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# Modelling nematohydrodynamics in liquid crystal devices

## 1 Introduction

In this paper we describe a lattice Boltzmann algorithm which solves the hydrodynamic equations of motion for nematic liquid crystals. Liquid crystals are widely used in display devices and, as examples of applications of the algorithm, we consider two model devices where flow has an important role to play in the switching.

Liquid crystals are fluids made up of rod-shaped molecules. At high temperatures and low concentrations the angular distribution of the molecules is isotropic. However, as the temperature is lowered or the concentration increased, a liquid crystal can undergo a phase transition to a state where the molecules tend to align parallel, the so-called nematic phase. Liquid crystals exhibit complicated, non-Newtonian flow behaviour because of the coupling between this molecular structure and the flow field. Examples include shear thinning and non-equilibrium phase transitions such as banding under shear.

Another consequence of the ordering of nematic liquid crystals is their widespread use in optical display devices such as those on digital watches or calculators. In a typical display device, the liquid crystal is confined between two plates a few microns apart. The molecular configuration on the plates is fixed. When an electric field is switched on molecules in the bulk align in the direction preferred by the field. After switching off the field, long-range elastic interactions ensure that the molecules reorient themselves in the direction preferred by the surfaces. These devices can be used as displays because different liquid crystal orientations have different optical properties. Flow can be important in device operation because it can control the speed of switching or even select the states between which switching can occur.

Modelling flow in non-Newtonian fluids such as liquid crystals is difficult because of the need to incorporate the coupling between the microscopic structure and the flow. The hydrodynamic equations of motion can be extremely complex and numerical solutions demanding. A method which has recently proved very successful in modelling complex fluids is the lattice Boltzmann approach. Lattice Boltzmann simulations solve the hydrodynamic equations of motion while inputting sufficient, albeit generic, molecular information to model the important physics of a given fluid. This is often done by imposing a Landau free energy functional, so the fluid evolves to a known thermodynamic equilibrium. The method has been successfully used to investigate domain growth in binary mixtures and liquid-gas systems, the flow of binary mixtures in porous media, and ordering in amphiphilic fluids.

Here we construct a lattice Boltzmann algorithm to solve the hydrodynamic equations of motion for nematic liquid crystals. We follow Beris and Edwards and consider a rather general formalism of the hydrodynamics written in terms of a tensor order parameter, $`𝐐`$. This approach lends itself to a lattice Boltzmann interpretation: the partial density distribution functions which are the usual variables in the simulations are supplemented by a set of tensors related to $`𝐐`$. Backflow, the hydrodynamics of topological defects and the possibility of transitions between the nematic and isotropic phases appear naturally within the formalism.

The next section of the paper summarises the Beris-Edwards equations of motion for liquid crystal hydrodynamics. Sec. 3 describes the lattice Boltzmann algorithm. General viscosity terms, needed to match to experimental viscosities, are included. The approach is applied to switching in a Frederiks cell in Sec. 4 and, in Sec. 5, used to confirm that backflow can influence state selection in a bistable liquid crystal device.

## 2 Hydrodynamic equations of motion

Ordering in a nematic liquid crystal can be described in terms of a tensor order parameter $`𝐐`$ which is symmetric and traceless. Expanding the free energy in terms of the order parameter gives the Landau-de-Gennes expression

$$𝔉=_V𝑑V\left\{F_bF_E+F_d\right\}+_V𝑑S\left\{F_a\right\},$$
(1)
where

$`F_b`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{A}{2}}(1{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma }{3}})Q_{\alpha \beta }^2{\displaystyle \frac{A\gamma }{3}}Q_{\alpha \beta }Q_{\beta \gamma }Q_{\gamma \alpha }`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{A\gamma }{4}}(Q_{\alpha \beta }^2)^2,`$
$`F_d`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{L_1}{2}}(_\alpha Q_{\beta \gamma })^2+{\displaystyle \frac{L_2}{2}}(_\alpha Q_{\alpha \gamma })(_\beta Q_{\beta \gamma })`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{L_3}{2}}Q_{\alpha \beta }(_\alpha Q_{\gamma ϵ})(_\beta Q_{\gamma ϵ}),`$
$`F_a`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{2}}(Q_{\alpha \beta }Q_{\alpha \beta }^0)^2,F_E={\displaystyle \frac{ϵ_a}{12\pi }}E_\alpha Q_{\alpha \beta }E_\beta .`$ (2)
(Greek subscripts represent Cartesian directions and the usual summation over repeated indices is assumed.) The bulk free energy terms $`F_b`$ describe a liquid crystal with a first-order, isotropic–nematic transition at $`\gamma =2.7`$. Contributions to the free energy which arise from an imposed electric field $`\stackrel{}{E}`$ are included in $`F_E`$. $`F_d`$ describes the elastic free energy and $`F_a`$ is a surface free energy which fixes a preferred orientation $`𝐐^0`$ for the surface director field.

$`𝐐`$ evolves according to a convection-diffusion equation

$$(_t+\stackrel{}{u})𝐐𝐒(𝐖,𝐐)=\mathrm{\Gamma }𝐇$$
(3)
where $`\stackrel{}{u}`$ is the bulk fluid velocity and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a collective rotational diffusion constant. The term on the right-hand side of Eqn. (3) describes the relaxation of the order parameter towards the minimum of the free energy $`𝔉`$,

$$𝐇=\frac{\delta 𝔉}{\delta 𝐐}+(𝐈/3)\text{T}r\left\{\frac{\delta 𝔉}{\delta 𝐐}\right\}.$$
(4)
The order parameter distribution can be both rotated and stretched by flow gradients. This is described by the term on the left-hand side

$`𝐒(𝐖,𝐐)=(\xi 𝐃+𝛀)(𝐐+𝐈/3)+`$ (5)
$`(𝐐+𝐈/3)(\xi 𝐃𝛀)2\xi (𝐐+𝐈/3)\text{Tr}(\mathrm{𝐐𝐖})`$
where $`𝐃=(𝐖+𝐖^T)/2`$ and $`𝛀=(𝐖𝐖^T)/2`$ are the symmetric part and the anti-symmetric part respectively of the velocity gradient tensor $`W_{\alpha \beta }=_\beta u_\alpha `$ and $`\xi `$ is related to the aspect ratio of the molecules.

The flow of the liquid crystal fluid obeys the continuity and Navier-Stokes equations

$$_t\rho +_\alpha \rho u_\alpha =0,$$
(6)
$`\rho _tu_\alpha +\rho u_\beta _\beta u_\alpha =_\beta \sigma _{\alpha \beta }+`$ (7)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\rho \tau _f}{3}}_\beta ((\delta _{\alpha \beta }+3_n\sigma _{\alpha \beta })_\zeta u_\zeta +_\alpha u_\beta +_\beta u_\alpha )`$
where

$`\sigma _{\alpha \beta }`$ $`=`$ $`\rho T\delta _{\alpha \beta }(\xi 1)H_{\alpha \gamma }(Q_{\gamma \beta }+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\delta _{\gamma \beta })`$ (8)
$``$ $`(\xi +1)(Q_{\alpha \gamma }+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\delta _{\alpha \gamma })H_{\gamma \beta }`$
$`+`$ $`2\xi (Q_{\alpha \beta }+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\delta _{\alpha \beta })Q_{\gamma ϵ}H_{\gamma ϵ}_\beta Q_{\gamma \nu }{\displaystyle \frac{\delta 𝔉}{\delta _\alpha Q_{\gamma \nu }}}`$
$`+`$ $`\beta (Q_{\alpha \beta }+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\delta _{\alpha \beta })Q_{\gamma ϵ}W_{\gamma ϵ}+\sigma _{M,\alpha \beta }`$
is the stress due to the nematic order and the external electric field. The latter is represented by the $`\sigma _{M,\alpha \beta }`$ Maxwell stress tensor.

