text:
# Lemma 1

Balanced Colombeau products
of the distributions $`x_\mathbf{\pm }^\mathbf{}p`$ and $`x^\mathbf{}p`$

B. P. Damyanov

Abstract. Results on singular products of the distributions $`x_\pm ^p`$ and $`x^p`$ for natural $`p`$ are derived when the products are balanced so that their sum exists in the distribution space. These results follow the pattern of a known distributional product published by Jan Mikusiński in 1966. The results are obtained in Colombeau algebra of generalized functions, which is most relevant algebraic construction for tackling nonlinear problems of Schwartz distributions.

Keywords: Schwartz distributions, multiplication, Colombeau generalized functions

AMS subject classification: 46F10, 46F30

0. INTRODUCTION

The Colombeau algebra of generalized functions $`𝒢`$ , introduced first in , has followed various constructions of differential algebras aimed at solving certain nonlinear problems of Schwartz distributions. An important reason for the growing popularity of the algebra $`𝒢`$ is its almost optimal properties regarding the long-standing problem of multiplication of distributions. Indeed, $`𝒢`$ is an associative differential algebra, the multiplication is compatible with products of $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$-differentiable functions, and the linear embedding of the distribution space commutes with partial differentiation. Moreover, the so-called ’association’ in $`𝒢`$ , which is a faithful generalization of the equality of distributions, enables obtaining results ‘on distributional level’.

In 1966, Jan Mikusiński published in  his well-known result :

$$x^1.x^1\pi ^2\delta (x).\delta (x)=x^2,x.$$
(1)
Although neither of the products on the left-hand side here exists, their difference still has a correct meaning in the distribution space $`𝒟^{}()`$. Formulas including balanced products of distributions with coinciding singularities can be found in the mathematical and physical literature. We termed such equations ‘products of Mikusiński type’ in a previous paper , where we derived a generalization of (1) in Colombeau algebra of tempered generalized functions (see equation (5) below).

Following the pattern of the basic Mikusiński product (1), we prove in this paper further results on balanced products of the distributions with singular point support $`x_\pm ^p,x^p`$, and $`\delta ^{(p)}(x),p_0`$ and $`x`$. We evaluate the products as the distributions are embedded in Colombeau algebra and prove that each of the products admits an associated distribution.

1. NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS

1.1. We start with recalling the fundamentals of Colombeau algebra on the real line.

Notation 1. If $``$ stands for the natural numbers, denote $`_0=\{0\}`$ and $`\delta _{ij}=\{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}`$ if $`i=j,=0`$ otherwise$`\},i,j_0`$. Then we put for arbitrary $`q_0`$ :

$$A_q()=\{\phi (x)𝒟():_{}x^j\phi (x)𝑑x=\delta _{0j},j=0,1,\mathrm{},q\}.$$

Set also $`\phi _\epsilon =\epsilon ^1\phi (\epsilon ^1x)`$ for $`\phi A_q(),\epsilon >0`$ and $`\stackrel{ˇ}{g}(x)=g(x)`$. Note finally that the shorthand notation $`_x=\frac{d}{dx}`$ will be used in the one-dimensional case too.

Definition 1. Let $`[]`$ be the algebra of functions $`f(\phi ,x):A_0()\times `$ that are infinitely differentiable for fixed ’parameter’ $`\phi `$. Then, the generalized functions of Colombeau are elements of the quotient algebra

$$𝒢𝒢()=_\mathrm{M}[]/[].$$

Here $`_\mathrm{M}[]`$ is the subalgebra of ‘moderate’ functions such that for each compact subset $`K`$ of $``$ and $`p`$ there is a $`q`$ such that, for each $`\phi A_q()`$,

$$\underset{xK}{sup}|_x^pf(\phi _\epsilon ,x)|=O(\epsilon ^q),\text{ as}\epsilon 0_+.$$

The ideal $`[]`$ of $`_\mathrm{M}[]`$ consists of all functions such that for each compact $`K`$ and any $`p`$ there is a $`q`$ such that, for every $`rq`$ and $`\phi A_r()`$,

$$\underset{xK}{sup}|_x^pf(\phi _\epsilon ,x)|=O(\epsilon ^{rq}),\text{ as}\epsilon 0_+.$$

The algebra $`𝒢()`$ contains the distributions on $``$, canonically embedded as a $``$-vector subspace by the map

$$i:𝒟^{}()𝒢:u\stackrel{~}{u}=\{\stackrel{~}{u}(\phi ,x):=(u\stackrel{ˇ}{\phi })(x):\phi A_q()\}.$$
(2)
The derivative in $`𝒢()`$ is in consistency with this embedding of distributions :

$$_x\stackrel{~}{u}=\stackrel{~}{_xu},u𝒟^{}().$$
(3)
The equality of generalized functions in $`𝒢`$ is very strict and a weaker form of equality in the sense of association is introduced, which plays a fundamental role in Colombeau theory.

Definition 2. A generalized function $`f𝒢()`$ is said to be ‘associated’ with (a) another function $`g𝒢`$, denoted $`fg`$, or (b) a distribution $`u𝒟^{}()`$ ($`fu`$) if for some representatives $`f(\phi _\epsilon ,x),g(\phi _\epsilon ,x)`$ and arbitrary $`\psi (x)𝒟()`$ there is a $`q_0`$ such that, for any $`\phi (x)A_q()`$, it holds $`lim_{\epsilon 0_+}_{}[f(\phi _\epsilon ,x)g(\phi _\epsilon ,x)]\psi (x)𝑑x=0`$, or respectively $`lim_{\epsilon 0_+}_{}f(\phi _\epsilon ,x)\psi (x)𝑑x=u,\psi .`$

These definitions are independent of the representatives chosen, and the association is a faithful generalization of the equality of distributions ; which implies the following equivalence relation for the embedding of distributions :

$$f\stackrel{~}{u}fu\text{ for each }f𝒢(),u𝒟^{}().$$
(4)
Now, by Colombeau product of two distributions is meant the product of their embeddings in $`𝒢()`$ whenever the result admits an associated distribution.

The following coherence result holds \[12, Proposition 10.3\] : If the regularized model product (in the terminology of Kamiński) of two distributions exists, then their Colombeau product also exists and coincides with the former. Moreover, in the general setting of Colombeau algebra $`𝒢(^m)`$  (when the parameter functions $`\phi `$ are not defined as tensor products), as well as in the algebra $`𝒢()`$ on the real line, this assertion turns into an equivalence, according to a result by Jelínek ; cf. also the recent study on Colombeau algebra in .

Denote now by $`\stackrel{~}{x^p}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\delta }^{(p)}(x)`$ the embeddings (2) in $`𝒢`$ of the distributions $`x^p`$ and $`\delta ^{(p)}(x),p`$. Then the following balanced distributional product in Colombeau algebra was proved in , which generalizes the basic Mikusiński formula (1) for arbitrary $`p,q`$:

$$\stackrel{~}{x^p}.\stackrel{~}{x^q}\pi ^2\frac{(1)^{p+q}}{(p1)!(q1)!}\stackrel{~}{\delta }^{(p1)}(x).\stackrel{~}{\delta }^{(q1)}(x)x^{pq}(x).$$
(5)
1.2. Consider next the definition of the distributions in study.

Notation 2. If $`a`$ and Re $`a>1`$, denote as usual the locally-integrable functions :

$$x_+^a=\{x^a\text{ if }x>0,=0\text{ if }x<0\},x_{}^a=\{(x)^a\text{ if }x<0,=0\text{ if }x>0\}.$$

$$\mathrm{ln}x_+=\{\mathrm{ln}x\text{ if }x>0,=0\text{ if }x<0\},\mathrm{ln}x_{}=\{\mathrm{ln}(x)\text{ if }x<0,=0\text{ if }x>0\}.$$

$$\mathrm{ln}|x|=\mathrm{ln}x_++\mathrm{ln}x_{},\mathrm{ln}|x|\mathrm{sgn}x=\mathrm{ln}x_+\mathrm{ln}x_{}.$$

The distributions $`x_\pm ^a`$ are defined for any $`a\mathrm{\Omega }:=\{a:a1,2,\mathrm{}\}`$, by setting

$$x_+^a=_x^{}x_+^{a+r}(x),x_{}^a=(1)^r_x^{}x_{}^{a+r}(x),$$

where $`r_0`$ is such that $`a+r>1`$ and the derivatives are in distributional sense.

This definition can be extended also for negative integer values of $`a`$ by a procedure essentially due to M. Riesz (see \[9, § 3.2\]). For each $`\psi (x)𝒟(),ax_+^a,\psi `$ is an analytic function of $`a`$ on the set $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. The excluded points are simple poles of this function. For any $`p_0`$, the residue at $`a=p1`$ is $`lim_{ap1}(a+p+1)x_+^a,\psi =\psi ^{(p)}(0)/p!`$. Subtracting the singular part, one gets for any $`p_0`$ :

$$\underset{ap1}{lim}x_+^a,\psi \frac{1}{p!}\psi ^{(p)}(0)=\frac{1}{p!}_0^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{ln}x\psi ^{(p)}dx+\frac{\psi ^{(p)}(0)}{p!}\underset{k=1}{\overset{p}{}}\frac{1}{k}.$$

The right-hand side of this equation, which is the principal part of the Laurent expansion, was proposed by Hörmander in  to define the distribution $`x_+^{p1}`$, acting here on the test-function $`\psi (x)`$. In view of Notation 2, this is equivalent to the following definition of $`x_+^{p1}`$ for arbitrary $`p_0(x)`$ :

$$x_+^{p1}=\frac{(1)^p}{p!}_x^{p+1}\mathrm{ln}x_++\frac{(1)^p\sigma _p}{p!}\delta ^{(p)}(x).$$

We have introduced here the shorthand notation

$$\sigma _p:=\underset{k=1}{\overset{p}{}}1/k(p_0),\text{noting that}\sigma _0=0.$$
(6)
Similar arguments lead to the defining equation

$$x_{}^{p1}=\frac{1}{p!}_x^{p+1}\mathrm{ln}x_{}+\frac{\sigma _p}{p!}\delta ^{(p)}(x).$$
(7)
Note that this definition exactly coincides with that of the distributions $`x_\pm ^{p1}F_{p1}(x_\pm ,\lambda )`$ introduced by Gelfand and Shilov, as regularization of the integrals $`__\pm x^\lambda \psi (x)𝑑x`$ taken at the points $`\lambda =p1`$ \[8, § 1.4\].

