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# Residues and tame symbols on toroidal varieties

## 1. Introduction

###### 1.

The classical residue formula says that the sum of the residues of a rational 1-form $`\omega `$ over all points of a complex projective curve $`X`$ is zero:

$$\underset{xX}{}\mathrm{res}_x\omega =0.$$

The standard proof of this formula uses Stokes theorem. In “Algebraic groups and class fields” J.-P. Serre gives a purely algebraic proof of the residue formula which works over any algebraically closed field even of positive characteristic \[Se88\].

In class field theory the residue formula has a multiplicative cousin — Weil’s reciprocity: the product of the tame symbols of any two rational functions $`f_0`$, $`f_1`$ over all points of a projective curve $`X`$ is one \[Se88\]:

$$\underset{xX}{}f_0,f_1_x=1.$$

In the 1970’s A. Parshin constructed higher-dimensional class field theory where he generalized the residue and the tame symbol \[P75\]. Given an $`n`$-dimensional algebraic variety $`X`$ and a rational form $`\omega `$ on $`X`$, Parshin defines the residue $`\mathrm{res}_F\omega `$ at each complete flag $`F:X_0X_1\mathrm{}X_{n1}X`$ of irreducible subvarieties of $`X`$. Similarly, given any $`n+1`$ rational functions $`f_0,\mathrm{},f_n`$ on $`X`$ he defines the tame symbol $`f_0,\mathrm{},f_n_F`$ at each such flag $`F`$. Parshin’s residue and symbol satisfy not one but many reciprocity laws: Fix all subvarieties in the flag $`F`$ except one, say $`X_i`$. Then the sum of the residues (product of the symbols) over all possible irreducible subvarieties $`X_i`$ that can appear in the $`i`$-th slot of $`F`$ is zero (one) (Theorem 6.4 in the appendix).

The aim of the present paper is to look at some recent results of the theory of Newton polytopes from the point of view of this general theory of Parshin. More specifically, consider a system of Laurent polynomial equations in the $`n`$-torus:

(1)
$$f_1(t)=\mathrm{}=f_n(t)=0,t(^\times )^n.$$

Suppose the Newton polytopes $`\mathrm{\Delta }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Delta }_n`$ of the $`f_i`$ have sufficiently general relative positions (see Definition 5.1). Then the system has a finite number of roots. O. Gel’fond and A. Khovanskii proved the following result \[GKh96\].

###### Theorem A.

The sum of the values of a Laurent polynomial $`f_0`$ over the roots of (1) counting multiplicities is equal to

$$\underset{A}{}(1)^nc(A)\mathrm{res}_A\left(f_0\frac{df_1}{f_1}\mathrm{}\frac{df_n}{f_n}\right),$$

where the sum is over the vertices $`A`$ of $`\mathrm{\Delta }=\mathrm{\Delta }_1+\mathrm{}+\mathrm{\Delta }_n`$, $`\mathrm{res}_A\left(f_0\frac{df_1}{f_1}\mathrm{}\frac{df_n}{f_n}\right)`$ is the residue at a vertex (an explicit rational function in the coefficients of the $`f_i`$), and $`c(A)`$ is the combinatorial coefficient (an integer that reflects the combinatorial structure of the polytope $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ near the vertex $`A`$).

This is, in fact, a particular case of their residue formula \[GKh02\] for the sum of the Grothendieck residues of a rational $`n`$-form which is regular in $`(^\times )^n\{f_1\mathrm{}f_n=0\}`$, over the roots of the system (1). The proof of the residue formula is topological and uses toric compactifications.

The following is a generalized Vieta formula for the product of roots of (1) obtained by Khovanskii \[Kh99\].

###### Theorem B.

The product of the values of a Laurent monomial $`f_0`$ over the roots of (1) counting multiplicities is equal to

$$\underset{A}{}[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_A^{(1)^nc(A)},$$

where the product is over the vertices $`A`$ of $`\mathrm{\Delta }=\mathrm{\Delta }_1+\mathrm{}+\mathrm{\Delta }_n`$, $`[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_A`$ is the symbol at a vertex (an explicit Laurent monomial in the coefficients of the $`f_i`$), and $`c(A)`$ is the combinatorial coefficient.

The proof of this theorem uses the polyhedral homotopy method and regular subdivisions of polytopes.

The relation between Theorem A and Theorem B appears to be the same as the one between the 1-dimensional residue formula and Weil’s reciprocity. Moreover, the number $`[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_A`$ is defined similar to Parshin’s tame symbol. This gives a motivation to search for a uniform explanation of these results in terms of the theory of residues and tame symbols.

The main obstruction to this is the notion of combinatorial coefficients $`c(A)`$ since they are defined as the local degrees of certain real non-algebraic maps. In the present paper we give an explicit algebraic description for the combinatorial coefficients as a signed number of certain complete flags of faces of $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$, thus putting them in the framework of Parshin’s theory. (Similar description of the combinatorial coefficient was obtained by O. Gel’fond \[G96\] for some special collections of polytopes.) We provide a uniform algebraic proof of Theorems A and B based on Parshin’s theory for toroidal varieties. We also extend them to the case of an arbitrary algebraically closed field.

###### 2.

The material of the paper is organized as follows. In section 2 we give an explicit formula for the degree of a map of polyhedral sets defined by some combinatorial data. As an application we obtain a new formula for the combinatorial coefficient.

In sections 3 and 4 we consider Parshin’s theory for toroidal pairs. A toroidal pair $`(X,D)`$ consists of a normal variety $`X`$ and a codimension 1 subvariety $`D`$ such that locally at each point, $`X`$ is analytically isomorphic to an affine toric variety $`X_\sigma `$ where the branches of $`D`$ correspond to the invariant divisors of $`X_\sigma `$. We define residue and tame symbol at each point $`xX`$ for which the corresponding affine variety $`X_\sigma `$ has a 0-dimensional orbit. This generalizes the notions of residue and symbol at a vertex from Theorems A and B. Our definition is similar to the one of Parshin, but does not involve any particular choice of a complete flag. Using the algebraic description of the combinatorial coefficients we prove general results about symbol and residue on toroidal pairs (Theorem 3.15, Theorem 4.8). In section 5 we show how these results imply Theorems A and B for arbitrary algebraically closed fields.

Finally, in the appendix we include the definition of Parshin’s residue and tame symbol and formulate the higher-dimensional reciprocity laws.

###### 3.

Remarks. There is a topological construction for the tame symbol based on Deligne’s proof of Weil’s reciprocity (see \[BrMc96\]). This construction provides a uniform topological explanation of the product of roots formula and the residue formula. Our approach is algebraic and works over algebraically closed fields of arbitrary characteristic.

A different formula for the product of the roots of a system (1) can be derived from Poisson’s formula for the mixed resultant due to Pedersen and Sturmfels \[PeSt93\]. In this formula the product of the values of a monomial $`f_0=ct^m`$ over the roots is represented by the product of the mixed resultant of $`f_0,\mathrm{},f_n`$ (which in this case is just $`c`$ to the power of the mixed volume of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Delta }_n`$) and the facet resultants to certain powers. The assumption on the Newton polytopes of (1) implies that each facet resultant is a monomial in one of the coefficients of the system. To give an idea of how this formula is related to the one in Theorem B let us assume that $`f_0=c`$, for $`c0,1`$. Then Poisson’s formula gives the inductive formula for the mixed volume (e.g. see \[BuZa88\], p.166), whereas Theorem B gives Khovanskii’s formula for the mixed volume in terms of combinatorial coefficients \[Kh99\].

Parshin’s residue is closely related to the toric residue defined by D. Cox \[C96\]. For different applications of residues in toric geometry we refer the reader to works of E. Cattani, D. Cox, A. Dickenstein, and B. Sturmfels \[CCD97, CD97, CDSt98\].

###### 4.

In the paper $`k`$ is always an algebraically closed field. A variety is a reduced separated scheme of finite type over $`k`$, a subvariety is a reduced subscheme. By $`𝕋`$ we denote the algebraic $`n`$-torus over $`k`$, $`𝕋=(k^\times )^n`$, and $`M=\mathrm{Hom}_{alg.gp}(𝕋,k^\times )`$ the abelian rank $`n`$ group of characters of $`𝕋`$. Finally, $`X_\sigma `$ denotes the affine toric variety $`\mathrm{Spec}k[\sigma M]`$ defined by a convex rational polyhedral cone $`\sigma `$ in $`M`$.

###### Acknowledgements.

The results of the present paper constitute a part of the author’s Ph.D. thesis \[So02\]. I am grateful to Askold Khovanskii for stating the problem, his constant support and numerous discussions.

## 2. Degree of Polyhedral Maps and Combinatorial Coefficient

In this section we show how to compute the degree of a map between two polyhedral sets which is defined by a map of the partially ordered sets of their faces. As an application we obtain an explicit combinatorial formula for the combinatorial coefficient.

### 2.1. Polyhedral maps

A polyhedral set is a finite union of convex compact polytopes intersecting in faces. We will assume that all the polytopes are embedded in a Euclidean space $`E`$ of some big dimension. Then a polyhedral set is a topological space with the topology inherited from $`E`$. The dimension of a polyhedral set is the maximum of dimensions of the polytopes it contains. A polyhedral set is oriented if every polytope it contains is oriented.

Let $`X`$ be a polyhedral set and $`(X)`$ the set of all faces of all polytopes appearing in $`X`$. The set $`(X)`$ is a finite partially ordered set by inclusion.

Consider two polyhedral sets $`X`$ and $`Y`$, and fix a map $`\psi :(X)(Y)`$ that preserves the partial ordering. A continuous piecewise linear map $`f_\psi :XY`$ is called a polyhedral map associated with $`\psi `$ if $`f_\psi (G)\psi (G)`$ for every face $`G(X)`$.

Given any map $`\psi :(X)(Y)`$ there exists polyhedral map $`f_\psi :XY`$. Moreover all such maps are homotopy equivalent within the class of all polyhedral maps associated with $`\psi `$.

###### Proposition 2.1.

Each map $`\psi :(X)(Y)`$ that respects the partial ordering defines a homotopy class of polyhedral maps $`f_\psi :XY`$ associated with $`\psi `$.

###### Proof.

First, for every map of partially ordered sets $`\psi :(X)(Y)`$ we construct a continuous piecewise linear map $`f_\psi :XY`$ as follows.

Fix barycentric subdivisions of $`X`$ and $`Y`$. Note that for any polyhedral set $`X`$ there is a one-to-one correspondence between the set of all simplices in a barycentric subdivision of $`X`$ and the set of all chains in $`(X)`$. Consider a $`k`$-simplex $`\mathrm{\Delta }^k`$ in the subdivision of $`X`$. It corresponds to a chain $`X_0\mathrm{}X_k`$ in $`(X)`$. Let $`\psi (X_0)\mathrm{}\psi (X_k)`$ be its image. It corresponds to a unique simplex (possibly of smaller dimension) in the subdivision of $`Y`$ which we denote by $`\psi (\mathrm{\Delta }^k)`$. Since there is a unique linear map between two simplices that maps vertices of one simplex to the prescribed vertices of the other simplex, we get a map $`f_\psi :XY`$ that sends each simplex $`\mathrm{\Delta }^k`$ to the corresponding simplex $`\psi (\mathrm{\Delta }^k)`$. Clearly this map agrees on the common faces of simplices of the subdivision and, hence, is continuous piecewise linear. By construction, $`f_\psi (G)\psi (G)`$ for any $`G(X)`$.

Now suppose $`f_\psi `$ and $`f_\psi ^{}`$ are two polyhedral maps associated with $`\psi `$. Then for each $`0t1`$ the map $`f_\psi ^t=(1t)f_\psi +tf_\psi ^{}`$ is also associated with $`\psi `$. Indeed, fix a face $`G(X)`$. Then every point $`xG`$ is mapped to a point $`f_\psi ^t(x)`$ on the segment joining $`f_\psi (x)`$ and $`f_\psi ^{}(x)`$. Since both $`f_\psi (x)`$ and $`f_\psi ^{}(x)`$ belong to the face $`\psi (G)`$, $`f_\psi ^t(x)`$ also does. Therefore $`f_\psi ^t(G)\psi (G)`$. ∎

### 2.2. Flags and degree of polyhedral maps

Consider an oriented polyhedral set $`X`$. Let $`𝒳:X_0\mathrm{}X_n`$, $`dimX_i=i`$ be a complete flag in $`X`$, i.e. a maximal chain of elements of $`(X)`$. With the flag $`𝒳`$ we associate an ordered set of vectors $`(e_1,\mathrm{},e_n)`$, where $`e_i`$ begins at $`X_0`$ and points strictly inside $`X_i`$. Define the sign of $`𝒳`$ to be $`1`$ if $`(e_1,\mathrm{},e_n)`$ gives a positive oriented frame for $`X_n`$ and $`1`$, otherwise. It is easy to see that the sign does not depend on the choice of vectors $`e_1,\mathrm{},e_n`$. We denote it by $`\mathrm{sgn}𝒳`$.

