text:
# Restrictions on symplectic fibrations

## 1 Introduction

This paper is devoted to restrictions on symplectic fibrations coming from Gromov-Witten invariants. They might have two types of nature. First is reflected in the properties of the Leray-Serre spectral sequence. The behavior of its differentials gives an information about the topology of symplectomorphism groups. There arises two conjectures:

1. The flux conjecture which says that the group $`Ham(M,\omega )`$ of Hamiltonian symplectomorphisms is $`C^1`$-closed in the group $`Symp(M,\omega )`$ of all symplectomorphisms, where $`(M,\omega )`$ is a compact symplectic manifold. This conjecture can be expressed equivalently in terms of so called flux groups, which are defined with the use of the differentials in spectral sequences associated to symplectic fibrations over two dimensional sphere \[LMP1, MS1\].
2. The c-splitting conjecture which states that the spectral sequence associated to any Hamiltonian fibration degenerates at $`E_2`$ term \[LM\]. This means that the rational cohomology of the total space is additively isomorphic to the tensor product of the cohomology of the base and the cohomology of the fiber.

The second nature of restrictions arises under assumption that the spectral sequence collapses at $`E_2`$, e.g. for symplectic manifolds satisfying the c-splitting conjecture. Namely, one may ask how much the cohomology ring of the total space differs from the tensor product of the cohomology ring of the base and of the fiber. This was already taken up by Seidel \[Se\] in case when $`(M,\omega )`$ is a product of complex projective spaces.

### 1.1 Sketch of the argument

We are mainly interested in the properties of the Leray-Serre spectral sequences associated to symplectic and Hamiltonian fibrations. The main idea comes from the fact that Gromov-Witten invariants may be defined parametrically. Here we give the rough sketch of the main points. We need to slightly restrict the form of fibrations we are interested in.

###### Definition 1.1

Let $`MPB`$ be a fibration whose local coefficient system is trivial and the base is an $`m`$-dimensional finite CW-complex with one dimensional top (co-) homology. We call such a fibration simple. For example, $`B`$ might be a simply connected compact manifold.

Let $`(M,\omega )\stackrel{i}{}P\stackrel{\pi }{}B`$ be a symplectic fibration which is simple. (We will indicate where the simplicity of the fibration is needed.) Then each fiber $`M_b`$, $`bB`$, admits a tamed almost complex structure $`J_b`$. These structures form a smooth family parameterized by the base of the fibration (see Proposition 2.2). Over each fiber, one has a moduli space $`_{g,k}(A,𝕁_b)`$ of $`𝕁_b`$-holomorphic stable maps representing a homology class $`AH_2(M;)`$ such that $`i_{}(A)0`$. Here we use the assumption that the local coefficient system of the fibration is trivial in order to make sense that a map to a fiber $`M_b`$ represents the class $`AH_2(M;)`$. These moduli spaces match up to a bigger moduli space denoted by $`_{g,k}^P(A,𝕁)`$.

Let $`ev_k^P:_{g,k}^P(A,𝕁)P\mathrm{}P`$ be the evaluation of stable maps at $`k`$ marked points. Out of the image of this mapping we obtain a cycle whose homology class $`[ev_k(_{g,k}(A,𝕁))]`$ serves for defining a parametrized Gromov-Witten invariant. Observe that the intersection of this image with the fiber $`M_b`$ is the image of the evaluation map $`ev_k:_{g,k}(A,𝕁_b)M_b\times \mathrm{}\times M_b`$ from the moduli space associated to this fiber (see Section 3).

Here we touch the main point (Theorem 4.2). Let us assume that $`E_2=E_3=\mathrm{}=E_m`$ in the spectral sequence associated to the fibration. It means that all the differentials are trivial except possibly those on $`E_m`$. It follows from the above discussion that the homology class $`[ev_k(_{g,k}(A,𝕁_b))]`$ made of the image of the evaluation map for a generic fiber is the homological intersection of the homology class coming from the parametrized moduli space with the fiber of the appropriate Whitney sum. This implies that the image of $`[ev_k(_{g,k}(A,𝕁_b))]`$ under the differential in the Leray-Serre spectral sequence is zero.

A cohomological version of this argument gives a formula which connects Gromov-Witten invariant $`\mathrm{\Phi }_A`$ and the differential $``$ of the spectral sequence (Theorem 4.4):

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}(1)^{_{1j<i}\mathrm{deg}(\alpha _j)}\mathrm{\Phi }_A(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _i,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)=0$$

(see Section 4 for more precise statements and details).

### 1.2 A consequence for flux groups

We present two main applications of the above argument. The first consists of an estimate of the rank of flux groups. This is a completion of Theorem A from \[K\]. We need to introduce some notions before giving the statement of the result. Let $`ev:Symp(M,\omega )M`$ denotes the evaluation map, 111 Warning: Notice that we use two completely different evaluation maps.  that is $`ev(\varphi )=\varphi (pt)`$, where $`ptM`$ is a base point.

###### Definition 1.2

The image of $`ev_{}:\pi _1(Symp(M,\omega ))\pi _1(M)`$ is called symplectic Gottlieb group and denote by $`G(M,\omega )`$. Similarly, the image of $`ev_{}:H_1(Symp(M,\omega );)H_1(M;)`$ we call a rational symplectic Gottlieb group and denote by $`G_Q(M,\omega )`$.

Recall that the definition of the classical Gottlieb group uses the space of homotopy equivalences instead of the group of symplectomorphisms \[Got\]. Of course symplectic Gottlieb group is a subgroup of the classical one. It is also worth noticing that the nontriviality of $`G_Q(M,\omega )`$ is quite restrictive. Indeed, if this holds then the rational cohomology of $`M`$ splits as $`H^{}(M/S^1)H^{}(S^1)`$ \[LM\]. Moreover, elements of Gottlieb group acts trivially on homotopy groups.

Our method relies on the examination of the $`J`$-holomorphic curves in total spaces symplectic fibrations. That’s why the homology classes represented by these curves have to belong to the image of the map induced by the inclusion of fibers. This is the motivation for the following notion.

###### Definition 1.3

A homology class $`AH_2(M;)`$ is said to be flux free if for every $`\xi \pi _1(Symp(M,\omega ))`$, $`i_{}A0`$. Here $`(M,\omega )\stackrel{i}{}P_\xi S^2`$ is the symplectic fibration associated to $`\xi `$ by the clutching construction.

###### Theorem 1.4

Let $`(M,\omega )`$ be a compact symplectic manifold. Then the rank of its flux group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\omega `$ satisfies the following estimate:

$$\text{rank }G(M,\omega )\text{rank }\mathrm{\Gamma }_\omega dimG_Q(M,\omega )+dim\left[\mathrm{ker}([\omega ]^{n1})\mathrm{ker}(PDA)\right],$$

for any flux free class $`AH_2(M;)`$ such that $`dim_{g,1}(A,J)=2`$.

Usually, the above estimate reduces to a simpler one, which does not involve the Gottlieb group because it is trivial. Moreover, in this case (cf. Proposition 5.2)

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_\omega \mathrm{ker}([\omega ]^{n1})\mathrm{ker}(PDA).$$

Recall that the flux conjecture depends only on the behavior of the flux homomorphism on the loops with trivial (in $`\pi _1(M)`$) evaluation \[LMP1\] (Proposition 1.2). Namely, if the flux group is not discrete then its nondicreteness occur in the above intersection of the kernels. This argument easy shows that the conjecture holds for manifolds with trivial $`\mathrm{ker}[\omega ]^{n1}`$, e.g. Kähler manifolds or more generally Lefschetz.

### 1.3 A consequence for Hamiltonian fibrations

The second application establishes the c-splitting conjecture for manifolds whose Gromov-Witten invariants satisfy some restrictions.

###### Theorem 1.5

Let $`(M,\omega )\stackrel{i}{}P\stackrel{\pi }{}B`$ be a compact Hamiltonian fibration. Suppose that for any $`\alpha H^i(M)`$, where $`i2n4`$, there exist $`\beta _0,\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _k\text{im }i^{}`$ such that

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_A(\alpha \beta _0,\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _k)0$$

for some Gromov-Witten invariant $`\mathrm{\Phi }_A`$. Then the spectral sequence associated to $`(M,\omega )\stackrel{i}{}P\stackrel{\pi }{}B`$ collapses at $`E_2`$.

###### Remark 1.6

1. One can choose the elements $`\beta _i`$ from the subalgebra of $`H^{}(M)`$ generated by the class of symplectic form, Chern classes and elements of degree at most 2 (or 3 provided that $`B`$ is a compact manifold). Indeed, they are contained in $`\text{im }i^{}`$ as follows. The class of symplectic form is in this image because the fibration is Hamiltonian. The Chern classes of $`(M,\omega )`$ are images of the Chern classes of the vector bundle tangent to the fibers \[K\]. An argument for the elements of small degree is explained in the proof of the theorem (Section 5.3).
2. If $`B`$ is a manifold then the Poincare duality for $`P`$ allows us to consider elements $`\alpha `$ such that $`1\mathrm{deg}(\alpha )<\frac{2nb}{2}+1`$, where $`2n=dimM`$ and $`b=dimB`$. The second inequality is an immediate consequence of Poincaré duality for $`P`$ and the first one follows from the fact that $`[\omega ]^n`$ survives since the fibration is Hamiltonian.
3. By the above observations, the theorem seems to be relevant in dimension four. But then c-splitting conjecture easy follows from the theorem which establishes the conjecture for Hamiltonian fibrations over 3-dimensional CW-complexes \[LM\] (Lemma 4.1.8). The same argument works also for simply connected 6-dimensional $`(M,\omega )`$.

A more explicit application is the establishing c-splitting conjecture for projective space blown-up along 4-dimensional submanifold (Section 5.4).

Acknowledgments. I am deeply grateful to Kaoru Ono who patiently answered my questions and pointed out some gaps in my arguments. I thank Dusa McDuff and Tomek Maszczyk for valuable comments and remarks. Also I thank the Max-Planck-Institute, for providing a wonderful research atmosphere.

## 2 Symplectic fibrations

###### Definition 2.1

Let $`(M,\omega )`$ be a symplectic manifold. A fibration $`(M,\omega )PB`$ is said to be symplectic if its structure group is contained in the group $`Symp(M,\omega )`$ of symplectomorphisms of $`(M,\omega )`$.

Recall that an almost complex structure $`J`$ on $`M`$ is called $`\omega `$-tamed if $`\omega (J,)`$ defines a Riemannian metric. Every symplectic manifold admits a contractible nonempty set of $`\omega `$-tamed almost complex structures. This fact can be extended to fibrations as follows.

###### Proposition 2.2

Let $`(M,\omega )\stackrel{i}{}P\stackrel{\pi }{}B`$ be a symplectic fibration. Then there exists a complex bundle $`(Vert,𝕁)P`$ such that $`i_b^{}𝕁`$ is $`\omega _b`$-tamed for every $`bB`$. The set of such almost complex structures $`𝕁`$ is contractible.

Proof: We construct a bundle $`TMVertB`$ using the differentials of the transition functions of the fibration $`PB`$. The the natural projection $`VertP`$ defines a symplectic vector bundle. This means that the structure group of the bundle is $`Sp(2n,)`$. Reducing the structure group to the maximal compact subgroup $`U(n)`$ we obtain required almost complex structure. Since such a structure is a section of the bundle whose fibers are contractible ($`Sp(2n,)/U(n)`$), then the set of of such structures is also contractible.

$`\mathrm{}`$

## 3 Parametrized Gromov-Witten invariants

Let $`J`$ be an $`\omega `$-tamed almost complex structure on $`M`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ be a closed Riemann surface with complex structure $`j`$. Let $`_{g,k}(A,J)`$ be the moduli space of stable $`J`$-holomorphic maps of genus $`g`$ with $`k`$ marked points representing the class $`A`$. This space is a compactification of the moduli space of $`J`$-holomorphic maps $`u:\mathrm{\Sigma }M`$ with $`k`$ marked points, where $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is a Riemann surface of genus $`g`$. The fundamental result of Fukaya and Ono \[FO\](Theorem 1.3) states that the above moduli space carries a kind of fundamental class of $`_{g,k}(A,J)`$ over $``$ in the following sense.

The $`k`$-point evaluation map

$$ev_k:_{g,k}(A,J)M\times \mathrm{}\times M$$

is defined by

$$ev_k(u,z_1,\mathrm{},z_k)=(u(z_1),\mathrm{},u(z_k)).$$

Then the result of Fukaya and Ono says that $`[ev_k(_{g,k}(A,J))]`$ is well defined as a homology class in $`H^{}(M\times \mathrm{}\times M;)`$. This allows them to define a Gromov-Witten invariant as a map $`\mathrm{\Phi }_A:H^{}(M)\times \mathrm{}\times H^{}(M)`$ by

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_A(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)=a_1\times \mathrm{}\times a_k,[ev_k(_{g,k}(A,J))].$$

The concept of the Gromov-Witten invariants can be generalized to the parametrized situation. Namely, let $`(M,\omega )\stackrel{i}{}P\stackrel{\pi }{}B`$ be a symplectic fibration over a finite simply connected CW-complex. Then every fiber is, up to symplectic isotopy, identified with $`(M,\omega )`$. Suppose that $`i_{}(A)0`$ for some $`AH_2(M;)`$. Then for an almost complex structure $`𝕁`$ in the vertical bundle of a symplectic fibration, we consider the space $`_{g,k}^P(A,𝕁)`$ of pairs $`(u,b)`$ where $`bB`$ and $`u:C_gP_b`$ is a genus $`g`$, $`𝕁_b`$-holomorphic map representing the class $`A`$. It does make sense to say that some map $`\mathrm{\Sigma }P_b`$ represents class $`A`$ since every fiber is identified with $`M`$ up to symplectic isotopy.