## 3 Lattice Boltzmann algorithm

A lattice Boltzmann scheme which reproduces Eqns. (3), (6) and (7) to second order can be defined in terms of two distribution functions $`f_i(\stackrel{}{x})`$ and $`𝐆_i(\stackrel{}{x})`$ where $`i`$ labels lattice directions from site $`\stackrel{}{x}`$. Physical variables are related to the distribution functions by

$$\rho =\underset{i}{}f_i,\rho u_\alpha =\underset{i}{}f_ie_{i\alpha },𝐐=\underset{i}{}𝐆_i.$$
(9)
The distribution functions evolve in a time step $`\mathrm{\Delta }t`$ according to

$`(f_i(\stackrel{}{x}+\stackrel{}{e}_i\mathrm{\Delta }t,t+\mathrm{\Delta }t)f_i(\stackrel{}{x},t))/\mathrm{\Delta }t=`$ (10)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left[𝒞_{fi}(\stackrel{}{x},t,\left\{f_i\right\})+𝒞_{fi}(\stackrel{}{x}+\stackrel{}{e}_i\mathrm{\Delta }t,t+\mathrm{\Delta }t,\left\{f_i^{}\right\})\right],`$
$`(𝐆_i(\stackrel{}{x}+\stackrel{}{e}_i\mathrm{\Delta }t,t+\mathrm{\Delta }t)𝐆_i(\stackrel{}{x},t))/\mathrm{\Delta }t=`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{𝒞_{𝐆i}(\stackrel{}{x},t,\left\{𝐆_i\right\})+𝒞_{𝐆i}(\stackrel{}{x}+\stackrel{}{e}_i\mathrm{\Delta }t,t+\mathrm{\Delta }t,\left\{𝐆_i^{}\right\})}{2}}`$
where the collision operators are taken to have the form of a single relaxation time Boltzmann equation, together with a forcing term

$`𝒞_{fi}(\stackrel{}{x},t,\left\{f_i\right\})=`$ (11)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{f_i(\stackrel{}{x},t)f_i^0(\stackrel{}{x},t,\left\{f_i\right\})}{\tau _f}}+p_i(\stackrel{}{x},t,\left\{f_i\right\}),`$
$`𝒞_{𝐆i}(\stackrel{}{x},t,\left\{𝐆_i\right\})=`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{𝐆_i(\stackrel{}{x},t)𝐆_i^0(\stackrel{}{x},t,\left\{𝐆_i\right\})}{\tau _𝐆}}+h_i(\stackrel{}{x},t,\left\{𝐆_i\right\}).`$
$`f_i^{}`$ and $`𝐆_i^{}`$ in equations (10) and (11) are first order approximations to $`f_i(\stackrel{}{x}+\stackrel{}{e}_i\mathrm{\Delta }t,t+\mathrm{\Delta }t)`$ and $`𝐆_i(\stackrel{}{x}+\stackrel{}{e}_i\mathrm{\Delta }t,t+\mathrm{\Delta }t)`$. They are introduced to remove lattice viscosity terms to second order and they give improved stability.

The form of the equations of motion and thermodynamic equilibrium follow from the choice of the moments of the equilibrium distributions $`f_i^0`$ and $`𝐆_i^0`$ and the driving terms $`p_i`$ and $`h_i`$. $`f_i^0`$ is constrained by

$`{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}f_i^0=\rho ,{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}f_i^0e_{i\alpha }=\rho u_\alpha ,`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}f_i^0e_{i\alpha }e_{i\beta }=\sigma _{\alpha \beta }^s+\rho u_\alpha u_\beta `$ (12)
where the zeroth and first moments are chosen to impose conservation of mass and momentum. The second moment of $`f^0`$ controls the symmetric part of the stress tensor, whereas the moments of $`p_i`$

$`{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}p_i=0,{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}p_ie_{i\alpha }=_\beta \sigma _{\alpha \beta }^a,`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}p_ie_{i\alpha }e_{i\beta }=0`$ (13)
impose the antisymmetric part of the stress tensor.

For the equilibrium of the order parameter distribution we choose

$`{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}𝐆_i^0=𝐐,{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}𝐆_i^0e_{i\alpha }=𝐐u_\alpha ,`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}𝐆_i^0e_{i\alpha }e_{i\beta }=𝐐u_\alpha u_\beta .`$ (14)
This ensures that the fluid minimizes its free energy at equilibrium and that it is convected with the flow. Finally the evolution of the order parameter is most conveniently modelled by choosing

$`{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}h_i=\mathrm{\Gamma }𝐇(𝐐)+𝐒(𝐖,𝐐),`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}h_ie_{i\alpha }=({\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}h_i)u_\alpha .`$ (15)
Conditions (12)–(15) can be satisfied by taking $`f_i^0`$, $`𝐆_i^0`$, $`h_i`$, and $`p_i`$ as polynomial expansions in the velocity as is usual in lattice Boltzmann schemes. A second order Chapman–Enskog expansion for the evolution equations (10) incorporating the conditions (12)–(15) leads to the equations of motion.

## 4 Frederiks cell

One of the simplest liquid crystal devices is the Frederiks cell depicted in Fig. 1. When the voltage is increased above a critical value $`V_c`$ switching from the zero voltage state occurs rather rapidly. The factor limiting the speed at which the device can be updated is the switching from the voltage aligned state to that preferred by the boundaries. This switching involves both relaxation of the free energy and viscous dissipation associated with hydrodynamic modes. Our aim is to quantitatively model this phenomenon for a given set of elastic constants and viscosities.

Figure 2 shows $`\theta `$, the director angle measured in the centre of the channel, as indicated in Fig. 1, as a function of time as the voltage is switched on and then off. The parameters used for the simulation are listed in footnote  and were chosen to correspond to commercially relevant materials. For comparison, we show relaxation data, provided by Sharp Laboratories of Europe, taken from a simulation using a commercial code which solves the Ericksen-Leslie equations in one dimension. (For a similar, but not identical, Ericksen-Leslie calculation and comparison to experimental data see Ref. .) For the most part, there is very good agreement between the two methods.

The “blip” seen in the plot when the voltage is turned off is a real effect known as the optical bounce, due to its optical signature. After the removal of the electric field, the changing director field induces a hydrodynamic flow. This, in turn, couples back to the director field and causes it to momentarily move in the “wrong” direction. Viscous dissipation in the fluid rapidly damps out the flow and the director can then relax toward the minimum of the free energy. The bounce we see is somewhat higher than that observed in the Ericksen-Leslie simulations. However recent attempts to exactly match the quantitative features of the optical bounce to solutions of the Ericksen-Leslie equations have suggested that they always underestimate its value relative to experiments. Thus, the additional details in the tensor model may be better reproducing the experimental results.

## 5 Flow induced surface switching

A current aim of the device industry is to construct bistable displays which can remain in two different (meta)stable states in zero field. This would, for example, lead to significant power saving in infrequently updated displays or could be used in the construction of smart cards which rely on an external power source.

In this paper we will consider one possible mechanism for accessing two zero-field states, flow induced surface switching. The two states are the horizontal and the twist states shown in Fig. 3. The liquid crystal is confined between two plates. The top (bottom) plate has strong (weak) anchoring. The horizontal state can be switched to the vertical state by an electric field. Then, if the field is abruptly switched off, one might expect the system to relax back to the horizontal state. The relaxation commences at the boundaries, where the molecules start to rotate in the same direction at the top and bottom surfaces. If one does not consider the effect of the back-flow (equivalent to using a Ginzburg-Landau equation to describe the dynamics), then this is indeed the case, as shown by the simulation results in Fig. 4. (The simulation parameters are summarized in . Back-flow is switched off by setting the velocity to zero in Eqn. (3).

If, however, back-flow is included, a horizontal flow is created starting from the top plate and gradually reaching the bottom surface. This horizontal flow causes the molecules to rotate in the opposite direction at the bottom surface. As a result the vertical state transforms to a bend state, as shown in Fig. 5. There is an energy argument which suggests that the bend state is unstable and quickly relaxes to a twist state if the Frank elastic constant $`K_{22}`$ is sufficiently small compared to $`K_{11}`$ and $`K_{33}`$.

Hence in a bistable device, if the field is switched off gradually, the effect of back-flow is weak, and the liquid crystal settles in the horizontal state. If the field is switched off abruptly, then it settles in the twist state. When a field is reapplied both zero field configurations switch back to the vertical state.

## 6 Conclusion

In conclusion, we have derived and implemented a lattice Boltzmann algorithm for liquid crystal hydrodynamics. This opens the way to investigate a wide range of physical phenomena which result from the coupling between the director field and the flow, many of which have been examined only indirectly or with severe approximations in the past. Two examples have been presented showing the relevance of flow to switching in liquid crystal devices.
We thank E. Acosta for helpful conversations. Financial support from the EPSRC is acknowledged.