Now consider a map of partially ordered sets $`\psi :(X)(Y)`$, where $`X`$ and $`Y`$ are $`n`$-dimensional oriented polyhedral sets. Every polyhedral map $`f_\psi :XY`$ associated with $`\psi `$ induces a map of the $`n`$-th homology groups:

$$H_n(f_\psi ):H_n(X)H_n(Y).$$

By Proposition 2.1 this map is the same for all choices of $`f_\psi `$. We call it the degree map of $`\psi `$. We will be concerned with the case when both groups $`H_n(X)`$ and $`H_n(Y)`$ are isomorphic to $``$. (This is true, for example, when $`X`$ and $`Y`$ are the boundaries of ($`n+1`$)-dimensional polytopes.) Then the degree map is the multiplication by an integer, which we denote by $`\mathrm{deg}(\psi )`$. In the next theorem we show how to compute $`\mathrm{deg}(\psi )`$ as a signed number of certain complete flags in $`X`$.

Let $`𝒳:X_0\mathrm{}X_n`$ and $`𝒴:Y_0\mathrm{}Y_n`$ be complete flags in $`X`$ and $`Y`$, respectively. We will write $`\psi (𝒳)=𝒴`$ if and only if $`\psi (X_i)=Y_i`$ for all $`0in`$. Define the preimage of $`𝒴`$ under $`\psi `$ to be the set of all $`𝒳`$ such that $`\psi (𝒳)=𝒴`$.

###### Theorem 2.2.

Let $`X`$ and $`Y`$ be two polyhedral sets as above, and $`\psi :(X)(Y)`$ a map of partially ordered sets of their faces. Fix any complete flag $`𝒴`$ in $`Y`$. Then the degree of $`\psi `$ is equal to the sign of $`𝒴`$ times the signed number of all complete flags $`𝒳`$ in $`X`$ in the preimage of $`𝒴`$ under $`\psi `$:

$$\mathrm{deg}(\psi )=\mathrm{sgn}𝒴\underset{\psi (𝒳)=𝒴}{}\mathrm{sgn}𝒳.$$

###### Proof.

By Proposition 2.1 we can choose any function in the homotopy class defined by $`\psi `$. We take $`f_\psi `$ to be the piecewise linear function constructed in the proof of Proposition 2.1 using barycentric subdivisions of $`X`$ and $`Y`$. We view $`f_\psi `$ as a simplicial map between two simplicial complexes.

Fix any positive oriented $`n`$-simplex $`\mathrm{\Delta }_Y^n`$ in the barycentric subdivision of $`Y`$. Then the degree of $`f_\psi `$ is the number of all $`n`$-simplices $`\mathrm{\Delta }_X^n`$ in $`X`$ that are mapped to $`\mathrm{\Delta }_Y^n`$; each simplex being counted with either sign plus or sign minus according to its orientation. Recall that the $`n`$-simplex $`\mathrm{\Delta }_Y^n`$ corresponds to a complete flag $`𝒴`$ in $`Y`$ and every $`n`$-simplex $`\mathrm{\Delta }_X^n`$ corresponds to some complete flag $`𝒳`$ in $`X`$. Clearly, the orientation of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_X^n`$ coincides with the sign of the corresponding flag $`𝒳`$, and $`f_\psi (\mathrm{\Delta }_X^n)=\mathrm{\Delta }_Y^n`$ if and only if $`\psi (𝒳)=𝒴`$. It remains to notice that if we fix a negative oriented $`\mathrm{\Delta }_Y^n`$ the number we obtain is the negative degree of $`f_\psi `$. ∎

### 2.3. Combinatorial coefficient

The combinatorial coefficient is a local analog of the degree considered above.

Let $`\sigma ^n`$ be a convex polyhedral $`n`$-dimensional cone in with apex $`A`$. Consider an ordered collection $`D=(D_1,\mathrm{},D_m)`$ of $`m`$ distinct non-empty closed subsets of $`\sigma `$, where $`mn`$ and each set $`D_i`$ is a union of facets of $`\sigma `$. Assume that they cover the boundary of $`\sigma `$ and if $`m=n`$ the apex $`A`$ is the only face of $`\sigma `$ which is covered by all of them:

(2)
$$\sigma =D_1\mathrm{}D_m,\text{ if }m=n\text{ then }D_1\mathrm{}D_n=\{A\}.$$

A continuous map $`g:\sigma ^n`$ is called a characteristic map of the covering (2) if for each $`1in`$ the $`i`$-th component $`g_i`$ of $`g`$ is non-negative and vanishes precisely on those faces of $`\sigma `$ that belong to $`D_i`$. It is easy to see that all characteristic maps send the boundary of $`\sigma `$ to the boundary of the positive octant $`_+^n`$ such that $`g^1(0)\{A\}`$, and they are homotopy equivalent within the class of such maps.

###### Definition 2.3.

The local degree of the germ at $`A`$ of the restriction of a characteristic map to the boundary of $`\sigma `$,

$$\overline{g}:(\sigma ,A)(_+^n,0)$$

is called the combinatorial coefficient of the covering (2).

Clearly, the combinatorial coefficient is zero unless $`m=n`$. In the case when $`m=n`$ Theorem 2.2 provides us with a description of the combinatorial coefficient as the number of certain complete flags of faces of $`\sigma `$, counted with signs.

For a cone $`\sigma ^n`$ we let $`(\sigma )`$ denote the partially ordered by inclusion set of the proper faces of $`\sigma `$. With a covering (2) we associate a map $`\varphi :(\sigma )(_+^n)`$ by putting

$$\varphi (\tau )=_+^n\{y_{i_1}=\mathrm{}=y_{i_k}=0\}$$

if and only if $`\tau `$ is a common face of $`D_{i_1},\mathrm{}D_{i_k}`$ for $`1i_ln`$, and $`k`$ is maximal. Here $`(y_1,\mathrm{},y_n)`$ is a coordinate system for $`^n`$.

For any complete flag $`\gamma _0\mathrm{}\gamma _{n1}`$ in $`_+^n`$ define its preimage under $`\varphi `$ as the set of all complete flags $`\sigma _0\mathrm{}\sigma _{n1}`$ in $`\sigma `$ such that $`\varphi (\sigma _i)=\gamma _i`$, $`0in1`$. Note that the preimage of any flag under $`\varphi `$ is empty if $`m<n`$.

Fix the standard orientation of $`^n`$. We orient the boundary of every $`n`$-dimensional cone in $`^n`$ in accordance with this fixed orientation. As before, define the sign of a complete flag $`\sigma _0\mathrm{}\sigma _{n1}`$ to be $`1`$ if it gives a positive oriented frame for $`\sigma _{n1}`$, and $`1`$ otherwise.

###### Theorem 2.4.

The combinatorial coefficient of a covering (2) is equal to the signed number of all complete flags in the preimage of any positive complete flag under $`\varphi `$.

In particular, if $`m=n`$ the combinatorial coefficient is equal to the signed number of all complete flags $`\sigma _0\mathrm{}\sigma _{n1}\sigma `$, where $`\sigma _i`$ is a common face of $`D_{i+1},\mathrm{},D_n`$ of dimension $`i`$.

###### Proof.

The case $`m<n`$ is obvious, so we assume that $`m=n`$. To be able to apply Theorem 2.2 we “compactify” the cones $`\sigma `$ and $`_+^n`$. Consider a pyramid with the vertex $`A`$ and base $`D_0`$ which is a cross section of $`\sigma `$ by a generic hyperplane. Let $`X`$ be the oriented boundary of the pyramid. Next consider the standard $`n`$-dimensional simplex defined in $`^n`$ as the convex hull of the origin and the endpoints of the standard basis vectors. Let $`Y`$ be its oriented boundary.

The subsets $`D_1,\mathrm{},D_n`$ of $`\sigma `$ along with the base $`D_0`$ form a covering of $`X`$. Define the map $`\psi :(X)(Y)`$, by putting $`\psi (G)=\{y_{i_1}=\mathrm{}=y_{i_k}=0\}`$ if and only if $`G`$ is a common face of $`D_{i_1},\mathrm{},D_{i_k}`$ for $`0i_ln`$, and $`k`$ is maximal. Here $`(y_0,y_1\mathrm{},y_n)`$ are the barycentric coordinates for the simplex.

Note that the restriction of a characteristic map $`g:\sigma ^n`$ to $`X`$ defines a polyhedral map $`f_\psi :XY`$ associated with $`\psi `$. According to Theorem 2.2, the degree of $`\psi `$ is equal to the number of complete flags of faces of $`X`$ counted with signs in the preimage under $`\psi `$ of any positive complete flag of faces of $`Y`$. For example one can take the flag

$$\{y_1=\mathrm{}=y_n=0\}\{y_2=\mathrm{}=y_n=0\}\mathrm{}\{y_n=0\}.$$

###### Remark 2.5.

Notice that since there are $`n!`$ complete flags in $`_+^n`$ we obtain $`n!`$ formulae for the combinatorial coefficient. If $`m=n`$ a choice of a complete flag corresponds to an order of $`D_1,\mathrm{},D_n`$, thus we can say that the combinatorial coefficient is skew-symmetric in $`D_1,\mathrm{},D_n`$.

## 3. Toroidal Symbol

The toroidal symbol is a slight modification of Parshin’s tame symbol for toroidal varieties. More precisely, consider a pair $`(X,D)`$ consisting of a normal variety $`X`$ and a codimension 1 subset $`D`$ such that in a formal neighborhood of each point, $`X`$ is isomorphic to an affine toric variety $`X_\sigma `$ and $`D`$ corresponds to the invariant divisor $`X_\sigma 𝕋`$. We distinguish special points on $`X`$ for which the corresponding toric variety has a 0-dimensional orbit. At each such point $`xX`$ the toroidal symbol associates a non-zero element $`[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_x`$ of the base field to every collection of $`n+1`$ rational functions $`f_0,\mathrm{},f_n`$ on $`X`$ with divisors in $`D`$.

Suppose the irreducible components of $`D`$ are divided into $`2n`$ groups $`D_1^{},\mathrm{},D_n^{}`$, $`D_1^{\prime \prime },\mathrm{},D_n^{\prime \prime }`$ (where $`n=dimX`$) and assume that the sets $`S^{}=D_1^{}\mathrm{}D_n^{}`$ and $`S^{\prime \prime }=D_1^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{}D_n^{\prime \prime }`$ consist of special points only. The main result of this section is a certain reciprocity between the products of symbols over $`S^{}`$ and $`S^{\prime \prime }`$.

### 3.1. Toroidal pair

Here we recall the definition of a toroidal pair. A detailed treatment of toroidal pairs is given in \[KKMS73\] where they are called toroidal embeddings without self-intersections. We use Danilov’s terminology from \[D78\].

Let $`X`$ be a normal $`n`$-dimensional variety over an algebraically closed field $`k`$. Let $`D`$ be a closed subset of $`X`$ every irreducible component of which is a codimension 1 normal subvariety of $`X`$. We say that the pair $`(X,D)`$ is toroidal if for every closed point $`xX`$ there exists an $`n`$-dimensional algebraic torus $`𝕋`$, an affine toric variety $`X_\sigma `$, corresponding to a rational convex $`n`$-dimensional cone $`\sigma `$, and a point $`x_0`$ in $`X_\sigma `$, such that $`(X,D,x)`$ is formally locally isomorphic to $`(X_\sigma ,X_\sigma 𝕋,x_0)`$. The latter means that there exists an isomorphism of the formal completions of the local rings

$$\widehat{𝒪}_{X,x}\widehat{𝒪}_{X_\sigma ,x_0},$$

such that the image of the ideal of $`D`$ is mapped to the image of the ideal of $`X_\sigma 𝕋`$. We call $`(X_\sigma ,x_0)`$ a local model of $`(X,D)`$ at $`x`$.

Consider the $`n`$-form

$$\omega _0=\frac{dt_1}{t_1}\mathrm{}\frac{dt_n}{t_n},$$

where $`(t_1,\mathrm{},t_n)`$ are coordinates in $`𝕋`$. Automorphisms of $`𝕋`$ correspond to monomial changes of coordinates

(3)
$$u_i=t_1^{q_{i1}}\mathrm{}t_n^{q_{in}},1in,Q=(q_{ij})GL(n,).$$

We will write $`u=t^Q`$ to denote the monomial change of coordinates (3). Note that the form $`\omega _0`$ is preserved under monomial changes of coordinates with $`detQ=1`$, and changes the sign when $`detQ=1`$. Therefore, $`\omega _0`$ provides an analog of orientation on $`X_\sigma `$.

Furthermore, the choice of coordinates in $`𝕋`$ defines an orientation of the space of characters $`M`$. Monomial changes of coordinates (3) preserve this orientation if and only if $`detQ=1`$. Therefore, the orientation of $`M`$ and hence of $`\sigma `$ is uniquely determined by the form $`\omega _0`$.

We call $`(X_\sigma ,x_0,\omega _0)`$ an equipped local model of $`(X,D)`$ at $`x`$ assuming that the form $`\omega _0`$ is fixed and the cone $`\sigma `$ is oriented accordingly.

