alpha _𝒵(x,b;w,u)\right|C|w|^2(x,x,b;w,u)𝒩𝒵,$$
(4.3)
$$\text{where}\alpha _𝒵\mathrm{\Gamma }(𝒵;\text{Hom}(𝒩𝒵;\gamma _E^{}𝒪)),\alpha _𝒵(x,b;w,u)=\left\{𝒟_1^{(2)}s_x^{(2)}\right\}u+𝒟_2^{(1)}s_x^{(2)}(w,).$$

Since the images of $`𝒟_1^{(2)}|_b`$ and $`𝒟_2^{(1)}|_b`$ in $`T_{\text{ev}(b)}^2`$ are linearly independent for all $`b𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )`$, $`\alpha _𝒵`$ has full rank over all of $`𝒵`$. If $`\overline{\nu }`$ is generic, $`\pi _{\overline{\nu }}^{}\alpha _𝒵`$ also has full rank on every fiber, where $`\pi _{\overline{\nu }}^{}:𝒪𝒪/\overline{\nu }`$ is the quotient projection as before. Then by the analytic estimate (4.3) and Proposition 2.4,

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 𝒞_{\alpha ^{E1}(0)}\left(\alpha ^E\right)& =c_1\left(T^{}\mathrm{\Sigma }𝒪^{}\right)c_1\left(𝒩𝒵\right),\left[\mathrm{\Sigma }\times 𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )\right]\hfill \\ & =\left(3c_1(T^{}\mathrm{\Sigma })+2c_1(T^{}\mathrm{\Sigma })\right)+2c_1(T^{}\mathrm{\Sigma }),[\mathrm{\Sigma }]\left|𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )\right|=28\left|𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )\right|.\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.4)
The claim is obtained by plugging (4.4) into (4.2).

###### Lemma 4.3

$`n_3^{(1)}(\mu )=36\tau _3(\mu )`$

Proof: (1) By Subsection 2.4, $`n_3^{(1)}(\mu )=N(\alpha _3)`$, where

$$\alpha _3\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma }_1\times \mathrm{\Sigma }_2\times \mathrm{\Sigma }_3\times 𝒱_3(\mu );\text{Hom}(E,𝒪)),E=\underset{i}{}T\mathrm{\Sigma }_iL_i,𝒪=_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{0,1}\text{ev}^{}T^2,$$

$$\alpha _3(x_1,x_2,x_3,b;v_1\upsilon _1,v_2\upsilon _2,v_3\upsilon _3)=\underset{i}{}\left(𝒟_i\upsilon _i\right)(s_{x_i}v_i)_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{0,1}T_{\text{ev}(b)}^2.$$

Here the bundles $`L_i𝒱_3(\mu )`$ and the sections $`𝒟_i\mathrm{\Gamma }(𝒱_3(\mu );L_i^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2)`$ are defined as follows. If $`b𝒰_𝒯^{}(\mu )𝒱_3(\mu )`$, $`𝒯^{}=(S^2,[N],I^{};j^{},\underset{¯}{d}^{})`$, and $`I^{}=\{k_1,k_2,k_3\}`$, we let $`L_i|_b=L_{𝒯,k_i}`$ and $`𝒟_i=𝒟_{𝒯,k_i}`$. These bundles and sections are well-defined once we fix a representative for each equivalence class of such bubble types $`𝒯^{}`$ and order the elements of the corresponding set $`I^{}`$.
(2) By Lemma 2.5,

$$N(\alpha _3)=\underset{k=0}{\overset{k=3}{}}\lambda _E^{5k}c_k\left(^5\right),\left[E\right]𝒞_{\alpha ^{E1}(0)}\left(\alpha ^E\right)=64\left|𝒱_3(\mu )\right|𝒞_{\alpha ^{E1}(0)}\left(\alpha ^E\right).$$
(4.5)
Since $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is not hyperelleptic, $`s_{x_1}=\lambda s_{x_2}`$ for some $`\lambda C^{}`$ if and only if $`x_1=x_2`$. Since the images of $`𝒟_i|_b`$ and $`𝒟_j|_b`$ in $`T_{\text{ev}(b)}^2`$ are linearly independent for all $`b𝒱_3(\mu )`$ and $`ij`$ by Corollary LABEL:enum1-reg\_crl2 in \[Z2\], it follows that

$$\alpha ^{E1}(0)=𝒵\{(x,x,x,b;[v\upsilon _1,v\upsilon _2,v\upsilon _3])E:x\mathrm{\Sigma },b𝒱_3(\mu ),\underset{i}{}𝒟_i\upsilon _i=0\}.$$

The normal bundle of $`𝒵`$ in $`E_2`$ is

$$𝒩𝒵=T\mathrm{\Sigma }_2T\mathrm{\Sigma }_3\left(T\mathrm{\Sigma }_1L_1\right)^{}\left(T\mathrm{\Sigma }_2L_2T\mathrm{\Sigma }_3L_3\right)T\mathrm{\Sigma }T\mathrm{\Sigma }^2𝒵.$$

With appropriate identifications,

$$\left|\alpha ^E(x,x,x,b;w_2,w_3,u_2,u_3)\alpha _𝒵(x,b;w_2,w_3,u_2,u_3)\right|C\left|(w_2,w_3)\right|^2(w_2,w_3,u_2,u_3)𝒩𝒵,$$

$$\text{where}\alpha _𝒵\mathrm{\Gamma }(𝒵;\text{Hom}(𝒩𝒵;(T\mathrm{\Sigma }_1L_1)^{}𝒪)),$$
(4.6)
$$\alpha _𝒵(x,b;w_2,w_3,u_2,u_3)=\left\{𝒟_2s_x\right\}u_2+\left\{𝒟_3s_x\right\}u_3+𝒟_2s_{g_x,x}^{(2)}(w_2,)+𝒟_3s_{g_x,x}^{(2)}(w_3,),$$

and $`\{g_x:x\mathrm{\Sigma }\}`$ is a smooth family of metrics on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ such $`g_x`$ is flat on a neighborhood of $`x`$. Since the images of $`𝒟_2|_b`$ and $`𝒟_3|_b`$ are linearly independent in $`T_{\text{ev}(b)}^2`$ for all $`b𝒱_3(\mu )`$ and the section $`s_x^{(2)}=\pi _x^{}s_{g_x,x}`$ does not vanish on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, the linear map $`\alpha _𝒵`$ is injective over $`𝒵`$. Thus, by the analytic estimate (4.6) and Proposition 2.4,

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 𝒞_{\alpha ^{E1}(0)}\left(\alpha ^E\right)& =c_1\left(T^{}\mathrm{\Sigma }𝒪^{}\right)c_1\left(𝒩𝒵\right),\left[\mathrm{\Sigma }\times 𝒱_3(\mu )\right]\hfill \\ & =5c_1(T^{}\mathrm{\Sigma })+2c_1(T^{}\mathrm{\Sigma }),[\mathrm{\Sigma }]\left|𝒱_3(\mu )\right|=28\left|𝒱_3(\mu )\right|.\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.7)
The claim is obtained by plugging (4.7) into (4.5).

