text:
# 1 Background and Notation

## 1 Background and Notation

Let $`𝐂`$ denote the complex numbers, $`𝐑`$ denote the real numbers, $`𝐐`$ denote the rational numbers, $`𝐙`$ denote the integers, and $`𝐍`$ denote the nonnegative integers. Let $`\text{g}=\text{n}^{}\text{h}\text{n}^+`$ be a semisimple Lie algebra of rank $`n`$ over $`𝐂`$ with Cartan matrix $`(a_{ij})`$. Write $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ for the set of roots of g and let $`\pi =\{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _n\}`$ be a fixed set of positive simple roots. Set $`Q(\pi )=_{1in}𝐙\alpha _i`$ and $`Q^+(\pi )=_{1in}𝐍\alpha _i`$. Let $`P^+(\pi )`$ denote the set of dominant integral weights associated to the root system $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and $`P(\pi )`$ denote the weight lattice. Write $`(,)`$ for the Cartan inner product. Let $``$ denote the standard partial order on $`Q(\pi )`$. In particular, given two elements $`\lambda `$ and $`\beta `$ in $`Q(\pi )`$, we say that $`\lambda \beta `$ if and only if $`\lambda \beta Q^+(\pi )`$.

Let $`\theta `$ be a maximally split Lie algebra involution of $`𝐠`$ with respect to the fixed Cartan subalgebra h and triangular decomposition of g in the sense of \[L4, Section 7\]. Write $`\text{g}^\theta `$ for the corresponding fixed Lie subalgebra. The involution $`\theta `$ induces an involution $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ of the root system of g and thus an automorphism of $`\text{h}^{}`$. Let $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ be the set of simple roots $`\{\alpha _i|\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i\}`$ and write $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ for the corresponding root system generated by $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Let $`p`$ be the permutation on $`\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$ corresponding to a diagram automorphism of $`\pi `$ such that $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)+\alpha _{p(i)}_{\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }}𝐙\alpha _i`$ for each $`\alpha _i\pi \pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. (For more information about involutions, see for example \[D, 1.13\] and \[L4, Section 7\]).

Given $`\beta \text{h}^{}`$, set $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }=1/2(\beta \mathrm{\Theta }(\beta ))`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ denote the restricted root system associated to $`\text{g},\theta `$ (\[Kn, Chapter VI, Section 4\], \[He, Chapter X, Section F\], or \[L4, Section 7\]). Note that $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ can be identified with the set $`\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }|\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{\Theta }\}`$ using the Cartan inner product as the inner product for $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. Moreover, $`\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i|\alpha _i\pi \pi _\mathrm{\Theta }\}`$ is a set of positive simple roots for the root system $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. Set $`Q(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ equal to the root lattice $`_i𝐙\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i`$ of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ and set $`P(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ equal to the weight lattice associated to the root system $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. Let $`P^+(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ denote the subset of $`P(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ consisting of dominant integral weights. Set $`P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })=\{2\lambda |\lambda P(\mathrm{\Sigma })\}`$.

Let $`q`$ be an indeterminate and set $`q_i=q^{(\alpha _i,\alpha _i)/2}`$ for each $`1in`$. Write $`U=U_q(\text{g})`$ for the quantized enveloping algebra generated by $`x_i`$, $`y_i`$, $`t_i^{\pm 1}`$, $`1in`$, over the algebraic closure $`𝒞`$ of $`𝐂(q)`$ (See \[L4, Section 1, (1.4)-(1.10)\] or \[Jo, 3.2.9\] for relations.) Let $`U^{}`$ be the subalgebra of $`U`$ generated by $`y_i,1in`$ and let $`U^+`$ be the subalgebra of $`U`$ generated by $`x_i,1in`$. Given an integral domain $`D`$ containing $`𝒞`$, we set $`U_D=U_𝒞D`$.

The algebra $`U`$ is a Hopf algebra with comultiplication map $`\Delta `$, antipode $`\sigma `$, and counit $`ϵ`$. Let $`U_+`$ denote the augmentation ideal of $`U`$, which is the kernel of the counit map $`ϵ.`$ Given a subalgebra $`A`$ of $`U`$, we write $`A_+`$ for the intersection of $`A`$ with $`U_+`$.

We use Sweedler notation for the coproduct. In particular, we write

$$\Delta (a)=a_{(1)}a_{(2)}$$

for each $`aU`$. Recall that a subalgebra $`S`$ of $`U`$ is called a left coideal subalgebra if $`\Delta (a)US`$ for all $`aS`$.

Let $`\mathrm{ad}_r`$ denote the right adjoint action defined by

$$(\mathrm{ad}_ra)b=\sigma (a_{(1)})ba_{(2)}$$
$`(1.1)`$
for all $`aU`$ and $`bU`$. For example,

$$(\mathrm{ad}_rx_j)b=t_j^1x_jb+t_j^1bx_j\mathrm{and}(\mathrm{ad}_ry_j)b=by_jy_jt_jbt_j^1$$
$`(1.2)`$
for $`bU`$ and $`1jn`$.

Let $`T`$ be the group generated by the $`t_i`$, $`1in`$ and let $`\tau `$ be the isomorphism from $`Q(\pi )`$ to $`T`$ which sends $`\alpha _i`$ to $`t_i`$. Write $`U^o`$ for the group algebra generated by $`T`$. Define the subgroup $`T_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ of $`T`$ by

$$T_\mathrm{\Theta }=\{\tau (\lambda )|\lambda Q(\pi )\mathrm{and}\mathrm{\Theta }(\lambda )=\lambda \}.$$

Let $`M`$ be a $`U`$ module. We say that a nonzero vector $`vU`$ has weight $`\lambda \text{h}^{}`$ provided that $`\tau (\lambda )v=q^{(\gamma ,\lambda )}v`$ for all $`\tau (\lambda )T`$. For any vector subspace $`VM`$, write $`V_\gamma `$ for the subspace of $`V`$ spanned by the $`\gamma `$ weight vectors. If $`V`$ is a vector subspace of $`U`$, then $`V_\gamma `$ is the subspace of $`V`$ consisting of $`\gamma `$ weight vectors with respect to the adjoint action. Now suppose that $`F`$ is both a subalgebra and $`\mathrm{ad}T`$ submodule of $`U`$. Then for any subgroup $`S`$ of $`T`$, we write $`FS`$ for the subalgebra of $`U`$ generated by $`F`$ and $`S`$. Note that $`FS`$ is spanned as a vector space over $`𝒞`$ by elements $`as`$ with $`aF`$ and $`sS`$.

## 2 Quantum Symmetric Pairs

Quantum analogs of the pair $`U(\text{g}),U(\text{g}^\theta )`$ associated to a maximally split involution are constructed and characterized up to Hopf algebra automorphism in \[L2\] and \[L4, Section 7\]. These analogs consist of $`U`$ and a maximal left coideal subalgebra $`B`$ of $`U`$ which specializes to $`U(\text{g}^\theta )`$ as $`q`$ goes to $`1`$ (The reader is referred to \[L4, Section 1, following (1.10)\] for the precise definition of specialization used here, \[L4, (7.25)\] for the notion of maximal, and \[L4, Theorem 7.5\].) We review the construction of these subalgebras here.

From now on, $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ will denote an involution of the root system $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ induced by a maximally split involution of g. Let $``$ be the subalgebra of $`U`$ generated by $`x_i`$, $`y_i`$, $`t_i^{\pm 1}`$ for $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Set $`^+`$ equal to the subalgebra of $``$ generated by the $`x_i`$, $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$.

Let $`[\mathrm{\Theta }]`$ be the set of all maximally split involutions of g which induce the involution $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ on $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$. Note that two involutions in $`[\mathrm{\Theta }]`$ are conjugate to each other via a Lie algebra automorphism of g which fixes the Cartan subalgebra. Let $`\theta `$ be the particular choice of maximally split involution in $`[\mathrm{\Theta }]`$ as described in \[L4, Section 7, the discussion following (7.5) \] and $`\stackrel{~}{\theta }`$ be the automorphism of $`U`$ defined in \[L4, Theorem 7.1\] which specializes to $`\theta `$. We describe the action of $`\stackrel{~}{\theta }`$ on $`y_i`$ for $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. (Note that replacing each $`x_j`$ by $`e_j`$, each $`t_j`$ with $`1`$, and setting $`q=1`$ will recover the action of $`\theta `$ on $`f_i`$. Since $`\theta `$ is the identity on the positive and negative root vectors corresponding to roots in $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ and the action of $`\theta `$ on h corresponds to the action of $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ on $`\text{h}^{}`$, this information is enough to determine $`\theta `$.)

Let $`\pi ^{}`$ be the subset of $`\pi \pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ consisting of all $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ such that either $`i=p(i)`$ or $`i<p(i)`$. Write $`x_i^{(m)}`$ and $`y_i^{(m)}`$ where $`m𝐍`$ for the divided powers of $`x_i`$ and $`y_i`$ repectively (see \[Jo, 4.3.14 and 1.2.12\]). Given $`i`$ such that $`\alpha _i\pi ^{}`$, there exists a sequence $`\alpha _{i_1},\mathrm{},\alpha _{i_r}`$ consisting of elements in $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ and positive integers $`m_1,\mathrm{},m_r`$ subject to

$$\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)=(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{i_1}^{(m_1)})\mathrm{}(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{i_r}^{(m_r)})t_{p(i)}^1x_{p(i)}$$
$`(2.1)`$
and

$$\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_{p(i)})=(1)^{(m_1+\mathrm{}+m_r)}(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{i_r}^{(m_r)})\mathrm{}(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{i_1}^{(m_1)})t_i^1x_i.$$
$`(2.2)`$
Using (1.1), it is straightforward to check that $`(\mathrm{ad}_ry_j)t_i^1x_i=0`$ whenever $`ij`$. Thus $`t_i^1x_i`$ is a lowest weight vector with respect to the action of $`\mathrm{ad}_r`$ for all $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. It follows as in the classical case (\[L4, discussion following (7.6)\]) that these sequences satisfy the following property. For each $`rs>0`$,

$$X_s=(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{i_s}^{(m_s)})(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{i_{s+1}}^{(m_{s+1})})\mathrm{}(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{i_r}^{(m_r)})t_{p(i)}^1x_{p(i)}$$
$`(2.3)`$
is a highest weight vector for the action of $`\mathrm{ad}_rx_{i_s}`$ and $`X_{s+1}`$ is a lowest weight vector for the action of $`\mathrm{ad}_ry_{i_s}`$. Moreover, $`\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)`$ is a highest weight vector for the action of $`\mathrm{ad}_r`$.

Set $`𝒮`$ equal to the subset of $`\pi ^{}`$ consisting of $`\alpha _i`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$ and $`2(\alpha _i,\alpha _j)/(\alpha _j,\alpha _j)`$ is even for all $`\alpha _j`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _j)=\alpha _j`$. Let $`𝒟`$ denote the subset of $`\pi ^{}`$ consisting of those $`\alpha _i`$ such that $`ip(i)`$ and $`(\alpha _i,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i))0`$. Let $`𝒵`$ be an integral domain containing the complex numbers $`𝐂`$ and contained in some field extension $`𝒞(𝒵)`$ of $`𝒞`$. Write $`𝒵^\times `$ for the nonzero elements of $`𝒵`$. Define

$$𝐒(𝒵)=\{𝐬𝒵^n|s_i=0\mathrm{for}\alpha _i𝒮\}$$

and

$$𝐃(𝒵)=\{𝐝(𝒵^\times )^n|d_i=1\mathrm{for}\alpha _i𝒮\}.$$

Given $`𝐬𝐒(𝒵)`$ and $`𝐝𝐒(𝒵)`$, the subalgebra $`B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝}`$ of $`U_{𝒞(𝒵)}`$ is generated by $`T_\mathrm{\Theta }`$, $``$, and the elements $`B_{i,s_i,d_i}^\theta `$ for $`\alpha _i\pi \pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ where

$$B_{i,s_i,d_i}^\theta =y_it_i+d_i\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)t_i+s_it_i.$$
$`(2.4)`$
We abbreviate $`B_{i,s_i,d_i}^\theta `$ by $`B_i`$ when $`s_i,d_i,`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\theta }`$ can be understood from the context. Note that if $`i=p(i)`$, then the definitions of $`B_i`$ and $`B_{p(i)}`$ using (2.4) agree.

The next theorem follows as in the proof of \[L4, Theorem 7.2\]. (See also \[L4, Variations 1 and 2\].)

###### Theorem 2.1

Let $`𝒵`$ be an extension field $`𝒞`$. For each $`𝐬𝐒(𝒵)`$ and $`𝐝𝐃(𝒵)`$, the algebra $`B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝}`$ is a left coideal subalgebra of $`U_𝒵`$.

Recall that a pair $`\text{g},\theta `$ is called ireducible if g cannot be written as the direct sum of two semisimple Lie subalgebras which both admit $`\theta `$ as an involution. In Section 7, we give a complete list of coideal subalgebras $`B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝}`$ associated to irreducible pairs $`\text{g},\theta `$. From this list, it can be seen that if $`\text{g},\theta `$ is irreducible, then either both $`𝒮`$ and $`𝒟`$ are the empty set, or one is the empty set and the other consists of exactly one root.

Set $`_\theta `$ equal to the union of the orbits of all $`B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝}`$ under the action of $`𝐇`$ where $`𝐬𝐒(𝒞)`$ and $`𝐝𝐃(𝒞)`$. More generally, given an integral domain $`𝒵`$ containing $`𝒞`$, let $`_\theta (𝒵)`$ be the set of algebras $`B`$ which are isomorphic via a Hopf algebra automorphism fixing $`T_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ of $`U_𝒵`$ to $`B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝}`$, for some $`𝐬𝐒(𝒵)`$ and $`𝐝𝐃(𝒵)`$. Note that if both $`𝒮`$ and $`𝒟`$ are empty, then $`_\theta `$ consists of exactly one orbit under this action. It follows from the description of the group of Hopf algebra automorphisms of $`U`$ in \[Jo, Section 10.4\] that the set $`\{B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝}|𝐬𝐒(𝒞)\mathrm{and}𝐝𝐃(𝒞)\}`$ is a complete set of distinct representatives for the orbits of $`_\theta `$ under $`𝐇`$.

Let $`\widehat{U}`$ denote the $`𝐂[q]_{q1}`$ subalgebra of $`U`$ generated by $`x_i,y_i,t_i^{\pm 1},`$ and $`(t_i1)/(q1)`$ for $`1in`$. Let $`_{\theta ,1}`$ be the set of maximal left coideal subalgebras of $`U`$ such that $`B\widehat{U}`$ specializes to $`U(\text{g}^\theta )`$ as $`q`$ goes to $`1`$. In particular, $`_{\theta ,1}`$ is the set of quantum analogs of $`U(\text{g}^\theta )`$ in the sense of \[L2\] and \[L4\]. By \[L4, Theorem 7.5\], every algebra in $`_{\theta ,1}`$ is isomorphic to an appropriate $`B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝}`$ for some $`𝐬𝐒(𝐂[q]_{(q1)})`$ and $`𝐝𝐃(𝐂[q]_{(q1)})`$ via some Hopf algebra automorphism in $`𝐇`$.

It should be noted that for certain $`\theta `$, some of the algebras in $`_\theta `$ have appeared in the literature in papers not written by the author. The most prominent of these algebras is the nonstandard quantum analog $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{𝐬𝐨}n)`$ of $`U(\mathrm{𝐬𝐨}n)`$ introduced by Gavrilik and Klimyk in \[GK\]. This algebra is equal to $`B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝}`$ when $`\text{g},\theta `$ is of type AI as described in Section 7. The representation theory of $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{𝐬𝐨}n)`$ has been extensively investigated in a series of papers by Gavrilik, Klimyk, and others (see for example \[GI\], \[GIK\], and \[HKP\]). In \[NS\], Noumi and Sugitani construct subalgebras $`U_q^{tw}(\text{g}^\theta )`$ of $`U`$ which are quantum analogs of $`U(\text{g}^\theta )`$ for many of the pairs $`\text{g},\theta `$, when g is of classical type. Their approach is completely different and involves solutions to reflection equations. Nevertheless, it is shown in \[L2, Section 6\], that for a given pair $`\text{g},\theta `$, each subalgebra $`U_q^{tw}(\text{g}^\theta )`$ constructed in \[NS\] belongs to $`_\theta `$.