A parametrized $`k`$-point evaluation map is defined as follows.

$$\begin{array}{c}ev_k^P:_{g,k}^P(A,𝕁)P\mathrm{}P\\ ev_k^P(u,b,z_1,\mathrm{},z_k)=(u(z_1),\mathrm{},u(z_k)),\end{array}$$

where $`P\mathrm{}P`$ is $`k`$-fold Whitney sum of the fibration $`P`$:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}P\mathrm{}P:=\mathrm{\Delta }^{}(P\times \mathrm{}\times P)& \stackrel{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}}{}& P\times \mathrm{}\times P\\ & & & & \\ B& \stackrel{\mathrm{\Delta }}{}& B\times \mathrm{}\times B\end{array}$$

To define the parametrized Gromov-Witten invariant we need to construct a homology class
$`[ev_k^P(_{g,k}^P(A,𝕁))]H_{}(P\mathrm{}P)`$. To do this one has to observe that the construction of Fukaya and Ono of the cycle $`ev_k(_{g,k}(A,J))`$ can be done parametrically. Finally the parametrized Gromov-Witten invariant is a map $`\mathrm{\Phi }_A^P:H^{}(P)\times \mathrm{}\times H^{}(P)`$ defined by

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_A^P(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)=\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}^{}(\alpha _1\times \mathrm{}\times \alpha _k),\left[ev_k^P(_{g,k}^P(A,𝕁))\right].$$

It is obvious from the definition that $`ev_k^P(_{g,k}^P(A,𝕁))(P\mathrm{}P)_b=ev_k(_{g,k}(A,𝕁_b))`$ for any symplectic fibration over simply connected base. We need an analogous statement in homology. In more detail, let

$$i_!:H_{k+m}(P\mathrm{}P)H_k(M\times \mathrm{}\times M)$$

be the homology transfer, where $`i:M\times \mathrm{}\times MP\mathrm{}P`$ is an inclusion of the fiber and $`dimB=m`$. Recall that the transfer can be expressed as follows.

$$i_!(a)=[C_ai(M\times \mathrm{}\times M)],$$

where $`C_a`$ is a cycle representing the class $`a`$.

###### Lemma 3.1

Let $`𝕁`$ be an almost complex structure in $`Vert`$ compatible with the fibration. Then

$$i_![ev_k^P(_{g,k}^P(A,𝕁)]=[ev_k(_{g,k}(A,𝕁_b)],$$

for any $`bB`$.

Proof: This follows from the above observation that the construction of the cycle $`ev_k(_{g,k}(A,J)`$ in \[FO\] can be done parametrically. We proceed using the framework of \[FO\].

Fix a point $`bB`$ and construct Kuranishi structure on the moduli space $`_{g,k}(A,𝕁_b)`$. Next choose multivalued perturbation in order to get a virtual fundamental cycle. Then extend the Kuranishi structure to a Kuranishi structure on the parametrized moduli space and also extend the multivalued pertubation (for $`_{g,k}(A,𝕁_b)`$) to a multivalued pertubation of the Kuranishi map for the parametrized moduli space.

For the above choice of the Kuranishi structure and the multivalued perturbation, the intersection $`(P\mathrm{}P)_bev_k^P(_{g,k}^P(A,𝕁))=ev_k(_{g,k}(A,𝕁_b)`$ is transversal, which completes the proof. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 3.2

A similar argument should also work for the other approaches to Gromov-Witten invariants, such as those presented by Li and Tian \[LT\] or Siebert \[Si\]. The case of curves of genus zero was already done by Seidel \[Se\]. Notice also that in the weakly monotone case the above lemma might be proved using genericity of almost complex structure involved.

###### Example 3.3

Let $`(M,\omega ):=(S^2\times S^2,\omega )`$ be equipped with symplectic structure such that $`[\{x\}\times S^2]`$ has area 1 and $`[S^2\times \{x\}]`$ has area 2. Let $`A:=[S^2\times \{x\}]+[\{x\}\times S^2]`$ There exist a symplectic fibration

$$(M,\omega )PS^2$$

which admits a compatible almost complex structure $`𝕁`$ in $`Vert`$ such that $`_{0,3}(A,𝕁_z)`$ is empty for any $`zS^2`$ except one point. This phenomenon can be explained as follows (cf. \[AM\]). The space of $`\omega `$-tamed almost complex structures contains an open stratum consisting almost complex structures $`J`$ for which class $`A`$ cannot be represented by any $`J`$-holomorphic sphere and codimension 2 stratum consisting of almost complex structures for which $`A`$ can be represented. The complex structure $`𝕁`$ can be seen as a map from $`S^2`$ to the space of $`\omega `$-tamed almost complex structures which intersects transversely this codimension 2 stratum at one point. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 4 The main theorem

Our main results gives the restrictions to the form of the differentials in the Leray-Serre spectral sequences associated to symplectic fibrations. We consider the spectral sequences for fibration $`PB`$ as well as for $`P\mathrm{}PB`$. Corresponding differentials in the homology spectral sequences we denote by $`^r:E_{p,q}^rE_{pr,q+r1}^r`$ and $`\overline{}^r:\overline{E}_{p,q}^r\overline{E}_{pr,q+r1}^r`$, respectively. The analogous differential in the cohomology spectral sequence we will denote with subscripts.

### 4.1 Generalized Wang homomorphisms

Now we define a generalizations of the Wang homomorphisms, which originally were associated to fibrations over homology spheres (cf. \[Sp\] Section 9.5). Suppose that the differentials in the Leray-Serre cohomology spectral sequence associated to a simple fibration over $`m`$-dimensional base are trivial up to the $`m^{\text{th}}`$ term. In other words $`^m`$ (respectively $`_m`$) is the only nontrivial differential in the homology (resp. cohomology) spectral sequence. For the differential $`_m:H^0(B)H^k(M)H^m(B)H^{km+1}(M)`$ we define a generalized Wang homomorphism $`:H^k(M)H^{km+1}(M)`$ by

$$_m(1\alpha )=\beta \alpha ,$$

where $`\beta H^m(B)`$ is a generator dual to the fundamental class $`[B]`$.

###### Lemma 4.1

The generalized Wang homomorphism:

1. is natural with respect to bundle maps which induce the identity on the top cohomology of the base and
2. satisfies the Leibniz rule.

Proof: We use the fact that the differential in the spectral sequence has required properties.

1. Naturality:

Let $`f:P_1P_2`$ be a bundle map.

$`\beta (f|M)^{}\alpha =`$
$`_m(1(f|_M)^{}\alpha )=`$
$`_m(f^{}(1\alpha ))=`$
$`f^{}(_m(1\alpha ))=`$
$`f^{}(\beta \alpha )=`$
$`\beta (f|M)^{}\alpha )`$
2. The Leibniz rule:

$`\beta (\alpha _1\alpha _2)=`$
$`_m(1(\alpha _1\alpha _2)=`$
$`_m((1\alpha _1)(1\alpha _2))=`$
$`_m(1\alpha _1)(1\alpha _2)\pm (1\alpha _1)_m(1\alpha _2)=`$
$`\beta (\alpha _1)(1\alpha _2)\pm (1\alpha _1)\beta (\alpha _2)=`$
$`\beta ((\alpha _1)\alpha _2\pm \alpha _1(\alpha _2)).`$

$`\mathrm{}`$

The homology case, denoted by the same symbol, $`:H_{km+1}(M)H_k(M)`$ (that should not be confusing) is defined analogously by

$$^m([B]a)=[pt]a.$$

It is also natural with respect to bundle maps which induce the identity on the top homology of the base. Moreover, it straightforward that homology and cohomology Wang homomorphisms are dual to each other in the sense that

$$a,\alpha =a,\alpha .$$

### 4.2 The Wang homomorphism vanishes on Gromov-Witten invariants

Let $`\overline{}`$ denote the generalized Wang homomorphisms associated to the Whitney sum of the fibration.

###### Theorem 4.2

Let $`(M,\omega )\stackrel{i}{}P\stackrel{\pi }{}B`$ be a simple (in the sense of Definition 1.1) symplectic fibration over $`m`$-dimensional base and $`AH_2(M;)`$ be such that $`i_{}A0`$. Suppose that the differential $`^r:E_,^rE_{r,+r1}^r`$ is zero for $`rm`$. Then $`\overline{}[ev_k(_{g,k}(A,J))]=0`$ for any moduli space $`_{g,k}(A,J)`$.

Proof: Since $`E_,^m`$ is the only term with possibly nontrivial differential then so does $`\overline{E}_,^m`$. Thus there is the following commutative diagram in which the upper row is exact

$$\begin{array}{ccccccc}0\overline{E}_{m,k}^{\mathrm{}}& & \overline{E}_{m,k}^m& \stackrel{\overline{}^m}{}& \overline{E}_{0,k+m1}^m& & \overline{E}_{0,k+m1}^{\mathrm{}}0\\ & & & & & & & & \\ H_{m+k}\left(P\mathrm{}P\right)& \stackrel{i_!}{}& H_k\left(M\times \mathrm{}\times M\right)& \overline{}& H_{k+m1}\left(M\times \mathrm{}\times M\right)& & i_{}H_{k+m1}\left(M\times \mathrm{}\times M\right)0\end{array}$$

Here $`H_{m+k}(P\mathrm{}P)\overline{E}_{m,k}^{\mathrm{}}=H_{m+k}(P\mathrm{}P)/F_{m1}(H_{m+k}(P\mathrm{}P)`$ is the projection and $`F_s`$ denotes the filtration to which is associated $`\overline{E}^{\mathrm{}}`$ (see \[Sp\]). It follows from Lemma 3.1, that

$$i_![ev_k^P(_{g,k}^P(A,𝕁))]=[ev_k(_{g,k}(A,J))].$$

Then, accordingly to the exactness of the above sequence, we get that

$$\overline{}[ev_k(_{g,k}(A,J))]=0$$

as required. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 4.3

Of course, we can relax the assumption that there is the only one possibly nontrivial differential. Indeed, since the class $`[_{g,k}(A,J)]=i_![_{g,k}^P(A,𝕁)]`$ then it is in the kernel of any differential in the spectral sequence. The motivation for this assumption is the following. In case of Hamiltonian fibrations, it is already proven that the first nontrivial term in the spectral sequence is $`E_4`$. By taking appropriate restrictions we can prove c-splitting in some cases by induction. On the other hand, in non Hamiltonian case we are mostly interested in fibrations over $`S^2`$.

### 4.3 The Wang homomorphism is compatible with Gromov-Witten invariants

The following theorem is a cohomological incarnation of the previous one.

###### Theorem 4.4

Under the assumption of Theorem 4.2, the following symmetry holds

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}(1)^{_{1j<i}\mathrm{deg}(\alpha _j)}\mathrm{\Phi }_A(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _i,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)=0,$$

where $`\alpha _iH^{}(M)`$. In particular,

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_A(\alpha ,\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)=0$$

for $`\alpha _i\mathrm{ker}`$.

Proof: This is the following computation, which uses the naturality of the generalized Wang homomorphism and the fact that it satisfies the Leibniz rule.

$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}}(1)^{_{1j<i}\mathrm{deg}(\alpha _j)}\mathrm{\Phi }_A(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _i,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)=`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}}(1)^{_{1j<i}\mathrm{deg}(\alpha _j)}\alpha _1\times \mathrm{}\times \alpha _i\times \mathrm{}\times \alpha _k,[ev(_{g,k}(A,J))]=`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}}(1)^{_{1j<i}\mathrm{deg}(\alpha _j)}\pi _1^{}\alpha _1\mathrm{}\pi _i^{}\alpha _i\mathrm{}\pi _k^{}\alpha _k,[ev(_{g,k}(A,J))]=`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}}(1)^{_{1j<i}\mathrm{deg}(\alpha _j)}\pi _1^{}\alpha _1\mathrm{}\overline{}\pi _i^{}\alpha _i\mathrm{}\pi _k^{}\alpha _k,[ev(_{g,k}(A,J))]=`$
$`\overline{}(\alpha _1\times \mathrm{}\times \alpha _k),[ev(_{g,k}(A,J))]=`$
$`\alpha _1\times \mathrm{}\times \alpha _k,\overline{}[ev(_{g,k}(A,J))]=0`$
$`\mathrm{}`$

## 5 Consequences

It follows from the work of Lalonde, McDuff and Polterovich \[LMP1, M2\] that the spectral sequence for Hamiltonian fibration over $`S^2`$ degenerates at $`E_2`$ term. Moreover, the same holds for Hamiltonian fibrations over any 3-dimensional CW-complex and it is conjectured by Lalonde and McDuff to be true in general \[LM\]. We divide the consequences of the main theorem into two parts. First, symplectic fibrations over $`S^2`$ which are not Hamiltonian. Second, Hamiltonian fibrations over arbitrary bases.

### 5.1 Fibrations over $`S^2`$ and flux groups

Every symplectic fibration over $`S^2`$ is naturally associated to an element $`\xi \pi _1(Symp(M,\omega ))`$ by the clutching construction. We denote this fibration by $`P_\xi `$. Recall that the evaluation map $`ev:Symp(M,\omega )M`$ is defined by $`ev(\varphi )=\varphi (pt)`$, where $`ptM`$ is a point.