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# Quantization of massive Abelian antisymmetric tensor field and linear potential

## I Introduction

Field theories that yield the linear potential are very important and attractive to particle physics, since those theories may be utilized to describe the confinement of quarks and gluons and furthermore might be considered to be effective theories of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The dual Abelian Higgs model (DAHM), or the dual Ginzburg–Landau theory,  has well been known as one of such theories.

Recently, an extended dual Abelian Higgs model (EDAHM) has been proposed by Baker et al.  and by Antonov and Ebert  to incorporate external (color-)electric charges such as quarks into the DAHM. Using the path integral method , Antonov and Ebert have also derived a dual form of the Lagrangian that defines the EDAHM in the London limit. In the dual Lagrangian, namely the dual form of Lagrangian, the Abrikosov-Nielsen-Olesen (open) string in the EDAHM is represented by a vorticity tensor current with the non-zero divergence. The dual Lagrangian, which is written in terms of an Abelian rank-2 antisymmetric tensor field, an Abelian vector field, a vorticity tensor current and its divergence, has the exactly same form as the Lagrangian that Kalb and Ramond have discovered in the action-at-a-distance theory between open strings . Kalb and Ramond showed that this Lagrangian describes a massive Abelian rank-2 antisymmetric tensor field coupled to an open string.

The present letter is intended to deal with a general rank-2 antisymmetric tensor current rather than the vorticity tensor current. Accordingly, the gauge theory found by Kalb and Ramond will be called massive Abelian antisymmetric tensor gauge theory (MAATGT) with antisymmetric tensor current (ATC) on condition that the vorticity tensor current is replaced by a general ATC.

The purpose of the present letter is to discuss a quantum-theoretical aspect of the MAATGT with ATC by performing quantization of an Abelian rank-2 antisymmetric tensor field contained in this theory. In Ref., Antonov and Ebert have actually considered the quantization of such a field. However, their procedure was complicated, because they carried out the quantization in the unitary gauge. In contrast, we carry out the quantization in the covariant gauge with an arbitrary gauge parameter. By virtue of taking the covariant gauge, the generating functional written in terms of the ATC and its divergence is derived in a straightforward way. Furthermore, origins of the terms constituting the generating functional are clearly understood. The quantization in the covariant gauge is also important to investigate properties of an effective gauge theory of SU(2) QCD that the present authors have recently studied . The reason for this is that the effective gauge theory involves a covariantly gauge fixed version of the Lagrangian that defines the MAATGT with ATC.

In addition to the covariant quantization, we consider noncovariant quantization in the axial gauge of the Landau type . Choosing a suitable axis in the axial gauge condition, we can directly derive a generating functional written in terms of an Abelian vector field and the divergence of the ATC. This generating functional agrees with that found in the DAHM  constructed by using Zwanziger’s formulation for electric and magnetic charges . The generating functionals obtained in the covariant and the noncovariant quantizations turn out to be the same for a specific form of the ATC. We shall see that these generating functionals lead to a composite of the Yukawa and the linear potentials.

The present letter is organized as follows. In Sec. 2, we introduce the MAATGT with ATC at the classical level. The covariant quantization is discussed in Sec. 3, and the noncovariant quantization in axial gauge is discussed in Sec. 4. Section 5 is devoted to a summary and discussion.

## II Gauge theory of
massive Abelian antisymmetric tensor field

Let $`B_{\mu \nu }(=B_{\nu \mu })`$ be an Abelian antisymmetric tensor field and $`A_\mu `$ be an Abelian vector field. We consider the antisymmetric tensor gauge theory in four dimensions characterized by the Lagrangian

$`_0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{12}}H_{\mu \nu \rho }H^{\mu \nu \rho }{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(mB_{\mu \nu }F_{\mu \nu })(mB^{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu })`$ (2)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}mB_{\mu \nu }J^{\mu \nu }+A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},j^\mu ,`$
with

$`H_{\mu \nu \rho }`$ $`_\mu B_{\nu \rho }+_\nu B_{\rho \mu }+_\rho B_{\mu \nu },`$ (3)
$`F_{\mu \nu }`$ $`_\mu A_\nu _\nu A_\mu ,`$ (4)
where $`m`$ is a constant with dimension of mass, $`J^{\mu \nu }(=J^{\nu \mu })`$ is an antisymmetric tensor current, and $`j^\mu `$ is a vector current satisfying

$`_\nu J^{\nu \mu }`$ $`=j^\mu ,`$ (5)
$`_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},j^\mu `$ $`=0.`$ (6)
Equations (5) and (6) together guarantee that $`_0`$ remains invariant under the gauge transformation

$`\delta B_{\mu \nu }`$ $`=_\mu \mathrm{\Lambda }_\nu _\nu \mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ,`$ (7)
$`\delta A_\mu `$ $`=m\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu +_\mu \lambda ,`$ (8)
with gauge parameters $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu `$ and $`\lambda `$. The Lagrangian $`_0`$ describes an Abelian rank-2 antisymmetric tensor field with mass $`m`$, and we call the gauge theory defined by $`_0`$ massive Abelian antisymmetric tensor gauge theory (MAATGT) with antisymmetric tensor current (ATC). In four dimensions, a massive rank-2 antisymmetric tensor field can be interpreted as a massive pseudovector field . The sole physical component of $`B_{\mu \nu }`$ then corresponds to the longitudinal mode of a massive pseudovector field, while the two physical components of $`A_\mu `$ correspond to its transverse modes.

By using Eq. (5), the Lagrangian $`_0`$ can simply be expressed as

$`_0={\displaystyle \frac{1}{12}}\stackrel{~}{H}_{\mu \nu \rho }\stackrel{~}{H}^{\mu \nu \rho }{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}m^2\stackrel{~}{B}_{\mu \nu }\stackrel{~}{B}^{\mu \nu }+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}m\stackrel{~}{B}_{\mu \nu }J^{\mu \nu },`$ (9)
where $`\stackrel{~}{B}_{\mu \nu }B_{\mu \nu }m^1F_{\mu \nu }`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{H}_{\mu \nu \rho }_\mu \stackrel{~}{B}_{\nu \rho }+_\nu \stackrel{~}{B}_{\rho \mu }+_\rho \stackrel{~}{B}_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$. Since $`\stackrel{~}{B}_{\mu \nu }`$ is gauge invariant, the gauge invariance of $`_0`$ is readily seen from Eq. (9). It is also obvious from Eq. (9) that $`_0`$ describes an Abelian rank-2 antisymmetric tensor field with mass $`m`$. In a manner of speaking, we can say that the massless field $`B_{\mu \nu }`$ develops into the massive field $`\stackrel{~}{B}_{\mu \nu }`$ by eating the two physical degrees of freedom of $`A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$. By analogy with the usual massive vector field theory, we may call Eq. (9) the Lagrangian $`_0`$ in the unitary gauge. Antonov and Ebert have discussed the quantization of $`\stackrel{~}{B}_{\mu \nu }`$ by carrying out the path-integration over $`\stackrel{~}{B}_{\mu \nu }`$ in the generating functional defined with the Lagrangian in Eq. (9) .

## III Covariant Quantization

In the present letter, starting from the generating functional defined with the Lagrangian in Eq. (2), we first perform covariant quantization of $`B_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, and we shall consider noncovariant quantization of $`B_{\mu \nu }`$ in the axial gauge later. Both the covariant and the noncovariant quantizations will be done by using the path-integral method based on the Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin (BRST) formalism .