One checks that the distributions $`x_\pm ^p`$ satisfy

$$_xx_+^p=px_+^{p1}+\frac{(1)^p}{p!}\delta ^{(p)}(x),_xx_{}^p=px_{}^{p1}\frac{1}{p!}\delta ^{(p)}(x).$$
(8)
Now, it follows immediately that

$$x_+^p|_{xx}=x_{}^p\text{and}x_+^p+(1)^px_{}^p=x^p.$$
(9)
Here the distribution $`x^p`$ is defined, as usual, as distributional derivative of order $`p`$ :

$$x^p=\frac{(1)^{p1}}{(p1)!}_x^p\mathrm{ln}|x|,\text{and it holds}_xx^p=px^{p1}.$$
(10)
For later use we note that the following basic property of the ditrsibutions $`x_\pm ^a`$ is preserved for arbitrary $`a`$\[9, § 3.2\] :

$$x.x_\pm ^a=x_\pm ^{a+1}.$$
(11)
Recall finally the definition of the distributions $`(x\pm i0)^{p1}`$ for $`p_0`$ and $`x`$ :

$$(x\pm i0)^{p1}:=\underset{y0_+}{lim}(x\pm iy)^{p1}=x^{p1}\frac{(1)^pi\pi }{p!}\delta ^{(p)}(x).$$
(12)
2. PRELIMINARY RESULTS

We first recall two results on distributional products in Colombeau algebra that will be used later in the work. Let $`\stackrel{~}{x^p},\stackrel{~}{x_+^p}`$, and $`\stackrel{~}{\delta }^{(p1)}(x)`$ denote the embeddings in $`𝒢()`$ of the distributions $`x^p,x_+^p`$, and $`\delta ^{(p1)}(x),p`$. Then the following ’ordinary’ Colombeau product, given here in dimension one, was obtained in  :

$$\stackrel{~}{x_+^p}.\stackrel{~}{\delta }^{(p)}(x)(1)^p\frac{p!}{2}\delta (x)(x).$$
(13)
Further, this balanced Colombeau product was proved in  : For arbitrary $`p,q`$,

$$\frac{(1)^{q1}}{(q1)!}\stackrel{~}{x^p}.\stackrel{~}{\delta }^{(q1)}(x)+\frac{(1)^{p1}}{(p1)!}\stackrel{~}{x^q}.\stackrel{~}{\delta }^{(p1)}(x)\frac{(1)^{p+q1}}{(p+q1)!}\delta ^{(p+q1)}(x).$$
(14)
Next, we prove a general property of balanced products in Colombeau algebra that will be needed in the sequel too.

###### Lemma 1

$`.`$ The derivative of any balanced Colombeau product of distributions $`_{k=1}^2(\stackrel{~}{u_k}.\stackrel{~}{v_k})w(u_k,v_k,w𝒟()^{})`$ admits also an associated distribution and it holds

$$\underset{k=1}{\overset{2}{}}(\stackrel{~}{_xu_k}.\stackrel{~}{v_k}+\stackrel{~}{u_k}.\stackrel{~}{_xv_k})_xw.$$
(15)
Proof : For a given $`\phi A_0()`$ the representatives $`\stackrel{~}{u_k}(\phi _\epsilon ,x),\stackrel{~}{v_k}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)`$ are smooth functions of $`x`$, by a fixed $`\epsilon `$. Therefore, choosing an arbitrary $`\psi (x)𝒟()`$ and taking into account equation (3), applied to the representatives of the embeddings, we obtain

$`I`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}\psi (x)_x\left({\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{2}{}}}\left[\stackrel{~}{u_k}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)\stackrel{~}{v_k}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)\right]\right)dx`$ (16)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}\psi (x){\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{2}{}}}\left[\stackrel{~}{_xu_k}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)\stackrel{~}{v_k}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)+\stackrel{~}{u_k}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)\stackrel{~}{_xv_k}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)\right]dx.`$
On the other hand, we get on integration by parts :

$`I`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{2}{}}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}\psi (x)_x\left[\stackrel{~}{u_k}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)\stackrel{~}{v_k}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)\right]dx`$ (17)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{2}{}}}\left(\stackrel{~}{u_k}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)\stackrel{~}{v_k}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)\psi (x)|_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}\stackrel{~}{u_k}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)\stackrel{~}{v_k}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)\psi ^{}(x)𝑑x\right)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{2}{}}}\left[\stackrel{~}{u_k}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)\stackrel{~}{v_k}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)\right]_x\psi (x)dx.`$
From equations (16), (17) and by the assumption of the theorem, it now follows

$`\underset{\epsilon 0_+}{lim}I`$ $`=`$ $`\underset{\epsilon 0_+}{lim}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}\psi (x){\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{2}{}}}\left[\stackrel{~}{_xu_k}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)\stackrel{~}{v_k}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)+\stackrel{~}{u_k}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)\stackrel{~}{_xv_k}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)\right]dx`$
$`=`$ $`\underset{\epsilon 0_+}{lim}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{2}{}}}\left[\stackrel{~}{u_k}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)\stackrel{~}{v_k}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)\right]_x\psi (x)dx=w,_x\psi =_xw,\psi .`$
According to Definition 2, this proves the existence of an associated distribution for the derivative, as well as equation (15).

2. MAIN RESULTS

We now proceed to particular balanced products of distributions obtained in Colombeau algebra $`𝒢()`$. With the notation (6), the following assertion holds.

###### Theorem 1

$`.`$ For each $`p_0`$, the embeddings in $`𝒢()`$ of the distributions $`x_\pm ^p,x_\pm ^p`$, and $`\delta (x)`$ satisfy :

$$(1)^p\stackrel{~}{x_{}^{p1}}.\stackrel{~}{x_+^p}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{ln}x_{}}.\stackrel{~}{\delta }(x)\frac{\sigma _p}{2}\delta (x).$$
(18)
$$(1)^p\stackrel{~}{x_+^{p1}}.\stackrel{~}{x_{}^p}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{ln}x_+}.\stackrel{~}{\delta }(x)\frac{\sigma _p}{2}\delta (x).$$
(19)
Proof : (i) For given $`\phi A_0()`$, suppose without lost of generality that supp $`\phi (x)[l,l]`$ for some $`l_+`$. Then, the embedding rule (2) and the substitution $`u=(yx)/\epsilon `$ give for the representatives

$$\stackrel{~}{x_+^p}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)=\epsilon ^1_0^{\epsilon l+x}y^p\phi ((yx)/\epsilon )𝑑y=_{x/\epsilon }^l(\epsilon u+x)^p\phi (u)𝑑u,$$
(20)
and

$$\stackrel{~}{\delta }^{(p)}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)=\frac{(1)^p}{\epsilon ^{p+1}}\phi ^{(p)}\left(\frac{x}{\epsilon }\right).$$
(21)
Similarly, equation (7), the rules (2) for embedding and (3) for Colombeau derivative, as well as the substitution $`v=(yx)/\epsilon `$ yield

$$\stackrel{~}{x_{}^{p1}}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)=\frac{(1)^p}{p!\epsilon ^{p+1}}_l^{x/\epsilon }\mathrm{ln}(\epsilon vx)\phi ^{(p+1)}(v)𝑑v+\frac{(1)^p\sigma _p}{p!\epsilon ^{p+1}}\phi ^{(p)}\left(\frac{x}{\epsilon }\right).$$
(22)
For a given $`\psi (x)𝒟()`$, evaluate now

$$F_p:=(1)^p_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\psi (x)\stackrel{~}{x_{}^{p1}}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)\stackrel{~}{x_+^p}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)𝑑x.$$

Inserting equations (20) and (22), we obtain

$`F_p`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p!\epsilon ^{p+1}}}{\displaystyle _{\epsilon l}^{\epsilon l}}𝑑x\psi (x){\displaystyle _{x/\epsilon }^l}𝑑u(\epsilon u+x)^p\phi (u){\displaystyle _l^{x/\epsilon }}\mathrm{ln}(\epsilon vx)\phi ^{(p+1)}(v)𝑑v`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{\sigma _p}{p!\epsilon ^{p+1}}}{\displaystyle _{\epsilon l}^{\epsilon l}}dx\psi (x)\phi ^{(p)}({\displaystyle \frac{x}{\epsilon }}){\displaystyle _{x/\epsilon }^l}(\epsilon u+x)^p\phi (u)du=:F_p{}_{}{}^{}+F_p{}_{}{}^{\prime \prime }.`$
Applying the substitution $`w=x/\epsilon `$, Taylor theorem, change of the order of integration, and finally the substitution $`wt=(wv)/(uv)`$ we get for the first term

