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# Liouville action and Weil-Petersson metric on deformation spaces, global Kleinian reciprocity and holography

## 1. Introduction

Fuchsian uniformization of Riemann surfaces plays an important role in the Teichmüller theory. In particular, it is built into the definition of the Weil-Petersson metric on Teichmüller spaces. This role became even more prominent with the advent of the string theory, started with Polyakov’s approach to non-critical bosonic strings \[Pol81\]. It is natural to consider the hyperbolic metric on a given Riemann surface as a critical point of a certain functional defined on the space of all smooth conformal metrics on it. In string theory this functional is called *Liouville action functional* and its critical value — *classical action*. This functional defines *two-dimensional theory of gravity with cosmological term* on a Riemann surface, also known as *Liouville theory*.

From a mathematical point of view, relation between Liouville theory and complex geometry of moduli spaces of Riemann surfaces was established by P. Zograf and the first author in \[ZT85, ZT87a, ZT87b\]. It was proved that the classical action is a Kähler potential of the Weil-Petersson metric on moduli spaces of pointed rational curves \[ZT87a\], and on Schottky spaces \[ZT87b\]. In the rational case the classical action is a generating function of accessory parameters of Klein and Poincaré. In the case of compact Riemann surfaces, the classical action is an antiderivative of a 1-form on the Schottky space given by the difference of Fuchsian and Schottky projective connections. In turn, this 1-form is an antiderivative of the Weil-Petersson symplectic form on the Schottky space.

C. McMullen \[McM00\] has considered another 1-form on Teichmüller space given by the difference of Fuchsian and quasi-Fuchsian projective connections, the latter corresponds to Bers’ simultaneous uniformization of a pair of Riemann surfaces. By establishing quasi-Fuchsian reciprocity, McMullen proved that this 1-form is also an antiderivative of the Weil-Petersson symplectic form, which is bounded on the Teichmüller space due to the Kraus-Nehari inequality. The latter result is important in proving that moduli space of Riemann surfaces is Kähler hyperbolic \[McM00\].

In this paper we extend McMullen’s results along the lines of \[ZT87a, ZT87b\] by using homological algebra machinery developed by E. Aldrovandi and the first author in \[AT97\]. We explicitly construct a smooth function on quasi-Fuchsian deformation space and prove that it is an antiderivative of the 1-form given by the difference of Fuchsian and quasi-Fuchsian projective connections. This function is defined as a classical action for Liouville theory for a quasi-Fuchsian group. The symmetry property of this function is the global quasi-Fuchsian reciprocity, and McMullen’s quasi-Fuchsian reciprocity \[McM00\] is its immediate corollary. We also prove that this function is a Kähler potential of the Weil-Petersson metric on the quasi-Fuchsian deformation space. As it will be explained below, construction of the Liouville action functional is not a trivial issue and it requires homological algebra methods developed in \[AT97\]. Furthermore, we show that the Liouville action functional satisfies *holography principle* in string theory (also called *AdS/CFT correspondence*). Specifically, we prove that the Liouville action functional is a regularized limit of the hyperbolic volume of a 3-manifold associated with a quasi-Fuchsian group. Finally, we generalize these results to a large class of Kleinian groups including finitely generated, purely loxodromic Schottky and quasi-Fuchsian groups, and their free combinations. Namely, we define the Liouville action functional, establish the holography principle, and prove that the classical action is an antiderivative of a 1-form on the deformation space given by the difference of Fuchsian and Kleinian projective connections, thus establishing global Kleinian reciprocity. We also prove that the classical action is a Kähler potential of the Weil-Petersson metric.

Here is a more detailed description of the paper. Let $`X`$ be a Riemann surface of genus $`g>1`$, and let $`\{U_\alpha \}_{\alpha A}`$ be its open cover with charts $`U_\alpha `$, local coordinates $`z_\alpha :U_\alpha `$, and transition functions $`f_{\alpha \beta }:U_\alpha U_\beta `$. A (holomorphic) projective connection on $`X`$ is a collection $`P=\{p_\alpha \}_{\alpha A}`$, where $`p_\alpha `$ are holomorphic functions on $`U_\alpha `$ which on every $`U_\alpha U_\beta `$ satisfy

$$p_\beta =p_\alpha f_{\alpha \beta }\left(f_{\alpha \beta }^{}\right)^2+𝒮(f_{\alpha \beta }),$$

where prime indicates derivative. Here $`𝒮(f)`$ is the Schwarzian derivative,

$$𝒮(f)=\frac{f^{\prime \prime \prime }}{f^{}}\frac{3}{2}\left(\frac{f^{\prime \prime }}{f^{}}\right)^2.$$

The space $`𝒫(X)`$ of projective connections on $`X`$ is an affine space modeled on the vector space of holomorphic quadratic differentials on $`X`$.

The Schwarzian derivative satisfies the following properties.

* $`𝒮(fg)=𝒮(f)g(g^{})^2+𝒮(g)`$.
* $`𝒮(\gamma )=0\text{for all}\gamma \mathrm{PSL}(2,)`$.

Let $`\pi :\mathrm{\Omega }X`$ be a holomorphic covering of a compact Riemann surface $`X`$ by a domain $`\mathrm{\Omega }\widehat{}`$ with a group of deck transformations being a subgroup of $`\mathrm{PSL}(2,)`$. It follows from SD1-SD2 that every such covering defines a projective connection on $`X`$ by $`P_\pi =\{𝒮_{z_\alpha }(\pi ^1)\}_{\alpha A}`$. The Fuchsian uniformization $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash 𝕌`$ is the covering $`\pi _F:𝕌X`$ by the upper half-plane $`𝕌`$ where the group of deck transformations is a Fuchsian group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, and it defines Fuchsian projective connection $`P_F`$. The Schottky uniformization $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }`$ is the covering $`\pi _S:\mathrm{\Omega }X`$ by a connected domain $`\mathrm{\Omega }\widehat{}`$ where the group of deck transformations $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a Schottky group — finitely-generated, strictly loxodromic, free Kleinian group. It defines Schottky projective connection $`P_S`$.

Let $`𝔗_g`$ be the Teichmüller space of marked Riemann surfaces of genus $`g>1`$ (with a given marked Riemann surface as the origin), defined as the space of marked normalized Fuchsian groups, and let $`𝔖_g`$ be the Schottky space, defined as the space of marked normalized Schottky groups with $`g`$ free generators. These spaces are complex manifolds of dimension $`3g3`$ carrying Weil-Petersson Kähler metrics, and the natural projection map $`𝔗_g𝔖_g`$ is a complex-analytic covering. Denote by $`\omega _{WP}`$ the symplectic form of the Weil-Petersson metric on spaces $`𝔗_g`$ and $`𝔖_g`$, and by $`d=+\overline{}`$ — the de Rham differential and its decomposition. The affine spaces $`𝒫(X)`$ for varying Riemann surfaces $`X`$ glue together to an affine bundle $`𝔓_g𝔗_g`$, modeled over holomorphic cotangent bundle of $`𝔗_g`$. The Fuchsian projective connection $`P_F`$ is a canonical section of the affine bundle $`𝔓_g𝔗_g`$, the Schottky projective connection is a canonical section of the affine bundle $`𝔓_g𝔖_g`$, and their difference $`P_FP_S`$ is a $`(1,0)`$-form on $`𝔖_g`$. This 1-form has the following properties \[ZT87b\]. First, it is $``$-exact — there exists a smooth function $`S:𝔖_g`$ such that

(1.1)
$$P_FP_S=\frac{1}{2}S.$$

Second, it is a $`\overline{}`$-antiderivative, and hence a $`d`$-antiderivative by (1.1), of the Weil-Petersson symplectic form on $`𝔖_g`$

(1.2)
$$\overline{}(P_FP_S)=i\omega _{WP}.$$

It immediately follows from (1.1) and (1.2) that the function $`S`$ is a Kähler potential for the Weil-Petersson metric on $`𝔖_g`$, and hence on $`𝔗_g`$,

(1.3)
$$\overline{}S=2i\omega _{WP}.$$

Arguments using quantum Liouville theory (see, e.g., \[Tak92\] and references therein) confirm formula (1.1) with function $`S`$ given by the classical Liouville action, as was already proved in \[ZT87b\]. However, general mathematical definition of the Liouville action functional on a Riemann surface $`X`$ is a non-trivial problem interesting in its own right (and for rigorous applications to quantum Liouville theory). Let $`𝒞(X)`$ be a space (actually a cone) of smooth conformal metrics on a Riemann surface $`X`$. Every $`ds^2𝒞(X)`$ is a collection $`\left\{e^{\varphi _\alpha }|dz_\alpha |^2\right\}_{\alpha A}`$, where functions $`\varphi _\alpha C^{\mathrm{}}(U_\alpha ,)`$ satisfy

(1.4)
$$\varphi _\alpha f_{\alpha \beta }+\mathrm{log}|f_{\alpha \beta }^{}|^2=\varphi _\beta \text{on}U_\alpha U_\beta .$$

According to the uniformization theorem, $`X`$ has a unique conformal metric of constant negative curvature $`1`$, called hyperbolic, or Poincaré metric. Gaussian curvature $`1`$ condition is equivalent to the following nonlinear PDE for functions $`\varphi _\alpha `$ on $`U_\alpha `$,

(1.5)
$$\frac{^2\varphi _\alpha }{z_\alpha \overline{z}_\alpha }=\frac{1}{2}e^{\varphi _\alpha }.$$

In the string theory this PDE is called the Liouville equation. The problem is to define Liouville action functional on Riemann surface $`X`$ — a smooth functional $`S:𝒞(X)`$ such that its Euler-Lagrange equation is the Liouville equation. At first glance it looks like an easy task. Set $`U=U_\alpha ,z=z_\alpha `$ and $`\varphi =\varphi _\alpha `$, so that $`ds^2=e^\varphi |dz|^2`$ in $`U`$. Elementary calculus of variations shows that the Euler-Lagrange equation for the functional

$$\frac{i}{2}\underset{U}{}\left(|\varphi _z|^2+e^\varphi \right)𝑑zd\overline{z},$$

where $`\varphi _z=\varphi /z`$, is indeed the Liouville equation on $`U`$. Therefore, it seems that the functional $`\frac{i}{2}_X\omega `$, where $`\omega `$ is a 2-form on $`X`$ such that

(1.6)
$$\omega |_{U_\alpha }=\omega _\alpha =\left(\left|\frac{\varphi _\alpha }{z_\alpha }\right|^2+e^{\varphi _\alpha }\right)dz_\alpha d\overline{z}_\alpha ,$$

does the job. However, due to the transformation law (1.4) the first terms in local 2-forms $`\omega _\alpha `$ do not glue properly on $`U_\alpha U_\beta `$ and a 2-form $`\omega `$ on $`X`$ satisfying (1.6) does not exist!

Though the Liouville action functional can not be defined in terms of a Riemann surface $`X`$ only, it can be defined in terms of planar coverings of $`X`$. Namely, let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a Kleinian group with region of discontinuity $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }X_1\mathrm{}X_n`$ — a disjoint union of compact Riemann surfaces of genera $`>1`$ including Riemann surface $`X`$. The covering $`\mathrm{\Omega }X_1\mathrm{}X_n`$ introduces a global “étale” coordinate, and for large variety of Kleinian groups (Class $`A`$ defined below) it is possible, using methods \[AT97\], to define a Liouville action functional $`S:𝒞(X_1\mathrm{}X_n)`$ such that its critical value is a well-defined function on the deformation space $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. In the simplest case when $`X`$ is a punctured Riemann sphere such global coordinate exists already on $`X`$, and Liouville action functional is just $`\frac{i}{2}_X\omega `$, appropriately regularized at the punctures \[ZT87a\]. When $`X`$ is compact, one possibility is to use the “minimal” planar cover of $`X`$ given by the Schottky uniformization $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }`$, as in \[ZT87b\]. Namely, identify $`𝒞(X)`$ with the affine space of smooth real-valued functions $`\varphi `$ on $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ satisfying

(1.7)
$$\varphi \gamma +\mathrm{log}|\gamma ^{}|^2=\varphi \text{for all}\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma },$$

and consider the 2-form $`\omega [\varphi ]=(|\varphi _z|^2+e^\varphi )dzd\overline{z}`$ on $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. The 2-form $`\omega [\varphi ]`$ can not be pushed forward on $`X`$, so that the integral $`\frac{i}{2}_F\omega `$ depends on the choice of a fundamental domain $`F`$ for a marked Schottky group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. However, one can add boundary terms to this integral to ensure the independence of the choice of a fundamental domain for a marked Schottky group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, and to guarantee that its Euler-Lagrange equation is the Liouville equation on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }`$. The result is the following functional introduced in \[ZT87b\]

(1.8) $`S[\varphi ]=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{F}{}}\left(|\varphi _z|^2+e^\varphi \right)𝑑zd\overline{z}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{g}{}}}{\displaystyle _{C_k}}\left(\varphi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{log}|\gamma _k^{}|^2\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _k^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma _k^{}}}dz{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\gamma _k^{\prime \prime }}}{\overline{\gamma _k^{}}}}d\overline{z}\right)`$
$`+4\pi {\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{g}{}}}\mathrm{log}|c(\gamma _k)|^2.`$
Here $`F`$ is the fundamental domain of the marked Schottky group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with free generators $`\gamma _1,\mathrm{},\gamma _g`$, bounded by $`2g`$ nonintersecting closed Jordan curves $`C_1,\mathrm{},C_g,C_1^{},\mathrm{},C_g^{}`$ such that $`C_k^{}=\gamma _k(C_k)`$, $`k=1,\mathrm{},g`$, and $`c(\gamma )=c`$ for $`\gamma =\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ c& d\end{array}\right)`$. Classical action $`S:𝔖_g`$ that enters (1.1) is the critical value of this functional.

In \[McM00\] McMullen considered quasi-Fuchsian projective connection $`P_{QF}`$ on a Riemann surface $`X`$ which is given by Bers’ simultaneous uniformization of $`X`$ and a fixed Riemann surface $`Y`$ of the same genus and opposite orientation. Similar to formula (1.2), he proved

(1.9)
$$d(P_FP_{QF})=i\omega _{WP},$$

so that the 1-form $`P_FP_{QF}`$ on $`𝔗_g`$ is a $`d`$-antiderivative of the Weil-Petersson symplectic form, bounded in Teichmüller and Weil-Petersson metrics due to Kraus-Nehari inequality. Part $`\overline{}(P_FP_{QF})=i\omega _{WP}`$ of (1.9) actually follows from (1.1) since $`P_SP_{QF}`$ is holomorphic $`(1,0)`$-form on $`𝔖_g`$. Part $`(P_FP_{QF})=0`$ follows from McMullen’s quasi-Fuchsian reciprocity.

Our first result is the analog of the formula (1.1) for the quasi-Fuchsian case, giving the 1-form $`P_FP_{QF}`$ the same treatment as to the 1-form $`P_FP_S`$. Namely, let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a finitely generated, purely loxodromic quasi-Fuchsian group with region of discontinuity $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, so that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }`$ is the disjoint union of two compact Riemann surfaces with the same genus $`g>1`$ and opposite orientations. Denote by $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ the deformation space of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ — a complex manifold of complex dimension $`6g6`$, and by $`\omega _{WP}`$ — the symplectic form of the Weil-Petersson metric on $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. To every point $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ with the region of discontinuity $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$ there corresponds a pair $`X,Y`$ of compact Riemann surfaces with opposite orientations simultaneously uniformized by $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$, that is, $`XY\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$. We will continue to denote by $`P_F`$ and $`P_{QF}`$ projective connections on $`XY`$ given by Fuchsian uniformizations of $`X`$ and $`Y`$ and Bers’ simultaneous uniformization of $`X`$ and $`Y`$ respectively. Similarly to (1.1), we prove in Theorem 4.2 that there exists a smooth function $`S:𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ such that

(1.10)
$$P_FP_{QF}=\frac{1}{2}S.$$

The function $`S`$ is Liouville classical action for the quasi-Fuchsian group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ —- the critical value of the Liouville action functional $`S`$ on $`𝒞(XY)`$. Its construction uses double homology and cohomology complexes naturally associated with the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-action on $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. Namely, the homology double complex $`𝖪_,`$ is defined as a tensor product over the integral group ring $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of the standard singular chain complex of $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and the canonical bar-resolution complex for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, and cohomology double complex $`𝖢^,`$ is bar-de Rham complex on $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. The cohomology construction starts with the 2-form $`\omega [\varphi ]𝖢^{2,0}`$, where $`\varphi `$ satisfies (1.7), and introduces $`\theta [\varphi ]𝖢^{1,1}`$ and $`u𝖢^{1,2}`$ by

$$\theta _{\gamma ^1}[\varphi ]=\left(\varphi \frac{1}{2}\mathrm{log}|\gamma ^{}|^2\right)\left(\frac{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma ^{}}dz\frac{\overline{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}}{\overline{\gamma ^{}}}d\overline{z}\right),$$

and

$`u_{\gamma _1^1,\gamma _2^1}=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{log}|\gamma _1^{}|^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _2^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma _2^{}}}\gamma _1\gamma _1^{}dz{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\gamma _2^{\prime \prime }}}{\overline{\gamma _2^{}}}}\gamma _1\overline{\gamma _1^{}}d\overline{z}\right)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{log}|\gamma _2^{}\gamma _1|^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _1^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma _1^{}}}dz{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\gamma _1^{\prime \prime }}}{\overline{\gamma _1^{}}}}d\overline{z}\right).`$
Define $`\mathrm{\Theta }𝖢^{0,2}`$ to be a group 2-cocycle satisfying $`d\mathrm{\Theta }=u`$. The resulting cochain $`\mathrm{\Psi }[\varphi ]=\omega [\varphi ]\theta [\varphi ]\mathrm{\Theta }`$ is a cocycle of degree 2 in the total complex $`\mathrm{Tot}𝖢`$. Corresponding homology construction starts with fundamental domain $`F𝖪_{2,0}`$ for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and introduces chains $`L𝖪_{1,1}`$ and $`V𝖪_{0,2}`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=F+LV`$ is a cycle of degree 2 in the total homology complex $`\mathrm{Tot}𝖪`$. The Liouville action functional is given by the evaluation map,

(1.11)
$$S[\varphi ]=\frac{i}{2}\mathrm{\Psi }[\varphi ],\mathrm{\Sigma },$$

where $`,`$ is the natural pairing between $`𝖢^{p,q}`$ and $`𝖪_{p,q}`$.

