text:
# Modification of relative entropy of entanglement Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 60173047, “973” Project of China and the National Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province

## I Introduction

The entanglement is a vital feature of quantum information. It has important applications for quantum communication and quantum computation, for example, quantum teleportation , massive parallelism of quantum computation  and quantum cryptographic schemes . Therefore, it is very essential and interesting how to measure the entanglement of quantum states. In the existing measures of entanglement, the entanglement of formation (EF) $`E_{EF}`$  and the relative entropy of entanglement (RE) $`E_{RE}`$  are often used and they are respectively defined by

$`E_{EF}(\rho _{AB})`$ $`=`$ $`\underset{\{p_i,\rho ^i\}𝒟}{\mathrm{min}}{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}p_iS(\rho _B^i),`$ (1)
$`E_{RE}(\rho _{AB})`$ $`=`$ $`\underset{\rho _{AB}^R}{\mathrm{min}}S(\rho _{AB}\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{R}),`$ (2)
where $`𝒟`$ in eq.(1) is a set that includes all the possible decompositions of pure states $`\rho =_ip_i\rho ^i`$, and $``$ in eq.(2) is a set that includes all the disentangled states. Note that $`\rho _B^i=\mathrm{Tr}_A\rho ^i`$ is the reduced density matrix of $`\rho ^i`$, $`S(\rho )`$ is von Neumann entropy of $`\rho `$, $`S(\rho \rho ^\mathrm{R})=\mathrm{Tr}(\rho \mathrm{log}\rho \rho \mathrm{log}\rho ^\mathrm{R})`$ is the quantum relative entropy and $`\rho ^\mathrm{R}`$ can be called the relative (density) matrix, which is used to calculate the relative entropy.

For a pure state in a bi-party system EF is an actually standard measure of entanglement. For an arbitrary state of two qubits, EF is also widely accepted . For bound entangled states, EF and the distillable entanglement (DE) simply quantify two different properties of the state. RE is thought of a upper bound of DE and a lower bound of EF in the case of mixed states . RE appears promising by a series of the interesting results . However, there are still several open questions not to be understood fully among them. For example, EF is heavily dependent on the pure state decompositions in the case of mixed states, RE’s advantages suffers from the difficulty in computation. Moreover, it is not very clear how to describe the entanglement of many parties in terms of both of them. At most, we can know qualitatively some useful information . In addition, we believe there is the particular difference between some similar departure states from Bell’s state, however, it is covered up by Wootters’ EF. We do not know why EF, in the case of mixed state, is linearly dependent on the probability of component states for the minimum pure state decomposition (MPSD).

In this paper, we try to solve the questions stated above, at least partially. First, we think that in the case of pure states, EF and RE are both correct measures of quantum entanglement. Thus there must be a determined functional relation between them, but not only they are equal numerically. In other words, we should be able to find such a relative density matrix that $`S(\rho \rho ^R)=S(\rho _B)`$. Although we have known that $`E_{RE}(\rho )E_{EF}(\rho )`$ in the case of mixed states, we have no idea to find this functional relation between them. Actually, if we think that the entanglement is an inherent physical quantity of quantum state and EF and RE are both correct measures also for mixed states, then such relation definitely exists. However, EF is linearly dependent on probability of component states, but RE is logarithmically dependent on probability of component states in mathematics. It appears to hint us that the functional relation between them might be logarithmic. Again comparing with the case of pure state, it is difficult to find a way from a logarithmic relation to an equal relation. This predicament is obviously an open question. In other hand, it seems to us, EF and RE both characterize the entanglement of mixed states at a certain content. Therefore, we have to inherit their reasonable sectors and ingenious ideas. But, we also would like to improve them.

In order to arrive at our aim, we first see what reasons lead to these difficulties. For EF, we begin with a simple example. Consider the mixed state $`M`$ with two kinds of pure state decompositions

$`M`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(|0000|+|1111|\right)`$ (3)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left(|00+|11\right)\left(00|+11|\right)`$ (5)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left(|00|11\right)\left(00|11|\right).`$
It is easy to calculate that the statistic average of EF of decomposition states are respectively 0 and 1 for two kinds of decompositions. This respectively touches at the minimum and maximum values of entanglement measure and so it is not nice enough. In order to overcome this disadvantage, one needs to find a so-called minimum pure state decomposition to define EF of a mixed state. But it appears a companying problem how to calculate the minimum pure state decomposition. At present, one seems not to know an algorithm to do this. From our view, to calculate entanglement of the mixed states by using a minimum pure state decomposition now may be still an indispensable trick because of the undetermined property of decomposition of density matrix. However, we can try to decrease the dependence and sensitivity with the pure decomposition so as to decrease the difficulty to find it.

For RE, we note that the set $``$ in eq.(2) is so large that one can not sure when the minimization procedure is finished. In other words, although RE can measure the entanglement for bi-party systems and give out qualitatively description of entanglement for multi-party systems in means of the minimum distance from all of disentangled states to the concerning state, RE only pointed out that such a minimum distance exists, but does not determine what form of the disentangled state. Thus, its advantage suffers by the difficulty from computation.

As to Wootters’ EF how to cover up the difference among some departure states from the maximum entangled states can not be simply explained. We will mention it in the section four.

Based on the definition of EF for a mixed state, we immediately see that EF is linearly dependent on probability of component states. We do not know how to explain it from information theory. In our point of view, it seems that this dependence should be logarithmic. In fact, this is one of main reasons why we take the relative entropy to describe the measure of entanglement. However, we have to face to a new difficulty how to calculate it.

After these analyses stated above, we realize that it is necessary and important to further research measures of quantum entanglement. In order to restore the logarithmically dependence on probability of component states, we prefer to chose the relative entropy, as a function of mixed state, to describe the entanglement of mixed state. However, since the facts that the pure state decomposition of a mixed state is not unique in general and any decomposition is not always corresponding to the really physical entanglement, we have to determine a pure decomposition so as to the relative entropy calculated by it can correctly measure entanglement. In spite of the puzzle of the linearly dependence on probability of component states from EF in a mixed state, it seems to us, the kernel of Bennett et. al’s idea is to point out the minimum pure state decomposition of a mixed state corresponds to the entanglement of this mixed state. Thus, we define MRE just according with this kernel of their idea. Moreover, in order to overcome RE’s difficulty in seeking a suitable relative density matrix among an infinite set of disentangled states, we derive out an explicit construction of relative density matrix in MRE. In summary, the main ideas to propose MRE are original from organically combining the advantages of EF for the pure states and strongpoint of RE for the mixed states and avoiding their individual shortcomings as possibly. Of course, we have used some our points of view and judgements.

It must be emphasized that in the case of pure states, MRE gives the same value of entanglement as EF. Therefore, MRE can be thought of an acceptable measure of entanglement in the case of pure state. In other words, MRE’s and EF’s positions are equal, that is, there is no any difference whether by means of MRE or EF to measure entanglement of a pure state. As is well known, in the case of mixed states, EF has be extensively researched. In this paper, we would like to study how MRE to be extended. Our results implies that MRE is indeed a hopeful candidate to measure the entanglement for the mixed states.

Obviously, the most important key is how to construct a correct relative density matrix in MRE. Our method can be simply described as following. First, starting with a pure state $`\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P}`$, we think the measure of entanglement is proportional to such a relative entropy $`S(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P}||R)`$, in which the relative density matrix is defined by equation $`S(\rho _{AB}||R)=E_{EF}(\rho _{AB})`$ based on the fact that EF is a good enough measure of entanglement for the pure states, that is, $`R`$ is a solution of this equation. Then, we define the relative density matrix in means of introducing the bases of relative density matrix. In the case of mixed states, for each pure state decomposition, we can construct an individual relative density matrix in terms of a mixture of relative density matrices of all component states with same distribution. In general, for all of possible pure state decompositions, their corresponding relative density matrices are not the same and forms a set. Thus, among this set we, according to Bennett et. al’s idea, chose such a relative density matrix that the relative entropy of mixed state evaluated by it is the minimum as a correct total relative density matrix in MRE. Just because the relative density matrix can be constructed obviously in MRE, one can easily calculate the minimum distance and clearly understand its physical meaning.

Of course, the simplest case is two qubits as bi-party systems. It is a footstone to understand and calculate MRE in the cases of many qubits and multi-party systems. In this paper, at least for bi-party systems made up of two qubits, we clearly derive out the forms of relative density matrices, explicitly obtain their closed expressions. All of this greatly improves the computability of relative entropy as a measure of entanglement, decreases at some content the undetermined property of measure of entanglement of mixed states and overcomes above difficulties that we have realized. Moreover, it is proved to be a possible upper bound of RE, also DE, and a lower bound of EF. In particular, MRE has some expected behaviors under local general measurement (LGM) and classical communication (CC). It seems to us, the advantages of MRE might be more important for multi-party systems, and we have further developed our study to the relevant problems . More details will be presented soon.

This paper is organized as following. Section one, as introduction, mainly analyses the actuality and problems at front of us in the study of quantum entanglement and explains why and how to propose MRE. Section two, as preliminaries, contains several lemmas which are the computing method of relative entropy, physical significance and expression of polarized vectors related with entanglement, the behavior and properties of polarized vectors and disentangled states under local general measurement (LGM) and classical communication (CC). Section three proposes the full definition of MRE, obtains a “weak” closed expression of MRE that depends on the pure state decompositions for two qubit systems, gives out an algorithm to calculate MRE in principle for more qubit systems. Section four exhibits some useful examples to account for the advantages of MRE including significant improvement of the computability of relative entropy of entanglement (RE), decreasing dependence and sensitivity on the pure state decompositions and correct logarithmic dependence, in the sense of information theory, on probability of component states, as well as the particular difference among the departure states from Bell’s states. MRE of the mixture of Bell’s states and the departure states from Bell’s states are calculated and is compared with their EF as well as Wootters’ EF. Section five proves important properties of MRE such as that MRE is a possible upper bound of RE, also DE, and a lower bound of EF, MRE has some expected behaviors under local general measurement (LGM) and classical communication (CC), MRE varies from 0 to 1 as well as its maximum value corresponds to maximally entangled states and its minimum value corresponds to separable states.

## II Several Lemmas

As preliminaries, let’s first give out the following several lemmas. In order to calculate relative entropy, we need

Lemma One. If the relative density matrix in its eigenvector decomposition is:

$$\rho ^\mathrm{R}=\underset{\alpha }{}\lambda _\alpha \rho _\alpha ^\mathrm{R}=\underset{\alpha }{}\lambda _\alpha |v_\alpha ^\mathrm{R}v_\alpha ^\mathrm{R}|,$$
(6)
where $`\lambda _\alpha `$ is taken over all the eigenvalues and the eigen density matrices are assumed to be orthogonal and idempotent without loss of generality, Thus, the relative entropy can be written as

$`S(\rho \rho ^\mathrm{R})`$ $`=`$ $`S(\rho ){\displaystyle \underset{\alpha }{}}\mathrm{log}\lambda _\alpha \mathrm{Tr}(\rho \rho _\alpha ^\mathrm{R})`$ (7)
$`=`$ $`S(\rho ){\displaystyle \underset{\alpha }{}}\mathrm{log}\lambda _\alpha v_\alpha ^\mathrm{R}|\rho |v_\alpha ^\mathrm{R}.`$ (8)
It is easy to prove lemma one by the simple and standard computation in quantum mechanics. So, we omit it. This lemma implies that the key to calculate RE is to seek an appropriate relative density matrix $`\rho ^\mathrm{R}`$ and to find out all of its eigenvalues and eigenvectors. In the construction of relative density matrix $`\rho ^\mathrm{R}`$ for pure states, we will find that it is directly related with the polarized vectors of reduced density matrices. For simplicity, consider the case for two qubits and denote the reduced density matrices for a quantum state $`\rho `$ are

$$\rho _A=\mathrm{Tr}_B\rho ;\rho _B=\mathrm{Tr}_A\rho .$$
(9)
They can be rewritten as

$$\rho _A=\frac{1}{2}(\sigma _0+𝝃_A𝝈),\rho _B=\frac{1}{2}(\sigma _0+𝝃_B𝝈),$$
(10)
where $`\sigma _0`$ is the identity matrix and $`𝝈`$ is usual Pauli spin matrix. $`𝝃_A`$ and $`𝝃_B`$ are just polarized vectors respectively corresponding to $`\rho _A`$ and $`\rho _B`$. We always can expand the density matrices as

$$\rho =\frac{1}{4}\underset{\mu ,\nu =0}{\overset{3}{}}a_{\mu \nu }\sigma _\mu \sigma _\nu .$$
(11)
Obviously, we have

$`\xi _A^i=\mathrm{Tr}(\rho _A\sigma _i)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu =0}{\overset{3}{}}}\mathrm{Tr}(a_{\mu 0}\sigma _\mu \sigma _i)=a_{i0},`$ (12)
$`\xi _B^j=\mathrm{Tr}(\rho _B\sigma _j)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu =0}{\overset{3}{}}}\mathrm{Tr}(a_{0\nu }\sigma _\nu \sigma _j)=a_{0j}.`$ (13)
In general, they are not equal. But in the case of a pure state

$$|\psi =a|00+b|01+c|10+d|11,$$
(14)
it follows that

$$𝝃^2=𝝃_A^2=𝝃_B^2=14|adbc|^2.$$
(15)
that is that the norms of $`𝝃_A`$ and $`𝝃_B`$ are equal. For arbitrary quantum states, it is easy to prove that

$$𝝃_A=\mathrm{Tr}(\rho 𝝈I),𝝃_B=\mathrm{Tr}(\rho I𝝈).$$
(16)
The relations between their components are given out in lemma two.