## 3 Spherical modules

Let $`L(\lambda )`$ denote the finite-dimensional simple $`U`$ module with highest weight $`\lambda `$ where $`\lambda P^+(\pi )`$. Given a left coideal subalgebra $`B`$ in $`_\theta `$ of $`U`$, we say that $`L(\lambda )`$ is spherical with respect to $`B`$ if $`L(\lambda )^B=\{vL(\lambda )|bv=ϵ(b)v\}`$ is a one-dimensional space. Necessary and sufficient conditions for $`L(\lambda )`$ to be spherical with respect to elements $`B`$ in $`_{\theta ,1}`$ are established in \[L3, Section 4\]. This result is extended in this paper to all algebras in $`_\theta `$.

Let $`\{\zeta _i|\alpha _i𝒮\}\{\eta _j|\alpha _j𝒟\}`$ be a set of $`|𝒮|+|𝒟|`$ indeterminates. Note that $`1`$ cannot be written as a sum of squares in the field $`𝐑(q)(\zeta ,\eta )`$ generated by these indeterminates over $`𝐑(q)`$. It follows that $`𝐑(q)(\zeta ,\eta )`$ is a formally real field. Thus we can choose a set of positive elements for the field $`𝐑(q)(\zeta ,\eta )`$ containing $`\eta _j`$, for each $`\alpha _j𝒟`$. Let $`𝒦`$ denote the algebraic closure of $`𝐑(q)(\zeta ,\eta )`$. Set $``$ equal to the real algebraic closure of $`𝐑(q)(\zeta ,\eta )`$ inside of $`𝒦`$ and let $`^+`$ denote the set of positive elements of $``$. (For more information on formally real fields and real algebraic closures, the reader is referred to \[J, Chapter 11\].)

Note that $`𝒦=+i`$ and thus complex conjugation extends to $`𝒦`$. Let $`\kappa `$ be the conjugate linear antiautomorphism of $`U_𝒦`$ defined by $`\kappa (x_i)=y_it_i`$, $`\kappa (y_i)=t_i^1x_i`$ and $`\kappa (t)=t`$ for all $`tT`$. In particular, $`\kappa `$ restricts to an antiautomorphism of $`U_{}`$ and acts as conjugation on elements of $`𝒞`$. Note that $`\kappa ^2`$ is just the identity. Let $`𝐇_{}`$ denote the subgroup of $`𝐇`$ whose elements restrict to Hopf algebra automorphisms of $`U_{}`$.

Let $`𝐬(\zeta )=(s(\zeta _1),\mathrm{},s(\zeta _n))`$ be the element of $`𝐒(𝒦)`$ such that $`s(\zeta _i)=\zeta _i`$ for all $`\alpha _i𝒮`$. Similarly, let $`𝐝(\eta )=(d(\eta _1),\mathrm{},d(\eta _n))`$ be the element of $`𝐃(𝒦)`$ such that $`d(\eta _j)=\eta _j`$ for all $`\alpha _j𝒟`$. Since $`d(\eta _j)=1`$ for $`\alpha _j𝒟`$, it follows that $`d(\eta _j)^+`$ for all $`1jn`$. By the definition of real algebraic closures, every positive element in $``$ has a square root in $``$. Let $`d(\eta _i)^{1/2}`$ denote the positive square root of $`d(\eta _i)`$ for each $`i`$. We have the following generalizations of \[L3, Lemma 3.2\] and \[L4, Theorem 7.6\].

###### Theorem 3.1

There exists a Hopf algebra automorphism $`\phi 𝐇_{}`$ such that $`\phi \kappa \phi ^1(B_{\theta ,𝐬(\zeta ),𝐝(\eta )})=B_{\theta ,𝐬(\zeta ),𝐝(\eta )}`$. Moreover $`B_{\theta ,𝐬(\zeta ),𝐝(\eta )}`$ acts semisimply on all finite-dimensional $`U_𝒦`$-modules.

Proof: The first assertion implies the second statement by \[L4, Section 2\]. The proof presented here for the first assertion does not follow the original argument given in \[L3\] which uses specialization at $`q=1`$. Instead, it is based closely on the discussion leading up to \[L4, Theorem 7.6\].

Set $`B=B_{\theta ,𝐬(\zeta ),𝐝(\eta )}`$ and $`B_i=B_{i,s(\zeta _i),d(\eta _i)}^\theta `$ for each $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Note that

$$(\phi \kappa \phi ^1)(T_\mathrm{\Theta })=T_\mathrm{\Theta }$$

and $`(\phi \kappa \phi ^1)^2=\kappa ^2`$ is the identity on $`U_𝒦`$ for all $`\phi 𝐇_{}`$. Hence it is sufficient to find $`\phi 𝐇_{}`$ such that $`\phi \kappa \phi ^1(B)`$ contains $`B_i`$ for each $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$.

A straightforward computation using (1.2) shows that

$$q^{(\lambda ,\alpha _i)}c\tau (\lambda )y_iy_it_ic\tau (\lambda )t_i^1=[(\mathrm{ad}_ry_i)c]\tau (\lambda )$$

for all $`cU`$, $`1in`$, and $`\tau (\lambda )T`$. Thus $`[(\mathrm{ad}_ry_i)b\tau (\lambda )^1]\tau (\lambda )tB`$ for any $`\tau (\lambda )T`$, $`tT_\mathrm{\Theta }`$, $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$, and $`bB.`$ As in \[L4, following the proof of Theorem 7.5\], we have

$$(\mathrm{ad}_ry_{i_1}^{(m_1)})\mathrm{}(\mathrm{ad}_ry_{i_r}^{(m_r)})\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_{p(i)})=(1)^{(m_1+\mathrm{}+m_r)}t_i^1x_i$$

and $`\kappa ((\mathrm{ad}_rx_j)b)=((\mathrm{ad}_ry_j)\kappa (b)`$ for all $`bU`$ and $`1jn`$. Thus (2.1) implies that

$$\kappa (\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i))=(1)^{(m_1+\mathrm{}+m_r)}(\mathrm{ad}_ry_{i_1}^{(m_1)})\mathrm{}(\mathrm{ad}_ry_{i_r}^{(m_r)})y_{p(i)}.$$

Moreover, it follows that

| $`\kappa (\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i))t_i+d(\eta _{p(i)})t_i^1x_it_i+s(\zeta _i)t_i`$ |
| --- |
| $`=(1)^{(m_1+\mathrm{}+m_r)}[(\mathrm{ad}_ry_{i_1}^{(m_1)})\mathrm{}(\mathrm{ad}_ry_{i_r}^{(m_r)})B_{p(i)}t_{p(i)}^1]t_{p(i)}(t_{p(i)}^1t_i)`$ |

$`(3.1)`$
is an element of $`B`$.

Let $`\phi `$ be the Hopf algebra automorphism in $`𝐇_{}`$ defined by

$$\phi (x_j)=q^{(\alpha _j,\alpha _j+\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _j))/4}d(\eta _j)^{1/2}x_j\mathrm{for}\alpha _j\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }.$$

Temporarily write $`\kappa _1=\phi \kappa \phi ^1`$. By (2.1) and (2.2), we see that $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)\alpha _i=\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _{p(i)})\alpha _{p(i)}`$. Hence

| $`(\alpha _i,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)\alpha _i)=(\alpha _i,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _{p(i)})\alpha _{p(i)})=(\alpha _i,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _{p(i)}))(\alpha _i,\alpha _{p(i)})`$ |
| --- |
| $`=(\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)\alpha _i,\alpha _{p(i)})=(\alpha _{p(i)},\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _{p(i)})\alpha _{p(i)}).`$ |

Thus, a straightforward computation using the fact that $`s(\zeta _i)=0`$ for $`\alpha _i𝒮`$ shows that

| $`q^{(\alpha _i,\alpha _i+\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i))/2}\kappa _1(\kappa (\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i))t_i+d(\eta _{p(i)})t_i^1x_it_i+\stackrel{~}{s}_it_i)`$ |
| --- |
| $`=d(\eta _{p(i)})d(\eta _i)^1(y_it_i+d(\eta _{p(i)})\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)t_i+s(\zeta _i)t_i)=d(\eta _{p(i)})d(\eta _i)^1B_i`$ |

is an element of $`\kappa _1(B)`$ for all $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Therefore $`B=\kappa _1(B)`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Recall that $`P^+(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ is the subset of $`\text{h}^{}`$ consisting of dominant integral weights associated to the root system $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. Let $`P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$ be the set of all $`\lambda P^+(\pi )`$ such that

1. $`(\lambda ,\beta )=0`$ for all $`\beta \text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$.
2. $`(\stackrel{~}{\lambda },\stackrel{~}{\beta })/(\stackrel{~}{\beta },\stackrel{~}{\beta })`$ is an integer for every restricted root $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }\mathrm{\Sigma }`$.

By \[He2, Chapter II, Theorem 4.8\], $`P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$ is just the intersection of $`P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ with $`P^+(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$.

Given $`\lambda P^+(\pi )`$ and an integral domain $`𝒵`$ containing $`𝒞`$, we set $`L(\lambda )_𝒵=L(\lambda )_𝒞𝒵`$. We have the following criterion for $`L(\lambda )_𝒦`$ to be a spherical module with respect to the the algebra $`B_{\theta ,𝐬(\zeta ),𝐝(\eta )}`$.

###### Theorem 3.2

Let $`B=B_{\theta ,𝐬(\zeta ),𝐝(\eta )}`$ Then

$$dimL(\lambda )_𝒦^B1$$
$`(3.2)`$
for all $`\lambda P^+(\pi )`$. Moreover equality holds in (3.2) and thus $`L(\lambda )_𝒦`$ is spherical with respect to $`B_{\theta ,𝐬(\zeta ),𝐝(\eta )}`$ if and only if $`\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$.

Proof: The first assertion follows as in the proof of \[L4, Theorem 7.7(i)\] and the second assertion follows as in the proof of \[L3, Theorem 4.3\] using Theorem 3.1. $`\mathrm{}`$

Fix $`\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$. Given a weight $`\mu `$ of $`L(\lambda )`$, let $`\{v_\mu ^i\}_i`$ be a basis of weight vectors for the $`\mu `$ weight space of $`L(\lambda )`$ where $`i`$ varies over a finite set. Note that the $`\lambda `$ weight space of $`L(\lambda )`$ has dimension $`1`$ and so $`\{v_\lambda ^i\}_i`$ has only one element. Set $`v_\lambda =v_\lambda ^1`$. Given a vector $`v=_{i,\mu }g_\mu ^iv_\mu ^i`$ in $`L(\lambda )_𝒦`$, set

$$\mathrm{Supp}(v)=\{\mu |g_\mu ^i0\mathrm{for}\mathrm{some}i\}.$$

Write $`𝒞[\zeta ,\eta ]`$ for the polynomial ring $`𝒞[\zeta _i,\eta _j|\alpha _i𝒮`$ and $`\alpha _j𝒟]`$. Set

$$C_k=x_k+q_k^2d(\eta _{p(k)})^1\kappa (\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_k))t_k+q_k^2s(\zeta _k)(t_k1)$$
$`(3.3)`$
for $`\alpha _k\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ and set $`C_k=x_k`$ for $`\alpha _k\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Note that $`\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_k)U_{𝒞[\zeta ,\eta ]}`$ for each $`\alpha _k\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Hence, by (3.1) and the definition of the counit of $`U`$, each $`C_k`$ is an element of $`B_+U_{𝒞[\zeta ,\eta ]}`$.

The next result provides finer information about the invariant vectors of spherical modules.

###### Lemma 3.3

Suppose that $`\stackrel{~}{\xi }_\lambda `$ is a nonzero $`B_{\theta ,𝐬(\zeta ),𝐝(\eta )}`$ invariant vector of $`L(\lambda )_𝒦`$. Then

$$\stackrel{~}{\xi }_\lambda v_\lambda +\underset{\mu <\lambda ,k}{}𝒞[\zeta ,\eta ]v_\mu ^k$$

up to multiplication by a nonzero scalar.

Proof: Let $`a_\lambda `$ denote the coefficient of $`v_\lambda `$ in $`\stackrel{~}{\xi }_\lambda `$ written as a linear combination of the basis vectors $`\{v_\mu ^i\}`$ of $`L(\lambda )`$. Rescaling if necessary, we may assume that $`a_\lambda `$ equals $`0`$ or $`1`$.

We can write $`\stackrel{~}{\xi }_\lambda `$ as a linear combination of weight vectors: $`\stackrel{~}{\xi }_\lambda =_\mu w_\mu .`$ For each weight $`\gamma `$ of $`L(\lambda )`$, let $`y_{\lambda +\gamma }^i`$ be weight vectors in $`U_{\lambda +\gamma }^{}`$ such that $`y_{\lambda +\gamma }^iv_\lambda =v_\gamma ^i.`$ It is well known that there exists a set of weight vectors $`\{x_{\lambda \gamma }^i\}`$ in $`U_{\lambda \gamma }^+`$ such that $`x_{\lambda \gamma }^iv_\gamma ^j=\delta _{ij}v_\lambda .`$ It follows that $`_iy_{\lambda +\gamma }^ix_{\lambda \gamma }^iw_\gamma =w_\gamma `$. In particular, $`w_\gamma _iUx_iw_\gamma `$ for each $`\gamma \mathrm{Supp}(\stackrel{~}{\xi }_\lambda )\{\lambda \}`$.

Partition $`\mathrm{Supp}(\stackrel{~}{\xi }_\lambda )`$ into two sets $`I_1`$ and $`I_2`$ as follows. The weight $`\gamma `$ is in $`I_1`$ provided $`w_\gamma `$ is a nonzero element of $`a_\lambda U_{𝒞[\zeta ,\eta ]}v_\lambda `$. The second set $`I_2`$ is simply the complement of $`I_1`$ in $`\mathrm{Supp}(\stackrel{~}{\xi }_\lambda )`$. Note that $`I_1I_2`$ is nonempty since $`\stackrel{~}{\xi }_\lambda `$ is nonzero. We show that $`I_2`$ is empty. This in turn implies that $`I_1=\mathrm{Supp}(\stackrel{~}{\xi }_\lambda )`$ and $`a_\lambda =1`$, which proves the theorem.

Assume $`I_2`$ is nonempty and let $`\gamma `$ be a maximal element of $`I_2`$. Fix $`i`$. The maximality of the choice of $`\gamma `$ and the definition of $`C_k`$ ensures that

$$C_k\underset{\mu I_2}{}w_\mu x_kw_\gamma +\underset{\mu \gamma +\alpha _k}{}(L(\lambda )_𝒦)_\mu .$$

Recall that that $`C_k\stackrel{~}{\xi }_\lambda =0`$. Thus

$$C_k\underset{\mu I_1}{}w_\mu x_kw_\gamma +\underset{\mu \gamma +\alpha _k}{}(L(\lambda )_𝒦)_\mu .$$

However, since $`C_kU_{𝒞[\zeta ,\eta ]}`$, it follows that

$$C_k\underset{\mu I_1}{}w_\mu a_\lambda U_{𝒞[\zeta ,\eta ]}v_\lambda .$$

Thus $`x_kw_\gamma a_\lambda U_{𝒞[\zeta ,\eta ]}v_\lambda .`$ for all $`1kn`$. It follows that

$$w_\gamma \underset{k}{}Ux_kw_\gamma a_\lambda U_{𝒞[\zeta ,\eta ]}v_\lambda ,$$

a contradiction. Therefore $`I_2`$ is empty. $`\mathrm{}`$

Note that Theorem 3.2 was originally proved in \[L3\] only for subalgebras in $`_{\theta ,1}`$. Now consider spherical vectors corresponding to a subalgebra $`B`$ of $`U`$ in the larger set $`_\theta `$. The argument used to sketch the proof of \[L4, Theorem 7.7(i)\] shows that

$$dimL(\lambda )^B1$$

for all $`\lambda P^+(\pi )`$. Moreover the proof of \[L3, Theorem 4.3\] can be applied in this more general setting to show that if $`L(\lambda )`$ admits a spherical vector then $`\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$. However, the proof of the existence of a spherical vector associated to $`B`$ in $`_{\theta ,1}`$ relies on the fact that the $`B_{\theta ,1}`$ act semisimply on finite-dimensional $`U`$ modules. Unfortunately, we have not proved a version of Theorem 3.1 for all subalgebras $`B`$ of $`U`$ in $`_\theta `$. Nevertheless, we obtain a version of Theorem 3.2, which applies to all the algebras in $`_\theta `$, using the preceding lemma.