### 4.2 The Number $`n_2^{(1)}(\mu )`$

We now use the topological tools of Subsection 2.1 along with the analytic estimates of Subsection 2.3 to give a topological formula for the number $`n_2^{(1)}(\mu )`$ of Corollary 2.13. The computation involved is long, but fairly straightforward.

###### Lemma 4.4

If $`d`$ is a positive integer and $`\mu `$ is a tuple of $`3d4`$ points in general position in $`^2`$,

$$n_2^{(1)}(\mu )=1210a^2+3a\left(c_1(_1^{})+c_1(_1^{})\right)+c_1(_1^{})c_1(_1^{}),\left[\overline{𝒱}_2(\mu )\right].$$

Proof: (1) By Subsection 2.4, $`n_2^{(1)}(\mu )=N(\alpha _2)`$, where

$$\alpha _2\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma }_1\times \mathrm{\Sigma }_2\times \overline{𝒱}_2(\mu );\text{Hom}(\stackrel{~}{E},𝒪)),\stackrel{~}{E}=T\mathrm{\Sigma }_1L_1T\mathrm{\Sigma }_2L_2,𝒪=_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{0,1}\text{ev}^{}T^2,$$

$$\alpha _2(x_1,x_2,b;v_1\upsilon _1,v_2\upsilon _2)=\left(𝒟_1\upsilon _1\right)(s_{x_1}v_1)+\left(𝒟_2\upsilon _2\right)(s_{x_2}v_2)_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{0,1}T_{\text{ev}(b)}^2,$$

with the bundles $`L_i\overline{𝒱}_2(\mu )`$ and the sections $`𝒟_i\mathrm{\Gamma }(\overline{𝒱}_2(\mu );L_i^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2)`$ defined as in the proof of Lemma 4.3. By Lemma 2.5,

$`N(\alpha _2)={\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{k=3}{}}}\lambda _{\stackrel{~}{E}}^{5k}c_k\left(𝒪\right),\left[\stackrel{~}{E}\right]𝒞_{\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}1}(0)}\left(\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}}\right)`$ (4.8)
$`=1636a^2+18a\left(c_1(_1^{})+c_1(_2^{})\right)+3\left(c_1^2(L_1^{})+c_1^2(L_2^{})\right)+4c_1(L_1^{})c_1(L_2^{}),\left[\overline{𝒱}_2(\mu )\right]𝒞_{\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}1}(0)}\left(\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}}\right).`$
Since $`s_{x_1}=\lambda s_{x_2}`$ for some $`\lambda `$ if and only if $`x_1=x_2`$,

$$\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}1}(0)=\{(x,x,b;[\upsilon _1,\upsilon _2]):𝒟_1\upsilon _1+𝒟_2\upsilon _2=0\}\underset{i=1,2}{}\{(x_1,x_2,b;T_{x_i}\mathrm{\Sigma }_iL_i|_b):𝒟_ib=0\}.$$

We now partition these sets further and apply the topological tools of Subsection 2.1. As usually, we denote by $`\overline{\nu }\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{E};𝒪)`$ a generic non-vanishing section.
(2) We start with the spaces $`(\mathrm{\Sigma }^2\mathrm{\Delta })\times 𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }\times 𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )`$. For notational simplicity, we assume that $`𝒟_1b=0`$ for $`b𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )`$. The normal bundle of the subspace

$$𝒵_{2;1}(\mu )=\{(x_1,x_2,b;T_{x_1}\mathrm{\Sigma }_1L_1|_b):x_1x_2,b𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )\}$$

in $`\stackrel{~}{E}`$ is given by

$$𝒩𝒵_{2;1}=\pi _{\stackrel{~}{E}}^{}\left(L_1^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2T\mathrm{\Sigma }_1^{}L_1^{}T\mathrm{\Sigma }_2L_2\right)^2T\mathrm{\Sigma }_1^{}T\mathrm{\Sigma }_2.$$

With appropriate identifications, $`𝒟_1(b,X)=X`$ for all $`X(L_1^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2)_b`$ sufficiently small. Thus,

$$\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}}(x_1,x_2,b;X,u)=\alpha _{2;1}(x_1,x_2,b;X,u)Xs_{\mathrm{\Sigma },x_1}+\left\{𝒟_2s_{\mathrm{\Sigma },x_2}\right\}u.$$

Since $`\alpha _{2;1}`$ has full rank on $`𝒵_{2;1}(\mu )(\mathrm{\Sigma }^2\mathrm{\Delta })\times 𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )`$ and extends over $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^2\times 𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )`$,

$$𝒞_{(\mathrm{\Sigma }^2\mathrm{\Delta })\times 𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )}\left(\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}}\right)=N\left(\pi _{\overline{\nu }}^{}\alpha _{2;1}\right),$$

as long as $`\overline{\nu }`$ is generic. In fact, it can be assumed the image of $`\overline{\nu }`$ is disjoint from $`_\mathrm{\Sigma }^+(x_1)\text{ev}^{}T^2`$. Then $`\pi _{\overline{\nu }}^{}\left(_\mathrm{\Sigma }^+(x_1)\text{ev}^{}T^2\right)`$ is a rank-two subbundle of $`𝒪^{}`$, and

$$\pi _{\overline{\nu }}^{}\alpha _{2;1}:^2\gamma _{\stackrel{~}{E}}^{}\pi _{\overline{\nu }}^{}\left(_\mathrm{\Sigma }^+(x_1)\text{ev}^{}T^2\right)$$

is an isomorphism. It follows that $`N\left(\pi _{\overline{\nu }}^{}\alpha _{2;1}\right)=N\left(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{2;1}\right)`$, where

$$\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{2;1}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma }^2\times 𝒮_{2;1}(\mu );\text{Hom}(F_2;𝒪_2)),\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{2;1}(x_1,x_2,b;u)=\pi _{\pi _{x_1}^{}\overline{\nu }}^{}\left\{𝒟_2\pi _{x_1}^{}s_{x_2}\right\}u,$$

$$F_2=T\mathrm{\Sigma }_1^{}L_1^{}T\mathrm{\Sigma }_2L_2T\mathrm{\Sigma }_1^{}T\mathrm{\Sigma }_2,𝒪_2=T\mathrm{\Sigma }_1^{}L_1^{}\left(_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_1}^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2\right)^{}T\mathrm{\Sigma }_1^{}\left(_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_1}^{}^2\right)^{},$$