###### Proposition 5.1

Let $`(M,\omega )P_\xi S^2`$ be a symplectic fibration and $`AH_2(M;)`$ is such that $`i_{}A0`$. Suppose that $`[ev_{}(\xi )]0`$ in homology. Then

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_A(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)=0,$$

for any Gromov-Witten invariant.

Proof: It is a result of Lalonde and McDuff \[LM\], that $`[ev_{}(\xi )]0`$ in homology iff $`\mathrm{ker}=\text{im }`$. Thus the statement easily follows from Theorem 4.4. $`\mathrm{}`$

The next result gives the restriction for the rank of flux groups. We recall the definition of these groups. Flux homomorphism $`F:\pi _1(Symp(M,\omega ))H^1(M;)`$ is defined by

$$F(\xi )=_\xi [\omega ],$$

where $`_\xi `$ is the Wang homomorphism associated to the fibration $`P_\xi `$. By definition the flux group  $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\omega `$ is the image of the flux homomorphism. The importance of flux groups comes from the fact that they, in some sense, measure the difference between the group of symplectomorphisms $`Symp(M,\omega )`$ and the group of Hamiltonian symplectomorphisms $`Ham(M,\omega )`$. Moreover, the discreteness of flux groups in equivalent to closeness of $`Ham(M,\omega )`$ in $`Symp(M,\omega )`$ (see \[LMP1, MS1\] for details).

###### Proposition 5.2

Let $`(M,\omega )\stackrel{i}{}P_\xi S^2`$ be a symplectic fibration. Suppose that $`[ev_{}(\xi )]=0`$ in homology and $`F(\xi )0`$. Then

$$F(\xi )\mathrm{ker}([\omega ]^{n1})\mathrm{ker}(PDmA)$$

for any $`AH_2(M;)`$ for which $`dim_{g,1}(A,J)=2`$ and $`i_{}A0`$. Here $`m`$ denotes the virtual number of stable curves representing the class $`A`$, that is $`mA=[ev_1(_{g,1}(A,J))]`$.

Proof: The statement that $`F(\xi )\mathrm{ker}([\omega ]^{n1})`$ was already proved in \[K\]. The proof relies on the fact that the assumption that $`[ev_{}(\xi )]=0`$ in homology implies that $`_\xi [\omega ]^n=0`$. The latter is equal to $`n_\xi [\omega ][\omega ]^{n1}=F(\xi )[\omega ]^{n1}`$ and the statement follows.

The inclusion $`F(\xi )\mathrm{ker}(PDmA)`$ follows from Theorem 4.2 and the observation that $`mA=[ev_1(_{g,1}(A,J))]`$. Suppose that $`m0`$, otherwise the statement is trivial. Let $`\alpha H^1(M)`$ be an arbitrary element. Then we compute that

$`<F(\xi )PDmA,PD\alpha >=`$
$`<F(\xi )\alpha ,mA>=`$
$`<_\xi [\omega ]\alpha ,[ev_1(_{g,1}(A,J))]>=`$
$`<_\xi ([\omega ]\alpha ),[ev_1(_{g,1}(A,J))]>=`$
$`<[\omega ]\alpha ,_\xi [ev_1(_{g,1}(A,J))]>=0.`$
The assumption on $`[ev_{}(\xi )]`$ implies that the Wang homomorphism is trivial on $`H^1(M)`$ which gives the third equality.

$`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 5.3

The other assumptions which imply the hypothesis of the above theorem are discussed in \[K\]. More informations about the flux groups can be found in \[LMP1\].

### 5.2 A proof of Theorem 1.4

For convenience of the reader we recall the statement:

Theorem 1.4 Let $`(M,\omega )`$ be a compact symplectic manifold. Then the rank of its flux group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\omega `$ satisfies the following estimate:

$`\text{rank }G(M,\omega )\text{rank }\mathrm{\Gamma }_\omega dimG_Q(M,\omega )+dim\left[\mathrm{ker}([\omega ]^{n1})\mathrm{ker}(PDA)\right],`$

for any flux free class $`AH_2(M;)`$ such that $`dim_{g,1}(A,J)=2`$.

Proof: We use the commutativity of the following diagram:

which is easy to prove. Let us consider the first inequality. Take elements $`\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _k`$ ($`k=\text{rank }G(M,\omega )`$) such that $`a_iF(\xi _i)=0`$ for some nonzero $`a_i`$. This means that the element $`a_i\xi _i\pi _1(Symp(M,\omega ))`$ may be represented by a Hamiltonian loop. Hence their evaluation $`ev_{}(a_i\xi _i)=a_iev_{}(\xi _i)=0`$ due to results from Floer theory and we obtain the first inequality. It may be confusing that we use addition in $`\pi _1(M)`$, but it is in fact in the image of $`\pi _1(Symp(M,\omega ))`$ which is abelian.

The proof of the second inequality requires more advanced argument which relies on so called topological rigidity of Hamiltonian loops \[LMP2\]:

If $`\xi \pi _1(Diff(M))`$ can be represented by loops in $`\pi _1(Symp(M,\omega ))`$ and $`\pi _1(Symp(M,\omega ^{}))`$, then $`_\xi [\omega ]=0`$ iff $`_\xi [\omega ^{}]=0`$

Let $`K:=\mathrm{ker}ev_{}:H_1(Symp(M,\omega );)H_1(M;)`$. Then we obtain the extension $`0F(K)\mathrm{\Gamma }_\omega \mathrm{\Gamma }_\omega /F(K)`$, where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\omega /F(K)`$ has no torsion. Indeed, if $`F(\xi )F(K)`$ were of finite order, say $`k`$ then it would mean that $`0=ev_{}(k\xi )=kev_{}(\xi )`$ but $`ev_{}(\xi )0`$ in $`H_1(M;)`$ which is impossible. Hence we get that

$$\text{rank}\mathrm{\Gamma }_\omega =\text{rank}F(K)+\text{rank}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_\omega /F(K)).$$

It follows from the above diagram that $`\text{rank}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_\omega /F(K))=\text{rank}G_Q(M,\omega ).`$ Thus we have only to show that

$$\text{rank}F(K)dim\mathrm{ker}([\omega ]^{n1})\mathrm{ker}(PDA).$$

The argument is similar to that in \[LMP2\] (Theorem 2.D). Let $`\omega _\epsilon `$ be a rational symplectic form which is a small perturbation of $`\omega `$. Then obviously $`dim\mathrm{ker}[\omega ]^{n1}dim\mathrm{ker}[\omega _\epsilon ]^{n1}.`$ Moreover, the Gromov-Witten invariant $`[ev_1(_{g,1})]`$ is the same for both symplectic forms.

Suppose that there exist elements $`\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _l\pi _1(Symp(M,\omega ))`$ such that $`F(\xi _1),\mathrm{},F(\xi _l)F(K)`$ are linearly independent over $``$ and $`l>`$ dim $`\mathrm{ker}[\omega ^{n1}]\mathrm{ker}PDA`$. Let $`\xi _1^ϵ,\mathrm{},\xi _l^ϵ\pi _1(Symp(M,\omega _ϵ)`$ are represented by perturbations of loops representing $`\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _l\pi _1(Symp(M,\omega ))`$. Then the fluxes $`F_ϵ(\xi _j^ϵ)`$ are rational classes and are contained in $`\mathrm{ker}[\omega _ϵ^{n1}]\mathrm{ker}PDA`$, according to Proposition 5.2. It follows that some of their nontrivial combination over $``$ equals zero: $`_jm_jF_ϵ(\xi _j^ϵ)=0`$ , $`m_j`$, $`j=1,\mathrm{},k`$. Due to the topological rigidity of Hamiltonian loops, we get that $`_jm_jF(\xi _j)=0`$ which gives the contradiction and completes the proof

$`\mathrm{}`$

### 5.3 Hamiltonian fibrations

The aim of this section is to prove Theorem 1.5. The idea of the proof is to show that an element $`\alpha H^{}(M)`$ cannot be in the image of the Wang homomorphism, provided that certain Gromov-Witten invariant is nonzero. If any $`\alpha H^{}(M)`$ has this property, then c-splitting holds for $`(M,\omega )`$.

Theorem 1.5 Let $`(M,\omega )\stackrel{i}{}P\stackrel{\pi }{}B`$ be a compact Hamiltonian fibration. Suppose that for any $`\alpha H^i(M)`$, where $`i2n4`$, there exist $`\beta _0,\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _k\text{im }i^{}`$ such that

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_A(\alpha \beta _0,\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _k)0$$

for some Gromov-Witten invariant $`\mathrm{\Phi }_A`$. Then the spectral sequence associated to $`(M,\omega )\stackrel{i}{}P\stackrel{\pi }{}B`$ collapses at $`E_2`$.

Proof: We use the induction on the dimension of the base. Due to Lalonde and McDuff \[LM\] we know that the spectral sequence collapses at $`E_2`$ for any Hamiltonian fibration over the base of dimension at most 3. This implies that $`E_2=E_3=E_4`$ in the spectral sequence associated to an arbitrary fibration.

Suppose the fibration is does not c-split and $`E_m`$ is the first nontrivial term in the spectral sequence. Then there exists some $`\eta H^{}(M)`$ such that $`_m(1\eta )0`$. We restrict the fibration over an $`m`$-dimensional CW-complex with one dimensional top cohomology such that $`_m(1\eta )0`$ in the induced spectral sequence.

Let’s consider the associated Wang homomorphism for which we have that $`\eta 0`$. First notice that $`\mathrm{deg}(\eta )2n4`$. Indeed, it follows from the fact that the Wang homomorphism coming from the first possible nontrivial differential decreases the degree by 3 and $`:H^{2n}(M)H^{2nr+1}(M)`$ is zero since the top cohomology is generated by $`[\omega ]^n`$.

Since $`\beta _0,\mathrm{},\beta _k\mathrm{ker}`$ then Theorem 4.4 implies that

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_A(\eta \beta _0,\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _k)=\mathrm{\Phi }_A((\eta \beta _0),\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _k)=0,$$

which contradicts the assumption.

$`\mathrm{}`$

As a corollary we can recover the Blanchard theorem which states that c-splitting holds for manifolds satisfying the Hard Lefschetz condition.

###### Corollary 5.4 (Blanchard \[Bl\])

If $`(M,\omega )`$ satisfies the Hard Lefschetz condition (i.e. $`[\omega ]^k:H^{nk}H^{n+k}`$ is an isomorphism for $`k=1,\mathrm{},n`$, $`dimM=2n`$), then any Hamiltonian fibration $`(M,\omega )\stackrel{i}{}P\stackrel{\pi }{}B`$ over a compact manifold $`B`$ c-splits.

Proof: Consider the spherical ($`g=0`$) invariant $`\mathrm{\Phi }_0:H^{}(M)\times H^{}(M)\times H^{}(M)`$ for trivial homology class A=0 (see Section 3). Clearly, it is defined by the usual cup product, namely $`\mathrm{\Phi }_0(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )=\alpha \beta \gamma ,[M]`$ \[MS2\]. As usual we restrict ourselves to fibrations with the only one possibly nontrivial term in the spectral sequence. Consider the Wang homomorphism $``$ in this case. Suppose that $`\eta =\alpha `$, where $`\alpha H^k(M)`$ and $`k<n`$ is the least degree of nonzero element in the image of $``$. The assumption $`kn`$ is due to Remark 1.6 (2).

Let $`\beta H^{2nk}`$ be such that $`\alpha \beta 0`$ in $`H^{2n}(M)`$. Then $`\beta =\gamma [\omega ]^{nk}`$, due to Hard Lefschetz condition, and

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_0(\alpha ,[\omega ]^k,\gamma )=\beta [\omega ]^k\gamma 0.$$

Note that $`(\gamma )=0`$ because $`\mathrm{deg}((\gamma ))<k=deg(\alpha )`$. According to Theorem 1.5 and Remark 1.6 (2), we get the statement.

$`\mathrm{}`$

### 5.4 An explicit example

Let $`(V,\omega _V)`$ be a compact 4-dimensional symplectic manifold. According to results of Gromov \[Gr\] and Tischler \[Ti\], there exists a symplectic embedding $`V^5`$. Let’s consider a symplectic blow-up $`(M,\omega ):=(\stackrel{~}{^5}_V,\omega )`$ of $`^5`$ along $`V`$. The aim of this section is to prove the following

###### Proposition 5.5

Let $`B`$ be a compact manifold. Then, any Hamiltonian fibration $`(M,\omega )PB`$ is c-split.

###### Remark 5.6

1. The c-splitting conjecture is established for symplectic manifolds satisfying the hard Lefschetz condition (e.g. Kähler manifolds) \[Bl\]. Also, as we already have mentioned, it is true for 4-dimensional and simply connected 6-dimensional manifolds. The above proposition proves the c-splitting conjecture for the family of symplectic manifolds which contains the easiest examples which don’t satisfy the hard Lefschetz condition \[M1\].
2. Recall that the cohomology of the above blow-up has the following form \[M1, Gi\]

$$H^{}(M)=H^{}(^5)H^{}(V)[u]/u^3.$$

Proof of Proposition 5.5: Throughout the proof we adopt the notation from the appendix. Consider the Leray-Serre spectral sequence associated to the fibration $`(M,\omega )PB`$. Due to Lalonde and McDuff \[LM\], we know that the differentials $`_2=_3=0`$. Suppose that $`_40`$. We can restrict the fibration over a compact 4-dimensional manifold, such that $`_4=`$ is also nonzero.