Noting the gauge transformation rule in Eq. (7) and its reducibility, we now introduce the following ghost and auxiliary fields associated with $`B_{\mu \nu }`$: anticommuting vector fields $`\rho _\mu `$ and $`\overline{\rho }_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, a commuting vector field $`\beta _\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, anticommuting scalar fields $`\chi `$ and $`\overline{\chi }\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, and commuting scalar fields $`\sigma `$, $`\phi `$ and $`\overline{\sigma }`$. In addition, considering the gauge transformation rule in Eq. (8), we introduce the following ghost and auxiliary fields associated with $`A_\mu `$: anticommuting scalar fields $`c`$ and $`\overline{c}\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, and commuting scalar field $`b\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$. The BRST transformation $`𝜹`$ is defined for $`B_{\mu \nu }`$ and $`A_\mu `$ by replacing the gauge parameters $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu `$ and $`\lambda `$ in Eqs. (7) and (8) by the ghost fields $`\rho _\mu `$ and $`c`$:

$`𝜹B_{\mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`_\mu \rho _\nu _\nu \rho _\mu ,`$ (10)
$`𝜹A_\mu `$ $`=`$ $`m\rho _\mu +_\mu c.`$ (11)
The BRST transformation rules of the ghost and auxiliary fields are defined so as to satisfy the nilpotency condition $`𝜹^2=0`$:

$`𝜹\rho _\mu `$ $`=i_\mu \sigma ,`$ $`𝜹\sigma `$ $`=0,`$ (12)
$`𝜹\overline{\rho }_\mu `$ $`=i\beta _\mu ,`$ $`𝜹\beta _\mu `$ $`=0,`$ (13)
$`𝜹\overline{\sigma }`$ $`=\overline{\chi },`$ $`𝜹\overline{\chi }`$ $`=0,`$ (14)
$`𝜹\phi `$ $`=\chi ,`$ $`𝜹\chi `$ $`=0,`$ (15)
(16)
$`𝜹c`$ $`=im\sigma ,`$ (17)
$`𝜹\overline{c}`$ $`=ib,`$ $`𝜹b`$ $`=0.`$ (18)
To quantize $`B_{\mu \nu }`$ and $`A_\mu `$ in a covariant manner, we now take the following gauge-fixing terms :

$`_{\mathrm{G1}}`$ $`=i𝜹\left[B_{\mu \nu }^\mu \overline{\rho }^\nu {\displaystyle \frac{k}{2}}\beta _\mu \overline{\rho }^\mu \right]\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},,`$ (19)
$`_{\mathrm{G2}}`$ $`=i𝜹\left[\rho ^\mu _\mu \overline{\sigma }+\overline{\rho }^\mu (_\mu \phi +uA_\mu )\right],`$ (20)
$`_{\mathrm{G3}}`$ $`=i𝜹\left[A^\mu _\mu \overline{c}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{2}}\overline{c}b\right]\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},,`$ (21)
where $`k`$ and $`\alpha `$ are gauge parameters, and $`u`$ is a parameter with dimension of mass. Owing to the nilpotency of $`𝜹`$, each of these gauge-fixing terms is invariant under the BRST transformation. The first term $`_{\mathrm{G1}}`$ explicitly breaks the invariance of $`_0`$ under the gauge transformation generated by $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, i.e. $`\delta B_{\mu \nu }=_\mu \mathrm{\Lambda }_\nu _\nu \mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},,\delta A_\mu =m\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$. The second term $`_{\mathrm{G2}}`$ is required to break the invariance of $`_{\mathrm{G1}}`$ under the secondary gauge transformation $`\delta \rho _\mu =_\mu \epsilon \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},,\delta \overline{\rho }_\mu =_\mu \overline{\epsilon }\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, with anticommuting gauge parameters $`\epsilon `$ and $`\overline{\epsilon }`$. The third term $`_{\mathrm{G3}}`$ is a gauge-fixing term that breaks the invariance of $`_0`$ and $`_{\mathrm{G2}}`$ under the gauge transformation $`\delta A_\mu =_\mu \lambda \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},,\delta \phi =u\lambda \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$. The two terms $`_{\mathrm{G1}}`$ and $`_{\mathrm{G2}}`$ are necessary to quantize $`B_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{@},`$ and the associated ghost fields $`\rho _\mu `$ and $`\overline{\rho }_\mu \mathrm{@},`$, while $`_{\mathrm{G3}}`$ is necessary to quantize $`A_\mu \mathrm{@},`$. Carrying out the BRST transformation in the right hand sides of Eqs. (19), (20) and (21), we obtain

$`_{\mathrm{G1}}+_{\mathrm{G2}}+_{\mathrm{G3}}`$ (22)
$`=`$ $`\beta ^\nu (^\mu B_{\mu \nu }+_\nu \phi +uA_\nu ){\displaystyle \frac{k}{2}}\beta _\mu \beta ^\mu `$ (26)
$`i\overline{\rho }^\nu \{(\mathrm{}+um)\rho _\nu _\nu ^\mu \rho _\mu +_\nu \chi +u_\nu c\}`$
$`i\rho ^\nu (_\nu \overline{\chi }m_\nu \overline{c})\overline{\sigma }\mathrm{@},\mathrm{}\mathrm{@},\sigma +i\overline{c}\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{}\mathrm{@},c+_b`$
$`+\text{total derivative},`$
where $`\mathrm{}_\mu ^\mu `$ and

$`_bb\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},^\mu A_\mu +{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{2}}\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},b^2.`$ (27)
Let us now consider the generating functional

$`Z[J^{\mu \nu },j^\mu \mathrm{@},]=N_0{\displaystyle }𝔇\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{exp}\left[i{\displaystyle }d^4x(_0+_{\mathrm{G1}}+_{\mathrm{G2}}+_{\mathrm{G3}})\right],`$ (28)
with the path-integral measure

$`𝔇\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!𝔇\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!B_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇\rho _\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇\overline{\rho }_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇\beta _\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇\chi \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇\overline{\chi }\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇\sigma \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇\overline{\sigma }\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇\phi \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇c𝔇\overline{c}𝔇b.`$ (29)
Here and hereafter, $`N_i`$ $`(\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},i=0,1,2,3,4,5,6\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},)`$ denote constants. We first note that the integrations over $`\chi `$ and $`\overline{\chi }`$ in Eq. (28) yield the delta functions $`_x\delta (^\nu \overline{\rho }_\nu )`$ and $`_x\delta (^\nu \rho _\nu )`$. These functions enable us to remove the three terms $`i\overline{\rho }^\nu _\nu ^\mu \rho _\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, $`iu\overline{\rho }^\nu _\nu c`$ and $`im\rho ^\nu _\nu \overline{c}`$ from the exponent of Eq. (28). After removing them, we express the delta functions $`_x\delta (^\nu \overline{\rho }_\nu )`$ and $`_x\delta (^\nu \rho _\nu )`$ in the form of the integrals over $`\chi `$ and $`\overline{\chi }`$ again. Then, the integration over $`\rho _\mu `$ and $`\overline{\rho }_\mu `$ yields $`\{det(\mathrm{}+um)\}^4\mathrm{exp}\left[id^4x\overline{\chi }\{i\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{}\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},(\mathrm{}+um)^1\}\chi \right]`$, and the integration over $`\chi `$ and $`\overline{\chi }`$ to be done next gives $`det\{\mathrm{@},\mathrm{}\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},(\mathrm{}+um)^1\}`$. The integration over $`\sigma `$ and $`\overline{\sigma }`$ can be carried out immediately to get $`(det\mathrm{})^1\mathrm{@},`$, while that over $`c`$ and $`\overline{c}`$ can be carried out to get $`det\mathrm{}\mathrm{@},`$. As a consequence, the generating functional $`Z`$ is written as

$`Z[J^{\mu \nu },j^\mu \mathrm{@},]`$ $`=`$ $`N_1{\displaystyle 𝔇\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!B_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{@}},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇\beta _\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇\phi \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇b`$ (34)
$`\times \mathrm{exp}[i{\displaystyle }d^4x\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}B_{\mu \nu }(\mathrm{}+m^2)B^{\mu \nu }..`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}^\mu B_{\mu \nu }_\rho B^{\rho \nu }+{\displaystyle \frac{m}{2}}B_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}F_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }`$
$`\beta ^\nu (^\mu B_{\mu \nu }+_\nu \phi +uA_\nu ){\displaystyle \frac{k}{2}}\beta _\nu \beta ^\nu +_b`$
$`..+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}mB_{\mu \nu }J^{\mu \nu }+A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},j^\mu \}].`$
We now suppose $`k0\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$. In this case, the integration over $`\beta _\mu `$ in Eq. (34) reduces to a Gaussian integration and leads to

$`Z[J^{\mu \nu },j^\mu \mathrm{@},]`$ $`=`$ $`N_2{\displaystyle 𝔇\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!B_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{@}},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇\phi \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇b`$ (39)
$`\times \mathrm{exp}[i{\displaystyle }d^4x\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}B_{\mu \nu }(\mathrm{}+m^2)B^{\mu \nu }`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{k}}1\right)^\mu B_{\mu \nu }_\rho B^{\rho \nu }..`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}B_{\mu \nu }\left(\left(m{\displaystyle \frac{u}{k}}\right)F^{\mu \nu }+mJ^{\mu \nu }\right).{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}F_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }`$
$`..+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2k}}(_\mu \phi +uA_\mu )(^\mu \phi +uA^\mu )+_b+A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},j^\mu \}].`$
The integration over $`B_{\mu \nu }`$ in Eq. (39) is carried out in the same way as one uses to derive the free propagator of $`B_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$. The result reads