In case when $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a Fuchsian group, the Liouville action functional on $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash 𝕌`$, similar to (1.8), can be written explicitly as follows

$`S[\varphi ]=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{F}{}}\omega [\varphi ]+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{g}{}}}\left({\displaystyle _{a_k}}\theta _{\alpha _k}[\varphi ]{\displaystyle _{b_k}}\theta _{\beta _k}[\varphi ]\right)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{g}{}}}\left(\mathrm{\Theta }_{\alpha _k,\beta _k}(a_k(0))\mathrm{\Theta }_{\beta _k,\alpha _k}(b_k(0))+\mathrm{\Theta }_{\gamma _k^1,\alpha _k\beta _k}(b_k(0))\right)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{g}{}}}\mathrm{\Theta }_{\gamma _g^1\mathrm{}\gamma _{k+1}^1,\gamma _k^1}(b_g(0)),`$
where

$$\mathrm{\Theta }_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}(z)=_p^zu_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}+4\pi i\epsilon _{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}(2\mathrm{log}2+\mathrm{log}|c(\gamma _2)|^2),$$

$`p\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{})`$ and

$$\epsilon _{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}=\{\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.17em}1}\hfill & \text{if }p<\gamma _2(\mathrm{})<\gamma _1^1p,\hfill \\ 1\hfill & \text{if }p>\gamma _2(\mathrm{})>\gamma _1^1p,\hfill \\ \mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.17em}0}\hfill & \text{otherwise}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Here $`a_k`$ and $`b_k`$ are edges of the fundamental domain $`F`$ for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`𝕌`$ (see Section 2.2.1) with initial points $`a_k(0)`$ and $`b_k(0)`$, $`\alpha _k`$ and $`\beta _k`$ are corresponding generators of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`\gamma _k=\alpha _k\beta _k\alpha _k^1\beta _k^1`$. The action functional does not depend on the choice of the fundamental domain $`F`$ for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, nor on the choice of $`p\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{})`$. Liouville action for quasi-Fuchsian group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is defined by a similar construction where both components of $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ are used (see Section 2.3.3).

Equation (1.10) is global quasi-Fuchsian reciprocity. McMullen’s quasi-Fuchsian reciprocity, as well as the equation $`(P_FP_{QF})=0`$, immediately follow from it. The classical action $`S:𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is symmetric with respect to Riemann surfaces $`X`$ and $`Y`$,

(1.12)
$$S(X,Y)=S(\overline{Y},\overline{X}),$$

where $`\overline{X}`$ is the mirror image of $`X`$, and this property manifests the global quasi-Fuchsian reciprocity. Equation (1.9) now follows from (1.10) and (1.1). Its direct proof along the lines of \[ZT87a, ZT87b\] is given in Theorem 4.9. As immediate corollary of (1.9) and (1.10), we obtain that function $`S`$ is a Kähler potential of the Weil-Petersson metric on $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.

Our second result is a precise relation between two and three-dimensional constructions which proves the holography principle for the quasi-Fuchsian case. Let $`𝕌^3=\{Z=(x,y,t)^3|t>0\}`$ be the hyperbolic 3-space. The quasi-Fuchsian group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ acts discontinuously on $`𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and the quotient $`M\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash (𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega })`$ is a hyperbolic 3-manifold with boundary $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }XY`$. According to the holography principle (see, e.g., \[MM02\] for mathematically oriented exposition), the regularized hyperbolic volume of $`M`$*on-shell Einstein-Hilbert action with cosmological term*, is related to the Liouville action functional $`S[\varphi ]`$.

In case when $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a classical Schottky group, i.e., when it has a fundamental domain bounded by Euclidean circles, holography principle was established by K. Krasnov in \[Kra00\]. Namely, let $`M\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash (𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega })`$ be the corresponding hyperbolic 3-manifold (realized using the Ford fundamental region) with boundary $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }`$ — a compact Riemann surface of genus $`g>1`$. For every $`ds^2=e^\varphi |dz|^2𝒞(X)`$ consider the family $`_\epsilon `$ of surfaces given by the equation $`f(Z)=te^{\varphi (z)/2}=\epsilon >0`$ where $`z=x+iy`$, and let $`M_\epsilon =M_\epsilon `$. Denote by $`V_\epsilon [\varphi ]`$ the hyperbolic volume of $`M_\epsilon `$, by $`A_\epsilon [\varphi ]`$ — the area of the boundary of $`M_\epsilon `$ in the metric on $`_\epsilon `$ induced by the hyperbolic metric on $`𝕌^3`$, and by $`A[\varphi ]`$ — the area of $`X`$ in the metric $`ds^2`$. In \[Kra00\] K. Krasnov obtained the following formula

(1.13)
$$\underset{\epsilon 0}{lim}\left(V_\epsilon [\varphi ]\frac{1}{2}A_\epsilon [\varphi ]+(2g2)\pi \mathrm{log}\epsilon \right)=\frac{1}{4}\left(S[\varphi ]A[\varphi ]\right).$$

It relates three-dimensional data — the regularized volume of $`M`$, to the two-dimensional data — the Liouville action functional $`S[\varphi ]`$, thus establishing the holography principle. Note that the metric $`ds^2`$ on the boundary of $`M`$ appears entirely through regularization by means of the surfaces $`_\epsilon `$, which are not $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-invariant. As a result, arguments in \[Kra00\] work only for classical Schottky groups.

We extend homological algebra methods in \[AT97\] to the three-dimensional case when $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a quasi-Fuchsian group. Namely, we construct $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-invariant cut-off function $`f`$ using a partition of unity for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, and prove in Theorem 5.3 that on-shell regularized Einstein-Hilbert action functional

$$[\varphi ]=4\underset{\epsilon 0}{lim}\left(V_ϵ[\varphi ]\frac{1}{2}A_ϵ[\varphi ]+2\pi (2g2)\mathrm{log}\epsilon \right),$$

is well-defined and satisfies the quasi-Fuchsian holography principle

$$[\varphi ]=S[\varphi ]\underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }}{}e^\varphi d^2z8\pi (2g2)\mathrm{log}2.$$

As immediate corollary we get another proof that the Liouville action functional $`S[\varphi ]`$ does not depend on the choice of a fundamental domain $`F`$ of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, provided it is the boundary in $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ of a fundamental region of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega }`$.

We also show that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-invariant cut-off surfaces $`_\epsilon `$ can be chosen to be Epstein surfaces, which are naturally associated with the family of metrics $`ds_\epsilon ^2=4\epsilon ^2e^\varphi |dz|^2𝒞(X)`$ by the inverse of the “hyperbolic Gauss map” \[Eps84, Eps86\] (see also \[And98\]). This construction also gives a geometric interpretation of the density $`|\varphi _z|^2+e^\varphi `$ in terms of Epstein surfaces.

Schottky and quasi-Fuchsian groups considered above are basically the only examples of geometrically finite, torsion-free, purely loxodromic Kleinian groups with finitely many components. Indeed, according to the theorem of Maskit \[Mas88\], a geometrically finite, purely loxodromic Kleinian group satisfying these properties has at most two components. The one-component case corresponds to Schottky groups and the two-component case — to Fuchsian or quasi-Fuchsian groups and their $`_2`$-extensions.

The third result of the paper is the generalization of main results for quasi-Fuchsian groups — Theorems 4.2, 4.9 and 5.3, to Kleinian groups. Namely, we introduce a notion of a Kleinian group of Class $`A`$ for which this generalization holds. By definition, a non-elementary, purely loxodromic, geometrically finite Kleinian group is of Class $`A`$ if it has fundamental region $`R`$ in $`𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega }`$ which is a finite three-dimensional $`CW`$-complex with no vertices in $`𝕌^3`$. Schottky, Fuchsian, quasi-Fuchsian groups, and their free combinations are of Class $`A`$, and Class $`A`$ is stable under quasiconformal deformations. We extend three-dimensional homological methods developed in Section 5 to the case of Kleinian group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of Class $`A`$ acting on $`𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega }`$. Namely, starting from the fundamental region $`R`$ for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega }`$, we construct a chain of degree 3 in total homology complex $`\mathrm{Tot}𝖪`$, whose boundary in $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is the cycle $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ of degree 2 for the corresponding total homology complex of the region of discontinuity $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. In Theorem 6.7 we establish holography principle for Kleinian groups: we prove that the on-shell regularized Einstein-Hilbert action for the 3-manifold $`M\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash (𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega })`$ is well-defined and is related to the Liouville action functional for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, defined by the evaluation map (1.11). When $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a Schottky group, we get the functional (1.8) introduced in \[ZT87b\]. As in the quasi-Fuchsian case, the Liouville action functional does not depend on the choice of a fundamental domain $`F`$ for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, as long as it is the boundary in $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ of a fundamental region of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega }`$. Denote by $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ the deformation space of the Kleinian group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. To every point $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ with the region of discontinuity $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$ there corresponds a disjoint union $`X_1\mathrm{}X_n\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$ of compact Riemann surfaces simultaneously uniformized by the Kleinian group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$. Conversely, by the theorem of Maskit \[Mas88\], for a given sequence of compact Riemann surfaces $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_n`$ there is a Kleinian group which simultaneously uniformizes them. Using the same notation, we denote by $`P_F`$ projective connection on $`X_1\mathrm{}X_n`$ given by the Fuchsian uniformization of these Riemann surfaces and by $`P_K`$ — projective connection given by their simultaneous uniformization by a Kleinian group ($`P_K=P_{QF}`$ for the quasi-Fuchsian case). Let $`S:𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ be the classical Liouville action. Theorem 6.10 states that

$$P_FP_K=\frac{1}{2}S,$$

which is the ultimate generalization of (1.1). Similarly, Theorem 6.12 is the statement

$$\overline{}(P_FP_K)=i\omega _{WP},$$

which implies that $`S`$ is a Kähler potential of the Weil-Petersson metric on $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. As another immediate corollary of Theorem 6.10 we get McMullen’s Kleinian reciprocity — Theorem 6.13.

Finally, we observe that our method and results, with appropriate modifications, can be generalized to the case when quasi-Fuchsian and Class $`A`$ Kleinian groups have torsion and contain parabolic elements. Our method also works for the Bers’ universal Teichmüller space and the related infinite-dimensional Kähler manifold $`\mathrm{Diff}_+(S^1)/\mathrm{M}\ddot{\mathrm{o}}\mathrm{b}(S^1)`$. We plan to discuss these generalizations elsewhere.

The content of the paper is the following. In Section 2 we give a construction of the Liouville action functional following the method in \[AT97\], which we review briefly in 2.1. In Section 2.2 we define and establish the main properties of the Liouville action functional in the model case when $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a Fuchsian group, and in Section 2.3 we consider technically more involved quasi-Fuchsian case. In Section 3 we recall all necessary basic facts from the deformation theory. In Section 4 we prove our first main result — Theorems 4.2 and 4.9. In Section 5 we prove the second main result — Theorem 5.3 on quasi-Fuchsian holography. Finally in Section 6 we generalize these results for Kleinian groups of Class $`A`$: we define Liouville action functional and prove Theorems 6.7, 6.10 and 6.12.

Acknowledgments. We greatly appreciate stimulating discussions with E. Aldrovandi on homological methods, and with I. Kra, M. Lyubich and B. Maskit on various aspects of the theory of Kleinian groups. We also are grateful to K. Krasnov for valuable comments and to C. McMullen for the insightful suggestion to use Epstein surfaces for regularizing the Eistein-Hilbert action. The work of the first author was partially supported by the NSF grant DMS-9802574.

## 2. Liouville action functional

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a normalized, marked, purely loxodromic quasi-Fuchsian group of genus $`g>1`$ with region of discontinuity $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, so that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }XY`$, where $`X`$ and $`Y`$ are compact Riemann surfaces of genus $`g>1`$ with opposite orientations. Here we define Liouville action functional $`S_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ for the group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ as a functional on the space of smooth conformal metrics on $`XY`$ with the property that its Euler-Lagrange equation is the Liouville equation on $`XY`$. Its definition is based on the homological algebra methods developed in \[AT97\].

### 2.1. Homology and cohomology set-up

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a group acting properly on a smooth manifold $`M`$. To this data one canonically associates double homology and cohomoloy complexes (see, e.g., \[AT97\] and references therein).

Let $`𝖲_{}𝖲_{}(M)`$ be the standard singular chain complex of $`M`$ with the differential $`^{}`$. The group action on $`M`$ induces a left $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-action on $`𝖲_{}`$ by translating the chains and $`𝖲_{}`$ becomes a complex of left $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-modules. Since the action of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ on $`M`$ is proper, $`𝖲_{}`$ is a complex of free left $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-modules, where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is the integral group ring of the group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. The complex $`𝖲_{}`$ is endowed with a right $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-module structure in the standard fashion: $`c\gamma =\gamma ^1(c)`$.

Let $`𝖡_{}𝖡_{}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ be the canonical “bar” resolution complex for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with differential $`^{\prime \prime }`$. Each $`𝖡_n(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is a free left $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-module on generators $`[\gamma _1|\mathrm{}|\gamma _n]`$, with the differential $`^{\prime \prime }:𝖡_n𝖡_{n1}`$ given by

$`^{\prime \prime }[\gamma _1|\mathrm{}|\gamma _n]`$ $`=\gamma _1[\gamma _2|\mathrm{}|\gamma _n]+{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{n1}{}}}(1)^k[\gamma _1|\mathrm{}|\gamma _k\gamma _{k+1}|\mathrm{}|\gamma _n]`$
$`+(1)^n[\gamma _1|\mathrm{}|\gamma _{n1}],n>1,`$
$`^{\prime \prime }[\gamma ]`$ $`=\gamma [][],n=1,`$
where $`[\gamma _1|\mathrm{}|\gamma _n]`$ is zero if some $`\gamma _i`$ equals to the unit element $`\mathrm{id}`$ in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Here $`𝖡_0(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is a $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-module on one generator $`[]`$ and it can be identified with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ under the isomorphism that sends $`[]`$ to $`1`$; by definition, $`^{\prime \prime }[]=0`$.

The double homology complex $`𝖪_,`$ is defined as $`𝖲_{}_\mathrm{\Gamma }𝖡_{}`$, where the tensor product over $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ uses the right $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-module structure on $`𝖲_{}`$. The associated total complex $`\mathrm{Tot}𝖪`$ is equipped with the total differential $`=^{}+(1)^p^{\prime \prime }`$ on $`𝖪_{p,q}`$, and the complex $`𝖲_{}`$ is identified with $`𝖲_{}_\mathrm{\Gamma }𝖡_0`$ by the isomorphism $`cc[]`$.

Corresponding double complex in cohomology is defined as follows. Denote by $`𝖠^{}𝖠_{}^{}(M)`$ the complexified de Rham complex on $`M`$. Each $`𝖠^n`$ is a left $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-module with the pull-back action of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, i.e., $`\gamma \varpi =(\gamma ^1)^{}\varpi `$ for $`\varpi 𝖠^{}`$ and $`\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Define the double complex $`𝖢^{p,q}=\mathrm{Hom}_{}(𝖡_q,𝖠^p)`$ with differentials $`d`$, the usual de Rham differential, and $`\delta =(^{\prime \prime })^{}`$, the group coboundary. Specifically, for $`\varpi 𝖢^{p,q}`$,

$`(\delta \varpi )_{\gamma _1,\mathrm{},\gamma _{q+1}}`$ $`=\gamma _1\varpi _{\gamma _2,\mathrm{},\gamma _{q+1}}+{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{q}{}}}(1)^k\varpi _{\gamma _1,\mathrm{},\gamma _k\gamma _{k+1},\mathrm{},\gamma _{q+1}}`$
$`+(1)^{q+1}\varpi _{\gamma _1,\mathrm{},\gamma _q}.`$
We write the total differential on $`𝖢^{p,q}`$ as $`D=d+(1)^p\delta `$.

There is a natural pairing between $`𝖢^{p,q}`$ and $`𝖪_{p,q}`$ which assigns to the pair $`(\varpi ,c[\gamma _1|\mathrm{}|\gamma _q])`$ the evaluation of the $`p`$-form $`\varpi _{\gamma _1,\mathrm{},\gamma _q}`$ over the $`p`$-cycle $`c`$,

$$\varpi ,c[\gamma _1|\mathrm{}|\gamma _q]=_c\varpi _{\gamma _1,\mathrm{},\gamma _q}.$$

By definition,

$$\delta \varpi ,c=\varpi ,^{\prime \prime }c,$$

so that using Stokes’ theorem we get

$$D\varpi ,c=\varpi ,c.$$

This pairing defines a non-degenerate pairing between corresponding cohomology and homology groups $`H^{}(\mathrm{Tot}𝖢)`$ and $`H_{}(\mathrm{Tot}𝖪)`$, which we continue to denote by $`,`$. In particular, if $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ is a cocycle in $`(\mathrm{Tot}𝖢)^n`$ and $`C`$ is a cycle in $`(\mathrm{Tot}𝖪)_n`$, then the pairing $`\mathrm{\Phi },C`$ depends only on cohomology classes $`[\mathrm{\Phi }]`$ and $`[C]`$ and not on their representatives.

It is this property that will allow us to define Liouville action functional by constructing corresponding cocycle $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ and cycle $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. Specifically, we consider the following two cases.

* $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is purely hyperbolic Fuchsian group of genus $`g>1`$ and $`M=𝕌`$ — the upper half-plane of the complex plane $``$. In this case, since $`𝕌`$ is acyclic, we have \[AT97\]

$$H_{}(X,)H_{}(\mathrm{\Gamma },)H_{}(\mathrm{Tot}𝖪),$$

where the three homologies are: the singular homology of $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash 𝕌`$, a compact Riemann surface of genus $`g>1`$, the group homology of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, and the homology of the complex $`\mathrm{Tot}𝖪`$ with respect to the total differential $``$. Similarly, for $`M=𝕃`$ — the lower half-plane of the complex plane $``$, we have

$$H_{}(\overline{X},)H_{}(\mathrm{\Gamma },)H_{}(\mathrm{Tot}𝖪),$$

where $`\overline{X}\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash 𝕃`$ is the mirror image of $`X`$ — a complex-conjugate of the Riemann surface $`X`$.
* $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is purely loxodromic quasi-Fuchsian group of genus $`g>1`$ with region of discontinuity $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ consisting of two simply-connected components $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$ separated by a quasi-circle $`𝒞`$. The same isomorphisms hold, where $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and $`\overline{X}`$ is replaced by $`Y\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }_2`$.

### 2.2. The Fuchsian case

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a marked, normalized, purely hyperbolic Fuchsian group of genus $`g>1`$, let $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash 𝕌`$ be corresponding marked compact Riemann surface of genus $`g`$, and let $`\overline{X}\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash 𝕃`$ be its mirror image. In this case it is possible to define Liouville action functionals on Riemann surfaces $`X`$ and $`\overline{X}`$ separately. The definition will be based on the following specialization of the general construction in Section 2.1.

#### 2.2.1. Homology computation

Here is a representation of the fundamental class $`[X]`$ of the Riemann surface $`X`$ in $`H_2(X,)`$ as a cycle $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ of total degree 2 in the homology complex $`\mathrm{Tot}𝖪`$ \[AT97\].