###### Theorem 3.4

Let $`𝒵`$ be an integral domain containing $`𝒞`$ and let $`B`$ be an algebra in $`_\theta (𝒵)`$. Then

$$dimL(\lambda )_𝒵^B1.$$
$`(3.4)`$
Moreover equality holds in (3.4) (and thus $`L(\lambda )_𝒵`$ is spherical with respect to $`B`$) if and only if $`\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$.

Proof: Applying a Hopf algebra automorphism of $`U_𝒵`$ to $`B`$ if necessary, we reduce to the case when $`B=B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝}`$ for some $`𝐬=(s_1,\mathrm{},s_n)𝐒(𝒵)`$ and $`𝐝=(d_1,\mathrm{},d_n)𝐃(𝒵)`$. Without loss of generality, we may assume that $`𝒵`$ is the $`𝒞`$ algebra generated by the $`s_i`$ for $`\alpha _i𝒮`$ and the $`d_j`$ for $`\alpha _j𝒟`$. By the discussion preceding the theorem, we need only show that there exists a $`B`$ invariant vector in $`L(\lambda )_𝒵`$ for all $`\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$.

Fix $`\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$. By Lemma 3.3, there exist polynomials $`f_\mu ^k`$ in $`𝒞[\zeta ,\eta ]`$ such that

$$\stackrel{~}{\xi }_\lambda =v_\lambda +\underset{\mu <\lambda ,k}{}f_\mu ^kv_\mu ^k$$

is a $`B_{\theta ,𝐬(\zeta ),𝐝(\eta )}`$ invariant vector. Let $`J`$ be the ideal in $`𝒞[\zeta ,\eta ]`$ generated by $`\zeta _is_i`$ as $`\alpha _i`$ runs over $`𝒮`$ and $`\eta _jd_j`$ as $`\alpha _j`$ runs over $`𝒟`$. Let $`\overline{f}_\mu ^k`$ denote the image of $`f_\mu ^k`$ in $`𝒵`$ obtained by modding out by the ideal $`J`$. Set

$$\xi _\lambda =v_\lambda +\underset{\mu <\lambda ,k}{}\overline{f}_\mu ^kv_\mu ^k.$$

Note that $`\xi _\lambda `$ is nonzero since the coefficient of $`v_\lambda `$ is $`1`$. Also, the image of $`B_{\theta ,𝐬(\zeta ),𝐝(\eta )}(U_{𝒞[\zeta ,\eta ]})_+`$ in $`U_𝒵`$ obtained by modding out by $`J`$ is just $`B_+`$. Furthermore, the action of $`U_𝒵`$ on $`L(\lambda )_𝒵`$ induced by taking the action of $`U_{𝒞[\zeta ,\eta ]}`$ on $`L(\lambda )_{𝒞[\zeta ,\eta ]}`$ and modding out by $`J`$ is the same as the standard action of $`U_𝒵`$ on $`L(\lambda )_𝒵`$. Thus $`\xi _\lambda `$ is a nonzero $`B_+`$ invariant vector in $`L(\lambda )_𝒵`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Recall that $`P(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ is the weight lattice associated to the root system $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ and hence contains the root lattice associated to $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. Since $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ it follows that $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_iP(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ for each $`\alpha _i\pi \pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Sometimes, a smaller scalar multiple of $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i`$ is also in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. This happens when $`𝒮`$ is nonempty as explained in the following lemma.

###### Lemma 3.5

If $`\alpha _i𝒮`$ then $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i/2P(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$.

Proof: It is sufficient to prove the lemma when $`\text{g},\theta `$ is an irreducible pair. Given $`\alpha _i𝒮`$, we must check that

$$\frac{2(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i/2,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_j)}{(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_j,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_j)}𝐙$$
$`(3.5)`$
for all $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_j\mathrm{\Sigma }.`$ This is clearly true when $`i=j`$. Hence it is sufficient to check the case when $`ij`$. By the classification in Section 7, there are only four possibilities with $`𝒮`$ nonempty: AIII, Case 2; CI; DIII Case 1; EVII. The tables in \[A, Section 5\] and \[He, Chapter X, Section F\] include the Dynkin diagram associated to the restricted root systems in the column labelled “$`\mathrm{\Delta }^{}`$”. In each of these four cases, the restricted root system is of type $`C`$ and the root $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i`$, for $`\alpha _i𝒮`$, corresponds to the unique long root. Hence (3.5) follows. $`\mathrm{}`$

Define an ordering on the restricted weights $`\{\stackrel{~}{\lambda }|\lambda Q(\pi )\}`$ by $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }^{}_r\stackrel{~}{\beta }`$ if and only if $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }^{}\stackrel{~}{\beta }_i𝐍\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i`$. Now suppose that $`\lambda `$ and $`\mu `$ are two elements of $`P(\pi )`$ such that $`\lambda \mu `$. Then there exist nonegative integers $`n_i`$ such that $`\lambda \mu =_in_i\alpha _i`$. It follows that $`\stackrel{~}{\lambda }\stackrel{~}{\mu }=_in_i\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i`$. Hence $`\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_r\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$ with strict inequality if and only if $`n_i`$ is nonzero for some $`\alpha _i\pi \pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$.

The next result gives additional information about the spherical vectors which will be used in later sections.

###### Theorem 3.6

Let $`𝒵`$ be an integral domain containing $`𝒞`$, let $`B_\theta (𝒵)`$ and let $`\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$. Write $`\xi _\lambda `$ for a nonzero $`B`$ invariant vector of $`L(\lambda )_𝒵`$. Then $`\mathrm{Supp}(\xi _\lambda )P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$, $`\lambda \mathrm{Supp}(\xi _\lambda )`$, and if $`\beta \mathrm{Supp}(\xi _\lambda )\{\lambda \}`$ then $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }<_r\stackrel{~}{\lambda }`$.

Proof: Without loss of generality, we may assume that $`B=B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝}`$ for some $`𝐬𝐒(𝒵)`$ and $`𝐝𝐃(𝒵)`$. By Theorem 3.4, rescaling if necessary, we can write

$$\xi _\lambda =v_\lambda +\underset{\mu <\lambda }{}w_\mu $$

where each $`w_\mu `$ is a weight vector of weight $`\mu `$ in $`L(\lambda )_𝒵`$. In particular, $`\lambda \mathrm{Supp}(\xi _\lambda )`$.

Recall that $`\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i|\alpha _i\pi \pi _\mathrm{\Theta }\}`$ is a set of simple roots for $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. It follows that that $`2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_iP(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ for all $`\alpha _i\pi \pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. By Lemma 3.5, $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_iP(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ for all $`i`$ such that $`\alpha _i𝒮`$. Set

$$N=\underset{\alpha _i\pi \pi _\mathrm{\Theta }𝒮}{}𝐍(2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)+\underset{\alpha _i𝒮}{}𝐍\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i$$
$`(3.6)`$
and

$$\lambda N=\{\lambda \gamma |\gamma N\}.$$

Now $`\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$ and $`P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$ is a subset of $`P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. Hence $`\lambda NP(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. Furthermore, every element $`\beta \lambda N`$ such that $`\beta \lambda `$ satisfies $`\beta <_r\lambda `$. We complete the proof of the theorem by showing that

$$\mathrm{Supp}(\xi _\lambda )\lambda N.$$

Consider $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ and recall that $`x_i\xi _\lambda =0`$. Note that if $`\beta \gamma `$, then $`x_iw_\beta `$ and $`x_iw_\gamma `$ have the same weight if and only if they are both zero. Thus $`x_iw_\beta =0`$ for each $`\beta \mathrm{Supp}(\xi _\lambda )`$ and $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$.

Let $`I_1`$ be the subset of $`\mathrm{Supp}(\xi _\lambda )`$ consisting of those weights $`\beta `$ such that $`\beta \lambda N`$. Since $`\lambda \mathrm{Supp}(\xi _\lambda )`$ and $`\lambda \lambda N`$, it follows that $`\lambda I_1`$. Let $`I_2`$ be the complement of $`I_1`$ in $`\mathrm{Supp}(\xi _\lambda )`$. We argue that $`I_2`$ is empty. Choose $`\beta I_2`$ such that $`\beta `$ is a maximal element in $`I_2`$ with respect to the partial ordering $`>_r`$. Since $`\lambda \beta `$, $`w_\beta `$ is not a highest weight vector in $`L(\lambda )_𝒵`$. Hence there exists $`i`$ such that $`x_iw_\beta 0`$. By the previous paragraph, we must have that $`\alpha _i\pi \pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Note that $`x_iw_\beta `$ is a weight vector of weight $`\alpha _i+\beta `$. Assume first that $`\alpha _i𝒮`$. It follows from the definition of $`C_i`$ (see (3.3)) that $`C_i=x_i+Y_i`$ where $`Y_i`$ is a weight vector in $`U`$ of weight $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)`$. Now $`C_i\xi _\lambda =0`$ since $`C_iB_+`$. Hence $`x_iw_\beta =Y_iw_\gamma `$ for some $`\gamma \mathrm{Supp}(\xi _\lambda )`$. Moreover $`\gamma =\alpha _i\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)+\beta =2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i+\beta `$. It follows that $`\gamma \beta =2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i`$ and thus $`\gamma >_r\beta `$. Moreover, $`\beta \lambda N`$ implies that $`\gamma \lambda N`$ which contradicts the choice of $`\beta `$.

Now assume $`\alpha _i𝒮`$. Hence $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i=\alpha _i`$. Note that $`B_+`$ contains the element $`C_i=x_i+q_i^2y_it_i+q_i^2s_i(t_i1)`$. Hence we can write $`x_iw_\beta =q_i^2y_it_iw_{\gamma _1}q_i^2s_i(t_i1)w_{\gamma _2}`$ where $`\gamma _1=\beta +2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i`$ and $`\gamma _2=\beta +\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i`$. Since $`x_iw_\beta `$ is nonzero, at least one of $`\gamma _1,\gamma _2`$ is contained in $`\mathrm{Supp}(\xi _\lambda )`$. But neither $`\gamma _1`$ nor $`\gamma _2`$ can be in the subset $`I_1`$ of $`\lambda N`$ since $`\beta \lambda N`$. Once again this contradicts the choice of $`\beta `$ and the lemma follows. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 4 Quantum Zonal Spherical Functions

In this section, we review some basic facts about the quantized function algebra and define quantum zonal spherical functions associated to pairs $`B,B^{}`$ of algebras in $`_\theta `$. We then prove an important injectivity result relating the space of biinvariants to the character group ring associated to $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$.

Let $`R_q[G]`$ denote the quantized function algebra as defined in \[Jo, Chapter 9.1\]. Recall that $`R_q[G]`$ is a right and left $`U`$ module. Let $`L(\lambda )^{}`$ denote the $`U`$ module dual to $`L(\lambda )`$. Viewing $`L(\lambda )`$ as a left $`U`$ module, $`L(\lambda )^{}`$ is given its natural right $`U`$ module structure.

According to the quantum Peter-Weyl theorem (\[Jo, 9.1.1 and 1.4.13\]), there is an isomorphism as right and left $`U`$ modules:

$$R_q[G]_{\lambda P^+(\pi )}L(\lambda )L(\lambda )^{}.$$
$`(4.1)`$
Given an element $`ww^{}L(\lambda )L(\lambda )^{}`$, we write the corresponding element of $`R_q[G]`$ as $`c_{w^{},w}^\lambda `$. As a vector space, $`R_q[G]`$ is spanned by vectors $`c_{w^{},w}^\lambda `$ where $`\lambda P^+(\pi )`$, $`wL(\lambda )`$, and $`w^{}L(\lambda )^{}`$. Note that elements of $`R_q[G]`$ can be thought of as functions on the quantized enveloping algebra $`U`$. In particular,

$$c_{w^{},w}^\lambda (u)=w^{}(uw)$$

for all $`uU`$.

Let $`B`$ and $`B^{}`$ be two subalgebras of $`U`$ in $`_\theta `$. Define the subspace of $`{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}`$ of left $`B^{}`$ and right $`B`$ invariants inside of $`R_q[G]`$ by

| $`{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}=`$ | $`\{\phi R_q[G]|b^{}\phi =ϵ(b^{})\phi \mathrm{and}\phi b=ϵ(b)\phi `$ |
| --- | --- |
|  | $`\mathrm{for}\mathrm{all}bB\mathrm{and}b^{}B^{}\}.`$ |

By \[KS, Chapter 11, Proposition 68\], $`{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}`$, which we refer to as the space of biinvariants associated to the pair $`(B,B^{})`$, is a subalgebra of $`R_q[G]`$.

Set

$${}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}(\lambda )={}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}(L(\lambda )L(\lambda )^{})$$

where we identify $`L(\lambda )L(\lambda )^{}`$ with a subspace of $`R_q[G]`$ using (4.1). By Theorem 3.4, $`{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}(\lambda )`$ is $`0`$ if $`\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$ and is a one-dimensional trivial left $`B^{}`$ and right $`B`$ module otherwise. Thus (4.1) implies the following direct sum decomposition into trivial one-dimensional left $`B^{}`$ and right $`B`$ modules:

$${}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}_{\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+}{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}(\lambda ).$$
$`(4.2)`$
For each $`\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$, nonzero elements of $`{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}(\lambda )`$ are called zonal spherical functions associated to the pair $`B,B^{}`$. Fix a nonzero vector $`c_{B,B^{}}^\lambda {}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}(\lambda )`$. It follows from (4.2) that $`\{c_{B,B^{}}^\lambda |\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+\}`$ is a basis for $`{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}`$.

Note that $`L(\lambda )L(\lambda )^{}`$ is the joint eigenspace for the action (either right or left) of the center of $`U`$ on $`R_q[G]`$ with eigenvalue given by the central character of $`L(\lambda )`$. Thus the zonal spherical functions are just the eigenvectors of $`{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}`$ for the action of the center of $`U_q(\text{g})`$. Moreover, the eigenvalue of $`c_{B,B^{}}^\lambda `$ with respect to the central element $`a`$ is given by the action of $`a`$ on $`L(\lambda )`$.

Given $`\lambda P(\pi )`$, define the function $`z^\lambda `$ on $`T`$ by

$$z^\lambda \tau (\beta )=q^{(\lambda ,\beta )}.$$

Write $`𝒞[P]`$ for the group algebra over $`𝒞`$ generated by the multiplicative group $`\{z^\lambda |\lambda P(\pi )\}`$. Let $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$ be the algebra homomorphism from $`R_q[G]`$ to $`𝒞[P]`$ obtained by restricting elements of $`R_q[G]`$, considered as functions on $`U`$, to the subalgebra $`U^o`$ generated by $`T`$.

Suppose that $`𝒵`$ is an integral domain containing $`𝒞`$. Set $`𝒵[P]=𝒞[P]_𝒞𝒵`$. The map $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$ extends to a homomorphism from $`R_q[G]_𝒞𝒵`$ to $`𝒵[P]`$ which we also denote by $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$. The definitions of $`{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}`$ and $`c_{B,B^{}}^\lambda `$ also extend in the obvious way to pairs of algebras $`B,B^{}`$ in $`_\theta (𝒵)`$.

Suppose that $`w`$ and $`w^{}`$ are weight vectors in $`L(\lambda ),L(\lambda )^{}`$ respectively. Assume that the weight of $`w`$ is $`\beta `$. For each $`\tau (\mu )`$ in $`T`$, we have

$$c_{w^{},w}^\lambda (\tau (\mu ))=w^{}(\tau (\mu )w)=q^{(\beta ,\mu )}w^{}(w)=w^{}(w)z^\beta \tau (\mu ).$$

In particular, $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(c_{w^{},w}^\lambda )`$ is a scalar multiple of $`z^\beta `$ where $`\beta `$ is the weight of $`w`$. Note that if the weight of $`w`$ and $`w^{}`$ differ, then $`w^{}(w)=0`$ and hence $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(c_{w^{},w}^\lambda )=0`$.

The next lemma transfers information about spherical vectors from the last section to the zonal spherical functions.