Claim: $`:H^5(M)H^2(M)`$ is zero.

Suppose that is there exists $`\alpha H^5(M)`$ such that $`(\alpha )=ax+bu`$, where $`x=p^{}\omega _0`$, $`u:=t^{}(\tau )`$ and $`a,b`$. Since the symplectic structure om $`M`$ away from the blow-up locus is the same as the standard structure $`\omega _0`$ on $`^5`$, then

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_L([\omega ^5],[\omega ^5])0,$$

where $`LH_2(M)`$ is the class of line. For $`a0`$ we get that $`\mathrm{\Phi }_L((ax+bu)\frac{1}{a}x^4,[\omega ^5])0`$, because $`ux^4=0`$. It follows from Theorem 4.4 that for $`a0`$ $`ax+bu\text{im }`$.

Next we show that $`u`$ cannot be in the image of $``$. To see this consider the following Gromov-Witten invariant

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_A(ut^{}(\tau _{\omega V}),ut^{}(\tau _{\omega V}))0.$$

Since $`(t^{}(\tau _{\omega V})=0`$ because $`M`$ is simply connected, then we obtain that $`u\text{im }`$. Thus we have proven the claim.

The rest is easy now. By the Poincaré duality, it follows from the claim that $`:H^8(M)H^5(M)`$ is zero. Notice that $`H^8(M)`$ is generated by $`x^4`$ and $`ut^{}(\tau _{\omega _V^2})`$ hence we get that

$$(t^{}(\tau _{\omega _V^2}))=0,$$

which implies that $`H^6(M)H^3(M)`$ is zero. Again by the Poincaré duality we get that $`H^7(M)H^4(M)`$ is zero, which finishes the proof.

The case of higher dimensional bases go through in the same way.

$`\mathrm{}`$

## Appendix A  Appendix (by Jarosław Kȩdra and Kaoru Ono):
Simple examples of nontrivial Gromov-Witten invariants

### A.1 The symplectic blow-up construction

Let $`(M^{2n},\omega _M)`$ and $`(V^{2m},\omega _V)`$ be compact symplectic manifolds such that there exists a symplectic embedding $`(V,\omega _V)(M,\omega _M)`$ of codimension $`2k+2`$. We consider a symplectic blow-up of $`(M,\omega )`$ along $`V`$ denoted by $`\stackrel{~}{M}_V`$. It is obtained by cutting out a small tubular neighborhood of $`V`$ in $`M`$ and glue in a symplectic disc bundle over projectivized normal bundle of $`V`$. More precisely, there exist a small tubular neighborhood $`𝒩_V`$ of $`V`$ in $`M`$, which is symplectomorphic to an $`\epsilon `$-disc subbundle $`\nu _V(\epsilon )`$ in the normal bundle $`\nu _V`$ of $`V`$. Since $`\nu _V`$ is a complex bundle then then we have that $`\nu _V(\epsilon )=P\times _{U(k+1)}D_\epsilon ^{2k+2}`$, where $`PV`$ is a $`U(k+1)`$-principal bundle. We cut out the neighborhood $`𝒩_V`$ and glue back in $`P\times _{U(k+1)}\stackrel{~}{D_\epsilon }`$, where $`\stackrel{~}{D_\epsilon }`$ is the $`\epsilon ^{}`$-blow-up of the standard 2k+2-ball of radius $`\epsilon >\epsilon ^{}`$ (see \[MS1\] page 250 for further details).

It is easy to see that $`P\times _{U(k+1)}\stackrel{~}{D_\epsilon }`$ is symplectomorphic to the tautological disc bundle over $`_V`$ the projectivization of the normal bundle $`\nu _V`$. Thus there is a natural embedding $`_V\stackrel{~}{M}_V`$. and we have the following commutative diagram in which the horizontal arrows are symplectic embeddings.

The blow-up diagram

### A.2 The choice of a homology class and an almost complex structure

In order to define Gromov-Witten invariants we have to chose a second homology class and an almost complex structure on $`\stackrel{~}{M}_V`$. Moreover, by the choice of this data we want to ensure that some Gromov-Witten invariant is nontrivial. The idea is to find a $`J`$-holomorphic stable map and to show that this is the only element in its homology class intersecting generic representatives of certain homology classes.

The Choice of a homology class: Let $`u:^1\stackrel{~}{M}_V`$ be the composition of the canonical embedding of the line into $`^k`$ with the maps $`^k_V\stackrel{~}{M}_V`$ of the above diagram. Then we define $`A:=u_{}[^1]`$.

The choice of an almost complex structure: First we define an almost complex structure $`J(_V)`$ on $`_V`$ such that it is standard when restricted to the fibers and the projection $`\pi :_VV`$ is holomorphic with respect to compatible almost complex structure on $`V`$. We decompose the tangent bundle of $`_V`$ into the tangent bundle along fibers $`\text{T}_{vert}_V`$ and the horizantal subbundle $`Hor`$ which is the symplectic complement of $`\text{T}_{vert}_V`$. Then we define the almost complex structure $`J(_V)`$ as the direct sum of standard complex structures on $`\text{T}_{vert}_V`$ and the pull back of a compatible almost complex structure on $`V`$ to $`Hor=\pi ^{}\text{T}V`$. With respect to this almost complex structure, the projection $`\pi `$ becomes holomorphic. Finally, the needed almost complex structure $`J`$ on $`\stackrel{~}{M}_V`$ is an extension of $`J(_V)`$ compatible with the symplectic structure.

###### Lemma A.1

Let $`v:^1\stackrel{~}{M}_V`$ be a $`J`$-holomorphic curve representing the class $`A=u_{}[^1]`$. Then the image $`v(^1)`$ is contained in a fiber $`^k`$ of the bundle $`\pi :_VV`$.

Proof: First we show that the image of $`v`$ is contained in $`_V`$. Start with the observation that the intersecion pairing $`[_V]A=1`$. Indeed,

$`[_V]A`$ $`=`$ $`eu(\nu __V),A`$
$`=`$ $`c_1(\nu __V),u_{}[^1]`$
$`=`$ $`c_1(u^{}\nu __V),[^1]=1`$
because the normal bundle of $`_V`$ restricted to $`^k_V`$ is the tautological line bundle. According to the positivity of intersection of $`J`$-holomorphic submanifolds, every such curve must be cointained in $`_V`$.

The above agrument shows that $`v:^1_V`$ is a $`J(_V)`$-holomorphic curve. Hence, if $`v:^1_V`$ is a $`J(_V)`$-holomorphic map, then $`\pi v:^1V`$ is also holomorphic with respect to almost complex structure on $`V`$. Since we know that a line contained in a fiber is one of holomorphic curves in our homology class, $`\pi f`$ is null-homotopic, especially, null-homologous. The only pseudo-holomorphic map in a symplectic manifold, which is null-homologous, is constant. Hence $`\pi v`$ is a constant map, so $`v`$ is a map to one of fibers of $`\pi `$.

$`\mathrm{}`$

### A.3 Regularity and compactness

Let $`u:^1(\stackrel{~}{M}_V,\omega )`$ be an inclusion of the line as desribed above. We prove the regularity of the almost complex structure $`J`$ at $`u`$, which is stated in the following

###### Theorem A.2

The linearized operator

$$D_u=D\overline{}_J(u):C^{\mathrm{}}(u^{}\text{T}\stackrel{~}{M}_V)\mathrm{\Omega }^{0,1}(u^{}\text{T}\stackrel{~}{M}_V)$$

is surjective.

Proof: Let $`u:^1(\stackrel{~}{M}_V,\omega )`$ be as above. There is the following splitting of the pull back of the tangent bundle. Recal that $`dimV=2m`$

$`u^{}(\text{T}\stackrel{~}{M}_V)`$ $`=`$ $`u^{}(\text{T}_V\nu __V)`$
$`=`$ $`u^{}(^m\text{T}_{vert}_V\nu __V)`$
$`=`$ $`\underset{E}{\underset{}{^m\text{T}^k|_^1}}\underset{N}{\underset{}{u^{}(\nu __V)}}`$
Here $`^n`$ denotes the trivial complex vector bundle of rank $`n`$, $`\text{T}_{vert}`$ denotes the subbundle tangent to the fibers of the fibration and $`\nu __V`$ is the normal bundle to $`_V`$ in $`\stackrel{~}{M}_V`$.

With respect to the above splitting, the operator $`D_u:C^{\mathrm{}}(EN)\mathrm{\Omega }^{0,1}(EN)`$ has the following matrix form

$$\left[\begin{array}{cc}D_u|_E& \\ 0& Du|_N\end{array}\right].$$

Now we have to show that appropriate restricted operators are surjective. To deal with the operator $`D_u|_N`$ we use the result of Hofer, Lizan and Sikorav \[HLS\] (Theorem $`1^{}`$ ). It states that if $`L\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is a holomorphic line bundle over a Riemannian surface of genus $`g`$, then a generalized $`\overline{}`$-operator is surjective, provided that $`c_1(L)2g1`$. Thus we have to check that $`c_1(\nu __V)1`$. But this is clearly satisfied, because the normal bundle restricted to the fiber of $`_V`$ is just the tautological line bundle over $`^k`$. Hence its first Chern class is -1.

To show surjectivity of $`D_u|_E`$ we again argue with the direc decomposition of $`E`$ into $`^m`$ and $`\text{T}^k|_^1`$. Since $`u:^1^k`$ is the standard holomorphic embedding and the structure $`J`$ restricted to $`^k`$ is the stanard integrable one, then the factor $`\text{T}^k|_^1`$ is preserved. Moreover, the restriction of the operator $`D_u`$ is the usual Cauchy-Riemann derivative in this case. According to Lemma 3.5.1 in \[MS2\] we obtain that $`D_u`$ restricted to $`\text{T}^k|_^1`$ is surjective. The surjectivity on the trivial factor $`^m`$ again follows from \[HLS\].

$`\mathrm{}`$

### A.4  The main result

In this section we prove the nontriviality of certain Gromov-Witten invariant of the blow-up $`\stackrel{~}{M}_V`$.

###### Theorem A.3

Let $`\alpha ,\beta H^{}(\stackrel{~}{M}_V;)`$ be cohomology classes. Suppose that

$$\pi _{}(\text{PD}f^{}(\alpha ))\pi _{}(\text{PD}f^{}(\beta ))=1H_0(V).$$

Then the Gromov-Witten invariant $`\mathrm{\Phi }_A(\alpha ,\beta )0`$.

Proof: First note that

$$\text{PD}f^{}(\alpha )=f_!(\text{PD}\alpha )=[_VC_\alpha ],$$

where $`f_!:H_{}(\stackrel{~}{M}_V)H_2(_V)`$ is the homology transfer map and $`C_\alpha `$ denotes a cycle representing the homology class Poincare dual to $`\alpha `$. Thus the latter is the homology class in $`_V`$ obatined by the intersection of the cycle $`C_\alpha `$ with $`_V`$.

The condition $`\pi _{}(\text{PD}f^{}(\alpha ))\pi _{}(\text{PD}f^{}(\beta ))=1`$ implies that for generic cycles representing the homology classes $`\text{PD}f^{}(\alpha )`$ and $`\text{PD}f^{}(\beta )`$ there exists an odd number of fibers, say $`\pi ^1(x_1),\mathrm{},\pi ^1(x_{2l1})`$, intersected by each of the cycles in exactly one point.

Let $`v:^1\stackrel{~}{M}_V`$ be a $`J`$-holomorphic curve in the class $`A`$ that contributes to the Gromov-Witten invariant $`\mathrm{\Phi }_A(\alpha ,\beta )`$. Since any $`J`$-holomorphic curve in the class $`A`$ has to be contained in some fiber of $`\pi `$ (Lemma A.1), then we have that $`v(^1)\pi ^1(x_i)=^k`$ for some $`i=1,2,\mathrm{},2l1`$. Thus it follows that $`\mathrm{\Phi }_A(\alpha ,\beta )0`$, because in each fiber $`\pi ^1(x_i)=^k`$ there is exactly one line passing through two generic points and the number of the fibers is odd.

$`\mathrm{}`$

###### Example A.4

Let $`\alpha =a^kH^{2k}(\stackrel{~}{M}_V)`$, where $`aH^2(\stackrel{~}{M}_V)`$ is the class Poincaré dual to $`[_V]`$. Then $`f^{}(a)=c_1(\nu __V)`$ is the first Chern class of the normal bundle of $`_V`$. Recall that this normal bundle when restricted to the fibre $`^k`$ of $`_V`$ is the tautological line bundle over projective space. This implies that $`f^{}(a)^k=f^{}(\alpha )`$ restricts to the positive generator in $`H^{2k}(^k)`$.

We claim that $`\pi _{}(\text{PD}f^{}(\alpha )=[V]`$ the fundamental class of $`V`$. This follow from the following computation. Let $`𝒱`$ denote the positive generator of the top cohomology of $`V`$.

