text:
# Low Regularity Solutions for the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili I Equation

## 1. Introduction

We consider the KP initial value problem (IVP)

(1.1)
$$\{\begin{array}{c}_tu+_x^3u+\gamma _x^1_y^2u+\beta _x(u^2)=0,\hfill \\ u(x,0)=u_0(x)(x,y)^2,t,\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`u=u(t,x,y)`$ is a scalar unknown function, $`\beta 0`$ and $`\gamma 0`$ are real constant. If $`\gamma <0`$ the IVP (1.1) is called KP-I and if $`\gamma >0`$ it takes the name KP-II. These equations model  the propagation along the $`x`$-axis of nonlinear dispersive long waves on the surface of a fluid with a slow variation along the $`y`$-axis. They also arise as universal models in wave propagation and may be considered as two dimensional generalizations of the Korteweg-de Vries equation.

The first result regarding well-posedness for a KP type equation is due to Ukai . He uses a standard energy method that does not recognize the type I or II of the equation. His result provides local well-posedness for initial data and their antiderivatives in $`H^s,s3`$. Faminskii  observed a better smoothing effect in the KP-II evolution and used this to prove well-posedness results. Bourgain performed a Fourier analysis  of the term $`_x(u^2)`$ in the KP-II equation in which the derivative is recovered in a nonlinear way. The result obtained gave local well-posedness of KP-II for initial data in $`L^2`$. Since the $`L^2`$ norm is conserved during the KP-II evolution, the $`L^2`$ local result may be iterated to prove global well-posedness. Takaoka  and Takaoka and Tzvetkov  improved Bourgain’s result by proving local well-posedness in an anisotropic Sobolev space111Here $`H_{x,y}^{s_1,s_2}=\{f𝒮^{}:|\xi ^{s_1}\mu ^{s_2}\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu )|^2𝑑\xi 𝑑\mu <\mathrm{}\}`$ where $`=(1+||^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}`$ and ^ denotes the Fourier transform from the spatial variables $`(x,y)`$ to their dual variables $`(\xi ,\mu )`$. $`H_{x,y}^{\frac{1}{3}+ϵ,0}`$. For the KP-I equation the situation is more delicate. There are several results on local and global existence of solutions, but not a satisfactory well-posedness theory for data with no more than two derivatives in $`L^2`$. Fokas and Sung , and Zhou , obtained global existence for small data via inverse scattering techniques. Schwarz  proved existence of weak global periodic solutions with small $`L^2`$ data. The smallness condition was subsequently removed . Tom  proved existence of global weak solutions for initial data in $`H^1`$ together with their antiderivative. For well-posedness results, we recall the work of Saut , Isaza, Mejía and Stallbohom  and finally the work of Iório and Nunes . The last two authors use the quasi linear theory of Kato, together with parabolic regularization, to prove local well-posedness with data and their antiderivatives in $`H^s,s>2`$. The limitation $`s>2`$ is needed in order to insure that $`_xuL^{\mathrm{}}`$, an essential assumption for the proof. Molinet, Saut and Tzvetkov  also proved that if one is willing to assume more regularity for the initial data (at least three derivatives in the $`x`$ variable and two in the $`y`$ variable need to be in $`L^2`$), then global well-posedness holds. Recently we  were able to obtain well-posedness for small data in a weighted Sobolev space with essentially $`H^2`$ regularity, we will return to this result later.

We recall a few known facts associated with the KP equations. If one defines the Fourier transform for a function $`f(x,y)`$ as

$$\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu )=_^2f(x,y)e^{i(x\xi +y\mu )}𝑑x𝑑y,$$

then it is easy to see that the dispersive function associated to this equation is

(1.2)
$$\omega (\xi ,\mu )=\xi ^3\gamma \frac{\mu ^2}{\xi }.$$

The analysis of the KP initial value problem depends crucially on the $`sign`$ of $`\gamma `$. We describe three differences due to the choice of sign: the strength of the smoothing effect, the bilinear dispersive identity and (non)positivity of the top order terms in the energy.

A first example of the relevance of the sign of $`\gamma `$ comes from the following observation. If we compute the gradient of $`\omega `$, we have that for KP-I ($`\gamma =1`$, for example)

(1.3)
$$|\omega (\xi ,\mu )|=|(3\xi ^2\frac{\mu ^2}{\xi ^2},2\frac{\mu }{\xi })||\xi |,$$

and for KP-II ($`\gamma =1`$, for example)

(1.4)
$$|\omega (\xi ,\mu )|=|(3\xi ^2+\frac{\mu ^2}{\xi ^2},2\frac{\mu }{\xi })||\xi |^2.$$

Then, following the argument of Kenig, Ponce and Vega in , we can claim that thanks to (1.4) KP-II recovers a full derivative smoothness along the $`x`$ direction, while by (1.3) KP-I recovers only $`\frac{1}{2}`$ derivative smoothness along that same direction. Because the nonlinear term in (1.1) presents a derivative along the $`x`$ direction, this explains, at least formally, why well-posedness questions for the KP-I IVP are much more difficult to answer than for the KP-II problem.

The “sign problem” illustrated above appears also if one approaches well-posedness questions using the method presented by Bourgain in . This method is based on the strength of various denominators which are controlled using the bilinear dispersive identity

(1.5) $`\omega (\xi _1+\xi _2,\mu _1+\mu _2)\omega (\xi _1,\mu _1)\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\xi _1\xi _2}{(\xi _1+\xi _2)}}\left(3(\xi _1+\xi _2)^2+\gamma \left({\displaystyle \frac{\mu _1}{\xi _1}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mu _2}{\xi _2}}\right)^2\right).`$
Clearly if $`\gamma <0`$ ( KP-I) this quantity could be zero, while if $`\gamma >0`$ (KP-II)

$$|\omega (\xi _1+\xi _2,\mu _1+\mu _2)\omega (\xi _1,\mu _1)\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2)|C|\xi _1||\xi _2||\xi _1+\xi _2|.$$

This is enough to control the derivative in the nonlinear term and to obtain well-posedness results for very rough data (see also Takaoka , Takaoka-Tzvetkov ).

The IVP (1.1) has two conserved integrals, the $`L^2`$-norm and the Hamiltonian:

(1.6) $`u_{L^2}`$ $`=`$ $`u_0_{L^2}`$
(1.7) $`H(u)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _^2}((_xu)^2\gamma (_x^1_yu)^2{\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{3}}u^3)𝑑x𝑑y=H(u_0).`$
This time, for KP-I, the sign is favorable. In fact one can prove 222See for example . that a combination of (1.6) with (1.7) when $`\gamma =1`$, gives

(1.8)
$$u(t)_{L^2}+_xu(t)_{L^2}+_x^1_yu(t)_{L^2}C\left(u_0_{L^2}+_xu_0_{L^2}+_x^1_yu_0_{L^2}\right),$$

for any sufficiently smooth solution $`u`$, uniformly in time. The Sobolev space defined by (1.8) is naturally called the energy space. It is the natural space on which the Hamiltonian is defined, and thus it would be desirable to obtain a local well-posedness theory for KP-I in this space. (As we mentioned before, Tom  proved the existence of global weak solutions, for data in the energy space, using (1.8) and compactness arguments, but the uniqueness of these weak solutions remains an open problem). Moreover, if one could also prove that the time $`T`$ of existence in this (desired) local existence theorem depends only on the norms involved in (1.8), then a simple iteration argument, combined with (1.8), would yield global in time solutions for data in the energy space, and hence the Hamiltonian would be defined globally in time, for the natural space of initial data, providing a satisfactory “low-regularity” space in which KP-I is globally well-posed, and in which the Hamiltonian is naturally defined. We next remark that this desired dependence on $`T`$ above is validated by scaling considerations. In fact, if we fix $`|\beta |=1,\gamma =1`$ and $`u(x,y,t)`$ is a solution of (1.1), then $`u_\lambda (x,y,t)=\lambda ^2u(\lambda x,\lambda ^2y,\lambda ^3t)`$ is also a solution of (1.1), with initial data $`u_{\lambda ,0}(x,y)=\lambda ^2u_0(\lambda x,\lambda ^2y).`$ Note that $`u_{\lambda ,0}_{L^2}=\lambda ^{\frac{1}{2}}u_0_{L^2}`$, $`_xu_{\lambda ,0}_{L^2}=\lambda ^{\frac{3}{2}}_xu_0_{L^2},_x^1_yu_{\lambda ,0}_{L^2}=\lambda ^{\frac{3}{2}}_x^1_yu_0_{L^2}`$, so that (1.1) is “sub-critical” in the energy space and thus one expects the time of existence in a local well-posedness theorem, as the one discussed before, to depend only on the norm of the initial data in the energy space. (See also Remark 4.1 for further discussion of the notion of “criticality”). Note also that if one is only interested in global existence of solutions of KP-I, with fairly regular initial data, the recent work  provides a very satisfactory global existence theory, by combining the local well-posedness results of Iorio and Nunes , mentioned before, with higher order conservation laws for KP-I (suitably regularized by the use of Strichartz inequalities).

In the attempt to establish a local well-posedness theory for KP-I in the energy space, one is confronted by the following difficulty, which we have not been able to overcome: so far, in the many studies of local well-posedness for nonlinear dispersive equations, the only successful approach to the issue of “low regularity” data has been through the use of fixed point theorems based on Picard iteration. However, the recent counterexamples of Molinet, Saut and Tzvetkov , , show that, for KP-I, we cannot prove local well-posedness in any type of anisotropic $`L^2`$-based Sobolev space $`H_{x,y}^{s_1,s_2},`$ or in the energy space, by using Picard fixed point methods for the integral equation formulation of the KP-I initial value problem. In light of this, to study the local well-posedness theory in the energy space, one must abandon Picard iteration, and proceed in a new way. Since weak solutions have been constructed in , as we mentioned before, the key issue is uniqueness and one needs to establish this without relying on the classical Gronwall inequality, which seems to require too much regularity on the data. Possibly, recent works of Molinet and Ribaud on dissipative generalizations of KP  and KdV  may prove useful in this direction, but we have not been able to establish the required uniqueness.

Given this unsatisfactory state of affairs, an alternative is to use spaces other than $`H_{x,y}^{s_1,s_2}`$, or the energy space, but with similar regularity properties, and for which Picard iteration might still work. For example, in our recent work , we addressed the well-posedness question for KP-I, by restricting the space of initial data, which we took to consist (essentially) of functions, which together with two derivatives, belonged to the weighted space $`L^2((1+|y|)^\alpha dxdy),\alpha >\frac{1}{2}`$, and have small norm. Our proof relied on the so called “oscillatory integrals” method, which combines local smoothing effects and maximal function estimates.

Our goal in the present paper is to refine the local well-posedness result mentioned above, to reduce the number of the derivatives needed on the initial data to bring it to a space which is close to the energy space we discussed before. We use versions of the spaces and methods introduced by Bourgain , extended to the context of weighted Besov spaces. The weights are used to exploit the fact that the region where (1.5) is small, is a region of small measure. The estimates we present are sharp, in a sense that will be made clear later, and are obtained in Besov-type spaces involving derivatives of order $`1ϵ`$ and the weight $`|y|`$. We are able to remove any assumption on the initial data concerning small frequency, but due to the fact that in this case weighted spaces do not rescale well (see Remark 4.1), our well-posedness result again holds only for small data. From now on we will restrict ourselves to $`|\beta |=1`$.

Let’s now define the energy space $`E`$ and the weighted space $`P`$ as

(1.9)
$$E=\{f:fL^2,_xfL^2,_y_x^1fL^2\},\text{ and }P=\{f:yfL^2\}.$$

###### Remark 1.1.

We consider the space $`EP`$ natural in the context of KP-I. It was proved by Saut , that for smooth solutions $`u`$ of KP-I, whose initial data $`u_0`$ is in $`EP`$, then for any fixed time interval $`[T,T`$, $`u`$ enjoys the a priori bound

$$u_{L_{[T,T]}^{\mathrm{}}(EP)}C(T,u_0_{EP}).$$

Let us denote now by $`B_\rho `$ the ball in $`EP`$, centered at zero, and radius $`\rho `$. To state the main theorem we will also need the spaces $`(EP)_{1ϵ}`$, and $`Z_{1ϵ}`$. The first space will be defined in (1.12), but for now, all the reader needs to know about it is that it roughly has $`ϵ`$ fewer derivatives than the space $`EP`$. The space $`Z_{1ϵ}`$ is introduced in (1.17). It is a Bourgain type space (following the spaces introduced in ), in which the contraction mapping theorem is applied.

###### Theorem 1.

Assume that $`\gamma =1`$ in (1.1) and fix an interval of time $`[0,T]`$, and a small $`ϵ>0`$. Then, there exists $`\delta >0`$, $`\delta =\delta (ϵ,T)`$ such that for any $`u_0EP`$ with $`u_0_{EP}<\delta `$, there exists a unique solution

$$uL^{\mathrm{}}([0,T];EP)C([0,T];(EP)_{1ϵ})Z_{1ϵ}$$

with $`u_{Z_{1ϵ}}C\delta `$. Moreover, the map that associates the initial data in $`EP`$ to the solution $`u`$ is smooth from the ball $`B_\delta `$ into the space $`C([0,T];(EP)_{1ϵ})`$.

This theorem is a consequence of a well-posedness result involving the Besov type spaces of initial data mentioned earlier, (see Theorem 2 below). We start by giving a precise definition for these spaces.

###### Definition 1.

Let $`\theta _0(s)=\chi _{[1,1]}(s),\theta _m(s)=\chi _{[2^{m1},2^m]}(|s|),m`$. For $`(\xi ,\mu )^2`$ let $`\chi _1(\xi ,\mu )=\chi _{\{|\xi |\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}\}}`$, and $`\chi _2(\xi ,\mu )=\chi _{\{|\xi |<\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}\}}`$. We define the space $`B_s^{2,1}`$ of functions on $`^2`$ as the closure of the Schwartz functions, for which the norm below is finite, with respect to

$`f_{B_s^{2,1}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m0}{}}(1+|\xi |+{\displaystyle \frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}})^s\theta _m(\xi )\chi _1(\xi ,\mu )\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu )_{L^2}`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}(1+|\xi |+{\displaystyle \frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}})^s\theta _n(\mu )\chi _2(\xi ,\mu )\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu )_{L^2}.`$
We also define a “weighted Besov space”, $`P_r^{2,1}`$ using the norm

$`f_{P_r^{2,1}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m0}{}}(1+|\xi |+{\displaystyle \frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}})^r\theta _m(\xi )\chi _1(\xi ,\mu )_\mu \widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu )_{L^2}`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}(1+|\xi |+{\displaystyle \frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}})^r\theta _n(\mu )\chi _2(\xi ,\mu )_\mu \widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu )_{L^2}.`$
###### Remark 1.2.

Going back to the discussion of the smoothing effect involving (1.3) and (1.4), one can see that the splitting into the two regions $`R_g=\{|\xi |\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}\}`$ and $`R_b=\{|\xi |<\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}\}`$ is quite natural. In fact in the “good” region $`R_g`$ it’s easy to check that $`|\omega (\xi ,\mu )||\xi |^2`$, hence here one should expect a gain of a full derivative. On the other hand in the “bad” region $`R_b`$ one has $`|\omega (\xi ,\mu )||\xi |`$, and the gain should be only of half derivative, (see also Proposition 5).

###### Remark 1.3.

Because $`l^1l^2`$, it follows that $`B_1^{2,1}P_0^{2,1}EP`$. Moreover, if $`ϵ>0`$, then we also have $`EPB_{1ϵ}^{2,1}P_ϵ^{2,1}`$. To see this, first assume that $`fE`$. Then

$`{\displaystyle \underset{m0}{}}(1+|\xi |+{\displaystyle \frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}})^{1ϵ}\theta _m(\xi )\chi _1(\xi ,\mu )\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu )_{L^2}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m0}{}}2^{mϵ}(1+|\xi |)^ϵ(1+|\xi |+{\displaystyle \frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}})^{1ϵ}\theta _m(\xi )\chi _1\widehat{f}_{L^2}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m0}{}}2^{mϵ}(1+|\xi |+{\displaystyle \frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}})\theta _m(\xi )\chi _1\widehat{f}_{L^2},`$
and Cauchy Schwarz concludes this part. On the other hand

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}(1+|\xi |+{\displaystyle \frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}})^{1ϵ}\theta _n(\mu )\chi _2(\xi ,\mu )\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu )_{L^2}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{(|\xi |\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |})^{\frac{1}{2}ϵ}}{(|\xi |\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |})^{\frac{1}{2}ϵ}}}(1+|\xi |+{\displaystyle \frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}})^{1ϵ}\theta _n(\mu )\chi _2(\xi ,\mu )\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu )_{L^2}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}2^{\frac{n}{2}ϵ}(|\xi |^ϵ+({\displaystyle \frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}})^ϵ)(1+|\xi |+{\displaystyle \frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}})^{1ϵ}\theta _n(\mu )\chi _2(\xi ,\mu )\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu )_{L^2},`$
and again Cauchy-Schwarz takes care of this term. Now assume that $`fP`$. Then

$`{\displaystyle \underset{m0}{}}(1+|\xi |+{\displaystyle \frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}})^ϵ\theta _m(\xi )\chi _1(\xi ,\mu )_\mu \widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu )_{L^2}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m0}{}}2^{mϵ}\theta _m(\xi )\chi _1(\xi ,\mu )_\mu \widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu )_{L^2},`$
and we use Cauchy-Schwarz. Finally, because $`(1+|\xi |+\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |})1+(|\xi |\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |})^{\frac{1}{2}}`$, we obtain

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}(1+|\xi |+{\displaystyle \frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}})^ϵ\theta _n(\mu )\chi _2(\xi ,\mu )_\mu \widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu )_{L^2}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}2^{\frac{n}{2}ϵ}\theta _n(\mu )\chi _2(\xi ,\mu )_\mu \widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu )_{L^2},`$
and also this term is estimated. We are now ready to define the space $`(EP)_{1ϵ}`$, introduced in the statement of Theorem 1, by setting

(1.12)
$$(EP)_{1ϵ}=B_{1ϵ}^{2,1}P_ϵ^{2,1},$$

for any $`ϵ`$.

###### Remark 1.4.

If one could prove well-posedness with initial data in $`B_{1ϵ}^{2,1}P_ϵ^{2,1}`$, on $`[T,T]`$, with $`T`$ depending only on the norm of the initial data in this space, for some $`ϵ>0`$, then for data $`u_0EP`$ we would obtain, in light of Remarks 1.3 and 1.1, a unique global solution in $`C([T,T],B_{1ϵ}^{2,1}P_ϵ^{2,1})L^{\mathrm{}}([T,T],EP)`$, for each $`T`$, which would depend continuously on the initial data, in the $`B_{1ϵ}^{2,1}P_ϵ^{2,1}`$ topology. However, as we will explain in Remark 4.1, we show the required local well-posedness only for small data in $`B_{1ϵ}^{2,1}P_ϵ^{2,1}`$, and our estimates barely miss giving the global result333Unfortunately though, our estimates are sharp as is shown in Proposition 7..

###### Remark 1.5.

If in the definition of $`B_s^{2,1}`$, the constant $`\frac{1}{2}`$ appearing in $`\chi _1`$ and $`\chi _2`$ is replaced by $`C`$, we obtain the same space, with comparable norms. This holds also for $`P_r^{2,1}`$. Assume that $`fB_s^{2,1}`$ and $`0<C<\frac{1}{2}`$. We need to show that

(1.13)
$$\underset{m0}{}(1+|\xi |+\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |})^s\theta _m(\xi )\chi _{\{C\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}<|\xi |<\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}\}}(\xi ,\mu )\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu )_{L^2}f_{B_s^{2,1}}.$$

But if $`C\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}<|\xi |<\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}`$, then $`C|\mu |<|\xi |^2<\frac{1}{2}|\mu |`$. If $`m=0`$, then $`|\xi |^21`$ and $`|\mu |C^1`$. Then

$`(1+|\xi |+{\displaystyle \frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}})^s\theta _0(\xi )\chi _{\{C\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}<|\xi |<\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}\}}(\xi ,\mu )\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu )_{L^2}`$
$``$ $`(1+|\xi |+{\displaystyle \frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}})^s\chi _{\{|\mu |C^1\}}\chi _{\{|\xi |<\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}\}}(\xi ,\mu )\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu )_{L^2}`$
$``$ $`C{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}(1+|\xi |+{\displaystyle \frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}})^s\theta _n(\mu )\chi _2(\xi ,\mu )\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu )_{L^2}.`$
If $`m1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}^{2m1}|\mu |2^{2m}/C`$. Let $`n_0`$ be the smallest integer such that $`2^{n_0}2^{2m}/C`$. Then $`n_02m+C_0,C_0=C_0(C)`$. Thus,

$`{\displaystyle \underset{m1}{}}(1+|\xi |+{\displaystyle \frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}})^s\theta _m(\xi )\chi _{\{C\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}<|\xi |<\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}\}}(\xi ,\mu )\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu )_{L^2}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m1}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{2m1n_02m+C_0}{}}(1+|\xi |+{\displaystyle \frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}})^s\theta _{n_0}(\mu )\chi _2(\xi ,\mu )\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu )_{L^2}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n_01}{}}(1+|\xi |+{\displaystyle \frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}})^s\theta _{n_0}(\mu )\chi _2(\xi ,\mu )\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu )_{L^2},`$
and (1.13) follows. We also need to show that

(1.14)
$$\underset{n0}{}(1+|\xi |+\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |})^s\theta _n(\mu )\chi _{\{C\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}<|\xi |<\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}\}}(\xi ,\mu )\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu )_{L^2}f_{B_s^{2,1}}$$

and the argument is similar since

$$2^n|\mu |2^{n+1}C^{\frac{1}{2}}2^{\frac{n}{2}}|\xi |(\frac{1}{2})^{\frac{1}{2}}2^{n/2+1}.$$

The case $`C>1/2`$ is proved in the same way, reversing the role of $`C`$ and $`1/2`$. A similar proof can be given for the space $`P_r^{2,1}`$. This remark will be used implicitly in our proofs.

We are now ready to introduce the Banach spaces in which we will perform a fixed point argument to obtain the solution for (1.1). Below, we use $`\widehat{f}`$ to denote the Fourier transform of a function of $`(x,y,t)`$, defined in a similar fashion as for functions of $`(x,y)`$. We hope that this will not cause confusion to the reader.

###### Definition 2.

Let $`\chi _0(s)=\chi _{\{|s|<1\}}(s),\chi _j(s)=\chi _{\{2^{j1}|s|<2^j\}}(s),\omega (\xi ,\mu )=\xi ^3+\mu ^2/\xi `$ and $`w(\xi ,\mu )=(1+|\xi |+\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |})`$. We define the space $`X_{s,b}`$ through the following norm:

$`f_{X_{s,b}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j,m0}{}}2^{jb}\left({\displaystyle _^3}\chi _j(\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu ))\chi _1(\xi ,\mu )\theta _m(\xi )w^{2s}|\widehat{f}|^2(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )𝑑\xi 𝑑\mu 𝑑\tau \right)^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j,m0}{}}2^{jb}\left({\displaystyle _^3}\chi _j(\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu ))\chi _2(\xi ,\mu )\theta _n(\mu )w^{2s}|\widehat{f}|^2(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )𝑑\xi 𝑑\mu 𝑑\tau \right)^{\frac{1}{2}}.`$
We also define the space

(1.16)
$$Y_{s,r,b}=\{f:tfX_{s,b},\text{ and }yfX_{r,b}\},$$

and the spaces

(1.17)
$$Z_{s,b}=X_{s,b}Y_{s,s1,b},Z_{1ϵ}=Z_{1ϵ,\frac{1}{2}}.$$

###### Remark 1.6.

A statement similar to Remark 1.5 holds for these spaces.