###### Lemma 4.1

Let $`𝐬𝐒(𝒵)`$ and $`𝐝𝐃(𝒵)`$ where $`𝒵`$ is an integral domain containing $`𝒞`$. Suppose that $`B=\chi (B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝})`$ and $`B^{}=\chi ^{}(B_{\theta ,𝐬^{},𝐝})`$ where $`\chi `$ and $`\chi ^{}`$ are Hopf algebra automorphisms of $`U_𝒵`$ fixing $`T`$ and $``$. Then for each $`\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$,

$$\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(c_{B,B^{}}^\lambda )=z^\lambda +\underset{\beta <_r\lambda }{}f_\beta z^\beta $$

up to a nonzero scalar where each $`f_\beta 𝒵`$ and $`\beta `$ runs over weights of $`L(\lambda )`$ which are contained in $`P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })\{\lambda \}`$.

Proof: Let $`\{v_\mu ^i|\mu \lambda \}`$ be a basis consisting of weight vectors for $`L(\lambda )`$ as in Section 3. Let $`\{v_\mu ^i|\mu \lambda \}`$ be a basis of weight vectors for $`L(\lambda )^{}`$ such that $`v_\mu ^i(v_\mu ^j)=\delta _{ij}`$.

By Theorem 3.4, $`L(\lambda )_𝒵`$ contains a $`B^{}`$ invarinat vector $`\xi `$ and $`L(\lambda )_𝒵^{}`$ contains a $`B`$ invariant vector $`\xi ^{}`$. Rescaling if necessary, we may write

$$\xi =v_\lambda +\underset{\beta <_r\lambda }{}f_\beta ^iv_\beta ^i$$

and

$$\xi ^{}=v_\lambda ^{}+\underset{\beta <_r\lambda }{}f_\beta ^iv_\beta ^i$$

where $`f_\beta ^i`$ and $`f_\beta ^i`$ are elements of $`𝒵`$ for each $`\beta `$ and $`i`$. Furthermore, by Theorem 3.6, if either $`f_\beta ^i`$ or $`f_\beta ^i`$ is nonzero for some $`i`$, then $`\beta P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. Set $`f_\beta =_if_\beta ^if_\beta ^i`$. It follows that up to a nonzero scalar, $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(c_{B,B^{}}^\lambda )`$ equals $`z^\lambda +_\beta f_\beta z^\beta `$ where $`\beta `$ runs over the weights of $`L(\lambda )`$ contained in $`P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })\{\lambda \}`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Consider $`\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$ and $`B,B^{}_\theta `$. For the remainder of the paper, we assume that $`c_{B,B^{}}^\lambda `$ has been chosen so that when $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(c_{B,B^{}}^\lambda )`$ is written as a linear combination of the $`z^\gamma `$, the coefficient of $`z^\lambda `$ is equal to $`1`$. For each $`\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$, we set $`\phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda =\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(c_{B,B^{}}^\lambda )`$.

Set $`𝒞[2\mathrm{\Sigma }]`$ equal to the group subalgebra of $`𝒞[P]`$ corresponding to the group $`\{z^{2\lambda }|\lambda P(\mathrm{\Sigma })\}`$. The next result allows us to identify the space spanned by the zonal spherical functions with a subalgebra of $`𝒞[2\mathrm{\Sigma }]`$

###### Theorem 4.2

The restriction map $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$ from $`{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}`$ to $`U^o`$ defines an injection of $`{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}`$ into $`𝒞[2\mathrm{\Sigma }]`$.

Proof: Let $`\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$ and recall that $`P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. By Lemma 4.1, there exists $`a_\beta 𝒞`$ such that

$$\phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda =z^\lambda +\underset{\beta <_r\lambda }{}a_\beta z^\beta $$

where the $`\beta `$ run over a finite number of elements in $`P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. Thus each $`\phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda 𝒞[2\mathrm{\Sigma }]`$. It follows that $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(_B^{}_B)`$ is a subalgebra of $`𝒞[2\mathrm{\Sigma }]`$.

Recall that the set $`\{c_{B,B^{}}^\lambda |\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+\}`$ is a basis for $`{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}`$. Consider a typical element $`X=_ib_ic_{B,B^{}}^{\lambda _i}`$ in $`_B^{}_B`$ and note that $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(X)=_ib_i\phi _{B,B^{}}^{\lambda _i}`$. Choose a maximal weight $`\lambda _1`$ in the set $`\{\lambda _i|b_i0\}`$. Then $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(X)`$ is in

$$b_1z^{\lambda _1}+\underset{\mu _r\lambda _1}{}𝒞z^\mu $$

and so is nonzero. Hence $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$ is injective. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 5 A Criterion for Invariance

Let $`W`$ be the Weyl group associated to the restricted root system $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. Note that $`W`$ acts on $`𝒞[2\mathrm{\Sigma }]`$ via $`wz^\beta =z^{w\beta }`$ for all $`\beta P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ and $`wW`$. A classical result shows that the zonal spherical functions correspond to the $`W`$ invariant functions of the character ring of the restricted root system. In this section, we obtain a similar result in the quantum case. In particular, given $`B_\theta `$ we determine how to choose $`B^{}`$ so that the image of $`{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}`$ under $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$ is the entire invariant ring $`𝒞[2\mathrm{\Sigma }]^W`$.

Let $`\rho `$ denote the half sum of the positive roots in $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$, so $`(\rho ,\alpha _i)=(\alpha _i,\alpha _i)/2`$ for each $`1in`$. Note that if $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _{p(i)}`$ then $`\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)=t_{p(i)}^1x_{p(i)}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_{p(i)})=t_i^1x_i`$ Hence

$$\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_{p(i)})t_{p(i)}^1x_{p(i)}=t_i^1x_i\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)$$

in this case. We show that a similar result is true in general.

Recall that $`^+`$ is the subalgebra of $``$ generated by the $`x_i`$, $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$.

###### Lemma 5.1

For each $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$,

$$q^{(\rho ,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)+\alpha _i)}\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_{p(i)})t_{p(i)}^1x_{p(i)}t_i^1x_i\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)+_+^+U+U_+^+.$$

Proof: Recall the sequences used in Section 2 (see (2.1) and (2.2)) to define $`\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)`$ for $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Using the form of $`(\mathrm{ad}_rx_i)`$ given in (1.2), we have that

| $`t_i^1x_i\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)=t_i^1x_i[(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{i_1})^{(m_1)}\mathrm{}(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{i_r})^{(m_r)}t_{p(i)}^1x_{p(i)}]`$ |
| --- |
| $`(1)^{(m_1+\mathrm{}+m_r)}t_i^1x_i[(t_{i_1}^1x_{i_1})^{(m_1)}\mathrm{}(t_{i_r}^1x_{i_r})^{(m_r)}t_{p(i)}^1x_{p(i)}]+U_+^+.`$ |

$`(5.1)`$
A straightforward computation shows that for each positive integer $`k`$ and each $`j`$,

$$(t_j^1x_j)^k=q^{k(k+1)(\alpha _j,\alpha _j)/2}x_j^kt_j^k.$$
$`(5.2)`$
Note that $`x_{i_{s+1}}^{m_{s+1}}\mathrm{}x_{i_r}^{m_r}x_{p(i)}`$ and $`X_{s+1}`$ (defined in (2.3)) have the same weight. Recall that $`X_s`$ is a highest weight vector for the action of $`\mathrm{ad}_rx_{i_s}`$ and that $`X_{s+1}`$ is a lowest weight vector for the action of $`\mathrm{ad}_ry_{i_s}`$. Set $`\lambda _s`$ equal to the weight of $`X_s`$. It follows that $`(\lambda _s,\alpha _{i_s})=\frac{m_s}{2}(\alpha _{i_s},\alpha _{i_s})`$ and $`(\lambda _{s+1},\alpha _{i_s})=\frac{m_s}{2}(\alpha _{i_s},\alpha _{i_s})`$ for each $`s`$. Hence (5.2) implies

| $`(t_{i_s}^1x_{i_s})^{m_s}x_{i_{s+1}}^{m_{s+1}}`$ | $`\mathrm{}x_{i_r}^{m_r}x_{p(i)}`$ |
| --- | --- |
| $`=`$ | $`q^{m_s(m_s+1)(\alpha _{i_s},\alpha _{i_s})/2}x_{i_s}^{m_s}t_{i_s}^{m_s}x_{i_{s+1}}^{m_{s+1}}\mathrm{}x_{i_r}^{m_r}x_{p(i)}`$ |
| $`=`$ | $`q^{m_s(\rho ,\alpha _{i_s})}x_{i_s}^{m_s}\mathrm{}x_{i_r}^{m_r}x_{p(i)}t_{i_s}^{m_s}.`$ |

$`(5.3)`$
Note that

$$(\underset{j=1}{\overset{r}{}}m_j\alpha _{i_j})=\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)\alpha _{p(i)}.$$

Hence repeated applications of (5.3) yields

| $`(t_{i_1}^1x_{i_1})^{(m_1)}`$ | $`\mathrm{}((t_{i_r}^1x_{i_r})^{(m_r)}t_{p(i)}^1x_{p(i)}`$ |
| --- | --- |
|  | $`=q^{(\rho ,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)\alpha _{p(i)})}x_{i_1}^{(m_1)}\mathrm{}x_{i_r}^{(m_r)}x_{p(i)}t_{i_1}^{m_1}\mathrm{}t_{i_r}^{m_r}t_{p(i)}^1`$ |

$`(5.4)`$
Now

| $`(\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)+\alpha _{p(i)},\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)\alpha _i)`$ | $`=(\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i),\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)\alpha _i+\alpha _{p(i)})(\alpha _{p(i)},\alpha _i)`$ |
| --- | --- |
|  | $`=(\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i),\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _{p(i)}))(\alpha _{p(i)},\alpha _i)=0.`$ |

Furthermore,

$$(\rho ,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)\alpha _{p(i)})+(\alpha _i,\alpha _i)=(\rho ,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)+\alpha _i).$$

Set $`m=m_1+\mathrm{}+m_r`$. Expressions (5.1) and (5.4) imply that $`t_i^1x_i\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)`$ is an element of

$$(1)^mq^{(\rho ,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)+\alpha _i)}t_i^1t_{i_r}^{m_r}\mathrm{}t_{i_1}^{m_1}x_ix_{i_r}^{(m_r)}\mathrm{}x_{i_1}^{(m_1)}t_{p(i)}^1x_{p(i)}+U_+^+.$$

Using (1.2) we obtain $`t_i^1t_{i_r}^{m_r}\mathrm{}t_{i_1}^{m_1}x_ix_{i_r}^{(m_r)}\mathrm{}x_{i_1}^{(m_1)}t_{p(i)}^1x_{p(i)}`$ is an element of

$$[(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{i_r}^{(m_r)})\mathrm{}(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{i_1}^{(m_1)})t_i^1x_i]t_{p(i)}^1x_{p(i)}+_+^+U$$

Thus

$$t_i^1x_i\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)q^{(\rho ,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)+\alpha _i)}\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_{p(i)})t_{p(i)}^1x_{p(i)}+_+^+U+U_+^+.$$

$`\mathrm{}`$

The next result provides a criterion for determining when $`{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}`$ is $`W`$ invariant. In order to prove the result, we need to extend $`U`$ to a larger algebra. First, enlarge $`T`$ to the group $`\stackrel{ˇ}{T}`$ generated by $`t_i^{1/m}`$ for each $`1in`$ and each positive integer $`m`$. We can extend the isomorphism $`\tau `$ to an isomorphism between $`_i𝐐\alpha _i`$ and $`\stackrel{ˇ}{T}`$. Let $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$ be the $`𝒞`$ algebra generated by $`U`$ and $`\stackrel{ˇ}{T}`$ such that

$$\tau (\lambda )v_\mu =q^{(\mu ,\lambda )}v_\mu \tau (\lambda )$$

for each $`\tau (\lambda )\stackrel{ˇ}{T}`$ and weight vector $`v_\mu U`$ of weight $`\mu `$.

Note that each finite-dimensional simple $`U`$-module $`L(\lambda )`$ easily becomes a $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$-module as follows. Recall that $`L(\lambda )`$ can be written as a direct sum of weight spaces. Let $`v`$ be a weight vector in $`L(\lambda )`$ of weight $`\beta `$. Set

$$\tau (\mu )v=q^{(\beta ,\mu )}v$$

for all $`\tau (\mu )\stackrel{ˇ}{T}`$. We can similarly extend the action of $`U`$ on $`L(\lambda )^{}`$ to $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$. It follows that elements of $`R_q[G]`$ extend to functions on $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$. Given an algebra $`B`$ in $`_\theta `$, let $`\stackrel{ˇ}{B}`$ be the $`𝒞`$ subalgebra of $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$ generated by $`B`$ and the group $`\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta }=\{\tau (\lambda )\stackrel{ˇ}{T}|\mathrm{\Theta }(\lambda )=\lambda \}.`$ Note that $`{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}`$ is invariant as a left $`\stackrel{ˇ}{B}^{}`$ and right $`\stackrel{ˇ}{B}`$ module.

Note that the subalgebra $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^o`$ of $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$ generated by elements of $`\stackrel{ˇ}{T}`$ is a $`𝒞[P]`$ module with the following action:

$$c_\gamma z^\gamma \tau (\lambda )=c_\gamma q^{(\gamma ,\lambda )}.$$

###### Lemma 5.2

Fix $`j`$ such that $`\alpha _j\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ and let $`\stackrel{~}{s}_j`$ denote the reflection in $`W`$ corresponding to $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_j`$. Assume that for all $`\lambda _i𝐐\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i`$ such that $`(\lambda ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_j)=0`$ that

$$\tau (\lambda )(\tau (k\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_j)\tau (k\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_j))\stackrel{ˇ}{B}_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}\stackrel{ˇ}{B}_+^{}$$
$`(5.5)`$
for some nonzero rational number $`k`$. Then $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(_B^{}_B)`$ is $`\stackrel{~}{s}_i`$ invariant.

Proof: Recall that $`Q(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ is the root lattice associated to $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. Suppose that $`\beta Q(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ and $`(\beta ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_j)0`$. Set $`r=(\beta ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_j)/(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_j,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_j)`$ and $`\lambda =k\beta /rk\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_j`$. Then $`\beta =(r/k)(\lambda +k\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_j)`$, $`\lambda _i𝐐\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i`$, and $`(\lambda ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_j)=0`$. Hence $`\stackrel{~}{s}_j(\beta )=(r/k)(\lambda k\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_j)`$.

By (5.5), $`\tau (k\beta /r)\tau ((k\stackrel{~}{s}_j\beta )/r)\stackrel{ˇ}{B}_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}\stackrel{ˇ}{B}_+^{}`$. Let $`X`$ be an element of $`{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}`$ and set $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(X)=_\gamma b_\gamma z^\gamma `$. Note that $`X(a)=\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(X)(a)`$ for all $`a\stackrel{ˇ}{T}`$ and $`X(b)=0`$ for all $`b\stackrel{ˇ}{B}_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}\stackrel{ˇ}{B}_+^{}`$. It follows that

$$\underset{\gamma }{}b_\gamma z^\gamma (\tau (k\beta /r)\tau ((k\stackrel{~}{s}_j\beta )/r))=0.$$

Hence

$$\underset{\gamma }{}b_\gamma z^{(\gamma ,k\beta /r)}=\underset{\gamma }{}b_\gamma z^{(\gamma ,(k\stackrel{~}{s}_j\beta )/r)}.$$

This forces

$$\underset{\{\gamma |(\gamma ,k\beta /r)=s\}}{}b_\gamma =\underset{\{\gamma |(\gamma ,k\stackrel{~}{s}_j\beta )/r)=s\}}{}b_\gamma $$
$`(5.6)`$
for each integer $`s`$. We can rewrite (5.6) as

$$\underset{\{\gamma |(\gamma ,\beta )=m\}}{}b_\gamma =\underset{\{\gamma |(\gamma ,\stackrel{~}{s}_j\beta ))=m\}}{}b_\gamma $$

for each integer $`m`$. Thus we may conclude that

$$\underset{\gamma }{}b_\gamma z^{(\gamma ,\beta )}=\underset{\gamma }{}b_\gamma z^{(\gamma ,\stackrel{~}{s}_j\beta )}=\underset{\gamma }{}b_\gamma z^{(\stackrel{~}{s}_j\gamma ,\beta )}$$
$`(5.7)`$
for all $`\beta `$ such that $`\beta Q(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ and $`(\beta ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_j)0`$. Now suppose that $`\beta Q(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ and $`(\beta ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_j)=0`$. Then $`\stackrel{~}{s}_j\beta =\beta `$ and so (5.7) also holds in this case. Since $`_\gamma b_\gamma z^\gamma `$ is in $`𝒞[2\mathrm{\Sigma }]`$, it follows that $`_\gamma b_\gamma z^\gamma `$ is $`\stackrel{~}{s}_j`$ invariant. $`\mathrm{}`$

Given $`B`$ in $`_\theta `$, we show how to choose another algebra $`B^{}`$ in $`_\theta `$ such that $`{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}`$ is $`W`$ invariant. For each $`𝐜𝐃(𝒞)`$, define the Hopf algebra automorphism $`\chi _𝐜`$ in $`𝐇`$ of $`U`$ as follows. For all $`i`$ such that $`\alpha _i\pi \pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$, set

$$\chi _𝐜(x_i)=q^{1/2(\rho ,\theta (\alpha _i)\alpha _i)}c_i^1x_i$$

and

$$\chi _𝐜(y_i)=q^{1/2(\rho ,\theta (\alpha _i)\alpha _i)}c_iy_i.$$

Given $`𝐚`$ and $`𝐛`$ in $`𝐃(𝒞)`$ and integers $`m,r`$, set $`𝐚^m𝐛^r`$ equal to the $`n`$-tuple in $`𝐃(𝒞)`$ with entries $`a_i^mb_i^r`$.