$`Z[J^{\mu \nu },j^\mu \mathrm{@},]`$ $`=`$ $`N_3{\displaystyle }𝔇\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇\phi \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇b\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{exp}[i{\displaystyle }d^4x\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}F_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }..`$ (44)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}\left(\left(m{\displaystyle \frac{u}{k}}\right)F_{\mu \nu }+mJ_{\mu \nu }\right)`$
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}+m^2}}(\delta _{}^{\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},[\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mu }{}_{\rho }{}^{}\delta _{}^{\nu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},]}{}_{\sigma }{}^{}+{\displaystyle \frac{k1}{\mathrm{}+km^2}}\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},^{\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},[\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mu }_{\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},[\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\rho }\delta _{}^{\nu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},]}{}_{\sigma \mathrm{@},]}{}^{})`$
$`\times \left(\left(m{\displaystyle \frac{u}{k}}\right)F^{\rho \sigma }+mJ^{\rho \sigma }\right)`$
$`..+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2k}}(_\mu \phi +uA_\mu )(^\mu \phi +uA^\mu )+_b+A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},j^\mu \}]`$
$`=`$ $`N_3{\displaystyle }𝔇\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇\phi \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇b\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{exp}[i{\displaystyle }d^4x\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}F_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }..`$ (49)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left(m{\displaystyle \frac{u}{k}}\right)^2F_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{@},{\displaystyle \frac{k}{\mathrm{}+km^2}}\mathrm{@},F^{\mu \nu }`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2k}}(_\mu \phi +uA_\mu )(^\mu \phi +uA^\mu )+_b`$
$`+A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},j^\mu \left(m{\displaystyle \frac{u}{k}}\right)A_\mu \mathrm{@},{\displaystyle \frac{km}{\mathrm{}+km^2}}\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},j^\mu `$
$`..{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},j_\mu \mathrm{@},{\displaystyle \frac{(k1)m^2}{(\mathrm{}+km^2)(\mathrm{}+m^2)}}\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},j^\mu +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}J_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{@},{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{\mathrm{}+m^2}}\mathrm{@},J^{\mu \nu }\}].`$
33footnotetext: The brackets $`[]`$ that enclose two indices stand for the antisymmetrization defined by $`X^{[\mathrm{@},\mu }Y^{\nu ]}X^\mu Y^\nu X^\nu Y^\mu `$.

Here, Eqs. (5) and (6) have been used to obtain the last form. As will be seen below, the generating functional $`Z`$ is actually independent of the parameters $`k`$ and $`u`$ as well as the gauge parameter $`\alpha `$. Taking into account this fact, we now set $`k=1`$ and $`u=m`$ so that all the non-local terms of $`A_\mu `$ and $`j^\mu `$ in Eq. (49) vanish. Then, the integrand in the exponent of Eq. (49) reduces to the sum of the non-local term $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}m^2J_{\mu \nu }(\mathrm{}+m^2)^1J^{\mu \nu }`$ and the Lagrangian (with gauge-fixing and current terms) that defines the (quantum) Abelian Stueckelberg formalism . This Lagrangian clearly describes a vector field that has mass $`m`$ and couples with the current $`j^\mu `$. It should be noted that the MAATGT with ATC is not equivalent to the Abelian Stueckelberg formalism, since the MAATGT with ATC involves the non-local term of $`J^{\mu \nu }`$ in addition to the Lagrangian of the Abelian Stueckelberg formalism.

The integration over $`\phi `$ in Eq. (49) can be carried out without any difficulty. In the case $`\alpha 0\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, the integral over $`b`$ in Eq. (49) becomes a simple Gaussian integral. After the integrations over $`\phi `$ and $`b`$, we can perform the integration over $`A_\mu `$ to obtain a final form of $`Z`$. In the case $`\alpha =0\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, the integration over $`b`$ gives the delta function $`_x\delta (^\mu A_\mu )`$, which allows us to remove the terms proportional to $`^\mu A_\mu `$ from the exponent of Eq. (49). Removing them, we express $`_x\delta (^\mu A_\mu )`$ in the form of the integral over $`b`$ again. After the integrations over $`\phi `$ and $`A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, we carry out the integration over $`b`$ to get a final form of $`Z\mathrm{@},`$. In the both cases $`\alpha 0`$ and $`\alpha =0\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, the resulting expression of $`Z`$ takes the following form:

$`Z[J^{\mu \nu },j^\mu \mathrm{@},]`$ $`=`$ $`N_4\mathrm{exp}\left[i{\displaystyle d^4x\{\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},j_\mu \mathrm{@},\frac{1}{\mathrm{}+m^2}\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},j^\mu +\frac{1}{4}J_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{@},\frac{m^2}{\mathrm{}+m^2}\mathrm{@},J^{\mu \nu }\}}\right],`$ (50)
from which we see that the generating functional $`Z`$ is indeed independent of the parameters $`\alpha `$, $`k(0)`$ and $`u\mathrm{@},`$. In the process of deriving Eq. (50), we understand that the first integrand in the exponent of Eq. (50) originates in propagation of $`A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, while the second integrand originates in propagation of $`B_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$.

Next we suppose $`k=0\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$. In this case, the integration over $`\beta _\mu `$ in Eq. (34) yields the delta function $`_{x,\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\nu }\delta \mathrm{@},(^\mu B_{\mu \nu }+_\nu \phi +uA_\nu )`$, which makes it possible to replace the term $`^\mu B_{\mu \nu }_\rho B^{\rho \nu }`$ in the exponent of Eq. (34) by $`B^{\rho \nu }_\rho (_\nu \phi +uA_\nu )=\frac{1}{2}uB^{\rho \nu }F_{\rho \nu }\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$. After this replacement, the integration over $`B_{\mu \nu }`$ in Eq. (34) can be done, leading to

$`Z[J^{\mu \nu },j^\mu \mathrm{@},]`$ $`=`$ $`N_5{\displaystyle }𝔇\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇\beta _\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇\phi \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇b\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{exp}[i{\displaystyle }d^4x\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}F_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }..`$ (54)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left(\left(m{\displaystyle \frac{u}{2}}\right)F_{\mu \nu }+_{\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},[\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mu }\beta _{\nu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},]}+mJ_{\mu \nu }\right)`$
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}+m^2}}\left(\left(m{\displaystyle \frac{u}{2}}\right)F^{\mu \nu }+^{\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},[\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mu }\beta ^{\nu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},]}+mJ^{\mu \nu }\right)`$
$`\beta ^\mu (_\mu \phi +uA_\mu )+_b+A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},j^\mu \}].`$
Since the integration over $`\phi `$ in Eq. (54) yields the delta function $`_x\delta \mathrm{@},(^\mu \beta _\mu )`$, the term $`\frac{1}{2}_\mu \beta _\nu (\mathrm{}+m^2)^1^\nu \beta ^\mu `$ in the exponent of Eq. (54) can be removed from it. Then, the integration over $`\beta _\mu `$ reduces to a Gaussian integration and is carried out to obtain

$`Z[J^{\mu \nu },j^\mu \mathrm{@},]`$ $`=`$ $`N_6{\displaystyle }𝔇\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇\phi \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇b\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{exp}[i{\displaystyle }d^4x\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}F_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }..`$ (59)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{u}{2}}\left(m{\displaystyle \frac{u}{2}}\right)F_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{@},\mathrm{}^1\mathrm{@},F^{\mu \nu }`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(_\mu \phi +uA_\mu )\left(1+m^2\mathrm{}^1\right)(^\mu \phi +uA^\mu )+_b`$
$`+A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},j^\mu +umA_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{}^1j^\mu `$
$`..+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},j_\mu \mathrm{@},{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{\mathrm{}\mathrm{@},(\mathrm{}+m^2)}}\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},j^\mu +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}J_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{@},{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{\mathrm{}+m^2}}\mathrm{@},J^{\mu \nu }\}].`$
Here, Eqs. (4) and (5) have been used. The integrations over $`\phi `$, $`b`$ and $`A_\mu `$ in Eq. (59) can be carried out in manners similar to those in Eq. (49) and we arrive at Eq. (50) again. Hence, in the both cases $`k0`$ and $`k=0\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, the generating functional $`Z`$ turns out to be the form of Eq. (50).