Lemma Two. For the pure state of two qubits, there are the relations between the polarized vectors $`𝝃_A`$ and $`𝝃_B`$:

$$\xi _A^i=\underset{j=1}{\overset{3}{}}a_{ij}\xi _B^j,\underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}\xi _A^ia_{ij}=\xi _B^j.$$
(17)
Proof Obviously, for a pure state

$$\rho ^2=\rho .$$
(18)
Thus,

$$\mathrm{Tr}\rho ^2=\mathrm{Tr}\rho =1,\mathrm{Tr}_B\rho ^2=\mathrm{Tr}_B\rho .$$
(19)
Substituting eq.(11) to eq. (19) and using the relations

$`(AB)(CD)`$ $`=`$ $`(AC)(BD),`$ (20a)
$`\mathrm{Tr}(AB)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Tr}A\mathrm{Tr}B,`$ (20b)
we have

$`\mathrm{Tr}\rho ^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{16}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu ,\nu =0}{\overset{3}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu ^{},\nu ^{}=0}{\overset{3}{}}}\mathrm{Tr}(\sigma _\mu \sigma _\mu ^{})\mathrm{Tr}(\sigma _\nu \sigma _\nu ^{})a_{\mu \nu }a_{\mu ^{}\nu ^{}}`$ (21)
$`=`$ $`1.`$ (22)
Because

$`\mathrm{Tr}\sigma _\mu \sigma _\nu `$ $`=`$ $`2\delta _{\mu \nu }(\mu ,\nu =0,1,2,3),`$ (23)
$`\mathrm{Tr}\sigma _i`$ $`=`$ $`0(i=1,2,3),`$ (24)
then

$$\frac{1}{4}\underset{\mu ,\nu =0}{\overset{3}{}}a_{\mu \nu }a_{\mu \nu }=1.$$
(25)
Again substitute eq.(11) to eq.(19), we have

$`\mathrm{Tr}_B\rho `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu =0}{\overset{3}{}}}a_{\mu 0}\sigma _\mu =\mathrm{Tr}_B\rho ^2`$ (26)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{16}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu ,\nu =0}{\overset{3}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu ^{},\nu ^{}=0}{\overset{3}{}}}(\sigma _\mu \sigma _\mu ^{})\mathrm{Tr}(\sigma _\nu \sigma _\nu ^{})a_{\mu \nu }a_{\mu ^{}\nu ^{}}`$ (27)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu ,\nu ,\mu ^{}=0}{\overset{3}{}}}a_{\mu \nu }a_{\mu ^{}\nu }(\sigma _\mu \sigma _\mu ^{}).`$ (28)
Further, let’s rewrite the right side in the above equation

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu ,\nu ,\mu ^{}=0}{\overset{3}{}}}a_{\mu \nu }a_{\mu ^{}\nu }(\sigma _\mu \sigma _\mu ^{})`$ (29)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}{\displaystyle \underset{\nu =0}{\overset{3}{}}}\left[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu ^{}=0}{\overset{3}{}}}a_{0\nu }a_{\mu ^{}\nu }\sigma _\mu ^{}+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu ^{}=0}{\overset{3}{}}}a_{i\nu }a_{\mu ^{}\nu }\sigma _i\sigma _\mu ^{}\right]`$ (30)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}{\displaystyle \underset{\nu =0}{\overset{3}{}}}[a_{0\nu }a_{0\nu }\sigma _0+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}}a_{0\nu }a_{i\nu }\sigma _i`$ (32)
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}}a_{i\nu }a_{0\nu }\sigma _i+{\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{3}{}}}a_{i\nu }a_{j\nu }\sigma _i\sigma _j]`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}{\displaystyle \underset{\nu =0}{\overset{3}{}}}\left[(a_{0\nu }a_{0\nu }+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}}a_{i\nu }a_{i\nu })\sigma _0+2{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}}a_{0\nu }a_{i\nu }\sigma _i\right]`$ (33)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}\left[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu ,\nu =1}{\overset{3}{}}}a_{\mu \nu }a_{\mu \nu }\sigma _0+2{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}}\left(a_{i0}+{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{3}{}}}a_{0j}a_{ij}\right)\sigma _i\right],`$ (34)
where we have used

$$\sigma _i\sigma _j+\sigma _j\sigma _i=2\delta _{ij}\sigma _0,\mathrm{Tr}\rho =a_{00}=1.$$
(35)
Then, from eq.(25) and eq.(26) it follows that

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left[\sigma _0+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}}\left(a_{i0}+{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{3}{}}}a_{0j}a_{ij}\right)\sigma _i\right]`$ (36)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(\sigma _0+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}}a_{i0}\sigma _i\right).`$ (37)
Multiplying $`\sigma _k`$ to two sides and tracing it, we obtain

$$a_{i0}=\underset{j=1}{\overset{3}{}}a_{ij}a_{0j}.$$
(38)
Likewise, in terms of $`\mathrm{Tr}_A\rho ^2=\mathrm{Tr}_A\rho `$ we also can prove

$$a_{0j}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}a_{i0}a_{ij}.$$
(39)
Eqs. (38) and (39) are the relations between $`a_{i0}`$ and $`a_{0j}`$. They are not equal in general. Again substitute eqs.(12) and (13) to eqs.(38) and (39), our lemma two is proved.

It is useful to research the relation between entanglement and the polarized vectors. This is lemma three.

Lemma Three For a pure state of two qubits, the entanglement is a monotone decreasing function of $`𝝃^2`$ which is the norm of the polarized vector of reduced density matrix. If $`𝝃^2=1`$, it is a separable state. If $`𝝃^2=0`$, it is a maximally entangled state.

Its proof is also easy. In fact, we can calculate out that Wootter’s concurrence is equal to $`C=2|adbc|`$ for a pure state (14). It is well known that the entanglement of a pure state for tow qubit system is monotonically increases with $`C`$ . Note that there is a relation $`C^2=1𝝃^2`$, we obtain the conclusion that the entanglement is a monotone decreasing function of the norm of the polarized vector. In special, if $`|𝝃|=1`$, the reduced density matrix only has a non zero eigenvalue. In other words, it is a pure state. Then, von Neumann entropy of reduced density matrix is zero. It implies that the corresponding pure state is separable. While $`|𝝃|=0`$, two eigenvalues of reduced density matrix are both $`1/2`$, Then, von Neumann entropy of reduced density matrix is 1. This corresponds to the maximally entangled states. Furthermore, we can prove immediately that the necessary and sufficient condition of a separable state is $`|adbc|=0`$, and the necessary and sufficient condition of Bell states is $`|adbc|=1/2`$ . In our point of view, the norm of polarized vector is a simple and useful measure of entanglement in the case of pure states.

To research the entanglement purification and distilling, we need to know behavior of entanglement under $`LGM`$ and $`CC`$. Here, $`LGM+CC`$ means that two parties $`A`$ and $`B`$ perform separately two sets of operations which are described by

$$\rho _{AB}^{\prime \prime }=\underset{\lambda }{}A_\lambda B_\lambda \rho _{AB}A_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda ^{},$$
(40)
where these two sets of operators satisfy the completeness relations

$$\underset{\lambda }{}A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda =1.$$
(41)
While only there is one member in the above sets, it is called pure $`LGM+CC`$. If $`A_\lambda `$ or $`B_\lambda `$ is a unit matrix, it will belong to $`LGM`$. In discussion on the properties of MRE, the following lemmas are useful.

Lemma Four Under $`LGM+CC`$, that is, for a pure state under the following transformation

$$\rho _{AB\lambda }^{\prime \prime }=(A_\lambda B_\lambda )\rho _{AB}(A_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda ^{})/q_\lambda ,$$
(42)
the norm of transformed polarized vector $`𝝃_\lambda ^{\prime \prime \mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}`$ becomes

$$𝝃_\lambda ^{\prime \prime \mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}=1\frac{4|adbc|^2det(A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda )}{q_\lambda ^2},$$
(43)
where $`q_\lambda `$ reads

$`q_\lambda `$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Tr}[(A_\lambda B_\lambda )\rho _{AB}(A_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda ^{})]`$ (44)
$`=`$ $`|a^{\lambda \prime \prime }|^2+|b^{\lambda \prime \prime }|^2+|c^{\lambda \prime \prime }|^2+|d^{\lambda \prime \prime }|^2,`$ (45)
while $`a^{\prime \prime },b^{\prime \prime },c^{\prime \prime },d^{\prime \prime }`$ are coefficients in the transformed state vector

$`|\psi _\lambda ^{\prime \prime }`$ $`=`$ $`A_\lambda B_\lambda |\psi `$ (46)
$`=`$ $`a^{\lambda \prime \prime }|00+b^{\lambda \prime \prime }|01+c^{\lambda \prime \prime }|10+d^{\lambda \prime \prime }|11.`$ (47)
which has not been normalized.

Proof: In order to prove this lemma, let’s first consider the pure $`LGM`$ quantum operation $`IB`$ and denote

$$|\psi ^{}=IB|\psi =a^{}|00+b^{}|01+c^{}|10+d^{}|11,$$
(48)
we have then

$`a^{}=aB_{11}+bB_{12},`$ (49a)
$`b^{}=aB_{21}+bB_{22},`$ (49b)
$`c^{}=cB_{11}+dB_{12},`$ (49c)
$`d^{}=cB_{21}+dB_{22},`$ (49d)
where $`B_{ij}(i,j=1,2)`$ are matrix elements of $`B`$, so that

$$a^{}d^{}b^{}c^{}=(adbc)detB.$$
(50)
Similarly we can treat with the pure $`LGM`$ quantum operation $`AI`$. In terms of $`AB=(AI)(IB)`$, we arrive at

$$a^{\prime \prime }d^{\prime \prime }b^{\prime \prime }c^{\prime \prime }=(adbc)detAdetB.$$
(51)
Finally, since $`|\psi ^{\prime \prime }`$ is also a pure state, normalizing $`|\psi ^{\prime \prime }`$ and then using the expression of norm of polarized vector, we immediately can obtain eq.(43).

Lemma Five Under $`LGM+CC`$ quantum operation, if $`A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda `$ is proportional to an identity matrix, it does not change the norms of polarized vectors of reduced density matrix of a pure state and does not change the general entanglement of formation either.

Proof Actually, based on the property of matrix direct product , it follows that

$$[det(A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda )]^2=det(A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda ).$$
(52)
Since eq.(44) and noting that $`A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda `$ is proportional to an identity matrix, we have then

$$det(A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda )=q_\lambda ^2,$$
(53)
so that

$$𝝃^{\prime \prime \mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}=14|adbc|^2\frac{det(A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda )}{q_\lambda ^2}=𝝃^2.$$
(54)
It indicates that the norms of polarized vectors are invariant under this transformation. In special, for a pure $`LGM+CC`$, since $`A^{}AB^{}B=1`$ ( This is a trace preserving condition), we have the same result. Because that $`|𝝃|`$ can be thought of as a concurrence of EF for a pure state, this result implies that EF is unchanged. In the case of mixed state, for each $`𝝃_i`$ from the component state $`\rho _i`$, we have the similar proof and then the same conclusions. However, for a transformation without the condition that $`A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda `$ is proportional to an identity matrix, the norm of polarized vector changes according to eq.(43) in general.

Lemma Six Any $`LGM+CC`$ can not change a unentangled state to an entangled state for the system of two qubits (Note that the measures of entanglement are always larger than or equal to 0).