###### Theorem 5.3

Let $`B=B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝}`$ be in $`_\theta `$. If $`B^{}=\chi _𝐜(B_{\theta ,𝐬^{},𝐜^2𝐝})`$ for some $`𝐜𝐃(𝒞)`$ and $`𝐬^{}𝐒(𝒞)`$, then $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(_B^{}_B)`$ is $`W`$ invariant.

Proof: Recall the polynomial ring $`𝒞[\zeta ,\eta ]`$, its algebraic closure $`𝒦`$, and the elements $`𝐬(\zeta )𝐒(𝒦)`$ and $`𝐝(\eta )𝐃(𝒦)`$ defined in Section 3. Given $`𝐜𝐃(𝒞)`$, note that the $`𝒞`$ Hopf algebra automorphism $`\chi _𝐜`$ of $`U`$ extends to a $`𝒦`$ Hopf algebra automorphism of $`U_𝒦`$ which we also refer to as $`\chi _𝐜`$. Choose $`𝐜𝐃(𝒞)`$ and $`𝐬^{}𝐒(𝒞)`$. Set $`B=B_{\theta ,𝐬(\zeta ),𝐝(\eta )}`$ and $`B^{}=\chi _𝐜(B_{\theta ,𝐬^{},𝐜^2𝐝(\eta )})`$. By Lemma 4.1 and the proof of Theorem 3.4, it is enough to show that $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(_B^{}_B)`$ is $`W`$ invariant.

Recall the definition of $`\pi ^{}`$ from Section 2. Fix $`j`$ such that $`\alpha _j\pi ^{}`$. Let $`\lambda `$ be an element in $`_i𝐐\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i`$ such that $`(\lambda ,\alpha _j)=0`$. Since $`\stackrel{~}{\lambda }=\lambda `$, it follows that $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\lambda )=\lambda `$ and thus $`(\lambda ,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _j))=0`$. Thus $`\tau (\lambda )`$ commutes with both $`y_j`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_j)`$.

Assume first that $`𝒮`$ is empty. Note that

$$B_k=y_kt_k+d(\eta _k)\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_k)t_k$$

is in $`B`$ for $`k=j`$ and $`k=p(j)`$. Recall (see proof of Theorem 3.1) that $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _j)\alpha _j=\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _{p(j)})\alpha _{p(j)}`$. Since $`jp(j)`$, both $`c_{p(j)}`$ and $`d(\eta _{p(j)})`$ are equal to $`1`$. Hence it follows from the definition of $`\chi _𝐜`$ and (2.1) that $`\chi _𝐜(\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_j))=q^{1/2(\rho (\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _j)\alpha _j)}\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_j)`$. Moreover,

$$B_j^{}=(c_jy_jt_j+q^{(\rho ,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _j)\alpha _j)}c_j^2d(\eta _j)\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_j)t_j)$$

and

$$B_{p(j)}^{}=(y_{p(j)}t_{p(j)}+q^{(\rho ,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _j)\alpha _j)}c_j^1\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_{p(j)})t_{p(j)})$$

are elements of $`B^{}`$.

By Lemma 5.1, we have

|  | $`B_kt_k^1x_k=(y_kt_k+d(\eta _k)\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_k)t_k)t_k^1x_k`$ |
| --- | --- |
| $``$ | $`{\displaystyle \frac{(t_kt_k^1)}{(q_kq_k^1)}}+t_k^1x_ky_kt_k+q^{(\rho ,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _k)\alpha _k)}d(\eta _k)t_{p(k)}^1x_{p(k)}\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_{p(k)})t_k`$ |
|  | $`+_+^+U+U_+^+`$ |

$`(5.8)`$
for $`k=j`$ and $`k=p(j)`$.

Consider first the case when $`j=p(j)`$. In particular, $`\alpha _j𝒟`$ and thus $`c_j=d(\eta _j)=1`$. It follows that

$$B_j^{}=y_jt_j+q^{(\rho ,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _j)\alpha _j)}\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_j)t_j.$$

Furthermore, by (5.8),

$$B_jt_j^1x_j\frac{(t_jt_j^1)}{(q_jq_j^1)}+t_j^1x_jB_j^{}+_+^+U+U_+^+.$$

Since $`\tau (\lambda )`$ commutes with $`y_j`$ and $`\theta (y_j)`$, we obtain

| $`(B_jt_j^1x_j)\tau (\lambda )\tau (\lambda )(t_j^1x_jB_j^{})`$ |
| --- |
| $`({\displaystyle \frac{2(t_jt_j^1)}{(q_jq_j^1)}})\tau (\lambda )+_+^+U+U_+^+.`$ |

Note that $`(t_j^{1/2}\tau (\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _j))^{1/2}1)\stackrel{ˇ}{B}_+`$ since $`t_j^{1/2}\tau (\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _j))^{1/2}\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Therefore

| $`\tau (\lambda )(t_j^{1/2}\tau (\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _j))^{1/2}t_j^{1/2}\tau (\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _j))^{1/2})`$ |
| --- |
| $`=\tau (\lambda )((t_jt_j^1)+(t_j^{1/2}\tau (\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _j))^{1/2}1)(t_j+t_j^{1/2}\tau (\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _j)^{1/2}))`$ |
| $`\stackrel{ˇ}{B}_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}\stackrel{ˇ}{B}_+^{}.`$ |

$`(5.9)`$
Thus by Lemma 5.2, $`{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}`$ is $`\stackrel{~}{s}_j`$ invariant.

Now consider the case when $`j<p(j)`$. Note that $`t_kt_{p(k)}^11`$ and $`t_k^1t_{p(k)}1`$ are both elements of $`(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_+`$ for each $`1kn`$. Hence $`(t_{p(j)}t_{p(j)}^1)t_{p(j)}^1t_j=(t_jt_j^1)+(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_+`$. Set $`a=c_j^1d(\eta _j)^1`$ and note that $`a+1`$ is nonzero since $`d(\eta _j)`$ is an indeterminate. Using (5.8), a straightforward computation yields

| $`aB_jt_j^1x_j+B_{p(j)}t_{p(j)}^1x_{p(j)}t_{p(j)}^1t_j+(a+1){\displaystyle \frac{(t_jt_j^1)}{(q_jq_j^1)}}`$ |
| --- |
| $`c_j^1at_j^1x_jB_j^{}+t_{p(j)}^1x_{p(j)}B_{p(j)}^{}t_{p(j)}^1t_j+(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_+^+U+U(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_+^+.`$ |

In particular, (5.9) holds in this case as well and the image of $`{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}`$ is $`s_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_j}`$ invariant when $`j`$ is strictly less than $`p(j)`$.

Now assume that $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$ and $`\alpha _i𝒮`$. Then $`B_+`$ contains

$$C_i=y_it_i+q_i^2x_i+s(\zeta _i)(t_i1)$$

and $`B_+^{}`$ contains

$$C_i^{}=y_it_i+x_i+s_i^{}(t_i1).$$

Furthermore

$$(s(\zeta _i)q_i^1s_i^{})(t_i^{1/2}t_i^{1/2})\tau (\lambda )=C_it_i^{1/2}\tau (\lambda )q_i^1\tau (\lambda )t_i^{1/2}C_i^{}.$$

Note that $`(s(\zeta _i)q_i^1s_i^{})`$ is nonzero since $`s(\zeta _i)`$ is an indeterminate while $`s_i^{}𝒞`$. It follows that $`\tau (\lambda )(t_i^{1/2}t_i^{1/2})\stackrel{ˇ}{B}_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}\stackrel{ˇ}{B}_+^{}`$. Another application of Lemma 5.2 yields that the image of $`{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}`$ under $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$ is $`\stackrel{~}{s}_j`$ invariant in this case.

We have shown that the image of $`{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}`$ under $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$ is $`\stackrel{~}{s}_j`$ invariant for all reflections $`\stackrel{~}{s}_j`$ in the set $`\{\stackrel{~}{s}_j|\alpha _j\pi ^{}\}`$. Note that the set $`\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_j|\alpha _j\pi ^{}\}`$ is equal to the set of simple roots of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. The theorem now follows from the fact $`W`$ is generated by the reflections in $`\{\stackrel{~}{s}_j|\alpha _j\pi ^{}\}`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

For each $`\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$, set

$$m_\lambda =\underset{wW}{}z^{2w\lambda }.$$

It is well known that the set

$$\{m_\lambda |\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+\}$$

forms a basis for $`𝒞[2\mathrm{\Sigma }]^W`$. Now consider a subset $`\{\phi _\lambda |\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+\}`$ of $`𝒞[2\mathrm{\Sigma }]`$ which satisfies the following conditions. For each $`\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$

1. $`\phi _\lambda =m_\lambda +_{\mu <_r\lambda }a_{\lambda ,\mu }m_\mu `$ for some $`a_{\lambda ,\mu }𝒞`$.
2. $`\phi _\lambda 𝒞[2\mathrm{\Sigma }]^W`$

Then the set $`\{\phi _\lambda |\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+\}`$ forms a basis for $`𝒞[2\mathrm{\Sigma }]^W`$.

Suppose that $`B,B^{}_\theta `$ are chosen as in Theorem 5.3. The next result shows that the image of the zonal spherical functions associated to the pair $`B,B^{}`$ in $`𝒞[2\mathrm{\Sigma }]`$ satisfies (5.10) and (5.11).

###### Corollary 5.4

Let $`B=B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝}`$ be in $`_\theta `$ and suppose that $`B^{}=\chi _𝐜(B_{\theta ,𝐬^{},𝐜^2𝐝)})`$ for some $`𝐜𝐃`$ and $`𝐬^{}𝐃`$. Then the set $`\{\phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda |\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+\}`$ satisfies condition (5.10) and (5.11). Moreover, $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$ defines an isomorphism of $`{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}`$ onto $`𝒞[2\mathrm{\Sigma }]^W`$.

Proof: By Theorem 4.2, $`\phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda `$ is an element of $`𝒞[2\mathrm{\Sigma }]`$ for each $`\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$. On the other hand, Theorem 5.3 implies that each $`\phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda `$ is $`W`$ invariant and hence is an element of $`𝒞[2\mathrm{\Sigma }]^W`$. It follows that the set $`\{\phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda |\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+\}`$ satisfies condition (5.11).

Fix $`\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$. Since $`\phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda `$ is in $`𝒞[2\mathrm{\Sigma }]^W`$, we can write $`\phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda `$ as a linear combination of the $`m_\gamma ,\gamma P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$:

$$\phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda =\underset{\gamma P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+}{}r_\gamma m_\gamma .$$

By Lemma 4.1, we can also write

$$\phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda =z^\lambda +\underset{\beta <_r\lambda }{}c_\beta z^\beta $$
$`(5.12)`$
for some choice of scalars $`c_\beta `$ where $`\beta `$ runs over weights of $`L(\lambda )`$ contained in $`P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })\{\lambda \}`$. Hence, if $`r_\gamma 0`$, then $`\gamma `$ is a weight of $`L(\lambda )`$ contained in $`P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$. Thus $`r_\gamma 0`$ implies that $`\gamma =\lambda `$ or $`\gamma <_r\lambda `$. Since $`z^\lambda `$ appears with coefficient $`1`$ in (5.12), it follows that $`r_\lambda =1`$. Therefore, $`\phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda `$ satisfies condition (5.10). The last assertion now follows from the discussion preceding the corollary and Theorem 4.2. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 6 Zonal Spherical Families

We say that a function $`\lambda \phi _\lambda `$ from $`P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$ to $`𝒞[2\mathrm{\Sigma }]`$ is a zonal spherical family associated to $`_\theta `$ if there exists $`B`$ and $`B^{}`$ in $`_\theta `$ such that $`\phi _\lambda =\phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda `$ for all $`\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$. For may practical purposes, we may think of a zonal spherical family as a set $`\{\phi _\lambda |\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+\}`$ indexed by $`P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$. Let $`_\theta `$ denote the set of zonal spherical families associated to $`_\theta `$. The group $`𝐇\times 𝐇`$ acts on $`_\theta \times _\theta `$ in the obvious way:

$$(\chi _1,\chi _2)(B,B^{})=(\chi _1(B),\chi _2(B^{})).$$

In this section, we study the relationship between orbits of $`_\theta \times _\theta `$ under the action of $`𝐇\times 𝐇`$ and orbits of $`_\theta `$ under a subgroup of $`\mathrm{Hom}(Q(\pi ),𝒞^\times )`$. This allows us to attach a unique $`W`$ invariant zonal spherical family (up to possible sign) to each orbit of $`_\theta \times _\theta `$.

Recall the definition of the lattice $`N`$ generated by $`2\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ and the set $`\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i|\alpha _i𝒮\}`$ given in (3.6). Consider a Hopf algebra automorphism $`\chi `$ of $`U`$ in $`𝐇`$. Note that $`\chi `$ induces a group homomorphism $`\overline{\chi }`$ from $`Q(\pi )`$ to the nonzero elements of $`𝒞`$ such that

$$\chi (u)=\overline{\chi }(\mathrm{wt}u)u$$

for each weight vector $`uU`$. Since $`N`$ is a sublattice of $`Q(\pi )`$, $`\overline{\chi }`$ restricts to an element of $`\mathrm{Hom}(N,𝒞^\times )`$.

###### Lemma 6.1

The map $`\mathrm{\Psi }:𝐇\times 𝐇\mathrm{Hom}(N,𝒞^\times )`$ defined by $`(\chi _1,\chi _2)\overline{\chi }_1^1\overline{\chi }_2`$ is a surjective homomorphism.

Proof: Note first that $`𝐇`$ is an abelian group. Hence the map $`(\chi _1,\chi _2)\chi _1^1\chi _2`$ defines a group homomorphism of $`𝐇\times 𝐇`$ onto $`𝐇`$. Thus it is sufficient to show that the map $`\chi \overline{\chi }`$ defines a surjective homomorphism from $`𝐇`$ onto $`\mathrm{Hom}(N,𝒞^\times )`$.