$`\pi _{}(\text{PD}f^{}(\alpha ),𝒱`$ $`=`$ $`(\text{PD}f^{}(\alpha ),\pi ^{}(𝒱)`$
$`=`$ $`f^{}(\alpha )\pi ^{}(𝒱),[_V]`$
$`=`$ $`1.`$
Let $`\beta H^{2n2}(\stackrel{~}{M}_V)`$ be the class Poincare dual to $`AH^2(\stackrel{~}{M}_V)`$. The computation in the proof of Lemma A.1 shows that $`A[_V]=1`$. Note that $`\text{PD}f^{}(\beta )=f_!(A)=1H_0(_V)`$ hence $`\pi _{}(\text{PD}f^{}(\beta ))=1H_0(V)`$. Finally we obtain that

$$\pi _{}(\text{PD}f^{}(\alpha ))\pi _{}(\text{PD}f^{}(\beta ))=1H_0(V)$$

and according to Theorem A.3 we get that $`\mathrm{\Phi }_A(\alpha ,\beta )0`$.

Now we want to give more general version of the above example. In order to do this, consider the following composition of maps

$$\begin{array}{ccccc}_V& \stackrel{f}{}& \stackrel{~}{M}_V& \stackrel{t}{}& Th(\nu __V),\end{array}$$

where $`Th(\nu __V)`$ is the Thom space. Let $`\tau _aH^{}(Th(\nu __V))`$ be an element corresponding to given $`aH^{}(_V)`$ under the Thom isomorphism.

###### Corollary A.5

Let $`a=\pi ^{}(v)c_1(\nu __V)^{k1}`$ and $`b=\pi ^{}(w)c_1(\nu __V)^{k1}`$, where $`vw=𝒱`$ the positive generator of the top cohomology of $`V`$. Then

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_A(t^{}(\tau _a),t^{}(\tau _b))0.$$

Proof: First observe that

$$f^{}(t^{}(\tau _a))=ac_1(\nu __V),$$

because first Chern class equals the Euler class in this case. This implies the first equality in the followin computation.

$`\pi _{}(f^{}(\tau _a))\pi _{}(f^{}(\tau _b))=`$
$`\pi _{}[\text{PD}(\pi ^{}(v)c_1(\nu __V)^k)]\pi _{}[\text{PD}(\pi ^{}(w)c_1(\nu __V)^k)]=`$
$`\pi ^!(\pi ^{}(v)c_1(\nu __V)^k)\pi ^!(\pi ^{}(w)c_1(\nu __V)^k),[V]=`$
$`vw,[V]=1.`$
The second one is the definition of the transfer and the third follows from the fact that the transfer is a homomorphism of modules. The statement follows by the direct application of the Theorem A.3. $`\mathrm{}`$

Authors addresses:

Jarosław Kȩdra
Institute of Mathematics
University of Szczecin
ul.Wielkopolska 15
70-451 Szczecin
Poland
e-mail: kedra@sus.univ.szczecin.pl

Kaoru Ono
Department of Mathematics
Hokkaido University
Sapporo 060-0810
Japan
email: ono@math.sci.hokudai.ac.jp


format: text

text:
# Elliptic Families of Solutions of the Kadomtsev – Petviashvili Equation and the Field Elliptic Calogero – Moser SystemResearch is supported in part by the National Science Foundation under the grant DMS-01-04621.

## 1 Introduction

The main goal of this paper is to establish a connection between the field analog of the elliptic Calogero – Moser system (CM) introduced in  and the Kadomtsev – Petviashvili equation (KP). This connection is a next step along the line which goes back to the work  where it was found that dynamic of poles of the elliptic (rational or trigonometric) solutions of the Korteweg – de Vries equation (KdV) can be described in terms of commuting flows of the elliptic (rational or trigonometric) CM system.

In the earlier work of one of the authors  it was shown that constrained correspondence between a theory of the elliptic CM system and a theory of the elliptic solutions of the KdV equation becomes an isomorphism for the case of the KP equation. It turns out that a function $`u(x,y,t)`$ which is an elliptic function with respect to the variable $`x`$ satisfies the KP equation if and only if it has the form

$$u(x,y,t)=2\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\mathrm{}(xq_i(y,t))+c,$$
(1.1)
and its poles $`q_i`$ as functions of $`y`$ satisfy the equations of motion of the elliptic CM system. The latter is a system of $`N`$ particles on an elliptic curve with pairwise interactions. Its Hamiltonian has the form

$$H_2=\frac{1}{2}\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}p_i^22\underset{ij}{}\mathrm{}(q_iq_j),$$

where $`\mathrm{}(q)`$ is the Weierstrass $`\mathrm{}`$-function. The dynamics of the particles $`q_i`$ with respect to $`t`$ coincides with the commuting flow generated by the third Hamiltonian $`H_3`$ of the system. Recall, that the elliptic CM system is a completely integrable system. It admits the Lax representation $`\dot{L}=[L,M]`$, where $`L=L(z)`$ and $`M=M(z)`$ are $`(N\times N)`$ matrices depending on a spectral parameter $`z`$ . The involutive integrals $`H_n`$ are defined as $`H_n=n^1\mathrm{Tr}L^n`$.

An explicit theta-functional formula for algebro-geometric solutions of the KP equation provides an *algebraic* solution of the Cauchy problem for the elliptic CM system . Namely, the positions $`q_i(y)`$ of the particles at any time $`y`$ are roots of the equation

$$\theta (\stackrel{}{U}q_i+\stackrel{}{V}y+\stackrel{}{Z}|B)=0,$$

where the theta-function $`\theta (z|B)`$ is the Riemann theta-function constructed with the help of the matrix of $`b`$-periods of the holomorphic differentials on a *time-independent* spectral curve $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. The spectral curve is given by $`R(k,z)=det(kIL(z))=0`$ and the vectors $`\stackrel{}{U}`$, $`\stackrel{}{V}`$, $`\stackrel{}{Z}`$ are defined by the initial data.

The correspondence between finite-dimensional integrable systems and poles systems of various soliton equation has been extensively studied in . A general scheme of constructing such systems using a specific inverse problem for linear equations with elliptic coefficents is presented in .

A problem we address in this paper is as follows. The KP equation

$$\frac{3}{4}u_{yy}=\frac{}{x}\left(u_t\frac{1}{4}u_{xxx}\frac{3}{2}uu_x\right)$$
(1.2)
is the first equation of a hierarchy of commuting flows. A general solution of the whole hierarchy is known to be of the form

$$u(x,y,t,t_4\mathrm{})=2\frac{^2}{x^2}\mathrm{ln}\tau (x,y,t,t_4\mathrm{}),x=t_1,y=t_2,t=t_3,$$

where $`\tau `$ is the so-called KP *tau*-function. We consider solutions $`u`$ that are elliptic function with respect to some variable $`t_k`$ or a linear combination of times $`\lambda =_k\alpha _kt_k`$.

It is instructive to consider first the algebraic-geometrical solutions of the KP equation. According to  any smooth algebraic curve $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with a puncture defines a solution of the KP hierarchy by the formula

$$u=2\frac{^2}{x^2}\mathrm{ln}\theta (._k\stackrel{}{U}_kt_k+\stackrel{}{Z}|B),x=t_1,$$
(1.3)
where as before $`B`$ is the matrix of $`b`$-periods of the normalized holomorphic differentials on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`\stackrel{}{Z}`$ is the vector of Riemann constants. The vectors $`\stackrel{}{U}_k`$ are the vectors of $`b`$-periods of certain meromorphic differentials on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. The algebraic-geometrical solution is elliptic with respect to some direction if there is a vector $`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ which spans an elliptic curve $``$ embedded in the Jacobian $`J(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. This is a nontrivial constraint and the space of corresponding algebraic curves has codimension $`g1`$ in the moduli space of all the curves. If the vector $`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ does exist then the theta-divisor intersects the shifted elliptic curve $`+_k\stackrel{}{U}_kt_k`$ at a finite number of points $`\lambda _i(t_1,t_2,\mathrm{})`$.

It can be shown directly that if $`u(x,y,t,\lambda )`$ is an elliptic family of solutions of the KP equation, then it has the form

$$u=2\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\left[\lambda _{ix}^2\mathrm{}(\lambda \lambda _i)\lambda _{ixx}\zeta (\lambda \lambda _i)\right]+c(x,y,t),\lambda _i=\lambda _i(x,y,t).$$
(1.4)
The sum of the residues vanishes for an elliptic function $`u`$. Therefore, $`_i\lambda _{ixx}=0`$. We shall consider only solutions $`u`$ with the poles $`\lambda _i`$ satisfying an additional constraint. Namely, we say that the poles $`\lambda _i`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},N`$ are *balanced* if they can be presented in the form

$$\lambda _i(x,y,t)=q_i(x,y,t)hx,\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}q_i(x,y,t)=const,$$
(1.5)
where $`h`$ is an arbitrary non-zero constant. We prove that if the poles of $`u`$ are balanced, then the functions $`q_i(x,y)`$ satisfy the following equations:

$`q_{iyy}=`$ $`\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{q_{iy}^2}{hq_{ix}}}\right\}_x+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{Nh}}(hq_{ix}){\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{q_{ky}^2}{hq_{kx}}}\right\}_x+`$ (1.6)
$`+2(hq_{ix}){\displaystyle \frac{\delta U(q)}{\delta q_i}}{\displaystyle \frac{2}{Nh}}(hq_{ix}){\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}}(hq_{kx}){\displaystyle \frac{\delta U(q)}{\delta q_k}},1iN,`$
where

$`U(q)={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{q_{ixx}^2}{4(hq_{ix})}}`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{ji}{}}\left[(hq_{jx})q_{ixx}(hq_{ix})q_{jxx}\right]\zeta (q_iq_j)+`$ (1.7)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{ji}{}}\left[(hq_{jx})^2(hq_{ix})+(hq_{jx})(hq_{ix})^2\right]\mathrm{}(q_iq_j).`$
Here $`\delta /\delta q_i`$ is the variational derivative. Since $`U(q)`$ depends only on $`q_i`$ and its two derivatives, we have

$$\frac{\delta U(q)}{\delta q_i}=\frac{U(q)}{q_i}\frac{d}{dx}\frac{U(q)}{q_{ix}}+\frac{d^2}{dx^2}\frac{U(q)}{q_{ixx}},1iN,$$

Equations (1.6) can be identified with a reduction of a particular case of the Hamiltonian system introduced in . We call the latter system a field analog of the elliptic Calogero – Moser sytem. The phase space for this system is the space of functions $`q_1(x),\mathrm{},q_N(x)`$, $`p_1(x),\mathrm{},p_N(x)`$, the Poisson brackets are given by

$$\{q_i(x),p_j(\stackrel{~}{x})\}=\delta _{ij}\delta (x\stackrel{~}{x}).$$

and the Hamiltonian equals

$$\widehat{H}=H(x)𝑑x,H=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}p_i^2(hq_{ix})\frac{1}{Nh}\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}p_i(hq_{ix})\right)^2\stackrel{~}{U}(q),$$
(1.8)
where

$$\stackrel{~}{U}(q)=U(q)+\frac{}{x}\left(\frac{h}{2}\underset{ij}{}(q_{ix}q_{jx})\zeta (q_iq_j)\right).$$

The corresponding equations of motion are presented in section 3, see (3.1). Note, that if $`q_i`$ do not depend on $`x`$, then (1.8) reduces to the Hamiltonian of the elliptic CM system.

In particular, for $`N=2`$ the hamiltonian reduction of this system corresponding to the constraint $`_iq_i=0`$ is a hamiltonian system on the space of two functions $`q(x)`$, $`p(x)`$, where we set

$$q=q_1=q_2,\frac{1}{h}p(h^2q_x^2)=p_1(hq_x)=p_2(hq_x),$$

The Poisson brackets are canonical, i.e. $`\{q(x),p(\stackrel{~}{x})\}=\delta (x\stackrel{~}{x})`$, while the Hamiltonian density $`H`$ in the coordinates $`\{p,q\}`$ may be rewritten as

$$H=\frac{2}{h}p^2(h^2q_x^2)h\frac{q_{xx}^2}{2(h^2q_x^2)}2h(h^23q_x^2)\mathrm{}(2q).$$

It was noticed by A. Shabat that the equations of motion given by this Hamiltonian are equivalent to Landau – Lifshitz equation. This case $`N=2`$ was independently studied in .

The paper is organized as follows. In sections 2 and 3 we show that the field analog of the elliptic CM system describes a solution of the inverse Picard type problem for the linear equation

$$\left(\frac{}{y}\right)\psi (x,y,\lambda )=0,=\frac{^2}{x^2}+u(x,y,\lambda ),$$
(1.9)
which is one of the equations in the auxiliary linear problem for the KP equation. Namely, it turns out that if equation (1.9) with a family of elliptic in $`\lambda `$ potentials of the form (1.4) has $`N`$ linearly independent meromorphic in $`\lambda `$ double-Bloch solutions, then the variables $`q_i=\lambda _i+hx`$ satisfy the equations of motion generated by the Hamiltonian (1.8). As in  this inverse problem provides the Lax representation for the hamiltonian system (3.1).

In section 4 we show that if $`u(x,y,t,\lambda )`$ is an elliptic family of solutions of the KP equation with balanced poles, then the corresponding family of operators $`/y`$ has infinitely many double-Bloch solution. Consequently, the dynamics of $`q_i(x,y,t)`$ with respect to $`y`$ coincides with the equations of motion of the field elliptic CM system. We are quite sure that the dynamics of $`q_i`$ with respect to all the times of the KP hierarchy coincides with the hierarchy of commuting flows for the system (3.1), but up to now this question remains open. We plan to investigate it elsewhere.