Let $`D=_{iI}E_i`$ be the decomposition of $`D`$ into irreducible components. The components of the sets $`_{iJ}E_i_{iJ}E_i`$ (where $`JI`$) are non-singular and define a stratification of $`X`$ (see \[KKMS73\], p. 57). In particular, $`XD`$ is non-singular. The components of $`_{iJ}E_i`$ are normal and are the closures of the strata. Furthermore, for each $`xX`$ the closures of strata which contain $`x`$ correspond formally to the closures of the orbits in a local model $`(X_\sigma ,x_0)`$ at $`x`$.

We denote by $`\mathrm{St}_i(X)`$ the set of all $`i`$-dimensional strata, and by $`\overline{\mathrm{St}}_i(X)`$ the set of the closures of the $`i`$-dimensional strata. Note that if $`x\mathrm{St}_0(X)`$ then in every local model $`(X_\sigma ,x_0)`$ at $`x`$ the cone $`\sigma `$ has an apex and $`x_0`$ is the closed orbit in $`X_\sigma `$.

In the next proposition we describe what coordinate transformations relate different local models at a point $`x\mathrm{St}_0(X)`$.

###### Proposition 3.1.

Let $`(X,D)`$ be a toroidal pair, $`x\mathrm{St}_0(X)`$. Then for any two local models $`(X_\sigma ,x_0)`$ and $`(X_\sigma ^{},x_0^{})`$ at $`x`$, every isomorphism

$$\pi :\widehat{𝒪}_{X_\sigma ,x_0}\widehat{𝒪}_{X_\sigma ^{},x_0^{}}$$

that maps the image of the ideal of $`X_\sigma 𝕋`$ to the image of the ideal of $`X_\sigma ^{}𝕋^{}`$, is induced by a change of coordinates of the form

$$u_i=\varphi _it_1^{q_{i1}}\mathrm{}t_n^{q_{in}},\varphi _i\widehat{𝒪}_{X_\sigma ,x_0}^\times ,1in,Q=(q_{ij})GL(n,),$$

where $`t_1,\mathrm{},t_n`$ and $`u_1,\mathrm{},u_n`$ are coordinate functions on the tori $`𝕋`$ and $`𝕋^{}`$, respectively.

###### Proof.

Let $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(x)`$ be the union of all strata $`Z`$ whose closure $`\overline{Z}`$ contains $`x`$. Denote by $`M(x)`$ the group of the Cartier divisors on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(x)`$, supported on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(x)D`$, and by $`M(x)_+`$ the subsemigroup of effective divisors. For each local model $`(X_\sigma ,x_0)`$ at $`x`$, $`M(x)`$ is canonically isomorphic to the group of characters $`M`$ of $`X_\sigma `$, and $`M(x)_+`$ is canonically isomorphic to the semigroup $`\sigma M`$ (see \[KKMS73\], p. 61). Therefore the semigroups $`\sigma M`$ and $`\sigma ^{}M^{}`$ are isomorphic. In coordinates $`t_1,\mathrm{},t_n`$ and $`u_1,\mathrm{},u_n`$ it corresponds to a monomial transformation $`u=t^Q`$, for $`QGL(n,)`$.

To describe all isomorphisms $`\pi :\widehat{𝒪}_{X_\sigma ,x_0}\widehat{𝒪}_{X_\sigma ^{},x_0^{}}`$ it suffices to describe all automorphisms $`\alpha `$ of $`\widehat{𝒪}_{X_\sigma ,x_0}`$ that fix the orbits of $`X_\sigma `$. Let $`t_1,\mathrm{},t_n`$ be coordinates in $`𝕋`$. Then the ring $`\widehat{𝒪}_{X_\sigma ,x_0}`$ can be identified with the ring of all formal power series in $`t_1,\mathrm{},t_n`$ supported in $`\sigma M`$, where $`M`$ is identified with $`^n`$. Denote this ring by $`A`$. Let $`S`$ be a multiplicative subset of $`A`$ consisting of all elements $`\varphi t^a`$, where $`a\sigma M`$ and $`\varphi `$ is an invertible element of $`A`$. Then for every automorphism $`\alpha `$, we have $`\alpha (S)S`$. Indeed, since $`\alpha `$ fixes the orbits of $`X_\sigma `$, it maps every ideal $`(t^a)`$ to itself. Thus $`\alpha (t^a)=\varphi t^a`$, for some invertible $`\varphi `$. Therefore, $`\alpha `$ induces an automorphism $`\alpha _S`$ of the localization $`A_S`$. Note that $`t_1,\mathrm{},t_nA_S`$, since the elements of $`\sigma M`$ generate $`M`$ as a group. Therefore, for each $`1in`$, $`\alpha _S(t_i)=\varphi _it_i`$ for some invertible $`\varphi _i`$.

Conversely, every map $`t_i\varphi _it_i`$, $`1in`$, $`\varphi _iA^\times `$ defines an automorphism $`\alpha `$ of $`A`$, which fixes the orbits. Indeed, for every element $`fA`$, $`f=_a\lambda _at^a`$, $`a\sigma M`$, put

(4)
$$\alpha (f)=\underset{a\sigma M}{}\lambda _a\varphi ^at^a,\varphi ^a=\varphi _1^{a_1}\mathrm{}\varphi _n^{a_n}.$$

Note that the coefficient of each monomial $`t^b`$ of the series (4) is defined by finitely many series $`\lambda _a\varphi ^at^a`$ (this is true since the cone $`\sigma `$ has an apex). Therefore this is a well-defined power series. Since all the monomials in the series belong to the semigroup $`\sigma M`$, the series defines an element of $`A`$. It is easy to check that $`\alpha `$ is in fact a homomorphism. Also it is clearly invertible. ∎

### 3.2. Covering and combinatorial coefficients

###### Definition 3.2.

Let $`(X,D)`$ be a toroidal pair. We say that $`(D_1,\mathrm{},D_n)`$ is a reasonable covering of $`D`$ if $`D=D_1\mathrm{}D_n`$, where each $`D_i`$ is the union of some irreducible components of $`D`$, and $`D_1\mathrm{}D_n\mathrm{St}_0(X)`$.

Let $`(D_1,\mathrm{},D_n)`$ be a reasonable covering of $`D`$. Consider an equipped local model $`(X_\sigma ,x_0,\omega _0)`$ at a point $`x\mathrm{St}_0(X)`$. It can be easily seen that the covering $`(D_1,\mathrm{},D_n)`$ defines a covering of the boundary of the cone $`\sigma `$ in the sense of (2), Section 2.3. This allows us to define the combinatorial coefficient of the covering $`(D_1,\mathrm{},D_n)`$ at each point $`x\mathrm{St}_0(X)`$.

###### Definition 3.3.

The combinatorial coefficient at $`x\mathrm{St}_0(X)`$ of the covering $`(D_1,\mathrm{},D_n)`$ is the combinatorial coefficient of the induced covering of $`\sigma `$ in an equipped local model at $`x`$. We denote it by $`c(x)`$.

###### Remark 3.4.

Invariance. By Remark 2.5 the combinatorial coefficient is the same for any two equipped local models that correspond to an automorphism of $`𝕋`$ that preserves the form $`\omega _0`$, and changes sign otherwise. Also it is skew-symmetric in $`D_1,\mathrm{},D_n`$.

Now consider the stratification defined by the irreducible components of $`D`$ (see Section 3.1) and let $`F`$ be a complete flag of stratum closures on $`X`$:

$$F:X_0X_1\mathrm{}X_{n1}X,X_i\overline{\mathrm{St}}_i(X).$$

It corresponds to a complete flag of orbit closures in an equipped local model $`(X_\sigma ,x_0,\omega _0)`$ of $`(X,D)`$ at $`X_0`$, hence to a complete flag $`F_\sigma `$ of faces of $`\sigma `$.

###### Definition 3.5.

We say that the flag $`F`$ is positive (resp. negative) and write $`\mathrm{sgn}F=1`$ (resp. $`\mathrm{sgn}F=1`$) if the induced flag $`F_\sigma `$ of faces of $`\sigma `$ is positive (resp. negative).

Like in the case of the combinatorial coefficient the sign of the flag depends on the choice of the form $`\omega _0`$ in an equipped local model.

###### Definition 3.6.

Let $`Z`$ be a stratum. We say that the closure $`\overline{Z}`$ has signature $`\{i_1,\mathrm{},i_k\}`$ for $`1i_ln`$ if and only if $`ZD_{i_1}\mathrm{}D_{i_k}`$ and $`k`$ is maximal.

The following proposition is the analog of the description of the combinatorial coefficient given in Theorem 2.4.

###### Proposition 3.7.

Let $`(X,D)`$ be toroidal and $`(D_1,\mathrm{},D_n)`$ a reasonable covering of $`D`$. Then the combinatorial coefficient $`c(x)`$ of $`x\mathrm{St}_0(X)`$ is equal to the number of all complete flags

$$x=X_0X_1\mathrm{}X_{n1}X,$$

where $`X_i\overline{\mathrm{St}}_i(X)`$ is a stratum closure of signature $`\{i+1,\mathrm{},n\}`$, $`0in1`$, counting signs.

### 3.3. Symbol of monomials

###### Definition 3.8.

Consider an ordered collection of $`n+1`$ monomials in $`n`$ variables with coefficients in a field $`k`$:

$$c_it^{a_i}=c_it_1^{a_{i1}}\mathrm{}t_n^{a_{in}},c_ik^\times ,a_i=(a_{i1},\mathrm{},a_{in})^n,0in.$$

Let $`A=(a_{ij})M_{n+1,n}()`$ be the matrix whose rows are the vectors of exponents $`a_i`$. Then the symbol of $`n+1`$ monomials is the non-zero element of $`k`$ defined by

$$[c_0t^{a_0},\mathrm{},c_nt^{a_n}]=(1)^B\underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}c_i^{(1)^iA_i},$$

where $`A_i`$ is the determinant of the matrix obtained from $`A`$ by eliminating its $`i`$-th row, and

$$B=\underset{k}{}\underset{i<j}{}a_{ik}a_{jk}A_{ij}^k,$$

where $`A_{ij}^k`$ is the determinant of the matrix obtained from $`A`$ by eliminating its $`i`$-th and $`j`$-th rows and its $`k`$-th column.

###### Proposition 3.9.

Let $`f_i=c_it^{a_i}`$, $`0in`$, be monomials. The symbol has the following properties:

1. (Multiplicativity) Suppose $`f_i`$ is a product of two monomials $`f_i=f_i^{}f_i^{\prime \prime }`$. Then

$$[f_0,\mathrm{},f_i^{}f_i^{\prime \prime },\mathrm{},f_n]=[f_0,\mathrm{},f_i^{},\mathrm{},f_n][f_0,\mathrm{},f_i^{\prime \prime },\mathrm{},f_n].$$
2. (Multiplicative skew-symmetry)

$$[f_0,\mathrm{},f_i,\mathrm{},f_j,\mathrm{},f_n]=[f_0,\mathrm{},f_j,\mathrm{},f_i,\mathrm{},f_n]^1.$$
3. (Invariance)
(i) Let $`u=t^Q`$, $`QGL(n,)`$ be a monomial change of coordinates. Then

$$[\overline{f}_0,\mathrm{},\overline{f}_n]=[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]^{detQ},$$

where $`\overline{f}_i=c_iu^{a_i}=c_it^{a_iQ}`$ and $`f_i=c_it^{a_i}`$, $`0in`$.
(ii) Let $`s=\lambda t`$ be a translation, i.e. $`s_j=\lambda _jt_j`$, $`\lambda _jk^\times `$, $`1jn`$. Then

$$[f_0^{},\mathrm{},f_n^{}]=[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n],$$

where $`f_i^{}=c_is^{a_i}=c_i\lambda ^{a_i}t^{a_i}`$ and $`f_i=c_it^{a_i}`$, $`0in`$.

###### Proof.

Modulo the sign $`(1)^B`$ all the properties follow easily from the properties of the determinant.

To take care of the sign we give an invariant description of $`B`$, following \[Kh99\]. Consider $`B`$ as a $`/2`$-valued function of the rows $`a_0,\mathrm{},a_n`$ of the matrix $`A`$. It is easy to see that $`B=B(a_0,\mathrm{},a_n)`$ is multilinear and its value on each collection of $`n+1`$ standard vectors $`(e_{i_0},\mathrm{},e_{i_n})`$ is 0 if more than two of the vectors $`e_{i_0},\mathrm{},e_{i_n}`$ coincide; and 1 otherwise.

Now define the function $`B^{}=B^{}(a_0,\mathrm{},a_n)`$ to be 0 if the rank of $`(a_0,\mathrm{},a_n)`$ is less than $`n`$; and $`\lambda _0+\mathrm{}+\lambda _n+1(\text{mod}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2})`$ if the vectors $`a_0,\mathrm{},a_n`$ satisfy a (unique) non-trivial relation $`\lambda _0a_0+\mathrm{}+\lambda _na_n=0`$. The function $`B^{}`$ is multilinear and on each collection $`(e_{i_0},\mathrm{},e_{i_n})`$ the functions $`B^{}`$ and $`B`$ take the same value. Therefore $`B=B^{}`$, in particular, $`B`$ is symmetric and invariant under non-degenerate transformations. ∎

### 3.4. Toroidal symbol

Let $`(X,D)`$ be toroidal. Let $`k(X,D)`$ denote the set of rational functions on $`X`$ whose divisor lies in $`D`$.