By Lemma 2.5,

$$N\left(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{2;1}\right)=c_1^2(F_2^{})+c_1(F_2^{})c_1(𝒪_2),\left[\mathrm{\Sigma }^2\times 𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )\right]𝒞_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{2;1}^1(0)}\left(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{2;1}^{}\right)=48\left|𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )\right|𝒞_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{2;1}^1(0)}\left(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{2;1}^{}\right).$$

The zero set of $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{2;1}`$ is $`\mathrm{\Delta }\times 𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )`$; see the proof of Lemma 4.2. Its normal bundle is $`T\mathrm{\Sigma }_2T\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. If $`\overline{\nu }`$ and $`\overline{\nu }_2`$ are generic, as in the proof of Lemma 4.2, we obtain

$$\left|\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{2;1}^{}(x,x,b;w)\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{2;1;\mathrm{\Delta }}(x,b;w)\right|C|w|^2wT\mathrm{\Sigma }_\delta ,$$

where $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{2;1;\mathrm{\Delta }}:T\mathrm{\Sigma }F_2^{}𝒪_2^{}`$ is an injection on every fiber. Thus, by Proposition 2.4,

$$𝒞_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{2;1}^1(0)}\left(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{2;1}^{}\right)=c_1\left(F_2^{}𝒪_2^{}\right)c_1(T\mathrm{\Sigma }),\left[\mathrm{\Sigma }\times 𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )\right]=24\left|𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )\right|.$$

We conclude that

$$𝒞_{(\mathrm{\Sigma }^2\mathrm{\Delta })\times 𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )}\left(\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}}\right)=24\left|𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )\right|.$$
(4.9)
On the other hand, the space $`\overline{𝒵}_{2;1}𝒵_{2;1}\mathrm{\Delta }\times 𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )`$ is $`\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}}`$-hollow, and thus

$$𝒞_{\mathrm{\Delta }\times 𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )}\left(\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}}\right)=0.$$

Indeed, its normal bundle in $`\stackrel{~}{E}_2`$ is given by

$$𝒩𝒵=\pi _{\stackrel{~}{E}}^{}\left(T\mathrm{\Sigma }_2L_1^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2T\mathrm{\Sigma }_1^{}L_1^{}T\mathrm{\Sigma }_2L_2\right).$$

With appropriate identifications,

$$\left|\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}}(x,x,b;w,X,u)\stackrel{~}{\alpha }(x,b;w,X,u)\right|C|w|^2|u|(w,X,u)𝒩𝒵_\delta ,\text{where}$$

$$\stackrel{~}{\alpha }(x,b;w,X,u)=Xs_x+\left\{𝒟_2s_x\right\}u+\left\{𝒟_2s_{g_x,x}^{(2)}(w,)\right\}u.$$

Since $`\pi _x^{}s_{g_x,x}^{(2)}`$ does not vanish, $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }`$ is a dominant term for $`\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}}`$; the same holds for composites with projection maps. Since

$$\text{rk}\left(_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2\right)^{}>\text{rk}T\mathrm{\Sigma }_2\left(T\mathrm{\Sigma }_1^{}L_1^{}T\mathrm{\Sigma }_2L_2\right)+\frac{1}{2}dim\left(\mathrm{\Delta }\times 𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )\right),$$

$`\mathrm{\Delta }\times 𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )`$ is $`\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}}`$-hollow.
(3) Suppose $`𝒯=(S^2,[N],I;j,\underset{¯}{d})`$ is a non-basic bubble type and $`𝒟_1b=0`$ for some $`b𝒰_𝒯(\mu )\overline{𝒱}_2(\mu )`$. Let $`I_1`$ and $`I_2`$ be the corresponding rooted trees and $`k_1I_1`$ and $`k_2I_2`$ the minimal elements. Then $`d_{k_1}=0`$, $`d_{k_2}0`$, and $`\left|H_{k_1}𝒯\right|\{1,2\}`$. Let

$$𝒵_𝒯=\{(x_1,x_2,b;T_{x_1}\mathrm{\Sigma }_1L_1|_b)\stackrel{~}{E}:b𝒰_𝒯(\mu )\}.$$

By Theorem 2.8, the normal bundle of $`𝒵_𝒯`$ in $`\stackrel{~}{E}`$ is

$$𝒩𝒵_𝒯=\pi _{\stackrel{~}{E}}^{}\left(𝒯T\mathrm{\Sigma }_1^{}L_1^{}T\mathrm{\Sigma }_2L_2\right)𝒯T\mathrm{\Sigma }_1^{}T\mathrm{\Sigma }_2L_2.$$

First suppose $`H_{k_1}𝒯=\{\widehat{1}\}`$ is a one-element set. Then, with appropriate identifications,

$$\left|\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}}(x_1,x_2,b;\upsilon ,u)\alpha _{𝒵_𝒯}(x_1,x_2,b;\upsilon _{\widehat{1}},u)\right|C(b)|\upsilon |^{\frac{1}{p}}\left(|\upsilon _{\widehat{1}}|+|u|\right)(\upsilon ,u)𝒩_b𝒵_{𝒯,\delta (b)},$$
(4.10)
$$\text{where}\alpha _{𝒵_𝒯}(x_1,x_2,b;\upsilon _{\widehat{1}},u)=\left(𝒟_{𝒯,\widehat{1}}\upsilon _{\widehat{1}}\right)s_{x_1}+\left\{𝒟_2s_{x_2}\right\}u.$$

If $`H_{k_1}𝒯\widehat{I}`$, the images of $`𝒟_{𝒯,\widehat{1}}|_b`$ and of $`𝒟_2|_b`$ in $`T_{\text{ev}(b)}^2`$ are linearly independent for all $`b𝒰_𝒯(\mu )`$. Thus, $`\alpha _{𝒵_𝒯}`$ is injective on every fiber and $`𝒵_𝒯`$ is $`\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}}`$-hollow by (4.10), provided $`\overline{\nu }`$ is generic. Then, by Proposition 2.4,

$$𝒞_{𝒵_𝒯}\left(\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}}\right)=0\text{if}\left|_{k_1}𝒯\right|=1<|\widehat{I}|.$$