Now, introducing a space-like constant vector $`n^\mu `$, we formally solve Eq. (5) for $`J^{\mu \nu }`$ in terms of $`j^\mu `$ and $`n^\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$:

$`J^{\mu \nu }={\displaystyle \frac{1}{n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!}}\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},(n^\mu j^\nu n^\nu j^\mu ),`$ (60)
where $`n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!n^\mu _\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$. The constant vector $`n^\mu `$ is nothing but a set of integration constants in solving Eq. (5). It is easy to check, with the conservation law in Eq. (6), that Eq. (60) is indeed a solution of Eq. (5). Substituting Eq. (60) into Eq. (50), we have

$`Z[\mathrm{@}!j^\mu \mathrm{@},]`$ $`=`$ $`N_4\mathrm{exp}[i{\displaystyle }d^4x\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},j_\mu ({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}+m^2}}\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\delta _{}^{\mu }{}_{\nu }{}^{}..`$ (62)
$`..+{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{\mathrm{}+m^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{n^2}{(n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!)^2}}(\delta _{}^{\mu }{}_{\nu }{}^{}{\displaystyle \frac{n^\mu n_\nu }{n^2}}))\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},j^\nu \}],`$
where $`n^2n_\mu n^\mu `$. This $`Z`$ agrees with the generating functional obtained by Suzuki  in his study of a low energy effective theory of SU(2) QCD, in which the constant vector $`n^\mu `$ was introduced in accordance with Zwanziger’s formulation for electric and magnetic charges .

In order to see what kind of static potential is derived from the effective action $`W[\mathrm{@}!j^\mu \mathrm{@},]=i\mathrm{ln}(Z[\mathrm{@}!j^\mu \mathrm{@},]/Z[\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},0\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},]\mathrm{@},)`$ with Eq. (62), we take $`j^\mu `$ as the static current $`j_Q^\mu (x)\delta _{}^{\mu }{}_{0}{}^{}Q\left\{\delta ^3(𝒙𝒓)\delta ^3(𝒙)\right\}`$ satisfying the conservation law (6). Here $`Q`$ and $`Q`$ are point charges at $`𝒙=𝒓`$ and $`𝒙=\mathrm{𝟎}`$, respectively. Substituting $`j_Q^\mu `$ into $`W[\mathrm{@}!j^\mu \mathrm{@},]`$ and choosing a constant vector $`(0,𝒏)`$ with the condition $`𝒏//𝒓`$ 444The parallel condition $`𝒏//𝒓`$ is set by taking into account the axial symmetry of the system and the minimum energy condition . to be $`n^\mu `$, we can calculate the effective potential, $`V_{\mathrm{eff}}`$, defined by $`V_{\mathrm{eff}}dx^0=W[\mathrm{@}!j_Q^\mu \mathrm{@},]`$. As a result of the calculation, we find that the part of $`W[\mathrm{@}!j_Q^\mu \mathrm{@},]`$ that is independent of $`n^\mu `$ leads to the Yukawa potential, while the part of $`W[\mathrm{@}!j_Q^\mu \mathrm{@},]`$ that is dependent on $`n^\mu `$ leads to the linearly rising potential. This shows that propagation of $`A_0`$ gives rise to the Yukawa potential, while propagation of $`B_{0i}`$ $`(\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},i=1,2,3\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},)`$ gives rise to the linear potential. The precise form of the effective potential $`V_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ is

$`V_{\mathrm{eff}}(r)={\displaystyle \frac{Q^2}{4\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{e^{mr}}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{Q^2m^2}{8\pi }}[\mathrm{ln}(1+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }^2}{m^2}})]r+\text{constant}.`$ (63)
Here $`r|𝒓|\mathrm{@},`$, and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is an ultraviolet cut-off. Therefore, the MAATGT with ATC yields the composite of the Yukawa and the linear potentials, describing confinement of the point charges. We can also derive an effective potential similar to Eq. (63) from Eq. (50) by means of an alternative method in which $`J^{\mu \nu }`$ is taken as the vorticity tensor current defined in terms of string variables. This method will be mentioned in the last section.

## IV Noncovariant quantization in axial gauge

Let us turn to the noncovariant quantization of $`B_{\mu \nu }`$ in axial gauge. We now utilize $`n^\mu `$ introduced in Eq. (60) as a space-like constant vector (or an axis) characterizing the axial gauge  and choose the noncovariant gauge-fixing term

$`\widehat{}_{\mathrm{G1}}`$ $`=i𝜹\left[B_{\mu \nu }n^\mu \overline{\rho }^\nu \right]`$ (64)
$`=B_{\mu \nu }n^\mu \beta ^\nu {\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}(_\mu \rho _\nu _\nu \rho _\mu )(n^\mu \overline{\rho }^\nu n^\nu \overline{\rho }^\mu ),`$ (65)
instead of the covariant gauge-fixing term in Eq. (19). (The BRST transformation $`𝜹`$ in Eq. (65) is the one defined in Sec. 3.) Here the dimension of $`n^\mu `$ can be determined to be either dimensionless or mass-dimension one, depending on the dimensions of the fields $`\overline{\rho }_\mu `$ and $`\beta _\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$. The gauge-fixing term $`\widehat{}_{\mathrm{G1}}`$, which realizes a noncovariant analogue of the Landau gauge condition, i.e. $`n^\mu B_{\mu \nu }=0`$111 We may, of course, choose the axial gauge condition $`n^\mu B_{\mu \nu }+\frac{1}{2}k\beta _\nu =0`$ with a non-zero gauge parameter $`k`$. However, the Landau-type gauge condition $`n^\mu B_{\mu \nu }=0`$ is essential for the following discussion and so we consider only it., remains invariant under the secondary gauge transformation $`\delta \rho _\mu =_\mu \epsilon \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},,\delta \overline{\rho }_\mu =n_\mu \overline{\epsilon }\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$. Consequently, to quantize $`\rho _\mu `$ and $`\overline{\rho }_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, we have to introduce a gauge-fixing term that breaks the invariance of $`\widehat{}_{\mathrm{G1}}`$ under this gauge transformation. As a suitable gauge-fixing term, we now adopt the gauge-fixing term in Eq. (20) again. In addition, we use the gauge-fixing term in Eq. (21) to complete the gauge-fixing. (Thereby $`A_\mu `$ is quantized in the covariant gauge.) The complete gauge-fixing term is thus

$`\widehat{}_{\mathrm{G1}}+_{\mathrm{G2}}+_{\mathrm{G3}}`$ (66)
$`=`$ $`\beta ^\nu (n^\mu B_{\mu \nu }+_\nu \phi +uA_\nu )`$ (70)
$`i\overline{\rho }^\nu \{(n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!+um)\rho _\nu +n^\mu _\nu \rho _\mu +_\nu \chi +u_\nu c\}`$
$`i\rho ^\nu (_\nu \overline{\chi }m_\nu \overline{c})\overline{\sigma }\mathrm{@},\mathrm{}\mathrm{@},\sigma +i\overline{c}\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{}\mathrm{@},c+_b`$
$`+\text{total derivative},`$
where the dimension of the parameter $`u`$ is determined to be the same as that of $`n^\mu \mathrm{@},`$.