Note that $`N`$ is just the free abelian group with generating set $`(\pi \pi _\mathrm{\Theta }𝒮)\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i/2|\alpha _i𝒮\}`$. Set $`\frac{1}{2}N=\{\frac{1}{2}\beta |\beta N\}`$. Let $`\psi `$ be an element of $`\mathrm{Hom}(N,𝒞^\times )`$. Taking squareroots allows us to extend $`\psi `$ to a an element of $`\mathrm{Hom}(\frac{1}{2}N,𝒞^\times )`$. Set $`Q(\frac{1}{2}\pi )^\mathrm{\Theta }`$ equal to the set $`\{\frac{1}{2}\beta |\beta Q(\pi )`$ and $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\beta )=\beta \}`$. We may further extend $`\psi `$ to an element $`\widehat{\psi }`$ of $`\mathrm{Hom}(\frac{1}{2}N+Q(\frac{1}{2}\pi )^\mathrm{\Theta },𝒞^\times )`$ by insisting that $`\widehat{\psi }(\gamma )=0`$ for all $`\gamma Q(\frac{1}{2}\pi )^\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Since $`Q(\pi )\frac{1}{2}N+Q(\frac{1}{2}\pi )^\mathrm{\Theta }`$, it follows that $`\widehat{\psi }`$ restricts to an element of $`\mathrm{Hom}(Q(\pi ),𝒞^\times )`$ which is zero on $`Q(\pi )^\mathrm{\Theta }`$. In particular, $`\widehat{\psi }=\overline{\chi }`$ where $`\chi 𝐇`$ is chosen so that $`\chi (u)=\widehat{\psi }(\mathrm{wt}u)u`$ for all weight vectors $`uU`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Note that the action of $`𝐇\times 𝐇`$ on $`_\theta \times _\theta `$ induces an action of $`𝐇\times 𝐇`$ on $`_\theta `$. In particular, given $`B`$ and $`B^{}`$ in $`_\theta `$ and $`(\chi _1,\chi _2)𝐇\times 𝐇`$, set

$$(\chi _1,\chi _2)\phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda =\phi _{\chi _1(B),\chi _2(B^{})}^\lambda $$

for all $`\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$

The group $`\mathrm{Hom}(P(\mathrm{\Sigma }),𝒞^\times )`$ acts on $`𝒞[2\mathrm{\Sigma }]`$ via $`gz^\beta =g(\beta )z^\beta `$ for all $`g\mathrm{Hom}(P(\mathrm{\Sigma }),𝒞^\times )`$ and $`\beta P(2\mathrm{\Sigma }).`$ This restricts to an action of the group $`\mathrm{Hom}(N,𝒞^\times )`$ on the group ring $`𝒞[N]`$ generated by $`z^\beta ,\beta N`$.

Let $`\{\phi _\lambda |\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+\}`$ be a zonal spherical family in $`_\theta `$. By Theorem 3.6 and its proof, $`\phi _\lambda `$ is the unique element of the vector space $`𝒞\phi _\lambda `$ such that

$$\phi _\lambda z^\lambda +\underset{\beta <_r\lambda }{}𝒞z^\beta \mathrm{and}\phi _\lambda z^\lambda 𝒞[N]$$
$`(6.1)`$
for each $`\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$.

###### Lemma 6.2

For all $`B,B^{}_\theta `$, $`(\chi _1,\chi _2)𝐇\times 𝐇`$, and $`\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$

$$\phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda =z^\lambda \overline{\chi }_1^1\overline{\chi }_2(z^\lambda \phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda ).$$

Proof: Let $`(\chi _1,\chi _2)𝐇\times 𝐇`$. Note that there exists a positive integer $`m`$ such that $`P(\pi )`$ is a subset of $`_i𝐙(\alpha _i/m)`$. Hence for each $`i`$, the map $`\overline{\chi }_i`$ can be extended to a (not necessarily unique) homomorphism, which we also call $`\overline{\chi }_i`$, from $`_j𝐙(\alpha _j/m)`$ to $`𝒞^\times `$.

Consider $`\lambda P^+(\pi )`$ and fix $`i\{1,2\}`$. The map $`\overline{\chi }_i`$ induces linear transformations on $`L(\lambda )`$ and $`L(\lambda )^{}`$, both denoted by $`\widehat{\chi }_i`$, such that $`\widehat{\chi }_i(v)=\widehat{\chi }_i(\mathrm{wt}v)v`$ for each weight vector $`v`$ in $`L(\lambda )`$ or $`L(\lambda )^{}`$. Suppose that $`vL(\lambda )`$ and $`v^{}L(\lambda )^{}`$ are weight vectors. Note that

$$\chi _i(u)\widehat{\chi }_i(v)=\widehat{\chi }_i(uv)\mathrm{and}\widehat{\chi }_i^1(v^{})\chi _i(u)=\widehat{\chi }_i^1(v^{}u)$$
$`(6.2)`$
for all $`uU`$. It follows that

$$c_{\widehat{\chi }_i^1(v^{}),v}^\lambda =\overline{\chi }_i(\mathrm{wt}v^{})(c_{v^{},v}^\lambda )\mathrm{and}c_{v^{},\widehat{\chi }_i(v)}^\lambda =\overline{\chi }_i(\mathrm{wt}v)(c_{v^{},v}^\lambda ).$$

Thus

$$\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(c_{\widehat{\chi }_1^1(v^{}),\widehat{\chi }_2(v)}^\lambda )=\overline{\chi }_1^1(\mathrm{wt}v^{})\overline{\chi }_2(\mathrm{wt}v)\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(c_{v^{},v}^\lambda )=(\overline{\chi }_1^1\overline{\chi }_2)(\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(c_{v^{},v}^\lambda )).$$
$`(6.3)`$
Let $`\xi `$ denote a $`B^{}`$ invariant vector of $`L(\lambda )`$ and let $`\xi ^{}`$ denote a $`B`$ invariant vector of $`L(\lambda )^{}`$. Assertion (6.2) ensures that $`\widehat{\chi }_2(\xi )`$ is a nonzero $`\chi _2(B^{})`$ invariant element of $`L(\lambda )`$ and $`\widehat{\chi }_1^1(\xi ^{})`$ is a $`\chi _1(B)`$ invariant vector of $`L(\lambda )^{}`$. Thus $`c_{\chi _1(B),\chi _2(B^{})}^\lambda =c_{\widehat{\chi }_1^1(\xi ^{}),\widehat{\chi }_2(\xi )}^\lambda `$ up to a nonzero scalar. It follows from assertion (6.3) that $`\phi _{\chi _1(B),\chi _2(B^{})}^\lambda =(\overline{\chi }_1^1\overline{\chi }_2)(\phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda )`$ up to a nonzero scalar. Now $`\overline{\chi }_1^1\overline{\chi }_2(\phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda )`$ is just a nonzero scalar multiple of $`z^\lambda (\overline{\chi }_1^1\overline{\chi }_2)(z^\lambda \phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda )`$. The lemma follows from the fact that $`z^\lambda (\overline{\chi }_1^1\overline{\chi }_2)(z^\lambda \phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda )`$ satisfies the conditions of (6.1). $`\mathrm{}`$

It follows from Lemma 6.2, that the kernel of the action of $`𝐇\times 𝐇`$ on $`_\theta `$ is contained in $`\mathrm{Ker}(\mathrm{\Psi })`$ where $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ is the homomorphism of Lemma 6.1. Thus the action of $`𝐇\times 𝐇`$ on $`_\theta `$ induces an action of $`\mathrm{Hom}(N,𝒞^\times )`$ on $`_\theta `$. Furthermore, this action is given by

$$g\phi _\lambda =z^\lambda g(z^\lambda \phi _\lambda )$$

for all $`\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$, $`g\mathrm{Hom}(N,𝒞^x)`$, and $`\{\phi _\lambda |\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+\}_\theta `$. The following result is an immediate consequence of Lemma 6.1 and Lemma 6.2.

###### Theorem 6.3

The map

$$(B,B^{})\{\phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda |\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+\}$$

from $`_\theta \times _\theta `$ to $`_\theta `$ is a $`𝐇\times 𝐇`$ equivariant map which induces a surjection from the set of orbits of $`_\theta \times _\theta `$ under the action of $`𝐇\times 𝐇`$ onto the set of orbits of zonal spherical families under the action of $`\mathrm{Hom}(N,𝒞^\times )`$.

A family $`\{\phi _\lambda |\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+\}_\theta `$ is called $`W`$ invariant provided each $`\phi _\lambda 𝒞[2\mathrm{\Sigma }]^W`$. We next determine which elements in $`\mathrm{Hom}(N,𝒞^\times )`$ preserve $`W`$ invariance. Recall that $`Q(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ is the root lattice associated to $`2\mathrm{\Sigma }`$.

###### Lemma 6.4

Let $`g\mathrm{Hom}(N,𝒞^\times )`$ and let $`\{\phi _\lambda |\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+\}`$ be a $`W`$ invariant zonal spherical family. Then $`g\phi _\lambda `$ is $`W`$ invariant for all $`\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$ if and only if $`g`$ acts trivially on $`Q(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$.

Proof: Suppose that $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is of type $`BC_r`$. Then the weight lattice of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is equal to the weight lattice of the subroot system $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_1`$ in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ of type $`B_r`$. In particular, if the lemma holds when $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is of type $`B_r`$, then it follows for $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ of type $`BC_r`$. Hence we can reduce to the case where $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is a reduced root system.

Consider $`g\mathrm{Hom}(N,𝒞^\times )`$. Note that $`N`$ is a free $`𝐙`$ module. Furthermore, there exists a positive integer $`m`$ such that $`P(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ is a sublattice of $`\{\beta /m|\beta N\}`$. Thus we may extend $`g`$ to a (not necessarily unique) element of $`\mathrm{Hom}(P(\mathrm{\Sigma }),𝒞^\times )`$. Hence, it is sufficient to prove the assertions of the theorem with $`\mathrm{Hom}(N,𝒞^\times )`$ replaced by $`\mathrm{Hom}(P(\mathrm{\Sigma }),𝒞^\times )`$.

Recall that $`\{\phi _\lambda |\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+\}`$ is a basis for $`𝒞[2\mathrm{\Sigma }]^W`$. Thus, the first asssertion of the lemma is equivalent to $`g`$ restricts to an action on $`𝒞[2\mathrm{\Sigma }]^W`$ if and only if $`g`$ acts trivially on $`Q(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$.

Assume first that $`g`$ sends $`𝒞[2\mathrm{\Sigma }]^W`$ to itself. Given $`X=_\beta a_\beta z^\beta `$, set $`\mathrm{Supp}(X)=\{z^\beta |a_\beta 0\}`$. Let $`\delta `$ denote the half sum of the positive restricted roots in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. By \[H, Corollary 10.2\], $`2(\delta ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)=(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{s}_i(\delta )=\delta \stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i`$ for each $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. It follows that $`2\delta P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. By say \[H, Theorem 10.3(e)\], $`w\delta =\delta `$ if and only if $`w=1`$ and thus $`w\delta =w^{}\delta `$ if and only if $`w=w^{}`$. Thus for each $`i`$ such that $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, we can write

$$m_\delta =z^{2\delta }+z^{2\delta 2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}+\underset{\beta 2\delta ,\beta 2\delta 2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}{}a_\beta z^\beta $$
$`(6.4)`$
for some scalars $`a_\beta `$.

By (6.4), we have

$$gm_\delta =g(2\delta )z^\delta +g(2\delta 2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)z^{\delta \stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}+\underset{\beta \delta ,\beta \delta \stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}{}g(\beta )a_\beta z^\beta .$$
$`(6.5)`$
Note that $`\mathrm{Supp}(gm_\delta )=\mathrm{Supp}(m_\delta )`$ and $`gm_\delta 𝒞[2\mathrm{\Sigma }]^W`$. Recall that the $`m_\beta ,`$ for $`\beta P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$, form a basis for $`𝒞[2\mathrm{\Sigma }]^W`$. Furthermore, by \[H, Section 13.2, Lemma A\], the sets $`\mathrm{Supp}(m_\beta )`$ are pairwise disjoint. Hence (6.5) implies that $`gm_\delta `$ is equal to $`g(2\delta )m_\delta `$. It further follows from (6.5) that $`g(2\delta )=g(2\delta 2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)=g(2\delta )g(2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)^1`$. Therefore $`g(2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)=1`$ for all $`i`$. Hence $`g`$ acts trivially on $`Q(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$.

Now assume that $`g\mathrm{Hom}(P(\mathrm{\Sigma }),𝒞^\times )`$ such that $`g(2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)=1`$ for all $`\alpha _i\pi \pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Note that the set $`2\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is a root system with respect to the Cartan inner product (of the same type as $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$) with set of positive simple roots equal to $`\{2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i|\alpha _i\pi \pi _\mathrm{\Theta }\}`$. Since we are assuming that $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is reduced, we can find a semisimple Lie algebra $`L`$ with root system equal to $`2\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. It is well known that the characters of the finite dimensional simple modules associated to $`L`$ are parametrized by the dominant integral weights $`P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$ and form a basis for $`𝒞[2\mathrm{\Sigma }]^W`$. Let $`X_\lambda `$ be the character associated to the finite dimensional simple $`L`$ module $`V(\lambda )`$ of highest weight $`\lambda `$ for $`\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$. Now the root vectors of $`L`$ have weight $`\beta `$, for $`\beta 2\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. Set $`\lambda +Q(2\mathrm{\Sigma })=\{\lambda +\beta |\beta Q(2\mathrm{\Sigma })\}`$. It follows that the weights of $`V(\lambda )`$ are contained in the set $`\lambda +Q(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. In particular, $`\mathrm{Supp}(X_\lambda )\lambda +Q(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. Since $`g`$ acts as the identity on $`Q(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$, it follows that $`gz^{\lambda \beta }=g(\lambda )z^{\lambda \beta }`$ for all $`\beta Q(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. Therefore $`gX_\lambda `$ is equal to $`g(\lambda )X_\lambda `$ for each $`\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$. Thus $`g`$ sends $`𝒞[2\mathrm{\Sigma }]^W`$ to itself. $`\mathrm{}`$

Set $`𝒢_\theta `$ equal to the subgroup of $`\mathrm{Hom}(N,𝒞^\times )`$ which acts trivially on $`Q(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. In particular, $`𝒢_\theta `$ is isomorphic to $`\mathrm{Hom}(N/Q(2\mathrm{\Sigma }),𝒞^\times )`$. Note that $`N/Q(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ is isomorphic to the direct product of $`|𝒮|`$ copies of $`𝐙_2`$. Thus $`𝒢_\theta \mathrm{Hom}(N/Q(2\mathrm{\Sigma }),\{1,1\})𝐙_2^{|𝒮|}.`$

Recall that $`\{B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝}|𝐬𝐒(𝒞)`$ and $`𝐝𝐃(𝒞)\}`$ is a complete set of distinct representatives for the orbits of $`_\theta `$ under the action of $`𝐇`$. Set $`𝒪(B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝},B_{\theta ,𝐬^{},𝐝^{}})`$ equal to the orbit containing $`(B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝},B_{\theta ,𝐬^{},𝐝^{}})`$ under the action of $`𝐇\times 𝐇`$. Note that $`\{𝒪(B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝},B_{\theta ,𝐬^{},𝐝}^{})|𝐬,𝐬^{}𝐒(𝒞)`$ and $`𝐝,𝐝^{}𝐃(𝒞)\}`$ is a complete list of the distinct orbits of $`_\theta \times _\theta `$ under this action. Given $`𝐬,𝐬^{}𝐒(𝒞)`$ and $`𝐝,𝐝^{}𝐃(𝒞)`$, set

$$\phi _{𝐬,𝐬^{},𝐝,𝐝^{}}^\lambda =\phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda $$

where $`B=B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝}`$, $`B^{}=\chi _𝐜(B_{\theta ,𝐬^{},𝐝^{}})`$, and $`𝐜𝐃(𝒞)`$ is chosen to satisfy $`𝐜^2=𝐝^1𝐝^{}`$.

###### Theorem 6.5

The set $`\{\phi _\lambda |\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+\}`$ is a $`W`$ invariant zonal spherical family associated to an element of $`𝒪(B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝},B_{\theta ,𝐬^{},𝐝^{}})`$ if and only if there exists $`g𝒢_\theta `$ such that

$$\phi _\lambda =g\phi _{𝐬,𝐬^{},𝐝,𝐝^{}}^\lambda $$
$`(6.6)`$
for all $`\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$. In particular, if $`𝒮`$ is empty, then $`g`$ in (6.6) is just the identity map.

Proof: Let $`B=B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝}`$ and $`B^{}=\chi _𝐜(B_{\theta ,𝐬^{},𝐝^{}})`$, where $`𝐜`$ is the element of $`𝐃`$ which satisfies $`𝐜^2=𝐝^1𝐝^{}`$ chosen above. By Corollary 5.4, $`\{\phi _{𝐬,𝐬^{},𝐝,𝐝^{}}^\lambda |\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+\}`$ is a a $`W`$ invariant zonal spherical family associated to $`(B,B^{})`$. Let $`\{\phi _\lambda |\lambda P_\lambda ^+\}`$ be another zonal spherical family associated to an element in $`𝒪_1`$. By Theorem 6.3, there exists $`g\mathrm{Hom}(N,𝒞^\times )`$ such that

$$\{\phi _\lambda |\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+\}=g\{\phi _{𝐬,𝐬^{},𝐝,𝐝^{}}^\lambda |\lambda P_\mathrm{\Theta }^+\}.$$

The result now follows from Lemma 6.4. $`\mathrm{}`$

Consider the case when $`\text{g},\theta `$ is an irreducible pair. There are three possibilities:

1. $`𝒮`$ and $`𝒟`$ are both empty.
2. $`𝒮`$ is empty and $`𝒟`$ has exactly one element.
3. $`𝒮`$ has exactly one element and $`𝒟`$ is empty.