Proof. In general, a pure state will transform to a mixed state under $`LGM+CC`$:

$$\rho _{AB}^{\prime \prime }=\underset{\lambda }{}(A_\lambda B_\lambda )\rho _{AB}(A_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda ^{})=\underset{\lambda }{}q_\lambda \rho _{AB\lambda }^{\prime \prime },$$
(55)
where

$`q_\lambda `$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Tr}[(A_\lambda B_\lambda )\rho _{AB}(A_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda ^{})],`$ (56)
$`\rho _{AB\lambda }^{\prime \prime }`$ $`=`$ $`(A_\lambda B_\lambda )\rho _{AB}(A_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda ^{})/q_\lambda ^2.`$ (57)
Because for a unentangled state, $`|adbc|=0`$. Again from eq.(43), it follows that $`|𝝃_\lambda ^{\prime \prime }|=1`$. This implies that every component state $`\rho _{AB\lambda 0}^{\prime \prime }`$ is separable. Of course, the entanglement of transformed states is then equal to zero. For the mixed state of various unentangled states, the proof is similar. For example, for a separable state

$$\rho _\mathrm{S}=\underset{i}{}p_i\rho _A^i\rho _B^i=\underset{i}{}p_i|\psi _\mathrm{S}^i\psi _\mathrm{S}^i|.$$
(58)
Obviously, because $`|\psi _\mathrm{S}^i\psi _\mathrm{S}^i|=\rho _A^i\rho _B^i=\rho _\mathrm{S}^i`$, we can write

$$|\psi _\mathrm{S}^i=(a_1^i|0+b_1^i|1)(a_2^i|0+b_2^i|1).$$
(59)
Comparison it with the pure state $`|\psi ^i=a^i|00+b^i|01+c^i|10+d^i|11`$, up to a undetermined overall phase factor, then yields

$$a^i=a_1^ia_2^i,b^i=a_1^ib_2^i,c^i=a_2^ib_1^i,d^i=b_1^ib_2^i,$$
(60)
i.e

$$|a^id^ib^ic^i|=0.$$
(61)
It means that $`|𝝃_\mathrm{S}^i|=1`$ and then $`|𝝃_{\mathrm{S}\lambda }^{i\prime \prime }|=1`$. Of course, $`E_{EF}(\rho _\mathrm{S}^i)=E_{EF}(\rho _{\mathrm{S}\lambda }^{i\prime \prime })=0`$. That is

$$E_{EF}(\rho _\mathrm{S}^{\prime \prime })=\underset{\lambda }{}q_\lambda \underset{i}{}q_{i\lambda }p_iE_{EF}(\rho _{\mathrm{S}\lambda }^{i\prime \prime })=0,$$
(62)
where $`q_{i\lambda }=\mathrm{Tr}(A_\lambda B_\lambda )\rho _\mathrm{S}^i(A_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda ^{})/q_\lambda `$. Because EF is a upper bound of the known measures of entanglement, also one of MRE, we have the conclusion of lemma six.

## III Definition of MRE and Relative Density Matrix

In the case of pure states, so-called MRE is such a relative entropy of entanglement that its relative density matrix is given definitely. For the mixed states, we define MRE by means of the physical idea of EF and information theoretical feature of RE. That is,

Definition. For a pure state $`\rho ^\mathrm{P}`$ and a mixed state $`\rho ^\mathrm{M}`$, MRE is defined respectively as

$`E_{MRE}(\rho ^\mathrm{P})`$ $`=`$ $`S(\rho ^\mathrm{P}R(\rho ^\mathrm{P}))=E_{EF}(\rho ^\mathrm{P}),`$ (63)
$`E_{MRE}(\rho ^\mathrm{M})`$ $`=`$ $`\underset{\{p_i,\rho ^i\}𝒟}{\mathrm{min}}S\left(\rho ^\mathrm{M}{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}p_iR(\rho ^i)\right)`$ (64)
$`=`$ $`\underset{\{p_i,\rho ^i\}𝒟}{\mathrm{min}}S\left(\rho ^\mathrm{M}R^\mathrm{M}\right),`$ (65)
where $`R(\rho ^\mathrm{P})`$ is such a relative density matrix corresponding to the pure state $`\rho ^\mathrm{P}`$ that eq.(63) is satisfied and $`R(\rho ^\mathrm{P})`$ is a disentangled density matrix. Note that the superscript P denotes a pure state and the superscript M denotes a mixed state. In eq.(64), the minimum is taken over the set $`𝒟`$ that includes all the possible decompositions of pure states $`\rho ^\mathrm{M}=_ip_i\rho ^i`$. While

$$R^\mathrm{M}=\underset{i}{}p_iR(\rho ^i)$$
(66)
is a relative density matrix for a mixed state in a given pure state decomposition, where each $`R(\rho ^i)`$ is found out by means of eq.(63) for the pure state $`\rho ^i`$. In particular, for two qubits, the relative density matrix can be chosen by the following theorem one.

Theorem one. In the case of the pure state $`\rho ^\mathrm{P}`$ of two qubits, the relative density matrix of MRE can be taken as

$$R_{AB}(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P})=\underset{j=1}{\overset{2}{}}q^{(j)}(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P})\overline{\rho }_A^{(j)}(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P})\overline{\rho }_B^{(j)}(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P}).$$
(67)
The subscript $`AB`$ denotes bi-party systems, the subscript $`A`$ and $`B`$ denote $`A`$-party and $`B`$-party respectively. The coefficients $`q^{(j)}(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P})`$ read

$`q^{(1)}(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1\xi (\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P})}{2}},`$ (68a)
$`q^{(2)}(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P})`$ $`=`$ $`1q^{(1)}(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P}),`$ (68b)
the density matrices $`\overline{\rho }_A^{(j)}(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P})`$ and $`\overline{\rho }_B^{(j)}(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P})`$ respectively for $`A`$ and $`B`$ parties are defined by

$`\overline{\rho }_A^{(1)}(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left[\sigma _0𝜼_A(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P})𝝈\right],`$ (69a)
$`\overline{\rho }_B^{(1)}(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left[\sigma _0𝜼_B(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P})𝝈\right],`$ (69b)
$`\overline{\rho }_A^{(2)}(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P})`$ $`=`$ $`\sigma _0\overline{\rho }_A^{(1)}(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P}),`$ (69c)
$`\overline{\rho }_B^{(2)}(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P})`$ $`=`$ $`\sigma _0\overline{\rho }_B^{(1)}(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P}),`$ (69d)
where $`\sigma _0`$ is $`2\times 2`$ identity matrix and $`\sigma _k(k=1,2,3)`$ are usual Pauli Matrices and $`𝜼_A`$ and $`𝜼_B`$ are defined by

$`𝜼_A(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{𝝃_A(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P})}{\xi (\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P})}}(\xi (\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P})0),`$ (70a)
$`𝜼_B(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{𝝃_B(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P})}{\xi (\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P})}}(\xi (\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P})0),`$ (70b)
$`𝜼_A(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P})`$ $`=`$ $`\pm 𝜼_B(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P})=\{0,0,1\}(\xi (\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P})=0),`$ (70c)
where $`𝝃_A`$ and $`𝝃_B`$ are the polarized vectors of reduced density matrices respectively for $`\rho _A`$ and $`\rho _B`$, $`\xi =\xi (\rho _{AB})`$ is their norm. For the maximally entangled states

$$|\mathrm{\Phi }^\pm =\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|00\pm |11),|\mathrm{\Psi }^\pm =\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|01\pm |10),$$
(71)
the sign in eq.(70c), is taken as “$`+`$” if $`\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P}=|\mathrm{\Phi }^\pm \mathrm{\Phi }^\pm |`$, and taken as “$``$” if $`\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P}=|\mathrm{\Psi }^\pm \mathrm{\Psi }^\pm |`$. That is

$`R(\rho (\mathrm{\Phi }^\pm ))`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(I+\sigma _3\right){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(I+\sigma _3\right)\right)`$ (73)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(I\sigma _3\right){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(I\sigma _3\right)\right),`$
$`R(\rho (\mathrm{\Psi }^\pm ))`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(I+\sigma _3\right){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(I\sigma _3\right)\right)`$ (75)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(I\sigma _3\right){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(I+\sigma _3\right)\right).`$
We called $`\overline{\rho }_A^{(j)}(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P}),\overline{\rho }_B^{(j)}(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P})`$ as the basis of the relative density matrix in a pure state $`\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P}`$ respectively for $`A`$-party and $`B`$-party. Their meaning can be more clearly seen in MRE for multi-party systems . It is very easy to verify that the relative entropy calculated in terms of $`R(\rho ^\mathrm{P})`$ for a pure state is equal to EF and our MRE.

Now, we explain why we take the relative density matrix defined as above to evaluate MRE.

In practice, from the knowledge about RE, we understand, if we can find such a relative density matrix $`R`$ that $`S(\rho ||R)S(\rho ||\rho ^R)`$ for arbitrary $`\rho ^R`$, where $``$ consists of all of disentangled states. Thus, by means of lemma one our task is just to find the minimum value of eq.(8). Obviously, it is too complicated in terms of standard method, because one has to differentiate $`S(\rho ||\rho ^R)`$ to 15 independent parameters in the relative density matrix, gets the equation systems by making these derivatives equal to zero, and then solves this equation system.

In order to avoid above difficulty, in the case of pure states, we use a trick, that is, to chose a particular subset of $``$ and find the relative density matrix in this subset that not only leads to the minimum value of relative entropy in eq.(8) but also is equal to the entanglement of formation. So we can conclude that a correct and suitable relative density matrix for MRE has been found. Actually, if there exists any other relative density matrices $`M^R`$ which can result in $`S(\rho ||M^R)<S(\rho ||R)=E_{EF}(\rho )`$, it must be contradict with the conclusion that RE is equal to EF for pure states. In other words, only considering a particular subset of $``$ is enough to find a suitable relative density matrix in MRE. We does not exclude the possibility that there exist other suitable relative density matrices in the set $``$. However, they are not needed by us.

Based on analysis and argumentation above, we, in eq.(2), choose such a subset $`\{\rho ^R\}`$ of $``$ that every eigen decomposition state $`\rho _\alpha ^R`$ of $`\rho ^R`$ is purely separable as $`\rho _\alpha ^R=\rho _{\alpha A}^R\rho _{\alpha B}^R`$. For simplicity, only consider the case with two qubits. Because that the state described by a eigen density matrix is pure, $`\rho _A^\alpha `$ and $`\rho _B^\alpha `$ have to be pure. While the $`2\times 2`$ density matrix can be written as

$`\rho _{\alpha A}^R={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(1+𝜼_A^\alpha 𝝈),`$ (76)
$`\rho _{\alpha B}^R={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(1+𝜼_B^\alpha 𝝈),`$ (77)
Denoting $`\eta _A^\alpha =(1,𝜼_A^\alpha )=\{\eta _{A\mu }^\alpha ,\mu =0,1,2,3\}`$ and $`\eta _B^\alpha =(1,𝜼_A^\alpha )=\{\eta _{\mu B}^\alpha ,\mu =0,1,2,3\}`$, it is easy to obtain that

$`\mathrm{Tr}(\rho \rho _\alpha ^\mathrm{R})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{16}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu ,\nu =0}{\overset{3}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu ^{},\nu ^{}=0}{\overset{3}{}}}a_{\mu \nu }\eta _{A\mu ^{}}^\alpha \eta _{B\nu ^{}}^\alpha `$ (79)
$`\mathrm{Tr}[(\sigma _\mu \sigma _\nu )(\sigma _\mu ^{}\sigma _\nu ^{})]`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu ,\nu =0}{\overset{3}{}}}\eta _A^\alpha {}_{\mu }{}^{}a_{\mu \nu }^{}\eta _B^\alpha {}_{\nu }{}^{}=\omega _\alpha ,`$ (80)
where we have used that $`(AB)(CD)=(AC)(BD)`$ and $`\mathrm{Tr}(\sigma _\mu \sigma _\nu )=2\delta _{\mu \nu }`$.