Consider a 0-dimensional stratum $`x\mathrm{St}_0(X)`$. Then the image of $`fk(X,D)`$ in an equipped local model $`(X_\sigma ,x_0,\omega _0)`$ at $`x`$ is the product of a monomial $`ct^a`$ and a regular invertible function $`\varphi \widehat{𝒪}_{X_\sigma ,x_0}^\times `$ with $`\varphi (x_0)=1`$. We call this monomial the leading monomial of $`f`$ at $`x`$. The leading monomial is defined up to monomial transformations.

###### Definition 3.10.

Let $`(X,D)`$ be toroidal and $`x\mathrm{St}_0(X)`$ a 0-dimensional stratum. Define the toroidal symbol $`[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_x`$ at $`x`$ of $`f_0,\mathrm{},f_nk(X,D)`$ to be the symbol of the leading monomials of $`f_0,\mathrm{},f_n`$ at $`x`$.

###### Remark 3.11.

Invariance. Let $`(X_\sigma ^{},x_0^{},\omega _0^{})`$ and $`(X_{\sigma ^{\prime \prime }},x_0^{\prime \prime },\omega _0^{\prime \prime })`$ be two equipped local models at $`x`$. Let $`f^{}`$ and $`f^{\prime \prime }`$ be the images of $`fk(X,D)`$ in the two equipped local models. Then, according to Proposition 3.1, the leading monomials of $`f^{}`$ and $`f^{\prime \prime }`$ are related by a composition of a monomial transformation and a translation: $`t\lambda t^Q`$. Therefore, by Proposition 3.9 the toroidal symbol is the same for the two equipped local models if $`detQ=1`$, and is reciprocal otherwise.

By Proposition 3.9 the toroidal symbol is multiplicative and multiplicatively skew-symmetric in $`f_0,\mathrm{},f_n`$.

Now we will give a relation between the toroidal symbol and Parshin’s tame symbol at a complete flag of stratum closures on $`X`$.

###### Proposition 3.12.

Let $`(X,D)`$ be toroidal. Consider $`n+1`$ rational functions $`f_0,\mathrm{},f_nk(X,D)`$. Then, for any complete flag $`F:X_0X_1\mathrm{}X_{n1}X`$ of stratum closures on $`X`$ we have

$$f_0,\mathrm{},f_n_F=[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_{X_0}^{\mathrm{sgn}F},$$

where $`f_0,\mathrm{},f_n_F`$ denotes Parshin’s tame symbol at the flag $`F`$.

(Note that the number $`[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_{X_0}^{\mathrm{sgn}F}`$ is already independent of the choice of $`\omega _0`$ in an equipped local model.)

###### Proof.

Since the definitions of the toroidal symbol and Parshin’s tame symbol are local we can pass to an equipped local model $`(X_\sigma ,x_0,\omega _0)`$ at $`X_0`$ and assume that $`F`$ is a complete flag of orbit closures in $`X_\sigma `$.

Let $`F_\sigma `$ be the complete flag of faces of $`\sigma `$ corresponding to $`F`$,

$$F_\sigma :0=\sigma _0\sigma _1\mathrm{}\sigma _{n1}\sigma _n=\sigma .$$

Fix coordinates $`(t_1,\mathrm{},t_n)`$ in $`𝕋`$, $`M^n`$. Inside each $`\sigma _i`$, $`1in`$ choose a lattice point $`q_i^n`$ at lattice distance one from $`\sigma _{i1}`$. Let $`u_i=t^{q_i}`$ be a monomial change of coordinates in $`𝕋`$. Then the rational functions $`u_i=t^{q_i}`$ give a system of local parameters at $`F`$ (see appendix). Therefore by Proposition 3.9 and Remark 6.2 of the appendix

$$f_0,\mathrm{},f_n_F=[c_0u^{k_0},\mathrm{},c_nu^{k_n}]=[c_0t^{k_0},\mathrm{},c_nt^{k_n}]^{detQ},$$

where $`Q=(q_1,\mathrm{},q_n)`$ and $`c_it^{k_i}`$ is the leading monomial of $`f_i`$. It remains to note that $`detQ=\mathrm{sgn}F`$. ∎

###### Corollary 3.13.

Let $`(X,D)`$ be toroidal and $`(D_1,\mathrm{},D_n)`$ a reasonable covering of $`D`$. For $`x\mathrm{St}_0(X)`$ let $`(x)`$ be the set of all complete flags

$$x=X_0X_1\mathrm{}X_{n1}X,$$

where $`X_i\overline{\mathrm{St}}_i(X)`$ is a stratum closure of signature $`\{i+1,\mathrm{},n\}`$, $`0in1`$.

Then for any $`n+1`$ rational functions $`f_0,\mathrm{},f_nk(X,D)`$ we have

$$[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_x^{c(x)}=\underset{F(x)}{}f_0,\mathrm{},f_n_F,$$

where we assume that the product is 1 if $`(x)`$ is empty.

###### Proof.

This follows from Proposition 3.7 and Proposition 3.12. ∎

###### Remark 3.14.

Note that for a toroidal pair $`(X,D)`$ all Parshin’s reciprocity laws (Theorem 6.4) for $`i>0`$ follow from Proposition 3.12. Indeed, consider a complete flag $`F:X_0\mathrm{}X_i\mathrm{}X_n`$ of irreducible subvarieties of $`X`$. We can pass to a local model at $`X_0`$ and assume that $`X`$ is an affine toric variety and $`D=X𝕋`$. Then for any $`n+1`$ rational functions $`f_0,\mathrm{},f_nk(X,D)`$ the symbol $`f_0,\mathrm{},f_n_F`$ is trivial unless $`F`$ is a flag of orbit closures on $`X`$. But if we fix all $`X_j`$, $`ji`$, and vary $`X_i`$ there are only two such flags $`F`$ (since for any face $`\tau `$ of a polyhedral cone there are only two codimension 1 faces of $`\tau `$ that contain a fixed codimension 2 face of $`\tau `$), and the signs of these two flags are opposite. Now we can apply Proposition 3.12.

### 3.5. Main theorem

###### Theorem 3.15.

Let $`X`$ be a complete normal $`n`$-dimensional variety over an algebraically closed field $`k`$, and $`D`$ a closed subset of $`X`$ such that the pair $`(X,D)`$ is toroidal.

Let $`(D_1,\mathrm{},D_n)`$ be a reasonable covering of $`D`$ such that each $`D_i`$ is a disjoint union of two closed subsets of pure codimension 1:

(5)
$$D=D_1\mathrm{}D_n,D_1\mathrm{}D_n\mathrm{St}_0(X),D_i=D_i^{}D_i^{\prime \prime },1in.$$

We get $`2^n`$ disjoint finite closed subsets of $`X`$:

$$S_k=G_1\mathrm{}G_n,\text{ where }G_i=D_i^{}\text{ or }D_i^{\prime \prime },1in,1k2^n.$$

Then for any $`n+1`$ rational functions $`f_0,\mathrm{},f_nk(X,D)`$ the following $`2^n`$ numbers are equal:

(6)
$$\left(\underset{xS_1}{}[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_x^{c(x)}\right)^{(1)^{|S_1|}}=\mathrm{}=\left(\underset{xS_{2^n}}{}[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_x^{c(x)}\right)_{,}^{}{}_{}{}^{(1)^{|S_{2^n}|}}$$

where $`[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_x`$ is the toroidal symbol of $`f_0,\mathrm{},f_n`$ at $`x`$, $`c(x)`$ is the combinatorial coefficient at $`x`$, and $`|S_k|`$ is the number of $`D_i^{\prime \prime }`$ in the definition of $`S_k`$.

###### Proof.

Because of the symmetry it is sufficient to prove the equality for any two sets

$$S_1=D_1^{}\mathrm{}D_i^{}\mathrm{}D_n^{}\text{ and }S_2=D_1^{}\mathrm{}D_i^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{}D_n^{}.$$

Since the number $`[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_x^{c(x)}`$ is multiplicatively skew-symmetric in $`D_1,\mathrm{},D_n`$ (see Remark 3.4) we may assume that $`i=1`$, so

$$S_1=D_1^{}D_2^{}\mathrm{}D_n^{}\text{ and }S_2=D_1^{\prime \prime }D_2^{}\mathrm{}D_n^{}.$$

We have to show that

$$\underset{xS_1S_2}{}[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_x^{c(x)}=1.$$

Let $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ be the union of all stratum closures $`Y\overline{\mathrm{St}}_1(X)`$ with signature $`\{2^{},\mathrm{},n^{}\}`$. It follows from Corollary 3.13 that if $`xS_1S_2`$ does not lie on any component of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ then $`[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_x^{c(x)}=1`$. On the other hand, by (5) the signature of every point $`x\mathrm{St}_0(X)\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is either

$$\{2^{},\mathrm{},n^{}\},\text{ or }\{1^{},2^{},\mathrm{},n^{}\},\text{ or }\{1^{\prime \prime },2^{},\mathrm{},n^{}\}.$$

In the first case $`[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_x^{c(x)}=1`$, again by Corollary 3.13. In the second case $`xS_1`$ and in the third $`xS_2`$. Therefore, we have

(7)
$$\underset{xS_1S_2}{}[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_x^{c(x)}=\underset{x\mathrm{St}_0(X)\mathrm{\Sigma }}{}[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_x^{c(x)}.$$

Now consider a component $`Y`$ of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, and a closed point $`yY`$. Let $`(y,Y)`$ denote the set of all complete flags

$$yYX_2\mathrm{}X_{n1}X,$$

where $`X_i\overline{\mathrm{St}}_i(X)`$ has signature $`\{(i+1)^{},\mathrm{},n^{}\}`$, $`2in1`$. Denote

$$f_0,\mathrm{},f_n_{y,Y}=\underset{F(y,Y)}{}f_0,\mathrm{},f_n_F,$$

and we assume that $`f_0,\mathrm{},f_n_{y,Y}=1`$ if $`(y,Y)`$ is empty. Then by Corollary 3.13 for each $`x\mathrm{St}_0(X)\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ we have

(8)
$$[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_x^{c(x)}=\underset{F(x)}{}f_0,\mathrm{},f_n_F=\underset{Yx}{}f_0,\mathrm{},f_n_{x,Y},$$

where the product on the right hand side runs over all components $`Y`$ of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ containing $`x`$.

On the other hand, by the first Parshin’s reciprocity law (Theorem 6.4 for $`i=0`$)

$$\underset{yY}{}f_0,\mathrm{},f_n_{yYX_2\mathrm{}X_{n1}X}=1,$$

where the product is taken over all points $`yY`$. Thus

$$\underset{yY}{}f_0,\mathrm{},f_n_{y,Y}=1.$$

Note that $`f_0,\mathrm{},f_n_{y,Y}`$ is trivial for all points $`y`$ not lying in $`\mathrm{St}_0(X)`$, so we can assume that $`y\mathrm{St}_0(X)Y`$. We have

(9)
$$\underset{y\mathrm{St}_0(X)Y}{}f_0,\mathrm{},f_n_{y,Y}=1.$$

Combining (7), (8) and (9) we get

$`{\displaystyle \underset{xS_1S_2}{}}[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_x^{c(x)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{x\mathrm{St}_0(X)\mathrm{\Sigma }}{}}[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_x^{c(x)}=`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{x\mathrm{St}_0(X)\mathrm{\Sigma }}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{Yx}{}}f_0,\mathrm{},f_n_{x,Y}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{Y\mathrm{\Sigma }}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{x\mathrm{St}_0(X)Y}{}}f_0,\mathrm{},f_n_{x,Y}=1.`$
## 4. Toroidal Residue

Let $`(X,D)`$ be a toroidal pair, as before. At each point $`x\mathrm{St}_0(X)`$ we define the residue $`\mathrm{res}_x^𝕋\omega `$ of a rational $`n`$-form $`\omega `$ on $`X`$ which is regular in $`XD`$. Then we prove an additive analog of Theorem 3.15.

### 4.1. Toroidal residue

First we will define the toroidal residue for a local model $`(X_\sigma ,x_0,\omega _0)`$ at a point $`x\mathrm{St}_0(X)`$. As before $`X_\sigma `$ is an $`n`$-dimensional affine toric variety, $`x_0`$ is the closed orbit, and $`\omega _0=\frac{dt_1}{t_1}\mathrm{}\frac{dt_n}{t_n}`$, where $`(t_1,\mathrm{},t_n)`$ is a coordinate system in $`𝕋`$.