In the last section we consider the finite-gap solutions of the KP hierarchy corresponding to an algebraic curve which is an $`N`$-fold branched cover of the elliptic curve. We show that they are elliptic with respect to a certain linear combination $`\lambda `$ of the times $`t_k`$. Moreover, as a function of $`\lambda `$ these solutions have precisely $`N`$ poles. Therefore, they provide a wide class of exact algebraic solutions of the field elliptic CM system.

The definitions and properties of classical elliptic functions and the Riemann $`\theta `$-function are gathered in the appendix.

## 2 Generating problem

Let us choose a pair of periods $`2\omega _1,2\omega _2`$, where $`\mathrm{}(\omega _2/\omega _1)>0`$. A meromorphic function $`f(\lambda )`$ is called *double-Bloch* if it satisfies the following monodromy properties:

$$f(\lambda +2\omega _a)=B_af(\lambda ),a=1,2.$$

The complex constants $`B_a`$ are called *Bloch multipliers*. Equivalently, $`f(\lambda )`$ is a section of a linear bundle over the elliptic curve $`=/[2\omega _1,2\omega _2]`$.

We consider the non-stationary Schrödinger operator

$$_y=_y_{xx}^2u(x,y,\lambda ),_x=/x,_y=/y,$$

where the potential $`u(x,y,\lambda )`$ is a double-periodic function of the variable $`\lambda `$. We do not assume any special dependence with respect to the other variables. Our goal is to find the potentials $`u(x,y,\lambda )`$ such that the equation

$$\left(_y\right)\psi (x,y,\lambda )=0$$
(2.1)
has *sufficiently many* double-Bloch solutions. The existence of such solutions turns out to be a very restrictive condition (see the discussion in ).

The basis in the space of the double-Bloch functions can be written in terms of the fundamental function $`\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda ,z)`$ defined by the formula

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda ,z)=\frac{\sigma (z\lambda )}{\sigma (z)\sigma (\lambda )}e^{\zeta (z)\lambda }.$$
(2.2)
This function is a solution of the Lamè equation

$$\mathrm{\Phi }^{\prime \prime }(\lambda ,z)=\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda ,z)\left[\mathrm{}(z)+2\mathrm{}(\lambda )\right].$$
(2.3)
From the monodromy properties of the Weierstrass functions it follows that $`\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda ,z)`$ is double-periodic as a function of $`z`$ though it is not elliptic in the classical sense due to the essential singularity at $`z=0`$ for $`\lambda 0`$. It also follows that $`\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda ,z)`$ is double-Bloch as a function of $`\lambda `$, namely

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda +2\omega _a,z)=T_a(z)\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda ,z),T_a(z)=\mathrm{exp}\left[2\omega _a\zeta (z)2\eta _az\right],a=1,2.$$

In the fundamental domain of the lattice defined by the periods $`2\omega _1`$, $`2\omega _2`$ the function $`\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda ,z)`$ has a unique pole at the point $`\lambda =0`$ with the following expansion in the neighborhood of this point:

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda ,z)=\lambda ^1+O(\lambda ).$$
(2.4)
Let $`f(\lambda )`$ be a double-Bloch function with Bloch multipliers $`B_a`$. The gauge transformation

$$f(\lambda )\stackrel{~}{f}(\lambda )=f(\lambda )e^{k\lambda }$$

does not change the poles of $`f`$, and produces the double-Bloch function $`\stackrel{~}{f}(\lambda )`$ with the Bloch multipliers $`\stackrel{~}{B_a}=B_ae^{2k\omega _a}`$. The two pairs of Bloch multipliers $`B_a`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{B_a}`$ connected by such a relation are called equivalent. Note that for all the equivalent pairs of Bloch multipliers the product $`B_1^{\omega _2}B_2^{\omega _1}`$ is a constant depending only on the equivalence class. Further note that any pair of Bloch multipliers may be represented in the form

$$B_a=T_a(z)e^{2\omega _ak},a=1,2,$$

with an appropriate choice of the parameters $`z`$ and $`k`$.

There is no differentiation with respect to the variable $`\lambda `$ in the equation (2.1). Thus, it will be sufficient to study the double-Bloch solutions $`\psi (x,t,\lambda )`$ with Bloch multipliers $`B_a`$ such that $`B_a=T_a(z)`$ for some $`z`$.

It follows from (2.4) that a double-Bloch function $`f(\lambda )`$ with simple poles $`\lambda _i`$ in the fundamental domain and with Bloch multipliers $`B_a=T_a(z)`$ can be represented in the form

$$f(\lambda )=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}s_i\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda \lambda _i,z),$$
(2.5)
where $`s_i`$ is the residue of the function $`f(\lambda )`$ at the pole $`\lambda _i`$. Indeed, the difference of the left and right hand sides in (2.5) is a double-Bloch function with the same Bloch multipliers as $`f(\lambda )`$. It is also holomorphic in the fundamental domain. Therefore, it equals zero since any non-zero double-Bloch function with at least one of the Bloch multipliers distinct from $`1`$ has at least one pole in the fundamental domain.

Now we are in position to present the generating problem for the equations (1.6).

###### Theorem 1.

The equation *(2.1)* with the potential given by

$$u(x,y,\lambda )=2\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\left[(\lambda _{ix})^2\mathrm{}(\lambda \lambda _i)+\lambda _{ixx}\zeta (\lambda \lambda _i)\right]+c(x,y),$$
(2.6)
and the balanced set of poles *(1.5)*, has $`N`$ linearly independent double-Bloch solutions with Bloch multipliers $`T_a(z)`$, that is, solutions of the form *(2.5)*, if and only if

$$c(x,y)=\frac{2}{Nh}U(q)\frac{1}{2Nh}\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{q_{iy}^2}{hq_{ix}},$$
(2.7)
and the functions $`q_i(x,y)`$ satisfy *(1.6)*.

If *(2.1)* has $`N`$ linearly independent solutions of the form *(2.5)* for some $`z`$, then they exist for all values of $`z`$.

Proof. We begin with a remark. In fact, if $`u(x,y,\lambda )`$ is an elliptic function with a balanced set of poles then it has to be of the form (2.6) provided there exist $`N`$ linearly independent double-Bloch solutions of (2.1) for all values of the parameter $`z`$ in a neighborhood of $`z=0`$.

Indeed, let us substitute (2.5) into (2.1). First of all, we conclude that the potential $`u`$ has at most double poles at the points $`\lambda _i`$. Thus, the potential is of the form

$$u(\lambda ,x,y)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\left[a_i\mathrm{}(\lambda \lambda _i)+b_i\zeta (\lambda \lambda _i)\right]+c(x,y)$$

with some unknown coefficients $`a_i=a_i(x,y)`$ and $`b_i=b_i(x,y)`$. Now, the coefficients of the singular part of the right hand side in (2.1) must equal zero. The vanishing of the triple poles $`(\lambda \lambda _i)^3`$ implies $`a_i=2(\lambda _{ix})^2`$. The vanishing of the double poles $`(\lambda \lambda _i)^2`$ gives the equalities

$$2s_{ix}\lambda _{ix}=s_i(\lambda _{iy}\lambda _{ixx}b_i)\underset{ji}{}s_ja_i\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda _i\lambda _j,z).$$
(2.8)
Finally, the vanishing of the simple poles $`(\lambda \lambda _i)^1`$ leads to the equalities

$`s_{iy}s_{ixx}=s_i`$ $`\left(\lambda _{ix}^2\mathrm{}(z)+{\displaystyle \underset{ji}{}}\left[a_i\mathrm{}(\lambda _i\lambda _j)+b_j\zeta (\lambda _i\lambda _j)\right]+c\right)+`$ (2.9)
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{ji}{}}s_j\left(a_i\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(\lambda _i\lambda _j,z)+b_j\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda _i\lambda _j,z)\right).`$
The equations (2.8) and (2.9) are linear equations for $`s_i=s_i(x,y,z)`$. If we introduce the vector $`\stackrel{}{S}=(s_1,\mathrm{},s_N)`$ and the matrices $`L=(L_{ij})`$, $`A=(A_{ij})`$ with matrix elements

$$L_{ij}=\delta _{ij}\xi _i+(1\delta _{ij})\lambda _{ix}\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda _i\lambda _j,z),\text{where}\xi _i=\frac{\lambda _{iy}\lambda _{ixx}b_i}{2\lambda _{ix}},$$
(2.10)
and

$`A_{ij}`$ $`=\delta _{ij}\left(\lambda _{ix}^2\mathrm{}(z)+{\displaystyle \underset{ji}{}}\left[2\lambda _{ix}^2\mathrm{}(\lambda _i\lambda _j)+b_j\zeta (\lambda _i\lambda _j)\right]+c\right)+`$
$`+(1\delta _{ij})\left(2\lambda _{ix}^2\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(\lambda _i\lambda _j,z)+b_j\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda _i\lambda _j,z)\right).`$
then the equations (2.8) and (2.9) can be written in the form

$$\stackrel{}{S}_x=L\stackrel{}{S},\stackrel{}{S}_y=\stackrel{}{S}_{xx}+A\stackrel{}{S}=(L^2+L_x+A)\stackrel{}{S}.$$
(2.11)
Let $`M=L^2+L_x+A`$, then the compatibility of the equations (2.11) is equivalent to the zero-curvature equation for $`L`$ and $`M`$, i.e.

$$L_yM_x+[L,M]=0.$$
(2.12)
The matrix elements of $`M`$ can be computed with the help of the identities (A.2):

$`M_{ii}`$ $`=\lambda _{ix}\left({\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\lambda _{kx}\right)\mathrm{}(z)+m_i^0,`$ (2.13)
$`M_{ij}`$ $`=\lambda _{ix}\left({\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\lambda _{kx}\right)\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(\lambda _i\lambda _j,z)+m_{ij}\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda _i\lambda _j,z),ij`$
where

$`m_i^0`$ $`=\xi _i^2+\xi _{ix}{\displaystyle \underset{ki}{}}\lambda _{kx}\left(2\lambda _{kx}^2+\lambda _{ix}\right)\mathrm{}(\lambda _i\lambda _k)+{\displaystyle \underset{ki}{}}b_k\zeta (\lambda _i\lambda _k)+c,`$
$`m_{ij}`$ $`=\lambda _{ix}(\xi _i+\xi _j)+\lambda _{ixx}+b_i+{\displaystyle \underset{ki,j}{}}\lambda _{ix}\lambda _{kx}\eta (\lambda _i,\lambda _k,\lambda _j).`$
The coefficients $`b_i`$ can be determined from the off-diagonal part of the zero curvature equation. The left-hand side of the equation corresponding to a pair of indexes $`ij`$ is a double-periodic function of $`z`$. It is holomorphic except at $`z=0`$, where it has the form $`O(z^3)\mathrm{exp}\left[(\lambda _i\lambda _j)\zeta (z)\right]`$. Such a function equals zero if and only if the corresponding coefficients at $`z^3`$, $`z^2`$ and $`z^1`$ vanish. A direct computation shows that the coefficient at $`z^3`$ vanishes identically, while the coefficient at $`z^2`$ equals

$$\left(\underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}\lambda _{kx}\right)(b_i+2\lambda _{ixx}).$$

Since our assumption prevents the first factor from vanishing we conclude that $`b_i=2\lambda _{ixx}`$. Given this, another direct computation shows that the coefficient at $`z^1`$ also vanishes identically.

The zero-curvature equation (2.12) is not only a necessary but also a sufficient condition for (2.1) to have solutions of the form (2.5). The following lemma now completes the proof of the theorem.

###### Lemma 1.

Let $`L=(L_{ij}(x,y,z))`$ and $`M=(M_{ij}(x,y,z))`$ be defined by the formulas *(2.10)* and *(2.13)*, where $`b_i=2\lambda _{ixx}`$ and the set of $`\lambda _i(x,y)`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},N`$ is balanced. Then $`L`$ and $`M`$ satisfy the equation *(2.12)* if and only if $`c(x,y)`$ is given by *(2.7)* and the functions $`q_i(x,y)`$ solve *(1.6)*.

###### Proof.

It was mentioned above that all the off-diagonal equations in (2.12) become identities if $`b_i=2\lambda _{ixx}`$. The diagonal part of the zero-curvature equation (2.12) simplifies with the help of the identities (A.2) and (A.3). Under a change of variables $`\lambda _i=q_ihx`$ it takes the form

$`q_{iyy}`$ $`=2(hq_{ix})c_x+\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{q_{ixx}^2q_{iy}^2}{hq_{ix}}}+q_{ixxx}\right\}_x+`$ (2.14)
$`+4(hq_{ix}){\displaystyle \underset{ji}{}}\left[(hq_{jx})^3\mathrm{}^{}(q_iq_j)3(hq_{jx})q_{jxx}\mathrm{}(q_iq_j)+q_{jxxx}\zeta (q_iq_j)\right]`$
Now consider the sum of the equations (2.14) for all $`i`$ from $`1`$ to $`N`$. Since the poles are balanced, the left hand side vanishes and the coefficient at $`c_x`$ becomes $`2Nh`$. The other terms in the right hand side can be written as

$$\frac{}{x}\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{q_{iy}^2}{hq_{ix}}+4U(q)\right).$$

Therefore, $`c`$ is given by (2.7) up to an arbitrary function of $`y`$, which does not affect the equations (2.14). Finally, substituting (2.7) into (2.14) we arrive at (1.6). ∎

## 3 Field analog of the elliptic Calogero – Moser system

In this section we show that equations (1.6) can be obtained as a reduction of the field elliptic CM system.