We are now ready to state the well-posedness result for initial data in Besov spaces introduced above.

###### Theorem 2.

Assume that $`\gamma =1`$ in (1.1). For any $`ϵ_0<\frac{1}{16}`$ and for any interval of time $`[0,T]`$, there exists $`\delta =\delta (ϵ_0,T)>0`$ such that for any $`u_0B_{1ϵ_0}^{2,1}P_{ϵ_0}^{2,1}`$ and $`u_0_{B_{1ϵ_0}^{2,1}P_{ϵ_0}^{2,1}}\delta `$, there exists a unique solution $`u`$ for (1.1) in $`Z_{1ϵ_0}`$. Moreover $`uB_{1ϵ_0}^{2,1}P_{ϵ_0}^{2,1}`$ and smoothness with respect to initial data holds in the appropriate topology.

From now on we assume that $`\gamma =1`$. In the rest of the paper we often use the notation $`AB`$ if there exists $`C>0`$ such that $`ACB`$, and $`AB`$ if $`AB`$ and $`BA`$ with possibly different $`C^{}s.`$

The paper is organized in the following way. In Section 2, we introduce some estimates for the solution of the linear KP-I initial value problem. In Section 3, we present two bilinear estimates (see Theorems 3 and 4 below) that are the heart of the matter for the proof of Theorem 2. The section concludes with a counterexample showing the optimality of our analysis. We finish with Section 4, in which we briefly present the proofs of Theorems 1 and 2. Section 4 also contains a scaling argument which reveals that the optimal analysis in Section 3 is “endpoint critical”.

Acknowledgment. The authors are very grateful to the referees for their extremely careful reading of the manuscript, and their many suggestions, that have greatly clarified our original version of the paper.

## 2. The Linear Estimates

Consider the linear IVP

(2.1)
$$\{\begin{array}{c}_tu+_x^3u_x^1_y^2u=0,\hfill \\ u(x,0)=u_0(x)(x,y)^2,t,\hfill \end{array}$$

and let $`S(t)u_0`$ be the solution. By taking the Fourier transform of the first equation in (2.1) and solving the ODE one can easily see that

$$S(t)u_0(x,y)=_^2e^{i(t\omega (\xi ,\mu )+x\xi +y\mu )}\widehat{u_0}(\xi ,\mu )𝑑\xi 𝑑\mu .$$

We now show that the space $`X_{s,\frac{1}{2}}Y_{s,s1,\frac{1}{2}}`$ is well behaved with respect to the group operator $`S(t)`$.

###### Proposition 1.

(linear homogeneous estimates) Assume $`\psi C_0^{\mathrm{}}(|t|1),\psi =1`$ on $`|t|<\frac{1}{2}`$. Then

(2.2) $`\psi (t)S(t)u_0_{X_{s,\frac{1}{2}}}`$ $``$ $`u_0_{B_s^{2,1}},`$
(2.3) $`\psi (t)S(t)u_0_{Y_{s,s1,\frac{1}{2}}}`$ $``$ $`u_0_{P_{s1}^{2,1}}+u_0_{B_s^{2,1}}.`$
###### Proof.

The proof follows the same arguments used in . We observe that

(2.4)
$$(\psi (t)S(t)u_0)^\mathrm{^}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )=\widehat{\psi }(\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu ))\widehat{u_0}(\xi ,\mu ).$$

Here ^ denotes the Fourier transform of a function of 3 variables on the left side of (2.4) and also to denote the transform of functions of 1 and 2 variables on the right side. Then to prove (2.2) we need to estimate the two integral expressions:

(2.5) $`{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}2^{\frac{j}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{m0}{}}\left({\displaystyle _^3}w(\xi ,\mu )^{2s}\chi _1\theta _m(\xi )\chi _j(\tau \omega )|\widehat{\psi }(\tau \omega )|^2|\widehat{u_0}|^2𝑑\xi 𝑑\mu 𝑑\tau \right)^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
(2.6) $`{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}2^{\frac{j}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}\left({\displaystyle _^3}w(\xi ,\mu )^{2s}\chi _2\theta _n(\mu )\chi _j(\tau \omega )|\widehat{\psi }(\tau \omega )|^2|\widehat{u_0}|^2𝑑\xi 𝑑\mu 𝑑\tau \right)^{\frac{1}{2}},`$
where $`w(\xi ,\mu )=(1+|\xi |+\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |})`$. We observe that for $`j=0`$

(2.7)
$$_{}|\widehat{\psi }(\lambda )|^2\chi _j(\lambda )𝑑\lambda \widehat{\psi }_L^{\mathrm{}}^2$$

and for $`j1`$

(2.8)
$$_{}|\widehat{\psi }(\lambda )|^2\chi _j(\lambda )𝑑\lambda 2^j\frac{1}{(1+2^j)^{2N}}(1+|s|)^N\widehat{\psi }(s)_L^{\mathrm{}}^2$$

for any $`N`$. When we insert (2.7) and (2.8) in (2.5) we obtain the bound

(2.9)
$$u_0_{B_s^{2,1}}\widehat{\psi }_L^{\mathrm{}}+\underset{j1}{}\frac{2^j}{(1+2^j)^N}u_0_{B_s^{2,1}}(1+|s|)^N\widehat{\psi }(s)_L^{\mathrm{}}.$$

It is easy to see that for $`N>1`$, $`_{j1}\frac{2^j}{(1+2^j)^N}C`$, hence (2.2) is proved for (2.5). A similar argument can be used to estimate (2.6).

To estimate (2.3) we first observe that

$$t\psi (t)S(t)u_0=\stackrel{~}{\psi }(t)S(t)u_0,$$

where $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }(t)=t\psi (t)`$. Hence by (2.2)

$$t\psi (t)S(t)u_0_{X_{s,b}}u_0_{B_s^{2,1}}.$$

We then turn to $`y\psi (t)S(t)u_0`$. Using the fact that $`(yh(y))^\mathrm{^}=i_\mu \widehat{h}(\mu )`$ and (2.4), it is easy to see that

(2.10)
$$\text{F}(y\psi (t)S(t)u_0)(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )=2\widehat{\stackrel{~}{\psi }}(\tau \omega )\frac{\mu }{\xi }\widehat{u_0}(\xi ,\mu )\widehat{\psi }(\tau \omega )\widehat{yu_0}(\xi ,\mu ).$$

Then we can use (2.2) to conclude that

$$y\psi (t)S(t)u_0_{X_{s1,b}}u_0_{B_s^{2,1}}+yu_0_{B_{s1}^{2,1}}.$$

There is an inhomogeneous version of Proposition 1.

###### Proposition 2.

(linear inhomogeneous estimates) Assume $`\psi C_0^{\mathrm{}}(|t|1),\psi =1`$ on $`|t|<\frac{1}{2}`$. Then,

(2.11) $`\psi (t){\displaystyle _0^t}S(tt^{})h(t^{})𝑑t^{}_{X_{s,\frac{1}{2}}}h_{X_{s,\frac{1}{2}}},`$
(2.12) $`\psi (t){\displaystyle _0^t}S(tt^{})h(t^{})𝑑t^{}_{Y_{s,s1,\frac{1}{2}}}(h_{X_{s,\frac{1}{2}}}+th_{X_{s,\frac{1}{2}}}+yh_{X_{s1,\frac{1}{2}}}).`$
Also in this case the proof follows closely the arguments used in . We start with the following lemma.

###### Lemma 2.1.

(stability under time cutoff) There exists $`C>0`$ such that for any $`s`$,

$$\psi (t)f_{X_{s,\frac{1}{2}}}Cf_{X_{s,\frac{1}{2}}}.$$

To prove the lemma we need the auxiliary space $`\stackrel{~}{X}_{s,b}`$ defined as the closure of the functions in $`S`$ for which the norm below is finite, with respect to the norm

$$f_{\stackrel{~}{X}_{s,b}}=\left(\underset{j0}{}2^{j2b}_^3\chi _j(\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu ))(1+|\xi |+\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |})^{2s}|\widehat{f}|^2(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )𝑑\xi 𝑑\mu 𝑑\tau \right)^{\frac{1}{2}}.$$

Notice that while the space $`X_{s,b}`$ is defined using an $`l^1`$ summation with respect to $`j`$, the space $`\stackrel{~}{X}_{s,b}`$ is defined using an $`l^2`$ summation. We have the following lemma.

###### Lemma 2.2.

For any $`b`$ such that $`0<b<\frac{1}{2}`$ and any $`s`$ we have

(2.13)
$$\psi (t)f_{\stackrel{~}{X}_{s,b}}f_{\stackrel{~}{X}_{s,b}}.$$

For any $`b`$ such that $`\frac{1}{2}<b<1`$ and any $`s`$ we have

(2.14)
$$\psi (t)f_{\stackrel{~}{X}_{s,b}}f_{\stackrel{~}{X}_{s,b}}.$$

###### Proof.

We start by proving (2.13). Note that

$`\left({\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}2^{j2b}{\displaystyle _^3}\chi _j(\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu ))w^{2s}|\widehat{f}|^2(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )𝑑\xi 𝑑\mu 𝑑\tau \right)^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
$``$ $`\left({\displaystyle _^3}(1+|\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu )|)^{2b}w^{2s}|\widehat{f}|^2(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )𝑑\xi 𝑑\mu 𝑑\tau \right)^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
where $`w(\xi ,\mu )=(1+|\xi |+\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |})`$. Because

$$(\psi ()f)^\mathrm{^}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )=\widehat{f}_\tau (\widehat{\psi }()),$$

by following the arguments in , it is easy to see that the proof reduces to showing that for any $`a`$, (with $`(D^bf)^\mathrm{^}(\tau )=|\tau |^b\widehat{f}(\tau )`$)

(2.15)
$$_{}|D^b(e^{iat}f(t)\psi (t))|^2𝑑t_{}|\widehat{f}(l)|^2(1+|la|)^{2b}𝑑l.$$

We use fractional derivatives (see appendix in ) to obtain

$$D^b(e^{iat}f(t)\psi (t))D^b(e^{iat}f(t))\psi (t)e^{iat}f(t)D^b(\psi (t))_{L^2}D^b(e^{iat}f(t))_{L^2}\psi _L^{\mathrm{}}.$$

It follows that

$$D^b(e^{iat}f(t)\psi (t))_{L^2}D^b(e^{iat}f(t))_{L^2}\psi _L^{\mathrm{}}+e^{iat}f(t)_{L^{2r}}D^b(\psi (t))_{L^{2r^{}}},$$

for $`\frac{1}{r}+\frac{1}{r^{}}=1`$. Because $`b<\frac{1}{2}`$, if $`\frac{1}{r}=12b`$, by the Sobolev embedding theorem, we can continue with

$$D^b(e^{iat}f(t)\psi (t))_{L^2}\left(_{}|\widehat{f}(l)|^2(1+|la|)^{2b}𝑑l\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}(\psi _L^{\mathrm{}}+D^b(\psi (t))_{L^{2r^{}}}).$$

To finish observe that

$$D^b(\psi (t))_{L^{2r^{}}}<\mathrm{},$$

because $`D^b(\psi )L^2L^{\mathrm{}}`$.

The proof of (2.14) follows by combining the above arguments with those in Lemma 3.2 of . ∎

Note that (2.13) also follows from Lemma 2.2 in .

###### Proof of Lemma 2.1.

We recall that by real interpolation (see Theorem 5.6.1 in ), if $`A`$ is a Banach space and

$$l_b^q(A)=\{(f_j):f_jA,\left(\underset{j0}{}(2^{jb}f_j_A)^q\right)^{\frac{1}{q}}<\mathrm{}\},$$

then for any $`q_i[1,\mathrm{}]`$,

$$(l_{b_0}^{q_0}(A),l_{b_1}^{q_1}(A))_{\theta ,q}=l_{b_\theta }^q(A),(b_0b_1)$$

where $`\theta [0,1]`$, $`1q\mathrm{}`$ and $`b_\theta =\theta b_0+(1\theta )b_1`$. We then apply this fact to the spaces $`\stackrel{~}{X}_{s,b_i}`$ with $`b_0<\frac{1}{2},b_1>\frac{1}{2},q=1`$, we use Lemma 2.14 and then we sum with respect to $`m`$ and $`n`$ to obtain Lemma 2.1. ∎

###### Proof of Proposition 2.

We follow the proof of Lemma 3.3 in . We write

$$\psi (t)_0^tS(tt^{})h(t^{})𝑑t^{}=I+II,$$

where

$`I`$ $`=`$ $`\psi (t){\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle _^2}e^{i(x\xi +y\mu )}\widehat{h}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\psi (\tau \omega ){\displaystyle \frac{e^{it\tau }e^{it\omega }}{\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu )}}𝑑\xi 𝑑\mu 𝑑\tau `$
$`II`$ $`=`$ $`\psi (t){\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle _^2}e^{i(x\xi +y\mu )}\widehat{h}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )[1\psi (\tau \omega )]{\displaystyle \frac{e^{it\tau }e^{it\omega }}{\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu )}}𝑑\xi 𝑑\mu 𝑑\tau .`$
By Taylor expansion we can rewrite $`I`$ as

(2.16)
$$I=\underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{i^k}{k!}t^k\psi (t)_^2e^{i(x\xi +y\mu +t\omega )}\left(_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\widehat{h}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )(\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu ))^{k1}\psi (\tau \omega )𝑑\tau \right)𝑑\xi 𝑑\mu .$$

For $`k1`$ let

$$t^k\psi (t)=\psi _k(t),$$

and note that for any $`k1`$ and for any $`s`$,

$$|\widehat{\psi _k}(s)|C,$$

and for $`|s|>1`$,

(2.17)
$$|\widehat{\psi _k}(s)|C\frac{(1+k)^2}{(1+|s|)^2}.$$

From (2.16) it is easy to see that

$$I=\underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{i^k}{k!}\psi _k(t)S(t)h_k(x,y),$$

where

$$\widehat{h_k}(\xi ,\mu )=_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\widehat{h}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )(\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu ))^{k1}\psi (\tau \omega )𝑑\tau .$$

Then by Proposition 1, in particular (2.9), and (2.17), we obtain

$$I_{X_{s,\frac{1}{2}}}\underset{k1}{}\frac{(1+k)^2}{k!}h_k_{B_s^{2,1}}.$$

On the other hand it is easy to check that

$$h_k_{B_s^{2,1}}h_{X_{s,\frac{1}{2}}},$$

which inserted above gives (2.11). We now pass to $`II`$. We write $`II=II_1+II_2`$, where

$`II_1`$ $`=`$ $`\psi (t){\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle _^2}e^{i(x\xi +y\mu )}\widehat{h}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )[1\psi (\tau \omega )]{\displaystyle \frac{e^{it\tau }}{\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu )}}𝑑\xi 𝑑\mu 𝑑\tau ,`$
$`II_2`$ $`=`$ $`\psi (t){\displaystyle _^2}e^{i(x\xi +y\mu )}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}\widehat{h}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )[1\psi (\tau \omega )]{\displaystyle \frac{e^{it\omega }}{\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu )}}𝑑\tau 𝑑\xi 𝑑\mu .`$
By Lemma 2.1

$$II_1_{X_{s,\frac{1}{2}}}h_{X_{s,\frac{1}{2}}}.$$

On the other hand, by Proposition 1 we have

$$II_2_{X_{s,\frac{1}{2}}}\stackrel{~}{h}_{B_s^{2,1}},$$

where

$$\widehat{\stackrel{~}{h}}(\xi ,\mu )=_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}[1\psi (\tau \omega )]\frac{\widehat{h}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )}{\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu )}𝑑\tau .$$

To finish the proof of (2.11) one just needs to observe that

$$\stackrel{~}{h}_{B_s^{2,1}}h_{X_{s,\frac{1}{2}}}.$$

To prove (2.12) we first observe that by (2.11)

$$t\psi (t)_0^tS(tt^{})h(t^{})𝑑t^{}_{X_{s,\frac{1}{2}}}h_{X_{s,\frac{1}{2}}}.$$

We now use (2.10) to write

$`y\psi (t){\displaystyle _0^t}S(tt^{})h(t^{})𝑑t^{}_{X_{s1,\frac{1}{2}}}\stackrel{~}{\psi }(t){\displaystyle _0^t}S(tt^{})\overline{h}(t^{})𝑑t^{}_{X_{s1,\frac{1}{2}}}`$
$`+`$ $`\psi (t){\displaystyle _0^t}S(tt^{})t^{}\overline{h}(t^{})𝑑t^{}_{X_{s1,\frac{1}{2}}}+\psi (t){\displaystyle _0^t}S(tt^{})yh(t^{})𝑑t^{}_{X_{s1,\frac{1}{2}}},`$
where $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }(t)=t\psi (t)`$ and $`\widehat{\overline{h}}(\xi ,\mu )=2\mu /\xi \widehat{h}(\xi ,\mu )`$. We use again (2.11) and we continue with

$$y\psi (t)_0^tS(tt^{})h(t^{})𝑑t^{}_{X_{s1,\frac{1}{2}}}h_{X_{s,\frac{1}{2}}}+th_{X_{s,\frac{1}{2}}}+yh_{X_{s1,\frac{1}{2}}}.$$

This concludes the proof of Proposition 2.

In this second part of the section we prove some a priori estimates enjoyed by the solution $`S(t)u_0`$ of the linear problem (2.1). The first estimate we present is of Strichartz type and is due to Ben-Artzi and Saut :

###### Proposition 3.

(linear homogeneous estimate) Assume $`u_0L^2`$, then

(2.18)
$$S(t)u_0(x,y)_{L^4([0,T],L^4(^2))}u_0_{L^2}.$$

We would like to use (2.18) to obtain an $`L^4`$ estimates for any generic function $`f`$, not necessarily a linear solution. This can be done by foliating the space $`^3`$ using dyadic level sets $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_j=\{(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )/|\tau \omega |2^j\}.`$

###### Proposition 4.

Let $`\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )=\chi _j(\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu ))`$ as in Definition 1.17. Then, for $`ϵ>0`$, and with  denoting the inverse Fourier transform,

(2.19) $`(\chi _j|\widehat{f}|)^{}_{L^4}`$ $``$ $`2^{\frac{j}{2}}\widehat{f}\chi _j_{L^2}`$
(2.20) $`f_{L^4}`$ $``$ $`\left({\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}2^{(1+ϵ)j}\widehat{f}\chi _j_{L^2}^2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}.`$
###### Proof.

Set $`(\chi _j|\widehat{f}|)^{}(x,y,t)=g_j(x,y,t)`$. Then

$$g_j(x,y,t)=_^3e^{i(x\xi +y\mu +t\tau )}|\widehat{f}|\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )𝑑\xi 𝑑\mu 𝑑\tau .$$

We now observe that $`g_j`$ can be written as an integral of linear solutions for (2.1) with appropriate initial data. More precisely, by a simple change of variables one can write

$`g_j(x,y,t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _^3}e^{i(x\xi +y\mu +t(\lambda \omega (\xi ,\mu ))}|\widehat{f}|(\xi ,\mu ,\lambda \omega (\xi ,\mu ))\chi _j(\lambda )𝑑\xi 𝑑\mu 𝑑\lambda `$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{}}e^{it\lambda }\chi _j(\lambda )\left[{\displaystyle _^2}e^{i(x\xi +y\mu t\omega (\xi ,\mu ))}|\widehat{f}|(\xi ,\mu ,\lambda \omega (\xi ,\mu ))𝑑\xi 𝑑\mu \right]𝑑\lambda `$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{}}e^{it\lambda }\chi _j(\lambda )S(t)g_\lambda (x,y)𝑑\lambda ,`$
where $`\widehat{g_\lambda }(\xi ,\mu )=|\widehat{f}|(\xi ,\mu ,\lambda \omega (\xi ,\mu ))`$. Then, by (2.18)

$$g_j_{L^4}_{}\chi _j(\lambda )S(t)g_\lambda (x,y)_{L^4}𝑑\lambda _{}\chi _j(\lambda )\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu ,\lambda \omega (\xi ,\mu ))_{L_{\xi ,\mu }^2}𝑑\lambda ,$$

and after Cauchy-Schwarz in $`\lambda `$ (2.19) is proved. To prove (2.20) we first foliate the function $`f`$ over the dyadic levels $`|\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu )|2^j`$, that is we write $`f(x,y,t)=_{j0}f_j`$, where

$$f_j(x,y,t)=_^3e^{i(x\xi +y\mu +t\tau )}\widehat{f}\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )𝑑\xi 𝑑\mu 𝑑\tau .$$

Then if we proceed as above and we use Minkowski’s inequality, we obtain

$$f_{L^4}\underset{j0}{}_{}\chi _j(\lambda )S(t)f_\lambda (x,y)_{L^4}𝑑\lambda \underset{j0}{}_{}\chi _j(\lambda )\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu ,\lambda \omega (\xi ,\mu ))_{L_{\xi ,\mu }^2}𝑑\lambda $$

where $`\widehat{f_\lambda }(\xi ,\mu )=|\widehat{f}|(\xi ,\mu ,\lambda \omega (\xi ,\mu ))`$. Using Cauchy-Schwarz, first in $`\lambda `$, and then in $`j`$, the proof is concluded. ∎

We also need a smoothing effect estimate and a matching maximal function estimate. We start by defining the operators $`P_+,P_{}`$ and $`P_0`$ such that

$`\widehat{P_+(f)}(\xi ,\mu )`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu )\chi _{\{|\xi |>>\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}\}}(\xi ,\mu ),`$
$`\widehat{P_{}(f)}(\xi ,\mu )`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu )\chi _{\{|\xi |<<\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}\}}(\xi ,\mu ),`$
$`\widehat{P_0(f)}(\xi ,\mu )`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu )\chi _{\{|\xi |\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}\}}(\xi ,\mu ).`$
We also recall the operator $`D^s,s0`$ defined through the Fourier transform as $`\widehat{D^sf}(\xi )=|\xi |^s\widehat{f}`$. We then have the following proposition.

###### Proposition 5.

(smoothing effect estimates) For any $`u_0L^2(^2)`$,

(2.21) $`_xS(t)P_\pm u_0_{L_x^{\mathrm{}}L_y^2L_t^2}`$ $``$ $`Cu_0_{L^2},`$
(2.22) $`D_x^{\frac{1}{2}}S(t)P_0u_0_{L_y^{\mathrm{}}L_x^2L_t^2}`$ $``$ $`Cu_0_{L^2}.`$
###### Proof.