Let $`A=\widehat{𝒪}_{X_\sigma ,x_0}`$ be the completion of the local ring of $`x_0`$ on $`X_\sigma `$, $`B=A_S`$ the localization of $`A`$ by the multiplicative subgroup $`S`$ of all monomials. We consider the $`B`$-algebra $`\mathrm{\Omega }_B^n`$ of differential $`n`$-forms that are regular in $`𝕋`$, and the $`A`$-algebra $`\mathrm{\Omega }_A^n`$ of regular differential $`n`$-forms.

By fixing coordinates $`(t_1,\mathrm{},t_n)`$ we can identify every element $`fB`$ with a formal power series

$$f=t^b\underset{a\sigma ^n}{}\lambda _at^a,b^n.$$

Let $`\omega \mathrm{\Omega }_B^n`$. Then we can write $`\omega =f\frac{dt_1}{t_1}\mathrm{}\frac{dt_n}{t_n}`$, for some $`fB`$.

###### Definition 4.1.

The toroidal residue of a differential $`n`$-form $`\omega \mathrm{\Omega }_B^n`$ is the constant term $`\lambda _b`$ in the formal power series of $`f`$. We denote it by $`\mathrm{res}^𝕋\omega `$.

We have the following properties of the toroidal residue.

###### Proposition 4.2.

Consider a differential $`n`$-form $`\omega \mathrm{\Omega }_B^n`$. Then

1. If $`\omega `$ is exact then $`\mathrm{res}^𝕋\omega =0`$;
2. If $`\omega \mathrm{\Omega }_A^n`$ then $`\mathrm{res}^𝕋\omega =0`$;
3. For any $`s_1,\mathrm{},s_nB^\times `$, $`\mathrm{res}^𝕋\frac{ds_1}{s_1^{m_1}}\mathrm{}\frac{ds_n}{s_n^{m_n}}=0`$, unless all $`m_i=1`$;
4. The toroidal residue is independent of the choice of coordinates $`(t_1,\mathrm{},t_n)`$;
5. The toroidal residue is invariant under monomial transformations $`tt^Q`$, $`QGL(n,)`$ up to a factor $`detQ`$.

###### Proof.

i) Let $`\omega =dw`$. We can assume that $`w=gdt_1\mathrm{}\widehat{dt_i}\mathrm{}dt_n`$. Then

$$\omega =(1)^{i1}\frac{g}{t_i}t_1\mathrm{}t_n\frac{dt_1}{t_1}\mathrm{}\frac{dt_n}{t_n}.$$

Suppose $`g=_a\lambda _at^a`$. Then

$$(1)^{i1}\frac{g}{t_i}t_1\mathrm{}t_n=\underset{a}{}a_i\lambda _a\frac{t^a}{t_i}t_1\mathrm{}t_n,a=(a_1,\mathrm{},a_n).$$

Clearly the constant term of the last series is zero.

ii) Let $`u_i=t^{a_i}`$, $`a_i\sigma ^n`$ be $`n`$ regular functions, such that $`du_1,\mathrm{},du_n`$ are linearly independent. Then for every $`\omega \mathrm{\Omega }_A^n`$

$$\omega =fdu_1\mathrm{}du_n=fdt^{a_1}\mathrm{}dt^{a_n}=ft^{a_1+\mathrm{}+a_n}J\frac{dt_1}{t_1}\mathrm{}\frac{dt_n}{t_n},$$

where $`fA`$ and $`J=det(a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)`$. Clearly, the constant term of $`ft^{a_1+\mathrm{}+a_n}J`$ is zero.

iii) First assume that $`char(k)=0`$. Suppose $`m_i1`$. Then

$$\frac{ds_1}{s_1^{m_1}}\mathrm{}\frac{ds_n}{s_n^{m_n}}=d\left(\frac{(1)^{i1}}{1m_i}s_i^{1m_i}\frac{ds_1}{s_1^{m_1}}\mathrm{}\frac{\widehat{ds_i}}{s_i^{m_i}}\mathrm{}\frac{ds_n}{s_n^{m_n}}\right),$$

and the statement follows from part i). In the case of an arbitrary characteristic note that the toroidal residue is a polynomial function in finitely many coefficients of the series $`s_1,\mathrm{},s_nB^\times `$. This function is independent of the characteristic and vanishes when the characteristic is zero. Therefore it is identically zero.

iv) Let $`(s_1,\mathrm{},s_n)`$ be another coordinate system in $`𝕋`$. Then $`s_i=\varphi _it_i`$, where $`\varphi _iA^\times `$. Consider $`\omega \mathrm{\Omega }_B^n`$ and write

$$\omega =f\frac{ds_1}{s_1}\mathrm{}\frac{ds_n}{s_n},f=\underset{a}{}\lambda _as^a,a^n.$$

Then the residue of $`\omega `$ with respect to $`(s_1,\mathrm{},s_n)`$ is $`\mathrm{res}_{(s_1,\mathrm{},s_n)}^𝕋\omega =\lambda _0`$. On the other hand, by part iii) the residue of $`\omega `$ with respect to $`(t_1,\mathrm{},t_n)`$ equals

(10)
$$\mathrm{res}_{(t_1,\mathrm{},t_n)}^𝕋\omega =\mathrm{res}_{(t_1,\mathrm{},t_n)}^𝕋\lambda _0\frac{ds_1}{s_1}\mathrm{}\frac{ds_n}{s_n}.$$

Now for each $`1in`$, $`\frac{ds_i}{s_i}=\frac{d\varphi _i}{\varphi _i}+\frac{dt_i}{t_i}`$. Substituting into (10) and expanding we get

$$\mathrm{res}_{(t_1,\mathrm{},t_n)}^𝕋\omega =\mathrm{res}_{(t_1,\mathrm{},t_n)}^𝕋\lambda _0\frac{dt_1}{t_1}\mathrm{}\frac{dt_n}{t_n}+\underset{i}{}\mathrm{res}_{(t_1,\mathrm{},t_n)}^𝕋\omega _i,$$

where in each $`\omega _i`$ at least one of $`\frac{dt_j}{t_j}`$ is replaced by $`\frac{d\varphi _j}{\varphi _j}`$. It is easy to check that the residue of every $`\omega _i`$ is zero.

v) It follows from the fact that if $`u_i=t^{q_i}`$, $`q_i^n`$ then

$$\frac{du_1}{u_1}\mathrm{}\frac{du_n}{u_n}=detQ\frac{dt_1}{t_1}\mathrm{}\frac{dt_n}{t_n},$$

and the observation that monomial transformations do not change the constant term of a series. ∎

###### Remark 4.3.

The proof of parts iii) and iv) is similar to the one given in \[FP\] for Parshin’s residue.

Now let $`(X,D)`$ be toroidal. Denote by $`\mathrm{\Omega }^n(X,D)`$ the set of all rational $`n`$-forms on $`X`$ that are regular in $`XD`$.

###### Definition 4.4.

The toroidal residue of a rational $`n`$-form $`\omega \mathrm{\Omega }^n(X,D)`$ at a point $`x\mathrm{St}_0(X)`$ is the toroidal residue of its image in a local model at $`x`$. We denote it by $`\mathrm{res}_x^𝕋\omega `$.

###### Remark 4.5.

Invariance. As it follows from Proposition 3.1 and Proposition 4.2 the toroidal residue is the same for any two equipped local models that are related by an isomorphism preserving the form $`\omega _0`$, and changes sign otherwise.

The relation between the toroidal residue and Parshin’s residue is similar to the one between the toroidal symbol and Parshin’s tame symbol.

###### Proposition 4.6.

Let $`(X,D)`$ be toroidal. Consider a rational $`n`$-form $`\omega \mathrm{\Omega }^n(X,D)`$. Then for any complete flag $`F:X_0X_1\mathrm{}X_{n1}X`$ of stratum closures on $`X`$ we have

$$\mathrm{res}_F\omega =\mathrm{sgn}F\mathrm{res}_{X_0}^𝕋\omega ,$$

where $`\mathrm{res}_F\omega `$ denotes Parshin’s residue at the flag $`F`$.

The number $`\mathrm{sgn}F\mathrm{res}^𝕋\omega `$ is independent of the choice of the form $`\omega _0`$ in an equipped local model. Consequently, if $`(D_1,\mathrm{},D_n)`$ is a reasonable covering of $`D`$ then at each $`x\mathrm{St}_0(X)`$ the number $`c(x)\mathrm{res}_x^𝕋\omega `$ is also well-defined.

The following is the additive analog of Corollary 3.13.

###### Corollary 4.7.

Let $`(X,D)`$ be toroidal and $`(D_1,\mathrm{},D_n)`$ a reasonable covering of $`D`$. For $`x\mathrm{St}_0(X)`$ let $`(x)`$ be the set of all complete flags

$$x=X_0X_1\mathrm{}X_{n1}X,$$

where $`X_i\overline{\mathrm{St}}_i(X)`$ is a stratum closure of signature $`\{i+1,\mathrm{},n\}`$, $`0in1`$.

Then for any $`\omega \mathrm{\Omega }^n(X,D)`$ we have

$$c(x)\mathrm{res}_x^𝕋\omega =\underset{F(x)}{}\mathrm{res}_F\omega ,$$

where we assume that the sum is 0 if $`(x)`$ is empty.

### 4.2. Main theorem

###### Theorem 4.8.

Let $`X`$ be a complete normal $`n`$-dimensional variety over an algebraically closed field $`k`$, and $`D`$ a closed subset of $`X`$ such that the pair $`(X,D)`$ is toroidal.

Let $`(D_1,\mathrm{},D_n)`$ be a reasonable covering of $`D`$ such that each $`D_i`$ is a disjoint union of two closed subsets of pure codimension 1:

(11)
$$D=D_1\mathrm{}D_n,D_1\mathrm{}D_n\mathrm{St}_0(X),D_i=D_i^{}D_i^{\prime \prime },1in.$$

We get $`2^n`$ disjoint finite closed subsets of $`X`$:

$$S_k=G_1\mathrm{}G_n,\text{ where }G_i=D_i^{}\text{ or }D_i^{\prime \prime },1in,1k2^n.$$

Then for any rational $`n`$-form $`\omega \mathrm{\Omega }^n(X,D)`$, the following $`2^n`$ numbers are equal:

$$(1)^{|S_1|}\underset{xS_1}{}c(x)\mathrm{res}_x^𝕋\omega =\mathrm{}=(1)^{|S_{2^n}|}\underset{xS_{2^n}}{}c(x)\mathrm{res}_x^𝕋\omega ,$$

where $`\mathrm{res}_x^𝕋\omega `$ denotes the toroidal residue of $`\omega `$ at $`x`$, $`c(x)`$ is the combinatorial coefficient at $`x`$, and $`|S_k|`$ is the number of $`D_i^{\prime \prime }`$ in the definition of $`S_k`$.

###### Proof.

The proof repeats the arguments of the proof of Theorem 3.15. ∎

## 5. Application to Systems of Equations in the Torus

In this section we apply our main results on the toroidal symbol and residue to prove the product of roots formula and the sum of values formula (Theorems A and B in the introduction).

Recall that a Laurent polynomial is a finite linear combination of monomials with integer exponent vectors and coefficients in $`k`$:

$$f(t)=\underset{m^n}{}\lambda _mt^m,t^m=t_1^{m_1}\mathrm{}t_n^{m_n},\lambda _mk.$$

The convex hull of those lattice points $`m^n`$ for which $`\lambda _m0`$ is called the Newton polytope of $`f`$. The value of $`f(t)`$ is defined for all $`t`$ in the algebraic $`n`$-torus $`𝕋=(k^\times )^n`$.

Consider a system of $`n`$ Laurent polynomial equations in $`𝕋`$:

(12)
$$f_1(t)=\mathrm{}=f_n(t)=0,t𝕋.$$

Let $`\mathrm{\Delta }_i`$ be the Newton polytope of $`f_i`$. We assume that none of the $`f_i`$ is a monomial, hence, none of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_i`$ is a point.

Every linear functional $`w`$ on $`^n`$ defines a collection of faces $`\mathrm{\Delta }_1^w,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Delta }_n^w`$ of the Newton polytopes such that the restriction of $`w`$ on $`\mathrm{\Delta }_i`$ attains its maximum precisely at $`\mathrm{\Delta }_i^w`$. The polynomial

$$f_i^w(t)=\underset{m\mathrm{\Delta }_i^w^n}{}\lambda _mt^m$$

is called the initial form of $`f_i`$ with respect to $`w`$. According to Bernstein’s theorem \[Ber75\] the number of the solutions to the system (12) is finite (and equals the mixed volume of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Delta }_n`$) if and only if for every $`w0`$ the system $`f_1^w(t)=\mathrm{}=f_n^w(t)=0`$ is inconsistent.

###### Definition 5.1.

A collection of polytopes $`\mathrm{\Delta }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Delta }_n`$ is called developed if none of them is a point and for each $`w0`$ at least one of the faces $`\mathrm{\Delta }_1^w,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Delta }_n^w`$ is a vertex.

By above any system with developed collection of Newton polytopes has finitely many solutions. We will call them the roots of the system. Every root $`x`$ of the system has a multiplicity $`\mu (x)`$.