$`F_p^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p!}}{\displaystyle _l^l}𝑑w\psi (\epsilon w){\displaystyle _w^l}𝑑u(uw)^p\phi (u){\displaystyle _l^w}\mathrm{ln}(\epsilon w\epsilon v)\phi ^{(p+1)}(v)𝑑v`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\psi (0)}{p!}}{\displaystyle _l^l}𝑑u\phi (u){\displaystyle _l^u}𝑑v\phi ^{(p+1)}(v){\displaystyle _v^u}(uw)^p\mathrm{ln}(\epsilon w\epsilon v)𝑑w+O(\epsilon )`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\psi (0)}{p!}}{\displaystyle _l^l}𝑑u\phi (u){\displaystyle _l^u}𝑑v\phi ^{(p+1)}(v)(uv)^{p+1}`$
$`\times \left[\mathrm{ln}(\epsilon u\epsilon v){\displaystyle _0^1}(1t)^p𝑑t+{\displaystyle _0^1}(1t)^p\mathrm{ln}tdt\right]+O(\epsilon ).`$
Now, we have

$$_0^1(1t)^p𝑑t=\frac{1}{p+1},\text{and}_0^1(1t)^p\mathrm{ln}tdt=\frac{\sigma _{p+1}}{p+1}$$

(cf. \[7, § 4.24.3\] for the calculation of the second integral). Therefore,

$$F_p{}_{}{}^{}=\frac{\psi (0)}{(p+1)!}_l^ldu\phi (u)_l^u\phi ^{(p+1)}(v)(uv)^{p+1}[\mathrm{ln}(\epsilon u\epsilon v)\sigma _{p+1}]dv+O(\epsilon ).$$

Further, the substitution $`v=x/\epsilon `$, Taylor theorem, change of the order of integration, and integration by parts in the variable $`v`$ (the integrated part being 0) give

$`F_p^{\prime \prime }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sigma _p}{p!}}{\displaystyle _l^l}𝑑v\psi (\epsilon v)\phi ^{(p)}(v){\displaystyle _v^l}(uv)^p\phi (u)𝑑u`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sigma _p\psi (0)}{p!}}{\displaystyle _l^l}𝑑u\phi (u){\displaystyle _l^u}(uv)^p\phi ^{(p)}(v)𝑑v+O(\epsilon )`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sigma _p\psi (0)}{(p+1)!}}{\displaystyle _l^l}𝑑u\phi (u){\displaystyle _l^u}(uv)^{p+1}\phi ^{(p+1)}(v)𝑑v+O(\epsilon ).`$
Note that to obtain the asymptotic evaluations of $`F_p^{}`$ and $`F_p^{\prime \prime }`$, we have taken into account that the second term in each Taylor expansion is multiplied by definite integrals majorizable by constants. Replacing the obtained expressions into $`F_p`$ and integrating by parts, we get

$`F_p`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\psi (0)}{(p+1)!}}{\displaystyle _l^l}𝑑u\phi (u){\displaystyle _l^u}\phi ^{(p+1)}(v)(uv)^{p+1}\left[\mathrm{ln}(\epsilon u\epsilon v){\displaystyle \frac{1}{p+1}}\right]𝑑v+O(\epsilon )`$ (23)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\psi (0)}{p!}}{\displaystyle _l^l}𝑑u\phi (u){\displaystyle _l^u}\phi ^{(p)}(v)(uv)^p\mathrm{ln}(\epsilon u\epsilon v)𝑑v+O(\epsilon ).`$
Denoting further by $`I_p`$ the second integral in this equation divided by $`p!`$, we get on integration by parts

$$I_p=\frac{1}{(p1)!}_l^u\phi ^{(p1)}(v)(uv)^{p1}\mathrm{ln}(\epsilon u\epsilon v)𝑑v+\frac{1}{p!}_l^u𝑑v\phi ^{(p1)}(v)(uv)^{p1}.$$

Iterating this procedure $`p`$ times, taking into account that for each $`p`$ it holds

$$\frac{1}{p!}_l^u\phi ^{(p)}(v)(uv)^p𝑑v=_l^u\phi (v)𝑑v,$$

we obtain

$$I_p=_l^u\mathrm{ln}(\epsilon u\epsilon v)𝑑v+\sigma _p_l^u\phi (v)𝑑v.$$

The replacement of $`I_p`$ in equation (23) now gives

$$F_p=\psi (0)_l^l𝑑u\phi (u)_l^u\mathrm{ln}(\epsilon u\epsilon v)\phi (v)𝑑v+\sigma _p\psi (0)_l^l𝑑u\phi (u)_l^u\phi (v)𝑑v+O(\epsilon ).$$

(ii) On the other hand, equation (21) in the case $`p=0`$, the substitution $`u=x/\epsilon `$, and Taylor theorem yield

$`G`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}\psi (x)\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{ln}x_{}}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)\stackrel{~}{\delta }(\phi _\epsilon ,x)𝑑x`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _l^l}𝑑u\psi (\epsilon u)\phi (u){\displaystyle _l^u}\mathrm{ln}(\epsilon u\epsilon v)\phi (v)𝑑v`$
$`=`$ $`\psi (0){\displaystyle _l^l}𝑑u\phi (u){\displaystyle _l^u}\mathrm{ln}(\epsilon u\epsilon v)\phi (v)𝑑v+O(\epsilon ).`$
Therefore,

$$F_pG=\sigma _p\psi (0)_l^l𝑑u\phi (u)_l^u\phi (v)𝑑v=\frac{\sigma _p\psi (0)}{2}.$$

By linearity, this implies

$$\underset{\epsilon 0_+}{lim}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\psi (x)\left[(1)^p\stackrel{~}{x_{}^{p1}}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)\stackrel{~}{x_+^p}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{ln}x_{}}(\phi _\epsilon ,x)\stackrel{~}{\delta }(\phi _\epsilon ,x)\right]𝑑x=\frac{\sigma _p}{2}\psi ,\delta .$$

According to Definition 2, this proves equation (18), and (19) is obtained on the replacement $`xx`$. The proof is complete.

The above balanced products of the components $`x_\pm ^p`$ supported on the corresponding real half-lines can be employed further for obtaining results on singular products of the distribution $`x^p`$.

###### Theorem 2

For each $`p_0`$, the following balanced products hold in $`𝒢()`$ :

$$\stackrel{~}{x^{p1}}.\stackrel{~}{x_+^p}+\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{ln}|x|}.\stackrel{~}{\delta }(x)x_+^1\sigma _p\delta (x).$$
(24)
$$(1)^{p+1}\stackrel{~}{x^{p1}}.\stackrel{~}{x_{}^p}+\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{ln}|x|}.\stackrel{~}{\delta }(x)x_{}^1\sigma _p\delta (x).$$
(25)
Proof : (i) Consider the following chain of identities and associations in $`𝒢()`$, taking into account equations (9) and (18) :

$`\stackrel{~}{x_+^{p1}}.\stackrel{~}{x_+^p}`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{x_+^{p1}}.\left(\stackrel{~}{x^p}+(1)^p\stackrel{~}{x_{}^p}\right)=(1)^p\stackrel{~}{x_+^{p1}}.\stackrel{~}{x_{}^p}+\stackrel{~}{x_+^{p1}}.\stackrel{~}{x^p}`$
$``$ $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{ln}x_+}.\stackrel{~}{\delta }(x){\displaystyle \frac{\sigma _p}{2}}\stackrel{~}{\delta }(x)+\stackrel{~}{x_+^1}.`$
Here we have used $`p`$ times equation (11), as well as the fact that $`f\stackrel{~}{u}fu`$, for arbitrary $`fC^{\mathrm{}}()`$ and $`u𝒟^{}()`$ \[2, § 8.2\]. The equivalence relation (4) now yields

$$\stackrel{~}{x_+^{p1}}.\stackrel{~}{x_+^p}+\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{ln}x_+}.\stackrel{~}{\delta }(x)x_+^1\frac{\sigma _p}{2}\delta (x).$$
(26)
(ii) Employing again equations (9) and (18), as well as the balanced product (26), we have

$`\stackrel{~}{x^{p1}}.\stackrel{~}{x_+^p}`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\stackrel{~}{x_+^{p1}}+(1)^{p+1}\stackrel{~}{x_{}^{p1}}\right).\stackrel{~}{x_+^p}=\stackrel{~}{x_+^{p1}}.\stackrel{~}{x_+^p}(1)^p\stackrel{~}{x_{}^{p1}}.\stackrel{~}{x_+^p}`$
$``$ $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{ln}x_+}.\stackrel{~}{\delta }(x)\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{ln}x_{}}.\stackrel{~}{\delta }(x)+\stackrel{~}{x_+^1}\sigma _p\stackrel{~}{\delta }(x)=\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{ln}|x|}.\stackrel{~}{\delta }(x)+x_+^1\sigma _p\stackrel{~}{\delta }(x).`$
Whence,

$$\stackrel{~}{x^{p1}}.\stackrel{~}{x_+^p}+\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{ln}|x|}.\stackrel{~}{\delta }(x)\stackrel{~}{x_+^1}\sigma _p\stackrel{~}{\delta }(x).$$

In view of the equivalence relation (4), this proves equation (24); the replacement $`xx`$ proves equation (25) and the theorem.

A direct consequence of Theorem 2 is the following.

###### Corollary 1

$`.`$ For each $`p`$, the embeddings of the distributions $`x^{p1}`$ and $`x_\pm ^p`$ satisfy :

$$\stackrel{~}{x^{p1}}.\stackrel{~}{x_+^p}\stackrel{~}{x^1}.\stackrel{~}{H}\sigma _p\delta (x).$$
(27)
$$(1)^{p+1}\stackrel{~}{x^{p1}}.\stackrel{~}{x_{}^p}\stackrel{~}{x^1}.\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{ˇ}{H}}\sigma _p\delta (x).$$
(28)
Another implication from the result of Theorem 2 is given by this.