Note that when $`𝒮`$ is empty, $`𝒢_\theta `$ is the trivial group. In the first case, $`_\theta `$ is a single orbit under the action of $`𝐇`$. Thus Theorem 6.5 implies that we can associate a unique $`W`$ invariant zonal spherical family to $`_\theta `$ when both $`𝒮`$ and $`𝒟`$ are empty. Suppose $`𝒟=\{\alpha _i\}`$ as in case (ii). Then the set $`𝐃(𝒞)`$ is a set of $`n`$-tuples which vary only in the entry $`d_i`$. Thus, there is a unique two-parameter set of $`W`$ invariant zonal spherical families associated to $`_\theta `$. If $`𝒮`$ and $`𝒟`$ satisfy condition (iii) then $`𝒢_\theta `$ is a cyclic group of order $`2`$. In this case, we can associate exactly two two-parameter sets of $`W`$ invariant zonal spherical families to $`_\theta `$.

It should be noted that the existence of “two-parameter” families of $`W`$ zonal spherical functions associated to a quantum symmetric pair has appeared in the literature in a few special cases. Indeed, two-parameter families of zonal sperical fuctions are studied in \[K1\] when $`\text{g}=\mathrm{𝐬𝐥}2`$ and $`\text{g},\theta `$ is of type $`\mathrm{𝐀𝐈}`$ and in \[DK\] when $`\text{g},\theta `$ is of type $`\mathrm{𝐀𝐈𝐕}`$. (Types $`\mathrm{𝐀𝐈}`$ and $`\mathrm{𝐀𝐈𝐕}`$ are explained in the next section.)

## 7  Irreducible Symmetric Pairs

By \[A, 2.5 and 5.1\], the pair $`\text{g},\theta `$ is irreducible if and only if

1. g is simple or
2. $`\text{g}=\text{g}_1\text{g}_2`$ where both $`\text{g}_1`$ and $`\text{g}_2`$ are simple. Here $`\text{g}_1`$ is generated by $`\{e_i,f_i,h_i|1im\}`$ and $`\text{g}_1`$ is generated by $`\{e_{i+m},f_{i+m},h_{i+m}|1im\}`$. Moreover,

$$e_ie_{i+m},f_if_{i+m},h_ih_{i+m}$$

defines an isomorphism from $`\text{g}_1`$ to $`\text{g}_2`$, and $`\theta `$ is defined by

$$\theta (e_i)=f_{i+m},\theta (f_i)=e_{i+m},\theta (h_i)=h_{i+m}.$$

Assume for the moment that g and $`\theta `$ are as described in (7.2). In this case, both $`𝒟`$ and $`𝒮`$ are empty sets. The group $`T_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ is generated by $`t_it_{i+m}^1`$, $`1im`$ and the algebra $`B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝}`$ is generated by $`T_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ together with the elements $`B_i=y_it_i+t_{i+m}^1x_{i+m}t_i`$ and $`B_{i+m}=y_{i+m}t_{i+m}+t_i^1x_it_i`$ for $`1im`$.

Now consider the case when g is simple. We use the classification in \[A\] (see also \[He, Chapter X, Section F\]) to give a complete list of the subalgebras $`B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝}`$ associated to irreducible pairs $`\text{g},\theta `$ for g simple. In each case, we describe $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$, $`𝒮`$, $`𝒟`$, the permutation $`p`$ when $`p`$ is not the identity, and $`B_i,\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. This information is enough to determine all the generators of $`B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝}`$ since $``$ is just the quantized enveloping algebra associated to the root system $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ considered as a subset of $`\pi `$ and $`T_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ is generated by the sets $`\{t_i|\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }\}`$ and $`\{t_it_{p(i)}^1|\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }\}`$.

We use below the numbering of the vertices of the Dynkin diagram given in \[H, Section 11.4\]. It should be noted that when g is of type $`D_n`$, the roots $`\alpha _n`$ and $`\alpha _{n1}`$ can be reordered with $`n`$ and $`n1`$ interchanged.

Type AI g is of type $`A_n`$, $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ is the empty set, $`𝒮`$ and $`𝒟`$ are both empty, $`B_i=y_it_i+q_i^2x_i`$ for each $`1in`$.

Type AII g is of type $`A_n`$, where $`n=2m+1`$ is odd and $`n3`$, $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }=\{\alpha _{2j+1}|0jm\}`$, $`𝒮`$ and $`𝒟`$ are both empty, $`B_i=y_it_i+[(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{i1}x_{i+1})t_i^1x_i]t_i`$, for $`i=2j,1jm`$.

Type AIII Case 1: g is of type $`A_n`$, $`r`$ is an integer such that $`2rn/2`$ $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }=\{\alpha _j|r+1jnr\}`$, $`𝒮`$ is empty, $`𝒟=\{\alpha _r\}`$, $`p`$ sends $`i`$ to $`ni+1`$ for each $`1in`$,

$$B_i=y_it_i+q_i^2x_{p(i)}t_{p(i)}^1t_i\mathrm{for}1ir1\mathrm{and}nr+2in,$$

$$B_r=y_rt_r+d_r[(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{r+1})(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{r+2})\mathrm{}(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{nr})t_{p(r)}^1x_{p(r)}]t_r,$$

and

$$B_{p(r)}=y_{p(r)}t_{p(r)}+(1)^{n2r}[(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{nr})(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{nr1})\mathrm{}(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{r+1})t_r^1x_r]t_{p(r)}.$$

Case 2: g is of type $`A_n`$ where $`n=2m+1`$, $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ is empty, $`𝒟`$ is empty, $`𝒮=\{\alpha _{m+1}\},`$ $`p`$ sends $`i`$ to $`ni+1`$ for $`1in`$, $`B_i=y_it_i+q_i^2x_{p(i)}t_{p(i)}^1t_i`$ for $`1im`$ and $`m+2in`$, and $`B_{m+1}=y_{m+1}t_{m+1}+q_{m+1}^2x_{m+1}+s_{m+1}t_{m+1}.`$

Type AIV Same as type AIII, case 1, with $`r=1`$.

Type BI g is of type $`B_n`$, $`r`$ is an integer such that $`2rn`$, $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }=\{\alpha _i|r+1in\}`$, $`𝒮`$ and $`𝒟`$ are empty, $`B_i=y_it_i+q_i^2x_i`$ for $`1ir1`$ and

$$B_r=y_rt_r+[(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{r+1}\mathrm{}x_{n1}x_n^{(2)}x_{n1}\mathrm{}x_{r+1})t_rx_r]t_r^1.$$

Type BII Same as type BI, Case 1, only $`r=1`$.

Type CI g is of type $`C_n`$, $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ is empty, $`𝒟`$ is empty, $`𝒮=\{\alpha _n\}`$, $`B_i=y_it_i+q_i^2x_i`$ for $`1in1`$, and $`B_n=y_nt_n+q_n^2x_n+s_nt_n.`$

Type CII Case 1: g is of type $`C_n`$, $`r`$ is an even integer such that $`1r(n1)`$, $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }=\{\alpha _{2j1}|1jr/2\}\{\alpha _j|r+1jn\}`$, $`𝒮`$ and $`𝒟`$ are both empty,

$$B_i=y_it_i+[(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{i1}x_{i+1})t_i^1x_i]t_i$$

for $`i=2j,1j(r2)/2`$ and

$$B_r=y_rt_r+[(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{r1}x_{r+1}\mathrm{}x_{n1}x_nx_{n1}\mathrm{}x_{r+1})t_r^1x_r]t_r.$$

Case 2: g is of type $`C_n`$ where $`n`$ is even, $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }=\{\alpha _{2j1}|1jn/2\}`$, $`𝒮`$ and $`𝒟`$ are both empty, $`B_i=y_it_i+(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{i1}x_{i+1})t_i^1x_i`$ for $`i=2j,1j(n2)/2`$ and $`B_n=y_nt_n+[(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{n1}^{(2)})t_n^1x_n]t_n.`$

Type DI Case 1: g is of type $`D_n`$, $`r`$ is an integer such that $`2rn2`$, $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }=\{\alpha _i|r+1in\}`$, $`𝒮`$ and $`𝒟`$ are both empty, $`B_i=y_it_i+q_i^2x_i`$ for $`1ir1`$, and

$$B_r=y_rt_r+[(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{r+1}\mathrm{}x_{n2}x_{n1}x_nx_{n2}\mathrm{}x_{r+1})t_r^1x_r]t_r.$$

Case 2: We assume $`n4`$ (the case when $`n=3`$ is the same as type AI.) g is of type $`D_n`$, $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ is empty, $`𝒮`$ and $`𝒟`$ are both empty, $`p(i)=i`$ for $`1in2`$, $`p(n1)=n`$, and $`p(n)=n1`$ and $`B_i=y_it_i+t_{p(i)}^1x_{p(i)}t_i`$ for $`1in.`$

Case 3: g is of type $`D_n`$, $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ is empty, $`𝒮`$ and $`𝒟`$ are both empty, and $`B_i=y_it_i+q_i^2x_i`$ for $`1in`$.

Type DII This is the same as DI, Case 1, with $`r=1`$.

Type DIII Case 1: g is of type $`D_n`$ where $`n`$ is even, $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }=\{\alpha _{2i1}|1in/2\}`$, $`𝒟`$ is empty, $`𝒮=\{\alpha _n\}`$, $`B_i=y_it_i+(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{i1}x_{i+1})t_i^1x_i`$ for $`i=2j,1j(n2)/2`$, and $`B_n=y_nt_n+q_n^2x_n+s_nt_n.`$

Case 2: g is of type $`D_n`$, $`n`$ is odd, $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }=\{\alpha _{2i1}|1i(n1)/2\}`$, $`𝒮`$ is empty, $`𝒟=\{\alpha _{n1}\}`$, $`B_i=y_it_i+(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{i1}x_{i+1})t_i^1x_i`$ for $`i=2j,1j(n3)/2`$, $`p(j)=j`$ for $`1jn2`$, $`p(n)=n1`$, and $`p(n1)=p(n)`$, $`B_{n1}=y_{n1}t_{n1}+d_{n1}[(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{n2})t_n^1x_n]t_n`$ and $`B_n=y_nt_n[(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{n2})t_{n1}^1x_{n1}]t_n.`$

Type E1, EV, EVIII g is of type E6,E7, E8 respectively, $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ is empty, $`𝒮`$ and $`𝒟`$ are both empty, and $`B_i=y_it_i+q_i^2x_i`$, for all $`\alpha _i\pi `$.

Type EII g is of type E6, $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ is empty, both $`𝒮`$ and $`𝒟`$ are empty, $`p(1)=6,p(3)=5,p(4)=4,p(2)=2,p(5)=3,`$ and $`p(6)=1`$, and $`B_i=y_it_i+q_i^2x_{p(i)}t_{p(i)}^1t_i`$ for $`1i6`$.

Type EIII g is of type E6, $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }=\{\alpha _3,\alpha _4,\alpha _5\}`$, $`𝒮`$ is empty, $`𝒟=\{\alpha _1\}`$, $`p(1)=6,p(3)=5,p(4)=4,p(2)=2,p(5)=3,p(6)=1`$,

$$B_1=y_1t_1+d_1[(\mathrm{ad}_rx_3)(\mathrm{ad}_rx_4)(\mathrm{ad}_rx_5)t_6^1x_6]t_1,$$

$$B_6=y_6t_6+[(\mathrm{ad}_rx_5)(\mathrm{ad}_rx_4)(\mathrm{ad}_rx_3)t_1^1x_1]t_6,$$

and

$$B_2=y_2t_2+[(\mathrm{ad}_rx_4x_3x_5x_4)t_2^1x_2]t_2.$$

Type EIV g is of type E6, $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }=\{\alpha _3,\alpha _4,\alpha _5,\alpha _2\}`$, $`𝒮`$ and $`𝒟`$ are both empty,

$$B_1=y_1t_1+[(\mathrm{ad}_rx_3x_4x_5x_2x_4x_3)t_1^1x_1]t_1$$

and

$$B_6=y_6t_6+[(\mathrm{ad}_rx_5x_4x_3x_2x_4x_5)t_6^1x_6]t_6.$$

Type EVI g is of type E7, $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }=\{\alpha _7,\alpha _5,\alpha _2\}`$, both $`𝒮`$ and $`𝒟`$ are empty, $`B_6=y_6t_6+[(\mathrm{ad}_rx_7x_5)t_6^1x_6]t_6,`$ $`B_4=y_4t_4+[(\mathrm{ad}_rx_2x_5)t_4^1x_4]t_4,`$ and $`B_i=y_it_i+q_i^2x_i`$ for $`i=1,3`$.

Type EVII g is of type E7, $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }=\{\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4,\alpha _5\}`$, $`𝒟`$ is empty, $`𝒮=\{\alpha _7\}`$,

$$B_1=y_1t_1+[(\mathrm{ad}_rx_3x_4x_2x_5x_4x_3)t_1^1x_1]t_1,$$

$$B_6=y_6t_6+[(\mathrm{ad}_rx_5x_4x_2x_3x_4x_5)t_6^1x_6]t_6,$$

and $`B_7=y_7t_7+q_7^2x_7+s_7t_7.`$

Type EIX g is of type E8, $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }=\{\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4,\alpha _5\}`$, $`𝒟`$ and $`𝒮`$ are both empty,

$$B_1=y_1t_1+[(\mathrm{ad}_rx_3x_4x_2x_5x_4x_3)t_1^1x_1]t_1,$$

$$B_6=y_6t_6+[(\mathrm{ad}_rx_5x_4x_2x_3x_4x_5)t_6^1x_6]t_6,$$

and $`B_i=y_it_i+q_i^2x_i`$ for $`i=7,8.`$

Type FI g is of type F4, $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ is empty, $`𝒮`$ and $`𝒟`$ are empty, $`B_i=y_it_i+q_i^2x_i`$ for $`i=1,2,3,4`$.

Type FII g is of type F4, $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }=\{\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3\}`$, both $`𝒟`$ and $`𝒮`$ are empty, and

$$B_4=y_4t_4+[(\mathrm{ad}_rx_3x_2x_1x_3x_2x_3)t_4^1x_4]t_4$$

Type G g is of type G2, $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ is empty, $`𝒮`$ and $`𝒟`$ are both empty, and $`B_i=y_it_i+q_i^2x_i`$ for $`i=1,2`$.

Set $`B_i=y_it_i`$ for $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Recall that $`^+=U^+`$. Given $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$, let $`Z_i`$ be the element in $`^+`$ such that

$$\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)=(\mathrm{ad}_rZ_i)t_{p(i)}^1x_{p(i)}.$$

Theorem 7.4 of \[L4\] (see also \[L4, Variations 1 and 2\]) gives most of the relations satisfied by the generators of $`B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝}`$ and a procedure for computing the remaining ones. (This proof of this result is stated in \[L4\] for the $`B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝}`$ where $`𝐬𝐒(𝐂[q]_{(q1)})`$ and $`𝐝𝐃(𝐂[q]_{(q1)})`$, but the arguments work for all $`B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝}`$, for $`𝐬𝐒(𝒞)`$ and $`𝐝𝐃(𝒞)`$.) Using the above complete list of the left coideal subalgebras $`B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝}`$, we make these relations precise. In order to make the notation easier in the following theorem, we define a modified version $`p^{}`$ of the permutation $`p`$ such that $`p^{}=p`$ on the set $`\{i|\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }\}`$ and $`p^{}(j)=0`$ for all $`j`$ in the set $`\{j|\alpha _j\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }\}`$.