In  the elliptic CM system was identified with a particular case of the Hitchin system on an elliptic curve with a puncture. In  a Hamiltonian theory of zero-curvature equations on algebraic curves was developed and identified with infinite-dimentional field analogs of the Hitchin system. In particular, it was shown that the zero-curvature equation on an elliptic curve with a puncture can be seen as a field generalization of the elliptic CM system.

The field elliptic CM system is a Hamiltonian system on the space of functions $`\{q_i(x),p_i(x)\}_{i=1}^N`$ with the canonical Poisson brackets

$$\{q_i(x),q_j(\stackrel{~}{x})\}=\{p_i(x),p_j(\stackrel{~}{x})\}=0,\{q_i(x),p_j(\stackrel{~}{x})\}=\delta _{ij}\delta (x\stackrel{~}{x}),1i,jN,$$

Its Hamiltonian is given by (1.8). Note, that $`\stackrel{~}{U}(q)`$ is elliptic function of each of the variables $`q_i`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},N`$. Substituting the definition of $`\stackrel{~}{U}(q)`$ into (1.8) we obtain the following expression for the hamiltonian density:

$`H`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}p_i^2(hq_{ix}){\displaystyle \frac{1}{Nh}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}p_i(hq_{ix})\right)^2`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{q_{ixx}^2}{4(hq_{ix})}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{ij}{}}\left[q_{ix}q_{jxx}q_{jx}q_{ixx}\right]\zeta (q_iq_j)+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{ij}{}}\left[(hq_{ix})^2(hq_{jx})+(hq_{ix})(hq_{jx})^2h(q_{ix}q_{jx})^2\right]\mathrm{}(q_iq_j).`$
The equations of motion are

$`\dot{q}_i`$ $`=2p_i(hq_{ix}){\displaystyle \frac{2}{Nh}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}}p_k(hq_{kx})(hq_{ix}),`$ (3.1)
$`\dot{p}_i`$ $`=2p_ip_{ix}+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{Nh}}\left\{{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}}p_ip_k(hq_{kx})\right\}_x+\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{q_{ixxx}}{2(hq_{ix})}}+{\displaystyle \frac{q_{ixx}^2}{4(hq_{ix})^2}}\right\}_x+`$
$`+2{\displaystyle \underset{ji}{}}\left[q_{jxxx}\zeta (q_iq_j)3(hq_{jx})q_{jxx}\mathrm{}(q_iq_j)+(hq_{jx})^3\mathrm{}^{}(q_iq_j)\right]`$
Let us make a remark on the notations. Throughout this section by dots we mean derivatives with respect to the variable $`y`$, which we treat as a time variable. In view of the connection with the KP equation this time variable corresponds to the second time of the KP hierarchy, for which $`y`$ is a standard notation.

It is easy to check that the subspace $`𝒩`$ defined by the constraint

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}q_i(x)=const,$$
(3.2)
is invariant for the system (3.1). On that subspace the first two terms of the Hamiltonian density $`H`$ can be represented in the form

$$H=\frac{1}{2Nh}\left(\underset{ij}{}(p_ip_j)^2(hq_{ix})(hq_{jx})\right)\stackrel{~}{U}(q).$$
(3.3)
Therefore, the Hamiltonian (1.8) restricted to $`𝒩`$ is invariant under the transformation

$$p_i(x)p_i(x)+f(x),$$
(3.4)
where $`f(x)`$ is an arbitrary function. The constraint (3.2) is the Hamiltonian of that symmetry. The canonical symplectic form is also invariant with respect to (3.2). Therefore, the Hamiltonian system (3.1) restricted to $`𝒩`$ can be reduced to a factor space. The reduction can be described as follows.

Let us define the variables $`\mathrm{}_i=p_i+\kappa `$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},N`$, where

$$\kappa =\frac{1}{Nh}\underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}p_k(hq_{kx}).$$
(3.5)
They are invariant with respect to the symmetry (3.4), and satisfy the equation

$$\underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}\mathrm{}_k(hq_{kx})=0.$$
(3.6)
A direct substitution shows that equations (3.1) imply the system of equation

$`\dot{q}_i`$ $`=2\mathrm{}_i(hq_{ix}),`$ (3.7)
$`\dot{\mathrm{}}_i`$ $`=2\mathrm{}_i\mathrm{}_{ix}+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{Nh}}\left\{{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\mathrm{}_k^2(hq_{kx})U(q)\right\}_x+\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{q_{ixxx}}{2(hq_{ix})}}+{\displaystyle \frac{q_{ixx}^2}{4(hq_{ix})^2}}\right\}_x+`$
$`+2{\displaystyle \underset{ji}{}}\left[(hq_{jx})^3\mathrm{}^{}(q_iq_j)3(hq_{jx})q_{jxx}\mathrm{}(q_iq_j)+q_{jxxx}\zeta (q_iq_j)\right],`$
###### Theorem 2.

Equations *(1.6)* are equivalent to the restriction of the system *(3.7)* to the subspace $``$ defined by the constraints *(3.2)* and *(3.6)*.

###### Proof.

Let us show that equations (1.6) imply (3.7). The first equations can be regarded as the definition of $`\mathrm{}_i`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},N`$. Taking their derivative we obtain

$$\ddot{q}_i=2\dot{\mathrm{}}_i(hq_{ix})2\mathrm{}_i\left(2\mathrm{}_{ix}(hq_{ix})2\mathrm{}_iq_{ixx}\right).$$
(3.8)
Therefore,

$$\dot{\mathrm{}}_i=2\mathrm{}_i\mathrm{}_{ix}2\mathrm{}_i^2\frac{q_{ixx}}{hq_{ix}}+\frac{\ddot{q}_i}{2(hq_{ix})}.$$

To obtain the second equations of (3.7) it is now sufficient to substitute the right hand side of (2.14) for $`\ddot{q}_i`$ and use formula (2.7).

The equation (3.8) can also be used to derive (1.6) from (3.7) in a straightforward manner. ∎

Note that a solution of (3.7) restricted to the the subspace $``$ defines a solution of (3.1) uniquely up to initial data. Namely, it can be checked directly that if $`\kappa (x,y)`$ as a solution of the equation

$$\dot{\kappa }=\left\{\kappa ^2+\frac{2}{Nh}\underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}\mathrm{}_i^2(hq_{kx})\frac{2}{Nh}U(q)\right\}_x,$$
(3.9)
and $`\mathrm{}_i`$, $`q_i`$ is a solution of (3.7) on $``$, then $`q_i`$, $`p_i=\mathrm{}_i\kappa `$ is a solution of (3.1).

Our final goal for this section is to present the Lax pair for the field elliptic CM system.

###### Theorem 3.

System *(3.1)* admits the zero-curvature representation, i. e. it is equivalent to the matrix equation

$$\stackrel{~}{L}_y\stackrel{~}{M}_x+[\stackrel{~}{L},\stackrel{~}{M}]=0,$$

with the Lax matrices $`\stackrel{~}{L}=\left(\stackrel{~}{L}_{ij}\right)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{M}=\left(\stackrel{~}{M}_{ij}\right)`$ of the form

$`\stackrel{~}{L}_{ij}`$ $`=\delta _{ij}p_i+(1\delta _{ij})\alpha _i\alpha _j\mathrm{\Phi }(q_iq_j,z),`$ (3.10)
$`\stackrel{~}{M}_{ij}`$ $`=\delta _{ij}\left[Nh\alpha _i^2\mathrm{}(z)+\stackrel{~}{m}_i^0\right]+(1\delta _{ij})\alpha _i\alpha _j\left[Nh\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(q_iq_j,z)\stackrel{~}{m}_{ij}\mathrm{\Phi }(q_iq_j,z)\right],`$
where $`\alpha _i^2=q_{ix}h`$,

$`\stackrel{~}{m}_i^0`$ $`=p_i^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _{ixx}}{\alpha _i}}+2\kappa p_i{\displaystyle \underset{ji}{}}\left[\alpha _j^2(2\alpha _i^4+\alpha _j^2)\mathrm{}(q_iq_j)+4\alpha _i\alpha _{ix}\zeta (q_iq_j)\right],`$
$`\stackrel{~}{m}_{ij}`$ $`=p_i+p_j+2\kappa +{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _{ix}}{\alpha _i}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _{jx}}{\alpha _j}}+{\displaystyle \underset{ki,j}{}}\alpha _k^2\eta (q_i,q_k,q_j),`$
and $`\kappa `$ is given by *(3.9)*.

###### Proof.

If we apply to the matrices $`L`$ and $`M`$ given by (2.10) and (2.13) a gauge transformation

$$Lg_xg^1+gLg^1,Mg_yg^1+gMg^1,$$

where $`g`$ is a diagonal matrix, $`g=(g_{ij})`$, $`g_{ij}=\delta _{ij}(\lambda _{ix})^{1/2}`$, and then substitute $`\lambda _i=q_ihx`$ and $`\lambda _{iy}/2\lambda _{ix}=\mathrm{}_i`$, that would give us a Lax pair for system (3.7). To obtain (3.10) we apply another gauge tranformation with $`g=e^KI`$ and substitute $`\mathrm{}_i=p_i+\kappa `$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},N`$. Here $`K=K(x,y)=^x\kappa (\stackrel{~}{x},y)𝑑\stackrel{~}{x}`$. Note that $`K_y=\kappa ^2c`$ due to (3.9) and (2.7). ∎

## 4 Elliptic families of solutions of the KP equation

The KP equation (1.2) is equivalent to the commutation condition

$$[_y,_t𝒜]=0,_y=/y,_t=/t,$$
(4.1)
for the auxiliary linear differential operators

$$=_{xx}^2+u(x,y,t),𝒜=_{xxx}^3+\frac{3}{2}u_x+w(x,y,t),_x=/x.$$

We use this representation in order to derive our main result.

###### Theorem 4.

Let $`u(x,y,t,\lambda )`$ be an elliptic family of solution to the KP equation that has a balanced set of poles $`\lambda _i(x,y,t)=q_i(x,y,t)hx`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},N`$. Then $`u(x,y,t,\lambda )`$ has the form *(1.4)* and the dynamics of the functions $`q_i(x,y,t)`$ with respect to $`y`$ is described by the system *(1.6)*.

###### Proof.

Substituting $`u`$ into (1.2) we immediately conclude that $`u`$ may have poles in $`\lambda `$ of at most second order. Moreover, comparing the coefficients of the expansions of the left and right hand sides in (1.2) near the pole $`\lambda _i`$, we deduce that the principal part of the solution $`u`$ coincides with the one given by (1.4).

Next step is to show that operator equation (4.1) implies the existence of double-Bloch solutions for the equation $`(_y)\psi (x,y,t,\lambda )=0`$.

Let us define a matrix $`S(x,y,t,z)`$ to be a solution of the linear differential equation $`_xS=LS`$, where $`L=(L_{ij})`$,

$$L_{ij}=\delta _{ij}\left(\frac{\lambda _{iy}+\lambda _{ixx}}{2\lambda _{ix}}\right)+(1\delta _{ij})\lambda _{ix}\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda _i\lambda _j,z),$$

with the initial conditions $`S(0,y,t,z)=S_0(y,t,z)`$, a non-singular matrix. By $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ we denote the row-vector $`(\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda \lambda _1,z),\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda \lambda _N,z))`$. It follows immediately that the vector $`(_y)\mathrm{\Phi }S`$ has at most simple poles at $`\lambda _i`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},N`$. Therefore, it is equal to $`\mathrm{\Phi }D`$ for some matrix $`D`$. The commutation relation (4.1) implies that $`D_x=LD`$. To show this, consider the vector

$$(_t𝒜)\mathrm{\Phi }D=(_t𝒜)(_t)\mathrm{\Phi }S=(_y)(_t𝒜)\mathrm{\Phi }S.$$

It has the poles of the at most third order and therefore the vector $`(_t𝒜)\varphi S`$ has at most simple poles. In this case, however, the vector

$$(_t𝒜)(_t)\mathrm{\Phi }S=(_y)(_t𝒜)\mathrm{\Phi }S=(_t𝒜)\mathrm{\Phi }D$$

has the poles of the at most second order. Vanishing of the poles of the third order in the expression $`(_t𝒜)\mathrm{\Phi }D`$ is equivalent to the equation $`D_x=LD`$.

Since $`S`$ and $`D`$ are solutions to the same linear differential equation in $`x`$ they differ by an $`x`$-independent matrix, namely $`D(x,y,t,z)=S(x,y,t,z)T(y,t,z)`$. Let us define a matrix $`F(y,t,z)`$ from the equation $`_yF+TF=0`$ and the initial condition $`F(0,t,z)=I`$. Here $`I`$ is the identity matrix. Let $`\stackrel{~}{S}=SF`$, then

$$(_y)\varphi \stackrel{~}{S}=(_y)\varphi SF=\varphi DF+\varphi SF_y=\varphi S\left(TF+F_y\right)=0,$$

and the components of the vector $`\varphi \stackrel{~}{S}`$ are independent double-Bloch solutions to (2.1).