###### Corollary 2

$`.`$ The following balanced products hold for the embeddings in $`𝒢()`$ of the distributions $`(x\pm i0)^{p1}`$ and $`x_+^p,p`$ :

$$\stackrel{~}{(x\pm i0)^{p1}}.\stackrel{~}{x_+^p}+\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{ln}|x|}.\stackrel{~}{\delta }(x)x_+^1\left(\sigma _p\pm \frac{i\pi }{2}\right)\delta (x).$$
(29)
Proof : Employing equations (12), (24), and the Colombeau product (13), one obtains

$`\stackrel{~}{(x\pm i0)^{p1}}.\stackrel{~}{x_+^p}`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{x^{p1}}.\stackrel{~}{x_+^p}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^pi\pi }{p!}}\stackrel{~}{\delta }^{(p)}(x).\stackrel{~}{x_+^p}`$
$``$ $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{ln}|x|}.\stackrel{~}{\delta }(x)+\stackrel{~}{x_+^1}\sigma _p\stackrel{~}{\delta }(x)i\pi /\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}\stackrel{~}{\delta }(x);`$
which in view of the equivalence relation (4) proves (29).

Consider further equation (24) in the particular case $`p=0`$ :

$$\stackrel{~}{x^1}.\stackrel{~}{H}+\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{ln}|x|}.\stackrel{~}{\delta }(x)x_+^1.$$
(30)
This equation will serve as a starting point for another generalization obtained by the next theorem. Its proof provides examples of balanced distributional products that are ”stable under differentiation”: the differentiation rule (15) leads again to balanced products (which is not true in general).

###### Theorem 3

$`.`$ For each $`p_0`$, the embeddings in $`𝒢()`$ of the distributions $`x^{p1},H`$, and $`\delta ^{(p)}(x)`$ satisfy

$$\stackrel{~}{x^{p1}}.\stackrel{~}{H}+\frac{(1)^p}{p!}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{ln}|x|}.\stackrel{~}{\delta }^{(p)}(x)x_+^{p1}.$$
(31)
$$(1)^{p1}\stackrel{~}{x^{p1}}.\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{ˇ}{H}}+\frac{1}{p!}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{ln}|x|}.\stackrel{~}{\delta }^{(p)}(x)x_{}^{p1}.$$
(32)
Proof : We shall make use of equation (14) written in the particular case $`q=1`$ :

$$\stackrel{~}{x^p}.\stackrel{~}{\delta }(x)+\frac{(1)^{p1}}{(p1)!}\stackrel{~}{x^1}.\stackrel{~}{\delta }^{(p1)}(x)\frac{(1)^p}{p!}\delta ^{(p)}(x),p.$$
(33)
Apply now the differentiation rule (15) to the balanced product (30). Taking into account equations (10), as well as relation (3) for the consistency of differentiation with the embedding of distributions, we obtain

$$\stackrel{~}{x^2}.\stackrel{~}{H}+\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}\stackrel{~}{x^1}.\stackrel{~}{\delta }(x)+\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{ln}|x|}.\stackrel{~}{\delta ^{}}(x)x_+^2\delta ^{}(x).$$

On the strength of equation (33) in the case $`p=1`$, it follows

$$\stackrel{~}{x^2}.\stackrel{~}{H}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{ln}|x|}.\stackrel{~}{\delta ^{}}(x)x_+^2.$$
(34)
Further differentiation of the latter equation according to (15) yields

$$\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}\stackrel{~}{x^3}.\stackrel{~}{H}+\stackrel{~}{x^2}.\stackrel{~}{\delta }(x)\stackrel{~}{x^1}.\stackrel{~}{\delta ^{}}(x)+\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{ln}|x|}.\stackrel{~}{\delta ^{\prime \prime }}(x)2x_+^3+\frac{1}{2}\delta ^{\prime \prime }(x).$$

Then equation (33) in the case $`p=2`$ allows us to replace the balanced product $`\stackrel{~}{x^2}.\stackrel{~}{\delta }(x)\stackrel{~}{x^1}.\stackrel{~}{\delta ^{}}(x)`$ with the associated distribution $`1/2\delta ^{\prime \prime }(x)`$, which gives

$$\stackrel{~}{x^3}.\stackrel{~}{H}+\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{ln}|x|}.\stackrel{~}{\delta ^{\prime \prime }}(x)x_+^3.$$
(35)
This procedure can be repeated further, so we suppose the following balanced product holds that coincides with equations (34), (35) when $`p=1,2`$ :

$$\stackrel{~}{x^p}.\stackrel{~}{H}+\frac{(1)^{(p1)}}{(p1)!}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{ln}|x|}.\stackrel{~}{\delta ^{(p1)}}(x)x_+^p.$$

Differentiation of this product according to (15) yields

$$\stackrel{~}{x^{p1}}.\stackrel{~}{H}+\stackrel{~}{x^p}.\stackrel{~}{\delta }(x)+\frac{(1)^{p1}}{(p1)!}\stackrel{~}{x^1}.\stackrel{~}{\delta }^{(p)}(x)+\frac{(1)^p}{p!}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{ln}|x|}.\stackrel{~}{\delta }^{(p)}(x)x_+^{p1}+\frac{(1)^p}{p!}\delta ^{(p)}(x).$$

Applying then equation (33), we prove by induction equation (31) for arbitrary $`p_0`$. The replacement $`xx`$ in (31) proves equation (32) and the theorem.

Bulgarian Acad. Sci., INRNE - Theory Group, 72 Tzarigradsko shosse, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
E-mail: damyanov@netel.bg


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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

Aging phenomena and nonequilibrium slow dynamics have been investigated during last years in many materials with glassy properties such as spin glasses, polimer glasses, orientational glasses, simple liquids like glycerol and gels \[1-12\]. These systems are characterized by the existence of a nonequilibrium low temperature phase and aging \[13-25\]. Despite a great progress towards the understanding of nonequilibrium dynamics, some problems remain open. One of them is an investigation of a very low temperature nonequilibrium dynamics in quantum spin glasses, namely the nature of quantum channels of relaxation, the behavior of quantum glassy system subjected to periodic driving force, aging at very low temperatures. The natural basis for the interpretation of aging is based on coarsening ideas of a slow domain growth of a spin-glass type ordered phase . For theoretical studies of quantum fluctuations in disordered media there is a variety of techniques including replica theory, renormalization group, Monte Carlo simulations, the Schwinger and Keldysh closed-time path-integral formalism and others \[26-38\]. A large attention in the last decade was payed to the spin glasses representing a model systems for study of nonequilibrium dynamics \[39-47\].

In this paper we investigate the real time nonequilibrium dynamics in $`d`$ \- dimensional Ising spin glass in a transverse field in terms of droplet model at very low temperatures. We calculate the $`ac`$ susceptibility as a function of the time elapsed since a thermal quench. We show that quantum effects alter the nonequilibrium dynamics in the spin glass phase at very low temperatures.

In classical spin glasses in the $`ac`$ susceptibility measurements the magnetic response of the system to small $`ac`$ magnetic field after quenching shows aging effects. This response depends on its thermal history and the time interval the system has been kept at a constant temperature in the glass phase.

Spin glass materials have nonequilibrium dynamics and provide a measure of processes causing the aging. It is assumed that isothermal aging is a coarsening process of domain walls, and the temporal $`ac`$ susceptibility (real part $`\chi ^{}`$ and imaginary part $`\chi ^{\prime \prime }`$) at a given frequency of $`ac`$ magnetic field $`\omega `$ at time $`t`$ after the quenching scales as

$$\frac{\chi ^{\prime \prime }(\omega ,t)\chi _{eq}^{\prime \prime }(\omega )}{\chi ^{\prime \prime }(\omega ,t)}\left[\frac{L\left(1/\omega \right)}{L(t)}\right]^{d\theta },$$
(1)
$$\frac{\chi ^{}(\omega ,t)\chi _{eq}^{}(\omega )}{\chi ^{}(\omega ,t)}\left[\frac{L\left(1/\omega \right)}{L(t)}\right]^{d\theta }$$
(2)
for $`|\mathrm{ln}\omega |\mathrm{ln}t`$ if $`L(t)`$ is proportional logarithm of $`t`$; $`\theta (d1)/2`$. Here $`L\left(1/\omega \right)`$ is the typical size of the droplet being polarized by the $`ac`$ field, $`L(t)`$ is the typical domain size. $`L`$ may change according to logarithmic growth law $`(L\mathrm{ln}t)`$ or algebraic law $`(Lt^\alpha )`$ . The relation $`\left[L\left(1/\omega \right)/L(t)\right]`$ is proportional to $`\left[\mathrm{ln}(\omega /\omega _0)/\mathrm{ln}(\tau /\tau _0)\right]^{1/\psi }`$ if the droplet picture is used, $`\psi `$ is a some exponent, $`0\psi d1`$, $`\omega _0=\tau _0^1`$, $`\tau _0`$ is a certain microscopic characteristic unit of time. The logarithmic growth law (like algebraic growth law) is supported by recent experiments . The expressions (1) - (2) were found when the relaxation is governed by thermal activation over a free-energy barrier $`B`$. The barrier for annihilation and creation of the droplet excitations are assumed to scale as $`B\mathrm{\Delta }L^\psi `$; $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is a barrier energy at $`TT_g`$. The barriers have a broad energy distribution. A droplet with $`B`$ lasts for a time $`\tau `$ of order $`\tau \tau _0\mathrm{exp}\left[B/(k_BT)\right]`$ where $`k_B`$ is the Boltzmann constant. $`\tau `$ is the rate of classical activation over energy barrier $`B`$.