###### Theorem 7.1

The left coideal subalgebra $`B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝}`$ of $`U`$ is the algebra generated over $`^+T_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ by the elements $`B_i`$, $`1in`$ subject to the following relations:

1. $`\tau (\lambda )B_i\tau (\lambda )=q^{(\lambda ,\alpha _i)}B_i`$ for all $`\tau (\lambda )T_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ and $`1in`$.
2. $`t_j^1x_jB_iB_it_j^1x_j=\delta _{ij}(t_jt_j^1)/(q_jq_j^1)`$ for all $`\alpha _j\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ and $`1in.`$
3. If $`a_{ij}=0`$, then

| $`B_iB_jB_jB_i=`$ |
| --- |
| $`\delta _{p^{}(i),j}(q_iq_i^1)^1(d_i[(\mathrm{ad}_rZ_i)t_{p(i)}^2]t_it_{p(i)}d_{p(i)}[(\mathrm{ad}_rZ_{p(i)})t_i^2]t_it_{p(i)}).`$ |
4. If $`a_{ij}=1`$, then

| $`B_i^2B_j(q_i+q_i^1)B_iB_jB_i+B_jB_i^2=`$ |
| --- |
| $`\delta _{i,p^{}(i)}q_i^1[(\mathrm{ad}_rZ_i)t_i^2]t_i^2B_j\delta _{i,p^{}(j)}(q_i+q_i^1)B_i(d_iq_i^1t_j^1t_i+d_jq_i^2t_i^1t_j).`$ |
5. If $`a_{ij}=2`$, then

| $`B_i^3B_j+(q_i^2+1+q_i^2)(B_i^2B_jB_i+B_iB_jB_i^2)B_jB_i^3=`$ |
| --- |
| $`\delta _{i,p^{}(i)}q_i^1(q_i+q_i^1)^2(B_iB_jB_jB_i).`$ |
6. If $`a_{ij}=3`$, then

| $`B_i^4B_j+B_jB_i^4(q_i^3+q_i+q_i^1+q_i^3)B_i^3B_jB_i+B_iB_jB_i^3)`$ |
| --- |
| $`+(q_i^4+q_i^2+2+q_i^2+q_i^4)B_i^2B_jB_i^2`$ |
| $`=(q_i^5+2q_i^3+4q_i^1+2q_i+q_i^3)(B_i^2B_j+B_jB_i^2)`$ |
| $`(q_i^4+4q_i^2+5+5q_i^2+4q_i^4+q_i^6)B_iB_jB_i(q_i^2+1+q_i^2)B_j.`$ |

The relations in Theorem 7.1 can be checked directly in a case-by-case fashion using the list of algebras $`B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝}`$ above. Indeed, this is the approach used in \[L1\] which handles most of the cases when $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _{p(i)}`$ for $`1in`$. Similar computations can be made in the other cases. However, in general, these computations are rather brutal. In this paper, we use the alternate, quicker method derived from the proof of \[L2, Theorem 7.4\]. First, we review some notation from \[L4\] and prove a small technical lemma.

Let $`G^+`$ be the subalgebra of $`U`$ generated by $`x_it_i^1,1in`$. As in \[L4, (4.2)\]. we have the following two direct sum decompositions

$$U=\underset{\lambda ,\mu }{}U_\lambda ^{}G_\mu ^+U^o\mathrm{and}U^o=\underset{\lambda }{}𝒞\tau (\lambda ).$$

Set $`\pi _{\lambda ,\mu }`$ equal to the projection of $`U`$ onto $`U_\lambda ^{}G_\mu ^+U^o`$ using the above decomposition of $`U`$ and set $`P_\gamma `$ equal to the projection of $`U^o`$ onto $`𝒞\tau (\gamma )`$ using the decomposition of $`U^o`$.

Let $`Z`$ be an element of $`^+`$. The form of the right adjoint action (1.2) implies that $`[(\mathrm{ad}_rZ)t_{p(i)}^2]`$ is an element of $`t_{p(i)}^2`$. Since $`t_{p(i)}^1t_i`$ is in $`T_\mathrm{\Theta }`$, it follows that $`[(\mathrm{ad}_rZ)t_{p(i)}^2]t_{p(i)}t_i`$ is an element of $`B_{\theta ,𝐬,𝐝}`$.

###### Lemma 7.2

Let $`Z^+`$ be a vector of weight $`\gamma `$. For all $`\alpha _j\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ and each $`\mu Q^+(\pi )`$,

$$\pi _{\alpha _j,\mu }\Delta ((\mathrm{ad}_rZ)t_j^1x_j)=\delta _{\mu ,\gamma }t_j^1x_j[(\mathrm{ad}_rZ)t_j^2]t_j.$$

Proof: We show how the argument works when $`\gamma `$ is a simple root. The general case follows similarly using induction on the weight of $`Z`$. Thus, assume that $`Z=x_i`$ for some $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Recall (\[Jo, 3.2.9\]) that

$$\Delta (x_k)=x_k1+t_kx_k$$

for each $`1kn`$. Hence (1.2) implies that

| $`\Delta ((\mathrm{ad}_rx_i)(t_j^1x_j))`$ |
| --- |
| $`=(x_it_i^1t_i^1+1x_it_i^1)(t_j^1x_jt_j^1+1t_j^1x_j)`$ |
| $`+(t_i^1t_i^1)(t_j^1x_jt_j^1+1t_j^1x_j)(x_i1+t_ix_i).`$ |

$`(7.1)`$
Inspection of (7.1) shows that $`\pi _{\alpha _j,\mu }\Delta ((\mathrm{ad}_rx_i)t_j^1x_j)=0`$ unless $`\mu =\alpha _i`$. Thus, a straightforward computation using (7.1) yields

| $`\pi _{\alpha _j,\alpha _i}\Delta ((\mathrm{ad}_rx_i)t_j^1x_j)`$ | $`=t_j^1x_j(x_it_i^1t_j^1+q^{(\alpha _i,\alpha _j)}t_i^1t_j^1x_i)`$ |
| --- | --- |
|  | $`=t_j^1x_j[(\mathrm{ad}_rx_i)t_j^2]t_j.\mathrm{}`$ |

Proof of Theorem 7.1: Relations (i) and (ii) are just (i) and (ii) of \[L4, Theorem 7.4\]. We check relations (iii) through (vi).

Given $`B_i`$ and $`B_j`$, set

$$Y=Y(B_i,B_j)=\underset{m=0}{\overset{1a_{ij}}{}}(1)^m\left[\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 1& a_{ij}\hfill \\ & m\hfill \end{array}\right]_{q_i}B_i^{1a_{ij}m}B_jB_i^m.$$

Set $`\lambda =(1a_{ij})\alpha _i+\alpha _j`$. By the proof of \[L4, Theorem 7.4\] (see also \[L4, Variations 1 and 2\] ),

$$0=((P_\lambda \pi _{0,0})Id)\Delta (Y).$$
$`(7.2)`$
Let $`Y^{}B`$ such that

$$\tau (\lambda )Y^{}=((P_\lambda \pi _{0,0})Id)(\Delta (Y)\tau (\lambda )Y).$$

Then by (7.2), $`Y+Y^{}=0`$. Hence, we obtain relations (iii)-(vi) by evaluating

$$((P_\lambda \pi _{0,0})Id)(\Delta (Y)\tau (\lambda )Y)$$

to find $`Y^{}`$.

By the Lemma 7.1 and \[L4, (6.5) and (7.15)\], we have

| $`\Delta (B_i)=\Delta (y_it_i+d_i[(\mathrm{ad}_rZ_i)t_{p(i)}^1x_{p(i)}]t_i+s_it_i)`$ |
| --- |
| $`=y_it_i1+t_iB_i+t_{p(i)}^1x_{p(i)}t_id_i[(\mathrm{ad}_rZ_i)t_{p(i)}^2]t_{p(i)}t_i`$ |
| $`+{\displaystyle \underset{\gamma >\alpha _i}{}}G_\gamma ^+t_iB.`$ |

$`(7.3)`$
Note that the $`s_i`$ are hidden in the above form of the coproduct. This fact is the key reason that the relations are independent of the choice of $`s_i`$. (See also \[L2, Lemma 5.7\].)

The case when $`\alpha _i`$ is in $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ follows directly from \[L4, 7.20\]. Indeed, checking the possibilities, $`a_{ij}`$ must equal $`0,1,`$ or $`2`$ in this case. Furthermore $`\delta _{p^{}(i),j}=\delta _{i,p^{}(j)}=\delta _{i,p^{}(i)}=0`$ and thus (iii)-(v) look just like the quantum Serre relations between $`y_it_i`$ and $`y_jt_j`$. This is exactly what is explained in the paragraph concerning \[L4, 7.20\]. Thus for the remainder of the proof, we assume that $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$.

Suppose that $`\alpha _j\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. By (i), it follows $`B_j`$ commutes with each $`t_ix_i^1`$, $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Hence $`B_j`$ commutes with every element of $`G^+`$. In particular, $`[(\mathrm{ad}_rZ_i)t_{p(i)}^2]t_{p(i)}^2`$, which is an element of $`G^+`$ for each $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$, commutes with $`B_j`$ for all $`\alpha _j\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$.

Case 1: $`a_{ij}=0`$. In this case, $`Y=B_iB_jB_jB_i`$ and $`\lambda =\alpha _i+\alpha _j`$. Note that this expression is symmetric in $`i`$ and $`j`$ up to a negative sign. In particular, we may assume that $`\alpha _j`$ is also not in $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Expression (7.3) implies that and

| $`((P_\lambda \pi _{0,0})Id)(\Delta (B_iB_j)\tau (\lambda )B_iB_j)`$ |
| --- |
| $`=(P_\lambda \pi _{0,0})([t_{p(i)}^1x_{p(i)}t_iy_jt_jd_i[(\mathrm{ad}_rZ_i)t_{p(i)}^2]t_{p(i)}t_i).`$ |

Since $`t_{p(i)}^1x_{p(i)}t_iy_jt_j=\delta _{p(i),j}(q_iq_i^1)^1t_i(t_jt_j^1)`$, it follows that

$$(P_\lambda \pi _{0,0})(t_{p(i)}^1x_{p(i)}t_iy_jt_j)=\delta _{p(i),j}(q_iq_i^1)^1.$$

Thus

| $`((P_\lambda \pi _{0,0})Id)(\Delta (B_iB_j)\tau (\lambda )B_iB_j)`$ |
| --- |
| $`=\delta _{p(i),j}(q_iq_i^1)^1t_it_j(d_i[(\mathrm{ad}_rZ_i)t_{p(i)}^2]t_{p(i)}t_i.`$ |

The same argument shows that

| $`((P_\lambda \pi _{0,0})Id)(\Delta (B_jB_i)\tau (\lambda )B_jB_i)`$ |
| --- |
| $`=\delta _{p(j),i}(q_iq_i^1)^1t_it_j(d_j[(\mathrm{ad}_rZ_j)t_{p(j)}^2]t_{p(j)}t_j.`$ |

Relation (iii) follows from the fact that $`\delta _{p(j),i}=\delta _{p(i),j}=\delta _{p^{}(i),j}`$.

Case 2: $`a_{ij}=1`$. In this case

$$Y=B_i^2B_j(q_i+q_i^1)B_iB_jB_i+B_jB_i^2.$$

Recall that if $`p(i)=i`$, then $`d_i=1`$. Furthermore, checking the possibilities, we have $`i=p(j)`$ if and only if $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _{p(i)}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _j)=\alpha _{p(j)}`$. Thus

$$(P_\lambda \pi _{0,0})Id)(\Delta (Y)\tau (\lambda )Y)=(P_\lambda \pi _{0,0})(\delta _{i,p(i)}(G_1)+\delta _{i,p(j)}(G_2))$$

where

| $`G_1=t_i^1x_it_iy_it_it_j[(\mathrm{ad}_rZ_i)t_i^2]t_it_iB_j`$ |
| --- |
| $`(q_i+q_i^1)t_i^1x_it_it_jy_it_i[(\mathrm{ad}_rZ_i)t_i^2]t_it_iB_j`$ |
| $`+t_jt_i^1x_it_iy_it_iB_j[(\mathrm{ad}_rZ_i)t_i^2]t_it_i`$ |

and

| $`G_2=(t_j^1x_jt_it_iy_jt_jd_it_j^1t_iB_i+t_it_j^1x_jt_iy_jt_jB_id_it_j^1t_i`$ |
| --- |
| $`(q_i+q_i^1)(t_j^1x_jt_iy_jt_jt_id_it_j^1t_iB_i+t_it_i^1x_it_jy_it_id_jB_it_i^1t_j)`$ |
| $`+(t_i^1x_it_jt_iy_it_id_jt_i^1t_jB_i+t_i^1x_it_jy_it_it_id_jt_i^1t_jB_i).`$ |

Suppose that $`\beta _1,\beta _2,\beta _3`$ are elements of $`Q(\pi )`$ such that $`\beta _1+\beta _2+\beta _3=2\alpha _i`$. Recall that $`\lambda =2\alpha _i+\alpha _j`$. Note that

$$(P_\lambda \pi _{0,0})(\tau (\beta _1)x_j\tau (\beta _1)y_j\tau (\beta _3)=(q_iq_i^1)^1q^{(\beta _1,\alpha _j)}t_i^2t_j.$$

Hence

| $`(P_\lambda \pi _{0,0})(G_1)`$ | $`=(q_iq_i^1)[t_i^2t_j(q_i^2(q_i+q_i^1)q_i^1+q_i^2)[(\mathrm{ad}_rZ_i)t_i^2]t_i^2B_j`$ |
| --- | --- |
|  | $`=q_i^1t_i^2t_j[(\mathrm{ad}_rZ_i)t_i^2]t_i^2B_j.`$ |

A similar computation shows that

| $`(P_\lambda \pi _{0,0})(G_2)=(q_iq_i^1)[t_i^2t_j(q_i^2q_i^3+q_i(q_i+q_i^1)q_iq_i^3)d_iB_it_j^1t_i`$ |
| --- |
| $`+t_i^2t_j((q_i+q_i^1)q_i+q_i^1q_i^3+q_iq_i^3)d_jB_it_i^1t_j]`$ |
| $`=t_i^2t_j[q_i^1(q_i+q_i^1)d_iB_it_j^1t_i+q_i^2(q_i+q_i^1)d_jB_it_i^1t_j].`$ |

Case 3: $`a_{ij}=2`$. Checking the possibilities, we see that $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$ and $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _j)=\alpha _j`$. Furthermore, $`𝒮`$ is equal to $`\{\alpha _j\}`$. Thus $`B_i=y_it_i+q_i^2x_i`$ and $`B_j=y_jt_j+q_j^2x_j+s_jt_j`$. It follows that $`\Delta (B_i)=B_i1+t_iB_i`$ and $`\Delta (B_j)=(y_jt_j+q_j^2x_j)1+t_jB_j`$. So

| $`(P_\lambda \pi _{0,0})Id)(\Delta (Y)\tau (\lambda )Y)`$ |
| --- |
| $`=(P_\lambda \pi _{0,0})Id)(H_1B_iB_j+H_2B_jB_i)`$ |

where

| $`H_1`$ | $`=B_i^2t_it_j+B_it_iB_it_j+t_iB_iB_it_j`$ |
| --- | --- |
|  | $`+(q_i^2+1+q_i^2)[t_iB_it_jB_iB_it_it_jB_i+t_it_jB_iB_i]`$ |

and

| $`H_2`$ | $`=(q_i^2+1+q_i^2)(B_iB_it_jt_i+B_it_jB_it_i+B_it_jt_iB_i)`$ |
| --- | --- |
|  | $`t_jB_iB_it_it_jB_it_iB_it_jt_iB_iB_i.`$ |

Let $`\tau _1=\tau (\beta _1),\tau _2=\tau (\beta _2)`$ and $`\tau _3=\tau (\beta _3)`$ where $`\beta _1,\beta _2,`$ and $`\beta _3`$ are three elements in $`Q(\pi )`$ such that $`\beta _1+\beta _2+\beta _3=\alpha _i+\alpha _j`$. Relation (iv) now follows from the fact that

$$(P_\lambda \pi _{0,0})\tau _1B_i\tau _2B_i\tau _3=(P_\lambda \pi _{0,0})(\tau _1q_i^2x_i\tau _2y_it_i\tau _3)=q^{(\beta _2,\alpha _i)}(q_iq_i^1)^1t_i^3t_j.$$

Case 4: $`a_{ij}=3`$. Again, checking the possibilities, we must have that $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _j)=\alpha _j`$, and $`𝒮`$ is empty. Thus $`B_k=y_kt_k+q_k^2x_k`$ and $`\Delta (B_k)=B_k1+t_kB_k`$ for $`k=1,2`$. The argument follows in a similar, although lengthier, manner to Case 3. $`\mathrm{}`$

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