The proof follows the argument presented by Kenig, Ponce and Vega in the proof of the one-dimensional KdV smoothing effect in . To prove (2.21) we first define the regions of integration

$`A_+`$ $`=`$ $`\{|\xi |>>{\displaystyle \frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}}\}`$
$`A_{}`$ $`=`$ $`\{|\xi |<<{\displaystyle \frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}}\}.`$
Then we write

$$_xS(t)P_\pm u_0(x,y)=i_{A_\pm }e^{i(x\xi +y\mu )}\xi e^{it\omega (\xi ,\mu )}\widehat{u_0}(\xi ,\mu )𝑑\xi 𝑑\mu ,$$

where $`\omega (\xi ,\mu )=\xi ^3+\frac{\mu ^2}{\xi }`$. We make the change of variables $`(\zeta ,\mu )=(\xi ^3+\mu ^2/\xi ,\mu )`$, and it is to check that if $`J(\xi ,\mu )`$ represents the jacobian, then in $`A_\pm `$, $`|J(\xi ,\mu )||\xi |^2`$ holds. Now assume that $`\xi =\theta (\zeta ,\mu )`$, then the term above equals

$$_^2e^{i\mu y+it\zeta }[e^{i\theta (\zeta ,\mu )x}\theta (\zeta ,\mu )\widehat{u_0}(\theta (\zeta ,\mu ),\mu )\chi _{\stackrel{~}{A}_\pm }|J|^1]𝑑\zeta 𝑑\mu ,$$

where $`\stackrel{~}{A}_\pm `$ is the transformation of $`A_\pm `$ under the given change of variables. Then by Plancherel’s theorem

$`_xS(t)P_\pm u_0(x)_{L_{y,t}^2}`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta (\zeta ,\mu )x}\theta (\zeta ,\mu )\widehat{u_0}(\theta (\zeta ,\mu ),\mu )\chi _{\stackrel{~}{A}_\pm }|J|^1_{L_{\zeta ,\mu }^2}`$
$`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle _{\stackrel{~}{A}_\pm }}|\theta (\zeta ,\mu )|^2|\widehat{u_0}|^2|J|^2𝑑\zeta 𝑑\mu \right)^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
$``$ $`\left({\displaystyle |\xi |^2|\widehat{u_0}|^2|\xi |^2𝑑\xi 𝑑\mu }\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}=u_0_{L_{x,y}^2}.`$
To prove (2.22) we use a similar argument. We set $`A_0=\{|\xi |\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}\}`$, and we write

$$D_x^{1/2}S(t)P_0u_0(x,y)=_{A_0}e^{i(\xi ,\mu )(x,y)}|\xi |^{\frac{1}{2}}e^{it\omega (\xi ,\mu )}\widehat{u_0}(\xi ,\mu )𝑑\xi 𝑑\mu .$$

We make the change of variables $`(\xi ,\rho )=(\xi ,\xi ^3+\mu ^2/\xi )`$, and we observe that this time the estimate for the jacobian is $`|J(\xi ,\mu )||\xi |`$. We set $`\mu =\gamma (\xi ,\rho )`$ and we continue the chain of inequalities above with

$$e^{i\xi x+it\rho }[e^{i\gamma (\xi ,\rho )y}|\xi |^{\frac{1}{2}}\widehat{u_0}(\xi ,\gamma (\xi ,\rho ))\chi _{\stackrel{~}{A}_0}|J|^1]𝑑\rho 𝑑\xi ,$$

where $`\stackrel{~}{A}_0`$ is the transformation of $`A_0`$ under the above change of variables. Then by Plancherel’s theorem

$`D_x^{\frac{1}{2}}S(t)P_0u_0(y)_{L_{x,t}^2}`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\gamma (\xi ,\rho )y}|\xi |^{\frac{1}{2}}\widehat{u_0}(\xi ,\gamma (\xi ,\rho ))\chi _{\stackrel{~}{A}_0\}}|J|^1_{L_{\xi ,\rho }^2}`$
$`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle _^2}|\xi ||\widehat{u_0}|^2J^2𝑑\xi 𝑑\rho \right)^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
$``$ $`\left({\displaystyle _^2}|\xi ||\widehat{u_0}|^2|\xi |^1𝑑\xi 𝑑\mu \right)^{\frac{1}{2}}=u_0_{L_{x,y}^2}.`$
Using the argument of foliation with $`\chi _j`$ introduced to prove (2.20), one obtains

###### Corollary 1.

Let $`\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )=\chi _j(\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu ))`$ be as in Definition 1.17. Then

(2.23) $`(|\xi |^{\frac{1}{2}}\chi _{\{|\xi |\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}\}}\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\chi _j(\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu )))^{}_{L_y^{\mathrm{}}L_x^2L_t^2}`$ $``$ $`2^{\frac{j}{2}}\widehat{f}\chi _j_{L_{\xi ,\mu ,\tau }^2}`$
(2.24) $`(|\xi |\chi _{\{|\xi |>>\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}\}}\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\chi _j(\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu )))^{}_{L_x^{\mathrm{}}L_y^2L_t^2}`$ $``$ $`2^{\frac{j}{2}}\widehat{f}\chi _j_{L_{\xi ,\mu ,\tau }^2}`$
(2.25) $`(|\xi |\chi _{\{|\xi |<<\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}\}}\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\chi _j(\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu )))^{}_{L_x^{\mathrm{}}L_y^2L_t^2}`$ $``$ $`2^{\frac{j}{2}}\widehat{f}\chi _j_{L_{\xi ,\mu ,\tau }^2}.`$
On the other hand, using interpolation with the trivial $`L^2`$ norm estimate, we also obtain

###### Corollary 2.

Let $`\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )=\chi _j(\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu ))`$ be as in Definition 1.17. Then

(2.26) $`(|\xi |^{\frac{1}{4}}\chi _{\{|\xi |\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}\}}\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\chi _j(\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu )))^{}_{L_y^4L_x^2L_t^2}`$ $``$ $`2^{\frac{j}{4}}\widehat{f}\chi _j_{L_{\xi ,\mu ,\tau }^2}`$
(2.27) $`(|\xi |^{1/2}\chi _{\{|\xi |>>\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}\}}\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\chi _j(\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu )))^{}_{L_x^4L_y^2L_t^2}`$ $``$ $`2^{j/4}\widehat{f}\chi _j_{L_{\xi ,\mu ,\tau }^2}`$
(2.28) $`(|\xi |^{1/2}\chi _{\{|\xi |<<\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}\}}\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\chi _j(\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu )))^{}_{L_x^4L_y^2L_t^2}`$ $``$ $`2^{j/4}\widehat{f}\chi _j_{L_{\xi ,\mu ,\tau }^2}`$
We finally introduce a maximal function estimate.

###### Proposition 6.

(maximal function estimate) Let $`T_m`$ be the operator such that $`\widehat{T_m(f)}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )=m(\mu ,\tau )\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )`$. Then

(2.29)
$$T_m(f)_{L_x^2L_{y,t}^{\mathrm{}}}Cm_{L_{\mu ,\tau }^2}\widehat{f}_{L_{\xi ,\mu ,\tau }^2}.$$

Similarly, if $`\widehat{T_w(f)}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )=w(\xi ,\tau )\widehat{f}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )`$. Then

(2.30)
$$T_w(f)_{L_y^2L_{x,t}^{\mathrm{}}}Cw_{L_{\xi ,\tau }^2}\widehat{f}_{L_{\xi ,\mu ,\tau }^2}.$$

###### Proof.

We only prove (2.29). We first write

$$T_mf(x,y,t)=_^2\stackrel{ˇ}{m}(yy^{},tt^{})f(x,y^{},t^{})𝑑y^{}𝑑t^{}.$$

Then

$$|T_mf(x,y,t)|\stackrel{ˇ}{m}_{L^2}f(x,,)_{L^2}.$$

To end the proof one just has to take the $`L^2`$ norm in the $`x`$ variable. ∎

It is also useful to observe that interpolating (2.29) and (2.30) with the trivial $`L^2`$ estimates, we obtain

(2.31) $`T_m(f)_{L_x^2L_{y,t}^4}`$ $``$ $`Cm_{L_{\mu ,\tau }^4}\widehat{f}_{L_{\xi ,\mu ,\tau }^2},`$
(2.32) $`T_w(f)_{L_y^2L_{x,t}^4}`$ $``$ $`Cw_{L_{\xi ,\tau }^4}\widehat{f}_{L_{\xi ,\mu ,\tau }^2}.`$
We end this section with a simple weighted Sobolev inequality that will be useful later.

###### Lemma 2.3.

(weighted Sobolev) Assume $`w(\xi ,\mu )1`$ for any $`(\xi ,\mu )^2`$. Then for any $`ϵ_00`$, for any $`p>2`$ and $`\theta =(p2)/2p`$,

(2.33)
$$f_{L_\mu ^p}w(\xi ,)^{ϵ_0}f_{L_\mu ^2}^{(1\theta )}w(\xi ,)^{ϵ_0}f^{}_{L_\mu ^2}^\theta .$$

###### Proof.

We write

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}f^2(\mu )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^\mu }{\displaystyle \frac{d}{d\mu ^{}}}(f^2(\mu ^{}))𝑑\mu ^{}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^\mu }f(\mu ^{}){\displaystyle \frac{d}{d\mu ^{}}}(f(\mu ^{}))𝑑\mu ^{}={\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^\mu }w(\xi ,\mu ^{})^{ϵ_0}f(\mu ^{})w(\xi ,\mu ^{})^{ϵ_0}{\displaystyle \frac{d}{d\mu ^{}}}(f(\mu ^{}))𝑑\mu ^{}`$
$``$ $`w(\xi ,)^{ϵ_0}f_{L_\mu ^2}w(\xi ,)^{ϵ_0}f^{}_{L_\mu ^2}.`$
From here it follows that

(2.34)
$$f_L^{\mathrm{}}w(\xi ,)^{ϵ_0}f_{L_\mu ^2}^{\frac{1}{2}}w(\xi ,)^{ϵ_0}f^{}_{L_\mu ^2}^{\frac{1}{2}}.$$

If $`p>2`$

$$_{}|f|^p𝑑\mu =_{}|f|^{p2}|f|^2𝑑\mu f_L^{\mathrm{}}^{p2}f_{L^2}^2,$$

and by (2.34) it follows that

$$f_{L_\mu ^p}f_{L_\mu ^2}^{2/p}w(\xi ,)^{ϵ_0}f_{L_\mu ^2}^{(p2)/2p}w(\xi ,)^{ϵ_0}f^{}_{L_\mu ^2}^{(p2)/2p}$$

and because $`w(\xi ,\mu )1`$

$$f_{L_\mu ^p}w(\xi ,)^{ϵ_0}f_{L_\mu ^2}^{(p+2)/2p}w(\xi ,)^{ϵ_0}f^{}_{L_\mu ^2}^{(p2)/2p},$$

and the lemma is proved. ∎

## 3. The Bilinear Estimates

As announced at the end of Section 1, the core of the well-posedness result we present in this paper is contained in the following two theorems.

###### Theorem 3.

Assume $`0<ϵ_0<\frac{1}{8}`$. Then for any $`\frac{1}{4}<ϵ<1`$, we have

(3.1) $`_x(uv)_{X_{1ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}}`$ $``$ $`Cu_{X_{1ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}}(v_{X_{1ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}}+v_{X_{1ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}}^{1ϵ}v_{Y_{1ϵ_0,ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}}^ϵ)`$
(3.2) $`+`$ $`Cv_{X_{1ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}}(u_{X_{1ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}}+u_{X_{1ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}}^{1ϵ}u_{Y_{1ϵ_0,ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}}^ϵ).`$
The companion of the above bilinear estimate is

###### Theorem 4.

Assume $`0<ϵ_0<\frac{1}{16}`$. Then for any $`\frac{1}{4}<ϵ<1`$, we have

(3.3) $`_x(uv)_{Y_{1ϵ_0,ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}}`$ $``$ $`Cu_{Y_{1ϵ_0,ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}}(v_{X_{1ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}}+v_{X_{1ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}}^{1ϵ}v_{Y_{1ϵ_0,ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}}^ϵ)`$
(3.4) $`+`$ $`Cv_{Y_{1ϵ_0,ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}}(u_{X_{1ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}}+u_{X_{1ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}}^{1ϵ}u_{Y_{1ϵ_0,ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}}^ϵ).`$
###### Remark 3.1.

We have not attempted to find the optimal value for $`ϵ_0`$ for which our argument can be carried out.

###### Remark 3.2.

An estimate for the bilinear expression $`D_x^{1/2}(uv)`$ in spaces not involving weights already appeared in .

To give an idea of how the proof will be conducted we write the left hand side of the bilinear inequality in Theorem 3 using duality.

We have to estimate, for $`g_j0`$,

(3.5) $`{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle \underset{m0}{}}{\displaystyle _A}g_j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _m(\xi )\chi _1(\xi ,\mu )\chi _j(\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu ))`$
$`\times |\xi |\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi |)^{1ϵ_0}|\widehat{u}|(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1)|\widehat{v}|(\xi _2,\mu _2,\tau _2)d\xi _1d\mu _1d\tau _1d\xi _2d\mu _2d\tau _2`$
and

(3.6) $`{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}{\displaystyle _A}g_j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _n(\mu )\chi _2(\xi ,\mu )\chi _j(\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu ))`$
$`\times |\xi |\mathrm{max}(1,{\displaystyle \frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}})^{1ϵ_0}|\widehat{u}|(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1)|\widehat{v}|(\xi _2,\mu _2,\tau _2)d\xi _1d\mu _1d\tau _1d\xi _2d\mu _2d\tau _2,`$
where $`A`$ is the set $`\{\xi _1+\xi _2=\xi ,\mu _1+\mu _2=\mu ,\tau _1+\tau _2=\tau \}`$ and $`g_j\theta _m\chi _1\chi _j_{L_{\xi ,\mu ,\tau }^2}1`$ and $`g_j\theta _n\chi _2\chi _j_{L_{\xi ,\mu ,\tau }^2}1`$. It is clear that by symmetry one can always assume that $`|\xi _1||\xi _2|`$. Based on Remark 1.2 one can easily understand that many different cases need to be considered in view of the fact that there will be a combination of interactions between “good” regions of type $`R_g`$, bad regions of type $`R_b`$, regions with relatively small or large frequencies. The whole analysis is complicated further by the fact that the spaces we use are anisotropic. We start by subdividing $`A`$ into six domains of integration

(3.7) $`A_1=A\{|\xi _1||\xi _2|,|\xi _1|1\},`$
(3.8) $`A_2=A\{|\xi _1||\xi _2|,|\xi _1|>1,|\xi _2||\xi _1|\},`$
(3.9) $`A_3=A\{|\xi _1|>1,1<|\xi _2|10^{10}|\xi _1|,|\mu _2|/|\xi _2|\mathrm{max}\{|\xi _1|,|\mu _1|/|\xi _1|\}\},`$
(3.10) $`A_4=AB\{|\xi _1|>1,|\xi _2|1,|\xi _2|10^{10}|\xi _1|,|\mu _2|/|\xi _2|\mathrm{max}\{|\xi _1|,|\mu _1|/|\xi _1|\}\},`$
(3.11) $`A_5=AB^c\{|\xi _1|>1,|\xi _2|1,|\xi _2|10^{10}|\xi _1|,|\mu _2|/|\xi _2|\mathrm{max}\{|\xi _1|,|\mu _1|/|\xi _1|\}\},`$
(3.12) $`A_6=A\{|\xi _1|>1,|\xi _2|10^{10}|\xi _1|,|\mu _2|/|\xi _2|10^{10}\mathrm{max}\{|\xi _1|,|\mu _1|/|\xi _1|\}\},`$
where $`B=\{|\xi _1|\frac{1}{100}|\mu _1|/|\xi _1|\}`$. We also use the auxiliary region

$$\stackrel{~}{A}_5(ϵ_0)=\{|\mu _1/\xi _1\mu _2/\xi _2|^2<3/2|\xi _1+\xi _2|^2,|\xi _1|^{1+\alpha ϵ_0}|\mu _1/\xi _1|\},$$

where $`\alpha `$ will depend on $`ϵ_0`$. The most delicate part of our estimate occurs in the region $`A_6`$ and it is only here that we need the weighted spaces and the Besov type norms. We start with a lemma.

###### Lemma 3.1.

If $`ϵ_0<\frac{1}{8}`$, then

$`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle _A}g_j(\xi _1+\xi _2,\mu _1+\mu _2,\tau _1+\tau _2)\chi _j(\tau _1+\tau _2\omega (\xi _1+\xi _2,\mu _1+\mu _2))`$
$`|\xi _1+\xi _2|^{ϵ_0}\mathrm{\Pi }_{i=1,2}\varphi _i(\xi _i,\mu _i,\tau _i)\chi _{j_i}(\tau _i\omega (\xi _i,\mu _i))d\xi _id\mu _id\tau _i`$
$``$ $`\underset{j}{sup}g_j_{L^2}\mathrm{\Pi }_{i=1,2}{\displaystyle \underset{j_i0}{}}2^{j_i/2}\varphi _i\chi _{j_i}_{L^2},`$
where $`A=A_k,k=1,2,3,4`$ or $`A=A_5\stackrel{~}{A}_5(ϵ_0)`$.

The proof that we present below gives a little more general result than the one stated. In particular we show that (3.1) holds in sets larger than $`A_3`$ and $`A_4`$, namely in

$$\stackrel{~}{A}_3=A\{|\xi _1|>1,1<|\xi _2|10^{10}|\xi _1|\},$$

and

$$\stackrel{~}{A}_4=AB\{|\xi _1|>1,|\xi _2|1,|\xi _2|10^{10}|\xi _1|\}.$$

###### Proof.

For simplicity, for $`i=1,2`$, we set

$$\varphi _i(\xi _i,\mu _i,\tau _i)\chi _{j_i}(\tau _i\omega (\xi _i,\mu _i))=\varphi _{i,j_i}(\xi _i,\mu _i,\tau _i).$$

Also, whenever we use a dyadic decomposition either with respect to $`|\xi _i|2^{m_i}`$ or $`|\mu _i|2^{n_i}`$, we write

(3.14) $`\varphi _{i,j_i,m_i}(\xi _i,\mu _i,\tau _i)`$ $`=`$ $`\varphi _{i,j_i}\chi _{\{|\xi _i|2^{m_i}\}}(\xi _i,\mu _i,\tau _i)`$
(3.15) $`\varphi _{i,j_i,n_i}(\xi _i,\mu _i,\tau _i)`$ $`=`$ $`\varphi _{i,j_i}\chi _{\{|\mu _i|2^{n_i}\}}(\xi _i,\mu _i,\tau _i).`$
We prove the theorem by analyzing the integral in (3.1) on the different regions.

Region $`A_1`$: Here $`|\xi _1+\xi _2|1`$ and we can simply use the Strichartz inequality (2.19).

Region $`A_2`$:. Here we can assume also that $`|\xi _1+\xi _2|>1`$, otherwise we go back to the argument used in the region $`A_1`$. We dyadically decompose with respect to $`|\xi _1|2^{m_1}`$ (hence $`|\xi _2|2^{m_1}`$) and we rewrite the left hand side of (3.1) as

(3.16)
$$\underset{m_10}{}\underset{j,j_1,j_2}{}2^{j/2}g_j\chi _j|\xi _1+\xi _2|^{ϵ_0}\mathrm{\Pi }_{i=1,2}\varphi _{i,j_i,m_i}𝑑\tau _i𝑑\xi _i𝑑\mu _i$$

We now consider two cases:

Case A: $`j>2ϵ_0m_1`$. We use the Strichartz inequality (2.19) and (3.16) can be bounded by

$$\underset{m_10}{}\underset{j>2ϵ_0m_1}{}\underset{j_1,j_20}{}2^{j/2+m_1ϵ_0}g_j\chi _j_{L^2}\mathrm{\Pi }_{i=1,2}2^{j_i/2}\varphi _{i,j_i,m_i}_{L^2}$$

and (3.1) follows in this case.

Case B: $`0j2ϵ_0m_1`$. We change variable in $`\tau _1`$ and $`\tau _2`$ by setting $`(\tau _i\omega (\xi _i,\mu _i))=\theta _i`$ and we write the left hand side of (3.1) as

(3.17) $`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle _A}g_j(\xi _1+\xi _2,\mu _1+\mu _2,\theta _1+\omega (\xi _1,\mu _1)+\theta _2+\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2))`$
$`\chi _j(\theta _1+\omega (\xi _1,\mu _1)+\theta _2+\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2)\omega (\xi _1+\xi _2,\mu _1+\mu _2))`$
$`|\xi _1+\xi _2|^{ϵ_0}\mathrm{\Pi }_{i=1,2}\varphi _i(\xi _i,\mu _i,\theta _i+\omega (\xi _i,\mu _i))\chi _{j_i}(\theta _i)d\xi _id\mu _id\theta _i.`$
From (1.5) we also have that

(3.18)
$$1+\left|\theta _1+\theta _2+\frac{\xi _1\xi _2}{(\xi _1+\xi _2)}\left(\left(\frac{\mu _1}{\xi _1}\frac{\mu _2}{\xi _2}\right)^23(\xi _1+\xi _2)^2\right)\right|2^j.$$

Case B1: $`\left|\frac{\mu _1}{\xi _1}\frac{\mu _2}{\xi _2}\right|^23/2|\xi _1+\xi _2|^2.`$
Then from (3.18) and (1.5) it follows that $`|\xi _1||\xi _2||\xi _1+\xi _2|2^{\mathrm{max}(j_1,j_2,j)}`$. Because now $`|\xi _1+\xi _2|>1`$, if $`j=\mathrm{max}(j_1,j_2,j)`$, then $`2^{2m_1}2^{2ϵ_0m_1}`$, a contradiction if $`ϵ_0<1`$ for $`m_1`$ large enough. So by symmetry we can assume that $`|\xi _1+\xi _2|2^{(j_12m_1)}`$, hence $`|\xi _1+\xi _2|^{ϵ_0}2^{ϵ_0(j_12m_1)}`$. We can then continue444Here one needs to take the inverse Fourier transform of $`\varphi _2`$ and of $`g`$ in $`L^4`$ and that of $`\varphi _1`$ in $`L^2`$. the estimate of (3.17) by using Strichartz inequality (2.19) with

(3.19)
$$\underset{m_10}{}\underset{j2ϵ_0m_1}{}\underset{j_1,j_20}{}2^{2ϵ_0m_1}2^{ϵ_0j_1}g_j\chi _j_{L^2}\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{2,j_2,m_1}_{L^2}$$

and after Cauchy-Schwarz in $`m_1`$ this gives (3.1) provided $`ϵ_0<\frac{1}{2}`$.