Actually, it is enough for our aim only to find the extreme surface fixing all the eigenvalues of $`\rho ^\mathrm{R}`$. Suppose first that there is no any zero eigenvalue in $`\rho ^\mathrm{R}`$ and denote that

$`\lambda _1`$ $`=`$ $`1x,`$ (81a)
$`\lambda _2`$ $`=`$ $`1y,`$ (81b)
$`\lambda _3`$ $`=`$ $`1z,`$ (81c)
$`\lambda _4`$ $`=`$ $`x+y+z2,`$ (81d)
where $`1>x>0,1>y>0,1>z>0`$ since each eigenvalue larger than 0 and less than 1. Based on lemma one, in terms of eq.(8) and noting in the case of pure states, the following equation system is obtained

$`{\displaystyle \frac{S(\rho \rho ^\mathrm{R})}{x}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\omega ^1}{1x}}{\displaystyle \frac{\omega ^4}{x+y+z2}}=0,`$ (82a)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{S(\rho \rho ^\mathrm{R})}{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\omega ^2}{1y}}{\displaystyle \frac{\omega ^4}{x+y+z2}}=0,`$ (82b)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{S(\rho \rho ^\mathrm{R})}{z}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\omega ^3}{1z}}{\displaystyle \frac{\omega ^4}{x+y+z2}}=0,`$ (82c)
it is easy to get

$$\frac{\omega ^1}{\omega ^2}=\frac{\lambda _1}{\lambda _2},\frac{\omega ^2}{\omega ^3}=\frac{\lambda _2}{\lambda _3},\frac{\omega ^3}{\omega ^1}=\frac{\lambda _3}{\lambda _1}.$$
(83)
We can write their solutions as

$$1x=\beta \omega ^1,1y=\beta \omega ^2,1z=\beta \omega ^3.$$
(84)
Obviously, substituting them back to (81a81d), we have $`\beta =1`$. This indicate that

$$\lambda _\alpha =\omega _\alpha .$$
(85)
It is easy to verify that this gives out the minimum surface. If there are some zero eigenvalues in $`\rho ^\mathrm{R}`$, we can obtain the same result in the similar way. Therefore, the minimum relative entropy in the surface is

$$S(\rho \rho ^\mathrm{R})=S(\rho )\underset{\alpha }{}\omega ^\alpha \mathrm{log}\omega _\alpha .$$
(86)
From eq.(79), it follows that

$`\omega ^\alpha `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu ,\nu =0}{\overset{3}{}}}\eta _A^\alpha {}_{\mu }{}^{}a_{\mu \nu }^{}\eta _B^\alpha _\nu `$ (87)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(1+𝜼_A^\alpha 𝝃_A+𝝃_B𝜼_B^\alpha +\eta _{Ai}^\alpha a_{ij}\eta _{Bj}^\alpha ).`$ (88)
Furthermore, in terms of the orthogonal property among the different $`\rho _\alpha ^R`$, when $`|𝝃|0`$, we can choose $`𝜼_A^1=𝜼_A^2=𝜼_A^3=𝜼_A^4`$, $`𝜼_B^1=𝜼_B^2=𝜼_B^3=𝜼_B^4`$, as well as $`𝜼_A^1=𝝃_A/|𝝃_A|,𝜼_B^1=𝝃_B/|𝝃_B|`$. From the facts that their norms are all 1, $`|𝝃_A|=|𝝃_B|=|𝝃|`$ in the case of pure states and lemma two, it follows that

$$\omega ^1=\frac{1}{2}(1+|𝝃|),\omega ^2=\omega ^3=0,\omega ^4=\frac{1}{2}(1|𝝃|).$$
(89)
When $`|𝝃|=0`$, we have $`\xi _{Ai}=\xi _{Bj}=0,(i,j=1,2,3)`$. Thus

$$\omega ^\alpha =\frac{1}{4}(1+\eta _{Ai}^\alpha a_{ij}\eta _{Bj}^\alpha ).$$
(90)
Moreover, from lemma three we know the corresponding quantum states are Bell states with maximum entanglement. Obviously, in this case

$$(a_{ij})_{\mathrm{\Phi }^+}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right),$$
(91)
$$(a_{ij})_\mathrm{\Phi }^{}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right),$$
(92)
$$(a_{ij})_{\mathrm{\Psi }^+}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right),$$
(93)
$$(a_{ij})_\mathrm{\Psi }^{}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right).$$
(94)
Then, we can choose, for Bell states $`|\mathrm{\Phi }^\pm `$, $`𝜼_A^1=𝜼_A^2=𝜼_A^3=𝜼_A^4=(0,0,1)`$, $`𝜼_B^1=𝜼_B^2=𝜼_B^3=𝜼_B^4=(0,0,1)`$; for Bell states $`|\mathrm{\Psi }^\pm `$, $`𝜼_A^1=𝜼_A^2=𝜼_A^3=𝜼_A^4=(0,0,1)`$, $`𝜼_B^1=𝜼_B^2=𝜼_B^3=𝜼_B^4=(0,0,1)`$. It follows that

$$\omega ^1=\omega ^2=\frac{1}{2},\omega ^3=\omega ^4=0.$$
(95)
It is well known that the two non-zero eigenvalues of the reduced density matrix are respectively $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(1\pm |𝝃|)`$. Therefore, in the case of pure states, when we take the above relative density matrix defined as the theorem one, it is obtained immediately

$`S(\rho ^\mathrm{P}R(\rho ^\mathrm{P}))`$ $`=`$ $`E_{MRE}=S(\rho _{\{A,B\}}^\mathrm{P})`$ (96)
$`=`$ $`E_{EF}(\rho ^\mathrm{P})=E_{RE}(\rho ^\mathrm{P})`$ (97)
in the case of pure states. The subscript $`\{A,B\}`$ is a compact denotation for $`A`$ or $`B`$. In other word, we have found a suitable relative density matrix to calculate MRE, also RE, for arbitrary pure states of two qubit systems.

Up to now, we have proved that the theorem one is indeed one solution of the separable relative matrix which leads to the minimum values of relative entropy for a pure state. It is unnecessary to consider more general cases because if there exists other separable relative matrix which leads to the value of relative entropy less than one in eq.(96) or (97), it will broke the well-known theorem that RE for a pure state must be equal to its EF.

In principle, for the systems with more qubits, the relative density matrix $`R`$ for MRE in a given pure state can be defined and found by solving equation $`S(\rho ^\mathrm{P}R)=S(\rho _B^\mathrm{P})=E_{EF}(\rho ^\mathrm{P})`$ based on the fact that EF is a good enough measure of entanglement in this case. For the case of mixed state, we first find the relative density matrix $`R(\rho ^i)`$, in which $`\rho ^i`$ belong to a pure state decomposition, by solving equation $`S(\rho ^iR(\rho ^i))=S(\rho _B^i)=E_{EF}(\rho ^i)`$. Then, we can write the total relative density matrix for a mixed state as $`R^\mathrm{M}=_ip_iR(\rho ^i)`$. Obviously, for all of pure state decompositions, in terms of this method, one can construct their relative density matrices and calculate the corresponding relative entropies. The last, MRE is obtained by taking the minimum one among these relative entropies. This is just our algorithm to calculate MRE.

For two qubit systems, we have successfully obtained the explicit and general expression of the relative density matrix in an arbitrary pure state or a mixed state with any given decomposition. MRE for two qubit systems can be easier calculated because the first step in our algorithm is finished. For more than two qubits, we do not give clearly an explicit expression of the relative density matrix for a pure state in this paper. In fact, to find relative density matrix needs more computations, but our algorithm still works in principle. This is because that from $`S(\rho ^iR)=S(\rho _B^i)=E_{EF}(\rho ^i)`$ to find $`R(\rho ^i)`$ can be done within finite steps for a given pure state in general except for the solution $`R(\rho ^i)`$ does not exist. The exception is impossible because this implies that for the pure state $`\rho _i`$ RE has no a relative density matrix so as to it correctly measure entanglement, or saying, it breaks down again the conclusion that for a pure state RE is equal to EF, while the latter always exists in a pure state.

In addition, it must be emphasized that our method is to calculate MRE but not EF. Our algorithm of MRE and Wootter’s method for EF can not be replaced each other. In the case of mixed states, MRE is different from EF in general, also from Wootter’s EF. In the discussion on Werner state, we will see that EF is linearly depending on the probability of component states, but MRE is logarithmically depending on the probability of component states. In our point of view, perhaps it also seems to be a requirement from quantum physics and information theory, the logarithmic dependence on the probability of component states is more natural and essential. This is one of main reasons why we take the relative entropy to describe the entanglement in the case of mixed states.

In above sense, MRE avoids the difficulty of RE to find the relative density matrix from an infinite large set of disentangled states and so improve the computability of RE. In our paper , we also have given an explicit expression of the relative density matrix for $`n`$-party systems (restricted to qubits).

## IV Examples and Discussions

It must be emphasized that one of advantages of MRE is to decrease the dependence on pure state decomposition. For example, the state $`M`$ has two pure state decompositions

$`M`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(|0000|+|1111|\right)`$ (98)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(|\mathrm{\Phi }^+\mathrm{\Phi }^+|+|\mathrm{\Phi }^{}\mathrm{\Phi }^{}|\right),`$ (99)
which respectively correspond to the minimum and maximum decompositions in the calculation of EF. But two decompositions have the same relative density matrices in the calculation of MRE. That is, both of them are the minimum for MRE and can be used to calculate MRE. This means that the minimum decomposition(s) to calculate MRE is (are) not the same as the minimum decomposition(s) to calculate EF in general. The former is easier to be found.

It is interesting to study the mixture of Bell’s state. Its form is

$`B_M`$ $`=`$ $`b_1|\mathrm{\Phi }^+\mathrm{\Phi }^+|+b_2|\mathrm{\Phi }^{}\mathrm{\Phi }^{}|`$ (101)
$`+b_3|\mathrm{\Psi }^+\mathrm{\Psi }^+|+b_4|\mathrm{\Psi }^{}\mathrm{\Psi }^{}|`$
Obviously, form Peres’s condition , it follows that its separable condition is

$$b_{\mathrm{max}}=\mathrm{max}[b_1,b_2,b_3,b_4]\frac{1}{2}$$
(102)
Through calculating, we can find out their MPSD as

$$B_M=\frac{1}{8}\underset{x,y,z=0}{\overset{1}{}}|\psi (x,y,z)\psi (x,y,z)|$$
(103)
where the forms of $`|\psi (x,y,z)`$ in the following four cases are:

Case one: $`b_1`$ is the maximum and not less than 1/2

$`|\psi (x,y,z)`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{b_1}|\mathrm{\Phi }^++\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\pi x}\sqrt{b_2}|\mathrm{\Phi }^{}`$ (105)
$`+\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\pi x}\sqrt{b_3}|\mathrm{\Psi }^++\mathrm{ie}^{\mathrm{i}\pi z}\sqrt{b_4}|\mathrm{\Psi }^{}`$
Case two: $`b_2`$ is the maximum and not less than 1/2

$`|\psi (x,y,z)`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{b_1}|\mathrm{\Phi }^++\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\pi x}\sqrt{b_2}|\mathrm{\Phi }^{}`$ (107)
$`+\mathrm{ie}^{\mathrm{i}\pi x}\sqrt{b_3}|\mathrm{\Psi }^++\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\pi z}\sqrt{b_4}|\mathrm{\Psi }^{}`$
Case there: $`b_3`$ is the maximum and not less than 1/2

$`|\psi (x,y,z)`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{b_1}|\mathrm{\Phi }^++\mathrm{ie}^{\mathrm{i}\pi x}\sqrt{b_2}|\mathrm{\Phi }^{}`$ (109)
$`+\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\pi x}\sqrt{b_3}|\mathrm{\Psi }^++\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\pi z}\sqrt{b_4}|\mathrm{\Psi }^{}`$
Case four: $`b_4`$ is the maximum and not less than 1/2