Recall that the marking of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is given by a system of $`2g`$ standard generators $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _g,\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _g`$ satisfying the single relation

$$\gamma _1\mathrm{}\gamma _g=\mathrm{id},$$

where $`\gamma _k=[\alpha _k,\beta _k]=\alpha _k\beta _k\alpha _k^1\beta _k^1`$. The marked group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is normalized, if the attracting and repelling fixed points of $`\alpha _1`$ are, respectively, $`0`$ and $`\mathrm{}`$, and the attracting fixed point of $`\beta _1`$ is $`1`$. Every marked Fuchsian group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is conjugated in $`\mathrm{PSL}(2,)`$ to a normalized marked Fuchsian group. For a given marking there is a standard choice of the fundamental domain $`F𝕌`$ for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ as a closed non-Euclidean polygon with $`4g`$ edges labeled by $`a_k,a_k^{},b_k^{},b_k`$ satisfying $`\alpha _k(a_k^{})=a_k,\beta _k(b_k^{})=b_k,k=1,2,\mathrm{},g`$ (see Fig. 1). The orientation of the edges is chosen such that

$$^{}F=\underset{k=1}{\overset{g}{}}(a_k+b_k^{}a_k^{}b_k).$$

Set $`^{}a_k=a_k(1)a_k(0),^{}b_k=b_k(1)b_k(0)`$, so that $`a_k(0)=b_{k1}(0)`$. The relations between the vertices of $`F`$ and the generators of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ are the following: $`\alpha _k^1(a_k(0))=b_k(1),\beta _k^1(b_k(0))=a_k(1),\gamma _k(b_k(0))=b_{k1}(0)`$, where $`b_0(0)=b_g(0)`$.

According to the isomorphism $`𝖲_{}𝖪_{,0}`$, the fundamental domain $`F`$ is identified with $`F[]𝖪_{2,0}`$. We have $`^{\prime \prime }F=0`$ and, as it follows from the previous formula,

$$^{}F=\underset{k=1}{\overset{g}{}}\left(\beta _k^1(b_k)b_k\alpha _k^1(a_k)+a_k\right)=^{\prime \prime }L,$$

where $`L𝖪_{1,1}`$ is given by

(2.1)
$$L=\underset{k=1}{\overset{g}{}}\left(b_k[\beta _k]a_k[\alpha _k]\right).$$

There exists $`V𝖪_{0,2}`$ such that $`^{\prime \prime }V=^{}L`$. A straightforward computation gives the following explicit expression

(2.2) $`V`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{g}{}}}\left(a_k(0)[\alpha _k|\beta _k]b_k(0)[\beta _k|\alpha _k]+b_k(0)\left[\gamma _k^1|\alpha _k\beta _k\right]\right)`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{g1}{}}}b_g(0)\left[\gamma _g^1\mathrm{}\gamma _{k+1}^1|\gamma _k^1\right].`$
Using $`^{\prime \prime }F=0`$, $`^{}F=^{\prime \prime }L`$, $`^{\prime \prime }V=^{}L`$, and $`^{}V=0`$, we obtain that the element $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=F+LV`$ of total degree 2 is a cycle in $`\mathrm{Tot}𝖪`$, that is $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=0`$. The cycle $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{Tot}𝖪)_2`$ represents the fundamental class $`[X]`$. It is proved in \[AT97\] that corresponding homology class $`[\mathrm{\Sigma }]`$ in $`H_{}(\mathrm{Tot}𝖪)`$ does not depend on the choice of the fundamental domain $`F`$ for the group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

#### 2.2.2. Cohomology computation

Corresponding construction in cohomology is the following. Start with the space $`𝒞(X)`$ of all conformal metrics on $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash 𝕌`$. Every $`ds^2𝒞(X)`$ can be represented as $`ds^2=e^\varphi |dz|^2`$, where $`\varphi C^{\mathrm{}}(𝕌,)`$ satisfies

(2.3)
$$\varphi \gamma +\mathrm{log}|\gamma ^{}|^2=\varphi \text{for all}\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }.$$

In what follows we will always identify $`𝒞(X)`$ with the affine subspace of $`C^{\mathrm{}}(𝕌,)`$ defined by (2.3).

The “bulk” 2-form $`\omega `$ for the Liouville action is given by

(2.4)
$$\omega [\varphi ]=\left(|\varphi _z|^2+e^\varphi \right)dzd\overline{z},$$

where $`\varphi 𝒞(X)`$. Considering it as an element in $`𝖢^{2,0}`$ and using (2.3) we get

$$\delta \omega [\varphi ]=d\theta [\varphi ],$$

where $`\theta [\varphi ]𝖢^{1,1}`$ is given explicitly by

(2.5)
$$\theta _{\gamma ^1}[\varphi ]=\left(\varphi \frac{1}{2}\mathrm{log}|\gamma ^{}|^2\right)\left(\frac{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma ^{}}dz\frac{\overline{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}}{\overline{\gamma ^{}}}d\overline{z}\right).$$

Next, set

$$u=\delta \theta [\varphi ]𝖢^{1,2}.$$

From the definition of $`\theta `$ and $`\delta ^2=0`$ it follows that the 1-form $`u`$ is closed. An explicit calculation gives

(2.6) $`u_{\gamma _1^1,\gamma _2^1}=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{log}|\gamma _1^{}|^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _2^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma _2^{}}}\gamma _1\gamma _1^{}dz{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\gamma _2^{\prime \prime }}}{\overline{\gamma _2^{}}}}\gamma _1\overline{\gamma _1^{}}d\overline{z}\right)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{log}|\gamma _2^{}\gamma _1|^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _1^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma _1^{}}}dz{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\gamma _1^{\prime \prime }}}{\overline{\gamma _1^{}}}}d\overline{z}\right),`$
and shows that $`u`$ does not depend on $`\varphi 𝒞(X)`$.

###### Remark 2.1.

The explicit formulas above are valid in the general case, when domain $`\mathrm{\Omega }\widehat{}`$ is invariant under the action of a Kleinian group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Namely, define the 2-form $`\omega `$ by formula (2.4), where $`\varphi `$ satisfies (2.3) in $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. Then solution $`\theta `$ to the equation $`\delta \omega [\varphi ]=d\theta [\varphi ]`$ is given by the formula (2.5) and $`u=\delta \theta [\varphi ]`$ — by (2.6).

There exists a cochain $`\mathrm{\Theta }𝖢^{0,2}`$ satisfying

$$d\mathrm{\Theta }=u\text{and}\delta \mathrm{\Theta }=0.$$

Indeed, since the 1-form $`u`$ is closed and $`𝕌`$ is simply-connected, $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ can be defined as a particular antiderivative of $`u`$ satisfying $`\delta \mathrm{\Theta }=0`$. This can be done as follows. Consider the hyperbolic (Poincaré) metric on $`𝕌`$

$$e^{\varphi _{hyp}(z)}|dz|^2=\frac{|dz|^2}{y^2},z=x+iy𝕌.$$

This metric is $`\mathrm{PSL}(2,)`$-invariant and its push-forward to $`X`$ is a hyperbolic metric on $`X`$. Explicit computation yields

$$\omega [\varphi _{hyp}]=2e^{\varphi _{hyp}}dzd\overline{z},$$

so that $`\delta \omega [\varphi _{hyp}]=0`$. Thus the 1-form $`\theta [\varphi _{hyp}]`$ on $`𝕌`$ is closed and, therefore, is exact,

$$\theta [\varphi _{hyp}]=dl,$$

for some $`l𝖢^{0,1}`$. Set

(2.7)
$$\mathrm{\Theta }=\delta l.$$

It is now immediate that $`\delta \mathrm{\Theta }=0`$ and $`\delta \theta [\varphi ]=u=d\mathrm{\Theta }`$ for all $`\varphi 𝒞(X)`$. Thus $`\mathrm{\Psi }[\varphi ]=\omega [\varphi ]\theta [\varphi ]\mathrm{\Theta }`$ is a 2-cocycle in the cohomology complex $`\mathrm{Tot}𝖢`$, that is, $`D\mathrm{\Psi }[\varphi ]=0`$.

###### Remark 2.2.

For every $`\gamma \mathrm{PSL}(2,)`$ define the 1-form $`\theta _\gamma \left[\varphi _{hyp}\right]`$ by the same formula (2.5),

(2.8)
$$\theta _{\gamma ^1}[\varphi _{hyp}]=\left(2\mathrm{log}y+\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{log}|\gamma ^{}|^2\right)\left(\frac{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma ^{}}dz\frac{\overline{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}}{\overline{\gamma ^{}}}d\overline{z}\right).$$

Since for every $`\gamma \mathrm{PSL}(2,)`$

$$(\delta \mathrm{log}y)_{\gamma ^1}=\mathrm{log}(y\gamma )\mathrm{log}y=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{log}|\gamma ^{}|^2,$$

the 1-form $`u=\delta \theta [\varphi ]`$ is still given by (2.6) and is a $`𝖠^1(𝕌)`$-valued group 2-cocycle for $`\mathrm{PSL}(2,)`$, that is, $`(\delta u)_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2,\gamma _3}=0`$ for all $`\gamma _1,\gamma _2,\gamma _3\mathrm{PSL}(2,)`$. Also 0-form $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ given by $`(\text{2.7})`$ satisfies $`d\mathrm{\Theta }=u`$ and is a $`𝖠^0(𝕌)`$-valued group 2-cocycle for $`\mathrm{PSL}(2,)`$.

#### 2.2.3. The action functional

The evaluation map $`\mathrm{\Psi }[\varphi ],\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ does not depend on the choice of the fundamental domain $`F`$ for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ \[AT97\]. It also does not depend on a particular choice of antiderivative $`l`$, since by the Stokes’ theorem

(2.9)
$$\mathrm{\Theta },V=\delta l,V=l,^{\prime \prime }V=l,^{}L=\theta [\varphi _{hyp}],L.$$

This justifies the following definition.

###### Definition 2.3.

The Liouville action functional $`S[;X]:𝒞(X)`$ is defined by the evaluation map

$$S[\varphi ;X]=\frac{i}{2}\mathrm{\Psi }[\varphi ],\mathrm{\Sigma },\varphi 𝒞(X).$$

For brevity, set $`S[\varphi ]=S[\varphi ;X]`$. The following lemma shows that the difference of any two values of the functional $`S`$ is given by the bulk term only.

###### Lemma 2.4.

For all $`\varphi 𝒞(X)`$ and $`\sigma C^{\mathrm{}}(X,)`$,

$$S[\varphi +\sigma ]S[\varphi ]=\underset{F}{}\left(|\sigma _z|^2+\left(e^\sigma +K\sigma 1\right)e^\varphi \right)d^2z,$$

where $`d^2z=dxdy`$ is the Lebesgue measure and $`K=2e^\varphi \varphi _{z\overline{z}}`$ is the Gaussian curvature of the metric $`e^\varphi |dz|^2`$.

###### Proof.

We have

$$\omega [\varphi +\sigma ]\omega [\varphi ]=\omega [\varphi ;\sigma ]+d\stackrel{~}{\theta },$$

where

$$\omega [\varphi ;\sigma ]=\left(|\sigma _z|^2+\left(e^\sigma +K\sigma 1\right)e^\varphi \right)dzd\overline{z},$$

and

$$\stackrel{~}{\theta }=\sigma \left(\varphi _{\overline{z}}d\overline{z}\varphi _zdz\right).$$

Since

$$\delta \stackrel{~}{\theta }_{\gamma ^1}=\sigma \left(\frac{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma ^{}}dz\frac{\overline{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}}{\overline{\gamma ^{}}}d\overline{z}\right)=\theta [\varphi +\sigma ]\theta [\varphi ],$$

the assertion of the lemma follows from the Stokes’ theorem. ∎

###### Corollary 2.5.

The Euler-Lagrange equation for the functional $`S`$ is the Liouville equation, the critical point of $`S`$ — the hyperbolic metric $`\varphi _{hyp}`$, is non-degenerate, and the classical action — the critical value of $`S`$, is twice the hyperbolic area of $`X`$, that is, $`4\pi (2g2)`$.

###### Proof.

As it follows from Lemma 2.4,

$$\frac{dS[\varphi +t\sigma ]}{dt}|_{t=0}=\underset{F}{}\left(K+1\right)\sigma e^\varphi d^2z,$$

so that the Euler-Lagrange equation is the Liouville equation $`K=1`$. Since

$$\frac{d^2S[\varphi _{hyp}+t\sigma ]}{dt^2}|_{t=0}=\underset{F}{}\left(2|\sigma _z|^2+\sigma ^2e^{\varphi _{hyp}}\right)d^2z>0\text{if}\sigma 0,$$

the critical point $`\varphi _{hyp}`$ is non-degenerate. Using (2.9) we get

$$S[\varphi _{hyp}]=\frac{i}{2}\mathrm{\Psi }[\varphi _{hyp}],\mathrm{\Sigma }=\frac{i}{2}\omega [\varphi _{hyp}],F=2\underset{F}{}\frac{d^2z}{y^2}=4\pi (2g2).$$

###### Remark 2.6.

Let $`\mathrm{\Delta }[\varphi ]=e^\varphi _z_{\overline{z}}`$ be the Laplace operator of the metric $`ds^2=e^\varphi |dz|^2`$ acting on functions on $`X`$, and let $`det\mathrm{\Delta }[\varphi ]`$ be its zeta-function regularized determinant (see, e.g., \[OPS88\] for details). Denote by $`A[\varphi ]`$ the area of $`X`$ with respect to the metric $`ds^2`$ and set

$$[\varphi ]=\mathrm{log}\frac{det\mathrm{\Delta }[\varphi ]}{A[\varphi ]}.$$

The Polyakov’s “conformal anomaly” formula \[Pol81\] reads

$$[\varphi +\sigma ][\varphi ]=\frac{1}{12\pi }\underset{F}{}\left(|\sigma _z|^2+K\sigma e^\varphi \right)d^2z,$$

where $`\sigma C^{\mathrm{}}(X,)`$ (see \[OPS88\] for rigorous proof). Comparing it with Lemma 2.4 we get

$$[\varphi +\sigma ]+\frac{1}{12\pi }\stackrel{ˇ}{S}[\varphi +\sigma ]=[\varphi ]+\frac{1}{12\pi }\stackrel{ˇ}{S}[\varphi ],$$

where $`\stackrel{ˇ}{S}[\varphi ]=S[\varphi ]A[\varphi ]`$.

Lemma 2.4, Corollary 2.5 (without the assertion on classical action) and Remark 2.6 remain valid if $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ is replaced by $`\mathrm{\Theta }+c`$, where $`c`$ is an arbitrary group 2-cocycle with values in $``$. The choice (2.7), or rather its analog for the quasi-Fuchsian case, will be important in Section 4, where we consider classical action for families of Riemann surfaces. For this purpose, we present an explicit formula for $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ as a particular antiderivative of the 1-form $`u`$.

Let $`p\overline{𝕌}`$ be an arbitrary point on the closure of $`𝕌`$ in $``$ (nothing will depend on the choice of $`p`$). Set

(2.10)
$$l_\gamma (z)=_p^z\theta _\gamma [\varphi _{hyp}]\text{for all}\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma },$$

where the path of integration $`P`$ connects points $`p`$ and $`z`$ and, possibly except $`p`$, lies entirely in $`𝕌`$. If $`p_{\mathrm{}}=\{\mathrm{}\}`$, it is assumed that $`P`$ is smooth and is not tangent to $`_{\mathrm{}}`$ at $`p`$. Such paths are called admissible. A 1-form $`\vartheta `$ on $`𝕌`$ is called integrable along admissible path $`P`$ with the endpoint $`p_{\mathrm{}}`$, if the limit of $`_p^{}^z\vartheta `$, as $`p^{}p`$ along $`P`$, exists. Similarly, a path $`P`$ is called $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-closed if its endpoints are $`p`$ and $`\gamma p`$ for some $`\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }`$, and $`P\{p,\gamma p\}𝕌`$. A $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-closed path $`P`$ with endpoints $`p`$ and $`\gamma p`$, $`p_{\mathrm{}}`$, is called admissible if it is not tangent to $`_{\mathrm{}}`$ at $`p`$ and there exists $`p^{}P`$ such that the translate by $`\gamma `$ of the part of $`P`$ between the points $`p^{}`$ and $`p`$ belongs to $`P`$. A 1-form $`\vartheta `$ is integrable along $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-closed admissible path $`P`$, if the limit of $`_p^{}^{\gamma p^{}}\vartheta `$, as $`p^{}p`$ along $`P`$, exists.

Let

(2.11) $`W=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{g}{}}}\left(P_{k1}[\alpha _k|\beta _k]P_k[\beta _k|\alpha _k]+P_k\left[\gamma _k^1|\alpha _k\beta _k\right]\right)`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{g1}{}}}P_g\left[\gamma _g^1\mathrm{}\gamma _{k+1}^1|\gamma _k^1\right]𝖪_{1,2},`$
where $`P_k`$ is any admissible path from $`p`$ to $`b_k(0)`$, $`k=1,\mathrm{},g`$, and $`P_g=P_0`$. Since $`P_k(1)=b_k(0)=a_{k+1}(0)`$, we have

$$^{}W=VU,$$

where

(2.12) $`U`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{g}{}}}\left(p[\alpha _k|\beta _k]p[\beta _k|\alpha _k]+p\left[\gamma _k^1|\alpha _k\beta _k\right]\right)`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{g1}{}}}p\left[\gamma _g^1\mathrm{}\gamma _{k+1}^1|\gamma _k^1\right]𝖪_{1,2}.`$
We have the following statement.

###### Lemma 2.7.

Let $`\vartheta 𝖢^{1,1}`$ be a closed 1-form on $`𝕌`$ and $`p\overline{𝕌}`$. In case $`p_{\mathrm{}}`$ suppose that $`\delta \vartheta `$ is integrable along any admissible path with endpoints in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }p`$ and $`\vartheta `$ is integrable along any $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-closed admissible path with endpoints in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }p`$. Then

$`\vartheta ,L=`$ $`\delta \vartheta ,W`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{g}{}}}\left({\displaystyle _p^{\alpha _k^1p}}\vartheta _{\beta _k}{\displaystyle _p^{\beta _k^1p}}\vartheta _{\alpha _k}+{\displaystyle _p^{\gamma _kp}}\vartheta _{\alpha _k\beta _k}{\displaystyle _p^{\gamma _{k+1}\mathrm{}\gamma _gp}}\vartheta _{\gamma _k^1}\right),`$
where paths of integration are admissible if $`p_{\mathrm{}}`$.