Case B2: $`\left|\frac{\mu _1}{\xi _1}\frac{\mu _2}{\xi _2}\right|^2>3/2|\xi _1+\xi _2|^2.`$
Here we consider the following change of variables

(3.20)
$$\begin{array}{c}u=\xi _1+\xi _2\hfill \\ v=\mu _1+\mu _2\hfill \\ w=\omega (\xi _1,\mu _1)+\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2)+\theta _1+\theta _2\hfill \\ \mu _2=\mu _2.\hfill \end{array}$$

The Jacobian associated to this change of variable is

(3.21)
$$J_\mu =3(\xi _1^2\xi _2^2)\left(\left(\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}\right)^2\left(\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|}\right)^2\right).$$

We observe that, for fixed $`\theta _1,\theta _2,\xi _1,\xi _2,\mu _1`$, the set where the free variable $`\mu _2`$ can range so that (3.18) is verified is a union of two symmetric intervals and the length of these intervals is small. More precisely, if we denote with $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mu _2}`$ this length, then

(3.22)
$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mu _2}2^{jm_1}.$$

To see this we introduce the function

$$f(\mu )=\theta _1+\theta _2+\frac{\xi _1\xi _2}{(\xi _1+\xi _2)}\left(\left(\frac{\mu _1}{\xi _1}\frac{\mu }{\xi _2}\right)^23(\xi _1+\xi _2)^2\right).$$

It’s easy to see that $`|f^{}(\mu )||\xi _1|`$, hence (3.22) follows. We now consider two subcases.

Case B2a: $`\left|3(\xi _1^2\xi _2^2)\left(\left(\frac{\mu _1}{\xi _1}\right)^2\left(\frac{\mu _2}{\xi _2}\right)^2\right)\right|>1`$.
We make the change of variable (3.20) (now $`|J_\mu |>1`$). Denote with $`H(u,v,w,\mu _2,\theta _1,\theta _2)`$ the transformation of

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_{i=1,2}\varphi _{i,j_i,m_1}(\xi _i,\mu _i,\theta _i+\omega (\xi _i,\mu _i))\chi _{j_i}(\theta _i)$$

under the above change of variables. Then (3.17) becomes

$`{\displaystyle \underset{m_1,j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0j2ϵ_0m_1}{}}2^{j/2}2^{ϵ_0m_1}{\displaystyle g_j\chi _j(u,v,w)}`$
$`|J_\mu |^1H(u,v,w,\mu _2,\theta _1,\theta _2)dudvdwd\mu _2d\theta _1d\theta _2`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m_1,j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0j2ϵ_0m_1}{}}2^{j/2}2^{ϵ_0m_1}2^{(jm_1)/2}`$
$`{\displaystyle g_j\chi _j(u,v,w)\left(_{\mu _2}|J_\mu |^2H^2(u,v,w,\mu _2,\theta _1,\theta _2)𝑑\mu _2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}𝑑u𝑑v𝑑w𝑑\theta _1𝑑\theta _2}.`$
Now we observe that by Cauchy-Schwarz and the inverse change of variable we have

$`{\displaystyle g_j\chi _j(u,v,w)\left(_{\mu _2}|J_\mu |^2H^2(u,v,w,\mu _2,\theta _1,\theta _2)𝑑\mu _2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}𝑑u𝑑v𝑑w𝑑\theta _1𝑑\theta _2}`$
$``$ $`g_j\chi _j_{L^2}\left({\displaystyle \left(|J_\mu |^2H^2(u,v,w,\mu _2,\theta _1,\theta _2)𝑑u𝑑v𝑑w𝑑\mu _2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}𝑑\theta _1𝑑\theta _2}\right)`$
$``$ $`g_j\chi _j_{L^2}\left({\displaystyle \left(|J_\mu |^1H^2(u,v,w,\mu _2,\theta _1,\theta _2)𝑑u𝑑v𝑑w𝑑\mu _2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}𝑑\theta _1𝑑\theta _2}\right)`$
$``$ $`g_j\chi _j_{L^2}\left({\displaystyle \left(\mathrm{\Pi }_{i=1,2}\varphi _{i,j_i,m_1}^2(\xi _i,\mu _i,\theta _i+\omega (\xi _i,\mu _i))\chi _{j_i}(\theta _i)𝑑\xi _1𝑑\xi _2𝑑\mu _1𝑑\mu _2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}𝑑\theta _1𝑑\theta _1}\right)`$
$``$ $`g_j\chi _j_{L^2}2^{j_1/2}2^{j_2/2}\left({\displaystyle \mathrm{\Pi }_{i=1,2}\varphi _{i,j_i,m_1}^2(\xi _i,\mu _i,\theta _i+\omega (\xi _i,\mu _i))𝑑\xi _1𝑑\xi _2𝑑\mu _1𝑑\mu _2𝑑\theta _1𝑑\theta _2}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
$``$ $`g_j\chi _j_{L^2}\mathrm{\Pi }_{i=1,2}2^{j_i/2}\varphi _{i,j_i,m_1}_{L^2}`$
which inserted above, after a sum on $`j`$ gives

$$\underset{m_1,j_1,j_20}{}[1+(2ϵ_0m_1)]2^{ϵ_0m_1}2^{m_1/2}g_j\chi _j_{L^2}\mathrm{\Pi }_{i=1,2}2^{j_i/2}\varphi _{i,j_1,m_i}_{L^2}$$

and from here we obtain again (3.1) for $`ϵ_0<\frac{1}{2}`$.

Case B2b: $`\left|3(\xi _1^2\xi _2^2)\left(\left(\frac{\mu _1}{\xi _1}\right)^2\left(\frac{\mu _2}{\xi _2}\right)^2\right)\right|1`$.
In this case the change of variables above cannot be used because the Jacobian may become zero. We consider instead the change of variables in which we leave $`\xi _1`$ free:

(3.23)
$$\begin{array}{c}u=\xi _1+\xi _2\hfill \\ v=\mu _1+\mu _2\hfill \\ w=\omega (\xi _1,\mu _1)+\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2)+\theta _1+\theta _2\hfill \\ \xi _1=\xi _1.\hfill \end{array}$$

In this case the Jacobian $`J_\xi `$ is given by

(3.24)
$$J_\xi =\frac{\mu _1}{\xi _1}\frac{\mu _2}{\xi _2},$$

and because we are in Case B2, it follows that

$$|J_\xi ||\xi _1+\xi _2|>1.$$

We observe that, for fixed $`\theta _1,\theta _2,\xi _2,\mu _1,\mu _2`$, the set where the free variable $`\xi _1`$ can range so that we remain in Case B is a union of two symmetric intervals and the length of these interval is small. More precisely, if we denote with $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\xi _1}`$ this length, then

(3.25)
$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{\xi _1}2^{m_1}.$$

To see this we introduce the function

$$h(\xi )=3(\xi ^2\xi _2^2)\left(\left(\frac{\mu _1}{\xi }\right)^2\left(\frac{\mu _2}{\xi _2}\right)^2\right).$$

We compute

$$h^{}(\xi )=6\xi 2(\mu _1/\xi )(\mu _1/\xi ^2)=6\xi +2(\mu _1/\xi )^2\xi ^1$$

and we notice that $`h^{}(\xi )`$ has the same sign as $`\xi `$, hence $`|h^{}(\xi )||\xi |`$, and (3.25) follows. Again denote with $`H(u,v,w,\xi _1,\theta _1,\theta _2)`$ the transformation of555Here we are using the notation in (3.14). $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{i=1,2}\varphi _{i,j_i}(\xi _i,\mu _i,\theta _i)`$ under the change of variables (3.23). Then (3.17) becomes

$`{\displaystyle \underset{m_1,j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0j2ϵ_0m_1}{}}2^{j/2}2^{ϵ_0m_1}{\displaystyle g_j\chi _j(u,v,w)}`$
$`\times |J_\xi |^1H(u,v,w,\xi _1,\theta _1,\theta _2)dudvdwd\xi _1d\theta _1d\theta _2`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m_1,j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0j2ϵ_0m_1}{}}2^{j/2}2^{ϵ_0m_1}2^{m_1/2}`$
$`{\displaystyle g_j\chi _j(u,v,w)\left(_{\xi _1}|J_\xi |^2H^2(u,v,w,\xi _1,\theta _1,\theta _2)𝑑\xi _1\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}𝑑u𝑑v𝑑w𝑑\theta _1𝑑\theta _2}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m_1,j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0j2ϵ_0m_1}{}}2^{j/2}2^{ϵ_0m_1}2^{m_1/2}\mathrm{\Pi }_{i=1,2}2^{j_i/2}\varphi _{i,j_i,m_i}_{L^2}`$
and this again gives (3.1) for $`ϵ_0<\frac{1}{2}`$.

Region $`A_3`$: In this region, (see (3.9)), $`|\xi _1+\xi _2||\xi _1|`$. We dyadically decompose with respect to $`|\xi _1|2^{m_1}`$ (hence $`|\xi _1+\xi _2|2^{m_1}`$). The left hand side of (3.1) now becomes

(3.26)
$$\underset{m_10}{}\underset{j,j_1,j_20}{}2^{j/2}2^{m_1ϵ_0}g_{j,m_1}\chi _j\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}\varphi _{2,j_1}𝑑\xi _i𝑑\mu _i𝑑\tau _i$$

where the arguments of the functions as in (3.1). We consider two subcases. For $`0<\delta 1`$, to be fixed, we have:
Case A: $`j>(2+2\delta )ϵ_0m_1,0<\delta <<1`$. We use Strichartz inequality (2.19) and we obtain

$`(\text{3.26})`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m_10}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j2(1+\delta )ϵ_0m_1}{}}2^{j/2}2^{m_1ϵ_0}g_{j,m_1}\chi _j_{L^2}2^{j_1/2}2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}\varphi _{2,j_2}_{L^2}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m_10}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_21}{}}2^{m_1\delta ϵ_0}\underset{j}{sup}g_j\chi _j_{L^2}2^{j_1/2}2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}\varphi _{2,j_2}_{L^2}.`$
Case B: $`j(2+2\delta )ϵ_0m_1`$.
Case B1: $`\left|\frac{\mu _1}{\xi _1}\frac{\mu _2}{\xi _2}\right|^23/2|\xi _1+\xi _2|^2.`$
As in region $`A_2`$, it follows that $`|\xi _1||\xi _2||\xi _1+\xi _2|2^{\mathrm{max}(j_1,j_2,j)}`$ and since $`|\xi _2|>1`$ and $`|\xi _1||\xi _1+\xi _2|`$, we obtain that $`|\xi _1|^22^{\mathrm{max}(j_1,j_2,j)}`$. If $`j=\mathrm{max}(j_1,j_2,j)`$, then $`2^{2m_1}2^{(2+2\delta )ϵ_0m_1}`$, a contradiction if $`ϵ_0<\frac{1}{1+\delta }`$ for $`m_1`$ large enough. Assume then that $`j_1=\mathrm{max}(j_1,j_2,j)`$. It follows that $`|\xi _1+\xi _2|^{ϵ_0}2^{ϵ_0(j_1m_1)}`$ and thanks to Strichartz666Here one needs to take the anti Fourier transform of $`g`$ and of $`\varphi _2`$ in $`L^4`$ and that of $`\varphi _1`$ in $`L^2`$. inequality (2.19) we can continue the chain of inequalities with

$`{\displaystyle \underset{m_10}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j2(1+\delta )ϵ_0m_1}{}}2^{j/2}g_{j,m_1}\chi _j_{L^2}2^{j/2}2^{ϵ_0(j_1m_1)}\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{2,j_2}_{L^2}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m_10}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}2^{ϵ_0(j_1m_1)}[(2+2\delta )ϵ_0m_1+1]2^{j_2/2}(\underset{j}{sup}g_j\chi _j_{L^2})\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}\varphi _{2,j_2}_{L^2},`$
and this gives (3.1) provided $`ϵ_0<\frac{1}{2}`$. Clearly the case when $`j_2=\mathrm{max}(j_1,j_2,j)`$ is similar.

Case B2: $`\left|\frac{\mu _1}{\xi _1}\frac{\mu _2}{\xi _2}\right|^2>3/2|\xi _1+\xi _2|^2.`$
As we did for region $`A_2`$ here also we consider two subcases.

Case B2a: $`\left|3(\xi _1^2\xi _2^2)\left(\left(\frac{\mu _1}{\xi _1}\right)^2\left(\frac{\mu _2}{\xi _2}\right)^2\right)\right|>1`$.
We make the change of variable (3.20), for which now $`|J_\mu |>1`$ and we observe that also in this region (3.22) holds. Then (3.26) can be bounded by

$`{\displaystyle \underset{m_1,j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0j(2+2\delta )ϵ_0m_1}{}}2^{j/2}2^{ϵ_0m_1}2^{(jm_1)/2}g_j\chi _j_{L^2}2^{j_1/2}2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}\varphi _{2,j_2}_{L^2}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m_1,j_1,j_20}{}}2^{(ϵ_0\frac{1}{2})m_1}((2+2\delta )ϵ_0m_1)(\underset{j}{sup}g_j\chi _j_{L^2})2^{j_1/2}2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}\varphi _{2,j_2}_{L^2}`$
which again gives (3.1) for $`ϵ_0<\frac{1}{2}`$.

Case B2b: $`\left|3(\xi _1^2\xi _2^2)\left(\left(\frac{\mu _1}{\xi _1}\right)^2\left(\frac{\mu _2}{\xi _2}\right)^2\right)\right|1`$.
We consider now the change of variables (3.23) and we observe that

$$|J_\xi |=\left|\frac{\mu _1}{\xi _1}\frac{\mu _2}{\xi _2}\right||\xi _1+\xi _2|2^{m_1}.$$

We also remark that in this region (3.25) holds too. Repeating the argument in Case B2b of region $`A_2`$ the left hand side of (3.1) can be bounded by

$$\underset{m_1,j_1,j_20}{}\underset{0j(2+2\delta )ϵ_0m_1}{}2^{j/2}2^{ϵ_0m_1}2^{m_1/2}g_j\chi _j_{L^2}2^{j_1/2}2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}\varphi _{2,j_2}_{L^2},$$

and this concludes the estimate in $`A_3`$ for $`ϵ_0<\frac{1}{2}`$.

Region $`A_4`$. Notice that we only need to restrict the proof to the case when $`0j(2+2\delta )ϵ_0m_1`$ and $`\left|\frac{\mu _1}{\xi _1}\frac{\mu _2}{\xi _2}\right|^23/2|\xi _1+\xi _2|^2`$, since in the other situations (Case A in $`A_3`$ and case $`B_2`$ in $`A_3`$) and we didn’t use the assumption $`|\xi _2|1`$. Observe that by the above restriction we also have that

(3.27)
$$\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|}\mathrm{max}(\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|},|\xi _1|)$$

We consider two cases.
Case A: $`|\xi _2||\xi _1|^{1+\alpha ϵ_0}1`$, for some $`\alpha >0`$ to be determined later.
Going back to the argument presented in Case B1 in region $`A_3`$, we obtain $`|\xi _1|^{1\alpha ϵ_0}2^{\mathrm{max}(j_1,j_2,j)}`$. If we let

(3.28)
$$ϵ_0<\frac{1}{2+2\delta +\alpha },$$

then $`\mathrm{max}(j_1,j_2,j)=\mathrm{max}(j_1,j_2)`$. Let’s assume $`\mathrm{max}(j_1,j_2)=j_1`$ and $`\theta >0`$ and small. Then $`2^{ϵ_0m_1}2^{j_1\delta _0}2^{\sigma _0m_1}`$, where

$$\delta _0=\frac{ϵ_0}{(1\alpha ϵ_0)(1\theta )},\text{ and }\sigma _0=\frac{ϵ_0\theta }{1\theta }.$$

Notice that if $`0<\theta <<1`$, from (3.28) it follows that $`\delta _0\frac{1}{2}`$. We then use Strichartz and we bound the left hand side of (3.17) with

$`{\displaystyle \underset{m_1,j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0j(2+2\delta )ϵ_0m_1}{}}2^{j/2}2^{\delta _0j_1}2^{\sigma _0m_1}2^{j/2}(\underset{j}{sup}g_j\chi _j_{L^2})2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}\varphi _{2,j_2}_{L^2}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m_1,j_1,j_20}{}}2^{\delta _0j_1}2^{\sigma _0m_1}(2+2\delta )ϵ_0m_1(\underset{j}{sup}g_j\chi _j_{L^2})2^{j_2}/2\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}\varphi _{2,j_2}_{L^2}.`$
The result is given by the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality in $`m_1`$. The argument when $`\mathrm{max}(j_1,j_2)=j_2`$ is similar.
Case B: $`|\xi _2||\xi _1|^{1+\alpha ϵ_0}<1`$.
From (3.27) and the definition of $`A_4`$ in (3.10), we also have $`|\mu _2||\xi _2||\xi _1||\xi _2||\xi _1|^{1+\alpha ϵ_0}1`$. We consider two subcases.
Case B1: $`\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}\frac{1}{100}|\xi _1|`$.
Here we use smoothing effect and the maximal function inequalities. Let’s start by assuming that $`|\mu _2|^2/|\xi _2|2^{j_2}`$. Then $`|\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2)|,|\tau _2|,2^{j_2},|\mu _2|1`$. We now set $`m(\mu _2,\tau _2)=\chi (\mu _2,\tau _2)`$, the characteristic function of the projection of the region of integration onto the $`\mu _2\tau _2`$ plane. Then

$$m_{L_{\mu _2,\tau _2}^4}2^{j_2/4}.$$

We then use Plancherel, Hölder with the three spaces $`L_{x,y,t}^4L_x^4L_y^2L_t^2L_x^2L_y^4L_t^4`$ and inequalities (2.27) and (2.31) to bound (3.17) with

$`{\displaystyle \underset{m_1,j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0j(2+2\delta )ϵ_0m_1}{}}2^{j/2}2^{(ϵ_0\frac{1}{2})m_1}2^{j/2}g_j\chi _j_{L^2}2^{j_1/4}\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}2^{j_2/4}\varphi _{2,j_2}_{L^2}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m_1,j_1,j_20}{}}2^{(ϵ_0\frac{1}{2})m_1}[1+(2+2\delta )ϵ_0m_1](\underset{j}{sup}g_j\chi _j_{L^2})2^{j_2/4}2^{j_1/4}\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}\varphi _{2,j_2}_{L^2}`$
and if $`ϵ_0<\frac{1}{2}`$ the lemma is proved also in this case. If $`|\mu _2|^2/|\xi _2|>>2^{j_2}`$, then $`|\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2)||\mu _2|^2/|\xi _2|,|\tau _2||\mu _2|^2/|\xi _2|`$ and $`|\tau _2\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2)|2^{j_2}`$. From (3.27) we have

(3.29)
$$|\mu _2|\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|}|\xi _2||\xi _1|^2|\xi _2||\xi _1|^{1+\alpha ϵ_0}|\xi _1|^{1\alpha ϵ_0}1|\xi _1|^{1\alpha ϵ_0}.$$

In this case

$$m_{L_{\mu _2,\tau _2}^4}2^{m_1(1\alpha ϵ_0)/4)}.$$

We then use again Plancherel, Hölder with the three spaces $`L_{x,y,t}^4L_x^4L_y^2L_t^2L_x^2L_y^4L_t^4`$ and inequalities (2.27) and (2.31) to bound the left hand side of (3.26) with

$`{\displaystyle \underset{m_1,j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0j(2+2\delta )ϵ_0m_1}{}}2^{(ϵ_0\frac{1}{2})m_1}g_j\chi _j_{L^2}2^{j_1/4}\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}2^{m_1(1\alpha ϵ_0)/4}\varphi _{2,j_2}_{L^2}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m_1,j_1,j_20}{}}[1+(2+2\delta )ϵ_0m_1](\underset{j}{sup}g_j\chi _j_{L^2})2^{(ϵ_0\frac{1}{2})m_1}2^{m_1(1\alpha ϵ_0)/4)}2^{j_1/4}\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}\varphi _{2,j_2}_{L^2}`$
and if $`\alpha >4`$, for any $`ϵ_0`$, the sum with respect to $`m_1`$ can be done and then (3.1) is proved also in this case.
Case B2: $`\frac{1}{100}|\xi _1|\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}100|\xi _1|`$.
Here we use (2.26). Let’s start by assuming that $`|\mu _2|^2/|\xi _2|2^{j_2}`$. Clearly now $`|\tau _2|2^{j_2}`$ and $`|\xi _2|1`$. We use Plancherel, Hölder with the three spaces $`L_{x,y,t}^4L_y^4L_x^2L_t^2L_y^2L_x^4L_t^4`$ and inequalities (2.26) and (2.32) to bound the left hand side of (3.1) with

$$\underset{m_1,j_1,j_20}{}[1+(2+2\delta )ϵ_0m_1](\underset{j}{sup}g_j\chi _j_{L^2})2^{(ϵ_0\frac{1}{4})m_1}2^{j_1/4}\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}2^{j_2/4}\varphi _{2,j_2}_{L^2}$$

and if $`ϵ_0<\frac{1}{4}`$ then (3.1) is proved also in this case. Assume now that $`|\mu _2|^2/|\xi _2|>>2^{j_2}`$. Then by (3.29) $`|\tau _2||\mu _2|^2/|\xi _2||\xi _1|^{1\alpha ϵ_0}`$, so that $`w_{L_{\xi _2,\tau _2}^2}2^{m_1(1\alpha ϵ_0)/4}`$. We use Plancherel, Hölder with the three spaces $`L_{x,y,t}^4L_y^4L_x^2L_t^2L_y^2L_x^4L_t^4`$ and inequalities (2.26) and (2.32) to bound the left hand side of (3.26) with

$$\underset{m_1,j_1,j_20}{}[1+(2+2\delta )ϵ_0m_1](\underset{j}{sup}g_j\chi _j_{L^2})2^{(ϵ_0\frac{1}{4})m_1}2^{j_1/4}\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}(2^{j_2/4}+2^{m_1(1\alpha ϵ_0)/4})\varphi _{2,j_2}_{L^2}$$

and if $`\alpha >4`$, then the lemma follows in this case too.

Region $`A_5\stackrel{~}{A}_5(ϵ_0)`$. Also in this case we can assume that $`0j(2+2\delta )ϵ_0m_1`$, and $`\left|\frac{\mu _1}{\xi _1}\frac{\mu _2}{\xi _2}\right|^23/2|\xi _1+\xi _2|^2`$, since in the other situation we didn’t use the assumption $`|\xi _2|1`$. Also notice that here too (3.27) holds, hence $`\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|}`$. Because we are in $`A_5\stackrel{~}{A}_5(ϵ_0)`$, to these restrictions we have to add $`|\xi _1|^{1+\alpha ϵ}>>\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}`$, which in turn gives

(3.30)
$$|\mu _2|<<|\xi _1|^{1+\alpha ϵ_0}|\xi _2|.$$

We consider two subcases.
Case A: $`|\xi _1|^{1+\alpha ϵ_0}|\xi _2|1`$.
This case is identical to Case A in region $`A_4`$.
Case B: $`|\xi _1|^{1+\alpha ϵ_0}|\xi _2|<1`$.
By (3.30) we now have that $`|\mu _2|1`$. If $`|\mu _2|^2/|\xi _2|2^{j_2}`$ we can use the same arguments presented in the first part of Case B1 in region $`A_4`$, by replacing (2.27) with (2.28). If $`|\mu _2|^2/|\xi _2|>>2^{j_2}`$, we have that $`|\tau _2||\mu _2|^2/|\xi _2|`$ and $`|\tau _2\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2)|2^{j_2}`$. We estimate

$$|\mu _2||\mu _2|/|\xi _2||\xi _2|(|\mu _1|/|\xi _1|)^2|\xi _2||\xi _1|^{1+\alpha ϵ_0}|\xi _1|^{1+\alpha ϵ_0}1|\xi _1|^{1+\alpha ϵ_0}$$

and from here on we can proceed like in the second part of Case B1 in region $`A_4`$, again by replacing (2.27) with (2.28). We then obtain:

$$\underset{m_1,j_1,j_20}{}\underset{0j(2+2\delta )ϵ_0m_1}{}(\underset{j}{sup}g_j\chi _j_{L^2})2^{(ϵ_0\frac{1}{2})m_1}2^{m_1(1+\alpha ϵ_0)/4}2^{j_1/4}\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}\varphi _{2,j_2}_{L^2},$$

and if $`(ϵ_0\frac{1}{2})+(1+\alpha ϵ_0)/4<0`$, or $`ϵ_0(1+\alpha /4)<\frac{1}{4},`$ we can sum in $`m_1`$. This is always possible for $`ϵ_0<\frac{1}{8}`$, with some $`\alpha >4`$. The analysis of this case concludes the proof of the lemma. ∎

We are now ready to prove Theorem 3. To make the presentation more clear we summarize below the main cases considered in our analysis 777Recall that here $`\xi =\xi _1+\xi _2`$ and $`\mu =\mu _1+\mu _2`$..