Let $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ be the Minkowski sum of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Delta }_n`$. Then every face $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Delta }`$ has a unique decomposition as a sum of faces

(13)
$$\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{\Gamma }_1+\mathrm{}+\mathrm{\Gamma }_n,\text{ where }\mathrm{\Gamma }_i\mathrm{\Delta }_i,i=1,\mathrm{},n.$$

If the collection $`\mathrm{\Delta }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Delta }_n`$ is developed then $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ has dimension $`n`$ and in the decomposition of every proper face of $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ at least one summand is a vertex. In this case, for each vertex $`A`$ of $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ the combinatorial coefficient $`c(A)`$ is defined.

###### Definition 5.2.

Let $`\sigma _A`$ be the cone with apex $`A`$ generated by the facets of $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ that contain $`A`$. Then the boundary of $`\sigma _A`$ is covered by the closed sets $`D_1,\mathrm{},D_n`$, where $`D_i`$ is the union of all facets of $`\sigma _A`$ that correspond to the facets of $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ whose $`i`$-th summand in the decomposition (13) is a vertex. The combinatorial coefficient of this covering is called the combinatorial coefficient $`c(A)`$ of the vertex $`A\mathrm{\Delta }`$.

### 5.1. Product of roots formula

Consider a system of $`n`$ Laurent polynomials with developed collection of Newton polytopes. The product of the roots counting multiplicities is a point in $`𝕋`$, which we denote by $`\rho `$. To locate $`\rho `$ it is enough to find the product of the values of $`t_i`$ over the roots of the system, for each $`1in`$. More generally, we will find the product of the values of any Laurent monomial $`ct^m`$, for $`ck^\times `$, $`m^n`$, over the roots of the system.

###### Definition 5.3.

\[Kh99\] The symbol of $`f_1,\mathrm{},f_n`$ and a Laurent monomial $`f_0=ct^m`$ at a vertex $`A\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is the symbol of $`n+1`$ monomials $`[ct^m,f_1(A_1)t^{A_1},\mathrm{},f_n(A_n)t^{A_n}]`$, where $`A=A_1+\mathrm{}+A_n`$ is the decomposition of $`A`$, and $`f_i(A_i)`$ is the coefficient of $`t^{A_i}`$ in $`f_i`$. We denote it by $`[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_A`$.

The following theorem was proved by Khovanskii \[Kh99\] in the complex case. Our proof uses the result of Theorem 3.15 and works over an arbitrary algebraically closed field $`k`$.

###### Theorem 5.4.

Suppose the collection of the Newton polytopes $`\mathrm{\Delta }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Delta }_n`$ of the system (12) is developed. Then the product of the values of a Laurent monomial $`f_0`$ over the roots of the system is given by

(14)
$$\underset{f_1(x)=\mathrm{}=f_n(x)=0}{}f_0(x)^{\mu (x)}=\underset{A}{}[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_A^{(1)^nc(A)},$$

where the right hand product is taken over all vertices $`A`$ of the polytope $`\mathrm{\Delta }=\mathrm{\Delta }_1+\mathrm{}+\mathrm{\Delta }_n`$ and $`c(A)`$ is the combinatorial coefficient at $`A`$.

###### Proof.

First let us notice that it is sufficient to prove the theorem for a generic system with given Newton polytopes. There is an open set $`U`$ in the space of the coefficients of the system where the number of the roots counting multiplicities is constant. The left hand side of (14) being symmetric in the roots of the system is a rational function in the coefficients of the system. On the other hand, the product of the symbols $`[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_A`$ is also a rational function of the coefficients of the system. Suppose we proved the formula for almost all systems in $`U`$. Then the two rational functions coincide on an open algebraic subset $`WU`$, thus coincide everywhere in $`U`$.

Consider the complete toric variety $`X`$ associated with the Minkowski sum $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ (e.g. see \[Fu93\]). Let $`D=X𝕋`$ be the invariant divisor on $`X`$. Denote by $`Z_i`$ the closure of the zero locus $`f_i=0`$ in $`X`$, and let $`Z=Z_1\mathrm{}Z_n`$. If the system is generic, the components of $`Z`$ intersect transversally and the intersection of each component of $`Z`$ with $`D`$ is also transversal. In this case the pair $`(X,DZ)`$ is toroidal.

Now we will define a covering of $`DZ`$. Each irreducible component of $`D`$ corresponds to a facet of $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$. Recall that each facet $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ has a unique decomposition into the sum of faces (13). Denote by $`D_i`$ the union of all components that correspond to those facets whose $`i`$-th summand is a vertex. Since the collection $`\mathrm{\Delta }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Delta }_n`$ is developed, the sets $`D_1,\mathrm{},D_n`$ define a covering of $`D`$.

Consider a covering $`DZ=(D_1Z_1)\mathrm{}(D_nZ_n)`$. Notice that every intersection point in $`(D_1Z_1)\mathrm{}(D_nZ_n)`$ is either a fixed orbit or a transversal intersection of some components of $`Z`$ and $`D`$. Thus the covering is reasonable (see Section 3.2). By definition, the components of $`D_i`$ correspond to facets of $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ whose $`i`$-th summand is a vertex, i.e. the corresponding initial forms of $`f_i`$ are monomials. This implies that $`D_iZ_i=\mathrm{}`$. Now applying Theorem 3.15 we obtain

$$\underset{xZ_1\mathrm{}Z_n}{}[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_x^{c(x)}=\underset{xD_1\mathrm{}D_n}{}[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_x^{(1)^nc(x)}.$$

It remains to notice that for each transversal intersection $`x`$ of components of $`Z`$ the combinatorial coefficient $`c(x)=1`$ and $`[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_x=f_0(x)^{\mu (x)}`$ (see Example 1 in the appendix). Also for a point $`xD_1\mathrm{}D_n`$ the toric symbol $`[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_x`$ coincides with $`[f_0,\mathrm{},f_n]_A`$, where $`A`$ is the corresponding vertex of $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$, and $`c(x)=c(A)`$, by definition. ∎

### 5.2. Sum of values formula

We recall the definition of a Laurent series at a vertex and the residue at a vertex from \[GKh96\]. Let $`f`$ be a Laurent polynomial with Newton polytope $`\mathrm{\Delta }(f)`$, $`A`$ a vertex of $`\mathrm{\Delta }(f)`$, and $`f(A)`$ is the coefficient of $`t^A`$ in $`f`$. Since the constant term of the Laurent polynomial $`\stackrel{~}{f}=f/(f(A)t^A)`$ equals 1 we get a well-defined power series

(15)
$$\frac{1}{\stackrel{~}{f}}=1+(1\stackrel{~}{f})+(1\stackrel{~}{f})^2+\mathrm{}.$$

###### Definition 5.5.

Let $`g`$ be a Laurent polynomial. The formal product of the series (15) and the Laurent polynomial $`g/(f(A)t^A)`$ is called the Laurent series of $`g/f`$ at the vertex $`A\mathrm{\Delta }(f)`$.

###### Definition 5.6.

The residue at a vertex $`A\mathrm{\Delta }(f)`$ of a rational $`n`$-form $`\omega =\frac{g}{f}\frac{dt_1}{t_1}\mathrm{}\frac{dt_n}{t_n}`$ is the constant term of the Laurent series of $`g/f`$ at $`A`$. We denote it by $`\mathrm{res}_A\omega `$.

The following theorem was proved by Gel’fond and Khovanskii \[GKh02\] in the case when $`k=`$. We prove it for any algebraically closed field $`k`$ using Theorem 4.8.

###### Theorem 5.7.

Suppose the collection of the Newton polytopes $`\mathrm{\Delta }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Delta }_n`$ of the system (12) is developed. Then the sum of the values of a Laurent polynomial $`f_0`$ over the roots of the system counting multiplicities is given by

$$\underset{f_1(x)=\mathrm{}=f_n(x)=0}{}\mu (x)f_0(x)=(1)^n\underset{A}{}c(A)\mathrm{res}_A\left(\frac{f_0J}{f}\frac{dt_1}{t_1}\mathrm{}\frac{dt_n}{t_n}\right),$$

where the sum on the right is taken over the vertices $`A`$ of $`\mathrm{\Delta }=\mathrm{\Delta }_1+\mathrm{}+\mathrm{\Delta }_n`$, $`J=det\left(t_j\frac{f_i}{t_j}\right)`$ for $`1i,jn`$, $`f=f_1\mathrm{}f_n`$, and $`c(A)`$ is the combinatorial coefficient at $`A`$.

###### Proof.

As in the proof of Theorem 5.4 it is enough to consider the case of a generic system with given Newton polytopes, since the sum of the values of a Laurent polynomial over the roots of the system is a rational function of the coefficients of the system.

As before, $`X`$ is the complete toric variety associated with the Minkowski sum, $`D`$ the invariant divisor on $`X`$, $`Z_i`$ the closure of the zero locus $`f_i=0`$ in $`X`$, and $`DZ=(D_1Z_1)\mathrm{}(D_nZ_n)`$ a reasonable covering that satisfies $`D_iZ_i=\mathrm{}`$. Applying Theorem 4.8 to the form $`\omega =f_0\frac{df_1}{f_1}\mathrm{}\frac{df_n}{f_n}`$ we get

$$\underset{xZ_1\mathrm{}Z_n}{}c(x)\mathrm{res}_x^𝕋\omega =(1)^n\underset{xD_1\mathrm{}D_n}{}c(x)\mathrm{res}_x^𝕋\omega .$$

For each transversal intersection $`x`$ of components of $`Z`$ the combinatorial coefficient $`c(x)=1`$ and $`\mathrm{res}_x^𝕋\omega =\mu (x)f_0(x)`$ (see Example 2 in the appendix). Also for a point $`xD_1\mathrm{}D_n`$, we have $`c(x)=c(A)`$ and

$$\mathrm{res}_x^𝕋\omega =\mathrm{res}_A\left(\frac{f_0J}{f}\frac{dt_1}{t_1}\mathrm{}\frac{dt_n}{t_n}\right),$$

where $`A\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is the vertex corresponding to the fixed orbit $`x`$. Therefore, we have obtained the required equality. ∎

## 6. Appendix: Parshin’s Reciprocity Laws

Here we recall the definition of Parshin’s tame symbol and residue for an arbitrary algebraic variety $`X`$ over an algebraically closed field, and formulate Parshin’s reciprocity laws.

### 6.1. Parshin’s tame symbol

Let $`X`$ be a complete algebraic variety over an algebraically closed field $`k`$.

Consider a complete flag of irreducible subvarieties of $`X`$:

(16)
$$F:X_0X_1\mathrm{}X_{n1}X_n=X.$$

We will assume that all $`X_i`$ are normal. The general case can be reduced to this one by considering normalization (for details see \[P83\] or \[So02\]). Note also that this assumption holds for complete flags of stratum closures on toroidal pairs.

Given a flag $`F`$ as in (16) define a system of local parameters at $`F`$, $`(u_1,\mathrm{},u_n)_Fk(X)^n`$ as follows. There exists an open subset of $`X_n`$ where the codimension 1 subvariety $`X_{n1}`$ has a local equation $`u_n`$. In general, for every $`i=0\mathrm{}n1`$, let $`u_{ni}`$ be a local equation (in some open subset) of the codimension 1 subvariety $`X_{ni1}X_{ni}`$.

Next, for every rational function $`f`$ on $`X`$ define its order $`(a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)_F^n`$ at the flag $`F`$. First let $`a_n`$ be the order of $`f`$ along $`X_{n1}`$. We can write

$$f=f^{(n1)}u_n^{a_n},a_n.$$

Let $`\stackrel{~}{f}^{(n1)}`$ be the restriction of $`f^{(n1)}`$ to $`X_{n1}`$, and $`a_{n1}`$ be the order of this restriction along $`X_{n2}`$,

$$\stackrel{~}{f}^{(n1)}=f^{(n2)}u_{n1}^{a_{n1}},a_{n1},$$

and so on. Finally,

(17)
$$\stackrel{~}{f}^{(1)}=f^{(0)}u_1^{a_1},a_1,$$

where $`a_1`$ is the order of $`\stackrel{~}{f}^{(1)}`$ at $`X_0`$.

###### Definition 6.1.

Let $`f_0,\mathrm{},f_n`$ be rational functions on $`X`$. Fix a complete flag $`F`$ of irreducible subvarieties (16). Let $`(a_{i1},\mathrm{},a_{in})_F`$ be the order of $`f_i`$ at $`F`$. Denote $`A=(a_{ij})M_{n+1,n}()`$. Parshin’s tame symbol of $`f_0,\mathrm{},f_n`$ at the flag $`F`$ is the following non-zero element of $`k`$:

(18)
$$f_0,\mathrm{},f_n_F=(1)^B\left(\underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}f_i^{(1)^iA_i}\right)(X_0),$$

where $`A_i`$ is the determinant of the matrix obtained from $`A`$ by eliminating its $`i`$-th row, and

$$B=\underset{k}{}\underset{i<j}{}a_{ik}a_{jk}A_{ij}^k,$$

where $`A_{ij}^k`$ is the determinant of the matrix obtained from $`A`$ by eliminating its $`i`$-th and $`j`$-th rows and its $`k`$-th column.