###### Proof.

Since $`\vartheta _\gamma `$ is closed and $`𝕌`$ is simply-connected, we can define function $`l_\gamma `$ on $`𝕌`$ by

$$l_\gamma (z)=_p^z\vartheta _\gamma ,$$

where $`p𝕌`$. We have, using Stokes’ theorem and $`d(\delta l)=\delta (dl)=\delta \vartheta `$,

$`\vartheta ,L`$ $`=dl,L=l,^{}L=l,^{\prime \prime }V=\delta l,V`$
$`=\delta l,^{}W+\delta l,U=d(\delta l),W+\delta l,U`$
$`=\delta \vartheta ,W+\delta l,U.`$
Since

$$(\delta l)_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}(p)=_p^{\gamma _1^1p}\vartheta _{\gamma _2},$$

we get the statement of the lemma if $`p𝕌`$. In case $`p_{\mathrm{}}`$, replace $`p`$ by $`p^{}𝕌`$. Conditions of the lemma guarantee the convergence of integrals as $`p^{}p`$ along corresponding paths. ∎

###### Remark 2.8.

Expression $`\delta l,U`$, which appears in the statement of the lemma, does not depend on the choice of a particular antiderivative of the closed 1-form $`\vartheta `$. The same statement holds if we only assume that 1-form $`\delta \vartheta `$ is integrable along admissible paths with endpoints in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }p`$, and 1-form $`\vartheta `$ has an antiderivative $`l`$ (not necessarily vanishing at $`p`$) such that the limit of $`(\delta l)_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}(p^{})`$, as $`p^{}p`$ along admissible paths, exists.

###### Lemma 2.9.

We have

(2.13)
$$\mathrm{\Theta }_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}(z)=_p^zu_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}+\eta (p)_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2},$$

where $`p\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{})`$ and integration goes along admissible paths. The integration constants $`\eta 𝖢^{0,2}`$ are given by

(2.14)
$$\eta (p)_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}=4\pi i\epsilon (p)_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}(2\mathrm{log}2+\mathrm{log}|c(\gamma _2)|^2),$$

and

$$\epsilon (p)_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}=\{\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.17em}1}\hfill & \text{if }p<\gamma _2(\mathrm{})<\gamma _1^1p,\hfill \\ 1\hfill & \text{if }p>\gamma _2(\mathrm{})>\gamma _1^1p,\hfill \\ \mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.17em}0}\hfill & \text{otherwise}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Here for $`\gamma =\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ c& d\end{array}\right)`$ we set $`c(\gamma )=c`$.

###### Proof.

Since

$$\mathrm{\Theta }_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}(z)=_p^zu_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}+_p^{\gamma _1^1p}\theta _{\gamma _2}[\varphi _{hyp}],$$

it is sufficient to verify that

$$\frac{1}{2\pi i}_p^{\gamma _1p}\theta _{\gamma _2^1}[\varphi _{hyp}]=\{\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.17em}4}\mathrm{log}2+2\mathrm{log}|c(\gamma _2)|^2\hfill & \text{if }p<\gamma _2^1(\mathrm{})<\gamma _1p,\hfill \\ 4\mathrm{log}22\mathrm{log}|c(\gamma _2)|^2\hfill & \text{if }p>\gamma _2^1(\mathrm{})>\gamma _1p,\hfill \\ \mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.17em}0}\hfill & \text{otherwise.}\hfill \end{array}$$

From (2.8) it follows that $`\theta _{\gamma ^1}[\varphi _{hyp}]`$ is a closed 1-form on $`𝕌`$, integrable along admissible paths with $`p\{\gamma ^1(\mathrm{})\}`$. Denote by $`\theta _{\gamma ^1}^{(\epsilon )}`$ its restriction on the line $`y=\epsilon >0`$, $`z=x+iy`$. When $`x\gamma _2^1(\mathrm{})`$, we obviously have

$$\underset{\epsilon 0}{lim}\theta _{\gamma _2^1}^{(\epsilon )}=0,$$

uniformly in $`x`$ on compact subsets of $`\{\gamma _2^1(\mathrm{})\}`$.

If $`\gamma _2^1(\mathrm{})`$ does not lie between points $`p`$ and $`\gamma _1p`$ on $``$, we can approximate the path of integration by the interval on the line $`y=\epsilon `$, which tends to $`0`$ as $`\epsilon 0`$. If $`\gamma _2^1(\mathrm{})`$ lies between points $`p`$ and $`\gamma _1p`$, we have to go around the point $`\gamma _2^1(\mathrm{})`$ via a small half-circle, so that

$$_p^{\gamma _1p}\theta _{\gamma _2^1}[\varphi _{hyp}]=\underset{r0}{lim}_{C_r}\theta _{\gamma _2^1}[\varphi _{hyp}],$$

where $`C_r`$ is the upper-half of the circle of radius $`r`$ with center at $`\gamma _2^1(\mathrm{})`$, oriented clockwise if $`p<\gamma _2^1(\mathrm{})<\gamma _1p`$. Evaluating the limit using elementary formula

$$_0^\pi \mathrm{log}\mathrm{sin}tdt=\pi \mathrm{log}2,$$

and Cauchy theorem, we get the formula. ∎

###### Corollary 2.10.

The Liouville action functional has the following explicit representation

$$S[\varphi ]=\frac{i}{2}\left(\omega [\varphi ],F\theta [\varphi ],L+u,W+\eta ,V\right).$$

###### Remark 2.11.

Since $`\mathrm{\Theta },V=u,W+\eta ,V`$, it immediately follows from (2.9) that the Liouville action functional does not depend on the choice of point $`p\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{})`$ (actually it is sufficient to assume that $`p\gamma _1(\mathrm{}),(\gamma _1\gamma _2)(\mathrm{})`$ for all $`\gamma _1,\gamma _2\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ such that $`V_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}0`$). This can also be proved by direct computation using Remark 2.2. Namely, let $`p^{}_{\mathrm{}}`$ be another choice, $`p^{}=\sigma ^1p_{\mathrm{}}`$ for some $`\sigma \mathrm{PSL}(2,)`$. Setting $`z=p`$ in the equation $`(\delta \mathrm{\Theta })_{\sigma ,\gamma _1,\gamma _2}=0`$ and using $`(\delta u)_{\sigma ,\gamma _1,\gamma _2}=0`$, where $`\gamma _1,\gamma _2\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, we get

(2.15)
$$_p^{\sigma ^1p}u_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}=(\delta \eta (p))_{\sigma ,\gamma _1,\gamma _2},$$

where all paths of integration are admissible. Using

$$\eta (p)_{\sigma \gamma _1,\gamma _2}=\eta (\sigma ^1p)_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}+\eta (p)_{\sigma ,\gamma _2},$$

we get from (2.15) that

$$_p^zu_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}+\eta (p)_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}=_p^{}^zu_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}+\eta (p^{})_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}+(\delta \eta _\sigma )_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2},$$

where $`(\eta _\sigma )_\gamma =\eta (p)_{\sigma ,\gamma }`$ is constant group 1-cochain. The statement now follows from

$$\delta \eta _\sigma ,V=\eta _\sigma ,^{\prime \prime }V=\eta _\sigma ,^{}L=d\eta _\sigma ,L=0.$$

Another consequence of Lemmas 2.7 and 2.9 is the following.

###### Corollary 2.12.

Set

$$\varkappa _{\gamma ^1}=\frac{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma ^{}}dz\frac{\overline{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}}{\overline{\gamma ^{}}}d\overline{z}𝖢^{1,1}.$$

Then

$$\varkappa ,L=4\pi i\epsilon ,V=4\pi i\chi (X),$$

where $`\chi (X)=22g`$ is the Euler characteristic of Riemann surface $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash 𝕌`$.

###### Proof.

Since $`\delta \varkappa =0`$, the first equation immediately follows from the proofs of Lemmas 2.7 and 2.9. To prove the second equation, observe that

$$\varkappa =\delta \varkappa _1,\text{where}\varkappa _1=\varphi _zdz+\varphi _{\overline{z}}d\overline{z}\text{and}d\varkappa _1=2\varphi _{z\overline{z}}dzd\overline{z}.$$

Therefore

$$\varkappa ,L=\delta \varkappa _1,L=\varkappa _1,^{\prime \prime }L=\varkappa _1,^{}F=d\varkappa _1,F.$$

The Gaussian curvature of the metric $`ds^2=e^\varphi |dz|^2`$ is $`K=2e^\varphi \varphi _{z\overline{z}}`$, so by Gauss-Bonnet we get

$$d\varkappa _1,F=2\underset{F}{}\varphi _{z\overline{z}}𝑑zd\overline{z}=2i\underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash 𝕌}{}Ke^\varphi d^2z=4\pi i\chi (X).$$

Using this corollary, we can “absorb” the integration constants $`\eta `$ by shifting $`\theta [\varphi ]𝖢^{1,1}`$ by a multiple of closed 1-form $`\varkappa `$. Indeed, 1-form $`\theta [\varphi ]`$ satisfies the equation $`\delta \omega [\varphi ]=d\theta [\varphi ]`$ and is defined up to addition of a closed 1-form. Set

(2.16)
$$\stackrel{ˇ}{\theta }_\gamma [\varphi ]=\theta _\gamma [\varphi ](2\mathrm{log}2+\mathrm{log}|c(\gamma )|^2)\varkappa _\gamma ,$$

and define $`\stackrel{ˇ}{u}=\delta \stackrel{ˇ}{\theta }[\varphi ]`$. Explicitly,

(2.17) $`\stackrel{ˇ}{u}_{\gamma _1^1,\gamma _2^1}=u_{\gamma _1^1,\gamma _2^1}`$ $`\mathrm{log}{\displaystyle \frac{|c(\gamma _2)|^2}{|c(\gamma _2\gamma _1)|^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _2^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma _2^{}}}\gamma _1\gamma _1^{}dz{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\gamma _2^{\prime \prime }}}{\overline{\gamma _2^{}}}}\gamma _1\overline{\gamma _1^{}}d\overline{z}\right)`$
$`+\mathrm{log}{\displaystyle \frac{|c(\gamma _2\gamma _1)|^2}{|c(\gamma _1)|^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _1^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma _1^{}}}dz{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\gamma _1^{\prime \prime }}}{\overline{\gamma _1^{}}}}d\overline{z}\right),`$
where $`u`$ is given by (2.6). As it follows from Lemma 2.7 and Corollary 2.12,

(2.18)
$$S[\varphi ]=\frac{i}{2}\left(\omega [\varphi ],F\stackrel{ˇ}{\theta }[\varphi ],L+\stackrel{ˇ}{u},W\right).$$

Liouville action functional for the mirror image $`\overline{X}`$ is defined similarly. Namely, for every chain $`c`$ in the upper half-plane $`𝕌`$ denote by $`\overline{c}`$ its mirror image in the lower half-plane $`𝕃`$; chain $`\overline{c}`$ has an opposite orientation to $`c`$. Set $`\overline{\mathrm{\Sigma }}=\overline{F}+\overline{L}\overline{V}`$, so that $`\overline{\mathrm{\Sigma }}=0`$. For $`\varphi 𝒞(\overline{X})`$, considered as a smooth real-valued function on $`𝕃`$ satisfying (2.3), define $`\omega [\varphi ]𝖢^{2,0},\theta [\varphi ]𝖢^{1,1}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Theta }𝖢^{0,2}`$ by the same formulas (2.4), (2.5) and (2.7). Lemma 2.9 has an obvious analog for the lower half-plane $`𝕃`$, the analog of formula (2.13) for $`z𝕃`$ is

(2.19)
$$\mathrm{\Theta }_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}(z)=_p^zu_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}\eta (p)_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2},$$

where the negative sign comes from the opposite orientation.

###### Remark 2.13.

Similarly to (2.15) we get

(2.20)
$$_p^{\sigma ^1p}u_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}=(\delta \eta (p))_{\sigma ,\gamma _1,\gamma _2},$$

where the path of integration, except the endpoints, lies in $`𝕃`$. From (2.15) and (2.20) we obtain

(2.21)
$$_Cu_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}=2(\delta \eta (p))_{\sigma ,\gamma _1,\gamma _2},$$

where the path of integration $`C`$ is a loop that starts at $`p`$, goes to $`\sigma ^1p`$ inside $`𝕌`$, continues inside $`𝕃`$ and ends at $`p`$. Note that formula (2.21) can also be verified directly using Stokes’ theorem. Indeed, the $`1`$-form $`u_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}`$ is closed and regular everywhere except points $`\gamma _1(\mathrm{})\text{and}(\gamma _1\gamma _2)(\mathrm{})`$. Integrating over small circles around these points if they lie inside $`C`$ and using (2.14), we get the result.

Set $`\mathrm{\Psi }[\varphi ]=\omega [\varphi ]\theta [\varphi ]\mathrm{\Theta }`$, so that $`D\mathrm{\Psi }[\varphi ]=0`$. The Liouville action functional for $`\overline{X}`$ is defined by

$$[\varphi ;\overline{X}]=\frac{i}{2}\mathrm{\Psi }[\varphi ],\overline{\mathrm{\Sigma }}.$$

Using an analog of Lemma 2.7 in the lower half-plane $`𝕃`$ and

$$\eta ,\overline{V}=\eta ,V,$$

we obtain

$$S[\varphi ;\overline{X}]=\frac{i}{2}\left(\omega [\theta ],\overline{F}\theta [\varphi ],\overline{L}+u,\overline{W}\eta ,V\right).$$

Finally, we have the following definition.

###### Definition 2.14.

The Liouville action functional $`S_\mathrm{\Gamma }:𝒞(X\overline{X})`$ for the Fuchsian group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ acting on $`𝕌𝕃`$ is defined by

$`S_\mathrm{\Gamma }[\varphi ]=`$ $`S[\varphi ;X]+S[\varphi ;\overline{X}]={\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\mathrm{\Psi }[\varphi ],\mathrm{\Sigma }\overline{\mathrm{\Sigma }}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\left(\omega [\varphi ],F\overline{F}\theta [\varphi ],L\overline{L}+u,W\overline{W}+2\eta ,V\right),`$
where $`\varphi 𝒞(X\overline{X})`$.

The functional $`S_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ satisfies an obvious analog of Lemma 2.4. Its Euler-Lagrange equation is the Liouville equation, so that its single non-degenerate critical point is the hyperbolic metric on $`𝕌𝕃`$. Corresponding classical action is $`8\pi (2g2)`$ — twice the hyperbolic area of $`X\overline{X}`$. Similarly to (2.18) we have

(2.22)
$$S_\mathrm{\Gamma }[\varphi ]=\frac{i}{2}\left(\omega [\varphi ],F\overline{F}\stackrel{ˇ}{\theta }[\varphi ],L\overline{L}+\stackrel{ˇ}{u},W\overline{W}\right).$$

###### Remark 2.15.

In the definition of $`S_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ it is not necessary to choose a fundamental domain for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`𝕃`$ to be the mirror image of the fundamental domain in $`𝕌`$ since the corresponding homology class $`[\mathrm{\Sigma }\overline{\mathrm{\Sigma }}]`$ does not depend on the choice of the fundamental domain of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`𝕌𝕃`$.

### 2.3. The quasi-Fuchsian case

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a marked, normalized, purely loxodromic quasi-Fuchsian group of genus $`g>1`$. Its region of discontinuity $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ has two invariant components $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$ separated by a quasi-circle $`𝒞`$. By definition, there exists a quasiconformal homeomorphism $`J_1`$ of $`\widehat{}`$ with the following properties.

* The mapping $`J_1`$ is holomorphic on $`𝕌`$ and $`J_1(𝕌)=\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$, $`J_1(𝕃)=\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$, and $`J_1(_{\mathrm{}})=𝒞`$.
* The mapping $`J_1`$ fixes $`0,1\text{and}\mathrm{}`$.
* The group $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}=J_1^1\mathrm{\Gamma }J_1`$ is Fuchsian.

Due to the normalization, any two maps satisfying QF1-QF3 agree on $`𝕌`$, so that the group $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ is independent of the choice of the map $`J_1`$. Setting $`X\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}\backslash 𝕌`$, we get $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}\backslash 𝕌𝕃X\overline{X}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }XY`$, where $`X`$ and $`Y`$ are marked compact Riemann surfaces of genus $`g>1`$ with opposite orientations. Conversely, according to Bers’ simultaneous uniformization theorem \[Ber60\], for any pair of marked compact Riemann surfaces $`X`$ and $`Y`$ of genus $`g>1`$ with opposite orientations there exists a unique, up to a conjugation in $`\mathrm{PSL}(2,)`$, quasi-Fuchsian group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }XY`$.

###### Remark 2.16.

It is customary (see, e.g., \[Ahl87\]) to define quasi-Fuchsian groups by requiring that the map $`J_1`$ is holomorphic in the lower half-plane $`𝕃`$. We will see in Section 4 that the above definition is somewhat more convenient.

Let $`\mu `$ be the Beltrami coefficient for the quasiconformal map $`J_1`$,

$$\mu =\frac{(J_1)_{\overline{z}}}{(J_1)_z},$$

that is, $`J_1=f^\mu `$ — the unique, normalized solution of the Beltrami equation on $`\widehat{}`$ with Beltrami coefficient $`\mu `$. Obviously, $`\mu =0`$ on $`𝕌`$. Define another Beltrami coefficient $`\widehat{\mu }`$ by

$$\widehat{\mu }(z)=\{\begin{array}{cc}\overline{\mu (\overline{z})}\hfill & \text{if }z𝕌,\hfill \\ \mu (z)\hfill & \text{if }z𝕃.\hfill \end{array}$$

Since $`\widehat{\mu }`$ is symmetric, normalized solution $`f^{\widehat{\mu }}`$ of the Beltrami equation

$$f_{\overline{z}}^{\widehat{\mu }}(z)=\widehat{\mu }(z)f_z^{\widehat{\mu }}(z)$$

is a quasiconformal homeomorphism of $`\widehat{}`$ which preserves $`𝕌`$ and $`𝕃`$. The quasiconformal map $`J_2=J_1(f^{\widehat{\mu }})^1`$ is then conformal on the lower half-plane $`𝕃`$ and has properties similar to QF1-QF3. In particular, $`J_2^1\mathrm{\Gamma }J_2=\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}=f^{\widehat{\mu }}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}(f^{\widehat{\mu }})^1`$ is a Fuchsian group and $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}\backslash 𝕃Y`$. Thus for a given $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ the restriction of the map $`J_2`$ to $`𝕃`$ does not depend on the choice of $`J_2`$ (and hence of $`J_1`$). These properties can be summarized by the following commutative diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}𝕌_{\mathrm{}}𝕃& \stackrel{J_1=f^\mu }{}& \mathrm{\Omega }_1𝒞\mathrm{\Omega }_2\\ f^{\widehat{\mu }}& & J_2& & \\ 𝕌_{\mathrm{}}𝕃& \stackrel{=}{}& 𝕌_{\mathrm{}}𝕃\end{array}$$

where maps $`J_1,J_2\text{and}f^{\widehat{\mu }}`$ intertwine corresponding pairs of groups $`\mathrm{\Gamma },\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}\text{and}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$.