$`|\psi (x,y,z)`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{b_1}|\mathrm{\Phi }^++\mathrm{ie}^{\mathrm{i}\pi x}\sqrt{b_2}|\mathrm{\Phi }^{}`$ (111)
$`+\mathrm{ie}^{\mathrm{i}\pi x}\sqrt{b_3}|\mathrm{\Psi }^++\mathrm{ie}^{\mathrm{i}\pi z}\sqrt{b_4}|\mathrm{\Psi }^{}`$
In terms of our theorem one, we can find the relative density matrix for the pure state $`|\psi (x,y,z)`$ and construct the total relative density matrix for MPSD of the mixture of Bell’s states (103). Then, we can construct the total relative density matrix for the four case

$$R_T(B_W|b_1=b_{\mathrm{max}})=\frac{1}{4}\left(\begin{array}{cccc}1+\frac{b_2}{b_2+b_3+b_4}& 0& 0& 1\frac{b_2}{b_2+b_3+b_4}\\ 0& 1\frac{b_2}{b_2+b_3+b_4}& \frac{b_3b_4}{b_2+b_3+b_4}& 0\\ 0& \frac{b_3b_4}{b_2+b_3+b_4}& 1\frac{b_2}{b_2+b_3+b_4}& 0\\ 1\frac{b_2}{b_2+b_3+b_4}& 0& 0& 1+\frac{b_2}{b_2+b_3+b_4}\end{array}\right)$$
(112)
$$R_T(B_W|b_2=b_{\mathrm{max}})=\frac{1}{4}\left(\begin{array}{cccc}1+\frac{b_1}{b_1+b_3+b_4}& 0& 0& 1+\frac{b_1}{b_1+b_3+b_4}\\ 0& 1\frac{b_1}{b_1+b_3+b_4}& \frac{b_3b_4}{b_1+b_3+b_4}& 0\\ 0& \frac{b_3b_4}{b_1+b_3+b_4}& 1\frac{b_1}{b_1+b_3+b_4}& 0\\ 1+\frac{b_1}{b_1+b_3+b_4}& 0& 0& 1+\frac{b_1}{b_1+b_3+b_4}\end{array}\right)$$
(113)
$$R_T(B_W|b_3=b_{\mathrm{max}})=\frac{1}{4}\left(\begin{array}{cccc}1\frac{b_4}{b_1+b_2+b_4}& 0& 0& \frac{b_1b_2}{b_1+b_2+b_4}\\ 0& 1+\frac{b_4}{b_1+b_2+b_4}& 1\frac{b_4}{b_1+b_2+b_4}& 0\\ 0& 1\frac{b_4}{b_1+b_2+b_4}& 1+\frac{b_4}{b_1+b_2+b_4}& 0\\ \frac{b_1b_2}{b_1+b_2+b_4}& 0& 0& 1\frac{b_4}{b_1+b_2+b_4}\end{array}\right)$$
(114)
$$R_T(B_W|b_4=b_{\mathrm{max}})=\frac{1}{4}\left(\begin{array}{cccc}1\frac{b_3}{b_1+b_2+b_3}& 0& 0& \frac{b_1b_2}{b_1+b_2+b_3}\\ 0& 1+\frac{b_3}{b_1+b_2+b_3}& 1+\frac{b_3}{b_1+b_2+b_3}& 0\\ 0& 1+\frac{b_3}{b_1+b_2+b_3}& 1+\frac{b_3}{b_1+b_2+b_3}& 0\\ \frac{b_1b_2}{b_1+b_2+b_3}& 0& 0& 1\frac{b_3}{b_1+b_2+b_3}\end{array}\right)$$
(115)
Then we can calculate out MRE of the mixture of Bell’s state in all of four cases

$`E_{\mathrm{MRE}}(B_M)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{log}2+b_{\mathrm{max}}\mathrm{log}b_{\mathrm{max}}`$ (117)
$`+(1b_{\mathrm{max}})\mathrm{log}(1b_{\mathrm{max}})`$
when $`b_{\mathrm{max}}1/2`$. Compare with EF of the mixture of Bell’s states

$`E_{\mathrm{EF}}(B_M)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{12\sqrt{b_{\mathrm{max}}(1b_{\mathrm{max}})}}{2}}`$ (121)
$`\mathrm{log}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{12\sqrt{b_{\mathrm{max}}(1b_{\mathrm{max}})}}{2}}\right]`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1+2\sqrt{b_{\mathrm{max}}(1b_{\mathrm{max}})}}{2}}`$
$`\mathrm{log}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1+2\sqrt{b_{\mathrm{max}}(1b_{\mathrm{max}})}}{2}}\right]`$
We can see the similar feature between them, that is, both of them are only dependent on the maximum eigenvalue $`b_{\mathrm{max}}`$. Obviously, MRE’s behavior is acceptable because of its real logarithmic dependence on the probability of component states in MPSD. Moreover, $`E_{\mathrm{MRE}}(B_M)E_{\mathrm{EF}}(B_M)`$. This is just an expected property. However, it is necessary to study carefully the purification and concentration of entanglement so as to account for why it is so and which is better. Since there exist some difficulties in EF for purification of the mixed state, it is significant and interesting to research MRE. In fact, comparing with EF, MRE has not lost any physical information and content in measuring entanglement of the pure states. While in the case of mixed states, MRE appears to play a hopeful role.

In special, for Werner’s state

$`W`$ $`=`$ $`F|\mathrm{\Psi }^{}\mathrm{\Psi }^{}|+{\displaystyle \frac{1F}{3}}(|\mathrm{\Psi }^+\mathrm{\Psi }^+|`$ (123)
$`+|\mathrm{\Phi }^+\mathrm{\Phi }^+|+|\mathrm{\Phi }^{}\mathrm{\Phi }^{}|).`$
When $`F1/2`$, we can find the total relative matrix

$$R_T(W)=\frac{1}{6}\left(\begin{array}{cccc}1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 2& 1& 0\\ 0& 1& 2& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right)$$
(124)
Therefore, the modified relative entropy of entanglement of Werner’s state is found to be

$$E_{MRE}(W)=\mathrm{log}2+F\mathrm{log}F+(1F)\mathrm{log}(1F)$$
(125)
Note that the entanglement of formation of Werner’s state is

$`E_{EF}(W)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{12\sqrt{F(1F)}}{2}}`$ (129)
$`\mathrm{log}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{12\sqrt{F(1F)}}{2}}\right]`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1+2\sqrt{F(1F)}}{2}}`$
$`\mathrm{log}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1+2\sqrt{F(1F)}}{2}}\right]`$
when $`F1/2`$. They can be displayed as the following figure

This figure also can display the varying of MRE and EF with $`b_{\mathrm{max}}`$ from $`1/2`$ to $`1`$ for the mixture of Bell’s states.

It is also interesting to consider the departure state from Bell’s states. Set they are

$$B_i^D=G|\mathrm{\Psi }^{}\mathrm{\Psi }^{}|+(1G)|ii|$$
(130)
where $`|i`$ takes over $`|00,|01,|10,|11`$ respective with $`i=1,2,3,4`$. We can find out their pure state decompositions

$$B_i^D=\frac{1}{2}|\psi _i(+)\psi _i(+)|+\frac{1}{2}|\psi _i()\psi _i()|$$
(131)
where

$$|\psi _i(\pm )=\sqrt{\lambda _{i1}}|i\pm \sqrt{\lambda _{i2}}|\mathrm{\Psi }^{}$$
(132)
while $`\lambda _{i1}`$ and $`\lambda _{i2}`$ are respectively the eigenvalues of $`B_i^D`$ with the eigenvectors $`|i`$ and $`|\mathrm{\Psi }^{}`$.

For $`B_1^D`$ and $`B_4^D`$, they are the minimum pure state decomposition for EF, and then their entanglement of formation are just

$`E_{\mathrm{EF}}(B_{1,4}^D)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1\sqrt{1G^2}}{2}}\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1\sqrt{1G^2}}{2}}\right)`$ (134)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1+\sqrt{1G^2}}{2}}\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1+\sqrt{1G^2}}{2}}\right)`$
But for $`B_2^D`$ and $`B_3^D`$, the decomposition (131) for EF may not to be suitable. This is because, based on this decomposition, the statistic average of the reduced entropy of their component states defined by

$`\overline{S}(B_i^D)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}H\left({\displaystyle \frac{1+\xi _i(+)}{2}}\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}H\left({\displaystyle \frac{1+\xi _i()}{2}}\right)`$ (135)
$`\xi _i(\pm )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{12G+2G^2}}(G(25G+4G^2`$ (137)
$`\pm 2(1G)\sqrt{2G(1G)(12G+2G^2)}`$
has unexpected behaviors varying with $`G`$ (see Fig.3). In above equation $`H(x)=x\mathrm{log}x(1x)\mathrm{log}(1x)`$ is binary entropy function and $`i=2,3`$. Although the two examples are simple enough, it seems not to be easy to find out their minimum pure state decompositions.

Fortunately, we have found that the decomposition (131) are correct MPSDs for our modified relative entropy of entanglement. This again implies that MRE decreases the sensitivity on the pure state decompositions. From our theorems in the above section, we can construct the total relative density matrices

$$R_T(B_1^D)=\frac{1}{2(1+G)}\left(\begin{array}{cccc}2G^2& 0& 0& G\\ 0& G& G& 0\\ 0& G& G& 0\\ G& 0& 0& G^2\end{array}\right)$$
(138)
$$R_T(B_2^D)=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 1G/2& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& G/2& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)$$
(139)
$$R_T(B_3^D)=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& G/2& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1G/2& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)$$
(140)
$$R_T(B_4^D)=\frac{1}{2(1+G)}\left(\begin{array}{cccc}G^2& 0& 0& G\\ 0& G& G& 0\\ 0& G& G& 0\\ G& 0& 0& 2G^2\end{array}\right)$$
(141)
Therefore, we can calculate out their MRE

$`E_{\mathrm{MRE}}(B_{1,4}^D)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1G}{2}}\mathrm{log}(1G)+{\displaystyle \frac{1+G}{2}}\mathrm{log}(1+G))`$ (144)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{(1G)(1G^2)}{2\sqrt{1G^2+G^4}}}\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1\sqrt{1G^2+G^4}}{1+\sqrt{1G^2+G^4}}}\right)`$
$`(1G)\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{G}{2}}\right)`$
$`E_{\mathrm{MRE}}(B_{2,3}^D)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}[(1\sqrt{12G(1G)})`$ (149)
$`\mathrm{log}(1\sqrt{12G(1G)})`$
$`+(1+\sqrt{12G(1G)})`$
$`\mathrm{log}(1+\sqrt{12G(1G)})`$
$`G\mathrm{log}G(2G)\mathrm{log}(2G))]`$
Comparison EF with MRE for $`B_1^D`$ and $`B_4^D`$ can be displayed as the following figure

A way to improve the unexpected behavior of $`\overline{S}(B_2^D)`$ and $`\overline{S}(B_3^D)`$ is to calculate the (modified) EF by means of Wootters’ method . In order to compare MRE and Wootters’ EF as well as $`\overline{S}`$, we draw out the following figure

It must be emphasized an important fact that $`E_{MRE}(B_{1,4}^D)`$ is different from $`E_{MRE}(B_{2,3}^D)`$, which can be displayed by

It implies that MRE can reveal the particular difference among them. However, Wootters’ EF for them are the same and can be fitted by the eq.(134). In fact, one can verify that many similar departure states from Bell’s state have the same Wootters’ EF. In our point of view, there should exist the particular difference among them. It is helpful for a deep and exact description of entanglement. Of course, a possible examination whether MRE is needed and useful can be done by means of identifying such difference from the purification. We will discuss it in our another paper.

In the following sections, we will further study the properties of MRE.

## V Important properties of MRE

First, we can obtain:

Theorem two Modified relative entropy of entanglement (MRE) is a lower bound of entanglement of formation (EF):

$$E_{MRE}(\rho )E_{EF}(\rho ).$$
(150)
When $`\rho `$ is a pure state, the equality is valid.

It is easy to prove it in terms of the joint convexity of the relative entropy

$$S(\underset{i}{}p_i\rho ^i\underset{i}{}p_iR(\rho ^i))\underset{i}{}p_iS(\rho ^iR(\rho ^i))$$
(151)
and the definition of $`E_{EF}`$ in eq.(1). Obviously for a pure state, MRE is equal to RE and EF.

Then, we can see:

Theorem Three: Modified relative entropy of entanglement (MRE) is a upper bound of relative entropy of entanglement (RE), also one of distillable entanglement (DE) :

$$E_{MRE}(\rho )E_{RE}(\rho )E_{DE}(\rho ).$$
(152)
When $`\rho `$ is a pure state, the equality is valid.

The proof of theorem three is very easy. Because we take a particular disentangled state to calculate MRE, it must be not less than RE. It is also well known that RE is not less than DE and then MRE is not less than DE. However, we can not prove strictly that the given relative density matrix in MRE is just a disentangled state to give out RE because the set disentangled states is so large that we can not express all of them. This difficulty is, in fact, from the undetermined feature of RE in computation.

From theorem two and three, DE$``$RE$``$MRE$``$EF. Noting the fact that both RE and MRE are defined by the relative entropy, we think that MRE is able to inherit most of important physical features of RE if these features of RE are given and proved in terms of the fact stated above as well as some mathematical skills . In fact, we have seen that MRE is a function of the norm of polarization vectors of the reduced density matrices of the decomposition density matrices for two qubit systems. Thus, both EF and MRE belong to a kind of the generalized measures of entanglement proposed by , and the generalized measures of entanglement with the known properties as a good measure are proved there. In this paper, the behavior of MRE under local general measurement (LGM) and classical communication (CC) can be proved by using of the similar methods at least for two qubit systems.

Theorem Four Any $`LGM+CC`$ quantum operation does not increase MRE in the case of pure state.