The generating functional we are now concerned with is

$`\widehat{Z}[J^{\mu \nu },j^\mu \mathrm{@},]=\widehat{N}_0{\displaystyle }𝔇\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{exp}\left[i{\displaystyle }d^4x(_0+\widehat{}_{\mathrm{G1}}+_{\mathrm{G2}}+_{\mathrm{G3}})\right].`$ (71)
Here and hereafter, $`\widehat{N}_i`$ $`(\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},i=0,1,2,3,4\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},)`$ denote constants. Along a line similar to obtaining Eq. (34) from Eq. (28), we carry out the integrations over the ghost fields $`\rho _\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, $`\overline{\rho }_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, $`\chi `$ and $`\overline{\chi }`$ in the following way: First, note that the delta functions $`_x\delta (^\nu \overline{\rho }_\nu )`$ and $`_x\delta (^\nu \rho _\nu )`$ given by the integrations over $`\chi `$ and $`\overline{\chi }`$ in Eq. (71) enable us to remove the three terms $`i\overline{\rho }^\nu n^\mu _\nu \rho _\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, $`iu\overline{\rho }^\nu _\nu c`$ and $`im\rho ^\nu _\nu \overline{c}`$ from the exponent of Eq. (71). Being removed them, the integration over $`\rho _\mu `$ and $`\overline{\rho }_\mu `$ yields $`\{det(n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!+um)\}^4\mathrm{exp}\left[id^4x\overline{\chi }\{i\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{}\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},(n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!+um)^1\}\chi \right]`$, and the integration over $`\chi `$ and $`\overline{\chi }`$ gives $`det\{\mathrm{}\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},(n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!+um)^1\}\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$. After the integrations over $`\sigma \mathrm{@},`$, $`\overline{\sigma }\mathrm{@},`$, $`c\mathrm{@},`$ and $`\overline{c}\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, the generating functional $`\widehat{Z}`$ becomes

$`\widehat{Z}[J^{\mu \nu },j^\mu \mathrm{@},]`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{N}_1{\displaystyle 𝔇\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!B_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{@}},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇\beta _\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇\phi \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇b`$ (76)
$`\times \mathrm{exp}[i{\displaystyle }d^4x\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}B_{\mu \nu }(\mathrm{}+m^2)B^{\mu \nu }..`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}^\mu B_{\mu \nu }_\rho B^{\rho \nu }+{\displaystyle \frac{m}{2}}B_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}F_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }`$
$`+\beta ^\nu (n^\mu B_{\mu \nu }_\nu \phi uA_\nu )+_b`$
$`..+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}mB_{\mu \nu }J^{\mu \nu }+A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},j^\mu \}].`$
We now assume that the current $`J^{\mu \nu }`$ takes the form of Eq. (60). Then, we see that $`B_{\mu \nu }J^{\mu \nu }=2j^\nu (n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!)^1(n^\mu B_{\mu \nu })`$ up to a total derivative. Substituting this equation into Eq. (76) and noting the fact that the integration over $`\beta _\mu `$ in Eq. (76) yields the delta function $`_{x,\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\nu }\delta \mathrm{@},(n^\mu B_{\mu \nu }_\nu \phi uA_\nu )`$, we can write Eq. (76) as

$`\widehat{Z}[\mathrm{@}!j^\mu \mathrm{@},]`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{N}_1{\displaystyle 𝔇\mathrm{@}!B_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{@}},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇\mathrm{@}!A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇\beta _\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇\phi \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇b`$ (81)
$`\times \mathrm{exp}[i{\displaystyle }d^4x\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}B_{\mu \nu }(\mathrm{}+m^2)B^{\mu \nu }..`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}^\mu B_{\mu \nu }_\rho B^{\rho \nu }+{\displaystyle \frac{m}{2}}B_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}F_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }`$
$`+\beta ^\nu (n^\mu B_{\mu \nu }_\nu \phi uA_\nu )+_b`$
$`..+\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},j^\mu (1um(n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!)^1)A_\mu \}],`$
with the aid of Eq. (6). It should be emphasized here that choosing $`n^\mu `$ in Eq. (60) to be the axis of the axial gauge condition has made it possible to replace $`\frac{1}{2}mB_{\mu \nu }J^{\mu \nu }`$ in the exponent of Eq. (76) by $`umj^\mu (n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!)^1A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$. As a result of the replacement, the tensor current term disappeared on the surface from $`\widehat{Z}`$.

Next we would like to carry out the integration over $`B_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$. Unlike the case $`k=0`$ in the covariant quantization, it is impossible to replace the term $`^\mu B_{\mu \nu }_\rho B^{\rho \nu }`$ in the exponent of Eq. (81) by a suitable term. This is due to the fact that the delta function $`_{x,\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\nu }\delta \mathrm{@},(n^\mu B_{\mu \nu }_\nu \phi uA_\nu )`$ that occurs in Eq. (81) by the integration over $`\beta _\mu `$ is useless to the replacement. Thus, instead of such an attempt, we perform the integrations over $`B_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, $`\beta _\mu `$ and $`\phi `$ simultaneously by noting the fact that these integrations can be treated as a single Gaussian integration over the set of $`B_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, $`\beta _\mu `$ and $`\phi `$. The calculation is slightly tedious, but can be done straightforwardly by making reference to the derivation of free propagators in quantum electrodynamics in the axial gauge . The result reads

$`\widehat{Z}[\mathrm{@}!j^\mu \mathrm{@},]`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{N}_2{\displaystyle }𝔇\mathrm{@}!A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇b\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{exp}[i{\displaystyle }d^4x\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}F_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }`$ (84)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{2}}F_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{\Delta }_{}^{\mu \nu }{}_{\rho \sigma }{}^{}F^{\rho \sigma }2umF_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{\Delta }_{}^{\mu \nu }{}_{\rho }{}^{}A^\rho `$
$`+2u^2A_\mu \mathrm{\Delta }_{}^{\mu }{}_{\nu }{}^{}A^\nu +_b..\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},+\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},j^\mu (1um(n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!)^1)A_\mu \}],`$
with

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{}^{\mu \nu }{}_{\rho \sigma }{}^{}`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4(\mathrm{}+m^2)}}[\delta _{}^{\mu }{}_{[\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\rho }{}^{}\delta _{}^{\nu }{}_{\sigma \mathrm{@},]}{}^{}`$ (87)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!)^2+m^2n^2}}\{(n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!)\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\delta _{}^{[\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mu }{}_{[\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\rho }{}^{}(n^{\nu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},]\mathrm{@},}_{\sigma \mathrm{@},]}+n_{\sigma \mathrm{@},]}^{\nu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},]}\mathrm{@},)`$
$`n^2\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\delta _{}^{[\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mu }{}_{[\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\rho }{}^{}\mathrm{@},^{\nu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},]}_{\sigma \mathrm{@},]}+m^2\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\delta _{}^{[\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mu }{}_{[\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\rho }{}^{}\mathrm{@},n^{\nu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},]}n_{\sigma \mathrm{@},]}+n^{[\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mu }\mathrm{@},n_{[\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\rho }\mathrm{@},^{\nu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},]}_{\sigma \mathrm{@},]}\}],`$
$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{}^{\mu \nu }{}_{\rho }{}^{}`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\left((n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!)^2+m^2n^2\right)}}[(n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!)\mathrm{@},\delta _{}^{\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},[\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mu }{}_{\rho }{}^{}\mathrm{@},^{\nu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},]}+m^2\delta _{}^{\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},[\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mu }{}_{\rho }{}^{}\mathrm{@},n^{\nu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},]}`$ (90)
$`+m^2(n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!)^1n_\rho \mathrm{@},n^{[\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mu }^{\nu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},]}],`$
$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{}^{\mu }{}_{\nu }{}^{}`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{4\left((n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!)^2+m^2n^2\right)}}[(\mathrm{}+m^2)\delta _{}^{\mu }{}_{\nu }{}^{}^\mu _\nu `$ (93)
$`m^2(n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!)^1(n^\mu \mathrm{@},_\nu +n_\nu \mathrm{@},^\mu )+m^2n^\mu n_\nu \mathrm{}(n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!)^2].`$
Since the integrations over $`B_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, $`\beta _\mu `$ and $`\phi `$ never spoil the symmetry under the gauge transformation $`\delta A_\mu =_\mu \lambda \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, the integrand in the exponent of Eq. (84), apart from the gauge-fixing term $`_b\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, must be invariant under this transformation up to total derivatives; in fact, Eq. (84) can be expressed in the form

$`\widehat{Z}[\mathrm{@}!j^\mu \mathrm{@},]`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{N}_2{\displaystyle }𝔇\mathrm{@}!A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇b\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{exp}[i{\displaystyle }d^4x`$ (96)
$`\times \{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}F_{\mu \nu }(12um(n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!)^1u^2m^2(n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!)^2)\mathrm{\Xi }_{}^{\mu }{}_{\rho }{}^{}F^{\rho \nu }`$
$`+_b+\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},j^\mu (1um(n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!)^1)A_\mu \}],`$
with

$`\mathrm{\Xi }_{}^{\mu }{}_{\rho }{}^{}\delta _{}^{\mu }{}_{\rho }{}^{}+{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{(n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!)^2+m^2n^2}}\left(2n^\mu n_\rho \delta _{}^{\mu }{}_{\rho }{}^{}n^2\right).`$ (97)
It is easy to show $`d^4xF_{\mu \nu }(n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!)^1\mathrm{\Xi }_{}^{\mu }{}_{\rho }{}^{}F^{\mu \nu }=0`$ by partial integrations done in the left-hand side of this equation. Using this formula and changing integration variables of Eq. (96) from $`A_\mu `$ to $`\left(1um(n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!)^1\right)A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, we now rewrite Eq. (96) as

$`\widehat{Z}[\mathrm{@}!j^\mu \mathrm{@},]`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{N}_3{\displaystyle 𝔇\mathrm{@}!A_\mu \mathrm{@}},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},𝔇b\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{exp}\left[i{\displaystyle d^4x\{\frac{1}{4}F_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{\Xi }_{}^{\mu }{}_{\rho }{}^{}F^{\rho \nu }+_b+A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},j^\mu \}}\right].`$ (98)
Notice here that the parameter $`u`$ disappeared from $`\widehat{Z}`$. This shows that the generating functional $`\widehat{Z}`$ is actually independent of $`u`$, as might be expected from a similar result found in Sec. 3.