#### 2.3.1. Homology construction

The map $`J_1`$ induces a chain map between double complexes $`𝖪_,=𝖲_{}_\mathrm{\Gamma }𝖡_{}`$ for the pairs $`𝕌𝕃,\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, by pushing forward chains $`S_{}(𝕌𝕃)cJ_1(c)S_{}(\mathrm{\Omega })`$ and group elements $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}\gamma J_1\gamma J_1^1\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. We will continue to denote this chain map by $`J_1`$. Obviously, the chain map $`J_1`$ induces an isomorphism between homology groups of corresponding total complexes $`\mathrm{Tot}𝖪`$.

Let $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=F+LV`$ be total cycle of degree 2 representing the fundamental class of $`X`$ in the total homology complex for the pair $`𝕌,\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$, constructed in the previous section, and let $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}=F^{}+L^{}V^{}`$ be the corresponding cycle for $`\overline{X}`$. The total cycle $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ of degree 2 representing fundamental class of $`XY`$ in the total complex for the pair $`\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ can be realized as a push-forward of the total cycle $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }})=\mathrm{\Sigma }\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ by $`J_1`$,

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma })=J_1(\mathrm{\Sigma }(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}))=J_1(\mathrm{\Sigma })J_1(\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}).$$

We will denote push-forwards by $`J_1`$ of the chains $`F,L,V`$ in $`𝕌`$ by $`F_1,L_1,V_1`$, and push-forwards of the corresponding chains $`F^{},L^{},V^{}`$ in $`𝕃`$ — by $`F_2,L_2,V_2`$, where indices $`1`$ and $`2`$ refer, respectively, to domains $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$.

The definition of chains $`W_i`$ is more subtle. Namely, the quasi-circle $`𝒞`$ is not generally smooth or even rectifiable, so that an arbitrary path from an interior point of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_i`$ to $`p𝒞`$ inside $`\mathrm{\Omega }_i`$ is not rectifiable either. Thus if we define $`W_1`$ as a push-forward by $`J_1`$ of $`W`$ constructed using arbitrary admissible paths in $`𝕌`$, the paths in $`W_1`$ in general will no longer be rectifiable. The same applies to the push-forward by $`J_1`$ of the corresponding chain in $`𝕃`$. However, the definition of $`u,W_1`$ uses integration of the 1-form $`u_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}`$ along the paths in $`W_1`$, and these paths should be rectifiable in order that $`u,W_1`$ is well-defined. The invariant construction of such paths in $`\mathrm{\Omega }_i`$ is based on the following elegant observation communicated to us by M. Lyubich.

Since the quasi-Fuchsian group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is normalized, it follows from QF2 that the Fuchsian group $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}=J_1^1\mathrm{\Gamma }J_1`$ is also normalized and $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_1\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ is a dilation $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_1z=\stackrel{~}{\lambda }z`$ with the axis $`i_0`$ and $`0<\stackrel{~}{\lambda }<1`$. Corresponding loxodromic element $`\alpha _1=J_1\stackrel{~}{\alpha _1}J_1^1\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is also a dilation $`\alpha _1z=\lambda z`$, where $`0<|\lambda |<1`$. Choose $`\stackrel{~}{z}_0i_0`$ and denote by $`\stackrel{~}{I}=[\stackrel{~}{z}_0,0]`$ the interval on $`i_0`$ with endpoints $`\stackrel{~}{z}_0`$ and 0 — the attracting fixed point of $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_1`$. Set $`z_0=J_1(\stackrel{~}{z}_0)`$ and $`I=J_1(\stackrel{~}{I})`$. The path $`I`$ connects points $`z_0\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and $`0=J_1(0)𝒞`$ inside $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$, is smooth everywhere except the endpoint $`0`$, and is rectifiable. Indeed, set $`\stackrel{~}{I}_0=[\stackrel{~}{z}_0,\stackrel{~}{\lambda }\stackrel{~}{z}_0]i_{>0}`$ and cover the interval $`\stackrel{~}{I}`$ by subintervals $`\stackrel{~}{I}_n`$ defined by $`\stackrel{~}{I}_{n+1}=\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_1(\stackrel{~}{I}_n)`$, $`n=0,1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{}`$. Corresponding paths $`I_n=J_1(\stackrel{~}{I}_n)`$ cover the path $`I`$, and due to the property $`I_{n+1}=\alpha _1(I_n)`$, which follows from QF3, we have

$$I=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\alpha _1^n(I_0).$$

Thus

$$l(I)=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}|\lambda ^n|l(I_0)=\frac{l(I_0)}{1|\lambda |}<\mathrm{},$$

where $`l(P)`$ denotes the Euclidean length of a smooth path $`P`$.

The same construction works for every $`p𝒞\{\mathrm{}\}`$ which is a fixed point of an element in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, and we define $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-contracting paths in $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ at $`p`$ as follows.

###### Definition 2.17.

Path $`P`$ connecting points $`z\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and $`p𝒞\{\mathrm{}\}`$ inside $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ is called $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-contracting in $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ at $`p`$, if the following conditions are satisfied.

* Paths $`P`$ is smooth except at the point $`p`$.
* The point $`p`$ is a fixed point for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.
* There exists $`p^{}P`$ and an arc $`P_0`$ on the path $`P`$ such that the iterates $`\gamma ^n(P_0),n`$, where $`\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }`$ has $`p`$ as the attracting fixed point, entirely cover the part of $`P`$ from the point $`p^{}`$ to the point $`p`$.

As in Section 2.2, we define $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-closed paths and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-closed contracting paths in $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ at $`p`$. Definition of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-contracting paths in $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$ is analogous. Finally, we define $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-contracting paths in $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ as follows.

###### Definition 2.18.

Path $`P`$ is called $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-contracting in $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, if $`P=P_1P_2`$, where $`P_1P_2=p𝒞`$, and $`P_1\{p\}\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and $`P_2\{p\}\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$ are $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-contracting paths at $`p`$ in the sense of the previous definition.

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-contracting paths are rectifiable.

###### Lemma 2.19.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ be two marked normalized quasi-Fuchsian groups with regions of discontinuity $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$, and let $`f`$ be normalized quasiconformal homeomorphism of $``$ which intertwines $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ and is smooth in $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. Then the push-forward by $`f`$ of a $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-contracting path in $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is a $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$-contracting path in $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$.

###### Proof.

Obvious: if $`p`$ is the attracting fixed point for $`\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }`$, then $`p^{}=f(p)`$ is the attracting fixed point for $`\gamma ^{}=f\gamma f^1\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$. ∎

Now define a chain $`W`$ for the Fuchsian group $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ by first connecting points $`P_1(1),\mathrm{},P_g(1)`$ to some point $`\stackrel{~}{z}_0i_{>0}`$ by smooth paths inside $`𝕌`$ and then connecting this point to $`0`$ by $`\stackrel{~}{I}`$. The chain $`W^{}`$ in $`𝕃`$ is defined similarly. Setting $`W_1=J_1(W)`$ and $`W_2=J_1(W^{})`$, we see that the chain $`W_1W_2`$ in $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ consists of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-contracting paths in $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ at $`0`$. Connecting $`P_1(1),\mathrm{},P_g(1)`$ to $`0`$ by arbitrary $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-contracting paths at $`0`$ results in 1-chains which are homotopic to the 1-chains $`W_1`$ and $`W_2`$ in components $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$ respectively. Finally, we define chain $`U_1=U_2`$ as push-forward by $`J_1`$ of the corresponding chain $`U=U^{}`$ with $`p=0`$.

#### 2.3.2. Cohomology construction

Let $`𝒞(XY)`$ be the space of all conformal metrics $`ds^2=e^\varphi |dz|^2`$ on $`XY`$, which we will always identify with the affine space of smooth real-valued functions $`\varphi `$ on $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ satisfying (2.3). For $`\varphi 𝒞(XY)`$ we define cochains $`\omega [\varphi ],\theta [\varphi ],u,\eta \text{and}\mathrm{\Theta }`$ in the total cohomology complex $`\mathrm{Tot}𝖢`$ for the pair $`\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ by the same formulas (2.4), (2.5), (2.6), (2.14) and (2.13), (2.19) as in the Fuchsian case, where $`p=0𝒞`$, integration goes over $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-contracting paths at 0, and $`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ are replaced by $`\gamma =J_1\stackrel{~}{\gamma }J_1^1\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. The ordering of points on $`𝒞`$ used in the definition (2.14) of the constants of integration $`\eta _{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}`$ is defined by the orientation of $`𝒞`$.

###### Remark 2.20.

Since 1-form $`u`$ is closed and regular in $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$, it follows from Stokes’ theorem that in the definition (2.13) and (2.19) of the cochain $`\mathrm{\Theta }𝖢^{0,2}`$ we can use any rectifiable path from $`z`$ to $`0`$ inside $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$ respectively.

As opposed to the Fuchsian case, we can no longer guarantee that the cochain $`\omega [\varphi ]\theta [\varphi ]\mathrm{\Theta }`$ is a 2-cocycle in the total cohomology complex $`\mathrm{Tot}𝖢`$. Indeed, we have, using $`\delta u=0`$,

(2.23)
$$(\delta \mathrm{\Theta })_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2,\gamma _3}(z)=\{\begin{array}{cc}_{P_1}u_{\gamma _2,\gamma _3}+(\delta \eta )_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2,\gamma _3}=(d_1)_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2,\gamma _3}\hfill & \text{if }z\mathrm{\Omega }_1,\hfill \\ _{P_2}u_{\gamma _2,\gamma _3}(\delta \eta )_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2,\gamma _3}=(d_2)_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2,\gamma _3}\hfill & \text{if }z\mathrm{\Omega }_2,\hfill \end{array}$$

where paths of integration $`P_1`$ and $`P_2`$ are $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-closed contracting paths connecting points $`0`$ and $`\gamma _1^1(0)`$ inside $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$ respectively. Since the analog of Lemma 2.9 does not hold in the quasi-Fuchsian case, we can not conclude that $`d_1=d_2=0`$. However, $`d_1,d_2𝖢^{0,3}`$ are $`z`$-independent group 3-cocycles and

(2.24)
$$(d_1d_2)_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2,\gamma _3}=_Cu_{\gamma _2,\gamma _3}+2(\delta \eta )_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2,\gamma _3},$$

where $`C=P_1P_2`$ is a loop that starts at $`0`$, goes to $`\gamma _1^1(0)`$ inside $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$, continues inside $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$ and ends at $`0`$. In the Fuchsian case we have the equation (2.21), which can be derived using the Stokes’ theorem (see Remark 2.13). The same derivation repeats verbatim for the quasi-Fuchsian case, and we get

$$_Cu_{\gamma _2,\gamma _3}=2(\delta \eta )_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2,\gamma _3},$$

so that $`d_1=d_2`$. Since $`H^3(\mathrm{\Gamma },)=0`$, there exists a constant 2-cochain $`\kappa `$ such that $`\delta \kappa =d_1=d_2`$. Then $`\mathrm{\Theta }+\kappa `$ is a group 2-cocycle, that is, $`\delta (\mathrm{\Theta }+\kappa )=0`$. As the result, we obtain that

$$\mathrm{\Psi }[\varphi ]=\omega [\varphi ]\theta [\varphi ]\mathrm{\Theta }\kappa (\mathrm{Tot}𝖢)^2$$

is a 2-cocycle in total cohomology complex $`\mathrm{Tot}𝖢`$ for the pair $`\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, that is, $`D\mathrm{\Psi }[\varphi ]=0`$.

###### Remark 2.21.

The map $`J_1`$ induces a cochain map between double cohomology complexes $`\mathrm{Tot}𝖢`$ for the pairs $`𝕌𝕃,\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, by pulling back cochains and group elements,

$$(J_1\varpi )_{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_q}=J_1^{}\varpi _{\gamma _1,\mathrm{},\gamma _q}𝖢^{p,q}(𝕌𝕃),$$

where $`\varpi 𝖢^{p,q}(\mathrm{\Omega })`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }=J_1^1\gamma J_1`$. This cochain map induces an isomorphism of the cohomology groups of corresponding total complexes $`\mathrm{Tot}𝖢`$. The map $`J_1`$ also induces a natural isomorphism between the affine spaces $`𝒞(XY)`$ and $`𝒞(X\overline{X})`$,

$$J_1\varphi =\varphi J_1+\mathrm{log}|(J_1)_z|^2𝒞(X\overline{X}),$$

where $`\varphi 𝒞(XY)`$. However,

$$\left|(J_1\varphi )_z\right|^2dzd\overline{z}J_1^{}\left(\left|\varphi _z\right|^2dzd\overline{z}\right),$$

and cochains $`\omega [\varphi ],\theta [\varphi ],u\text{and}\mathrm{\Theta }`$ for the pair $`\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ are not pull-backs of cochains for the pair $`𝕌𝕃`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ corresponding to $`J_1\varphi 𝒞(X\overline{X})`$.

#### 2.3.3. The Liouville action functional

Discussion in the previous section justifies the following definition.

###### Definition 2.22.

The Liouville action functional $`S_\mathrm{\Gamma }:𝒞(XY)`$ for the quasi-Fuchsian group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is defined by

$`S_\mathrm{\Gamma }[\varphi ]=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\mathrm{\Psi }[\varphi ],\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma })={\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\mathrm{\Psi }[\varphi ],\mathrm{\Sigma }_1\mathrm{\Sigma }_2`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\left(\omega [\varphi ],F_1F_2\theta [\varphi ],L_1L_2+\mathrm{\Theta }+\kappa ,V_1V_2\right),`$
where $`\varphi 𝒞(XY)`$.

###### Remark 2.23.

Since $`\mathrm{\Psi }[\varphi ]`$ is a total 2-cocycle, the Liouville action functional $`S_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ does not depend on the choice of fundamental domain for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, i.e on the choice of fundamental domains $`F_1`$ and $`F_2`$ for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$. In particular, if $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_2`$ are push-forwards by the map $`J_1`$ of the total cycle $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ and its mirror image $`\overline{\mathrm{\Sigma }}`$, then $`\kappa ,V_1V_2=0`$ and we have

(2.25)
$$S_\mathrm{\Gamma }[\varphi ]=\frac{i}{2}\left(\omega [\varphi ],F_1F_2\theta [\varphi ],L_1L_2+u,W_1W_2+2\eta ,V_1\right).$$

In general, the constant group 2-cocycle $`\kappa `$ drops out from the definition for any choice of fundamental domains $`F_1`$ and $`F_2`$ which is associated with the same marking of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, i.e., when the same choice of standard generators $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _g,\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _g`$ is used both in $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and in $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$. Indeed, in this case $`V_1`$ and $`V_2`$ have the same $`𝖡_2(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$-structure and $`\kappa ,V_1V_2=0`$. Moreover, since 1-form $`u`$ is closed and regular in $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$, we can use arbitrary rectifiable paths with endpoint 0 inside $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$ in the definition of chains $`W_1`$ and $`W_2`$ respectively.

###### Remark 2.24.

We can also define chains $`W_1`$ and $`W_2`$ by using $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-contracting paths at any $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-fixed point $`p𝒞\{\mathrm{}\}`$. As in Remark 2.11 it is easy to show that

$$\mathrm{\Theta },V_1V_2=u,W_1W_2+2\eta ,V_1$$

does not depend on the choice of a fixed point $`p`$.

As in the Fuchsian case, the Euler-Lagrange equation for the functional $`S_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is the Liouville equation and the hyperbolic metric $`e^{\varphi _{hyp}}|dz|^2`$ on $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is its single non-degenerate critical point. It is explicitly given by

(2.26)
$$e^{\varphi _{hyp}(z)}=\frac{|(J_i^1)^{}(z)|^2}{(\mathrm{Im}J_i^1(z))^2}\text{if}z\mathrm{\Omega }_i,i=1,2.$$

###### Remark 2.25.

Corresponding classical action $`S_\mathrm{\Gamma }[\varphi _{hyp}]`$ is no longer twice the hyperbolic area of $`XY`$, as it was in the Fuchsian case, but rather non-trivially depends on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. This is due to the fact that in the quasi-Fuchsian case the $`(1,1)`$-form $`\omega [\varphi _{hyp}]`$ on $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is not a $`(1,1)`$-tensor for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, as it was in the Fuchsian case.

Similarly to (2.22) we have

(2.27)
$$S_\mathrm{\Gamma }[\varphi ]=\frac{i}{2}\left(\omega [\varphi ],F_1F_2\stackrel{ˇ}{\theta }[\varphi ],L_1L_2+\stackrel{ˇ}{u},W_1W_2\right),$$

where $`F_1`$ and $`F_2`$ are fundamental domains for the marked group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$ respectively.

## 3. Deformation theory

### 3.1. The deformation space

Here we collect the basic facts from deformation theory of Kleinian groups (see, e.g., \[Ahl87, Ber70, Ber71, Kra72b\]). Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a non-elementary, finitely generated purely loxodromic Kleinian group, let $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ be its region of discontinuity, and let $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\widehat{}\mathrm{\Omega }`$ be its limit set. The deformation space $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is defined as follows. Let $`𝒜^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ be the space of Beltrami differentials for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ — the Banach space of $`\mu L^{\mathrm{}}()`$ satisfying

$$\mu (\gamma (z))\frac{\overline{\gamma ^{}(z)}}{\gamma ^{}(z)}=\mu (z)\text{for all}\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma },$$

and

$$\mu |_\mathrm{\Lambda }=0.$$

Denote by $`^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ the open unit ball in $`𝒜^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ with respect to $`_{\mathrm{}}`$ norm,

$$\mu _{\mathrm{}}=\underset{z}{sup}|\mu (z)|<1.$$

For each Beltrami coefficient $`\mu ^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ there exists a unique homeomorphism $`f^\mu :\widehat{}\widehat{}`$ satisfying the Beltrami equation

$$f_{\overline{z}}^\mu =\mu f_z^\mu $$

and fixing the points $`0,1\text{and}\mathrm{}`$. Set $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu =f^\mu \mathrm{\Gamma }(f^\mu )^1`$ and define

$$𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })=^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma })/,$$

where $`\mu \nu `$ if and only if $`f^\mu =f^\nu `$ on $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, which is equivalent to the condition $`f^\mu \gamma (f^\mu )^1=f^\nu \gamma (f^\nu )^1`$ for all $`\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

Similarly, if $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is a union of invariant components of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, the deformation space $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma },\mathrm{\Delta })`$ is defined using Beltrami coefficients supported on $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$.