After time $`t`$ after quenching the typical linear domain size of the system has accordingly grown to $`R(t)\left[(k_BT/\mathrm{\Delta }(T))\mathrm{ln}\left(t/\tau _0\right)\right]^{1/\psi }`$. In the $`ac`$ susceptibility measurements at angular frequency $`\omega `$, the $`ac`$ field excites droplets of length scales up to $`L\left(1/\omega \right)\left[(k_BT/\mathrm{\Delta }(T))|\mathrm{ln}\left(\omega /\omega _0\right)|\right]^{1/\psi }`$. Because elapsed time $`t\omega ^1`$ we have $`L\left(1/\omega \right)<R(t)`$. These droplets have walls which partly coincide with walls of the domain of size $`R`$. The presence of such frozen-in domain wall influences the small scale droplet excitations. Some droplets which touch it can reduce their excitation gap, compared with others in the bulk of domains. In the presence of domain wall at a typical distance $`R`$ from each other D. Fisher and D. Huse have found the free energy gap of a droplet of size $`L`$ in the following form

$$F_{L,R}^{typ}=\gamma _{eff}\left[\frac{L}{R}\right]\left(\frac{L}{L_0}\right)^\theta ,L<R.$$
(3)
with effective stiffness constant $`\gamma _{eff}\left[L/R\right]=\gamma \left[1c_\nu \left(L/R\right)^{d\theta }\right]`$, $`\gamma _{eff}`$ is a function of the ratio $`(L/R)`$. $`L_0`$ is a certain microscopic unit of length, a short-distance cutoff; $`c_\nu `$ is a constant independent of time and frequency which happens to be anomalously small. So within the droplet picture, aging proceeds by coarsening of domain walls as usual phase ordering processes. The domain wall serves as the frozen-in extended defect for the droplets and reduces their stiffness constant. It is known that the susceptibility is inversely proportional to $`\gamma `$. It was derived, for example, for the real part of $`\chi (\omega ,t)`$ that

$$\chi ^{}(\omega ,t)=\chi _{eq}^{}(\omega )\left(1c_\nu \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }\gamma }{\gamma }\right)^1$$
(4)
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }\gamma /\gamma \left(L(1/\omega )/R(t)\right)^{d\theta }`$ . $`\chi _{eq}^{}(\omega )`$ is the real part of the equilibrium susceptibility.

All aforementioned dynamical processes (droplet excitations, thermal activation time and so on) are thermally activated processes. We shall call these processes as classical processes in classical regime when $`\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }_L1`$. In quantum regime $`\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }_L1`$ , $`\beta =(k_BT)^1`$. For quantum droplet model developed in \[36-38\] $`L(1/\omega )\left[(1/\sigma )\left|\mathrm{ln}\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_0/\omega \right)\right|\right]^{1/d}`$ and $`L(t)\left[(1/\sigma )\left|\mathrm{ln}\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_0t\right)\right|\right]^{1/d}`$, where the coefficient $`\sigma `$ varies a little from droplet to droplet. So we suppose the logarithmic growth law of the time dependent length scale $`L(t)`$ of droplet excitations within the frozen-in defect at scale $`R`$. If we take into account the correction to the true equilibrium which occurs due to the finite domain size $`R`$ we have instead $`\gamma `$ to write $`\gamma _{eff}`$. Instead of thermal relaxation time $`\tau `$ for classical process we use in our quantum case the quantum tunneling rate $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_L`$ for a droplet of linear size $`L`$. So the length scale $`L(t)`$ growth is determined not by the thermal activation over the free energy barriers between minima but by quantum fluctuations which cause a droplet tunneling through the barrier at rates that do not vanish for $`T0`$. Thus the quantum fluctuations become dominant at very low temperatures. The fraction of droplets which are quantum-mechanically active at $`T0`$ is proportional to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_L`$.

In general, quantum effects could change nonequilibrium dynamics in glassy phase at very low temperatures. The understanding aging dynamics in quantum system requires a quantum-dynamical approach.

The paper is organized as follows. In next section we give the definitions and main properties of spin glass droplet model. In section 3 we give the linear response formalism and general expression for $`ac`$ magnetic susceptibility. In section 4 we present a summary of our results and conclusions.

## 2 The model and Hamiltonian

In this paper we use a phenomenological quantum droplet model of spin glass theory \[35-37\] (which does not use the mean-field approximation) in order to describe the nonequilibrium behavior of the magnetic dynamical susceptibility at very low (but finite) temperatures $`T`$ $`(T1K)`$. We use the quantum Hamitonian for the short-range Ising spin glass in a transverse field. This model Hamiltonian may be appropriate for experimental systems such as dipolar magnet $`\mathrm{LiHo}_x\mathrm{Y}_{1x}\mathrm{F}_4`$, proton glasses, alcali halides with tunneling impurities and other quantum systems \[9, 36-38\].

We shall be interested in the very low temperatures in the ordered spin glass phase and ignore critical effects. The transverse field, applied perpendicular to the Ising axis, introduces additional quantum channels of relaxation at that, for example, depressing the spin-ordering temperature $`T_g`$.

The droplet model describing the low-dimensional short-range Ising spin glass is based on renormalization group arguments . In dimensions above the lower critical dimension $`d_l`$ (usually in spin glass $`2d_l<3`$) the droplet model finds a low temperature spin-glass phase in zero magnetic field. This phase differs essentially from the spin-glass phase in the mean-field approximation of the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick infinite-range spin-glass model . In the droplet model there are only two pure thermodynamical states related to each other by a global spin flip. In magnetic field there is no phase transition. A droplet is an excited compact cluster in an ordered state where all the spins are inverted. The natural scaling ansatz for droplet free energy $`ϵ_L`$ (which are considered to be independent random variables) is $`ϵ_LL^\theta ,L\zeta (T)`$; $`\zeta `$ is the correlation length, $`L`$ is the length scale of droplet and $`\theta `$ is the zero temperature thermal exponent. One droplet consists of order $`L^d`$ spins. Below $`d_l`$, $`\theta <0`$; above $`d_l`$ one has $`\theta >0`$. The droplet excitations have a broad distribution of their free energies with the probability distribution $`P_L(ϵ_L)dϵ_L`$ of droplet free energies at scale $`L`$ for large $`L`$ in a scaling form

$$P_L(ϵ_L)dϵ_L=\frac{dϵ_L}{\gamma (T)L^\theta }𝒫\left(\frac{ϵ_L}{\gamma (T)L^\theta }\right),L\mathrm{}.$$
(5)
It is assumed that $`P_L(x0)>0`$, $`𝒫_L(0)𝒫_L(x)x^\varphi `$ at $`x0`$; $`\varphi 1`$. $`\gamma (T)`$ is the stiffness constant of domain wall on the boundary of the droplet which is of order of characteristic exchange $`=\overline{\left(_{ij}^2\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}`$ at $`T=0`$ and vanishes for $`TT_g`$.

The Hamiltonian of the $`d`$ \- dimensional quantum Ising spin glass in a transverse field is given by

$$=\underset{i,j}{}_{ij}S_i^zS_j^z\mathrm{\Gamma }\underset{i}{}S_i^x$$
(6)
where $`S_i`$ are the Pauli matrices for a spin at site $`i`$. $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is the strength of the transverse field. The sum in (6) is performed over nearest neighbors. The interactions $`_{ij}`$ are independent random variables of mean zero and variance $`=\overline{\left(_{ij}^2\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}`$. This model shows, for example, the physics of proton glasses, mixed betaine phosphate-phosphite . The transverse field may be interpreted as the frequency of proton tunneling. The quantum spin glass transition in a dilute dipole coupled magnet $`\mathrm{LiHo}_x\mathrm{Y}_{1x}\mathrm{F}_4`$  also is described by this model Hamiltonian. The properties of model (6) in mean-field approximation have been studied in many papers . It was found that there is a high-temperature critical behavior at the temperature $`T_c(\mathrm{\Gamma }),\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and low-temperature critical behavior with the zero-temperature critical point $`T_c()=0,\mathrm{\Gamma }_c(0)=`$, where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_c`$ is the critical value of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ below which the spin-glass phase can exist. We suppose as in our early papers  that quantum system with the Hamiltonian (6) has a true glass phase transition.

We shall use the quantum model Hamiltonian (6) of the $`d`$ \- dimensional Ising spin glass in the transverse field. If $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=0`$ the Hamiltonian (6) is the $`d`$ \- dimensional classical Ising spin glass. One can use the Suzuki - Trotter formalism  to show that the $`d`$ \- dimensional quantum mechanical system (6) is equivalent to a classical statistical mechanical system in $`(d+1)`$ \- dimensions (the extra dimension is imaginary time) with the classical Hamiltonian

$$_{cl}=\mathrm{\Delta }\tau \underset{k=1}{\overset{L_\tau }{}}\underset{ij}{}_{ij}S_{i,j}S_{j,k}_F\underset{k=1}{\overset{L_\tau }{}}\underset{i}{}S_{i,k}S_{i,k+1}$$
(7)
where the $`S_{i,k}=\pm 1`$ are the classical Ising spins, representing the $`z`$-component of the quantum spins at site $`i`$ and imaginary time $`\tau =k\mathrm{\Delta }\tau `$, the indices $`i`$ and $`j`$ running over sites of the $`d`$ \- dimensional lattice. The imaginary time direction has been divided into $`L_\tau `$ time slices of width $`\mathrm{\Delta }\tau `$. The calculation gives that $`\mathrm{exp}\left(_F\right)=\mathrm{tanh}\left(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau \mathrm{\Gamma }\right)`$, $`\mathrm{\Delta }\tau L_\tau =(k_BT)^1`$, here and throughout the paper we use units where $`\mathrm{}=1`$. Using properties of the Hamiltonian (7) of the $`(d+1)`$ \- dimensional classical model at temperature $`T=0`$ M. J. Thill and D. A. Huse  have assumed that in each of the two ordered states (for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }<\mathrm{\Gamma }_c`$ and $`T<T_g`$) for enough low $`T`$ and appropriate range of length scales $`L`$ the quantum Hamiltonian (6) can be represented as independent quantum two-level systems (low energy droplets) with the Hamiltonian

$$=\frac{1}{2}\underset{L}{\overset{}{}}\underset{D_L}{}\left(ϵ_{D_L}S_{D_L}^z+\mathrm{\Gamma }_LS_{D_L}^x\right)$$
(8)
where $`S_{D_L}^z`$ and $`S_{D_L}^x`$ are the Pauli matrices representing the two states of the droplet; the sum is over all droplets $`D_L`$ at length scale $`L`$ and over all length scales $`L`$, and

$$\underset{L}{\overset{}{}}_{L_0}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{dL}{L}$$
(9)
where $`L_0`$ is a short-distance cutoff. $`ϵ_{D_L}`$ is the droplet energy which is independent random variable. The droplet length scale $`L`$ is more or of order of the correlation length $`\zeta `$.