* Region $`A_1`$

+ Case A: $`|\xi |\frac{1}{2}|\mu |/|\xi |`$
    + Case B: $`|\xi |<\frac{1}{2}|\mu |/|\xi |`$

    - Case B1: $`|\mu _1||\mu _2|`$
        - Case B2: $`|\mu _1|>|\mu _2|`$
* Region $`A_2`$

+ Case A: $`|\xi |\frac{1}{2}|\mu |/|\xi |`$
    + Case B: $`|\xi |<\frac{1}{2}|\mu |/|\xi |`$

    - Case B1: $`|\mu _1||\mu _2|`$
        - Case B2: $`|\mu _1|>|\mu _2|`$
* Region $`A_3A_4(A_5\stackrel{~}{A}_5(ϵ_0))`$

+ Case A: $`|\xi |\frac{1}{2}|\mu |/|\xi |`$

    - Case A1: $`|\xi _1|\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}`$
        - Case A2: $`|\xi _1|\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}`$
    + Case B: $`|\xi |<1/2|\mu |/|\xi |`$

    - Case B1: $`|\mu _1||\mu _2|`$
        - Case B2: $`|\mu _1|>|\mu _2|`$
* Region $`A_5\stackrel{~}{A}_5(ϵ_0)`$

+ Case A: $`|\xi |\frac{1}{2}|\mu |/|\xi |`$
    + Case B: $`|\xi |<\frac{1}{2}|\mu |/|\xi |`$
* Region $`A_6`$

+ Case A: $`|\xi _1|10^2\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}`$
    + Case B: $`|\xi _1|10^2\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}`$
    + Case C: $`10^2\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}|\xi _1|10^2\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}.`$

###### Proof of Theorem 3.

We reexpress the left hand side of (3.1) in Theorem 3 using duality and we obtain (3.5) and (3.6). We analyze these expressions on the regions described in (3.7)-(3.12). For the estimates in the regions $`A_1`$ through $`A_5`$ we find it convenient to normalize the functions $`u`$ and $`v`$ so that the expression in the right hand side of the bilinear inequality involves only $`L^2`$ norms. So define

(3.31) $`\varphi _{1,j_1}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi |,|\mu |/|\xi |)^{1ϵ_0}|\widehat{u}|\chi _{j_1}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau ),`$
(3.32) $`\varphi _{2,j_2}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi |,|\mu |/|\xi |)^{1ϵ_0}|\widehat{v}|\chi _{j_2}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau ).`$
If we use the identities $`\mu =\mu _1+\mu _2`$ and $`\xi =\xi _1+\xi _2,\tau =\tau _1+\tau _2`$, (3.31) and (3.32), we can rewrite the left hand side of (3.5) as

(3.33) $`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{m0}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle _A^{}}g_j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\chi _1(\xi _1,\mu )\chi _j(\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu ))\theta _m(\xi )|\xi _1+\xi _2|`$
$`\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi _1+\xi _2|)^{1ϵ_0}{\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{1,j_1}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1)}{\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi _1|,\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|})^{1ϵ_0}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{2,j_2}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\tau _2)}{\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi _2|,\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|})^{1ϵ_0}}}d\xi _1d\xi _2d\mu _1d\mu _2d\tau _1d\tau _2`$
and the left hand side of (3.6) as

(3.34) $`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle _A^{}}g_j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\chi _1(\xi _1,\mu )\chi _j(\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu ))\theta _n(\mu )|\xi _1+\xi _2|`$
$`\mathrm{max}(1,|\mu _1+\mu _2|/|\xi _1+\xi _2|)^{1ϵ_0}{\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{1,j_1}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1)}{\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi _1|,\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|})^{1ϵ_0}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{2,j_2}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\tau _2)}{\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi _2|,\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|})^{1ϵ_0}}}d\xi _1d\xi _2d\mu _1d\mu _2.`$
Below, case A will alway correspond to the estimate (3.33), while case B will correspond to the estimate for (3.34). Note that in what follows, $`\chi _1`$ and $`\chi _2`$ will always denote the functions introduced in Definition 1, and $`\chi _j`$ the ones defined in Definition 2.
Region $`A_1`$.
Case A: $`|\xi |\frac{1}{2}|\mu |/|\xi |`$.
Note that here $`|\xi _1+\xi _2|2`$ so the sum in $`m`$ is finite and we can simply use the Strichartz inequality (2.19) and the fact that $`l^1l^2`$, to obtain

$$(\text{3.33})\underset{m,j}{sup}g_j\chi _1\chi _j\theta _m_{L^2}\underset{j_1,j_20}{}\mathrm{\Pi }_{i=1,2}2^{j_i/2}\varphi _{i,j_i}_{L^2}$$

and the theorem follows in this case.

Case B: $`|\xi |<\frac{1}{2}|\mu |/|\xi |`$.
If $`\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}1`$, it follows that $`|\xi |\frac{1}{2}`$ and hence $`|\mu |\frac{1}{2}`$, that is the sum on $`n`$ in (3.34) reduces to a finite sum and we proceed as above using the Strichartz inequality (2.19). So we can assume that $`\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}>1`$. In this case (3.34) reduces to

(3.35) $`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle _{A_1}}g_j\chi _2\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _n(\mu )|\xi _1+\xi _2|^{ϵ_0}|\mu _1+\mu _2|^{1ϵ_0}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{1,j_1}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1)}{\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi _1|,\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|})^{1ϵ_0}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{2,j_2}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\tau _2)}{\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi _2|,\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|})^{1ϵ_0}}}.`$
We then consider two subcases.

Case B1: $`|\mu _1||\mu _2|`$.
If $`\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|}|\xi _2|`$ then $`|\mu _2|2,|\mu _1+\mu _2|4`$. Again the sum on $`n`$ reduces to a finite sum and because still $`|\xi _1+\xi _2|1`$ we go back to the previous case. If $`\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|}>|\xi _2|`$ we introduce a dyadic decomposition with respect to $`\mu _2`$ and we set $`|\mu _2|2^{n_2}`$. Then $`|\mu _1+\mu _2|C|\mu _2|C2^{n_2}`$ and we can write $`1+|\mu _1+\mu _2|2^{n_2+1r},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}rn_2`$. We can bound (3.35) with

$$\underset{j_1,j_20}{}\underset{j0}{}\underset{n_20}{}\underset{0rn_2}{}2^{j/2}_{A_1}g_j\chi _2\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _{n_2+1r}2^{(n_2+1r)(1ϵ_0)}\varphi _{1,j_1}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1)\frac{\chi _2\varphi _{2,j_2,n_2}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\tau _2)}{(\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|})^{1ϵ_0}}.$$

We now use the fact that $`|\xi _2|2`$ and again the Strichartz inequality (2.19) to continue with

$$\underset{j,j_1,j_20}{}\underset{n_20}{}\underset{0rn_2}{}2^{j/2}g_j\chi _2\chi _j\theta _{n_2+1r}_{L^2}2^{r(1ϵ_0)}2^{j_1/2}\varphi _{1,j_1}_{L^2}2^{j_2/2}\chi _2\varphi _{2,j_2,n_2}_{L^2}$$

and this is enough to prove the theorem in this case.
Case B2: $`|\mu _1||\mu _2|`$.
This case can be treated like Case B1 by replacing the role of $`(\xi _2,\mu _2)`$ by $`(\xi _1,\mu _1)`$.

Region $`A_2`$.

Case A: $`|\xi |\frac{1}{2}|\mu |/|\xi |`$.
Here (3.33) becomes

(3.36) $`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{m0}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle _{A_2}}g_j\chi _1\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _m(\xi )|\xi _1+\xi _2|^{2ϵ_0}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{1,j_1}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1)}{\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi _1|,\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|})^{1ϵ_0}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{2,j_2}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\tau _2)}{\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi _2|,\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|})^{1ϵ_0}}}.`$
We dyadically decompose $`|\xi _1||\xi _2|2^{m_1}`$. Then $`1+|\xi |2^m`$, with $`m=m_1+1r,0rm_1`$ and

$`(\text{3.36})`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{m_10}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0rm_1}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle _{A_2}}g_j\chi _1\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _{m_1+1r}(\xi )|\xi _1+\xi _2|^{2ϵ_0}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1)}{2^{m_1(1ϵ_0)}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{2,j_2,m_1}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\tau _2)}{2^{m_1(1ϵ_0)}}}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{m_10}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0rm_1}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle _{A_2}}g_j\chi _1\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _{m_1+1r}(\xi )2^{r(22ϵ_0)}`$
$`|\xi _1+\xi _2|^{ϵ_0}\mathrm{\Pi }_{i=1,2}\varphi _{i,j_1,m_i}(\xi _i,\mu _i,\tau _i).`$
We apply Lemma 3.1 relative to the region $`A_2`$ and we continue with

$``$ $`\underset{j,m}{sup}g_j\chi _1\chi _j\theta _m_{L^2}{\displaystyle \underset{m_10}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0rm_1}{}}2^{r(22ϵ_0)}\mathrm{\Pi }_{i=1,2}{\displaystyle \underset{j_i0}{}}2^{j_i/2}\varphi _{i,j_i,m_1}_{L^2}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}2^{j_1/2}2^{j_2/2}\left({\displaystyle \underset{m_10}{}}\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}\varphi _{2,j_2,m_1}_{L^2}\right)`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}2^{j_1/2}2^{j_2/2}\left({\displaystyle \underset{m_10}{}}\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}^2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{m_10}{}}\varphi _{2,j_2,m_1}_{L^2}^2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
$``$ $`\left({\displaystyle \underset{j_10}{}}2^{j_1/2}\varphi _{1,j_1}_{L^2}^2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{j_20}{}}2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{2,j_2}_{L^2}^2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}},`$
which concludes the argument.

Case B: $`|\xi |<\frac{1}{2}|\mu |/|\xi |`$.
If $`\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}1`$ it follows that $`|\xi |\frac{1}{2}`$ and hence $`|\mu |\frac{1}{2}`$ and we go back to the same estimates presented for region $`A_1`$. So we can assume $`\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}1`$. We have to estimate (3.35) where now the integral takes place in $`A_2`$. Again we consider two subcases.
Case B1: $`|\mu _1||\mu _2|`$.
If $`\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|}|\xi _2|`$ then $`|\mu _2|2|\xi _2|^2,|\mu _1+\mu _2|4|\xi _2|^2`$. We dyadically decompose with respect to $`|\xi _1||\xi _2|2^{m_2}`$, so that $`1+|\mu _1+\mu _2|2^{r+2m_2},0r2m_2.`$ Then in this case we bound (3.34) with

$`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{m_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0r2m_2}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle _{A_2}}g_j\chi _2\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _{2m_2+1r}(\mu )2^{r(1ϵ_0)}`$
$`|\xi _1+\xi _2|^{ϵ_0}\mathrm{\Pi }_{i=1,2}\varphi _{i,j_i,m_2}(\xi _i,\mu _i,\tau _i).`$
and one can use again Lemma 3.1 in region $`A_2`$ as above. If $`\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|}>|\xi _2|`$ we introduce a dyadic decomposition with respect to $`\mu _2`$ and we set $`|\mu _2|2^{n_2}`$. Then $`|\mu _1+\mu _2|C|\mu _2|C2^{n_2}`$ and we can write $`1+|\mu _1+\mu _2|2^{n_2+1r},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}0}rn_2`$. We then bound (3.34) with

$`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0rn_2}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle _{A_2}}g_j\chi _2\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _{n_2+1r}2^{(n_2+1r)(1ϵ_0)}`$
$`\times |\xi _1+\xi _2|^{ϵ_0}{\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{1,j_1}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1)}{|\xi _1|^{1ϵ_0}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\chi _2\varphi _{2,j_2,n_2}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\tau _2)}{(\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|})^{1ϵ_0}}}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0rn_2}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle _{A_2}}g_j\chi _2\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _{n_2+1r}2^{r(1ϵ_0)}`$
$`\times |\xi _1+\xi _2|^{ϵ_0}\varphi _{1,j_1}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1)\chi _2\varphi _{2,j_2,n_2}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\tau _2)`$
We use again Lemma 3.1 and we continue with

$$\underset{j,n}{sup}g_j\chi _2\chi _j\theta _n_{L^2}\underset{n_20}{}\underset{0rn_2}{}2^{r(1ϵ_0)}\left(\underset{j_10}{}2^{j_1/2}\varphi _{1,j_1}_{L^2}\right)\left(\underset{j_20}{}2^{j_2/2}\chi _2\varphi _{2,n_2,j_2}_{L^2}\right)$$

and this is enough to prove the theorem in this case.
Case B2: $`|\mu _1||\mu _2|`$. One can use the same argument presented for Case B1 inverting the role of $`(\xi _1,\mu _1)`$ and $`(\xi _2,\mu _2)`$.

Region $`A_3A_4(A_5\stackrel{~}{A}_5(ϵ_0))`$.
Case A: $`\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}|\xi |`$.
We consider two subcases.
Case A1: $`|\xi _1|\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}`$. We dyadically decompose with respect to $`|\xi ||\xi _1|2^{m_1}`$ and we bound (3.33), now integrated over the region $`A=A_3A_4(A_5\stackrel{~}{A}_5(ϵ_0))`$, with

$`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{m_10}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle _A}g_j\chi _1\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _{m_1}(\xi )|\xi _1+\xi _2|^{2ϵ_0}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\chi _2\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}}{|\xi _1|^{1ϵ_0}}}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1){\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{2,j_2}}{(\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|})^{1ϵ_0}}}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\tau _2).`$
But in this region $`\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|}|\xi _1||\xi _1+\xi _2|`$, hence we can continue with

(3.37)
$$\underset{j_1,j_20}{}\underset{j0}{}\underset{m_10}{}2^{j/2}_Ag_j\chi _1\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _{m_1}(\xi )|\xi _1+\xi _2|^{ϵ_0}\chi _1\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}\varphi _{2,j_2}$$

We then apply Lemma 3.1 and we obtain the desired result.
Case A2: $`|\xi _1|\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}`$.
We do a dyadic decomposition of $`\varphi _2`$ in $`(\mu _2/\xi _2)`$, so that we write $`\varphi _2=_{r_20}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{2,r_2}=_{r_20}_{j_20}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{2,r_2,j_2}`$, where $`1+|\mu _2|/|\xi _2|2^{r_2}`$ and $`1+|\tau _2\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2)|2^{j_2}`$. Note that $`|\xi _1|C\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}C\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|}`$, and that if $`|\xi _1|2^{m_1}`$, then $`2^{r_2}2^{m_1+r},rC`$. We bound (3.33) with

$`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{m_10}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{rC}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle _A}g_j\chi _1\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _{m_1}(\xi )`$
$`|\xi _1+\xi _2|^{2ϵ_0}{\displaystyle \frac{\chi _2\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}}{|\xi _1|^{1ϵ_0}}}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1){\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{2,m_1+r,j_2}}{(\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|})^{1ϵ_0}}}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\tau _2)`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{m_10}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{Cr}{}}2^{j/2}2^{r(1ϵ_0)}{\displaystyle _A}g_j\chi _1\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _{m_1}(\xi )`$
$`|\xi _1+\xi _2|^{ϵ_0}\chi _2\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{2,m_1+r,j_2}.`$
If we use again Lemma 3.1 we can continue the chain of inequalities with

(3.39)
$$\underset{j,m_1}{sup}g_j\chi _1\chi _j\theta _{m_1}_{L^2}\underset{m_10}{}\underset{Cr}{}2^{r(1ϵ_0)}\underset{j_10}{}2^{j_1/2}\chi _2\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}\underset{j_20}{}2^{j_2/2}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{2,m_1+r,j_2}_{L^2}.$$

Now Cauchy-Schwarz in $`m_1`$ is enough to obtain Theorem 3 in this case.
Case B: $`\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}>|\xi |`$. As we observed in the analysis of region $`A_i,i=1,2`$, without loss of generality we can assume that $`\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}1`$. We consider two subcases.
Case B1: $`|\mu _1||\mu _2|`$.
We recall that in this region we also have $`\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|}>>|\xi _2|`$. We repeat the argument presented in the second part of Case B1 of region $`A_2`$.
Case B2: $`|\mu _1||\mu _2|`$.
If $`\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}|\xi _1|`$ then we use an argument similar to the one in the first part of Case B1 in region $`A_2`$, where the role of $`(\xi _2,\mu _2)`$ is now played by $`(\xi _1,\mu _1)`$. In particular, if $`|\xi _1|2^{m_1}`$, since $`|\mu _2|/|\xi _2||\xi _1|`$ and $`|\xi _1+\xi _3||\xi _1|`$, we can bound (3.35) with

$`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{m_10}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle _A}g_j\chi _s\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )|\xi _1+\xi _2|^{ϵ_0}`$
$`\times `$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{|\mu _1+\mu _2|^{1ϵ_0}}{2^{2(1ϵ_0)m_1}}}\theta _{m_1}(\xi _1)\varphi _{1,j_1}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1)\varphi _{2,j_2}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\tau _2).`$
But, $`|\mu _1+\mu _2|2|\mu _1|\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}|\xi _1||\xi _1|^2`$, so that

$$(1+|\mu _1+\mu _2|)2^{2m_1r+1},0r2m_1,$$

so we can continue with

$`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{m_10}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0r2m_1}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle _A}g_j\chi _2\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _{2m_1+1r}(\mu )`$
$`\times `$ $`2^{r(1ϵ_0)}|\xi _1+\xi _2|^{ϵ_0}\chi _1\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}\varphi _{2,j_2}.`$
We then use Lemma 3.1. If $`\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}|\xi _1|`$, we dyadically decompose so that $`|\mu _1|2^{n_1}`$. Then $`|\mu _1+\mu _2|2^{n_1+1r},0rn_1`$. We bound (3.35) with

$`{\displaystyle \underset{j1}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_10}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0rn_1}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle _A}g_j\chi _2\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _{n_1+1r}2^{(n_1+1r)(1ϵ_0)}`$
$`\times |\xi _1+\xi _2|^{ϵ_0}{\displaystyle \frac{\chi _2\varphi _{1,n_1}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1)}{(\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|})^{1ϵ_0}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _2(\xi _2,\mu _2,\tau _2)}{(\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|})^{1ϵ_0}}}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n_10}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0rn_1}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j1}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle _A}g_j\chi _2\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _{n_1+1r}2^{r(1ϵ_0)}`$
$`\times |\xi _1+\xi _2|^{ϵ_0}2^{n_1(1ϵ_0)}{\displaystyle \frac{\chi _2\varphi _{1,n_1}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1)}{(\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|})^{1ϵ_0}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _2(\xi _2,\mu _2,\tau _2)}{|\xi _1|^{1ϵ_0}}}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n_10}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0rn_1}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j1}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle _A}g_j\chi _2\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _{n_1+1r}2^{r(1ϵ_0)}|\xi _1+\xi _2|^{ϵ_0}\chi _2\varphi _{1,n_1}\varphi _2`$
Now again one uses Lemma 3.1 to conclude the argument.

Region $`A_5\stackrel{~}{A}_5(ϵ_0)`$. We summarize the restrictions that occur in this region: for $`\alpha >4`$

(3.40)
$$\begin{array}{c}|\xi _2|1,\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|},|\mu _1/\xi _1\mu _2/\xi _2||\xi _1+\xi _2|\hfill \\ |\xi _1|^{1+\alpha ϵ_0}\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|},\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}100|\xi _1|.\hfill \end{array}$$

In this case, $`A=A^{}A_5\stackrel{~}{A_5}(ϵ_0).`$

Case A: $`|\xi |\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}`$.
We dyadically decompose with respect to $`\xi `$, so that $`|\xi ||\xi _1|2^m`$. We write

$`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{m0}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle _A}g_j\chi _1\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _m(\xi )|\xi _1+\xi _2|^{2ϵ_0}`$
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{1,j_1,m}}{(\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|})^{1ϵ_0}}}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1){\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{2,j_2}}{(\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|})^{1ϵ_0}}}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\tau _2).`$
Now let’s consider the multiplier in the above integral. Using (3.40) (with $`\alpha >4`$) we can write

(3.41)
$$\frac{|\xi _1|^{2ϵ_0}}{(\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|})^{22ϵ_0}}\frac{|\xi _1|^{12ϵ_0}}{(\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|})^{12ϵ_0}}|\xi _1|^{\alpha ϵ_0(12ϵ_0)}.$$

Using (3.41) and Strichartz inequality (2.19) we can continue the chain of inequalities with

$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle \underset{m0}{}}g_j\theta _m\chi _1\chi _j_{L^2}2^{\alpha ϵ_0(12ϵ_0)m}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}2^{j_1/2}\varphi _{1,m,j_1}_{L^2}2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{2,j_2}_{L^2}`$
and Cauchy-Schwarz in $`m`$ is enough to prove the theorem in this case.

Case B: $`|\xi |<\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}`$.
From (3.40) we have that

(3.42)
$$\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|},$$

hence $`|\mu _2||\xi _2|\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}<<|\mu _1|`$, hence $`|\mu _1+\mu _2||\mu _1|`$. We dyadically decompose with respect to $`|\mu _1|2^{n_1}`$. We have to estimate

$`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_10}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle _A}g_j\chi _2\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _{n_1}(\mu )|\xi _1+\xi _2|^{ϵ_0}|\mu _1+\mu _2|^{1ϵ_0}`$
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{\chi _2\varphi _{1,n_1,j_1}}{(\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|})^{1ϵ_0}}}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1){\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{2,j_2}}{(\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|})^{1ϵ_0}}}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\tau _2).`$
Now let’s consider the multiplier in this integral. Using (3.40) we can write

$$\frac{|\xi _1|(\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|})^{1ϵ_0}}{(\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|})^{22ϵ_0}}\frac{(\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|})^{1/(1+\alpha ϵ_0)}}{(\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|})^{1ϵ_0}}1,$$

provided $`ϵ_0<(\alpha 1)/\alpha `$. Then using Strichartz we can continue the chain of inequality with

$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle \underset{n_10}{}}g_j\theta _{n_1}\chi _2\chi _j_{L^2}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}2^{j_1/2}\chi _2\varphi _{1,n_1,j_1}_{L^2}2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{2,j_2}_{L^2},`$
and the theorem is proved also in this case.