By Ahlfors finiteness theorem $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ has finitely many non-equivalent components $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Omega }_n`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_i`$ be the stabilizer subgroup of the component $`\mathrm{\Omega }_i`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_i=\{\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }|\gamma (\mathrm{\Omega }_i)=\mathrm{\Omega }_i\}`$ and let $`X_i\mathrm{\Gamma }_i\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }_i`$ be the corresponding compact Riemann surface of genus $`g_i>1`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$. The decomposition

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }=\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_n\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }_n$$

establishes the isomorphism \[Kra72b\]

$$𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma }_1,\mathrm{\Omega }_1)\times \mathrm{}\times 𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n,\mathrm{\Omega }_n).$$

###### Remark 3.1.

When $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a purely hyperbolic Fuchsian group of genus $`g>1`$, $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝕌)=𝔗(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ — the Teichmüller space of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Every conformal bijection $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash 𝕌X`$ establishes isomorphism between $`𝔗(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ and $`𝔗(X)`$, the Teichmüller space of marked Riemann surface $`X`$. Similarly, $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝕃)=\overline{𝔗}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, the mirror image of $`𝔗(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ — the complex manifold which is complex conjugate to $`𝔗(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. Correspondingly, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash 𝕃\overline{X}`$ establishes the isomorphism $`\overline{𝔗}(\mathrm{\Gamma })𝔗(\overline{X})`$, so that

$$𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })𝔗(X)\times 𝔗(\overline{X}).$$

The deformation space $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is “twice larger” than the Teichmüller space $`𝔗(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ because its definition uses all Beltrami coefficients $`\mu `$ for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, and not only those satisfying the reflection property $`\mu (\overline{z})=\overline{\mu (z)}`$, used in the definition of $`𝔗(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.

The deformation space $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ has a natural structure of a complex manifold, explicitly described as follows (see, e.g., \[Ahl87\]). Let $`^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ be the Hilbert space of Beltrami differentials for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with the following scalar product

(3.1)
$$(\mu _1,\mu _2)=\underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }}{}\mu _1\overline{\mu }_2\rho =\underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }}{}\mu _1(z)\overline{\mu _2(z)}\rho (z)d^2z,$$

where $`\mu _1,\mu _2^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ and $`\rho =e^{\varphi _{hyp}}`$ is the density of the hyperbolic metric on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }`$. Denote by $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ the finite-dimensional subspace of harmonic Beltrami differentials with respect to the hyperbolic metric. It consists of $`\mu ^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ satisfying

$$_z(\rho \mu )=0.$$

The complex vector space $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is identified with the holomorphic tangent space to $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ at the origin. Choose a basis $`\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _d`$ for $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, let $`\mu =\epsilon _1\mu _1+\mathrm{}+\epsilon _d\mu _d`$, and let $`f^\mu `$ be the normalized solution of the Beltrami equation. Then the correspondence $`(\epsilon _1,\mathrm{},\epsilon _d)\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu =f^\mu \mathrm{\Gamma }(f^\mu )^1`$ defines complex coordinates in a neighborhood of the origin in $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, called Bers coordinates. The holomorphic cotangent space to $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ at the origin can be naturally identified with the vector space $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{2,0}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ of holomorphic quadratic differentials — holomorphic functions $`q`$ on $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ satisfying

$$q(\gamma z)\gamma ^{}(z)^2=q(z)\text{for all}\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }.$$

The pairing between holomorphic cotangent and tangent spaces to $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ at the origin is given by

$$q(\mu )=\underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }}{}q\mu =\underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }}{}q(z)\mu (z)d^2z.$$

There is a natural isomorphism $`\mathrm{\Phi }^\mu `$ between the deformation spaces $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ and $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu )`$, which maps $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^\nu 𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ to $`(\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu )^\lambda 𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu )`$, where, in accordance with $`f^\nu =f^\lambda f^\mu `$,

$$\lambda =\left(\frac{\nu \mu }{1\nu \overline{\mu }}\frac{f_z^\mu }{\overline{f}_{\overline{z}}^\mu }\right)(f^\mu )^1.$$

The isomorphism $`\mathrm{\Phi }^\mu `$ allows us to identify the holomorphic tangent space to $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ at $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu `$ with the complex vector space $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu )`$, and holomorphic cotangent space to $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ at $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu `$ with the complex vector space $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{2,0}(\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu )`$. It also allows us to introduce the Bers coordinates in the neighborhood of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu `$ in $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, and to show directly that these coordinates transform complex-analytically. For the de Rham differential $`d`$ on $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ we denote by $`d=+\overline{}`$ the decomposition into $`(1,0)`$ and $`(0,1)`$ components.

The differential of isomorphism $`\mathrm{\Phi }^\mu :𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu )`$ at $`\nu =\mu `$ is given by the linear map $`D^\mu :\mathrm{\Omega }^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma })\mathrm{\Omega }^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu )`$,

$$\nu D^\mu \nu =P_{1,1}^\mu \left[\left(\frac{\nu }{1|\mu |^2}\frac{f_z^\mu }{\overline{f}_{\overline{z}}^\mu }\right)(f^\mu )^1\right],$$

where $`P_{1,1}^\mu `$ is orthogonal projection from $`^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu )`$ to $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu )`$. The map $`D^\mu `$ allows to extend a tangent vector $`\nu `$ at the origin of $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ to a local vector field $`/\epsilon _\nu `$ on the coordinate neighborhood of the origin,

$$\frac{}{\epsilon _\nu }|_{\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu }=D^\mu \nu \mathrm{\Omega }^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu ).$$

The scalar product (3.1) in $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu )`$ defines a Hermitian metric on the deformation space $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. This metric is called the Weil-Petersson metric and it is Kähler . We denote its symplectic form by $`\omega _{WP}`$,

$$\omega _{WP}(\frac{}{\epsilon _\mu },\frac{}{\overline{\epsilon }_\nu })|_{\mathrm{\Gamma }^\lambda }=\frac{i}{2}(D^\lambda \mu ,D^\lambda \nu ),\mu ,\nu \mathrm{\Omega }^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma }).$$

### 3.2. Variational formulas

Here we collect necessary variational formulas. Let $`l`$ and $`m`$ be integers. A tensor of type $`(l,m)`$ for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$-function $`\omega `$ on $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ satisfying

$$\omega (\gamma z)\gamma ^{}(z)^l\overline{\gamma ^{}(z)}^m=\omega (z)\text{for all}\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }.$$

Let $`\omega ^\epsilon `$ be a smooth family of tensors of type $`(l,m)`$ for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\epsilon \mu }`$, where $`\mu \mathrm{\Omega }^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ and $`\epsilon `$ is sufficiently small. Set

$$(f^{\epsilon \mu })^{}(\omega ^\epsilon )=\omega ^\epsilon f^{\epsilon \mu }(f_z^{\epsilon \mu })^l(\overline{f}_{\overline{z}}^{\epsilon \mu })^m,$$

which is a tensor of type $`(l,m)`$ for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ — a pull-back of the tensor $`\omega ^\epsilon `$ by $`f^{\epsilon \mu }`$. The Lie derivatives of the family $`\omega ^\epsilon `$ along the vector fields $`/\epsilon _\mu `$ and $`/\overline{\epsilon }_\mu `$ are defined in the standard way,

$$L_\mu \omega =\frac{}{\epsilon }|_{\epsilon =0}(f^{\epsilon \mu })^{}(\omega ^\epsilon )\text{and}L_{\overline{\mu }}\omega =\frac{}{\overline{\epsilon }}|_{\epsilon =0}(f^{\epsilon \mu })^{}(\omega ^\epsilon ).$$

When $`\omega `$ is a function on $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ — a tensor of type $`(0,0)`$, Lie derivatives reduce to directional derivatives

$$L_\mu \omega =\omega (\mu )\text{and}L_{\overline{\mu }}\omega =\overline{}\omega (\overline{\mu })$$

— the evaluation of 1-forms $`\omega `$ and $`\overline{}\omega `$ on tangent vectors $`\mu `$ and $`\overline{\mu }`$.

For the Lie derivatives of vector fields $`\nu ^{ϵ\mu }=D^{ϵ\mu }\nu `$ we get \[Wol86\] that $`L_\mu \nu =0`$ and $`L_{\overline{\mu }}\nu `$ is orthogonal to $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. In other words,

$$[\frac{}{\epsilon _\mu },\frac{}{\epsilon _\nu }]=[\frac{}{\epsilon _\mu },\frac{}{\overline{\epsilon }_\nu }]=0$$

at the point $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.

For every $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu 𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, the density $`\rho ^\mu `$ of the hyperbolic metric on $`\mathrm{\Omega }^\mu `$ is a $`(1,1)`$-tensor for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu `$. Lie derivatives of the smooth family of $`(1,1)`$-tensors $`\rho `$ parameterized by $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ are given by the following lemma of Ahlfors.

###### Lemma 3.2.

For every $`\mu \mathrm{\Omega }^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$

$$L_\mu \rho =L_{\overline{\mu }}\rho =0.$$

###### Proof.

Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Omega }_n`$ be the maximal set of non-equivalent components of $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ be the corresponding stabilizer groups,

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }=\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_n\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }_nX_1\mathrm{}X_n.$$

For every $`\mathrm{\Omega }_i`$ denote by $`J_i:𝕌\mathrm{\Omega }_i`$ the corresponding covering map and by $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_i`$ — the Fuchsian model of group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_i`$, characterized by the condition $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_i\backslash 𝕌\mathrm{\Gamma }_i\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }_iX_i`$ (see, e.g., \[Kra72b\]).

Let $`\mu \mathrm{\Omega }^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. For every component $`\mathrm{\Omega }_i`$ the quasiconformal map $`f^{\epsilon \mu }`$ gives rise to the following commutative diagram

(3.2)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}𝕌& \stackrel{F^{\epsilon \widehat{\mu }_i}}{}& 𝕌\\ J_i& & J_i^{\epsilon \mu }& & \\ \mathrm{\Omega }_i& \stackrel{f^{\epsilon \mu }}{}& \mathrm{\Omega }_i^{\epsilon \mu }\end{array}$$

where $`F^{\epsilon \widehat{\mu }_i}`$ is the normalized quasiconformal homeomorphism of $`𝕌`$ with Beltrami differential $`\widehat{\mu }_i=J_i^{}\mu `$ for the Fuchsian group $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_i`$. Let $`\widehat{\rho }`$ be the density of the hyperbolic metric on $`𝕌`$; it satisfies $`\widehat{\rho }=J_i^{}\rho `$, where $`\rho `$ is the density of the hyperbolic metric on $`\mathrm{\Omega }_i`$. Therefore, Beltrami differential $`\widehat{\mu }_i`$ is harmonic with respect to the hyperbolic metric on $`𝕌`$. It follows from the commutativity of the diagram that

$$(f^{\epsilon \mu })^{}\rho ^{\epsilon \mu }=((J_i^{\epsilon \mu })^1f^{\epsilon \mu })^{}\widehat{\rho }=(F^{\epsilon \widehat{\mu }_i}J_i^1)^{}\widehat{\rho }=(J_i^1)^{}(F^{\epsilon \widehat{\mu }_i})^{}\widehat{\rho }.$$

Now the assertion of the lemma reduces to

$$\frac{}{\epsilon }|_{\epsilon =0}(F^{\epsilon \widehat{\mu }_i})^{}\widehat{\rho }=0,$$

which is the classical result of Ahlfors \[Ahl61\]. ∎

Set

$$\dot{f}=\frac{}{\epsilon }|_{\epsilon =0}f^{\epsilon \mu },$$

then

(3.3)
$$\dot{f}(z)=\frac{1}{\pi }\underset{}{}\frac{z(z1)\mu (w)}{(wz)w(w1)}d^2w.$$

We have

$$\dot{f}_{\overline{z}}=\mu $$

and also

$$\frac{}{\overline{\epsilon }}|_{\epsilon =0}f^{\epsilon \mu }=0.$$

As it follows from Ahlfors lemma

$$\frac{}{\epsilon }|_{\epsilon =0}\left(\rho ^{\epsilon \mu }f^{\epsilon \mu }|f_z^{\epsilon \mu }|^2\right)=0.$$

Using $`\rho =e^{\varphi _{hyp}}`$ and the fact that $`f^{\epsilon \mu }`$ depends holomorphically on $`\epsilon `$, we get

(3.4)
$$\frac{}{\epsilon }|_{\epsilon =0}\left(\varphi _{hyp}^{\epsilon \mu }f^{\epsilon \mu }\right)=\dot{f}_z.$$

Differentiation with respect to $`z`$ and $`\overline{z}`$ yields

(3.5)
$$\frac{}{\epsilon }|_{\epsilon =0}\left(\left(\varphi _{hyp}^{\epsilon \mu }\right)_zf^{\epsilon \mu }f_z^{\epsilon \mu }\right)=\dot{f}_{zz},$$

and

(3.6)
$$\frac{}{\epsilon }|_{\epsilon =0}\left(\left(\varphi _{hyp}^{\epsilon \mu }\right)_{\overline{z}}f^{\epsilon \mu }\overline{f}_{\overline{z}}^{\epsilon \mu }\right)=\left((\varphi _{hyp})_z\dot{f}_{\overline{z}}+\dot{f}_{z\overline{z}}\right).$$

For $`\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }`$ set $`\gamma ^{\epsilon \mu }=f^{\epsilon \mu }\gamma (f^{\epsilon \mu })^1\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\epsilon \mu }`$. We have

$$(\gamma ^{\epsilon \mu })^{}f^{\epsilon \mu }f_z^{\epsilon \mu }=f_z^{\epsilon \mu }\gamma \gamma ^{},$$

and

$$\mathrm{log}|(\gamma ^{\epsilon \mu })^{}f^{\epsilon \mu }|^2+\mathrm{log}|f_z^{\epsilon \mu }|^2=\mathrm{log}|f_z^{\epsilon \mu }\gamma |^2+\mathrm{log}|\gamma ^{}|^2.$$

Therefore

(3.7)
$$\frac{}{\epsilon }|_{\epsilon =0}\left(\mathrm{log}|(\gamma ^{\epsilon \mu })^{}f^{\epsilon \mu }|^2\right)=\dot{f}_z\gamma \dot{f}_z,$$

and, differentiating with respect to $`z`$,

(3.8)
$$\frac{}{\epsilon }|_{\epsilon =0}\left(\frac{(\gamma ^{\epsilon \mu })^{\prime \prime }}{(\gamma ^{\epsilon \mu })^{}}f^{\epsilon \mu }f_z^{\epsilon \mu }\right)=\dot{f}_{zz}\gamma \gamma ^{}\dot{f}_{zz}.$$

Denote by

$$𝒮(h)=\left(\frac{h_{zz}}{h_z}\right)_z\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{h_{zz}}{h_z}\right)^2=\frac{h_{zzz}}{h_z}\frac{3}{2}\left(\frac{h_{zz}}{h_z}\right)^2$$

the Schwarzian derivative of the function $`h`$.

###### Lemma 3.3.

Set

$$\dot{\gamma }=\frac{}{\epsilon }|_{\epsilon =0}\gamma ^{\epsilon \mu },\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }.$$

Then for all $`\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }`$

(i)
$$\dot{f}_z\gamma \dot{f}_z=\frac{\dot{f}\gamma \gamma ^{\prime \prime }}{(\gamma ^{})^2}+\left(\frac{\dot{\gamma }}{\gamma ^{}}\right)^{},$$

and is well-defined on the limit set $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. Also we have

(ii) $`\dot{f}_{z\overline{z}}\gamma \overline{\gamma ^{}}\dot{f}_{z\overline{z}}=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma ^{}}}\dot{f}_{\overline{z}},`$
(iii) $`\dot{f}_{zz}\gamma \gamma ^{}\dot{f}_{zz}=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\dot{f}_z\gamma +\dot{f}_z){\displaystyle \frac{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma ^{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2\dot{c}}{cz+d}},\text{for all}\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }.`$
###### Proof.

To prove formula (i), consider the equation

(3.9)
$$\dot{f}\gamma =\dot{\gamma }+\gamma ^{}\dot{f},$$

which follows from $`\gamma ^{\epsilon \mu }f^{\epsilon \mu }=f^{\epsilon \mu }\gamma `$. Differentiating with respect to $`z`$ gives (i). Since $`\dot{f}`$ is a homeomorphism of $`\widehat{}`$ and $`\dot{\gamma }/\gamma ^{}`$ is a quadratic polynomial in $`z`$, formula (i) shows that $`\dot{f}_z\gamma \dot{f}_z`$ is well-defined on $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$.

The formula (ii) immediately follows from $`\dot{f}_{\overline{z}}=\mu `$ and

$$\mu \gamma \frac{\overline{\gamma }}{\gamma ^{}}=\mu ,\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }.$$

To derive formula (iii), twice differentiating (3.9) with respect to $`z`$ we obtain

$$\dot{f}_z\gamma \gamma ^{}=\dot{\gamma }^{}+\gamma ^{\prime \prime }\dot{f}+\gamma ^{}\dot{f}_z,$$

and

$$\gamma ^{}(\dot{f}_{zz}\gamma \gamma ^{}\dot{f}_{zz})=\dot{\gamma }^{\prime \prime }+\gamma ^{\prime \prime \prime }\dot{f}+2\gamma ^{\prime \prime }\dot{f}_z\dot{f}_z\gamma \gamma ^{\prime \prime }.$$

Since

$$\gamma ^{\prime \prime \prime }=\frac{3}{2}\frac{(\gamma ^{\prime \prime })^2}{\gamma ^{}},$$

as it follows from $`𝒮(\gamma )=0`$, we can eliminate $`\gamma ^{\prime \prime }\dot{f}`$ from the two formulas above and obtain

$$\dot{f}_{zz}\gamma \gamma ^{}\dot{f}_{zz}=\frac{1}{2}(\dot{f}_z\gamma +\dot{f}_z)\frac{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma ^{}}+\frac{\dot{\gamma }^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma ^{}}\frac{3}{2}\frac{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }\dot{\gamma }^{}}{(\gamma ^{})^2}.$$

Using $`2c=\gamma ^{\prime \prime }/(\gamma ^{})^{3/2}`$, we see that the last two terms in this equations are equal to $`2\dot{c}/(cz+d)`$, which proves the lemma. ∎

Finally, we present the following formulas by Ahlfors \[Ahl61\]. Let $`F^{\epsilon \widehat{\mu }}`$ be the quasiconformal homeomorphism of $`𝕌`$ with Beltrami differential $`\widehat{\mu }`$ for the Fuchsian group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. If $`\widehat{\mu }`$ is harmonic on $`𝕌`$ with respect to the hyperbolic metric, then

(3.10) $`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\epsilon }}|_{\epsilon =0}F_{zzz}^{\epsilon \widehat{\mu }}(z)`$ $`=0,`$
(3.11) $`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{\epsilon }}}|_{\epsilon =0}F_{zzz}^{\epsilon \widehat{\mu }}(z)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\widehat{\rho }\overline{\widehat{\mu }(z)}.`$
## 4. Variation of the classical action

### 4.1. Classical action

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a marked, normalized, purely loxodromic quasi-Fuchsian group of genus $`g>1`$ with region of discontinuity $`\mathrm{\Omega }=\mathrm{\Omega }_1\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$, let $`XY\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }`$ be corresponding marked Riemann surfaces with opposite orientations and let

$$𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma },\mathrm{\Omega }_1)\times 𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma },\mathrm{\Omega }_2)$$

be the deformation space of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Spaces $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma },\mathrm{\Omega }_1)`$ and $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma },\mathrm{\Omega }_2)`$ are isomorphic to the Teichmüller spaces $`𝔗(X)`$ and $`𝔗(Y)`$ — they are their quasi-Fuchsian models which use Bers’ simultaneous uniformization of the varying Riemann surface in $`𝔗(X)`$ and fixed $`Y`$ and, respectively, fixed $`X`$ and the varying Riemann surface in $`𝔗(Y)`$. Therefore,

(4.1)
$$𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })𝔗(X)\times 𝔗(Y).$$

Denote by $`𝔓(\mathrm{\Gamma })𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ corresponding affine bundle of projective connections, modeled over the holomorphic cotangent bundle of $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. We have

(4.2)
$$𝔓(\mathrm{\Gamma })𝔓(X)\times 𝔓(Y).$$

For every $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu 𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ denote by $`S_{\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu }=S_{\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu }[\varphi _{hyp}]`$ the classical Liouville action. It follows from the results in Section 2.3.3 that $`S_{\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu }`$ gives rise to a well-defined real-valued function $`S`$ on $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. Indeed, if $`\mu \mathbf{}\nu `$, then corresponding total cycles $`f^\mu (\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma }))`$ and $`f^\nu (\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma }))`$ represent the same class in the total homology complex $`\mathrm{Tot}𝖪`$ for the pair $`\mathrm{\Omega }^\mu ,\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu `$, so that

$$\mathrm{\Psi }\left[\varphi _{hyp}\right],f^\mu (\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma })=\mathrm{\Psi }\left[\varphi _{hyp}\right],f^\nu (\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma }).$$

Moreover, real-analytic dependence of solutions of Beltrami equation on parameters ensures that classical action $`S`$ is a real-analytic function on $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.