Note that the order of the rational function inside the large brackets in (18) is $`(0,\mathrm{},0)_F`$, hence, its value at $`X_0`$ makes sense and is not zero.

###### Remark 6.2.

Let us associate with every rational function $`f`$ on $`X`$ a monomial $`cu_1^{a_1}\mathrm{}u_n^{a_n}`$, where $`(u_1,\mathrm{},u_n)_F`$ are local parameters at $`F`$, $`(a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)_F`$ is the order of $`f`$ at $`F`$, and $`c=f^{(0)}(X_0)`$. Then the tame symbol $`f_0,\mathrm{},f_n_F`$ is equal to the symbol of the corresponding $`n+1`$ monomials (see Definition 3.8).

Parshin’s symbol does not depend on the choice of local parameters $`(u_1,\mathrm{},u_n)_F`$. It is multiplicative and skew-symmetric (compare to Proposition 3.9).

###### Example 1.

Let $`f_1,\mathrm{},f_n`$ be rational functions on an algebraic variety $`X`$, whose zero loci $`\{f_i=0\}`$ intersect transversely at a non-singular point $`xX`$. Denote by $`Z_i`$ the irreducible component of $`\{f_i=0\}`$ that contains $`x`$.

Let $`f_0`$ be any rational function on $`X`$ whose divisor does not contain $`x`$. Then

$$f_0,\mathrm{},f_n_F=f_0(x)^{\mu (x)},$$

where $`F:x=X_0X_1\mathrm{}X_{n1}X`$ for $`X_i=Z_{i+1}\mathrm{}Z_n`$, and $`\mu (x)=\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n`$ is the product of the multiplicities $`\mu _i`$ of $`f_i`$ along $`Z_i`$.

Indeed, for the system of local parameters at $`F`$ we can choose the local equations of $`Z_i`$ at $`x`$. Then the first row of the matrix $`A`$ is zero and the other $`n`$ rows form a lower triangular matrix with the multiplicities $`\mu _i`$ on the diagonal. Therefore, $`A_0=\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n`$ and $`A_j=0`$, $`1jn`$. It is also not hard to see that $`B=0`$ (for example one can use the description of $`B`$ given in the proof of Proposition 3.9).

### 6.2. Parshin’s residue

Let $`X`$ be a complete algebraic variety over an algebraically closed field $`k`$, and $`F`$ a complete flag of irreducible subvarieties (16). Let $`(u_1,\mathrm{},u_n)_F`$ be a system of local parameters at $`F`$, as before.

Consider a rational differential $`n`$-form on $`X`$. At a generic point of $`X_{n1}`$ the differentials $`du_1,\mathrm{},du_n`$ are linearly independent, and we can write

$$\omega =fdu_1\mathrm{}du_n,\text{ where }f=\underset{i_n>N_n}{}f_{i_n}u_n^{i_n}.$$

The restriction of the form $`f_1du_1\mathrm{}u_{n1}`$ onto $`X_{n1}`$ makes sense and gives us a rational $`(n1)`$-form $`\omega _{n1}`$ on $`X_{n1}`$. Continuing in this way we arrive at a sequence of rational $`(ni)`$-forms $`\omega _{ni}`$ on $`X_{ni}`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$, the last one being a number $`\omega _0=f_{1,\mathrm{},1}`$ at the point $`X_0`$. Note also that this number is the coefficient of the series

$$f=\underset{i_nN_n}{}\underset{i_{n1}N_{n1}(i_n)}{}\mathrm{}\underset{i_1N_1(i_2,\mathrm{},i_n)}{}f_{i_1,\mathrm{},i_n}u_1^{i_1}\mathrm{}u_n^{i_n},f_{i_1,\mathrm{},i_n}k,$$

where we identify $`f`$ with an element of the field $`k((u_1))\mathrm{}((u_n))`$. Here $`K((t))`$ denotes the field of the Laurent power series in $`t`$ with coefficients in a field $`K`$.

###### Definition 6.3.

Let $`\omega `$ be a rational $`n`$-form on $`X`$. Fix a complete flag $`F`$ of irreducible subvarieties (16). Parshin’s residue $`\mathrm{res}_F\omega `$ at the flag $`F`$ is the number $`f_{1,\mathrm{},1}`$ constructed above.

Parshin’s residue does not depend on the choice of local parameters $`(u_1,\mathrm{},u_n)_F`$. The proof of this statement is similar to the proof we gave for the invariance of the toroidal residue in Proposition 4.2.

###### Example 2.

Let $`f_1,\mathrm{},f_n`$ be rational functions on an algebraic variety $`X`$, whose zero loci $`\{f_i=0\}`$ intersect transversely at a non-singular point $`xX`$. Denote by $`Z_i`$ the irreducible component of $`\{f_i=0\}`$ that contains $`x`$.

Let $`f_0`$ be any rational function on $`X`$ which is regular in an open neighborhood of $`x`$. Then

$$\mathrm{res}_Ff_0\frac{df_1}{f_1}\mathrm{}\frac{df_n}{f_n}=\mu (x)f_0(x),$$

where $`F:x=X_0X_1\mathrm{}X_{n1}X`$, for $`X_i=Z_{i+1}\mathrm{}Z_n`$, and $`\mu (x)=\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _n`$ is the product of the multiplicities $`\mu _i`$ of $`f_i`$ along $`Z_i`$.

Indeed, for the system of local parameters at $`F`$ we can choose the local equations $`u_i`$ of $`Z_i`$ at $`x`$. Then

$$\mathrm{res}_Ff_0\frac{df_1}{f_1}\mathrm{}\frac{df_n}{f_n}=\mathrm{res}_Ff_0\frac{du_1^{\mu _1}}{u_1^{\mu _1}}\mathrm{}\frac{du_n^{\mu _n}}{u_n^{\mu _n}}=\mathrm{res}_F\mu (x)f_0\frac{du_1}{u_1}\mathrm{}\frac{du_n}{u_n}=\mu (x)f_0(x).$$

### 6.3. Reciprocity laws

Now we will formulate Parshin’s reciprocity laws for the tame symbol and the residue.

###### Theorem 6.4.

Let $`X`$ be a complete irreducible $`n`$-dimensional algebraic variety over an algebraically closed field $`k`$. Fix a partial flag of irreducible subvarieties $`X_0\mathrm{}\widehat{X}_i\mathrm{}X_n=X`$, where $`X_i`$ is omitted. Then

1. for any $`n+1`$ rational functions $`f_0,\mathrm{},f_n`$ on $`X`$

$$\underset{X_i}{}f_0,\mathrm{},f_n_{X_0\mathrm{}X_i\mathrm{}X_n}=1,$$
2. for any rational $`n`$-form $`\omega `$ on $`X`$

$$\underset{X_i}{}\mathrm{res}_{X_0\mathrm{}X_i\mathrm{}X_n}\omega =0,$$

where the product (sum) is taken over all irreducible subvarieties $`X_i`$ that complete the flag, and is finite.

It follows by definition that Parshin’s symbol $`f_0,\mathrm{},f_n_F`$ equals 1 unless $`F`$ consists of intersections of components of the divisors of $`f_0,\mathrm{},f_n`$. This shows that the above product is finite. Similarly, Parshin’s residue $`\mathrm{res}_F\omega `$ is zero unless $`F`$ consists of intersections of components of the polar set of $`\omega `$, hence, the above sum is finite.

In the proof of the main theorems (Theorem 3.15, Theorem 4.8) we referred to the special case of the reciprocity law when $`i=0`$. In this case the proof of the first part of Theorem 6.4 is based on the “reduction formula” for the symbol. Namely, the property of the symbol analogous to the cofactor expansion for the determinant allows one to represent the $`n`$-dimensional symbol as a product of symbols of dimension $`n1`$ (see \[FP\]). Then the statement follows from Weil’s reciprocity by induction.

For the case of the residue, notice that the residue of the $`n`$-form $`\omega `$ at the flag $`F`$ is equal to the sum of the residues of $`1`$-forms $`\omega _1`$ on $`X_1`$ at $`X_0`$. The statement then follows from the 1-dimensional residue formula.


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# Direct photons from relativistic heavy ion collisions at CERN SPS and at RHIC

## Abstract

Assuming QGP as the initial state, we have analyzed the direct photon data, obtained by the WA98 collaboration, in 158 A GeV Pb+Pb collisions at CERN SPS. It was shown, that for small thermalisation time, two loop rate contribute substantially to high $`p_T`$ photons. We argue that for extremely short thermalisation time scale, the higher loop contribution should not be neglected. For thermalisation time 0.4 fm or greater, when higher loop contribution are not substantial, the initial temperature of the QGP is not large and the system does not produce enough hard $`p_T`$ photons to fit the WA98 experiment. For initial time in the ranges of 0.4-1.0 fm, WA98 data could be fitted only if the fluid has initial radial velocity in the range of 0.3-0.5c. The model was applied to predict photon spectrum at RHIC energy.

PACS numbers(s):12.38.Mh,13.85.Qk,24.85.+p,25.75.-q

Ever since possible existence of deconfining phase transition from hadrons to quark gluon plasma (QGP) was predicted by the Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), nuclear physicists are eagerly looking for the experimental evidences of QGP, the new state of matter. It has even been claimed that, evidence of the new state of matter is already seen at CERN SPS in Pb+Pb collision . The claim was based mainly on the experimental $`J/\psi `$ suppression and strangeness enhancement, in Pb+Pb collisions. Due to intrinsic ambiguities in disentangling the similar effects arising from hadronic processes, their claim is rather considered controversial. On the other hand, it may be noticed that electromagnetic signals (dileptons and photons), were not considered in establishing the claim, even though, photons and dileptons are well recognized probes of QGP. They suffer minimal final state interactions and can give information about the early stage of the collisions. Experimentally however, it is a challenge to obtain precision photon data from huge background. Recently WA98 collaboration has published their single photon emission data for 158 A GeV Pb+Pb collisions at CERN SPS . Several authors have analyzed the WA98 single photon data , but their conclusions are not convergent. It seems that the data could be explained in a QGP or in a hadronic gas scenario, with or without initial radial velocity.

In the present paper, we further analyze the WA98 data in the initial QGP scenario. We first assume that the thermalisation time $`\tau _i`$, beyond which hydrodynamics is applicable, is larger than 0.4 fm. The reason for this is the uncertainty in the elementary photon production rate. For smaller $`\tau _i`$, higher loops contributions can be substantial, ruining any agreement obtained with data. If $`\tau _i>0.4`$ fm is the case, we then confirm the analysis of Peressounko et al  that the data require an initial radial velocity. It was also shown that the high $`p_T`$ photon spectra depend quite strongly on the initial radial velocity distribution. For realistic (surface peaked) velocity distribution, initial radial velocity in the range of 0.3-0.4c is required.

Procedure for obtaining photon spectra in a hydrodynamic evolution is well known . We have solved the hydrodynamic equations $`_\mu T^{\mu \nu }=0`$ for a baryon free gas assuming cylindrical symmetry and boost-invariance. The equation of state for QGP was assumed to be $`p_q=a_qT^4B`$ with $`a_q=42.25\pi ^2/90`$. The hadronic equation of state was generalized to include all the mesonic resonances with mass $`<`$ 2 GeV. The cut off 2 GeV is rather arbitrary and we verify that the results do not depend on the value of cut-off significantly. The bag constant $`B`$ was obtained from the Gibbs condition $`p_{QGP}(T_c)=p_{had}(T_c)`$. The critical temperature ($`T_c`$) and the freeze-out temperature ($`T_F`$) were assumed to be 180 MeV and 100 MeV respectively.

Hydrodynamic models require, as inputs, the initial time ($`\tau _i`$) and initial energy density or equivalently the temperature ($`T_i`$) of the fluid. $`\tau _i`$ is the thermalisation time, beyond which quasi-equilibrium is established and hydrodynamics is applicable. $`\tau _i`$ and $`T_i`$ are parameters of the model, unless one obtains them from some microscopic transport models. In order to reduce parameters, one further assume that the fluid flow is isentropic. Then for a given $`\tau _i`$ the initial temperature $`T_i`$ of the fluid (QGP) can be obtained by relating the entropy density with the observed pion multiplicity (assuming pion decoupling to be adiabatic) ,

$$T_i^3\tau _i=\frac{1}{\pi R_A^2}\frac{c}{4a_{q,h}}\frac{dN}{dY}(b=0)$$
(1)
where $`c=2\pi ^4/45\zeta (3)`$ and $`R_A`$ is the transverse radius of the system (assumed to be 6.4 fm for Pb+Pb collisions). $`b=0`$ corresponds to central collisions. In table 1, initial temperature of the QGP, for certain values of the initial time $`\tau _i`$ are shown. Rapidity density was assumed to be $`dN/dY`$=750 . It can be seen that choice of initial time is of crucial importance. QGP is formed at higher temperature for low values of the thermalisation time. High $`p_T`$ photon production rate depends strongly on the initial temperature and it is possible to increase its yield by arbitrarily reducing the thermalisation time and correspondingly increasing the initial temperature of the QGP fluid.