Proof. Please note the following facts: (1) We have proved $`E_{MRE}(\rho )=E_{EF}(\rho )`$ in the case of pure state (theorem one and theorem two); (2) They are both monotone decreasing functions of the norms of the polarized vectors of reduced density matrices for pure states (lemma three); (3) In general, a pure state will transform to a mixed state under $`LGM+CC`$. Obviously, there is a relationship between $`𝝃_\lambda ^{\prime \prime }^2`$ and $`𝝃^2`$ as following

$$𝝃_\lambda ^{\prime \prime \mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}=𝝃^2+4|adbc|^2\left(1\frac{det(A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda )}{q_\lambda ^2}\right).$$
(153)
Here lemma four has been used. Thus, our aim is convert to prove $`𝝃_\lambda ^{\prime \prime \mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}𝝃^2`$, that is, $`q_\lambda ^2det(A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda )`$. In fact, we can rewrite

$$q_\lambda ^2=\psi |(A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda )(B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda )|\psi ,$$
(154)
where $`\rho _{AB}=|\psi \psi |`$. If $`(A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda )(B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda )`$ has any zero eigenvalue, then

$$det(A_\lambda A_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda B_\lambda ^{})=\sqrt{det[(A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda )(B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda )]}=0.$$
(155)
So, we only need to consider the case without zero eigenvalues. Set

$$A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda =\underset{\mu =0}{\overset{3}{}}c_{\lambda A}^\mu \sigma _\mu ;,B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda =\underset{\mu =0}{\overset{3}{}}c_{\lambda B}^\mu \sigma _\mu .$$
(156)
Then

$`det(A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda )`$ $`=`$ $`(c_{\lambda A}^{\mathrm{0\; 2}}𝒄_{\lambda A}^2)(c_{\lambda B}^{\mathrm{0\; 2}}𝒄_{\lambda B}^2),`$ (157)
$`q_\lambda `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\mu ,\nu =0}{\overset{3}{}}}c_{\lambda A}^\mu a_{\mu \nu }c_{\lambda B}^\nu ,`$ (158)
where $`a_{\mu \nu }`$ is expanding coefficients in eq.(11). Because for any states $`|\psi `$, $`\psi |A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda |\psi =A|\psi ^20`$ and $`\psi |B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda |\psi =B|\psi ^20`$, we have $`A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda `$ and $`B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda `$ are positive, then $`\mathrm{Tr}(A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda )`$ and $`\mathrm{Tr}(B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda )`$ are positive, that is, $`c_{\lambda A}^00,c_{\lambda B}^00`$. Again from

$$\underset{\lambda }{}\mathrm{Tr}[(A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda )(B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda )]=4=4\underset{\lambda }{}c_{\lambda A}^0c_{\lambda B}^0,$$
(159)
it follows that $`c_{\lambda A}^0c_{\lambda B}^01`$. Without loss of generality, we can take

$$c_{\lambda A}^01,c_{\lambda B}^01,$$
(160)
because it is always allowed by multiplying a suitable factor to $`A_\lambda `$ and dividing $`B_\lambda `$ by the same factor. From the facts that $`A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda 0`$ and $`B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda `$ are positive and eq.(160), it follows that

$$𝒄_{\lambda A}^21,𝒄_{\lambda B}^21.$$
(161)
We can divide $`A_\lambda B_\lambda `$ into $`(A_\lambda I)(IB_\lambda )`$. Thus, for the first step transformation

$$𝝃_\lambda ^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}=𝝃^2+4|adbc|^2\left(1\frac{det(B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda )}{q_{\lambda B}^2}\right),$$
(162)
where

$`q_{\lambda B}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Tr}[(IB_\lambda )\rho _{AB}(IB^{})]`$ (163)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\nu =0}{\overset{3}{}}}a_{0\nu }c_{\lambda B}^\nu =c_{\lambda B}^0+𝝃_B𝒄_{\lambda B}.`$ (164)
Since $`det(B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda )=c_{\lambda B}^{\mathrm{0\; 2}}𝒄_{\lambda B}^2`$ and $`c_{\lambda B}^0|𝒄_{\lambda B}|`$, we have

$`q_\lambda ^2det(B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda )`$ (165)
$`=`$ $`2c_{\lambda B}^0𝝃_B𝒄_{\lambda B}+(𝝃_B𝒄_{\lambda B})^2+𝒄_{\lambda B}^2`$ (166)
$``$ $`𝒄_{\lambda B}^2+2|𝒄_{\lambda B}|𝝃_B𝒄_{\lambda B}+(𝝃_B𝒄_{\lambda B})^2`$ (167)
$`=`$ $`(|𝒄_{\lambda B}|+𝝃_B𝒄_{\lambda B})^20.`$ (168)
It means that

$$𝝃_\lambda ^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}𝝃^2.$$
(169)
For the second step transformation, we have

$$𝝃_\lambda ^{\prime \prime \mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}=𝝃^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}+4|\overline{a}^{}\overline{d}{}_{}{}^{}\overline{b}^{}\overline{c}^{}|^2(1\frac{det(A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda )}{q_{\lambda A}^2}),$$
(170)
where

$`q_{\lambda A}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Tr}[(A_\lambda I)\rho _{AB}^\lambda (A_\lambda ^{}B)]`$ (171)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\mu =0}{\overset{3}{}}}\overline{a}_{\mu 0}^{}c_{\lambda A}^\mu =c_{\lambda A}^0+𝝃_{A\lambda }^{}𝒄_{\lambda A}`$ (172)
and

$`\rho _{AB}^\lambda `$ $`=`$ $`|\psi _\lambda ^{}`$$`\psi _\lambda ^{}|`$ (173)
$`=`$ $`(IB_\lambda )\rho _{AB}(IB_\lambda ^{})/q_{\lambda B}`$ (174)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu ,\nu =0}{\overset{3}{}}}\overline{a}_{\mu \nu }^{}\sigma _\mu \sigma _\nu ,`$ (175)
$`|\psi _\lambda ^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{q_{\lambda B}}}}(IB_\lambda )|\psi `$ (176)
$`=`$ $`\overline{a}^{}|00+\overline{b}^{}|01+\overline{c}^{}|10+\overline{d}{}_{}{}^{}|11`$ (177)
$`(𝝃_{\lambda A}^{})^i`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{a}_{i0}^{}.`$ (178)
Likewise, we can prove

$$𝝃_\lambda ^{\prime \prime \mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}𝝃^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}𝝃^2.$$
(179)
Therefore

$$E_{MRE}(\rho _{AB}^{\prime \prime \lambda })E_{MRE}(\rho _{AB}).$$
(180)
Of course

$$E_{MRE}(\rho _{AB}^{\prime \prime })\underset{\lambda }{}q_\lambda E_{MRE}(\rho _{AB}^{\prime \prime \lambda })E_{MRE}(\rho _{AB}).$$
(181)
The proof of theorem four is finished.

Theorem Five Suppose under $`LGM+CC`$ quantum operation, $`\rho ^\mathrm{M}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda }{}}(A_\lambda B_\lambda )\rho ^\mathrm{M}(A_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda ^{})`$. When $`(A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda )(B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda )`$ is proportional to an identity matrix, this $`LGM+CC`$ quantum operation does not increase MRE in the case of mixed states.

Proof: Now, we consider the case of mixed states. Without loss of generality, we assume we have had a minimum decomposition $`\rho ^\mathrm{M}=_ip_i\rho ^i`$, where each $`\rho ^i`$ is a pure state. Moreover, the relative density matrix $`R^\mathrm{M}`$ of MRE is constructed in terms of this decomposition. Obviously

$$\rho ^\mathrm{M}{}_{}{}^{\prime \prime }=\underset{\lambda }{}q_\lambda \rho _\lambda ^\mathrm{M}{}_{}{}^{\prime \prime }=\underset{\lambda }{}q_\lambda \underset{i}{}p_iq_{i\lambda }\rho _\lambda ^{i\prime \prime },$$
(182)
where

$`\rho _\lambda ^\mathrm{M}^{\prime \prime }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{q_\lambda }}(A_\lambda B_\lambda )\rho ^\mathrm{M}(A_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda ^{}),`$ (183)
$`\rho _\lambda ^{i\prime \prime }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{q_\lambda q_{i\lambda }}}(A_\lambda B_\lambda )\rho ^i(A_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda ^{}),`$ (184)
$`q_\lambda `$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Tr}[(A_\lambda B_\lambda )\rho ^\mathrm{M}(A_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda ^{})],`$ (185)
$`q_{i\lambda }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{q_\lambda }}\mathrm{Tr}[(A_\lambda B_\lambda )\rho ^i(A_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda ^{})].`$ (186)
Noting that

$$\rho ^i=\frac{1}{4}\underset{\mu \nu }{}a_{\mu \nu }^i\sigma _\mu \sigma _\nu ,$$
(187)
we have

$$\rho _\lambda ^{i\prime \prime }=\frac{1}{4q_\lambda q_{i\lambda }}\underset{\mu ,\nu =0}{\overset{3}{}}a_{\mu \nu }^i(A_\lambda \sigma _\mu A_\lambda ^{})(B_\lambda \sigma _\nu B_\lambda ^{}).$$
(188)
From the precondition $`(A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda )(B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda )I_{4\times 4}`$ , it follows that $`A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda I_{2\times 2}`$ and $`B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda I_{2\times 2}`$. Otherwise it will contradict with this precondition. Without loss of generality, suppose $`A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda =\alpha _\lambda I_{2\times 2}`$ and $`B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda =\beta _\lambda I_{2\times 2}`$.Thus

$`\rho _{\lambda A}^{i\prime \prime }={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\alpha _\lambda }}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu =0}{\overset{3}{}}}a_{\mu 0}^i(A_\lambda \sigma _\mu A_\lambda ^{}),`$ (189)
$`\rho _{\lambda B}^{i\prime \prime }={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\beta _\lambda }}{\displaystyle \underset{\nu =0}{\overset{3}{}}}a_{0\nu }^i(B_\lambda \sigma _\nu B_\lambda ^{}),`$ (190)
where we have used the facts that

$`q_\lambda =\mathrm{Tr}[(A_\lambda B_\lambda )\rho ^\mathrm{M}(A_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda ^{})]=\alpha _\lambda \beta _\lambda ,`$ (191)
$`q_{i\lambda }={\displaystyle \frac{1}{q_\lambda }}\mathrm{Tr}[(A_\lambda B_\lambda )\rho ^i(A_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda ^{})]=1.`$ (192)
From definition of polarized vector, it follows that

$`𝝃_{\lambda A}^{i\prime \prime }={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\alpha _\lambda }}{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{3}{}}}a_{k0}^i\mathrm{Tr}(A_\lambda \sigma _kA_\lambda ^{}𝝈),`$ (193)
$`𝝃_{\lambda B}^{i\prime \prime }={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\beta _\lambda }}{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{3}{}}}a_{0k}^i\mathrm{Tr}(B_\lambda \sigma _kB_\lambda ^{}𝝈).`$ (194)
By using of theorem one, we have

$`R_\lambda ^{\prime \prime }(\rho ^\mathrm{M})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{q_\lambda }}(A_\lambda B_\lambda )R(\rho ^\mathrm{M})(A_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda ^{})`$ (195)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{2}{}}}q^{(j)}(\rho ^i)\overline{\rho }_{A\lambda }^{(j)\prime \prime }(\rho ^i)\overline{\rho }_{B\lambda }^{(j)\prime \prime }(\rho _{AB}^\mathrm{P}),`$ (196)
where

$`\overline{\rho }_{A\lambda }^{(j)\prime \prime }(\rho ^i)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\alpha _\lambda }}(A_\lambda \overline{\rho }^{(i)}A_\lambda ^{}),`$ (197)
$`\overline{\rho }_{B\lambda }^{(j)\prime \prime }(\rho ^i)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\beta _\lambda }}(B_\lambda \overline{\rho }^{(i)}B_\lambda ^{}).`$ (198)
It is easy to obtain that

$`𝜼_{A\lambda }^{\prime \prime }(\rho ^i)`$ $`=`$ $`2\mathrm{T}\mathrm{r}\left[\overline{\rho }_{A\lambda }^{(j)\prime \prime }(\rho ^i)𝝈\right]`$ (199a)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\alpha _\lambda \xi (\rho ^i)}}\mathrm{Tr}[(𝝃_{iA}A_\lambda 𝝈A_\lambda ^{})𝝈]`$ (199b)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{𝝃_{\lambda A}^{\prime \prime }(\rho ^i)}{\xi (\rho _\lambda ^{i\prime \prime })}}=𝜼_{A\lambda }(\rho ^{i\prime \prime }),`$ (199c)
$`𝜼_{B\lambda }^{\prime \prime }(\rho ^i)`$ $`=`$ $`2\mathrm{T}\mathrm{r}\left[\overline{\rho }_{B\lambda }^{(j)\prime \prime }(\rho ^i)𝝈\right]`$ (199d)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\beta _\lambda \xi (\rho ^i)}}\mathrm{Tr}[(𝝃_{iB}B_\lambda 𝝈B_\lambda ^{})𝝈]`$ (199e)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{𝝃_{\lambda B}^{\prime \prime }(\rho ^i)}{\xi (\rho _\lambda ^{i\prime \prime })}}=𝜼_{B\lambda }(\rho ^{i\prime \prime }),`$ (199f)
when $`\xi (\rho ^i)0`$. Here, we have used lemma five, that is, $`|𝝃^i|=|𝝃_\lambda ^{i\prime \prime }|`$. If $`\xi (\rho ^i)=0`$, that is $`\rho ^i`$ is a maximum entangled state, we have to introduce an infinite small shift for coefficients of states