To every $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ with the region of discontinuity $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$ there corresponds a pair of marked Riemann surfaces $`X^{}`$ and $`Y^{}`$ simultaneously uniformized by $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$, $`X^{}Y^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$. Set $`S(X^{},Y^{})=S_\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ and denote by $`S_Y`$ and $`S_X`$ restrictions of the function $`S:𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ onto $`𝔗(X)`$ and $`𝔗(Y)`$ respectively. Let $`\iota `$ be the complex conjugation and let $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}=\iota (\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ be the quasi-Fuchsian group complex conjugated to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. The correspondence $`\mu \iota \mu \iota `$ establishes complex-analytic anti-isomorphism

$$𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })𝔇(\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }})𝔗(\overline{Y})\times 𝔗(\overline{X}).$$

The classical Liouville action has the symmetry property

(4.3)
$$S(X^{},Y^{})=S(\overline{Y}^{},\overline{X}^{}).$$

For every $`\varphi 𝒞(\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega })`$ set

$$\vartheta [\varphi ]=2\varphi _{zz}\varphi _z^2.$$

It follows from the Liouville equation that $`\vartheta =\vartheta [\varphi _{hyp}]\mathrm{\Omega }^{2,0}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, i.e., is a holomorphic quadratic differential for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. It follows from (2.26) that

(4.4)
$$\vartheta (z)=\{\begin{array}{cc}2𝒮\left(J_1^1\right)(z)\text{if}z\mathrm{\Omega }_1,\hfill & \\ 2𝒮\left(J_2^1\right)(z)\text{if}z\mathrm{\Omega }_2.\hfill & \end{array}$$

Define a $`(1,0)`$-form $`\mathit{\vartheta }`$ on the deformation space $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ by assigning to every $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ corresponding $`\vartheta [\varphi _{hyp}^{}]\mathrm{\Omega }^{2,0}(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{})`$ — a vector in the holomorphic cotangent space to $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ at $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$.

For every $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ let $`P_F`$ and $`P_{QF}`$ be Fuchsian and quasi-Fuchsian projective connections on $`X^{}Y^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$, defined by the coverings $`\pi _F:𝕌𝕃X^{}Y^{}`$ and $`\pi _{QF}:\mathrm{\Omega }_1\mathrm{\Omega }_2X^{}Y^{}`$ respectively. We will continue to denote corresponding sections of the affine bundle $`𝔓(\mathrm{\Gamma })𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ by $`P_F`$ and $`P_{QF}`$ respectively. The difference $`P_FP_{QF}`$ is a $`(1,0)`$-form on $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.

###### Lemma 4.1.

On the deformation space $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$,

$$\mathit{\vartheta }=2(P_FP_{QF}).$$

###### Proof.

Consider the following commutative diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}𝕌𝕃& \stackrel{J}{}& \mathrm{\Omega }_1\mathrm{\Omega }_2\\ \pi _F& & \pi _{QF}& & \\ XY& \stackrel{=}{}& XY,\end{array}$$

where the covering map $`J`$ is equal to the map $`J_1`$ on component $`𝕌`$ and to the map $`J_2`$ on component $`𝕃`$. As explained in the Introduction, $`P_F=𝒮(\pi _F^1)`$ and $`P_{QF}=𝒮(\pi _{QF}^1)`$, and it follows from the property SD1 and commutativity of the diagram that

$$\left(𝒮\left(\pi _F^1\right)𝒮\left(\pi _{QF}^1\right)\right)\pi _{QF}(\pi _{QF}^{})^2=𝒮\left(J^1\right).$$

### 4.2. First variation

Here we compute the $`(1,0)`$-form $`S`$ on $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.

###### Theorem 4.2.

On the deformation space $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$,

$$S=2(P_FP_{QF}).$$

###### Proof.

It is sufficient to prove that for every $`\mu \mathrm{\Omega }^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$

(4.5)
$$L_\mu S=\mathit{\vartheta }(\mu )=\underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }}{}\vartheta \mu .$$

Indeed, using the isomorphism $`\mathrm{\Phi }^\nu :𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma }^\nu )`$, it is easy to see that variation formula (4.5) is valid at every point $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^\nu 𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ if it is valid at the origin. The actual computation of $`L_\mu S`$ is quite similar to that in \[ZT87b\] for the case of Schottky groups, with the clarifying role of homological algebra.

Let $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ be the Fuchsian group corresponding to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and let $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=F+LV`$ be the corresponding total cycle of degree 2 representing the fundamental class of $`X`$ in the total complex $`\mathrm{Tot}𝖪`$ for the pair $`𝕌,\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$. As in Section 2.3.1, set $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma })=J_1(\mathrm{\Sigma }\overline{\mathrm{\Sigma }})`$. The corresponding total cycle for the pair $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{\epsilon \mu },\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\epsilon \mu }=f^{\epsilon \mu }\mathrm{\Gamma }(f^{\epsilon \mu })^1`$ can be chosen as $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\epsilon \mu })=f^{\epsilon \mu }(\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma }))`$. According to Remark 2.23,

$$S_{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\epsilon \mu }}=\frac{i}{2}\mathrm{\Psi }\left[\varphi _{hyp}^{\epsilon \mu }\right],f^{\epsilon \mu }(\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Gamma })).$$

Moreover, as it follows from Lemma 2.19, we can choose $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\epsilon \mu }`$-contracting at 0 paths of integration in the definition of $`\mathrm{\Theta }^{\epsilon \mu }`$ or, equivalently, paths in the definition of $`W_1^{\epsilon \mu }W_2^{\epsilon \mu }`$, to be the push-forwards by $`f^{\epsilon \mu }`$ of the corresponding $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-contracting at 0 paths. Denoting $`\omega ^{\epsilon \mu }=\omega \left[\varphi _{hyp}^{\epsilon \mu }\right],\stackrel{ˇ}{\theta }^{\epsilon \mu }=\stackrel{ˇ}{\theta }\left[\varphi _{hyp}^{\epsilon \mu }\right]`$, and using (2.27) we have

$$S_{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\epsilon \mu }}=\frac{i}{2}\left(\omega ^{\epsilon \mu },F_1^{\epsilon \mu }F_2^{\epsilon \mu }\stackrel{ˇ}{\theta }^{\epsilon \mu },L_1^{\epsilon \mu }L_2^{\epsilon \mu }+\stackrel{ˇ}{u}^{\epsilon \mu },W_1^{\epsilon \mu }W_2^{\epsilon \mu }\right).$$

Changing variables and formally differentiating under the integral sign in the term $`\stackrel{ˇ}{u}^{\epsilon \mu },W_1^{\epsilon \mu }W_2^{\epsilon \mu }`$, we obtain

$`L_\mu S`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{}{\epsilon }}|_{\epsilon =0}S_{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\epsilon \mu }}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\left(L_\mu \omega ,F_1F_2L_\mu \stackrel{ˇ}{\theta },L_1L_2+L_\mu \stackrel{ˇ}{u},W_1W_2\right).`$
We will justify this formula at the end of the proof. Here we observe that though $`\omega ^{\epsilon \mu },\stackrel{ˇ}{\theta }^{\epsilon \mu }`$ and $`\stackrel{ˇ}{u}^{\epsilon \mu }`$ are not tensors for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\epsilon \mu }`$, they are differential forms on $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{\epsilon \mu }`$ so that their Lie derivatives are given by the same formulas as in Section 3.2.

Using Ahlfors lemma and formulas (3.4)-(3.6), we get

$`L_\mu \omega `$ $`=\left(\left(\varphi _{hyp}\right)_{\overline{z}}\dot{f}_{zz}+\left(\varphi _{hyp}\right)_z\left(\left(\varphi _{hyp}\right)_z\dot{f}_{\overline{z}}+\dot{f}_{z\overline{z}}\right)\right)dzd\overline{z}`$
$`=\vartheta \mu dzd\overline{z}d\xi ,`$
where

(4.6)
$$\xi =2\left(\varphi _{hyp}\right)_z\dot{f}_{\overline{z}}d\overline{z}\varphi _{hyp}d\dot{f}_z.$$

Since $`\vartheta \mu `$ is a $`(1,1)`$-tensor for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, $`\delta (\vartheta \mu dzd\overline{z})=0`$, so that $`\delta L_\mu \omega =\delta d\xi `$. We have

$$d\xi ,F_1F_2=\xi ,^{}(F_1F_2)=\xi ,^{\prime \prime }(L_1L_2)=\delta \xi ,L_1L_2.$$

Set $`\chi =\delta \xi +L_\mu \stackrel{ˇ}{\theta }`$. The 1-form $`\chi `$ on $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is closed,

$$d\chi =\delta (d\xi )+L_\mu d\stackrel{ˇ}{\theta }=\delta (L_\mu \omega )+L_\mu \delta \omega =0,$$

and satisfies

$$\delta \chi =\delta (L_\mu \stackrel{ˇ}{\theta }+\delta \xi )=L_\mu \delta \stackrel{ˇ}{\theta }=L_\mu \stackrel{ˇ}{u}.$$

Using (3.4), (3.7), (3.8) and part (ii) of Lemma 3.3, we get

$`L_\mu \stackrel{ˇ}{\theta }_{\gamma ^1}=`$ $`\dot{f}_z{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma ^{}}}dz+\varphi _{hyp}\left(\left(\dot{f}_{zz}\gamma \gamma ^{}\dot{f}_{zz}\right)dz+{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma ^{}}}\dot{f}_{\overline{z}}d\overline{z}\right)+\dot{f}_z{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}}{\overline{\gamma ^{}}}}d\overline{z}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}((\dot{f}_z\gamma \dot{f}_z){\displaystyle \frac{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma ^{}}}dz\mathrm{log}|\gamma ^{}|^2(\dot{f}_{zz}\gamma \gamma ^{}\dot{f}_{zz})dz`$
$`\mathrm{log}|\gamma ^{}|^2{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma ^{}}}\dot{f}_{\overline{z}}d\overline{z}+(\dot{f}_z\gamma \dot{f}_z){\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}}{\overline{\gamma ^{}}}}d\overline{z})`$
$`\left(\mathrm{log}|c(\gamma )|^2+2\mathrm{log}2\right)d\left(\dot{f}_z\gamma \dot{f}_z\right){\displaystyle \frac{\dot{c}(\gamma )}{c(\gamma )}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma ^{}}}dz{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}}{\overline{\gamma ^{}}}}d\overline{z}\right)`$
$`=`$ $`\dot{f}_z{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma ^{}}}dz+\dot{f}_z\gamma {\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}}{\overline{\gamma ^{}}}}d\overline{z}d\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{log}|\gamma ^{}|^2\left(\dot{f}_z\gamma \dot{f}_z\right)\right)`$
$`+\varphi _{hyp}d\left(\dot{f}_z\gamma \dot{f}_z\right)\left(\mathrm{log}|c(\gamma )|^2+2\mathrm{log}2\right)d\left(\dot{f}_z\gamma \dot{f}_z\right)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{c}(\gamma )}{c(\gamma )}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma ^{}}}dz{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}}{\overline{\gamma ^{}}}}d\overline{z}\right).`$
Using

$$\delta \xi _{\gamma ^1}=2\frac{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma ^{}}\dot{f}_{\overline{z}}d\overline{z}\varphi _{hyp}d\left(\dot{f}_z\gamma \dot{f}_z\right)+\mathrm{log}|\gamma ^{}|^2d\left(\dot{f}_z\gamma \right),$$

we get

$`\chi _{\gamma ^1}=`$ $`d\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{log}|\gamma ^{}|^2\left(\dot{f}_z\gamma +\dot{f}_z\right)\left(\mathrm{log}|c(\gamma )|^2+2\mathrm{log}2\right)\left(\dot{f}_z\gamma \dot{f}_z\right)\right)`$
$`\left(\dot{f}_z\gamma +\dot{f}_z\right){\displaystyle \frac{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma ^{}}}dz2{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma ^{}}}\dot{f}_{\overline{z}}d\overline{z}{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{c}(\gamma )}{c(\gamma )}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma ^{}}}dz{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}}{\overline{\gamma ^{}}}}d\overline{z}\right).`$
Using parts (ii) and (iii) of Lemma 3.3 and

$$\frac{2\dot{c}}{cz+d}=\frac{\dot{c}}{c}\frac{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma ^{}}(z),$$

we finally obtain

$`\chi _{\gamma ^1}=`$ $`d({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{log}|\gamma ^{}|^2(\dot{f}_z\gamma +\dot{f}_z+2{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{c}(\gamma )}{c(\gamma )}})`$
$`(\mathrm{log}|c(\gamma )|^2+2+2\mathrm{log}2)(\dot{f}_z\gamma \dot{f}_z))`$
$`=`$ $`dl_{\gamma ^1}.`$
We have

$`d\xi ,F_1F_2+L_\mu \stackrel{ˇ}{\theta },L_1L_2`$ $`=\chi ,L_1L_2=dl,L_1L_2`$
$`=l,^{}(L_1L_2)=l,^{\prime \prime }(V_1V_2)`$
$`=\delta l,V_1V_2.`$
Using $`L_\mu \stackrel{ˇ}{u}=d\delta l`$ we get

$$L_\mu \stackrel{ˇ}{u},W_1W_2=\delta l,^{}(W_1W_2)=\delta l,V_1V_2$$

so that

$$L_\mu S=\frac{i}{2}\vartheta \mu dzd\overline{z},F_1F_2,$$

as asserted.

Finally, we justify the differentiation under the integral sign. Set

$$l_\gamma =l_\gamma ^{(0)}+l_\gamma ^{(1)},$$

where

$`l_{\gamma ^1}^{(0)}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\dot{c}(\gamma )}{c(\gamma )}}\mathrm{log}|\gamma ^{}|^2\left(\mathrm{log}|c(\gamma )|^2+2+2\mathrm{log}2\right)(\dot{f}_z\gamma \dot{f}_z),`$
$`l_{\gamma ^1}^{(1)}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{log}|\gamma ^{}|^2\left(\dot{f}_z\gamma +\dot{f}_z\right).`$
Next, we use part (i) of Lemma 3.3. According to it, the function $`l_\gamma ^{(0)}`$ is continuous on $`𝒞\{\gamma (\mathrm{})\}`$. Since

$$(\delta l^{(1)})_{\gamma _1^1,\gamma _2^1}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\mathrm{log}|\gamma _2^{}\gamma _1|^2(\dot{f}_z\gamma _1\dot{f}_z)\mathrm{log}|\gamma _1^{}|^2(\dot{f}_z\gamma _2\gamma _1\dot{f}_z\gamma _1)\right),$$

we also conclude that $`(\delta l^{(1)})_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}`$, and hence the function $`(\delta l)_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}`$, are continuous on $`𝒞\{\gamma _1(\mathrm{}),(\gamma _1\gamma _2)(\mathrm{})\}`$. Now let $`W_1^{(n)}W_1`$ and $`W_2^{(n)}W_2`$ be a sequence of 1-chains in $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$ obtained from $`W_1`$ and $`W_2`$ by “cutting” $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-contracting at 0 paths at points $`p_n^{}\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and $`p_n^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$, where $`p_n^{},p_n^{\prime \prime }0`$ as $`n\mathrm{}`$. Clearly,

$$S=\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}S_n,$$

where

$$S_n=\frac{i}{2}\left(\omega ,F_1F_2\stackrel{ˇ}{\theta },L_1L_2+\stackrel{ˇ}{u},W_1^{(n)}W_2^{(n)}\right).$$

Our previous arguments show that

$$L_\mu S_n=\frac{i}{2}\vartheta \mu dzd\overline{z},F_1F_2(\delta l)(p_n^{}),U_1+(\delta l)(p_n^{\prime \prime }),U_2.$$

Since function $`\delta l`$ is continuous at $`p=0`$ and $`U_1=U_2`$, we get

$$\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}L_\mu S_n=\frac{i}{2}\vartheta \mu ,F_1F_2.$$

Moreover, the convergence is uniform in some neighborhood of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, since $`f^{\epsilon \mu }`$ is holomorphic at $`\epsilon =0`$. Thus

$$L_\mu S=\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}L_\mu S_n,$$

which completes the proof. ∎

For fixed Riemann surface $`Y`$ denote by $`P_F`$ and $`P_{QF}`$ sections of $`𝔓(X)𝔗(X)`$ corresponding to the Fuchsian uniformization of $`X^{}𝔗(X)`$ and to the simultaneous uniformization of $`X^{}𝔗(X)`$ and $`Y`$ respectively.

###### Corollary 4.3.

On the Teichmüller space $`𝔗(X)`$,

$$P_FP_{QF}=\frac{1}{2}S_Y.$$

###### Remark 4.4.

Conversely, Theorem 4.2 follows from the Corollary 4.3 and the symmetry property (4.3).