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_L=\mathrm{\Gamma }_0\mathrm{exp}[\sigma L^d]$$
(10)
is the tunneling rate for a droplet of linear size $`L,\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$ is the microscopic tunneling rate; $`\sigma `$ is the surface tension for the interface between the two droplet states, $`\sigma `$ is approximately the same for all droplet. We will assume $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_L`$ is the same for all droplets of scale $`L`$ . The Hamiltonian of a single droplet is the $`2\times 2`$ matrix

$$\frac{1}{2}\left(\begin{array}{cc}ϵ_{D_L}& \mathrm{\Gamma }_L\\ \mathrm{\Gamma }_L& ϵ_{D_L}\end{array}\right)$$
(11)
with eigenvalues $`E_\pm =\pm \sqrt{ϵ_L^2+\mathrm{\Gamma }_L^2}`$. $`E=2|E_\pm |`$ is the energy difference between the two eigenvalues. Note the Hamiltonian (9) is similar to the Hamiltonian of two-level system in real glass .

In the quantum droplet model of M. J. Thill and D. A. Huse  the relative reduction of the Edwards-Anderson order parameter $`q_{EA}(T)`$ from its zero-$`T`$ value $`q_{EA}(0)`$ for $`\theta >0`$ and $`L^{}(T)\zeta `$ is given by

$$1\frac{q_{EA}(T)}{q_{EA}(T=0)}\frac{k_BT}{\gamma L^\theta (T)}=\frac{k_BT}{\gamma }\frac{\sigma ^{\theta /d}}{\mathrm{ln}^{\theta /d}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_0/(k_BT))}(T0)$$
(12)
where the crossover length scale is

$$L^{}(T)=\left(\frac{1}{\sigma }\mathrm{ln}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_0}{k_BT}\right)^{\frac{1}{d}}.$$
(13)
For droplets with $`LL^{}(T)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Lk_BT`$ the energy $`\sqrt{ϵ_L^2+\mathrm{\Gamma }_L^2}`$ is always greater than $`k_BT`$ and thermal fluctuations are therefore not essential at temperature $`T`$. These droplets behave quantum-mechanically. The larger droplets ($`LL^{}(T)`$) have $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Lk_BT`$ and behave classically. Those large droplets ($`ϵ_Lk_BT,\mathrm{\Gamma }_Lk_BT`$) are thermally active and reduce $`q_{EA}`$. For $`\theta >0`$ this reduction is dominated by smallest droplets. Below $`d_l`$ $`(\theta <0)`$ the thermally-excited droplets disorder the system reducing $`q_{EA}`$ to zero at any temperature.

There is complicated dynamical-to-quantum crossover depending on temperature, frequency of $`ac`$ field and length scale $`L`$. According to  the crossover dynamical length is determined from condition $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_L^1=t`$, i. e.

$$L_{dyn}^{}(T)\left(\frac{\sigma }{\mathrm{\Delta }}k_BT\right)^{\frac{1}{\psi d}}.$$
(14)
The system behaves presumably classically or quantum-mechanically when the dominant length scale $`L`$ is above or below $`L_{dyn}^{}`$ for fixed frequency $`\omega `$. When the droplets behave quantum-mechanically they have a characteristic rate - the Rabi frequency (is of order $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_L`$).

In this paper we neglect droplet-droplet interaction and droplet-lattice one.

## 3 Linear response

We consider the time-dependent Hamiltonian $`\widehat{}`$ of the quantum system in the form

$$\widehat{}=\widehat{}_0+\widehat{}^{}(t)=\widehat{}_0\widehat{A}h(t).$$
(15)
where $`\widehat{}_0`$ is nonperturbated Hamiltonian of system, $`\widehat{}_0\widehat{}(t)`$ and suppose that the external perturbation $`\widehat{}^{}(t)`$ is in some sense small. $`\widehat{}_0`$ describes the equilibrium system. Here the $`\widehat{A}`$ is the linear operator through which the external time varying force $`h(t)`$ couples to the system.

We use the quantum-mechanical calculation for the system dynamical response $`\mathrm{\Delta }\widehat{B}(t)\widehat{B}(t)\widehat{B}_0`$ to the force $`h(t)`$ in terms of the time-evolution operator $`U(t,t^{})`$; $`\widehat{B}(t)`$ is the Heisenberg operator, $`\widehat{B}(t)=\widehat{U}^{}(t,t^{})\widehat{B}(t_0)\widehat{U}(t,t^{})`$, $`\widehat{B}_0`$ is the equilibrium expectation value of $`\widehat{B}`$. It is necessary to make approximation for $`\widehat{U}(t,t^{})`$ carrying out the well-known perturbation expansion of $`\widehat{U}(t,t^{})`$ through first order in applied force in the following form

$$\widehat{U}(t,t^{})\widehat{U}_0(t,t^{})\left\{\widehat{1}\frac{i}{\mathrm{}}_t^{}^t𝑑t_1\widehat{U}_0^{}(t_1,t^{})\widehat{}^{}(t_1)\widehat{U}_0(t_1,t^{})\right\}$$
(16)
where $`\widehat{U}_0(t,t^{})=\mathrm{exp}\left[\frac{i}{\mathrm{}}(tt^{})\widehat{}_0\right]`$, the sign $``$ means the conjugate value.

We take into account the first- and second-order linear response functions for the linear response functional of the form

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(t,t^{};t_0)\frac{1}{i\mathrm{}}[\widehat{A}(t_0),\widehat{B}(t,t^{})]_0$$
(17)
where $`\mathrm{}_0`$ means the thermal average with the density matrix $`\widehat{\rho }_0=\widehat{\rho }(t_0)`$, where $`t_0`$ is the time moment when the perturbating field is turned on, $`\widehat{\rho }_0=(\mathrm{Tr}\mathrm{exp}[\beta \widehat{}])^1`$ $`\times \mathrm{exp}[\beta \widehat{}]`$.

Now we apply the aforementioned dynamical response relations to our magnetic droplet system. Then the response $`\widehat{B}(t)`$ represents the induced magnetization of droplet system $`M(t)`$. $`\widehat{B}_0`$ is the equilibrium magnetization $`M_0`$. If in $`z`$-direction a small magnetic oscillating field $`h(t)=h\mathrm{exp}[i\omega t]`$ is applied, the induced magnetization (in $`z`$-direction) of the sample is

$$M(t)=[\chi ^{}(\omega )\mathrm{cos}(\omega t)+\chi ^{\prime \prime }(\omega )\mathrm{sin}(\omega t)]hV,$$
(18)
where $`\chi (\omega )=\chi ^{}(\omega )i\chi ^{\prime \prime }(\omega )`$ and $`V`$ is the sample volume, $`\chi _{zz}=\chi `$; $`h`$ and $`\omega `$ is the amplitude and the angular frequency of $`ac`$ field.

In order to observe a history dependence and aging in spin glass the sample is quenched infinitely fast at zero $`dc`$ magnetic field from temperature $`TT_g`$ to the temperature $`T_1<T_g`$ which is reached at time $`t=0`$. At this moment a very small external magnetic oscillating field $`h(t)`$ is applied to measure the $`ac`$ susceptibility of the sample. The evolution continues in isothermal conditions, $`\chi _{ac}`$ is measured as a function of the time $`t`$ elapsed since the sample reached the temperature $`T_1`$ at fixed frequency $`\omega `$.