$`|\mathrm{\Phi }^\pm _ϵ=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1ϵ}{2}}}|00\pm \sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1+ϵ}{2}}}|11,`$ (200)
$`|\mathrm{\Psi }^\pm _ϵ=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1ϵ}{2}}}|01\pm \sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1+ϵ}{2}}}|10.`$ (201)
Obviously $`(𝝃^i)^2=ϵ^20`$. Then, replacing the maximum states $`\rho ^i`$ by the shifted state $`\rho _ϵ^i`$, which consists of $`|\mathrm{\Phi }^\pm _ϵ`$ or $`|\mathrm{\Psi }^\pm _ϵ`$, we can prove the same conclusion as eqs. (199a) and (199d). So we immediately have the relation

$`\overline{\rho }_{A\lambda }^{(j)\prime \prime }(\rho _ϵ^i)=\overline{\rho }_A^{(j)}(\rho _{ϵ\lambda }^{i\prime \prime }),`$ (202)
$`\overline{\rho }_{B\lambda }^{(j)\prime \prime }(\rho _ϵ^i)=\overline{\rho }_B^{(j)}(\rho _{ϵ\lambda }^{i\prime \prime }).`$ (203)
Again since $`|𝝃^i|=|𝝃_\lambda ^{i\prime \prime }|`$, we have

$$q^{(j)}(\rho _ϵ^i)=q^{(i)}(\rho _{ϵ\lambda }^{i\prime \prime }).$$
(204)
Thus, from theorem one and definition of relative density matrix for mixed states, it follows that

$$R_\lambda ^{\prime \prime }(\rho _ϵ^\mathrm{M})=R(\rho _{ϵ\lambda }^{\mathrm{M}\prime \prime }),$$
(205)
where $`R_\lambda ^{\prime \prime }(\rho _ϵ^\mathrm{M})=(A_\lambda B_\lambda )R(\rho _ϵ^\mathrm{M})(A_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda ^{})/q_\lambda `$ is a transformation of the relative density matrix of MRE for $`\rho _ϵ^\mathrm{M}`$, and $`R(\rho _{ϵ\lambda }^{\mathrm{M}\prime \prime })`$ is a relative density matrix of MRE for the mixed state $`\rho _{ϵ\lambda }^{M\prime \prime }`$. It must be emphasized that if there is no any $`|𝝃^i|=0`$, the shift $`ϵ`$ for the coefficients does not appear, but eqs.(202-205) are valid either. Moreover, if any component states are maximally entangled, we have to do the replacements such as eqs. (200) and (201). In the last, we take the limitation $`ϵ0`$ to calculate the relative entropy. Therefore, we obtain that

$`S(\rho _\lambda ^{\mathrm{M}\prime \prime }R_\lambda ^{\prime \prime }(\rho ^\mathrm{M}))`$ $`=`$ $`\underset{ϵ0}{lim}S(\rho _{ϵ\lambda }^{\mathrm{M}\prime \prime }R_\lambda ^{\prime \prime }(\rho _ϵ^\mathrm{M}))`$ (206)
$`=`$ $`\underset{ϵ0}{lim}S(\rho _{ϵ\lambda }^{\mathrm{M}\prime \prime }R(\rho _{ϵ\lambda }^{\mathrm{M}\prime \prime }))`$ (207)
$`=`$ $`S(\rho _\lambda ^{\mathrm{M}\prime \prime }R(\rho _\lambda ^{\mathrm{M}\prime \prime })),`$ (208)
where we have used the fact that the relative entropy is continuous. From monolonicity of relative entropy, it follows that

$$S(\rho _\lambda ^{\mathrm{M}\prime \prime }R_\lambda ^{\prime \prime }(\rho ^\mathrm{M}))S(\rho ^\mathrm{M}R(\rho ^\mathrm{M}))=E_{MRE}(\rho ^\mathrm{M}).$$
(209)
The last equality is because that we have assumed that $`R^\mathrm{M}`$ is constructed by the minimum pure state decomposition of $`\rho ^\mathrm{M}=_ip_i\rho ^i`$. Again substituting eq.(208) and the definitions of MRE $`\rho _\lambda ^{\mathrm{M}\prime \prime }`$

$$E_{MRE}(\rho _\lambda ^{\mathrm{M}\prime \prime })=\underset{\{p_i,\rho ^i\}𝒟}{\mathrm{min}}S(\rho _\lambda ^{\mathrm{M}\prime \prime }R(\rho _\lambda ^{\mathrm{M}\prime \prime }))$$
(210)
into (209), we obtain

$$E_{MRE}(\rho _\lambda ^{\mathrm{M}\prime \prime })E_{MRE}(\rho ^\mathrm{M}).$$
(211)
In terms of joint convexity of relative entropy, we have

$$E_{MRE}(\rho ^\mathrm{M}{}_{}{}^{\prime \prime })\underset{\lambda }{}q_\lambda E_{MRE}(\rho _\lambda ^\mathrm{M}{}_{}{}^{\prime \prime })$$
(212)
Again from eq.(211) it follows that

$$E_{MRE}(\rho ^{\mathrm{M}\prime \prime })\underset{\lambda }{}q_\lambda E_{MRE}(\rho ^\mathrm{M})=E_{MRE}(\rho ^\mathrm{M}).$$
(213)
It must be emphasized that the precondition that $`(A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda )(B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda )`$ is proportional to an identity matrix is suggested in order to keep the conservation of probability for the transformed states (which has been normalized)

$$|\psi _\lambda ^{i\prime \prime }_\mathrm{N}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{q_\lambda q_{i\lambda }}}A_\lambda B_\lambda |\psi ^i,$$
(214)
and guarantee the component states $`\rho _\lambda ^{i\prime \prime }`$ with clear significance in the decomposition eq.(182). It is still an open question how to prove eq. (213) if there is any $`(A_\lambda ^{}A_\lambda )(B_\lambda ^{}B_\lambda )`$ that is not proportional to an identity matrix .

As to the properties of MRE, in two qubit systems, such as its range is $`[0,1]`$, its maximum value $`1`$ corresponds to the maximally entangled states and its minimum value $`0`$ corresponds to the mixture of the disentangled states, can be directly and easily obtained from the definition of MRE. For two qubits, the relative density matrix of MRE is a function of the polarized vectors $`𝝃_A^i,𝝃_B^i`$, and $`𝝃_A^i,𝝃_B^i`$ are functions of the decomposition density matrices $`\rho _i`$. Thus, MRE is just a compound function of the decomposition density matrices $`\rho _i`$. However, in general, a density matrix is not a one to one function of decompositions and a given decomposition is not always able to describe the really physical entanglement. It is necessary, from our view, to introduce a new principle so as to determine how to express the measure of entanglement from the a suitable pure state decomposition of density matrix. That is, it seems to us, an intrinsic physical reason that the requirement of the minimum pure state decomposition is introduced. Of course, it is not a nice property that a measure of entanglement depends on the possible decompositions because it is not very easy to find all the elements of $`𝒟`$. But since the undetermined property of decompositions of the density matrix, it exists in all the known measures of entanglement either. MRE has significantly improvement in this aspect for some kinds of states which has been seen in above section. We think that it is worth trying to study a thing for any new measure of entanglement.

In conclusion, MRE can be useful based on six evidences. The first is that MRE is a possible upper bound of DE and a lower bound of EF such as RE, the second is MRE improves the compatibility of RE, the third is that MRE significantly decrease the dependence and sensitivity on the pure state decompositions at least for some interesting states, the fourth is MRE restores the logarithmic dependence from information theory on probability of component states, the five is that MRE reveals the particular difference among some departure states from Bell’s states and the last is that MRE can be extended to multi-party systems naturally.

This research is on progressing.

I would like to thank Da Peng Wang for his help to calculate Wootters’ EF.


format: text

text:
# ”One-dimensional” Coherent States and Oscillation Effects in Metals in a Magnetic Field

## I Introduction

R. J. Glauber  introduced in 1963 the concept of a coherent state $`|\alpha `$ as an eigenstate of a non-hermitian annihilation operator $`\widehat{a}`$ of excitations of the boson type ($`\widehat{a}|\alpha =\alpha |\alpha `$). The Schrödinger equation for a charge in a constant uniform magnetic field reduces to the Schrodinger equation for a one-dimensional displaced harmonic oscillator. The use of coherent states significantly simplifies mathematical calculations of the oscillating part of the thermodynamic characteristics. Coherent states are eigenstates of a non-hermitian operator and are not orthogonal, i.e. transitions between different coherent states can occur spontaneously. The Shubnikov-de Haas and de Haas-van Alphen effects are not only quantum effects. They are also macroscopic effects, and in these respects (the quantum character and macroscopic scale, simultaneously) they are related with such phenomena as superconductivity, weak-link superconductivity (Josephson effects), laser radiation, and von Klitzing’s effect (the quantum Hall effect). Our aim is to demonstrate clearly ( by using the method of coherent states combined with an universal approach to the thermodynamic and kinetic effects in metals in a constant uniform magnetic field) not only the mathematical advantage of such a combination, but also to establish the physical reasons for why the mathematical description is adequate for the physics of the quantum oscillation effects. The physical nature of oscillations of the kinetic coefficients of a metal in a magnetic field (Shubnikov-de Haas effect) as well as oscillations of the thermodynamic potentials and their derivatives has been established on the basis of Landau’s theory of diamagnetism. The oscillations are governed by two factors: the presence of the Fermi surface and the radical change in the density of states $`\rho (\epsilon )`$ when the magnetic field is turned on . Turning on a constant uniform magnetic field $`𝐇`$ parallel to the z-axis makes the motion of a current-carrying particle quasi-one dimensional and the density of states changes from $`\rho _{3d}(\epsilon )\sqrt{\epsilon }`$ to $`\rho _{1d}(\epsilon )\frac{1}{\sqrt{\epsilon }}`$ (for the three- and one-dimensional systems, respectively).Due to the Landau quantization of the electron energy spectrum this inverse square-root singularity of $`\rho (\epsilon )`$ is repeated many times in the energy interval $`0\epsilon \mu `$ ($`\mu `$ is the chemical potential), when the condition $`\mu \mathrm{}\omega _H`$ is satisfied (where $`\omega _H=eH/mc`$ is the cyclotron frequency; $`m,e`$ is the effective mass and the charge of the current carrier, respectively, and $`c`$ is the light velocity in vacuum. For energies $`\epsilon \mu `$ near the Fermi surface the density of states $`\rho (\epsilon )`$ is an almost-periodic function of the magnetic field. This is the origin for the oscillatory character of the magnetic field dependence of both the thermodynamic quantities (”linear” with respect to $`\rho (\epsilon )`$) and the kinetic coefficients (”quadratic” with respect to $`\rho (\epsilon )`$). The oscillation period is the same for both types of quantities and is equal to the oscillation period of the function $`\rho (\epsilon )`$.