In the case $`\alpha 0\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, Eq. (98) can be written as

$`\widehat{Z}[\mathrm{@}!j^\mu \mathrm{@},]`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{N}_4{\displaystyle }𝔇\mathrm{@}!A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{exp}[i{\displaystyle }d^4x\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}A_\mu (\mathrm{}\delta _{}^{\mu }{}_{\nu }{}^{}(1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\alpha }})^\mu _\nu \mathrm{}`$ (101)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{(n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!)^2+m^2n^2}}\{(n^2\mathrm{}(n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!)^2)\delta _{}^{\mu }{}_{\nu }{}^{}n^2\mathrm{@},^\mu _\nu `$
$`\mathrm{}n^\mu \mathrm{@},n_\nu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{}+(n\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!)(n^\mu \mathrm{@},_\nu +n_\nu \mathrm{@},^\mu )\})A^\nu +A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},j^\mu \}],`$
after the integration over $`b`$. The non-local Lagrangian for $`A_\mu `$ in the exponent of Eq. (101) has already been found by Suzuki  through Zwanziger’s formulation. It should be stressed that in our discussion, the non-local Lagrangian for $`A_\mu `$ has been obtained by virtue of the appropriate choice of the axis in the axial gauge condition. Carrying out the integration over $`A_\mu `$ in Eq. (101), we arrive at a final form of $`\widehat{Z}`$. In the case $`\alpha =0\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, we first perform the integration over $`A_\mu `$ by taking into account the fact that the integration over $`b`$ gives the delta function $`_x\delta (^\mu A_\mu )`$. After that, the integration over $`b`$ leads to a final form of $`\widehat{Z}`$. In the both cases $`\alpha 0`$ and $`\alpha =0\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$, the resulting expression of $`\widehat{Z}`$ is exactly same as $`Z`$ in Eq. (62), apart from a constant such as $`N_4`$. Therefore, as long as $`J^{\mu \nu }`$ takes the specific form of Eq. (60), the generating functionals $`Z`$ and $`\widehat{Z}`$ turn out to be the same up to their overall constants, i.e. $`Z[\mathrm{@}!j^\mu \mathrm{@},]/Z[\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},0\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},]=\widehat{Z}[\mathrm{@}!j^\mu \mathrm{@},]/\widehat{Z}[\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},0\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},]\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$.

## V Summary and Discussion

In this letter, we have discussed a quantum-theoretical aspect of the MAATGT with ATC consisting of an antisymmetric tensor field $`B_{\mu \nu }`$, a vector field $`A_\mu `$, and their associated currents $`J^{\mu \nu }`$ and $`j^\mu `$. The quantization of $`B_{\mu \nu }`$ has been performed both in the covariant gauge with a gauge parameter and in the axial gauge of the Landau type, while the quantization of $`A_\mu `$ has been performed only in the covariant gauge with a gauge parameter. In the covariant quantization of $`B_{\mu \nu }`$, we have derived a generating functional written in terms of the currents $`J^{\mu \nu }`$ and $`j^\mu `$ (see Eq. (50)) by carrying out the path-integrations over all the relevant fields, including the ghost and auxiliary fields. Then, taking $`J^{\mu \nu }`$ to be the specific form of Eq. (60), we have obtained the generating functional written in terms of $`j^\mu `$ alone (see Eq. (62)), which agrees with that found earlier by using Zwanziger’s formulation . This generating functional actually leads to the composite of the Yukawa and the linear potentials. In the noncovariant quantization of $`B_{\mu \nu }`$ in the axial gauge, we were able to directly find a non-local Lagrangian for $`A_\mu `$ with the only current term $`A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},j^\mu `$ (see Eq. (101)) by carrying out the path-integrations over all the relevant fields except $`A_\mu `$. This is an advantage of taking the axial gauge with a suitable axis. It has also been seen that the generating functional with this non-local Lagrangian reduces to the generating functional in Eq. (62) up to an overall constant; consequently, the quantization of $`B_{\mu \nu }`$ in the covariant gauge and that in the axial gauge yield the same physical result.

The generating functional in Eq. (50) is essentially the same as Antonov and Ebert have obtained in Ref. . They derived it in a complicated manner by taking the unitary gauge for $`B_{\mu \nu }`$, in which the vector field $`A_\mu `$ disappears. On the other hand, we have derived the generating functional in Eq. (50) in a straightforward manner by taking the covariant gauges for $`B_{\mu \nu }`$ and $`A_\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},`$. By virtue of this method, origins of the two integrands in the exponent of Eq. (50) have clearly been understood.

We now take $`J^{\mu \nu }`$ to be the vorticity tensor current

$`J_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\mu \nu }(x)2\pi Q{\displaystyle _\mathrm{\Sigma }}d^2\xi \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},{\displaystyle \frac{X^{[\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mu }(\xi )}{\xi ^0}}{\displaystyle \frac{X^{\nu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},]}(\xi )}{\xi ^1}}\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\delta ^{(4)}\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\mathrm{@}!\left(xX(\xi )\right),`$ (102)
where $`Q`$ is a dimensionless coupling constant, $`\xi =(\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\xi ^0,\xi ^1)`$ are the two-dimensional coordinates on the string world sheet, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, swept by the vortex string, and $`X^\mu (\xi )`$ denote the four-dimensional location of the vortex string. When the vortex string has the end points, the tensor current $`J_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\mu \nu }`$ is no longer conserved, so that the non-zero vector current $`j_\mathrm{\Sigma }^\mu (x)_\nu J_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\nu \mu }(x)=2\pi Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }𝑑X_{}^\mu \mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},\delta ^{(4)}(xX_{})`$ occurs to satisfy Eqs. (5) and (6). Here $`X_{}^\mu `$ stand for the locations of the end points. Substituting $`j_\mathrm{\Sigma }^\mu `$ into Eq. (50) leads to the Yukawa potential, which is consistent with a result in Sec. 3. On the one hand, substituting $`J_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\mu \nu }`$ into Eq. (50) and carrying out the integration over $`x^\mu `$ lead to a non-local effective action written in terms of $`_aX^\mu (\xi )`$ $`(\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},a=0,1\mathrm{@},\mathrm{@},)`$. After carrying out the Wick rotation, we can evaluate this effective action by the derivative expansion, obtaining the Nambu-Gotō action as a leading term . Furthermore, evaluating quantum fluctuation of $`X^\mu (\xi )`$ in the Nambu-Gotō action, we find that the Nambu-Gotō string yields the static linear potential at a long-distance scale . Therefore the composite of the Yukawa and the linear potentials is also derived from the generating functional in Eq. (50) by choosing the vorticity tensor current $`J_\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\mu \nu }`$ to be $`J^{\mu \nu }`$.

As we have seen in Sec. 2, the coupling term $`mB_{\mu \nu }J^{\mu \nu }`$ in Eq. (2) leads to the non-local term $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}m^2J_{\mu \nu }(\mathrm{}+m^2)^1J^{\mu \nu }`$ in the exponent of Eq. (50). This term describes a dynamical vortex string, if $`J^{\mu \nu }`$ is taken as the vorticity tensor current in Eq. (102). As has been mentioned above, the dynamical vortex string induces the linear potential at a long-distance scale. Thus we can say that the existence of a dynamical vortex string caused by the coupling term $`mB_{\mu \nu }J^{\mu \nu }`$ is essential for deriving the linear potential.

###### Acknowledgements.

We are grateful to members of the Theoretical Physics Group at Nihon University for their encouragements. We would like to thank Dr. B. P. Mandal for a careful reading of the manuscript.