For the single photons from hadronic gas we include the following processes,

(a) $`\pi \pi \rho \gamma `$, (b) $`\pi \rho \pi \gamma `$, (c) $`\omega \pi \gamma `$, (d) $`\rho \pi \pi \gamma `$ (e) $`\pi \rho A_1\pi \gamma `$

rates for which are well known .

Rate of production of hard photons from QGP were evaluated by Kapusta et al . To one loop order,

$$E\frac{dR}{d^3p}=\frac{1}{2\pi ^2}\alpha \alpha _s\underset{f}{}e_f^2T^2e^{E/T}\mathrm{ln}(\frac{\xi E}{\alpha _sT})$$
(2)
where $`\xi 0.23`$ is a constant. The summation runs over the flavors of the quarks and $`e_f`$ is the electric charge of the quarks in units of charge of the electron.

Recently Aurenche et al evaluated the production of photons in a QGP. At two loops level Bremsstrahlung photons $`(qq(g)qq(g)\gamma `$ found to be dominating the compton and annihilation photons.

The rate of production of photons due to Bremsstrahlung (corrected for the factor of 4 ) was evaluated by them as,

$$E\frac{dR}{d^3p}=\frac{1}{4}\frac{8}{\pi ^5}\alpha \alpha _s\underset{f}{}e_f^2\frac{T^4}{E^2}e^{E/T}(J_TJ_L)I(E,T)$$
(3)
where $`J_T4.45`$ and $`J_L4.26`$ for two flavors and 3 colors of quarks. For 3 flavor quarks, $`J_T4.8`$ and $`J_L4.52`$. $`I(E,T)`$ stands for,

$`I(E,T)=`$ $`[3\zeta (3)+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{6}}{\displaystyle \frac{E}{T}}+({\displaystyle \frac{E}{T}})^2\mathrm{ln}2+4Li_3(e^{|E|/T})`$ (5)
$`+2Li_2(e^{|E|/T})(E/T)^2\mathrm{ln}(1+e^{|E|/T})]`$
and the poly-logarith functions $`Li`$ are given by,

$$Li_a(z)=\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{z^n}{n^a}$$
(6)
Aurenche et al  also calculated the contribution of the $`q\overline{q}`$ with scattering, which should also be corrected for the same factor of 4. The corrected rate is,

$$E\frac{dR}{d^3p}=\frac{1}{4}\frac{8}{3\pi ^5}\alpha \alpha _s\underset{f}{}e_f^2ETe^{E/T}(J_TJ_L)$$
(7)
We would like to call attention to the fact that two-loop photon rate from QGP is not complete. Higher loops contribute to the same order . Also Landau-Migdal-Pomeranchuk effect has been neglected . Questions naturally arise how can then one obtain a reliable estimate of photon yield in the QGP scenario. In Fig.1, we have shown the ratio of photon yield obtained with one+two loop rate and one loop rate, for initial times $`\tau _i`$ =0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8 and 1 fm. It can be seen for the lowest thermalisation time ($`\tau _i`$=0.2 fm) two loop rate contribute more that 70% to the high $`p_T`$ photons. If the higher loops contribute to the same order as the two-loop rate, their inclusion can change the two loop results drastically. In the given circumstances, it will be unwise to apply these results if the thermalisation time scale is as small as 0.2 fm.

For $`\tau _i`$ $``$ .4 fm or more, the two loop rates contribute to 25% or less to the total yield. Thus for a realistic estimate of photon yield in the QGP scenario, one must consider $`\tau _i`$ .4 fm, when contribution of two loop rate is moderate and even if higher loops contribute to the same order, it will not affect the total yield substantially. Calculations with smaller $`\tau _i`$ could not be relied upon. We thus assume $`\tau _i`$ 0.4fm. As will be shown later, for $`\tau _i`$ 0.4fm, initially static QGP scenario could not explain the WA98 data. It under predicts them. However, if the fluid is assumed to have certain initial radial velocity, data could be fitted satisfactorily. Indeed, Peressounko et al  argued that the WA98 data could be fitted only with some initial radial velocity. Present analysis confirms the result. Source of initial radial velocity could be the collisions among the constituents of the fluid (quarks and gluons). However, the high $`p_T`$ photon yield will depend on the type of velocity distribution to be assumed. Peressounko et al  used linearly increasing velocity distribution. In an earlier work  a Woods-Saxon form for the initial velocity distribution was used. Fig.2, we have shown the computed photon yield for three types of velocity distributions,

(a) Woods-Saxon type of velocity:

$$v_r(r)=v_r^0/(1+exp((rR_0)/a)$$
(8)
(b) Linearly increasing velocity:

$$v_r(r)=\{\begin{array}{c}v_r^0r/R_0,\\ 0\end{array}\begin{array}{c}rR_0\\ r>R_0\end{array}$$
(9)
and (c) surface peaked velocity:

$$v_r(r)=4v_r^0exp((rR_0)/a)/(1+exp((rR_0)/a))^2$$
(10)
with $`R_0=`$6.4 fm and $`a=`$0.54 fm corresponding to Pb nucleus. In these velocity profiles, the parameter $`v_r^0`$ is chosen to be the maximum value of the distribution. We should remember that this choice of parametrization is not unique. For example, it may also be normalized to give the same average radial velocity. Due to the ambiguity of the definition of $`v_r^0`$, the absolute values of photon yield for each profile in Fig. 2 may change in different normalization, but an important fact is that $`p_T`$ dependence changes and the high $`p_T`$ part of the photon spectra is sensitive

to the shape of the velocity distribution. Surface peaked velocity distribution is least effective for producing $`p_T`$. On the other hand, Saxon-Woods type of velocity profile produces more high $`p_T`$ photons. Linearly increasing velocity lies in between.

To see the physical picture of these profiles, let us consider some conserving quantity associated to the fluid. Then from the continuity equation for cylindrical symmetric case,

$`\dot{n}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{r}}\left(rnv_r\right)=0,`$

where $`n`$ is the density of the conserved quantity. For example, if we take Wood-Saxon type velocity field, at $`r0,`$ $`v_rconst`$, so that

$`\dot{n}v_r\left(0\right)\left[{\displaystyle \frac{n}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{n}{r}}\right]`$

near $`r0`$. Except for $`n\left(0\right)0`$ for $`r0`$, the density variation at the center becomes infinitely large. Thus, the Wood-Saxon type profile represents a detonation at the origin, exploding from the center whole the material outwords. The linear profile corresponds to the homologous expansion of the system, corresponding to a rather mild density change. For example, a typical solution is

$`n{\displaystyle \frac{1}{R^2\left(t\right)}}f\left({\displaystyle \frac{r}{R\left(r\right)}}\right),`$

where $`f`$ is an arbitrary function. On the other hand, when the QGP gas is initially almost at rest, and its surface area is expanding rapidly to the vacuum, similar to the early simple wave stage of the Landau model, then the velocity profile becomes surface peaked. If a nuclear collision generates initially almost static QGP fireball, the fluid velocity may be more surface peaked compared to the linear one.

Before we compare our model prediction with the WA98 experiment, we would like to make few comments on the direct QCD and pre- equilibrium photons. Direct QCD photons are produced from the early hard collisions of partons in the nuclei and in Pb+Pb collisions make significant contribution to the high $`p_T`$ yield. Gallmeister et al  claimed that prompt photons are able to explain the high $`p_T`$ data in Pb+Pb collisions. Dumitru et al  also arrived at a similar conclusion including the nuclear broadening effects. However, this point is still controversial due to uncertainties in prompt photon emission at AA collisions. Thus Alam et al  and also Srivastava and Sinha  calculated the prompt photon emission for Pb+Pb collisions. It was seen that for $`p_T`$ $`>`$2 GeV, direct QCD photons alone can describe the data within a factor of 3-8 only.

Pre-equilibrium photons are emitted before the establishment of quasi equilibrium. Traxler and Thoma  calculated pre-equilibrium photons and found them order of magnitude less than the equilibrium photons. Roy et al  also calculated the pre-equilibrium photons. They used Fokker-Plank equations and found that pre-equilibrium photons are less or at best equal to the equilibrium photons. The results refers to RHIC and LHC energies. At SPS one expects still lower contribution of pre-equilibrium photons. At SPS, the system is far from chemical equilibrium and number of quarks and anti-quarks will be less. Pre-equilibrium photons then can be neglected.

In Fig.3 , we have compared the photon yield obtained in the present model with WA98 experiment. The initial time and temperature are $`\tau _i`$=0.4 fm and $`T_i`$=271 MeV respectively. We have included the hard QCD photons for $`p_T`$ $`>`$ 2 GeV following Alam et al . Without any initial radial velocity (the dotted line) thermal photons together with hard QCD photons could not explain the data. High $`p_T`$ part of the data are underestimated by a factor of 5 or more. It is possible to obtain a reasonable fit to data for still lower initial time(e.g. $`\tau _i`$=0.2 fm, $`T_i`$=341 MeV), but as emphasized earlier, the results obtained thus are not reliable. Higher loops (three and more) contributions, which are neglected here may then be significant. When we suppose that the initial temperature is not so high, then the data requires an initial radial velocity in our model. In Fig.3, the solid lines are the photon yield obtained with initial radial velocity with maximum velocity $`v_r^0`$=.2,.3,.4c. Here we take the surface peaked initial velocity profile, which corresponds to a scenario of QGP fireball with surface expansion. As expected with initial $`v_r`$, high $`p_T`$ photon yield is increased and we find that the data is well describe if $`v_r^0`$ lies in the range of 0.3-0.4c. When we assume more mild QGP gas expansion represented by the linear velocity profile, then these values are little bit smaller. In Fig.4, same results are shown for initial time $`\tau _i`$=1.0 fm. In this case, without any initial radial velocity, data are more underpredicted. Reasonable agreement with data is obtained again with (surface peaked) initial velocity in the range of $`v_r^0`$=0.4-0.5c. The present results are in agreement with the finding of Peressounko et al  that the WA98 single photon data require initial radial velocity of the fluid, at least in the surface region.

We now show the prediction for RHIC energy. In Fig.5, we have shown the results obtained for Au+Au collisions at $`\sqrt{s}`$=130 GeV. The initial time and temperature was assumed to be $`\tau _i`$=0.5 fm and $`T_i`$=300 MeV . The dash-dot line is the hard QCD photons at RHIC energy. $`p_T`$ broadening effect is ignored. At RHIC energy the effect is not as important as at SPS energy. The dotted lines are the thermal photons obtained for initial radial velocity $`v_r^0`$=0,0.3 and 0.5c. Solid lines show the total contribution ( thermal and hard QCD photons). It can be seen that for $`p_T<`$ 2 GeV, thermal photons dominate the spectrum. Hard QCD photons dominate at higher $`p_T>`$ 4 GeV. In the intermediate $`p_T`$ range (2 GeV-4 GeV), thermal photons contribute as copiously as the hard QCD photons. This is the range where initial fluid velocity has considerable effect. Considering the importance of hard QCD photons at RHIC energy, it is of utmost importance to determine experimentally the single photon spectra in pp collisions at RHIC energy. Only then it will be possible to comment on the possible QGP formation at RHIC energy from the single photon data.

To summarize, we have analyzed the recent WA98 single photon data assuming QGP formation in the initial state. It was shown that in order to have a reliable estimate of photon yield, initial time of the hydrodynamic evolution should be larger than 0.4 fm, otherwise neglect of three and higher loops in the photon production rate

would be unjustified. They can contribute in the same order as the two loop photon rate (which is more than 70% at high $`p_T`$ for an initial time of 0.2 fm). As far as $`\tau _i`$ $``$ 0.4 fm, then initially static QGP scenario underestimates the high $`p_T`$ photons compared to the observed data. The data could be fitted only if some kind of initial radial velocity is present. Photon yield depend on the initial velocity distribution, changing by factor of 2-3 at the high $`p_T`$ , from the surface emission scenario (surface peaked) to the detonation at the center (Woods-Saxon form). WA98 data could be fitted reasonably well if the thermalisation time $`\tau _i`$, ranges between 0.4-1.0 fm (corresponding to initial temperature between 271-200 MeV), and if the QGP fluid has an initial (surface peaked) radial velocity in the ranges of 0.3-0.5c. The model was applied to predict photon spectra at RHIC energy in Au+Au collisions. It was shown that high $`p_T`$ spectra is dominated by hard QCD photons. Thermal photons dominate low $`p_T`$ part of the spectra and in the intermediate range of $`p_T`$ thermal photons contribute comparably to hard photons. We feel it is important to measure hard QCD photons in pp collisions at RHIC energy. Only then it will then be possible to comment on possible QGP formation from the direct photon data at RHIC.

This work is supported in part by CNPq/MCT and FAPERJ. One of the author (AC) thanks the Lady Davis fellowship trust for supporting the visit to Technion, where part of the work is done.