If $`_{k_1}𝒯=\widehat{I}`$, $`\alpha _{𝒵_𝒯}`$ has full rank outside of the set

$$\stackrel{~}{𝒮}_{𝒯;2}(\mu )=\{(x,x,b;T_x\mathrm{\Sigma }_1L_1|_b)𝒵_𝒯:𝒟_{𝒯,\widehat{1}}\upsilon _{\widehat{1}}+𝒟_2\upsilon _2=0\text{ for some }(\upsilon _{\widehat{1}},\upsilon _2)0\}\mathrm{\Sigma }\times 𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu ).$$

Since $`\alpha _{𝒵_𝒯}`$ extends naturally over $`\overline{𝒵}_𝒯\stackrel{~}{E}`$, by Proposition 2.4,

$$𝒞_{𝒵_𝒯\stackrel{~}{𝒮}_{𝒯;2}(\mu )}\left(\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}}\right)=N\left(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_𝒯\right),\text{where}\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_𝒯=\pi _{\overline{\nu }}^{}\alpha _{𝒵_𝒯}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\overline{𝒵}_𝒯;\text{Hom}(F_2;𝒪_2)),$$

$$\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_𝒯=\pi _{\overline{\nu }}^{}\left(\left(𝒟_{𝒯,\widehat{1}}\upsilon _{\widehat{1}}\right)s_{x_1}+\left\{𝒟_2s_{x_2}\right\}u\right);$$

$$F_2=L_1^{}L_{𝒯,\widehat{1}}T\mathrm{\Sigma }_1^{}L_1^{}T\mathrm{\Sigma }_2L_2L_{𝒯,\widehat{1}}T\mathrm{\Sigma }_1^{}T\mathrm{\Sigma }_2L_2,𝒪_2=\gamma _{\stackrel{~}{E}}^{}𝒪^{}T\mathrm{\Sigma }_1^{}^5.$$

By Lemma 2.5,

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill N\left(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_𝒯\right)=& \underset{k=0}{\overset{k=4}{}}\lambda _{F_2}^{4k}c_k(𝒪_2),\left[F_2\right]𝒞_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_𝒯^{F_21}(0)}\left(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_𝒯^{F_2}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill =& 163c_1(_1^{})+4c_1(_2^{}),\left[\overline{𝒰}_𝒯(\mu )\right]𝒞_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_𝒯^{F_21}(0)}\left(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_𝒯^{F_2}\right),\hfill \end{array}$$

since $`a=0`$, $`c_1(L_{𝒯,\widehat{1}}^{})=c_1(_1^{})`$, and $`c_1(L_2^{})=c_1(_2^{})`$ in $`H^{}\left(\overline{𝒰}_𝒯(\mu )\right)`$. Furthermore,

$$\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_𝒯^{F_21}(0)=\{(x,x,b;[v\upsilon _{\widehat{1}},v\upsilon _2])F_2:𝒟_{𝒯,\widehat{1}}\upsilon _{\widehat{1}}+𝒟_2\upsilon _2=0\}\mathrm{\Sigma }\times 𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu ),$$

$$F_3𝒩\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_𝒯^{F_21}(0)=T\mathrm{\Sigma }_2\gamma _{E𝒯}T\mathrm{\Sigma }^2,$$

$$\left|\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_𝒯^{F_2}(x,x,b;w,X)\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{𝒯,\mathrm{\Delta }}(x,b;w,X)\right|C|w|^2(w,X)F_{3,\delta },\text{where}$$

$$\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{𝒯,\mathrm{\Delta }}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_𝒯^{F_21}(0);\text{Hom}(F_3,𝒪_3)),𝒪_3=\gamma _{F_2}^{}𝒪_2^{}\left(T\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}^5\right)^{},$$

$$\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{𝒯,\mathrm{\Delta }}(w,X)=\pi _{\overline{\nu }_2}^{}\left(\pi _{\overline{\nu }}^{}\left(Xs_x+𝒟_2s_{g_x,x}^{(2)}(w,)\right)\right).$$

Since $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{𝒯,\mathrm{\Delta }}`$ has full rank on every fiber, by Proposition 2.4,

$$𝒞_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_𝒯^{F_21}(0)}\left(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_𝒯^{F_2}\right)=c_1(𝒪_3)c_1(F_3),\left[\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_𝒯^{F_21}(0)\right]=24\left|𝒮_{𝒯;2}(\mu )\right|=24c_1(_{𝒯,\widehat{1}}^{})+c_1(_2^{}),\left[\overline{𝒰}_𝒯(\mu )\right].$$

On the other hand, $`\stackrel{~}{𝒮}_{𝒯;2}(\mu )`$ is $`\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}}`$-hollow, and thus

$$𝒞_{\stackrel{~}{𝒮}_{𝒯;2}(\mu )}\left(\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}}\right)=0.$$

Indeed, by Theorem 2.8,

$$𝒩\stackrel{~}{𝒮}_{𝒯;2}=T\mathrm{\Sigma }_2L_2^{}\left(\text{Im}𝒟_{𝒯,\widehat{1}}\right)^{}L_1^{}L_{𝒯,\widehat{1}}T\mathrm{\Sigma }_1^{}L_1^{}T\mathrm{\Sigma }_2L_2,$$

$$\left|\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}}(x,x,b;w,X,\upsilon _{\widehat{1}},u)\stackrel{~}{\alpha }(x,b;w,X,\upsilon _{\widehat{1}},u)\right|C(|w|+|X|)|w||u|,(w,X,\upsilon _{\widehat{1}},u)𝒩\stackrel{~}{𝒮}_{𝒯;2;\delta },$$

$$\text{where}\pi _x^1\stackrel{~}{\alpha }(x,b;w,X,\upsilon _{\widehat{1}},u)=\left\{𝒟_2s_x^{(2)}(w,)\right\}u.$$

The claim that $`\stackrel{~}{𝒮}_{𝒯;2}(\mu )`$ is $`\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}}`$-hollow then follows as in (2). Summing over bubble types as above, we conclude that