Region $`A_6`$. Of the whole theorem this is the region in which the estimates are the most delicate. We summarize the restrictions on this region:

(3.43)
$$\begin{array}{c}|\xi _1|1,|\xi _2|10^{10}|\xi _1|\hfill \\ \frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|}10^{10}\mathrm{max}(|\xi _1|,\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}).\hfill \end{array}$$

We observe that the multipliers appearing in (3.33) and (3.34) can be bounded in the following way:

(3.44)
$$\frac{|\xi |\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi |,\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |})^{1ϵ_0}}{\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi _1|,\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|})^{1ϵ_0}\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi _2|,\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|})^{1ϵ_0}}\frac{|\xi _1|}{\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi _2|,\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|})^{1ϵ_0}}$$

This is obvious when $`|\xi |\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}`$ or when $`|\xi |\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}`$ and $`\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}1`$. In the remaining region we estimate the numerator

$`|\xi |\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi |,{\displaystyle \frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}})^{1ϵ_0}`$ $``$ $`|\xi _1|^{ϵ_0}|\mu _1+\mu _2|^{1ϵ_0}`$
$``$ $`|\xi _1|^{ϵ_0}|\mu _1|^{1ϵ_0}+|\xi _1|^{ϵ_0}|\mu _2|^{1ϵ_0}`$
$``$ $`|\xi _1|^{ϵ_0}|\xi _1|^{1ϵ_0}({\displaystyle \frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}})^{1ϵ_0}+|\xi _1|^{ϵ_0}|\xi _2|^{1ϵ_0}({\displaystyle \frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|}})^{1ϵ_0}`$
$``$ $`|\xi _1|(({\displaystyle \frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}})^{1ϵ_0}+\mathrm{max}(|\xi _1|,{\displaystyle \frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}})^{1ϵ_0}).`$
Case A: $`|\xi _1|10^2\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}`$.
Let’s show that in this case we also have $`|\xi |\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}`$.

$`{\displaystyle \frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}}`$ $``$ $`(110^{10})^1{\displaystyle \frac{|\mu _1+\mu _2|}{|\xi _1|}}(110^{10})^1\left({\displaystyle \frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}}+{\displaystyle \frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|}}{\displaystyle \frac{|\xi _2|}{|\xi _1|}}\right)`$
$``$ $`(110^{10})^1\left({\displaystyle \frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}}+10^{20}|\xi _1|\right)(110^{10})^1(10^2+10^{20})|\xi _1|`$
$``$ $`(110^{10})^2(10^2+10^{20})|\xi _1+\xi _2||\xi |.`$
We have to estimate (3.33) and we use again the functions $`\varphi _{i,j_i}`$. We change variables in $`\tau _1`$ and $`\tau _2`$ as in (3.17) and we use (3.44) to bound (3.33) with

(3.45) $`{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{m0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle \chi _1\theta _{m_1}g_j(\xi _1+\xi _2,\mu _1+\mu _2,\theta _1+\omega (\xi _1,\mu _1)+\theta _2+\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2))}`$
$`\chi _j(\theta _1+\omega (\xi _1,\mu _1)+\theta _2+\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2)\omega (\xi _1+\xi _2,\mu _1+\mu _2))\chi _1(\xi _1,\mu _1)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{|\xi _1|}{\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi _2|,\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|})^{1ϵ_0}}}\mathrm{\Pi }_{i=1,2}\varphi _i(\xi _i,\mu _i,\theta _i+\omega (\xi _i,\mu _i))\chi _{j_i}(\theta _i)d\xi _id\mu _id\tau _i.`$
We change variables again and this time we use (3.20). From (3.21) we deduce that $`|J_\mu |C|\xi _1|^2`$. We also perform a dyadic decompositions by setting $`|\xi _i|2^{m_i}`$ (hence $`|\xi |2^{m_1}`$) and $`|\mu _2|2^{n_2}`$. Let $`m_2^{}=\mathrm{max}(n_2m_2,m_2)`$, (here $`m_2,n_2`$).
Case A1: $`j\mathrm{max}(0,m_2^{}).`$
Denote with $`H(u,v,w,\mu _2,\theta _1,\theta _2)`$ the transformation of

$$\chi _1(\xi _1,\mu _1)\varphi _1(\xi _1,\mu _1,\theta _1+\omega (\xi _1,\mu _1))\chi _{j_1}(\theta _1)\frac{\varphi _2(\xi _2,\mu _2,\theta _2+\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2))\chi _{j_2}(\theta _2)}{\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi _2|,\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|})^{1ϵ_0}}$$

under the change of variables in (3.20). Here we use the fact that $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mu _2}2^{n_2}`$. Then we can rewrite (3.45) as

$`{\displaystyle \underset{m_10,m_2}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_2}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j\mathrm{max}(0,m_2^{})}{}}2^{j/2}2^{m_1}{\displaystyle g_j\theta _{m_1}\chi _1\chi _j(u,v,w)}`$
$`|J_\mu |^1H(u,v,w,\mu _2,\theta _1,\theta _2)dudvdwd\mu _2d\theta _1d\theta _2`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m_10,m_2}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_2}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j\mathrm{max}(0,m_2^{})}{}}2^{j/2}2^{m_1}2^{n_2/2}`$
$`{\displaystyle g_j\theta _{m_1}\chi _1\chi _j(u,v,w)\left(_{\mu _2}|J_\mu |^2H^2(u,v,w,\mu _2,\theta _1,\theta _2)𝑑\mu _2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}𝑑u𝑑v𝑑w𝑑\theta _1𝑑\theta _2}.`$
Now we observe that by Cauchy-Schwarz and the inverse change of variable we have

$`{\displaystyle g_j\theta _{m_1}\chi _1\chi _j(u,v,w)\left(_{\mu _2}|J_\mu |^2H^2(u,v,w,\mu _2,\theta _1,\theta _2)𝑑\mu _2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}𝑑u𝑑v𝑑w𝑑\theta _1𝑑\theta _2}`$
$``$ $`2^{m_1}g_j\chi _j\theta _{m_1}\chi _1_{L^2}2^{j_1/2}\chi _1\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}2^{j_2/2}{\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{2,j_2,m_2,n_2}_{L^2}}{\mathrm{max}(1,2^{m_2^{}})^{1ϵ_0}}},`$
where $`\varphi _{2,j_2,m_2,n_2}=\varphi _{2,j_2,m_2}\theta _{n_2},`$ and inserting this above we can continue with

$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m_10,m_2}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_2}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j\mathrm{max}(0,m_2^{})}{}}2^{j/2}2^{n_2/2}`$
$`g_j\chi _j\theta _{m_1}\chi _1_{L^2}2^{j_1/2}\chi _1\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}2^{j_2/2}{\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{2,j_2m_2,n_2}_{L^2}}{\mathrm{max}(1,2^{m_2^{}})^{1ϵ_0}}}.`$
Case A1a: $`m_20,n_2m_2>0`$.
Now $`m_2^{}=n_2m_2`$ and (3) can be bounded by

$`{\displaystyle \underset{m_10,m_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_2m_2}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j\mathrm{max}(0,m_2^{})}{}}2^{j/2}2^{n_2/2}2^{(n_2+m_2)(1ϵ_0)}`$
$`g_j\chi _j\theta _{m_1}\chi _1_{L^2}2^{j_1/2}\chi _1\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{2,j_2,m_2,n_2}_{L^2},`$
and if we sum for $`jn_2m_2`$ we can continue our chain of inequalities with

$$\underset{m_10}{}\underset{n_2m_2,m_20}{}\underset{j_1,j_20}{}2^{m_2/2}2^{(n_2+m_2)(1ϵ_0)}2^{j_1/2}\chi _1\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{2,j_2,m_2,n_2}_{L^2},$$

and by Cauchy-Schwarz on $`n_2`$ and $`m_20`$ we obtain

(3.47)
$$(\text{3.33})\underset{m_10}{}\underset{j_1,j_20}{}2^{j_1/2}\chi _1\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{2,j_2}_{L^2}$$

and this proves the theorem in this case.
Case A1b: $`m_20,n_2m_20`$.
In this case $`\mathrm{max}(1,2^{m_2^{}})=1`$. We repeat the argument above and we bound (3.33) with

(3.48) $`{\displaystyle \underset{m_10}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_2m_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0j}{}}2^{j/2}2^{n_2/2}`$
$`g_j\chi _j\theta _{m_1}\chi _1_{L^2}2^{j_1/2}\chi _1\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{2,j_2,m_2,n_2}_{L^2}`$
and one obtains again (3.47) after summing in $`j`$ and using Cauchy-Schwarz first in $`n_2`$ and then in $`m_2`$.
Case A1c: $`m_2>0,n_2m_20`$.
In this case $`m_2^{}=m_2>0`$. We obtain

$`(\text{3.33})`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m_10}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_2m_2}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0m_2}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{jm_2}{}}2^{j/2}2^{n_2/2}2^{m_2(1ϵ_0)}`$
$`g_j\chi _j\theta _{m_1}\chi _1_{L^2}2^{j_1/2}\chi _1\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{2,j_2,m_2,n_2}_{L^2}`$
and summing over $`j`$

$$\underset{m_10}{}\underset{n_2m_2}{}\underset{0m_2}{}\underset{j_1,j_20}{}2^{m_2/2}2^{n_2/2}2^{m_2(1ϵ_0)}2^{j_1/2}\chi _1\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{2,j_2,m_2,n_2}_{L^2}$$

and by Cauchy-Schwarz in $`n_2`$

$$\underset{m_10}{}\underset{0m_2}{}\underset{j_1,j_20}{}2^{m_2(1ϵ_0)}2^{j_1/2}\chi _1\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{2,j_2,m_2}_{L^2}$$

and a final Cauchy-Schwarz in $`m_2`$ concludes the argument.
Case A1d: $`m_2>0,n_2m_20`$.
In this case it is easy to see that

(3.50)
$$2^{n_2/2}2^{m_2^{}}1.$$

Using the same type of estimates presented above, after summing on $`jm_2^{}0`$ we obtain

$$(\text{3.33})\underset{m_10}{}\underset{n_2,m_2}{}\underset{j_1,j_20}{}2^{m_2^{}(3/2ϵ_0)}2^{n_2/2}2^{j_1/2}\chi _1\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{2,j_2,m_2,n_2}_{L^2},$$

and after using (3.50) we can continue with

$$\underset{m_10}{}\underset{n_2,m_2}{}\underset{j_1,j_20}{}2^{m_2^{}(\frac{1}{2}ϵ_0)}2^{j_1/2}\chi _1\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{2,j_2,m_2,n_2}_{L^2}.$$

If $`n_2m_2m_2`$ then

$$\underset{m_10}{}\underset{m_2>0}{}\underset{n_22m_2}{}\underset{j_1,j_20}{}2^{(n_2+m_2)(\frac{1}{2}ϵ_0)}2^{j_1/2}\chi _1\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{2,j_2,m_2,n_2}_{L^2}.$$

and we conclude by Cauchy-Schwarz first with respect to $`n_2`$ and then $`m_2`$, (here we assume $`ϵ_0<\frac{1}{2}`$). If $`0n_2m_2<m_2`$, we have $`m_2n_2<2m_2`$,

$$\underset{m_10}{}\underset{m_2n_2<2m_2}{}\underset{m_20}{}\underset{j_1,j_20}{}2^{m_2(\frac{1}{2}ϵ_0)}2^{j_1/2}\chi _1\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{2,j_2,m_2,n_2}_{L^2}.$$

and we proceed as in the previous case. This concludes the analysis of Case A1.
Case A2: $`0jm_2^{}`$.
Case A2a: $`m_20`$ or $`m_2<0`$ and $`n_2>0`$.
We claim that in this case $`j\mathrm{max}(j_1,j_2)`$. Recall the fundamental identity (1.5). Then combining this with the restrictions of Case A, we conclude that $`2^{2m_1+m_2}2^{\mathrm{max}(j,j_1,j_2)}`$. If $`j\mathrm{max}(j_1,j_2)`$, then $`2^{2m_1+m_2}2^j`$ and if $`m_20`$ this implies that $`2^{2m_1}\mathrm{max}(2^{m_2},2^{n_2m_2})`$, a contradiction if one compares this with (3.43). When $`m_2<0`$ and $`n_20`$, then $`n_2m_20`$ and we obtain $`2^{2m_1}2^{n_22m_2}2^{2(n_2m_2)}`$, again a contradiction if one compares with (3.43). If we assume that $`j_1=\mathrm{max}(j_1,j_2)`$, then $`2^{2m_1+m_2}2^{j_1}`$, that is

$$|\xi _1|2^{m_1}2^{j_1/2m_2/2}.$$

We can then bound (3.33) with

(3.51)
$$\underset{m_10}{}\underset{n_2,m_2}{}\underset{jm_2^{}}{}\underset{j_1,j_20}{}2^{j/2}2^{j_1/2m_2/2}\chi _jg_j\chi _1\theta _{m_1}\chi _1\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}2^{m_2^{}(1ϵ_0)}\varphi _{2,j_2,m_2,n_2}$$

We use the Strichartz inequality (2.19) for $`\chi _jg_j\chi _1\theta _{m_1}`$ and for $`\varphi _{2,j_2,m_2,n_2}`$ and Plancherel for $`\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}`$ and Hölder’s inequality to continue the chain of inequalities with

$$\underset{m_10}{}\underset{n_2,m_2}{}\underset{jm_2^{}}{}\underset{j_1,j_20}{}2^{j_1/2m_2/2}2^{m_2^{}(1ϵ_0)}\chi _1\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{2,j_2,m_2,n_2}_{L^2}.$$

We now sum over $`j`$ to get

(3.52)
$$\underset{m_10}{}\underset{n_2,m_2}{}\underset{j_1,j_20}{}(1+m_2^{})2^{m_2/2}2^{m_2^{}(1ϵ_0)}2^{j_1/2}\chi _1\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{2,j_2,m_2,n_2}_{L^2}.$$

Now assume that $`m_20`$. We split the $`m_2`$ sum in (3.52) into $`n_2m_2>m_2`$ and $`n_2m_2m_2`$. In the first case (3.52) becomes

$$\underset{m_10}{}\underset{n_22m_2}{}\underset{j_1,j_20}{}[1+(n_2m_2)]2^{m_2/2}2^{(n_2m_2)(1ϵ_0)}2^{j_1/2}\chi _1\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{2,j_2,m_2,n_2}_{L^2}.$$

We first use Cauchy-Schwarz on $`n_2`$ and then on $`m_2`$ to finish. In the second case $`n_22m_2`$ and $`m_2^{}=m_2`$. In this case we go back to (3.51) and we sum with respect to $`n_2`$. Then we use Strichartz inequality (2.19) in the order $`L^4L^2L^4`$ (as above) to get

$$\underset{m_10}{}\underset{m_20}{}\underset{0jm_2}{}\underset{j_1,j_20}{}2^{m_2/2}2^{m_2(1ϵ_0)}2^{j_1/2}\chi _1\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{2,j_2,m_2}_{L^2}.$$

Summing in $`j`$ and then using Cauchy-Schwarz in $`m_2`$ will prove the theorem also in this case 888Observe that if $`j_2=\mathrm{max}(j_1,j_2)`$ one does the same analysis by applying Strichartz inequality (2.19) in the order $`L^4L^4L^2`$.. Assume now that $`m_2<0`$ and $`n_2>0`$, hence $`m_2^{}=n_2m_20`$. Then (3.52) becomes

$$\underset{m_10}{}\underset{n_20}{}\underset{m_20}{}\underset{j_1,j_20}{}[1+(n_2m_2)]2^{m_2/2}2^{(n_2m_2)(1ϵ_0)}2^{j_1/2}\chi _1\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}_{L^2}2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{2,j_2,m_2,n_2}_{L^2}.$$

Observe that

$$2^{m_2/2}(n_2m_2)2^{(n_2m_2)(1ϵ_0)}2^{(1\sigma )(1ϵ_0)n_2}2^{m_2(\frac{1}{2}+(1\sigma )(1ϵ_0))}$$

for some $`0<\sigma <<1`$ and $`ϵ_0<\frac{1}{2}`$. This is enough for Cauchy-Schwarz with respect to $`n_2`$ and $`m_2`$.
Case A2b: $`m_2,n_20`$
In this case $`|\xi _2|,|\mu _2|1`$. We bound (3.33) with

(3.53) $`{\displaystyle \underset{m_10}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0j}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle _{|\xi _2|,|\mu _2|1}}(|\xi _1+\xi _2|^{\frac{1}{2}}g_j\theta _{m_1}\chi _1\chi _j)`$
$`(|\xi _1|^{\frac{1}{2}}\chi _1\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}){\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{2,j_2}}{\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi _2|,|\mu _2|/|\xi _2|)^{1ϵ_0}}}`$
If $`|\mu _2|^2/|\xi _2|2^{j_2}`$ then $`|\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2)|2^{j_2}`$ and because $`|\tau _2\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2)|2^{j_2}`$ we also have $`|\tau _2|2^{j_2}`$. We then apply Hölder’s inequalities in the order $`L_x^4L_y^2L_t^2L_x^4L_y^2L_t^2L_x^2L_y^{\mathrm{}}L_t^{\mathrm{}}`$ combined with (2.27) and (2.29) to continue the chain of inequalities in (3.53) with

$$\underset{m_10}{}\underset{0j}{}\underset{j_1,j_20}{}2^{j/2}2^{j/4}g_j\theta _{m_1}\chi _1\chi _j_{L^2}2^{j_1/4}\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}\chi _1_{L^2}2^{j_2/2}\varphi _{2,j_2}_{L^2}$$

and in this case we are done. Assume now that $`|\mu _2|^2/|\xi _2|>>2^{j_2}`$. Then $`|\tau _2||\mu _2|^2/|\xi _2|`$ and we can rewrite (3.53) as follows

$`{\displaystyle \underset{m_10}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0j}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle (|\xi _1+\xi _2|^{\frac{1}{2}}g_j\theta _{m_1}\chi _1\chi _j)(|\xi _1|^{\frac{1}{2}}\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}\chi _1)\frac{\varphi _{2,j_2}|\mu _2|^{1ϵ_0}}{(|\mu _2|^2/|\xi _2|)^{1ϵ_0}}}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m_10}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0j}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle (|\xi _1+\xi _2|^{\frac{1}{2}}g_j\theta _{m_1}\chi _1\chi _j)(|\xi _1|^{\frac{1}{2}}\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}\chi _1)\frac{\varphi _{2,j_2}|\mu _2|^{1ϵ_0}}{|\tau _2|^{1ϵ_0}}}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m_10}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0j}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}2^{j/2+j/4}g_j\theta _{m_1}\chi _1_{L^2}2^{j_1/4}\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}\chi _1_{L^2}\varphi _{2,j_2}_{L^2}`$
where in the last step we used again the fact that $`|\mu _2|1`$, $`ϵ_0<\frac{1}{2}`$, Hölder’s inequality in the order $`L_x^4L_y^2L_t^2L_x^4L_y^2L_t^2L_x^2L_y^{\mathrm{}}L_t^{\mathrm{}}`$ and (2.27) and (2.29). This concludes the analysis of Case A.
Case B: $`|\xi _1|10^2\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}`$.
Using (3.43) one can prove that $`|\mu _1+\mu _2|/|\xi _1+\xi _2|2|\xi _1+\xi _2|`$, that $`|\mu _1+\mu _2|/|\xi _1+\xi _2||\mu _1|/|\xi _1|`$, and that $`|\mu _1+\mu _2||\mu _1|`$. We dyadically decompose $`|\mu _1+\mu _2||\mu _1|2^{n_1}`$ and we write (3.34) as follows

(3.54)
$$\underset{0j}{}\underset{j_1,j_20}{}\underset{n_10}{}2^{j/2}|\xi _1|g_j\theta _{n_1}(\mu _1+\mu _2)\chi _2\chi _j\varphi _{1,j_1,n_1}\chi _2\frac{\varphi _{2,j_2}}{\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi _2|,|\mu _2|/|\xi _2|)^{1ϵ_0}}.$$

We dyadically decompose also $`|\xi _2|2^{m_2}`$ and $`|\mu _2|2^{n_2}`$. As in Case A, we define $`m_2^{}=\mathrm{max}(n_2m_2,m_2)`$ and we analyze two subcases.
Case B1: $`j\mathrm{max}(0,m_2^{}).`$
We use the change of variable (3.20). Now $`|J_\mu |(\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|})^2|\xi _1|^2`$. Then we proceed like in Case A1 above, where the sum in $`m_1`$ is replaced by a sum in $`n_1`$.
Case B2: $`0jm_2^{}.`$
We again consider the two subcases $`m_20`$ or $`m_2<0`$ and $`n_20`$, and $`m_2<0`$ and $`n_2<0`$.
Case B2a: $`m_20`$ or $`m_2<0`$ and $`n_2>0`$.
The fundamental identity (1.5) now gives

$$(\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|})^2|\xi _2|(\frac{1}{2}10^{10})^12^{\mathrm{max}(j_1,j_2,j)}.$$

This again forces $`j\mathrm{max}(j_1,j_2)`$. In fact after setting $`C=(\frac{1}{2}10^{10})^1`$, if $`j>\mathrm{max}(j_1,j_2)`$ and $`m_20`$, then $`(\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|})^2C2^{\mathrm{max}(n_2m_2,m_2)}`$ and so $`(\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|})^2C\mathrm{max}(\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|},|\xi _2|)`$ which is a contradiction in this region. If $`m_2<0`$ and $`n_20`$, then $`(\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|})^2|\xi _2|C2^{n_2m_2}`$ or $`(\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|})^2C2^{n_22m_2}C(\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|})^2`$, which is again a contradiction. Thus (if for example $`j_2j_1`$)

$$|\xi _1|C\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}10^22^{j_1/2}2^{m_2/2},$$

and (3.54) can be bounded by

(3.55)
$$\underset{jm_2^{}}{}\underset{j_1,j_20}{}\underset{n_10}{}\underset{n_2,m_2}{}2^{j/2}2^{j_1/2m_2/2}\chi _2\chi _jg_{j,n_1}\theta _{n_1}\varphi _{1,j_1,n_1}\chi _22^{m_2^{}(1ϵ_0)}\varphi _{2,j_2,m_2,n_2}.$$

At this point we argue like in Case A2a by replacing (3.51) with (3.55).
Case B2b: $`n_2,m_20`$.
This case can be treated like Case A2b by replacing (3.53) with