## II Some Thermodynamics Relations

The thermodynamic potential $`\mathrm{\Omega }_H=F_H\mu N`$ is defined by the expression

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_H=T\underset{\nu }{}\mathrm{ln}\left[1+e^{(\mu \epsilon _\nu )/T}\right].$$
(1)
In the integral form it may be written as

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_H=T_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\epsilon \rho (\epsilon )\mathrm{ln}\left[1+e^{(\mu \epsilon )/T}\right].$$
(2)
The density of states $`\rho (\epsilon )`$ is given by

$$\rho (\epsilon )=\underset{\nu }{}\delta (\epsilon \epsilon _\nu )=Tr\delta (\epsilon \widehat{}),$$
(3)
where $`F_H`$ is the free energy, $`N`$ is the total number of particles, $`T`$ is the temperature (in energy units), $`\nu `$ is the set of all the quantum numbers characterizing a single-particle state and $`\widehat{}`$ is the single particle Hamiltonian. For the thermodynamic potential derivatives we have

$`N=\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Omega }_H}{\mu }}\right)_{T,V,H},M=\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Omega }_H}{H}}\right)_{T,V,\mu },`$ (4)
$`C=T\left({\displaystyle \frac{^2\mathrm{\Omega }}{T^2}}\right)_{V,\mu ,H},`$ (5)
where $`M`$ is the magnetic moment and $`C`$ is the heat capacity. We shall calculate the density of states from Eq.(2), setting $`T=0`$ for simplicity. Then the $`\rho (\epsilon )`$ transforms into $`\rho (\mu )`$ and is related with $`\mathrm{\Omega }_H`$ by the expression

$$\rho (\mu )=\left(\frac{^2\mathrm{\Omega }_H}{\mu ^2}\right)_{V,H,T=0}.$$
(6)
We can easily see from Eq.(5), the density of states $`\rho (\mu )`$ at the Fermi surface is not only related with the observable quantities presented in Eq.(4). Its oscillatory part $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }(\mu )`$ contains the period of the oscillations, which in turn through the Lifshitz-Onsager relation determines the area of the extremal sections of the Fermi surface by a plane perpendicular to $`𝐇`$. The oscillatory part $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }(\epsilon )`$ of the density of states also answers the question about the physical nature of the oscillations of the kinetic coefficients in a magnetic field. As is well known from the theory of the Shubnikov-de Haas effect, the appearance of a nonzero current in the direction of the electric field $`𝐄||𝐱`$ is attributable to the appearance of electron scattering, which under the conditions of the Shubnikov-de Haas effect can be assumed to be elastic . The fact that $`\rho (\epsilon )`$ in Eq.(3) is represented in the form of a trace makes it possible to employ any complete set of wave functions in the computational procedure. Oscillatory wave functions (which are eigenfunctions of the number operator of boson excitation $`\widehat{a}^+\widehat{a}|n=n|n`$) do not carry any information about the presence of the Fermi surface, while for the coherent states $`|\alpha `$ (which are eigenfunctions of the operator $`\widehat{a}(\widehat{a}|\alpha =\alpha |\alpha )`$) the average number of the particles is equal to

$$\alpha |\widehat{a}^+\widehat{a}|\alpha =\overline{n}_\alpha \frac{\mu }{\mathrm{}\omega _H}.$$
(7)
In addition, the coherent states are characterized by a well-defined phase . This is related with the existence of a phase characteristic(cyclotron period) of the oscillation phenomena under study. It suggests us to use coherent states for our problem.

## III  Coherent states of a charged particle in a constant uniform magnetic field

Coherent states appear when one solves a task for an linear oscillator. Some physical phenomena (superconductivity, Shubnikov - de Haas, de Haas-van Alphen effects) are quantum in their physical nature and macroscopical in their scale. Macroscopic scale indicates on a possibility of an almost classical description of such phenomena. The coherent states are much more convenient to describe simultaneously a field phase and amplitude, and to show a connection between the classical and quantum field description. Historically, L. D. Landau was the first to show that the Schrödinger equation for the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of a charge in a constant magnetic field has the form of the Schrödinger equation for the one-dimensional linear oscillator. Coherent states have been used to recast in new terms the theory of Landau dimagnetism and the theory of the de Haas-van Alphen effects for free electron gas.

The achievements of the physics of coherent states have not been extended enough to oscillation effects in metals with an arbitrary dispersion relation for electrons or to numerous other quantum physical phenomena observed in metals in a magnetic field.

We will introduce the coherent states for a charge in a constant magnetic field $`𝐇||𝐳`$ and the Hamiltonian

$$\widehat{}=\frac{1}{2m}\left(\widehat{𝐩}\frac{e}{c}𝐀\right)^\mathrm{𝟐}+\widehat{}_\sigma =\widehat{}_{}+\widehat{}_𝐳+\widehat{}_\sigma ,$$
(8)
$$\widehat{}_z=\frac{\widehat{p}_z^2}{2m},\widehat{}_\sigma =\frac{g}{2}\mu _B\sigma _zH,\sigma _z=\pm 1,$$
(9)
where $`\widehat{𝐩}`$ is the momentum operator, $`m`$ is the bare electron mass, $`g^{}`$ is the effective spectroscopic splitting factor, $`\mu _B`$ is the Bohr magneton.

We choose the vector potential $`𝐀`$ of the magnetic field in the Landau-gauging  as follows

$`𝐀=𝐀(yH,0,0),𝐇=\times 𝐀.`$ (10)
In this case $`\widehat{}_{}`$ corresponds to an one-dimensional oscillator along the y axes

$$\widehat{}_{}=\frac{\widehat{p}_y^2}{2m}+\frac{1}{2}m\omega _H^2(yy_0)^2$$
(11)
(where $`y_0=cp_x/eH`$) instead of two coupled oscillators in gauging $`𝐀=(1/2)[\mathrm{𝐇𝐫}]`$. It gives us a possibility to avoid using of ”two-dimensional” coherent states (see ). In dimensionless coordinates

$$\eta =\frac{yy_0}{l_H},l_H=\left(\frac{\mathrm{}}{m\omega _H}\right)^{1/2},$$
(12)
the Hamiltonian $`\widehat{}_{}`$ takes the form

$$\widehat{}_{}=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{}\omega _H(\widehat{p}_\eta ^2+\eta ^2),$$
(13)
$`\widehat{p}_\eta =i_\eta `$.We introduce the operators $`\widehat{a}`$ and $`\widehat{a}^+`$

$$\widehat{a}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\eta +\frac{}{\eta }\right),\widehat{a}^+=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\eta \frac{}{\eta }\right)$$
(14)
$`[\widehat{a},\widehat{a}^+]=1`$. Then $`\widehat{H}_{}`$ results in

$$\widehat{H}_{}=\mathrm{}\omega _H\left(\widehat{a}^+\widehat{a}+\frac{1}{2}\right),$$
(15)
and

$$\widehat{H}=\mathrm{}\omega _H\left(\widehat{a}^+\widehat{a}+\frac{1}{2}\right)+\frac{\widehat{p}_z^2}{2m}\frac{g^{}}{2}\mu _B\sigma _BH.$$
(16)
Thus, the partial motion of an electron in a magnetic field in the $`xy`$ plane is described by the Eq. (14), which contains the operators $`\widehat{a}`$, $`\widehat{a}^+`$ (defined in Eq.(13)), satisfying the Bose commutation relations. With the help of the operators $`\widehat{a}`$, $`\widehat{a}^+`$ we determine the states:

a) the vacuum state $`|0`$ such that $`\widehat{a}|0=0`$;

b) the Fock (after V.A.Fock) state $`|n`$, which is an eigenstate of the operator $`\widehat{n}=\widehat{a}^+\widehat{a}`$;

$$\widehat{n}|n=n|n,|n=\frac{(\widehat{a}^+)^n}{\sqrt{n!}}|0;$$
(17)
c)the one-dimensional coherent state $`|\alpha `$ which is an eigenstate of the operator $`\widehat{a}`$

$$\widehat{a}|\alpha =\alpha |\alpha .$$
(18)
The coherent state $`|\alpha `$ can be obtained also with the help of the displacement operator $`\widehat{D}(\alpha )`$

$$|\alpha =\widehat{D}(\alpha )|0,$$
(19)
where

$$\widehat{D}(\alpha )=e^{\alpha \widehat{a}^+\alpha ^{}\widehat{a}}=e^{|\alpha |^2/2}e^{\alpha \widehat{a}^+}e^{\alpha ^{}\widehat{a}}.$$
(20)
Thus, we have a complete normalized set of wave functions, which are the eigenfunctions of non-hermitian operator and for this reason are not orthogonal.

It should be specially noted, however, that the partial motion of a fermion (electron) in the $`xy`$ plane in the magnetic field $`𝐇`$ is described with the help of a boson field.

## IV Oscillations of the electron density of states

We can employ the following complete normalized set of wave functions to calculate $`\rho (\mu )`$ of a metal in a quantizing magnetic field

$$|\sigma _z,p_z;\alpha =L_z^{1/2}e^{(ip_zz/\mathrm{})}\chi |\alpha ,$$
(21)
where

$$\widehat{\sigma }_z\chi =\sigma _z\chi ,\sigma _z=\pm 1,$$
(22)
$`L_z`$ is the normalization length, and $`\widehat{\sigma }_z`$ is the Pauli matrix.

Taking the trace in Eq. (3) and using Eq. (20), we obtain

$`\rho (\mu )={\displaystyle \underset{p_z,\sigma _z}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{d^2\alpha }{\pi }\alpha ;P_z,\sigma _z|\delta (\mu H)|\sigma _z,p_z;\alpha }`$ (23)
$`={\displaystyle \frac{L_z}{\pi (2\pi \mathrm{})^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma _z}{}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑p_z{\displaystyle d^2\alpha _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑t}`$ (24)
$`\times \alpha ;p_z,\sigma _z|e^{i(\mu \widehat{H})t/\mathrm{}}|\sigma _z,p_z;\alpha ,`$ (25)
where $`d^2\alpha =d(Re\alpha )d(Im\alpha )`$. In the operator $`\widehat{H}`$ all three terms commute one with another. We obtain the following relations:

$$\underset{\sigma _{z=\pm 1}}{}e^{i(t/\mathrm{})(g^{}/2)\mu _BH}=2\mathrm{cos}\left(\frac{g^{}\mu _BH}{2\mathrm{}}t\right);$$
(26)
$$_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑p_ze^{\frac{itp_z^2}{2m\mathrm{}}}=\left(\frac{2\pi \mathrm{}m}{|t|}\right)^{1/2}e^{i\frac{\pi }{4}signt};$$
(27)
$`\alpha e^{it\omega _H\widehat{a}^+\widehat{a}}|\alpha ={\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\alpha e^{it\omega _H\widehat{a}^+\widehat{a}}|nn|\alpha `$ (28)
$`={\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}e^{it\omega _Hn}|n|\alpha |^2=e^{|\alpha |^2\left(1e^{it\omega _H}\right)}.`$ (29)
In the last equation we have used the condition

$$\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}|nn|=1$$
(30)
of the completeness of the set of the Fock states.The result for the scalar product of the Fock and coherent states is as follows

$`n|\alpha =n\left|e^{|\alpha |^2/2}e^{\alpha \widehat{a}^+}\right|0`$ (31)
$`={\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^n}{\sqrt{n!}}}e^{|\alpha |^2/2}.`$ (32)
The density of states $`\rho (\mu )`$ at the Fermi surface results in the form of a single integral

$`\rho (\mu )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{L_Z\mathrm{\Phi }m^{1/2}}{(2\pi \mathrm{})^{3/2}\mathrm{\Phi }_0}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑t{\displaystyle \frac{e^{i(\frac{\mu t}{\mathrm{}}\frac{\pi }{4}signt)}\mathrm{cos}\left(\frac{g^{}\mu _BH}{2\mathrm{}}t\right)}{i|t|^{1/2}\mathrm{sin}(t\omega _l)}},`$ (33)
$`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ $`=`$ $`L_xL_yH,\mathrm{\Phi }_0={\displaystyle \frac{ch}{e}}.`$ (34)
It is calculated with the help of the residue theorem by integrating along the contour shown in Fig. 1.

The oscillating part of the density of states $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }(\mu )`$ is determined by the contribution into the integral of the poles located on the real axis at the points

$`t_k={\displaystyle \frac{2\pi }{\omega _H}}K,K=\pm 1,\pm 2,\pm 3,\mathrm{}`$ (35)
and has the form

$`\stackrel{~}{\rho }(\mu )={\displaystyle \frac{mV}{\pi ^2\mathrm{}^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{eH}{c\mathrm{}}}\right)^{1/2}{\displaystyle \underset{K=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}K^{1/2}`$ (36)
$`\times \mathrm{cos}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\pi g^{}m}{2m_0}}K\right)\mathrm{cos}\left(2\pi K{\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{\mathrm{}\omega _H}}{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{4}}\right),`$ (37)
which contains a period of the oscillations

$$\mathrm{\Delta }\left(\frac{1}{H}\right)=\frac{e\mathrm{}}{mc\mu }.$$
(38)
## V Discussion

Our approach to the analysis of oscillation effects in a metal in a magnetic field makes it possible not only to substantially simplify the mathematical procedure as compared with the traditional method of analyzing these phenomena, but also to study in a universal manner both the thermodynamics and kinetic effects, to easily extend the analysis to the case of current carriers with an arbitrary energy spectrum and nonzero temperature, and to include the effect of scattering on the form of the oscillation dependence.

The physical reason for the simplification achieved in the mathematical procedure is that the coherent state employed in the calculations describe quantum macroscopic and therefore also quasi-classical phenomena, which are the Shubnikov-de Haas and de Haas-van Alphen effects in metals, semimetals and degenerate semiconductors.

## VI Acknowledgements

S.T.P thanks the Zacatecas Autonomous University and the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT) of Mexico for the financial support and hospitality. D.A.C.S. thanks CONACyT (27736-E) for the financial support.