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \underset{|\chi (𝒯)|=1}{}𝒞_{\mathrm{\Sigma }^2\times 𝒰_𝒯(\mu )}\left(\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}}\right)=& 16\underset{𝒯^{}}{}\underset{\{i,j\}=\{1,2\}}{}\underset{lM_i^{}}{}3c_1(_i^{})+4c_1(_j^{}),\left[\overline{𝒰}_{𝒯^{}(l)}\right]\hfill \\ & 24\underset{𝒯^{}}{}\underset{l[N]}{}c_1(_1^{})+c_1(_2^{}),\left[\overline{𝒰}_{𝒯^{}(l)}\right],\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.11)
where the outer sums are taken over all equivalence classes of basic bubble types $`𝒯^{}`$ such that $`𝒰_𝒯^{}(\mu )𝒱_2(\mu )`$.
(4) We next consider the case $`H_{k_1}𝒯=\{\widehat{1},\widehat{2}\}`$ is a two-element set. Then $`\widehat{I}=H_{k_1}𝒯`$,

$$\left|\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}}(x_1,x_2,b;\upsilon ,u)\alpha _{𝒵_𝒯}(x_1,x_2,b;\upsilon ,u)\right|C(b)|\upsilon |^{\frac{1}{p}}\left(|\upsilon |+|u|\right)(\upsilon ,u)𝒩_b𝒵_{𝒯,\delta (b)},$$

$$\text{where}\alpha _{𝒵_𝒯}(x_1,x_2,b;\upsilon ,u)=\left(𝒟_{𝒯,\widehat{1}}\upsilon _{\widehat{1}}\right)s_{x_1}+\left(𝒟_{𝒯,\widehat{2}}\upsilon _{\widehat{2}}\right)s_{x_1}+\left\{𝒟_2s_{x_2}\right\}u.$$

The map $`\alpha _{𝒵_𝒯}`$ has full rank outside of the set

$$\stackrel{~}{𝒮}_{𝒯;2}(\mu )=\left\{(x,x,b;T_x\mathrm{\Sigma }_1L_1|_b)𝒵_𝒯\right\}\mathrm{\Sigma }\times 𝒰_𝒯(\mu ).$$

Thus, by Proposition 2.4, $`𝒞_{𝒵_𝒯\stackrel{~}{𝒮}_{𝒯;2}(\mu )}\left(\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}}\right)=N\left(\pi _{\overline{\nu }}^{}\alpha _{𝒵_𝒯}\right)`$. By the same argument as in (2) above, $`N\left(\pi _{\overline{\nu }}^{}\alpha _{𝒵_𝒯}\right)=N\left(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_𝒯\right)`$, where

$$\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_𝒯\mathrm{\Gamma }(𝒵_𝒯;\text{Hom}(F_2;𝒪_2)),\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_𝒯(u)=\pi _{\overline{\nu }}^{}\left(\left\{𝒟_2\pi _{x_1}^{}s_{x_2}\right\}u\right);$$

$$F_2=T\mathrm{\Sigma }_1^{}L_1^{}T\mathrm{\Sigma }_2L_2T\mathrm{\Sigma }_1^{}T\mathrm{\Sigma }_2,𝒪_2=\gamma _{\stackrel{~}{E}}^{}\left(_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_1}^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2\right)^{}T\mathrm{\Sigma }_1^{}\left(_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_1}^{}^2\right)^{}.$$

Thus, applying Lemma 2.5 and again Proposition 2.4, similarly to (2) we obtain

$$N\left(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_𝒯\right)=c_1(F_2^{})c_1(𝒪_2)+c_2(𝒪_2),\left[𝒵_𝒯\right]𝒞_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_𝒯^1(0)}\left(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_𝒯^{}\right)=48\left|𝒰_𝒯(\mu )\right|𝒞_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_𝒯^1(0)}\left(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_𝒯^{}\right);$$

$$𝒞_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_𝒯^1(0)}\left(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_𝒯^{}\right)=c_1(T\mathrm{\Sigma }^{})+c_1\left(F_2^{}𝒪_2^{}\right),\left[\stackrel{~}{𝒮}_{𝒯;2}(\mu )\right]=24\left|𝒰_𝒯(\mu )\right|.$$

On the other hand, by an argument similar to (3) above, $`\stackrel{~}{𝒮}_{𝒯;2}(\mu )`$ is $`\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}}`$-hollow. We conclude that

$$\underset{|\chi (𝒯)|=2}{}𝒞_{\mathrm{\Sigma }^2\times 𝒰_𝒯(\mu )}\left(\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}}\right)=243\tau _3(\mu )=72\tau _3(\mu ).$$
(4.12)
(5) We finally compute the $`\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}}`$-contribution to $`e\left(\gamma _{\stackrel{~}{E}}^{}𝒪^{}\right)`$ from the space

$$𝒵_{2;2}(\mu )=\{(x,x,b;[v\upsilon _1,v\upsilon _2])\stackrel{~}{E}:𝒟_1\upsilon _1+𝒟_1\upsilon _2=0,\upsilon _1,\upsilon _20\}\mathrm{\Sigma }\times 𝒮_{2;2}(\mu ).$$

Its normal bundle in $`\stackrel{~}{E}`$ is

$$𝒩𝒵_{2;2}=T\mathrm{\Sigma }\gamma _{E_2}^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2,\text{where}E_2=L_1L_2\overline{𝒱}_2(\mu ).$$

With appropriate identifications, $`𝒟X=X`$ for all $`X\gamma _{E_2}^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2`$, where $`𝒟\mathrm{\Gamma }(E_2;\gamma _{E_2}^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2)`$ is the section defined in the proof of Lemma 3.2. Then,

$$\left|\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}}(x,x,b;w,X)\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{2;2}(x,b;w,X)\right|C|w|^2(w,X)𝒩𝒵_{2;2;\delta },\text{where}$$

$$\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{2;2}(x,b;w,X)=Xs_x+𝒟_{2;2}s_{g_x,x}^{(2)}(w,),$$

and $`𝒟_{2;2}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu );\gamma _{E_2}^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2)`$ is the section defined in Subsection 2.3. With the identification of small neighborhoods of $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ in $`T\mathrm{\Sigma }\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^2`$ used above, the coefficients defining $`𝒟_{2;2}`$ are $`c_1=0`$ and $`c_2=1`$. By the same argument as in (2) and (4), $`𝒞_{𝒵_{2;2}}\left(\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}}\right)=N(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{2;2}^{})`$, where

$$\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{2;2}^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma }\times \overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu );\text{Hom}(F_2;𝒪_2)),\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{2;2}^{}(w)=\pi _{\overline{\nu }}^{}\left\{𝒟_{2;2}s_x^{(2)}(w,)\right\};$$

$$F_2=T\mathrm{\Sigma },𝒪_2=\gamma _{\stackrel{~}{E}}^{}\left(_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2\right)^{}T\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}\gamma _{E_2}^{}\left(_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2\right)^{}.$$