(3.56) $`{\displaystyle \underset{n_10}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0j}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle _{|\xi _2|,|\mu _1|1}}(|\xi _1+\xi _2|^{\frac{1}{2}}g_j\theta _{n_1}\chi _2\chi _j)`$
$`(|\xi _1|^{\frac{1}{2}}\chi _2\varphi _{1,j_1,n_1}){\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{2,j_2}}{\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi _2|,|\mu _2|/|\xi _2|)^{1ϵ_0}}}.`$
Case C: $`10^2\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}|\xi _1|10^2\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}`$.
It is easy to show that in this case $`|\mu _1+\mu _2|/|\xi _1+\xi _2||\xi _1+\xi _2|`$. We dyadically decompose with respect to $`|\xi _1||\xi _1+\xi _2|2^{m_1}`$. We go back to (3.45) and we consider two subcases: when $`j>m_1`$ and when $`jm_1`$.
Case C1: $`j>m_1`$.
In this case we use the change of variable (3.23), where now the free variable is $`\xi _2`$ instead of $`\xi _1`$. It is easy to check that also in this case (3.24) holds true and in particular $`|J_\xi |\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}|\xi _1|`$. We perform a dyadic decomposition in $`\xi _2`$, but only for large frequencies, that is for $`|\xi _2|1`$. Then (3.33) becomes

$`{\displaystyle \underset{m_1,m_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j>m_1}{}}2^{j/2}2^{m_1}{\displaystyle \chi _1g_j\theta _{m_1}\chi _j(u,v,w)}`$
$`\times |J_\xi |^1H(u,v,w,\xi _2,\theta _1,\theta _2)dudvdwd\xi _2d\theta _1d\theta _2,`$
where $`H(u,v,w,\xi _2,\theta _1,\theta _2)`$ is the transformation of

$$\chi _1\varphi _{1,m_1}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\theta _1+\omega (\xi _1,\mu _1))\chi _{j_1}\frac{\varphi _{2,m_2}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\theta _2+\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2))\chi _2\chi _{j_2}}{\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi _2|,\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|})^{1ϵ_0}}$$

under the above change of variables. We first use Cauchy-Schwarz in $`(u,v,w)`$ to obtain

$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m_1,m_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j>m_1}{}}2^{j/2}2^{m_1}g_j\theta _{m_1}\chi _1_{L^2}`$
$`\times `$ $`\left({\displaystyle \left(|J_\xi |^2H^2(u,v,w,\xi _2,\theta _1,\theta _2)dudvdw\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}𝑑\xi _2𝑑\theta _1𝑑\theta _2}\right)`$
We now use the lower bound $`|J_\xi |2^{m_1}`$, and Cauchy-Schwarz in $`\xi _2,\theta _1,\theta _2,`$ to obtain

$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m_1,m_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j>m_1}{}}2^{j/2}2^{m_1/2}2^{m_2/2}2^{j_1/2}2^{j_2/2}`$
$`\times `$ $`g_j\theta _{m_1}\chi _1_{L^2}\left({\displaystyle H^2(u,v,w,\xi _2,\theta _1,\theta _2)|J_\xi |^1𝑑u𝑑v𝑑w𝑑\xi _2𝑑\theta _1𝑑\theta _2}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}},`$
which, upon undoing the change of variables yields (since $`\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi _2|,|\mu _2|/|\xi _2|)2^{m_2}`$)

$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m_1,m_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j>m_1}{}}2^{j/2}2^{m_1/2}2^{m_2/2}2^{j_1/2}2^{j_2/2}`$
$`\times `$ $`g_j\theta _{m_1}\chi _1_{L^2}\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}\chi _1_{L^2}\varphi _{2,j_2,m_2}_{L^2}2^{m_2(1ϵ_0)}.`$
Then a sum in $`j`$ and Cauchy-Schwarz in $`m_2`$ gives the result.
Case C2: $`jm_1`$.
Let’s introduce the region

(3.57)
$$R=\{10^2\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}|\xi _1|10^2\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}\}A_6$$

This is the region where we need to introduce the space $`Y_{1ϵ_0,ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}`$. We go back to (3.5) and this time we keep $`|\widehat{v}|`$ and we only normalize $`|\widehat{u}|`$. Then (3.5) becomes

(3.58) $`{\displaystyle \underset{m_10}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0jm_1}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle _R}\chi _1\theta _{m_1}g_j(\xi _1+\xi _2,\mu _1+\mu _2,\theta _1+\omega (\xi _1,\mu _1)+\theta _2+\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2))`$
$`\chi _1\chi _j(\theta _1+\omega (\xi _1,\mu _1)+\theta _2+\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2)\omega (\xi _1+\xi _2,\mu _1+\mu _2))|\xi _1|`$
$`\chi _1\chi _{j_1}\varphi _{1,m_1}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\theta _1+\omega (\xi _1,\mu _1))\chi _{j_2}|\widehat{v}|(\xi _2,\mu _2,\theta _2+\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2)).`$
Define $`D_{m_1,m_2}`$ to be the dyadic block such that $`|\xi _i|2^{m_i},i=1,2`$. We observe that for fixed $`(\xi _1,\xi _2,\mu _1,\theta _1,\theta _2)`$, the set of $`\mu _2`$ such that $`(\xi _1,\xi _2,\mu _1,\mu _2,\theta _1,\theta _2)RD_{m_1,m_2}`$ and such that (3.18) is true, is a union of two symmetric intervals with length satisfying (3.22) . Similarly, for fixed $`(\xi _2,\mu _1,\mu _2,\theta _1,\theta _2)`$ the set of $`\xi _1`$ such that $`(\xi _1,\xi _2,\mu _1,\mu _2,\theta _1,\theta _2)RD_{m_1,m_2}`$ and such that (3.18) is true, is a union of two symmetric intervals with length satisfying

(3.59)
$$|\mathrm{\Delta }_{\xi _1}|2^{jm_1m_2}.$$

To prove this it’s enough to use the mean value theorem, and estimate from below $`|g^{}(\xi _1)|`$, where

$$g(\xi _1)=\theta _1+\theta _2+\frac{\xi _1\xi _2}{(\xi _1+\xi _2)}\left(\left(\frac{\mu _1}{\xi _1}\frac{\mu _2}{\xi _2}\right)^23(\xi _1+\xi _2)^2\right).$$

After a short calculation one has

$$g^{}(\xi _1)=\frac{\xi _2^2}{(\xi _1+\xi _2)^2}\left(\left(\frac{\mu _1}{\xi _1}\frac{\mu _2}{\xi _2}\right)^23(\xi _1+\xi _2)^2\right)\xi _2\left(\frac{2\mu _1}{\xi _1(\xi _1+\xi _2)}\left(\frac{\mu _1}{\xi _1}\frac{\mu _2}{\xi _2}\right)+6\xi _1\right).$$

Note that in $`R`$

$$\left|\frac{\xi _2^2}{(\xi _1+\xi _2)^2}\left(\left(\frac{\mu _1}{\xi _1}\frac{\mu _2}{\xi _2}\right)^23(\xi _1+\xi _2)^2\right)\right|C\frac{|\xi _2|^2}{|\xi _1|^2}\left(\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}\right)^2C10^{10}|\xi _2|^2.$$

On the other hand it’s easy to check that $`\xi _1`$ and $`\frac{2\mu _1}{\xi _1(\xi _1+\xi _2)}\left(\frac{\mu _1}{\xi _1}\frac{\mu _2}{\xi _2}\right)`$ have the same sign, hence

$$\left|\xi _2(\frac{2\mu _1}{\xi _1(\xi _1+\xi _2)}(\frac{\mu _1}{\xi _1}\frac{\mu _2}{\xi _2})+6\xi _1)\right|6|\xi _2|\xi _1|$$

and the claim follows.
Case C2a: $`m_20`$
In this case we use the change of variables (3.23), and by (3.24), $`|J_\xi |2^{m_1}`$. We can write (3.58) as

$$\underset{m_10}{}\underset{0jm_1}{}\underset{m_2,j_1,j_20}{}2^{j/2}2^{m_1}\chi _1\chi _jg_{j,m_1}(u,v,w)|J_\xi |^1H(u,v,w,\xi _1,\theta _1,\theta _2)𝑑u𝑑v𝑑w𝑑\xi _1𝑑\theta _1𝑑\theta _2,$$

where $`H(u,v,w,\xi _1,\theta _1,\theta _2)`$ is the transformation of

$$\chi _j\chi _1\chi _{j_1}\varphi _{1,m_1}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\theta _1+\omega (\xi _1,\mu _1))\chi _{j_2}|\widehat{v}|(\xi _2,\mu _2,\theta _2+\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2))\theta _{m_2}(\xi _2)$$

under the above change of variables. We will define

$$\widehat{v}_{j_2,m_2}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\tau _2)=\chi _{j_2}(\tau _2\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2))\widehat{v}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\tau _2)\theta _{m_2}(\xi _2).$$

We can then continue the estimate with

$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m_10}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0jm_1}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{m_2,j_1,j_20}{}}2^{j/2}2^{m_1/2}2^{(jm_1m_2)/2}{\displaystyle \chi _j\chi _1g_{j,m_1}(u,v,w)}`$
$`\left({\displaystyle H^2(u,v,w,\xi _1,\theta _1,\theta _2)|J_\xi |^1𝑑\xi _1}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}dudvdwd\theta _1d\theta _2`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{0jm_1}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{m_2,m_1,j_1,j_20}{}}2^{j/2}2^{m_1/2}2^{(jm_1m_2)/2}g_j\theta _{m_1}\chi _j\chi _1_{L^2}2^{j_1/2}2^{j_2/2}`$
$`({\displaystyle }|\chi _1\varphi _{m_1,j_1}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\theta _1+\omega (\xi _1,\mu _1))|^2|\widehat{v}_{m_2,j_2}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\theta _2+\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2))|^2`$
$`\chi _j(\theta _1+\omega (\xi _1,\mu _1)+\theta _2+\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2)\omega (\xi _1+\xi _2,\mu _1+\mu _2)))^{\frac{1}{2}}.`$
We now use Hölder inequality in $`\mu _2`$ and Lemma 2.33. More precisely set $`w(\xi ,\mu )=(1+|\xi |+\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |})`$, then we write, for $`\theta =(p2)/2p,p=2r,r>1,1=\frac{1}{r}+\frac{1}{r^{}}`$,

(3.60)
$$|\widehat{v}_{m_2,j_2}|^2\chi _j|\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mu _2}|^{1/r^{}}\widehat{v}_{m_2,j_2}_{L^{2r}}^22^{(jm_1)/r^{}}w^{ϵ_0}\widehat{v}_{m_2,j_2}_{L^2}^{2(1\theta )}w^{ϵ_0}_{\mu _2}\widehat{v}_{m_2,j_2}_{L^2}^{2\theta }.$$

We insert this in the chain of inequalities above and we continue with

$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m_10}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0jm_1}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{m_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}2^{j/2}2^{m_1/2}2^{(jm_1m_2)/2}2^{j_1/2}2^{j_2/2}2^{(jm_1)/2r^{}}g_j\theta _{m_1}\chi _1\chi _j_{L^2}\chi _1\varphi _{m_1,j_1}_{L^2}`$
$`\left({\displaystyle w^{ϵ_0}\widehat{v}_{m_2,j_2}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\theta _2+\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2))_{L_{\mu _2}^2}^{2(1\theta )}w^{ϵ_0}_{\mu _2}\widehat{v}_{m_2,j_2}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\theta _2+\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2))_{L_{\mu _2}^2}^{2\theta }𝑑\xi _2𝑑\theta _2}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}},`$
and after applying Hölder’s inequality with respect to $`\xi _2,\theta _2`$ with exponents $`\theta ^1`$ and $`(1\theta )^1`$,

$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m_10}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0jm_1}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{m_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}2^{j/2}2^{m_1/2}2^{(jm_1m_2)/2}2^{j_1/2}2^{j_2/2}2^{(jm_1)/2r^{}}g_j\theta _{m_1}\chi _1\chi _j_{L^2}`$
$`\chi _1\varphi _{m_1,j_1}_{L^2}w^{ϵ_0}\widehat{v}_{m_2,j_2}_{L^2}^{(1\theta )}w^{ϵ_0}_{\mu _2}\widehat{v}_{m_2,j_2}_{L^2}^\theta .`$
We first sum on $`0jm_1`$, then on $`m_1`$ and $`j_1`$ so that the norm $`u_{X_{1ϵ_0},\frac{1}{2}}`$ appears. After Cauchy-Schwarz in $`m_2`$ we are left with the following term to estimate

$$\underset{j_20}{}2^{j_2/2}\left(\underset{m_20}{}w^{ϵ_0}\widehat{v}_{m_2,j_2}_{L^2}^{2(1\theta )}w^{ϵ_0}_{\mu _2}\widehat{v}_{m_2,j_2}_{L^2}^{2\theta }\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}.$$

We use a Hölder inequality with respect to the sum on $`m_2`$ to obtain

$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j_20}{}}2^{j_2/2}\left({\displaystyle \underset{m_20}{}}w^{ϵ_0}\widehat{v}_{m_2,j_2}_{L^2}^2\right)^{(1\theta )/2}\left({\displaystyle \underset{m_20}{}}w^{ϵ_0}_{\mu _2}\widehat{v}_{m_2,j_2}_{L^2}^2\right)^{\theta /2}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j_20}{}}2^{j_2/2}w^{ϵ_0}\widehat{v}_{j_2}_{L^2}^{(1\theta )}w^{ϵ_0}_{\mu _2}\widehat{v}_{j_2}_{L^2}^\theta ,`$
where

$$\widehat{v}_{j_2}=\underset{m_20}{}\widehat{v}_{j_2,m_2}=\chi _{j_2}(\tau \omega (\xi _2,\mu _2))\widehat{v}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\tau _2).$$

then a Hölder inequality in $`j_2`$ to finish with

(3.61)
$$\left(\underset{j_20}{}2^{j_2/2}w^{ϵ_0}\widehat{v}_{j_2}_{L^2}\right)^{(1\theta )}\left(\underset{j_20}{}2^{j_2/2}w^{ϵ_0}_{\mu _2}\widehat{v}_{j_2}_{L^2}\right)^\theta .$$

Clearly the first coefficient of (3.61) is controlled by $`v_{X_{ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}}^{1\theta }`$. For the second one we write

$`_{\mu _2}(\widehat{v}_{j_2}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\theta _2+\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2)))=_{\mu _2}(\chi _{j_2}(\theta _2)\widehat{v}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\theta _2+\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2)))`$
$`=`$ $`\chi _{j_2}_{\mu _2}\widehat{v}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\theta _2+\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2)+2\mu _2/\xi _2\chi _{j_2}_{\tau _2}\widehat{v}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\theta _2+\omega (\xi _2,\mu _2)`$
which shows that the second term is controlled by $`v_{Y_{1ϵ_0,ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}}^\theta `$, with $`\theta =(p2)/2p,p=2r,r>1`$.
Case C2b: $`m_2<0`$
If $`jm_12m_2`$ we proceed like in Case C2a and we obtain

$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m_10}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{m_2<0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0jm_1+2m_2}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}2^{j/2}2^{m_1/2}2^{(jm_1m_2)/2}2^{j_1/2}2^{j_2/2}2^{(jm_1)/2r^{}}g_j\theta _{m_1}\chi _1\chi _j_{L^2}\chi _1\varphi _{m_1,j_1}_{L^2}`$
$`w^{ϵ_0}\widehat{v}_{m_2,j_2}_{L^2}^{(1\theta )}w^{ϵ_0}_{\mu _2}\widehat{v}_{m_2,j_2}_{L^2}^\theta .`$
We sum on $`j`$, and then choose $`r^{}<2`$ so that we can use the fact that $`m_2<0`$ and Cauchy-Schwarz in $`m_2`$, to finish like in Case C2a. If $`jm_1>2m_2`$ we use the change of variables (3.23), where we leave the variable $`\xi _2`$ free. It is easy to check that we have $`|J_\xi ||\xi _1|`$. Arguing as in Case C2a we are led to

$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m_10}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0jm_1}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{m_2<(jm_1)/2}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}2^{(m_1j)/2}2^{j_1/2}2^{j_2/2}2^{(jm_1)/2r^{}}2^{m_2/2}g_{j,m_1}\chi _1\chi _j_{L^2}\chi _1\varphi _{m_1,j_1}_{L^2}`$
$`w^{ϵ_0}\widehat{v}_{m_2,j_2}_{L^2}^{(1\theta )}w^{ϵ_0}_{\mu _2}\widehat{v}_{m_2,j_2}_{L^2}^\theta .`$
We first apply Cauchy-Schwarz with respect to $`m_2`$ and we obtain an extra factor $`2^{(m_1+j)/4}`$. If we now have that $`\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{2r^{}}>\frac{1}{2}`$, we can then sum in $`j`$, and repeat the argument in Case C2a. This is again the restriction $`r^{}<2`$, which when we go to (2.33) gives $`p=2r>4`$, and hence $`\theta >\frac{1}{4}`$.

This concludes the proof of Theorem 3.

###### Proof of Theorem 4.

We first check the part of the statement involving the term $`_\tau (\widehat{_x(uv)})`$. We proceed by writing

$`_\tau \left(\xi {\displaystyle \widehat{v}(\xi \xi _1,\mu \mu _1,\tau \tau _1)\widehat{u}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1)𝑑\xi _1𝑑\mu _1𝑑\tau _1}\right)`$
$`=`$ $`_\tau \left(\xi {\displaystyle _{|\xi \xi _1||\xi _1|}}\widehat{v}(\xi \xi _1,\mu \mu _1,\tau \tau _1)\widehat{u}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1)𝑑\xi _1𝑑\mu _1𝑑\tau _1\right)`$
$`+`$ $`_\tau \left(\xi {\displaystyle _{|\xi \xi _1||\xi _1|}}\widehat{v}(\xi \xi _1,\mu \mu _1,\tau \tau _1)\widehat{u}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1)𝑑\xi _1𝑑\mu _1𝑑\tau _1\right)`$
$`=`$ $`\xi {\displaystyle _{|\xi \xi _1||\xi _1|}}\widehat{v}(\xi \xi _1,\mu \mu _1,\tau \tau _1)_{\tau _1}\widehat{u}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1)d\xi _1d\mu _1d\tau _1`$
$`+`$ $`\xi {\displaystyle _{|\xi \xi _1||\xi _1|}}_\tau \widehat{v}(\xi \xi _1,\mu \mu _1,\tau \tau _1)\widehat{u}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1)d\xi _1d\mu _1d\tau _1.`$
Then the estimates for each one of these two terms follows from the proof of Theorem 3. Next we check the part involving $`_\mu \widehat{_x(uv)}`$. If we proceed as above, we only need to check

$$I(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )=\frac{|\xi |}{\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi |,|\mu |/|\xi |)^{ϵ_0}}_{|\xi \xi _1||\xi _1|}|\widehat{v}|(\xi \xi _1,\mu \mu _1,\tau \tau _1)|_{\mu _1}\widehat{u}|(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1)𝑑\xi _1𝑑\mu _1𝑑\tau _1.$$

We introduce the two functions

(3.62) $`\varphi _{1,j_1}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi |,|\mu |/|\xi |)^{ϵ_0}|_\mu \widehat{u}|\chi _{j_1}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau ),`$
(3.63) $`\varphi _{2,j_2}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi |,|\mu |/|\xi |)^{1ϵ_0}|\widehat{v}|\chi _{j_2}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau ).`$
corresponding to (3.31) and (3.32) in Theorem 3. We now observe that in the region $`|\xi \xi _1||\xi _1|`$ we also have $`\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}|\mu \mu _1|/|\xi \xi _1|+2\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}`$, so

(3.64)
$$I(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )J^1+J^2,$$

where

(3.65) $`J^1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{|\xi |}{\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi |,\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |})^{ϵ_0}}}{\displaystyle _{}}\varphi _{1,j_1}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1){\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{2,j_2}}{\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi \xi _1|,|\mu \mu _1|/|\xi \xi _1|)^{12ϵ_0}}}`$
(3.66) $`J^2`$ $`=`$ $`|\xi |{\displaystyle _{}}\varphi _{1,j_1}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1){\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{2,j_2}}{\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi \xi _1|,|\mu \mu _1|/|\xi \xi _1|)^{1ϵ_0}}}.`$
where $`_{}`$ is the integral over the region given by $`|\xi \xi _1||\xi _1|`$. Also notice that if

(3.67)
$$\stackrel{~}{J}^2=|\xi |_{}\varphi _{1,j_1}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1)\frac{\varphi _{2,j_2}}{\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi \xi _1|,|\mu \mu _1|/|\xi \xi _1|)^{12ϵ_0}},$$

then

(3.68)
$$J^1+J^2\stackrel{~}{J}^2.$$

By duality we need to estimate

(3.69) $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1,2}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{m0}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle g_j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )J^i(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _m(\xi )\chi _1(\xi ,\mu )\chi _j(\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu ))𝑑\xi 𝑑\mu 𝑑\tau }`$
(3.70) $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1,2}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle g_j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )J^i(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _n(\mu )\chi _2(\xi ,\mu )\chi _j(\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu ))𝑑\xi 𝑑\mu 𝑑\tau }.`$
We begin a case by case analysis for (3.69) and (3.70). We introduce again the notation $`\mu =\mu _1+\mu _2`$ and $`\xi =\xi _1+\xi _2`$.
Region $`A_1`$. In this region we use (3.68) and we bound (3.69) and (3.70) by replacing $`J^i,i=1,2`$ with $`\stackrel{~}{J}^2`$ in (3.67).
Case A: $`|\xi |\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}`$.
We only have to estimate (3.69). We observe that $`|\xi |2`$ and hence, from (3.67),

$$\stackrel{~}{J}^2_{}\varphi _{1,j_1}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1)\varphi _{2,j_2}(\xi \xi _1,\mu \mu _1,\tau \tau _1).$$

Then if we dyadically decompose for $`1+|\xi |2^m`$, the sum in $`m`$ is a finite sum and we can use Strichartz inequality (2.19), applied to $`\varphi _{1,j_1}`$ and $`\varphi _{2,j_2}`$, and Plancherel and Hölder, to prove the theorem in this case.
Case B: $`|\xi |<\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}`$.
We have to estimate (3.70). If $`\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}1`$, it follows that $`|\mu _1+\mu _2|2`$, and we proceed like in Case A. If $`\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}1`$. We consider two subcases.
Case B1: $`|\mu _1||\mu _2|`$.
If $`\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|}|\xi _2|`$, because $`|\xi _2|1`$, it follows that $`|\mu _1|,|\mu _2|4`$ and we go back to the previous case. If $`\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|}>|\xi _2|`$, we dyadically decompose with respect to $`\mu _2`$. Then

$$|\xi _1+\xi _2||\xi _1+\xi _2|^{2ϵ_0}|\mu _1+\mu _2|^{12ϵ_0}2|\mu _1+\mu _2|^{12ϵ_0}$$

this corresponds to Case B1 of region $`A_1`$ in the proof of Theorem 3. In fact we have the following bound for (3.70):

$`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0rn_2}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle _{A_1}}g_j\chi _2\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _{n_2+1r}2^{(n_2+1r)(12ϵ_0)}`$
$`\varphi _{1,j_1}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1){\displaystyle \frac{\chi _2\varphi _{2,j_2,n_2}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\tau _2)}{(\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|})^{12ϵ_0}}},`$
where $`\varphi _{2,j_2,n_2}=\theta _{n_2}(\mu _2)\varphi _{2,j_2}`$. (Note that $`\varphi _{1,j_1},\varphi _{2,j_2}`$ are in this case as defined in (3.62), (3.63), and one concludes like in that case for $`ϵ_0<\frac{1}{4}`$.
Case B2: $`|\mu _1|>>|\mu _2|`$.
Then $`|\mu _1||\mu _1+\mu _2|`$. If $`\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}|\xi _1|`$, it follows that $`|\mu _1+\mu _2||\mu _1|4`$. So if we set $`1+|\mu _1+\mu _2|2^n`$, then the sum on $`n`$ is finite and we use the Strichartz inequality (2.19). If $`\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}>|\xi _1|`$, we dyadically decompose $`|\mu _1+\mu _2||\mu _1|2^{n_1}`$. Then we use Strichartz inequality (2.19) again.