If the field changes are small the magnetization $`M(t)`$ responses linearly to a magnetic field $`h(t)`$ applied at once when the quench was finished, i. e. at time moment $`t=0`$. The system is probed at the time $`t`$ after quench end (the ”age”). Using linear response theory the magnetization of droplet system is

$$M(t)M_0=_0^t\chi (t,t_1)h(t_1)𝑑t_1=_0^t\chi (t,tt^{})h(tt^{})𝑑t^{}$$
(19)
where $`\chi (t,tt^{})`$ is the magnetic dynamical susceptibility (the dynamical response functional including the first- and second-order linear response functions). $`\chi (t,tt^{})`$ determines the magnetic response at time $`t`$ to a unit magnetic field impulse at time $`(tt^{})`$. The nonequilibrium processes are probed by the low-frequency $`ac`$ susceptibility measurements. The frequency dependent $`ac`$ susceptibility is measured by applied $`ac`$ magnetic field $`h(t)`$ at time $`t=0`$. Then $`\chi (\omega ,t)`$ may be found by the Fourier transform of the magnetization over time segment $`t_m`$ ($`t_m2\pi /\omega `$) centered around $`t`$

$$\chi (\omega ,t)=\frac{1}{t_m}_{t\frac{t_m}{2}}^{t+\frac{t_m}{2}}𝑑t^{\prime \prime }e^{i\omega t^{\prime \prime }}_0^{t^{\prime \prime }}𝑑t^{}\chi (t^{\prime \prime },t^{\prime \prime }t^{})e^{i\omega (t^{\prime \prime }t^{})}$$
(20)
If the magnetic response function varies little over time segment $`t_m`$ the susceptibility $`\chi (\omega ,t)`$ will be equal to

$$\chi (\omega ,t)=_0^t𝑑t^{}\chi (t,tt^{})e^{i\omega t^{}}$$
(21)
The in-phase component of the $`ac`$ susceptibility $`\chi ^{}(\omega ,t)`$ can be written

$$\chi ^{}(\omega ,t)=\mathrm{Re}\left[_0^t𝑑t^{}\chi (t,tt^{})e^{i\omega t^{}}\right].$$
(22)
The out-of-phase component of the $`ac`$ susceptibility is given by

$$\chi ^{\prime \prime }(\omega ,t)=\mathrm{Im}\left[_0^t𝑑t^{}\chi (t,tt^{})e^{i\omega t^{}}\right].$$
(23)
We consider the behavior of the magnetic droplet system described by the Hamiltonian $`\widehat{}`$ under $`ac`$ field $`h(t)`$ in quantum regime $`(\mathrm{\Gamma }_Lk_BT)`$ when the droplet excitation energy $`\sqrt{ϵ_L^2+\mathrm{\Gamma }_L^2}`$ is always greater than $`k_BT`$, i. e. the temperature is too small to thermally excite the droplets which behave classically and thermally active (classical regime). In our calculations below we assume that $`\theta >0`$ $`(d>d_l)`$.

Following to aforementioned quantum droplet theory and domain growth ideas we have the following expression for susceptibility $`\chi _{D_L}`$ ($`\chi _{D_L}`$ is proportional to the contribution of a single droplet to the $`ac`$ susceptibility) up to some factor $`q_{EA}^2L^{2d}`$

$$\chi _{D_L}(\omega ,t)\chi _{D_L}(\omega =0)\mathrm{tanh}\left(\beta a_L/2\right)\mathrm{sin}^2\phi \frac{a_L}{a_L^2\omega ^2}$$

$$h\mathrm{tanh}(\beta a_L/2)\mathrm{cos}\phi \mathrm{sin}^2\phi (\{\frac{(7a_L^210\omega ^2)\mathrm{cos}(\omega t)}{(a_L^2\omega ^2)(a_L^24\omega ^2)}$$

$$\frac{3a_L\mathrm{sin}(\omega t)\mathrm{sin}(a_Lt)+6\omega \mathrm{cos}(\omega t)\mathrm{cos}(a_Lt)}{\omega (a_L^24\omega ^2)}\frac{\mathrm{cos}(a_Lt)}{a_L^2\omega ^2}\}$$

$$+i\{\frac{3(a_L^2+2\omega ^2)\mathrm{sin}(\omega t)}{(a_L^2\omega ^2)(a_L^24\omega ^2)}$$

$$\frac{3a_L\mathrm{cos}(\omega t)\mathrm{sin}(a_Lt)6\omega \mathrm{sin}(\omega t)\mathrm{cos}(a_Lt)}{\omega (a_L^24\omega ^2)}+\frac{3\mathrm{sin}(a_Lt)}{\omega (a_L^2\omega ^2)}\}),$$
(24)
where $`a_L=\sqrt{ϵ_L^2+\mathrm{\Gamma }_L^2}`$, $`\mathrm{sin}\phi =\mathrm{\Gamma }_L/a_L`$, $`\mathrm{cos}\phi =ϵ_L/a_L`$, $`\chi _{D_L}(\omega =0)`$ is the static susceptibility of droplet $`D_L`$. The expression (24) was obtained with condition $`\omega t1`$ (and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_L<\omega `$) because this condition is used for observing nonstationary dynamics in $`\chi _{ac}`$ measurements . If $`\omega t1`$, i. e. for low frequencies, the aging part usually strongly contributes. For high frequencies, $`\omega t\mathrm{}`$, the aging term does not contribute. Now we have to average the susceptibility (24) over droplet energies $`ϵ_L`$ and over droplet length scales $`L`$. In order to average over droplet energies we use the distribution of free energies $`P_L(ϵ_L)`$ (5). In this distribution we assume $`\varphi =0`$. We approximate in (24) $`\mathrm{tanh}(\sqrt{ϵ_L^2+\mathrm{\Gamma }_L^2}/2)1`$ and integrate like in papers . As the result of the droplet energy averaging we received the averaged contribution of all droplets of the system to the real part of susceptibility in the following form

$$\chi _L^{}(\omega ,t)\chi _L^{}(\omega =0)\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_L^2}{\gamma L^\theta \omega \sqrt{\omega ^2\mathrm{\Gamma }_L^2}}\left(\mathrm{ln}\frac{\omega +\sqrt{\omega ^2\mathrm{\Gamma }_L^2}}{\omega \sqrt{\omega ^2\mathrm{\Gamma }_L^2}}\mathrm{ln}\frac{\omega p_L+\sqrt{\omega ^2\mathrm{\Gamma }_L^2}b_L}{\omega p_L\sqrt{\omega ^2\mathrm{\Gamma }_L^2}b_L}\right)$$

$$+\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_L^2h}{\gamma L^\theta \omega ^3}[\mathrm{sin}(\omega t)(\frac{3}{2}\mathrm{si}(b_Lt)+\mathrm{si}(t(b_L\omega ))+\mathrm{si}(t(b_L+\omega ))+\frac{3}{4}\mathrm{si}(t(b_L2\omega ))$$

$$+\frac{3}{4}\mathrm{si}(t(b_L+2\omega )))+\mathrm{cos}(\omega t)(\frac{3}{4}\mathrm{ci}(t(b_L2\omega ))+\frac{3}{4}\mathrm{ci}(t(b_L+2\omega ))\mathrm{ln}\frac{b_L+\omega }{b_L\omega }$$

$$\frac{3}{4}\mathrm{ln}\frac{b_L+2\omega }{b_L2\omega }\mathrm{ci}(t(b_L\omega ))+\mathrm{ci}(t(b_L+\omega ))+\frac{5\omega }{b_L}\frac{3\omega }{b_L}\mathrm{cos}(b_Lt)3\omega t\mathrm{si}(b_Lt))$$

$$\frac{2\omega }{b_L}\mathrm{cos}(b_Lt)2\omega t\mathrm{si}(b_Lt)]$$
(25)
where $`\chi _L^{}(\omega =0)`$ is the static susceptibility of the system of droplets of size $`L`$, $`b_L=\sqrt{p_L^2+\mathrm{\Gamma }_L^2}`$, $`p_L=2\omega +\mathrm{\Gamma }_L`$, $`\mathrm{si}(\alpha )`$ is the sine integral and $`\mathrm{ci}(\alpha )`$ is the cosine integral. Further we average expression (26) over length scales $`L`$. While integrating over $`L`$ we see that the real part of the susceptibility is dominated by droplets of length scale $`L_1[(1/\sigma )\mathrm{ln}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_0/\omega )]^{1/d}`$. $`L_1`$ is the natural length scale of the problem when $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_L\omega `$ and the lower limit of integration over $`L`$. The upper limit of integration we took as $`L_2[(1/\sigma )\mathrm{ln}(t_0\mathrm{\Gamma }_0)]^{1/d}`$. Hence we obtain after averaging over $`L`$ the following expression for the real part of the $`ac`$ susceptibility of droplet system

$$\chi ^{}(\omega ,t)\chi ^{}(\omega =0)\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_0^2}{\gamma \omega ^2}((\mathrm{ln}\frac{4\omega ^2}{\mathrm{\Gamma }_0^2}2)(2\sigma )^{\frac{\theta }{d}}d^1\mathrm{G}[\frac{\theta }{d},2|\mathrm{ln}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_0}{\omega }\left|\right]$$

$$+\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_0^2}{4\omega ^2}(2\mathrm{ln}\frac{4\omega ^2}{\mathrm{\Gamma }_0^2}1)(4\sigma )^{\frac{\theta }{d}}d^1\mathrm{G}[\frac{\theta }{d},4\left|\mathrm{ln}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_0}{\omega }\right|]+\frac{3\mathrm{\Gamma }_0^4}{8\omega ^4}(6\sigma )^{\frac{\theta }{d}}d^1\mathrm{G}[\frac{\theta }{d},6\left|\mathrm{ln}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_0}{\omega }\right|]$$

$$+\sigma (2(2\sigma )^{\frac{\theta }{d}1}d^1\mathrm{G}[1\frac{\theta }{d},2|\mathrm{ln}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_0}{\omega }\left|\right]+\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_0^2}{\omega ^2}(4\sigma )^{\frac{\theta }{d}1}d^1\mathrm{G}[1\frac{\theta }{d},4|\mathrm{ln}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_0}{\omega }\left|\right]))$$

$$+\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_0^2h}{\gamma \omega ^3}((\frac{1}{\omega t}(\frac{3}{16}\mathrm{sin}(3\omega t)\frac{17}{12}\mathrm{sin}(2\omega t)\frac{3}{4}\mathrm{sin}(\omega t)\mathrm{cos}(2\omega t))+\mathrm{cos}(\omega t)$$

$$\times (\frac{5}{2}\mathrm{ln}3\frac{3}{4}\mathrm{ln}\frac{4\omega }{\mathrm{\Gamma }_0})\left)\right(d^1(2\sigma )^{\frac{\theta }{d}}(\mathrm{G}[\frac{\theta }{d},2|\mathrm{ln}(t\mathrm{\Gamma }_0)\left|\right]\mathrm{G}[\frac{\theta }{d},2|\mathrm{ln}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_0}{\omega }\left|\right]))$$

$$\frac{3}{4}\sigma \mathrm{cos}(\omega t)(d^1(2\sigma )^{\frac{\theta }{d}1}(\mathrm{G}[1\frac{\theta }{d},2|\mathrm{ln}(t\mathrm{\Gamma }_0)\left|\right]\mathrm{G}[1\frac{\theta }{d},2|\mathrm{ln}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_0}{\omega }\left|\right])))$$
(26)
where $`\mathrm{G}[\alpha ,x]`$ is the incomplete gamma function.