By Lemmas 2.5 and 3.2,

$$\begin{array}{cc}& N(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{2;2}^{})=c_1(F_2^{})c_1(𝒪_2)+c_2(𝒪_2),\left[\mathrm{\Sigma }\times \overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )\right]𝒞_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{2;2}^1(0)}\left(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{2;2}^{}\right)\hfill \\ & =4120a^2+66a\left(c_1(_1^{})+c_1(_2^{})\right)+13\left(c_1^2(_1^{})+c_1^2(_2^{})\right)+13c_1(_1^{})c_1(_2^{}),\left[\overline{𝒱}_2(\mu )\right]𝒞_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{2;2}^1(0)}\left(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{2;2}^{}\right).\hfill \end{array}$$

By Proposition 2.4 and an argument similar to the proof of Lemma 3.6,

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 𝒞_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{2;2}^1(0)}& =c_1\left(F_2^{}𝒪_2^{}\right),\left[\mathrm{\Sigma }\times \overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )\right]=28\left|\overline{𝒮}_{2;2}(\mu )\right|\hfill \\ & =28\left|𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )\right|+84\tau _3(\mu )+28\underset{[𝒯^{}]}{}\underset{l[N]}{}c(_1^{})+c(_2^{}),\left[\overline{𝒰}_{𝒯^{}(l)}(\mu )\right].\hfill \end{array}$$

It follows that

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 𝒞_{𝒵_{2;2}}\left(\alpha ^{\stackrel{~}{E}}\right)=4120a^2+66a(c_1(_1^{})+c_1(_2^{}))+7(c_1^2(_1^{})+c_1^2(_2^{}))+7c_1(_1^{})c_1(_2^{})& \\ \hfill +6(c_1^2(L_1^{})+c_1^2(L_2^{}))+6c_1(L_1^{})c_1(L_2^{}),\left[\overline{𝒱}_2(\mu )\right]28|𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )|84\tau _3(\mu )& .\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.13)
Combining equations 4.8, 4.9, 4.11, 4.12, and 4.13, we obtain

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill n_2^{(1)}(\mu )=424a^2+6a\left(c_1(_1^{})+c_1(_1^{})\right)+3c_1(_1^{})c_1(_1^{})\left(c_1^2(_1^{})+c_1^2(_1^{})\right),\left[\overline{𝒱}_2(\mu )\right]& \\ \hfill +4\left|𝒮_{2;1}(\mu )\right|+12\tau _3(\mu )& .\hfill \end{array}$$

The claim then follows by using Lemma 3.1.

### 4.3 The Numbers $`n_1^{(2)}(\mu )`$ and $`n_1^{(1)}(\mu )`$

We now give topological formulas for the two remaining numbers of Corollary 2.13. It is possible to obtain the same formulas by going through a lengthy computation like in the proof of Lemma 4.4. Instead we take slightly more geometric approaches.

Suppose $`\overline{𝒵}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ are topological spaces, $`L_𝒵,V_𝒵,E_𝒵\overline{𝒵}`$ and $`L_\mathrm{\Sigma },V_\mathrm{\Sigma }\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ are vector bundles, and $`\alpha _𝒵\mathrm{\Gamma }(\overline{𝒵};\text{Hom}(E_𝒵;L_𝒵^{}V_𝒵))`$, $`s\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma };L_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}V_\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ and $`\overline{\nu }\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma }\times \overline{𝒵};V_\mathrm{\Sigma }V_𝒵)`$ are sections such that $`\overline{\nu }`$ does not vanish. Then we define

$$\alpha _{𝒵,\overline{\nu }}^s\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma }\times \overline{𝒵};\text{Hom}(E_𝒵;L_\mathrm{\Sigma }L_𝒵^{}(V_\mathrm{\Sigma }V_𝒵)^{})),\text{where}\left(V_\mathrm{\Sigma }V_𝒵\right)^{}=\left(V_\mathrm{\Sigma }V_𝒵\right)/\overline{\nu },$$

$$\text{by}\alpha _{𝒵,\overline{\nu }}^s(e,w\upsilon )=\pi _{\overline{\nu }}^{}\left(\{\alpha _𝒵(e)\}(\upsilon )s(w)\right)(V_\mathrm{\Sigma }V_𝒵)^{}.$$

###### Lemma 4.5

Suppose $`L_𝒵,V_𝒵,E_𝒵\overline{𝒵}`$ are ms-bundles of rank one, two, and $`\left(2\frac{1}{2}dim\overline{𝒵}\right)`$, and

$$\alpha _𝒵\mathrm{\Gamma }(\overline{𝒵};\text{Hom}(E_𝒵;L_𝒵^{}V_𝒵))$$

is a regular polynomial. Let $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ be a smooth compact oriented two-manifold, $`L_\mathrm{\Sigma },V_\mathrm{\Sigma }\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ smooth vector bundles of rank one and two, respectively, and $`s\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma };L_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}V_\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ a nonvanishing section. Then for an open collection of nonvanishing sections $`\overline{\nu }\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma }\times \overline{𝒵};V_\mathrm{\Sigma }V_𝒵)`$
(1) $`\alpha _{𝒵,\overline{\nu }}^s`$ is a regular polynomial;
(2) if $`V_𝒵\overline{𝒵}\times ^2`$, $`N\left(\alpha _{𝒵,\overline{\nu }}^s\right)=N\left(\alpha _𝒵\right)3c_1(L_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{})+2c_1(V_\mathrm{\Sigma }),[\mathrm{\Sigma }]`$.

Proof: (1) The first claim is clear. If $`V_𝒵\overline{𝒵}\times ^2`$, we can choose section $`\overline{\nu }\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma }\times \overline{𝒵};V_\mathrm{\Sigma }V_𝒵)`$ that does not intersect $`V_\mathrm{\Sigma }^+V_𝒵`$, where $`V_\mathrm{\Sigma }^+=\text{Im}s`$. Then $`\pi _{\overline{\nu }}^{}\left(V_\mathrm{\Sigma }^+V_𝒵\right)`$ is a rank-two subbundle of $`\left(V_\mathrm{\Sigma }V_𝒵\right)^{}`$. Let

$$𝒪^+=L_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}L_𝒵^{}\pi _{\overline{\nu }}^{}\left(V_\mathrm{\Sigma }^+V_𝒵\right),𝒪^{}\left(L_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}L_𝒵^{}(V_\mathrm{\Sigma }V_𝒵)^{}\right)/𝒪^+.$$