Region $`A_2`$.
Case A: $`|\xi |\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}`$.
This case is similar to the corresponding case in Theorem 3. If $`|\xi _1||\xi _2|2^{m_1}`$ and $`|\xi _1+\xi _2|2^{m_1+1r},0r<m_1`$, (and $`|\xi _1+\xi _2|1`$ when $`r=m_1`$), then one can bound (3.69) with

$$\underset{j,m}{sup}g_j\chi _1\chi _j\theta _m_{L^2}\underset{m_10}{}\underset{0rm_1}{}2^{r(12ϵ_0)}\mathrm{\Pi }_{i=1,2}\underset{j_i0}{}2^{j_i/2}\varphi _{i,j_i,m_1}_{L^2},$$

and this proves the estimate for $`ϵ_0<\frac{1}{4}`$.
Case B: $`|\xi |<\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}`$.
If $`\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}1`$, then $`|\xi |,|\mu |4`$ and we go back to the estimate in region $`A_1`$. So we assume that $`\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}>1`$. We consider two subcases.
Case B1: $`|\mu _1||\mu _2|`$
If $`\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|}|\xi _2|`$ we use the fact that

(3.71)
$$|\xi _1+\xi _2|1/\sqrt{2}|\mu _1+\mu _2|^{\frac{1}{2}}C|\mu _2|^{\frac{1}{2}}C|\xi _2|,$$

and we dyadically decompose with respect to $`\xi _2`$. Then if $`|\xi _2|2^{m_2}`$, $`1+|\mu _1+\mu _2|2^r2^{2m_2},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}0}r2m_2`$. We proceed now like in the corresponding case for Theorem 3 where we replace $`ϵ_0`$ by $`2ϵ_0`$ and $`r`$ by $`r/2`$. If $`\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|}>|\xi _2|`$ we dyadically decompose with respect to $`\mu _2`$ by setting $`|\mu _2|2^{n_2}`$. Then $`|\mu _1+\mu _2|2^{n_2r+1},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}0}rn_2`$ and from (3.71) also $`|\xi _1+\xi _2|2^{n_2/2r/2+1/2}`$. We reduce our estimate to

$`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0rn_2}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle _{A_2}}g_j\chi _2\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _{n_2+1r}2^{(n_2+1r)(12ϵ_0)/2}`$
$`\times |\xi _1+\xi _2|^{2ϵ_0}\varphi _{1,j_1}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1){\displaystyle \frac{\chi _2\varphi _{2,j_2,n_2}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\tau _2)}{(\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|})^{12ϵ_0}}}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{0rn_2}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle _{A_2}}g_j\chi _2\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _{n_2+1r}2^{r(12ϵ_0)/2}`$
$`\times |\xi _1+\xi _2|^{2ϵ_0}\varphi _{1,j_1}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1){\displaystyle \frac{|\xi _2|^{12ϵ_0}}{|\mu _2|^{(12ϵ_0)/2}}}\chi _2\varphi _{2,j_2,n_2}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\tau _2)`$
We use again Lemma 3.1 and, in view of the fact that here $`|\xi _2|^2/|\mu _2|\frac{1}{2}`$, we continue with

$$\underset{j,n}{sup}g_j\chi _2\chi _j\theta _n_{L^2}\underset{n_20}{}\underset{0rn_2}{}2^{r(12ϵ_0)/2}\left(\underset{j_10}{}2^{j_1/2}\varphi _{1,j_1}_{L^2}\right)\left(\underset{j_20}{}2^{j_2/2}\chi _2\varphi _{2,n_2,j_2}_{L^2}\right),$$

and we sum in $`r`$. This is enough to prove the estimate as long as $`ϵ_0<\frac{1}{4}`$.
Case B2: $`|\mu _1|>>|\mu _2|`$.
If $`\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}|\xi _1|`$, then

$$|\xi _1+\xi _2|1/\sqrt{2}|\mu _1+\mu _2|^{\frac{1}{2}}C|\mu _1|^{\frac{1}{2}}C|\xi _1|,$$

replaces (3.71) and we can repeat the argument given in the first part of Case B1. If $`\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}>|\xi _1|`$, since $`|\mu _1+\mu _2||\mu _1|`$, we dyadically decompose with respect to $`|\mu _1|2^{n_1}`$. Because $`|\xi _1+\xi _2||\xi _2|`$, we reduce our estimate to

(3.72)
$$\underset{j_1,j_20}{}\underset{j0}{}\underset{n_10}{}2^{j/2}_{A_2}g_j\chi _2\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _{n_1}|\xi _1+\xi _2|^{2ϵ_0}\chi _2\varphi _{1,n_1,j_1}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1)\varphi _{2,j_2}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\tau _2),$$

and at this point we can proceed by using Lemma 3.1.

Region $`A_3A_4(A_5\stackrel{~}{A}_5(2ϵ_0))`$.
Case A: $`\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}|\xi |`$.
We consider two subcases.
Case A1: $`|\xi _1|\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}`$.
We dyadically decompose with respect to $`|\xi ||\xi _1|2^{m_1}`$. Because in this region $`\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|}|\xi _1||\xi _1+\xi _2|`$, we reduce our estimate to (3.37) of the corresponding case in the proof of Theorem 3, where $`ϵ_0`$ is replaced by $`2ϵ_0`$.
Case A2: $`|\xi _1|\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}`$.
We use again a dyadic decomposition with respect to $`\xi _1`$. Observe that $`(|\xi _2|<<)|\xi _1|\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}C\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|}`$ hence $`\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|}2^{m_1+r},rC_2`$. We then reduce our estimate to (3), again replacing $`ϵ_0`$ with $`2ϵ_0`$.
Case B: $`\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}>|\xi |`$. As we observed in the analysis of region $`A_i,i=1,2`$, without loss of generality we can assume that $`\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}1`$. We consider two subcases.
Case B1: $`|\mu _1||\mu _2|`$.
We recall that in this region we also have $`\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|}>>|\xi _2|`$ and we repeat the argument presented in the second part of Case B1 of region $`A_2`$.
Case B2: $`|\mu _1|>>|\mu _2|`$.
If $`\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}|\xi _1|`$ then we use an argument similar to the one used in the first part of Case B1 in region $`A_2`$, where the role of $`(\xi _2,\mu _2)`$ is now played by $`(\xi _1,\mu _1)`$. If $`\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}|\xi _1|`$, we dyadically decompose so that $`|\mu _1+\mu _2||\mu _1|2^{n_1}`$. Then because $`|\xi _1+\xi _2||\xi _1|\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|}`$, we obtain the estimate (3.72) and also this case is done.

Region $`A_5\stackrel{~}{A}_5(2ϵ_0)`$. In this case we cannot use Lemma 3.1.
Case A: $`|\xi |\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}`$.
We observe that if 999Based on the proof of Lemma 3.1, we assume that $`\alpha >4`$ and $`2ϵ_0<\frac{1}{8}`$. $`ϵ_0<(\alpha 1)/2\alpha `$, then $`(1+\alpha 2ϵ_0)(12ϵ_0)>1`$ and

(3.73)
$$(\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|})^{12ϵ_0}|\xi _1|^{1+\delta }|\xi _1+\xi _2|^{1+\delta },$$

for some $`\delta `$ such that $`0<\delta <<1`$. We dyadically decompose so that $`|\xi _1||\xi _1+\xi _2|2^{m_1}`$ and using (3.73) we reduce the estimate to

$$\underset{j_1,j_20}{}\underset{j0}{}\underset{m_10}{}2^{j/2}g_j\chi _1\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _{m_1}2^{m_1\delta }\chi _1\varphi _{1,j_1,m_1}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1)\varphi _{2,j_2}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\tau _2),$$

and Strichartz inequality (2.19) and Cauchy-Schwarz can be used to finish the proof also in this case.
Case B: $`|\xi |\frac{1}{2}\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}`$.
Notice that from (3.42) $`|\mu _2||\xi _2|\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}<<|\mu _1|`$, hence $`|\mu _1+\mu _2||\mu _1|`$. We dyadically decompose with respect to $`|\mu _1|2^{n_1}`$. Using (3.73) we obtain the estimate

$`{\displaystyle \underset{j_1,j_20}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_10}{}}2^{j/2}{\displaystyle g_j\chi _2\chi _j(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\theta _{n_1}(\mu )|\xi _1|^\delta (\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|})^{12ϵ_0}}`$
$`\times \chi _2\varphi _{1,n_1,j_1}(\xi _1,\mu _1,\tau _1){\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{2,j_2}}{(\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|})^{12ϵ_0}}}(\xi _2,\mu _2,\tau _2).`$
Then Strichartz inequality (2.19) is enough to conclude the proof also in this case.

Region $`A_6`$. As we did for the proof of Theorem 3, also in this case we consider three subcases: Case A: $`|\xi _1|10^2\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}`$; Case B: $`|\xi _1|<10^2\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}`$ and Case C: $`10^2\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}<|\xi _1|<10^2\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}`$. Since in the proof of Theorem 3 we used (3.44) in cases A and B, we can treat these cases in the same way, with the understanding that now $`ϵ_0`$ is replaced by $`2ϵ_0`$. For Case C we go back to (3.65) and (3.66) and we show that in this region

(3.74)
$$J^1J^2.$$

If one assumes this for a moment, then it is easy to see that we can repeat exactly the argument we gave for Case C in the proof of Theorem 3. To prove (3.74) it’s enough to show that

$$\mathrm{max}(|\xi |,\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |})\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi _2|,\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|}).$$

To simplify the notation we set $`\mathrm{max}(|\xi |,\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |})=M`$ and $`\mathrm{max}(1,|\xi _2|,\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|})=M_2`$. Assume that $`M=|\xi |`$. If $`M_2=1`$, then $`M_2=1|\xi |=M`$. If $`M_2=|\xi _2|`$, then $`M|\xi _1|>>|\xi _2|=M_2`$ and also this case is done. If $`M_2=\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|}`$, then $`M=|\xi ||\xi _1|\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}>>\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|}=M_2`$. Now assume that $`M=\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}`$. If $`M_2=1`$, then $`M_2=1|\xi |\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}=M`$. If $`M_2=|\xi _2|`$, then $`M_2<<|\xi _1||\xi |\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}=M_2`$ and also this case is done. Finally If $`M_2=\frac{|\mu _2|}{|\xi _2|}`$, then $`M_2<<\frac{|\mu _1|}{|\xi _1|}|\xi _1||\xi |\frac{|\mu |}{|\xi |}=M`$.

The proof of Theorem 4 is now complete.

We conclude this section with a counterexample that shows that if $`ϵ<\frac{1}{4}`$ in Theorem 3, then the theorem does not hold. This counterexample is important because, as we will discuss below in Remark 4.1, if we could have taken $`ϵ<\frac{1}{4}`$, then we could have removed the smallness assumption in the initial data and at the same time we would have obtained a global result in the modified energy space $`EP`$.

###### Proposition 7.

The bilinear estimate

$`_x(uv)_{X_{1,\frac{1}{2}}}`$ $``$ $`Cu_{X_{1,\frac{1}{2}}}(v_{X_{1,\frac{1}{2}}}+v_{X_{1,\frac{1}{2}}}^{1ϵ}v_{Y_{1,0,\frac{1}{2}}}^ϵ)`$
$`+`$ $`Cv_{X_{1,\frac{1}{2}}}(u_{X_{1,\frac{1}{2}}}+u_{X_{1,\frac{1}{2}}}^{1ϵ}u_{Y_{1,0,\frac{1}{2}}}^ϵ)`$
fails for $`ϵ<\frac{1}{4}`$.

###### Proof.

The proof of the proposition is based on the example of Molinet, Saut and Tzvetkov from . We introduce the sets:

$$E_1=\{(\xi ,\mu ,\tau ):\xi [\frac{1}{2}\alpha ,\alpha ],\mu [6\alpha ^2,6\alpha ^2],|\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu )|1\}$$

$$E_2=\{(\xi ,\mu ,\tau ):\xi [N,N+\alpha ],\mu [\sqrt{3}N^2,\sqrt{3}N^2+\alpha ^2],|\tau \omega (\xi ,\mu )|1\}.$$

where again $`\omega (\xi ,\mu )=\xi ^3+\frac{\mu ^2}{\xi }`$. We observe that $`_\xi \omega (\xi ,\mu )=3\xi ^2\frac{\mu ^2}{\xi ^2}`$, and $`_\mu \omega (\xi ,\mu )=\frac{2\mu }{\xi }.`$ The reason for the $`\sqrt{3}`$ in the definition of $`E_2`$ may be seen by calculating $`_\xi \omega `$ inside $`E_2`$. The $`O(N^2)`$ terms cancel and the next biggest term is $`O(N\alpha )`$. In the region $`E_2`$, the dispersive surface has slope $`O(N\alpha )`$ along the $`\xi `$ direction and slope $`O(N)`$ along $`\mu `$. An $`\alpha \times \alpha ^2`$ piece of the tangent plane to the dispersive surface in $`E_2`$ stays within $`N\alpha ^2`$ of the surface. Therefore, we select $`\alpha N^{\frac{1}{2}}`$ so that $`E_2`$ is a $`O(1)`$ vertical thickening of this piece of tangent plane. These calculations then “explain” the choice of the $`\alpha `$, $`\alpha ^2`$ scaling in the $`\xi `$ and $`\mu `$ directions. Note that $`E_1`$ is essentially an $`\alpha \times \alpha ^2\times 1`$ box.

Let $`\widehat{u}=\alpha ^{\frac{3}{2}}\chi _{E_1},\widehat{v}=N^1\alpha ^{\frac{3}{2}}\chi _{E_2},`$ where the functions $`\chi _{E_i}`$ are smoothed out characteristic functions.

We calculate

$$|[_x(uv)]^\mathrm{^}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )||\xi ||\widehat{u}\widehat{v}|(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )|\xi |\alpha ^3N^1\chi _{E_1}\chi _{E_2}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau ).$$

We have

$$\chi _{E_1}\chi _{E_2}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )\underset{trans}{sup}|trans(E_1)E_2|\chi _{E_1+E_2}(\xi ,\mu ,\tau ),$$

where $`trans`$ denotes an arbitrary translation in the $`(\xi ,\mu ,\tau )`$ space. Geometric considerations similar to those discussed above show that $`E_1+E_2`$ contains an $`\alpha \times \alpha ^2\times N\alpha ^2`$ box containing the point $`(N+\alpha ,\sqrt{3}N^2+\alpha ^2,4N^3)`$. This point is at vertical distance $`O(1)`$ from the dispersive surface. Since $`E_2`$ has slope $`N\alpha `$ along $`\xi `$ and slope $`N`$ along $`\mu `$, we observe that the sup above is bounded by $`(N\alpha )^1\times N^1\times 1`$. Combining these remarks gives,

$$|\widehat{_xuv}|N\alpha ^3N^1N^2\alpha ^1\chi _{E_1+E_2}\alpha ^4N^2\chi _{E_1+E_2}.$$

Therefore, we have

$$_x(uv)_{X_{1,\frac{1}{2}}}\alpha ^4N^2N(N\alpha ^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}|E_1+E_2|^{\frac{1}{2}}\alpha ^5N^{1\frac{1}{2}}(\alpha ^5N)^{\frac{1}{2}}.$$

The choice of $`\alpha =N^{\frac{1}{2}}`$ yields

$$_x(uv)_{X_{1,\frac{1}{2}}}N^{\frac{1}{4}}.$$

as the size of the left-side of (7).

We now consider the right-side of (7). The functions $`u,v`$ are normalized to have size $`O(1)`$ in the various $`X_{s,b}`$-norms. The $`Y_{1,0,\frac{1}{2}}`$-norm has two pieces. The term arising from $`_\tau u`$ essentially reproduces $`u`$ since $`E_1`$ is of size $`O(1)`$ along the $`\tau `$ direction. The other term involves $`_\mu u`$. Since $`E_1`$ has size $`\alpha ^2`$ along $`\mu `$, we have that $`|_\mu \chi _{E_2}|\alpha ^2\chi _{E_2}`$ so this part of the $`Y_{1,0,\frac{1}{2}}`$-norm is of size $`O(\alpha ^2)=O(N)`$. Upon taking this to the power $`ϵ`$ and comparing with the size of the left-side, $`N^{\frac{1}{4}}`$, we see the failure of (7) when $`ϵ<\frac{1}{4}.`$

## 4. Proof of Theorem 1 and Theorem 2

We start with the proof of Theorem 2, because Theorem 1 is a corollary of Theorem 2. The proof uses a classical fixed point theorem (see for example ). We will first carry out the proof when $`T=\frac{1}{2}`$

###### Proof of Theorem 2.

We start by transforming (1.1) into the integral equation

(4.1)
$$u=\psi (t)S(t)u_0\psi (t)_0^tS(tt^{})_x(u^2)(t^{})dt^{}.$$

(Here we have fixed $`\beta =1`$.) Then it is clear that a solution for (4.1) is a fixed point for the operator

(4.2)
$$L(v)=\psi (t)S(t)u_0\psi (t)_0^tS(tt^{})_x(v^2)(t^{})dt^{}$$

To simplify the notation we set $`Z_{1ϵ_0}=X_{1ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}Y_{1ϵ_0,ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}`$. Then, for fixed $`\sigma >0`$, we assume that $`u_0_{B_{1ϵ_0}^{1,2}P_{ϵ_0}^{1,2}}\sigma `$ and we set $`a=4Cu_0_{B_{1ϵ_0}^{1,2}P_{ϵ_0}^{1,2}}`$, where $`C`$ is the constant in (2.2) and (2.3). We show that, if $`B_a`$ is the ball centered at the origin and radius $`a`$ in $`Z_{1ϵ_0}`$, then

(4.3) $`L:B_aB_a,`$
(4.4) $`L(uv)_{Z_{1ϵ_0}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}uv_{Z_{1ϵ_0}}`$
and this is enough to finish the proof of the theorem. To prove (4.3) we use (2.2), (2.3), (2.11) and (2.12) to show that

$$L(v)_{Z_{1ϵ_0}}\frac{a}{4}+C_1(_x(v^2)_{X_{1ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}}+_x(v^2)_{Y_{1ϵ_0,ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}})$$

and if we continue with Theorems 3 and 4 we obtain

$`L(v)_{Z_{1ϵ_0}}{\displaystyle \frac{a}{4}}`$
$`+C_1(v_{X_{1ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}}^2+v_{X_{1ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}}v_{Y_{1ϵ_0,ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}}+v_{X_{1ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}}^{1ϵ}v_{Y_{1ϵ_0,ϵ_0,\frac{1}{2}}}^{1+ϵ}),`$
hence (4.3) follows with our choice of $`a`$, for small $`\sigma `$. ∎

We finish this section with a remark that should convince the reader that in a sense the fixed point method used above is performed in a critical regime. This criticality appears in an unusual way. This remark also shows how to obtain the case of general T in Theorem 2, from the case $`T=\frac{1}{2}`$. One simply chooses $`T=\lambda ^3/2`$ below, $`\lambda `$ large, and then the norm small depending also on $`\lambda `$.

###### Remark 4.1.

If $`u(x,y,t)`$ is a solution of the IVP (1.1), then

(4.6)
$$u_\lambda (x,y,t)=\lambda ^2u(\lambda x,\lambda ^2y,\lambda ^3t)$$

is a solution for the IVP (1.1) with initial data $`u_{\lambda ,0}(x,y)=\lambda ^2u_0(\lambda x,\lambda ^2y)`$. Following the directions in the literature we define the critical Sobolev indices for the KP equation as the couple of real numbers $`(s_c^1,s_c^2)`$ such that the homogeneous Sobolev norm

$$u_{\lambda ,0}(x,y)_{\dot{H}_{x,y}^{s_c^1,s_c^2}}C,$$

where $`C`$ is independent of $`\lambda `$. With a simple calculation we obtain

(4.7)
$$s_c^1+2s_c^2=\frac{1}{2}.$$

While for the KP-II equation one can get a well-posedness theory for Sobolev spaces with indices satisfying a relationship pretty close to (4.7) (see ), for the KP-I, due to the observations made in the introduction, we do not really expect to be able to reach near the critical indices in (4.7). The type of criticality that occurs in our case can be summarized in the following lemma:

###### Lemma 4.1.

In $`u_\lambda `$ is defined as in (4.6), $`0<\lambda 1`$, then for any $`s1`$,

(4.8)
$$u_{0,\lambda }_{B_s^{2,1}}^{1ϵ}u_{0,\lambda }_{P_{s1}^{2,1}}^ϵ\lambda ^{14ϵ}.$$

The proof of the lemma follows from simple changes of variables.

Observe that we can consider $`ϵ=\frac{1}{4}`$ to be a critical exponent in this case. In fact, if we could take $`ϵ<\frac{1}{4}`$ in Theorems 3 and 4, then we could use (4.8) to remove the smallness assumption needed in the contraction argument presented for the proof of Theorem 2. But, like the counterexample in Proposition 7 shows, this is not possible.

We are now ready to sketch the proof of Theorem 1.

###### Proof of Theorem 1.

Let’s fix an interval of time $`[T,T]`$ and a small $`ϵ>0(ϵ<\frac{1}{16})`$. In light of Remark 1.3, we have that, if $`u_0EP`$, and $`u_0_{EP}\delta _1`$, then $`u_0B_{1ϵ}^{2,1}P_ϵ^{2,1}`$, and we can choose $`\delta _1=\delta _1(ϵ)`$ so that $`u_0_{B_{1ϵ}^{2,1}P_ϵ^{2,1}}\delta `$ where $`\delta `$ is chosen as in Theorem 2, depending upon $`ϵ,\delta _1`$. We can thus apply Theorem 2 to obtain a unique solution $`uZ_{1ϵ}=X_{1ϵ,\frac{1}{2}}Y_{1ϵ,ϵ,\frac{1}{2}}.`$ Now, by continuity with respect to the initial data, if $`u_0^k`$ is a smooth sequence that approximates $`u_0`$ in $`B_{\delta _1}EP`$, which also approximates it in $`B_{1ϵ}^{2,1}P_ϵ^{2,1}`$, then the associated sequence of solutions $`u_k`$ is smooth, and it approximates $`u`$ in $`C([T,T];B_{1ϵ}^{2,1}P_ϵ^{2,1})`$. On the other hand, by Remark 1.1,

$$u_k_{L_{[T,T]}^{\mathrm{}}(EP)}C(T,u_0_{EP}),$$

uniformly with respect to $`k`$. Thus, $`u_k`$ has a weak limit in $`L_{[T,T]}^{\mathrm{}}(EP)`$ that must coincide with $`u`$ for almost every $`t`$. Then,

$$u_{L_{[T,T]}^{\mathrm{}}(EP)}C(T,u_0_{EP}),$$

this concludes the proof. ∎