If we use the asymptotic representation for the incomplete gamma function for large values of the its second argument we obtain for the difference $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{G}`$ of two incomplete gamma functions

$$\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{G}\left[1\frac{1}{(\omega t)^2}\left(\frac{|\mathrm{ln}(\omega ^1\mathrm{\Gamma }_0)|}{\mathrm{ln}(t\mathrm{\Gamma }_0)}\right)^{1+\frac{\theta }{d}}\right]\frac{\omega ^2}{\mathrm{\Gamma }_0^2}.$$
(27)
We observe a some similarity with expression (5.7) (in brackets) in  in conformity with our quantum regime.

At derivation of (26) we made the following approximations: 1) $`\mathrm{si}(b_Lt)(p_Lt)^1`$ $`\times \mathrm{cos}(p_Lt)`$; 2) $`\mathrm{ci}(b_Lt)(p_Lt)^1\mathrm{sin}(p_Lt)`$; 3) $`b_L2\omega +\mathrm{\Gamma }_L`$.

We also made the numerical calculation of the average over $`L`$ of the expression (25) without these approximations and obtained almost the same curves for susceptibility as ones obtained from (26) (the parameter values we give below).

The susceptibility $`\chi ^{}(\omega ,t)`$ depends on many parameters of the droplet system and the external $`ac`$ magnetic field, for example, it depends on the kind of distribution function $`P_L(ϵ_L)`$, on the droplet microscopic tunneling rate $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$, on time $`t`$, on frequency and amplitude of $`ac`$ magnetic field, on the droplet features.

The expression (26) consists of the time-independent terms, the terms which describe the simple oscillations with frequency $`\omega `$ and the terms which depend on time $`t`$ and determine nonstationary nonequilibrium dynamics of droplet system. So the real part of the $`ac`$ susceptibility can be represented approximately as a sum of the stationary part ($`\chi _{ST}^{}`$) and nonstationary part ($`\chi _{NST}^{}`$):

$$\chi ^{}(\omega ,t)\chi _{ST}^{}+\chi _{NST}^{}.$$
(28)
Let us take for numerical calculation of expression (26) the following values of parameters: $`d=3`$, $`\theta =0.5`$, $`\gamma =10^{15}`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_0=10^8,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}10}^{10},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}10}^{12}`$, $`h=1`$, $`\sigma =10^{15}`$, $`t=0÷100`$, $`\omega =0.05,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0.1}`$.

In Fig. 1 we show the $`t`$ \- dependence of the real part of $`ac`$ susceptibility of the droplet system $`\chi _{NST}^{}`$. Here $`\omega t`$ is comparable or more than unity, so one may observe nonstationary dynamics and the aging regime . In Fig. 1a it is observed the slow dynamics at $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_0=10^8`$, $`\omega =0.05`$, $`0.1`$ and $`t=0÷25`$. At first the curve grows (very quickly) up to some finite value and then falls down. At more long times the $`ac`$ susceptibility shows a decay in queue. In Fig. 1b and Fig. 1c the $`t`$ \- dependence of $`\chi _{NST}^{}(\omega ,t)`$ is shown for more long times: b) $`t=0÷50`$; c) $`t=0÷100`$. The time interval covers two decades of the elapsed time $`t`$. We see that with frequency increasing the susceptibility magnitude decreases and the slow dynamics is suppressed at more high frequency. The $`ac`$ susceptibility tends more rapidly to zero at more long times. In Figures 1 we see the essential influence of frequency $`\omega `$ and elapsed time $`t`$ on the susceptibility.

In Fig. 2 we give the time dependence of $`\chi _{NST}^{}(\omega ,t)`$ at different values of fixed quantum parameter $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$ (the microscopic tunneling rate $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_0=10^8,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}10}^{10},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}10}^{12}`$). We observe the small effect of quantum parameter $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$ on susceptibility $`\chi _{NST}^{}(\omega ,t)`$. With increasing of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$ the magnitude of the susceptibility slightly decreases at small times, i. e. the quantum fluctuations in some sense decrease the susceptibility in quantum regime in spin glass phase.

We may compare our data with experimental ones  only very approximately because in the $`\chi ^{}(\omega ,t)`$ \- experiments and in our paper the qualitatively different spin-glass systems are considered. We observe qualitatively similar dynamical behavior of $`\chi ^{}(\omega ,t)`$ in the range of the small times elapsed since the quench.

## 4 Discussion and conclusion

In this paper we have investigated the low temperature nonequilibrium dynamical behavior of the magnetic $`ac`$ susceptibility in $`d`$ \- dimensional Ising spin glass with short-range interactions between spins in a transverse field in terms of the phenomenological droplet model. The real part of the low-frequency $`ac`$ susceptibility $`\chi ^{}(\omega ,t)`$ as a function of time $`t`$ (which the system waits from quench time moment till the time moment of measurement) and the frequency $`\omega `$ of external $`ac`$ magnetic field is calculated. We display the nonequilibrium dynamics for different values of low frequency of $`ac`$ field at constant temperature in spin glass phase. We can see the oscillations of $`\chi ^{}(\omega ,t)`$ from expression (26). The real part of $`ac`$ magnetic susceptibility $`\chi ^{}(\omega ,t)`$ of droplet system at very low temperatures (quantum regime) has two-time regions in which the time evolution is of a different nature. At short times $`t`$ we observe nonequilibrium dynamical behavior - the time decay of $`\chi ^{}(\omega ,t)`$ at low frequency and at constant temperature $`T`$ ($`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Lk_BT`$ in quantum regime). If the frequency of $`ac`$ field increases the nonequilibrium dynamics is suppresed. So, the response of droplet system to external perturbating field depends on the thermal history.

In  it was shown that the behavior of the response function $`R(t,t_w)`$ demonstrates the existence of the stationary and aging regimes in quantum systems. The theoretical curve (Fig. 2 in ) $`R(t,t_w)`$ was given as function of $`\tau `$ ($`\tau =tt_w`$) if $`\tau [0,50]`$ and $`t_w=2.5,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}5},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}10},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}20}`$ and 40. For $`\tau \tau _{char}`$ ($`\tau _{char}`$ is a some characteristic time) it was found the stationary regime, if $`\tau >\tau _{char}`$ the dynamics is nonstationary. In  the $`\chi ^{}(\omega ,t)`$ \- experimental data are represented. In aging regime the slow monotonous decay of $`\chi ^{}(\omega ,t)`$ was observed. In our quantum system at very low $`T`$ we can not find good agreement with these data.

Besides we have shown that the quantum fluctuations have slight influence to the dynamical susceptibility of droplet system at very low temperatures. Their increase leads to the small decrease of the susceptibility magnitude. Like in  it is shown that in the aging regime of quantum spin glasses of rotors all terms in the dynamical equations governing the time evolution of the spin response and correlation function that arise solely from quantum effects are irrelevant at long times. The quantum effects enter only through the renormalization of the dynamical equations parameters . In paper  it is shown that quantum fluctuations in quantum glassy systems depress the phase transition temperature, in a glassy phase aging survives the quantum fluctuations and the quantum fluctuation - dissipation theorem is modified due to quantum fluctuations.

Thus, we have found the nonequilibrium low-frequency dynamical behavior of the $`ac`$ susceptibility at constant temperature for droplet system in quantum regime ($`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Lk_BT`$) in spin glass phase. For small times $`t`$ the magnetic $`ac`$ susceptibility depends on both frequency of $`ac`$ magnetic field $`\omega `$ and on time $`t`$ elapsed since the sample reached the temperature $`T_1`$ ($`T_1<T_g`$). We do not find slow continues decrease of the amplitude of $`\chi ^{}(\omega ,t)`$ as a function of the time $`t`$ at long times. Aging is more visible in the out-of-phase component $`\chi ^{\prime \prime }(\omega ,t)`$ of the magnetic susceptibility which determines a dissipation . A qualitative agreement with $`\chi ^{}(\omega ,t)`$-measurements  in spin-glass systems was found for small times and low frequencies.

This work is partially supported by the RBRF under Grant 01-02-16368.

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Figure captions

Fig. 1. The in-phase susceptibility $`\chi ^{}(\omega ,t)`$ (nonstationary part) as a function of time $`t`$ for quantum parameter $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_0=10^8`$ and fixed values of frequency $`\omega =0.05,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0.1}`$:

a) $`\omega =0.05,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0.1};t=0÷25;`$

b) $`\omega =0.05,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0.1};t=0÷50;`$

c) $`\omega =0.05,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0.1};t=0÷100;`$

Fig. 2. The in-phase susceptibility $`\chi ^{}(\omega ,t)`$ (nonstationary part) as a function of time $`t`$ for frequency $`\omega =0.1`$ and for three values of quantum parameter $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_0=10^8,\mathrm{\Gamma }_0=10^{10},\mathrm{\Gamma }_0=10^{12}`$.