We identify $`𝒪^{}`$ with a complement of $`𝒪^+`$ in $`L_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}L_𝒵^{}(V_\mathrm{\Sigma }V_𝒵)^{}`$.
(2) By definition, $`N(\alpha _𝒵)`$ is the number of zeros of the affine map

$$\psi _{\alpha _𝒵,\nu }:E_𝒵L_𝒵^{}V_𝒵,\psi _{\alpha _𝒵,\nu }(b;\upsilon )=\nu _b+\alpha _𝒵(\upsilon )$$

for a generic section $`\nu \mathrm{\Gamma }(\overline{𝒵};L_𝒵^{}V_𝒵^{})`$. Via the construction preceding the lemma, $`\nu `$ induces a section $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }^+\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma }\times \overline{𝒵};𝒪^+)`$. If $`\nu `$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma }\times \overline{𝒵};𝒪^{})`$ are generic, $`N\left(\alpha _{𝒵,\overline{\nu }}^s\right)`$ is the number of zeros of the affine map

$$\psi _{\alpha _{𝒵,\overline{\nu }}^s,\stackrel{~}{\nu }^++\stackrel{~}{\nu }^{}}:E_𝒵𝒪^+𝒪^{},\psi _{\alpha _{𝒵,\overline{\nu }}^s,\stackrel{~}{\nu }^++\stackrel{~}{\nu }^{}}(x,b;\upsilon )=\stackrel{~}{\nu }_{(x,b)}^++\stackrel{~}{\nu }_{(x,b)}^{}+\alpha _{𝒵,\overline{\nu }}^s(x,b;\upsilon ).$$

The solution of the $`𝒪^+`$-part of this equation is precisely $`\mathrm{\Sigma }\times \psi _{\alpha _𝒵,\nu }^1(0)`$. Thus,

$$N\left(\alpha _{𝒵,\overline{\nu }}^s\right)=^\pm \left|\psi _{\alpha _{𝒵,\overline{\nu }}^s,\stackrel{~}{\nu }^++\stackrel{~}{\nu }^{}}^1(0)\right|=c_1(𝒪^{}),[\mathrm{\Sigma }]N(\alpha _𝒵),$$

as claimed.

###### Lemma 4.6

Suppose $`\overline{𝒵}`$ is an ms-manifold of dimension two, and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, $`L_𝒵`$, $`V_𝒵`$, $`E_𝒵`$, $`L_\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, $`V_\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, $`\alpha _𝒵`$ and $`s`$ are in Lemma 4.5. Then for an open collection of sections $`\overline{\nu }\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma }\times \overline{𝒵};V_\mathrm{\Sigma }V_𝒵)`$

$$𝒞_{\alpha _{𝒵,\overline{\nu }}^{s1}(0)}\left(\alpha _{𝒵,\overline{\nu }}^s\right)=𝒞_{\alpha _𝒵^1(0)}\left(\alpha _𝒵^{}\right)3c_1(L_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{})+2c_1(V_\mathrm{\Sigma }),[\mathrm{\Sigma }];$$

$$N\left(\alpha _{𝒵,\overline{\nu }}^s\right)=N\left(\alpha _𝒵\right)3c_1(L_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{})+2c_1(V_\mathrm{\Sigma }),[\mathrm{\Sigma }]+c_1(V_𝒵),[\overline{𝒵}]c_1(L_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{})+c_1(V_\mathrm{\Sigma }),[\mathrm{\Sigma }].$$

Proof: (1) Since $`\alpha _𝒵`$ is regular and $`\overline{𝒵}`$ is two-dimensional, $`\alpha _𝒵^1(0)`$ is a finite set of points. Thus, we can trivialize the bundles $`E_𝒵`$, $`L_𝒵`$, and $`V_𝒵`$ near $`\alpha _𝒵^1(0)`$, so that $`\nu _z=(0,1)L_𝒵^{}V_𝒵`$, where $`\nu `$ is as in the proof of Lemma 4.5. Furthermore, for each $`z\alpha _𝒵^1(0)`$, there exists $`d_z1`$ such that

$$\left|\alpha _𝒵(u)(u^{d_z},0)\right|\epsilon (u)|u|^{d_z}u_\delta ,\text{with}\underset{u0}{lim}\epsilon (u)=0.$$

Then $`𝒞_z\left(\alpha _𝒵^{}\right)=d_z`$.
(2) By transversality and dimension-counting, we can choose $`\overline{\nu }\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma }\times \overline{𝒵};V_\mathrm{\Sigma }V_𝒵)`$ such that

$$\text{Im}\overline{\nu }\left(s(L_\mathrm{\Sigma })\alpha _𝒵(E_𝒵L_𝒵)\right)=\mathrm{}\text{and}\text{Im}\overline{\nu }\left(s(L_\mathrm{\Sigma })\left(V_𝒵|\mathrm{\Sigma }\times \alpha _𝒵^1(0)\right)\right)=\mathrm{}.$$

Then, $`\alpha _{𝒵,\overline{\nu }}^{s1}(0)=\mathrm{\Sigma }\times \alpha _𝒵^1(0)`$. Furthermore, on a neighborhood of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }\times \alpha _𝒵^1(0)`$, we can define a splitting

$$L_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}(V_\mathrm{\Sigma }^2)^{}=𝒪^+𝒪^{}^2𝒪^{},$$

as in the proof of Lemma 4.5. Let

$$\stackrel{~}{\nu }\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma }\times 𝒵;L_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}L_𝒵^{}(V_\mathrm{\Sigma }V_𝒵)^{})$$

be a nonvanishing section such that on a neighborhood of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }\times \alpha _𝒵^1(0)`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }=\stackrel{~}{\nu }^++\stackrel{~}{\nu }^{}`$, with $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }^+`$ as in the proof of Lemma 4.5. Then,

$$(𝒪^+𝒪^{})/\stackrel{~}{\nu }𝒪^{},\text{and}\left|\alpha _{𝒵,\overline{\nu }}^s(u^{d_z},0)\right|\epsilon (u)|u|^{d_z}u_\delta .$$

Thus, by Proposition 2.4,

$$𝒞_{\mathrm{\Sigma }\times \{z\}}\left(\alpha _{𝒵,\overline{\nu }}^s\right)=d_zc_1(𝒪^{}),[\mathrm{\Sigma }]=𝒞_z\left(\alpha _𝒵\right)3c_1(L_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{})+2c_1(V_\mathrm{\Sigma }),[\mathrm{\Sigma }].$$

The second claim follows from the first, since by Lemma 2.5 and Proposition 2.4,

$$N\left(\alpha _𝒵\right)=c_1\left(L_𝒵^{}V_𝒵\right)+c_1(E_𝒵),[\overline{𝒵}]𝒞_{\alpha _𝒵^1(0)}\left(\alpha _𝒵\right);$$

$$N\left(\alpha _{𝒵,\overline{\nu }}^s\right)=c_2\left(L_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}L_𝒵^{}(V_\mathrm{\Sigma }V_𝒵)\right)+c_1(E^{})c_1\left(L_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}L_𝒵^{}(V_\mathrm{\Sigma }V_𝒵)\right),\left[\mathrm{\Sigma }\times \overline{𝒵}\right]𝒞_{\alpha _{𝒵,\overline{\nu }}^{s1}(0)}\left(\alpha _{𝒵,\overline{\nu }}^s\right).$$