To conclude the proof it now suffices to apply Theorem $`1`$. ∎

## 5 The algebraic-geometric solutions

According to , a smooth genus $`g`$ algebraic curve $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with fixed local coordinate $`w`$ at a puncture $`P_0`$ defines solutions of the entire KP hierarchy by the formula

$$u(t)=2\frac{^2}{x^2}\mathrm{ln}\theta (._k\stackrel{}{U}_kt_k+\stackrel{}{Z}|B)+const.$$

Here $`B=(B_{jk})`$ is a matrix of the $`b`$-periods of normalized holomorphic differentials $`\omega _k^h`$

$$_{a_i}\omega _j^h=\delta _{ij},B_{ij}=_{b_i}\omega _j^h,$$
(5.1)
while the vectors $`\stackrel{}{U}_k=(\stackrel{}{U}_k^j)`$ are vectors of the $`b`$-periods

$$\stackrel{}{U}_k^j=\frac{1}{2\pi i}_{b_j}𝑑\mathrm{\Omega }_k,_{a_j}𝑑\mathrm{\Omega }_k=0,$$

of the normalized meromorphic differentials of the second kind $`d\mathrm{\Omega }_k`$, defined by their expansions

$$d\mathrm{\Omega }_k=dw^k+O(1)dw$$
(5.2)
in the neighborhood of $`P_0`$.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a $`N`$-fold branched cover of an elliptic curve $``$:

$$\rho :\mathrm{\Gamma }.$$

Then the induced map of the Jacobians defines an embedding of $``$ into $`J(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, i.e. $`\rho ^{}J(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. Therefore, any $`N`$-fold cover of $``$ defines an elliptic family of solutions of the KP equation. The following assertion shows that the corresponding solutions have exactly $`N`$ poles. Moreover, if the local coordinate $`w`$ at the puncture $`P_0`$ is $`\rho ^{}(\lambda )`$, then the poles are balanced. Here $`\lambda `$ is a flat coordinate on $``$.

###### Theorem 5.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a smooth $`N`$-fold branched cover of the elliptic curve $``$, and let $`P_0\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a preimage of the point $`\lambda =0`$ on $``$. Let $`d\mathrm{\Omega }_k`$ be a normalized meromorphic differential on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with the only pole at $`P_0`$ of the form *(5.2)*, where $`w=\rho ^{}(\lambda )`$, and let $`2\pi i\stackrel{}{U}`$ and $`2\pi i\stackrel{}{V}`$ be the vectors of $`b`$-periods of the differentials $`d\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and $`d\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$ respectively. Then the equation

$$\theta \left(\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\lambda +\stackrel{}{U}x+\stackrel{}{V}y|B\right)=0$$
(5.3)
has $`N`$ balanced roots $`\lambda _i(x,y)=q_i(x,y)x/N`$, $`_iq_i(x,y)=0`$, and the functions $`q_i`$ satisfy system *(1.6)*.

###### Proof.

Let $`2\omega _1`$, $`2\omega _2`$ be the periods of $``$, such that $`\mathrm{}(\tau )=\mathrm{}(\omega _2/\omega _1)>0`$. The Jacobian $`J(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is the factor of $`^g`$ over the lattice $``$, spanned by the basis vectors $`\stackrel{}{e}_i^g`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},g`$ and the columns $`\stackrel{}{B}_i=(B_{ij})^g`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},g`$, of the matrix $`B`$. Let $`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ be a vector in $`^g`$ that spans $`\rho ^{}J(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. Note that not only $`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$, but also $`\tau \stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$.

The function $`\theta \left(_k\stackrel{}{U}_kt_k+\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\lambda +\stackrel{}{Z}|B\right)`$ as a function of $`\lambda `$ has a finite number $`D`$ of zeros. Its monodromy properties (A.4) imply that it can be written as

$$\theta \left(_k\stackrel{}{U}_kt_k+\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\lambda +\stackrel{}{Z}|B\right)=f(t)e^{c_1\lambda +c_2\lambda ^2}\underset{i=1}{\overset{D}{}}\sigma \left(\lambda \lambda _i(t)\right),$$

where $`c_1`$, $`c_2`$ are constants.

Note, that the $`\lambda _i`$’s are defined modulo the periods of $``$. In order to count them we integrate $`d\mathrm{ln}\theta `$ along the boundary of the fundamental domain of $`\rho ^{}`$ in $`^g`$.

The embedding of $``$ in $`J(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is defined by equivalence classes of the divisors $`\rho ^{}(z)\rho ^{}(0)`$, where $`\rho ^{}(z)`$ is the divisor of preimages on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of a point $`z`$. Preimages on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of $`a`$ and $`b`$-cycles of $``$ are some linear combination of the basis cycles on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, i.e.

$$\rho ^{}a=\underset{k=1}{\overset{g}{}}n_ka_k+m_kb_k,\rho ^{}b=\underset{k=1}{\overset{g}{}}n_k^{}a_k+m_k^{}b_k.$$

Therefore, the vector $`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ equals

$$\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}=\underset{k=1}{\overset{g}{}}n_k\stackrel{}{e}_k+m_k\stackrel{}{B}_k,\tau \stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}=\underset{k=1}{\overset{g}{}}n_k^{}\stackrel{}{e}_k+m_k^{}\stackrel{}{B}_k.$$

The usual residue arguments imply

$$2\pi iD=_{(\rho ^{})}d\mathrm{ln}\theta =_{\tau \stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}}\left(_\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}d\mathrm{ln}\theta \right)_\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\left(_{\tau \stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}}d\mathrm{ln}\theta \right)$$

The monodromy properties of the theta-function imply

$$D=\underset{k=1}{\overset{g}{}}\left(n_km_k^{}n_k^{}m_k\right).$$

The right hand side in the last formula is the intersection number of the cycles $`\rho ^{}a`$ and $`\rho ^{}b`$, i. e.

$$D=(\rho ^{}a)(\rho ^{}b)=N\left(ab\right)=N,$$

so the the theta-function has exactly $`N`$ zeros $`\lambda _i`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},N`$.

Now let us show that the set of $`\lambda _i`$’s is balanced. In a way similar to the residue argument above we find

$$2\pi i\underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{\lambda _j}{t_k}=_{(\rho ^{})}\left(_{t_k}\mathrm{ln}\theta \right)𝑑\lambda =_b𝑑\lambda \left(_{\rho ^{}a}𝑑\mathrm{\Omega }_k\right)_a𝑑\lambda \left(_{\rho ^{}b}𝑑\mathrm{\Omega }_k\right)$$
(5.4)
Let $`\mathrm{Tr}d\mathrm{\Omega }=\rho _{}(d\mathrm{\Omega }_k)`$ be the sum of $`d\mathrm{\Omega }_k`$ on all the sheets of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ over a point $`\lambda `$. It is a meromorphic differential on $``$. Since the local coordinate $`w`$ near the puncture is defined by the projection $`\rho `$ we have

$$\mathrm{Tr}d\mathrm{\Omega }_k=\frac{(1)^k}{(k1)!}\mathrm{}^{(k1)}(\lambda )d\lambda +r_kd\lambda ,$$
(5.5)
where $`r_k`$ is a constant. The right hand side in (5.4) can be written as $`2\pi ires_{\lambda =0}(\mathrm{Tr}\mathrm{\Omega }_k)d\lambda `$. When $`k>1`$ it equals zero, while for $`k=1`$ we have

$$res_{\lambda =0}(\mathrm{Tr}\mathrm{\Omega }_1)d\lambda =res_{\lambda =0}\zeta (\lambda )d\lambda =1.$$

Therefore, we obtain

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{\lambda _j}{x}=1,\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{\lambda _j}{t_k}=0,k>1.$$
(5.6)
and consequently the set $`\lambda _i`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},N`$ satisfy (1.5). Note, that our choice of a local coordinate near the puncture corresponds to $`h=1/N`$. An arbitrary non-zero value of $`h`$ may be obtained by setting $`w=\rho ^{}(\lambda /Nh)`$. Theorem 5 is proved. ∎

###### Remark.

If $`q_i(x,y)`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},N`$ are periodic functions of $`x`$, then the algebraic curve $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ can be identified with the spectral curve for the equation $`(_xL)\stackrel{}{S}=0`$ (see ).

## Appendix A Appendix

### A.1 Elliptic functions

Here we list the definitions and basic properties of the classical elliptic functions (see  for details). Let $`2\omega _1,2\omega _2`$ be a pair of periods, $`\mathrm{}(\omega _2/\omega _1)>0`$. The Weierstrass sigma-function is defined by the infinite product

$$\sigma (z)=z_{m^2+n^20}\left(1\frac{z}{\omega _{mn}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left\{\frac{z}{\omega _{mn}}+\frac{z^2}{2\omega _{mn}^2}\right\},\omega _{mn}=2m\omega _1+2n\omega _2.$$

The product converges for every $`z`$ to an entire function with simple zeros at the points $`z=\omega _{mn}`$. The Weierstrass zeta-function and $`\mathrm{}`$-function are then defined by

$$\zeta (z)=\frac{\sigma ^{}(z)}{\sigma (z)},\mathrm{}(z)=\zeta ^{}(z).$$

It follows directly from this definition that $`\sigma (z)`$ and $`\zeta (z)`$ are odd functions while $`\mathrm{}(z)`$ is an even function. Under shifts of the periods the Weierstrass functions transform as follows:

$$\sigma (z+2\omega _a)=e^{2\eta _a(z+\omega _a)}\sigma (z),\zeta (z+2\omega _a)=\zeta (z)+2\eta _a,a=1,2,$$

where $`\eta _a=\zeta (\omega _a)`$ and $`\eta _1\omega _2\eta _2\omega _1=\pi i/2`$. The $`\mathrm{}`$-function is double-periodic

$$\mathrm{}(z+2\omega _1)=\mathrm{}(z+2\omega _2)=\mathrm{}(z)=\mathrm{}(z)$$

and can be regarded as a function on the elliptic curve $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=/[2\omega _1,2\omega _2].`$ where it has the only (double) pole at $`z=0`$. It is useful to write the Laurent expansions of the Weierstrass functions in the neighborhood of $`z=0`$:

$$\sigma (z)=z+O(z^5),\zeta (z)=\frac{1}{z}+O(z^3),\mathrm{}(z)=\frac{1}{z^2}+O(z^2).$$

### A.2 Identities with the function $`\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda ,z)`$

Here we collect some useful identities involving the function $`\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda ,z)`$, which is defined by (2.2).

The derivative of the function $`\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda ,z)`$ with respect to the variable $`\lambda `$ equals

$$\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(\lambda ,z)=\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda ,z)\left[\zeta (z)\zeta (\lambda )\zeta (z\lambda )\right]$$
(A.1)
We also have the following product identities:

$`\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda \mu ,z)\mathrm{\Phi }(\mu \lambda ,z)`$ $`=\mathrm{}(z)\mathrm{}(\lambda \mu ),`$ (A.2)
$`\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda \nu ,z)\mathrm{\Phi }(\nu \mu ,z)`$ $`=\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(\lambda \mu ,z)+\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda \mu ,z)\eta (\lambda ,\nu ,\mu ),`$
where in the second equation we use the notation

$$\eta (\lambda ,\nu ,\mu )=\zeta (\lambda \nu )+\zeta (\nu \mu )\zeta (\lambda \mu ).$$

Note that $`\eta `$ is a completely antisymmetric function of its arguments. To complete the list of the identities required for our computations we differentiate formulas (A.2) to get

$`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(\lambda \mu ,z)\mathrm{\Phi }(\mu \lambda ,z)\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda \mu ,z)\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(\mu \lambda ,z)`$ $`=\mathrm{}^{}(\lambda \mu ),`$ (A.3)
$`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(\lambda \nu ,z)\mathrm{\Phi }(\nu \mu ,z)\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda \nu ,z)\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(\nu \mu ,z)`$ $`=\mathrm{\Phi }(\lambda \mu )\left[\mathrm{}(\lambda \nu )\mathrm{}(\nu \mu )\right].`$
### A.3 Riemann $`\theta `$-function

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a genus $`g`$ algebraic curve with fixed basis of cycles $`a_i`$, $`b_i`$, $`i1g`$ with intersections $`a_ib_j=\delta _{ij}`$. Let $`B`$ be the matrix of normalized holomorphic differentials $`\omega _i^h`$, see (5.1). Then $`B`$ is a Riemann matrix, i.e. a symmetric $`g\times g`$ matrix with positive definite imaginary part $`\mathrm{}B<0`$.

The Riemann $`\theta `$-function, associated with the curve $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is an analitic function of $`g`$ complex variables $`\stackrel{}{z}=(z_1,\mathrm{},z_g)`$, defined by its Fourier expansion

$$\theta (\stackrel{}{z}|B)=_{\stackrel{}{n}^g}e^{2\pi i(\stackrel{}{m},\stackrel{}{z})+\pi i(B\stackrel{}{m},\stackrel{}{m})}.$$

The Riemann $`\theta `$-function has the following monodromy properties with respect to the lattice $``$, spanned by the basis vectors Let $`\stackrel{}{e}_i^g`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},g`$ and the columns $`B_i^g`$ of the matrix $`B`$:

$`\theta (\stackrel{}{z}+\stackrel{}{n}|B)`$ $`=\theta (\stackrel{}{z}|B),`$ (A.4)
$`\theta (\stackrel{}{z}+B\stackrel{}{n}|B)`$ $`=\mathrm{exp}\left[2\pi i(\stackrel{}{n},\stackrel{}{z})\pi i(B\stackrel{}{n},\stackrel{}{n})\right]\theta (\stackrel{}{z}|B).`$
Here $`\stackrel{}{n}`$ is a vector with integer components.