###### Corollary 4.7

Suppose $`\overline{}`$ is an ms-manifold of dimension four, $`L_{},V_{}\overline{}`$ are ms-bundles of rank one and two, respectively, and $`\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }(\overline{};\text{Hom}(L_{},V_𝒵))`$ is a regular polynomial. If $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is a compact smooth oriented manifold of dimension two, $`L_\mathrm{\Sigma },V_\mathrm{\Sigma }\overline{}`$ are ms-bundles of rank one and two, respectively, and $`s\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma };\text{Hom}(L_\mathrm{\Sigma },V_\mathrm{\Sigma }))`$ is a nonvanishing section, then

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill N\left(\alpha s\right)=& \left(c_1(L_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{})+c_1(V_\mathrm{\Sigma })\right)\left(c_1(L_{}^{})c_1(V_{})+c_1^2(V_{})\right)c_1(L_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{})c_2(V_{}),\left[\mathrm{\Sigma }\times \overline{}\right]\hfill \\ & c_1(L_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{})+c_1(V_\mathrm{\Sigma }),[\mathrm{\Sigma }]\underset{\alpha ^1(0)={\scriptscriptstyle 𝒵_i}}{}c_1(V_{}),[\overline{𝒵}_i],\hfill \end{array}$$

where the sum is taken over all $`\alpha `$-regular subsets $`𝒵_i`$ in a decomposition of $`\alpha ^1(0)`$ as in Proposition 2.4.

Proof: By Lemma 2.5,

$$N\left(\alpha s\right)=c_3\left(L_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}L_{}^{}(V_\mathrm{\Sigma }V_{})^{}\right),\left[\mathrm{\Sigma }\times \overline{}\right]𝒞_{\mathrm{\Sigma }\times \alpha ^1}\left((s\alpha )^{}\right).$$

The last term can be written as the sum of terms as in the second equation of Lemma 4.5. On the other hand, by Proposition 2.4,

$$\underset{\alpha ^1(0)={\scriptscriptstyle 𝒵_i}}{}N(\alpha _{𝒵_i})=c_2\left(L_{}^{}V_{}\right),[\overline{}].$$

Thus, the claim follows from Lemma 4.6.

###### Lemma 4.8

If $`d`$ is a positive integer and $`\mu `$ is a tuple of $`3d4`$ points in general position in $`^2`$,

$$n_1^{(2)}(\mu )=127a^2+6ac_1(^{}),\left[\overline{𝒮}_1(\mu )\right]129a^2+3a\left(c_1(_1^{})+c_1(_2^{})\right),\left[\overline{𝒱}_2(\mu )\right].$$

Proof: (1) By Subsection 2.4, $`n_1^{(2)}(\mu )=N(\alpha _{1;1})`$, where

$$\alpha _{1;1}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma }\times \overline{𝒮}_1(\mu );\text{Hom}(T\mathrm{\Sigma }^2L^2,𝒪)),𝒪=_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}\text{ev}^{}T^2,$$

$$\alpha _{1;1}(x,b;v\upsilon )=\left(𝒟^{(2)}\upsilon \right)(s_x^{(2)}v)_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}(x)T_{\text{ev}(b)}^2.$$

Thus, we can apply Corollary 4.7 with

$$\overline{}=\overline{𝒮}_1(\mu ),L_\mathrm{\Sigma }=T\mathrm{\Sigma }^2,V_\mathrm{\Sigma }=_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{},L_{}=L^2,V_{}=\text{ev}^{}T^2,s=s^{(2)},\alpha =𝒟^{(2)}.$$

The first term of Corollary 4.7 gives the intersection number on $`\overline{𝒮}_1(\mu )`$ in the statement of the lemma, since $`ac_1(L^{})=ac_1(^{})`$. A decomposition of the zero set of $`𝒟^{(2)}`$ is given in the proof of Lemma 3.4. The only stratum of $`\alpha ^1(0)`$ contributing to the second term of Corollary 4.7 is $`𝒮_{2;2}(\mu )`$. Lemma 3.2 reduces this contribution to the intersection number on $`\overline{𝒱}_2(\mu )`$ of the lemma.

###### Lemma 4.9

$`n_1^{(1)}(\mu )=0`$

Proof: By Subsection 2.4, $`n_1^{(1)}(\mu )=N(\alpha _1)`$, where

$$\alpha _1\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Sigma }\times \overline{𝒱}_1(\mu );\text{Hom}(T\mathrm{\Sigma }L,𝒪)),𝒪=_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{0,1}\text{ev}^{}T^2,$$

$$\alpha _1(x,b;v\upsilon )=\left(𝒟\upsilon \right)(s_xv)_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{0,1}T_{\text{ev}(b)}^2.$$

It will be shown that there exists $`\overline{\nu }\mathrm{\Gamma }(^2;_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{0,1}T^2)`$ such that the affine map

$$\psi _{\alpha _1,\text{ev}^{}\overline{\nu }}:T\mathrm{\Sigma }L𝒪,(x,b;v\upsilon )\overline{\nu }_{\text{ev}(b)}+\alpha _1(x,b;v\upsilon ),$$
(4.14)
has no zeros over $`\mathrm{\Sigma }\times \overline{𝒱}_1(\mu )`$. The map

$$\stackrel{~}{\alpha }:\mathrm{\Sigma }\times T^2(_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{0,1}T^2)(^3T^2),(x,\mathrm{})(\text{Im}s_x)\mathrm{},$$

is an embedding, since $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is not hyperelleptic. Let $`𝒲`$ denote the image of $`\gamma _{T^2}|\left(\text{Im}\stackrel{~}{\alpha }\right)`$ under the projection map

$$\gamma _{T^2}T^2,(q,\mathrm{},v)(q,v).$$

Then $`𝒲`$ is a closed subspace of $`_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{0,1}T^2`$ and $`𝒲^2`$ is a bundle of affine varieties of dimension three. Thus, by transversality and dimension-counting, we can choose $`\overline{\nu }\mathrm{\Gamma }(^2;_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{0,1}T^2)`$ such that the image $`\overline{\nu }`$ does not intersect $`𝒲`$. Then the map $`\psi _{\alpha _1,\text{ev}^{}\overline{\nu }}`$ of (4.14) does not vanish.