###### Remark 4.5.

In the Fuchsian case the maps $`J_1`$ and $`J_2`$ are identities and similar computation shows that $`\mathit{\vartheta }=0`$, in accordance with $`S=8\pi (2g2)`$ being a constant function on $`𝔗(X)\times 𝔗(\overline{X})`$.

### 4.3. Second variation

Here we compute $`d\mathit{\vartheta }=\overline{}\mathit{\vartheta }`$. First, we have the following statement.

###### Lemma 4.6.

The quasi-Fuchsian projective connection $`P_{QF}`$ is a holomorphic section of the affine bundle $`𝔓(\mathrm{\Gamma })𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.

###### Proof.

Consider the following commutative diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{\Omega }& \stackrel{f^{\epsilon \mu }}{}& \mathrm{\Omega }^{\epsilon \mu }\\ \pi _{QF}& & \pi _{QF}^{\epsilon \mu }& & \\ XY& \stackrel{F^{\epsilon \mu }}{}& X^{\epsilon \mu }Y^{\epsilon \mu }\end{array}$$

where $`\mu \mathrm{\Omega }^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. We have

$$𝒮\left(\left(\pi _{QF}^{\epsilon \mu }\right)^1\right)F^{\epsilon \mu }\left(F_z^{\epsilon \mu }\right)^2+𝒮\left(F^{\epsilon \mu }\right)=𝒮\left(f^{\epsilon \mu }\right)\pi _{QF}^1\left(\pi _{QF}^1\right)_z^2+𝒮\left(\pi _{QF}^1\right).$$

Since $`f^{\epsilon \mu }`$ and, obviously $`F^{\epsilon \mu }`$, are holomorphic at $`\epsilon =0`$, we get

$$\frac{}{\overline{\epsilon }}|_{\epsilon =0}𝒮\left(\left(\pi _{QF}^{\epsilon \mu }\right)^1\right)=0.$$

Using Corollary 4.3, Lemma 4.6 and the result \[ZT87b\]

$$\overline{}P_F=i\omega _{WP},$$

which follows from (1.2) since $`P_S`$ is a holomorphic section of $`𝔓_g𝔖_g`$, we immediately get

###### Corollary 4.7.

For fixed $`Y`$

$$\overline{}S_Y=2\overline{}(P_FP_{QF})=2d(P_FP_{QF})=2i\omega _{WP},$$

so that $`S_Y`$ is a Kähler potential for the Weil-Petersson metric on $`𝔗(X)`$.

###### Remark 4.8.

The equation $`d(P_FP_{QF})=i\omega _{WP}`$ was first proved in \[McM00\] and was used for the proof that moduli spaces are Kähler hyperbolic (note that symplectic form $`\omega _{WP}`$ used there is twice the one we are using here, and there is a missing factor $`1/2`$ in the computation in \[McM00\]). Specifically, the Kraus-Nehari inequality asserts that $`P_FP_{QF}`$ is a bounded antiderivative of $`i\omega _{WP}`$ with respect to Teichmüller and Weil-Petersson metrics \[McM00\]. In this regard, it is interesting to estimate the Kähler potential $`S_Y`$ on $`𝔗(X)`$. From the basic inequality of the distortion theorem (see, e.g., \[Dur83\])

$$\left|\frac{h^{\prime \prime }(z)}{h^{}(z)}\frac{2\overline{z}}{(1|z|^2)}\right|\frac{4}{(1|z|^2)},$$

where $`h`$ is a univalent function in the unit disk, we immediately get

$$|(\varphi _{hyp})_z|^24e^{\varphi _{hyp}},$$

so that the bulk term in $`S_Y`$ is bounded on $`𝔗(X)`$ by $`20\pi (2g2)`$. It can also be shown that other terms in $`S_Y`$ have at most “linear growth” on $`𝔗(X)`$, in accordance with the boundness of $`S_Y`$.

The following result follows from the Corollary 4.7 and the symmetry property (4.3). For completeness, we give its proof in the form that is generalized verbatim to Kleinian groups.

###### Theorem 4.9.

The following formula holds on $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$,

$$d\mathit{\vartheta }=\overline{}S=2i\omega _{WP},$$

so that $`S`$ is a Kähler potential of the Weil-Petersson metric on $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`\mu ,\nu \mathrm{\Omega }^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. First, using Cartan formula, we get

$`d\mathit{\vartheta }({\displaystyle \frac{}{\epsilon _\mu }},{\displaystyle \frac{}{\epsilon _\nu }})=`$ $`L_\mu (\mathit{\vartheta }(\nu ))L_\nu (\mathit{\vartheta }(\mu ))\mathit{\vartheta }\left([{\displaystyle \frac{}{\epsilon _\mu }},{\displaystyle \frac{}{\epsilon _\nu }}]\right)`$
$`=`$ $`L_\mu (L_\nu S)L_\nu (L_\mu S)=0,`$
which just manifests that $`^2=0`$. On the other hand,

$`d\mathit{\vartheta }({\displaystyle \frac{}{\epsilon _\mu }},{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{\epsilon }_\nu }})=`$ $`L_\mu (\mathit{\vartheta }(\overline{\nu }))L_{\overline{\nu }}(\mathit{\vartheta }(\mu ))\mathit{\vartheta }\left([{\displaystyle \frac{}{\epsilon _\mu }},{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{\epsilon }_\nu }}]\right)`$
$`=`$ $`L_{\overline{\nu }}{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }}{}}\vartheta \mu `$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }}{}}(L_{\overline{\nu }}\mathit{\vartheta })\mu ,`$
since $`\mathit{\vartheta }`$ is a $`(1,0)`$-form.

The computation of $`L_{\overline{\nu }}\mathit{\vartheta }`$ repeats verbatim the one given in \[ZT87b\]. Namely, consider the commutative diagram (3.2) with $`i=1,2`$, and, for brevity, omit the index $`i`$. Since $`(J^{\epsilon \nu })^1f^{\epsilon \nu }=F^{\epsilon \widehat{\nu }}J^1`$, the property SD1 of the Schwarzian derivative (applicable when at least one of the functions is holomorphic) yields

(4.7) $`𝒮(J^{\epsilon \nu })^1f^{\epsilon \nu }(f_z^{\epsilon \nu })^2+𝒮(f^{\epsilon \mu })=𝒮(F^{\epsilon \widehat{\nu }})J^1(J_z^1)^2+𝒮(J^1).`$
We obtain

$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{\epsilon }_\nu }}|_{\epsilon =0}𝒮(J^{\epsilon \nu })^1f^{\epsilon \nu }(f_z^{\epsilon \nu })^2=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{\epsilon }_\nu }}|_{\epsilon =0}𝒮(F^{\epsilon \widehat{\nu }})J^1(J_z^1)^2`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{\epsilon }_\nu }}|_{\epsilon =0}F_{zzz}^{\epsilon \widehat{\nu }}J^1(J_z^1)^2`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\rho \overline{\nu (z)},`$
where in the last line we have used Ahlfors formula (3.11). Finally,

$`d\mathit{\vartheta }({\displaystyle \frac{}{\epsilon _\mu }},{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{\epsilon }_\nu }})={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }}{}}\mu \overline{\nu }\rho =2i\omega _{WP}({\displaystyle \frac{}{\epsilon _\mu }},{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{\epsilon }_\nu }}).`$
### 4.4. Quasi-Fuchsian reciprocity

The existence of the function $`S`$ on the deformation space $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ satisfying the statement of Theorem 4.2 is a global form of quasi-Fuchsian reciprocity. Quasi–Fuchsian reciprocity of McMullen \[McM00\] follows from it as immediate corollary.

Let $`\mu ,\nu \mathrm{\Omega }^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ be such that $`\mu `$ vanishes outside $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and $`\nu `$ — outside $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$, so that Lie derivatives $`L_\mu `$ and $`L_\nu `$ stand for the variation of $`X`$ for fixed $`Y`$ and variation of $`Y`$ for fixed $`X`$ respectively.

###### Theorem 4.10.

(McMullen’s quasi-Fuchsian reciprocity)

$$_X(L_\nu 𝒮(J_1^1))\mu =_Y(L_\mu 𝒮(J_2^1))\nu .$$

###### Proof.

Immediately follows from Theorem 4.2, since

$`L_\nu L_\mu S`$ $`=2{\displaystyle _X}(L_\nu 𝒮(J_1^1))\mu ,`$
$`L_\mu L_\nu S`$ $`=2{\displaystyle _Y}(L_\mu 𝒮(J_2^1))\nu ,`$
and $`[L_\mu ,L_\nu ]=0`$. ∎

In \[McM00\], quasi-Fuchsian reciprocity was used to prove that $`d(P_FP_{QF})=i\omega _{WP}`$. For completeness, we give here another proof of this result using earlier approach in \[ZT87a\], which admits generalization to other deformation spaces.

###### Proposition 4.11.

On the deformation space $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$,

$$\mathit{\vartheta }=0.$$

###### Proof.

Using the same identity (4.7) which follows from the commutative diagram (3.2), we have

$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\epsilon _\nu }}|_{\epsilon =0}𝒮(J^{\epsilon \nu })^1f^{\epsilon \nu }(f_z^{\epsilon \nu })^2=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\epsilon _\nu }}|_{\epsilon =0}𝒮(F^{\epsilon \widehat{\nu }})J^1(J_z^1)^2{\displaystyle \frac{}{\epsilon _\nu }}|_{\epsilon =0}𝒮(f^{\epsilon \nu })`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\epsilon _\nu }}|_{\epsilon =0}F_{zzz}^{\epsilon \widehat{\nu }}J^1(J_z^1)^2{\displaystyle \frac{}{\epsilon _\nu }}|_{\epsilon =0}f_{zzz}^{\epsilon \nu },`$
where we replaced $`\mu `$ by $`\nu `$ and omit index $`i=1,2`$. Differentiating (3.3) three times with respect to $`z`$ we get

(4.8)
$$\frac{}{\epsilon _\nu }|_{\epsilon =0}f_{zzz}^{\epsilon \nu }(z)=\frac{6}{\pi }\underset{}{}\frac{\nu (w)}{(zw)^4}d^2w=\frac{6}{\pi }\underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }}{}K(z,w)\nu (w)d^2w,$$

where

$$K(z,w)=\underset{\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }}{}\frac{\gamma ^{}(w)^2}{(z\gamma w)^4}.$$

It is well-known that for harmonic $`\nu `$ the integral in (4.8) is understood in the principal value sense (as $`lim_{\delta 0}`$ of integral over $`\{|wz|\delta \}`$). Therefore, using Ahlfors formula (3.10) we obtain

$`(L_\nu \mathit{\vartheta })(z)={\displaystyle \frac{12}{\pi }}{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }}{}}K(z,w)\nu (w)d^2w,`$
and

$`\mathit{\vartheta }(\mu ,\nu )`$ $`=L_\mu \mathit{\vartheta }(\nu )L_\nu \mathit{\vartheta }(\mu )`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }}{}}(L_\mu \mathit{\vartheta })(z)\nu (z)d^2z{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }}{}}(L_\nu \mathit{\vartheta })(w)\mu (w)d^2w=0,`$
since kernel $`K(z,w)`$ is obviously symmetric in $`z`$ and $`w`$, $`K(z,w)=K(w,z)`$. ∎

## 5. Holography

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be marked, normalized, purely loxodromic quasi-Fuchsian group of genus $`g>1`$. The group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{PSL}(2,)`$ acts on the closure $`\overline{𝕌}^3=𝕌^3\widehat{}`$ of the hyperbolic 3-space $`𝕌^3=\{Z=(x,y,t)^3|t>0\}`$. The action is discontinuous on $`𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and $`M=\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash (𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega })`$ is a hyperbolic 3-manifold, compact in the relative topology of $`\overline{𝕌}^3`$, with the boundary $`XY\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }`$. According to the holography principle, the on-shell gravity theory on $`M`$, given by the Einstein-Hilbert action functional with the cosmological term, is equivalent to the “off-shell” gravity theory on its boundary $`XY`$, given by the Liouville action functional. Here we give a precise mathematical formulation of this principle.

### 5.1. Homology and cohomology set-up

We start by generalizing homological algebra methods in Section 2 to the three-dimensional case.

#### 5.1.1. Homology computation

Denote by $`𝖲_{}𝖲_{}(𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega })`$ the standard singular chain complex of $`𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega }`$, and let $`R`$ be a fundamental region of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega }`$ such that $`R\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is the fundamental domain $`F=F_1F_2`$ for the group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ (see Section 2). To have a better picture, consider first the case when $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a Fuchsian group. Then $`R`$ is a region in $`\overline{𝕌}^3`$ bounded by the hemispheres which intersect $`\widehat{}`$ along the circles that are orthogonal to $``$ and bound the fundamental domain $`F`$ (see Section 2.2.1). The fundamental region $`R`$ is a three-dimensional $`CW`$-complex with a single 3-cell given by the interior of $`R`$. The 2-cells — the faces $`D_k,D_k^{},E_k`$ and $`E_k^{}`$, $`k=1,\mathrm{},g`$, are given by the parts of the boundary of $`R`$ bounded by the intersections of the hemispheres and the arcs $`a_k\overline{a}_k,a_k^{}\overline{a}_k^{},b_k\overline{b}_k`$ and $`b_k^{}\overline{b}_k^{}`$ respectively (see Fig. 1). The 1-cells — the edges, are given by the 1-cells of $`F_1F_2`$ and by $`e_k^0,e_k^1,f_k^0,f_k^1`$ and $`d_k`$, $`k=1,\mathrm{},g`$, defined as follows. The edges $`e_k^0`$ are intersections of the faces $`E_{k1}`$ and $`D_k`$ joining the vertices $`\overline{a}_k(0)`$ to $`a_k(0)`$, the edges $`e_k^1`$ are intersections of the faces $`D_k`$ and $`E_k^{}`$ joining the vertices $`\overline{a}_k(1)`$ to $`a_k(1)`$; $`f_k^0=e_{k+1}^0`$ are intersections of $`E_k`$ and $`D_{k+1}`$ joining $`\overline{b}_k(0)`$ to $`b_k(0)`$, $`f_k^1`$ are intersections of $`D_k^{}`$ and $`E_k`$ joining $`\overline{b}_k(1)`$ to $`b_k(1)`$, and $`d_k`$ are intersections of $`E_k^{}`$ and $`D_k^{}`$ joining $`\overline{a}_k^{}(1)`$ to $`a_k^{}(1)`$. Finally, the 0-cells — the vertices, are given by the vertices of $`F`$. This property means that the edges of $`R`$ do not intersect in $`𝕌^3`$. When $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a quasi-Fuchsian group, the fundamental region $`R`$ is a topological polyhedron homeomorphic to the geodesic polyhedron for the corresponding Fuchsian group $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$.

As in the two-dimensional case, we construct the 3-chain representing $`M`$ in the total complex $`\mathrm{Tot}𝖪`$ of the double homology complex $`𝖪_,=𝖲_{}_\mathrm{\Gamma }𝖡_{}`$ as follows. First, identify $`R`$ with $`R[]𝖪_{3,0}`$. We have $`^{\prime \prime }R=0`$ and

$`^{}R`$ $`=F+{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{g}{}}}\left(D_kD_k^{}E_k+E_k^{}\right)`$
$`=F+^{\prime \prime }S,`$
where $`S𝖪_{2,1}`$ is given by

$$S=\underset{k=1}{\overset{g}{}}\left(E_k[\beta _k]D_k[\alpha _k]\right).$$

Secondly,

$`^{}S`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{g}{}}}\left((b_k\overline{b}_k)[\beta _k](a_k\overline{a}_k)[\alpha _k]\right)`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{g}{}}}\left(\left(f_k^1f_k^0\right)[\beta _k]\left(e_k^1e_k^0\right)[\alpha _k]\right)`$
$`=L^{\prime \prime }E,`$
where $`L=L_1L_2`$ and $`E𝖪_{1,2}`$ is given by

$`E`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{g}{}}}\left(e_k^0[\alpha _k|\beta _k]f_k^0[\beta _k|\alpha _k]+f_k^0[\gamma _k^1|\alpha _k\beta _k]\right)`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{g1}{}}}f_g^0[\gamma _g^1\mathrm{}\gamma _{k+1}^1|\gamma _k^1].`$
Therefore $`^{}E=V=V_1V_2`$ and the 3-chain $`RS+E(\mathrm{Tot}𝖪)_3`$ satisfies

(5.1)
$$(RS+E)=FL+V=\mathrm{\Sigma },$$

as asserted.

#### 5.1.2. Cohomology computation

The $`\mathrm{PSL}(2,)`$-action on $`𝕌^3`$ is the following. Represent $`Z=(z,t)𝕌^3`$ by a quaternion

$$𝒁=x\mathrm{𝟏}+y𝒊+t𝒋=\left(\begin{array}{cc}z& t\\ t& \overline{z}\end{array}\right),$$

and for every $`c`$ set

$$𝒄=\mathrm{Re}c\mathrm{𝟏}+\mathrm{Im}c𝒊=\left(\begin{array}{cc}c& 0\\ 0& \overline{c}\end{array}\right).$$

Then for $`\gamma =(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ c& d\end{array})\mathrm{PSL}(2,)`$ the action $`Z\gamma Z`$ is given by

$$𝒁(𝒂𝒁+𝒃)(𝒄𝒁+𝒅)^1.$$

Explicitly, for $`Z=(z,t)𝕌^3`$ setting $`z(Z)=z`$ and $`t(Z)=t`$ gives

(5.2) $`z(\gamma Z)`$ $`=\left((az+b)(\overline{cz+d})+a\overline{c}t^2\right)J_\gamma (Z),`$
(5.3) $`t(\gamma Z)`$ $`=tJ_\gamma (Z),`$
where

$$J_\gamma (Z)=\frac{1}{|cz+d|^2+|ct|^2}.$$

Note that $`J_\gamma ^{3/2}(Z)`$ is the Jacobian of the map $`Z\gamma Z`$, hence it satisfies the transformation property

(5.4)
$$J_{\gamma _1\gamma _2}(Z)=J_{\gamma _1}(\gamma _2Z)J_{\gamma _2}(Z).$$

From (5.2) and (5.3) we get the following formulas for the derivatives

(5.5) $`{\displaystyle \frac{z(\gamma Z)}{z}}`$ $`=(\overline{cz+d})^2J_\gamma ^2(Z),`$
(5.6) $`{\displaystyle \frac{z(\gamma Z)}{\overline{z}}}`$ $`=(\overline{c}t)^2J_\gamma ^2(Z),`$
(5.7) $`{\displaystyle \frac{z(\gamma Z)}{t}}`$ $`=2t\overline{c}(\overline{cz+d})J_\gamma ^2(Z).`$
In particular,

(5.8)
$$\frac{z(Z)}{z}=\gamma ^{}(z)+O(t^2),\frac{z(\gamma Z)}{\overline{z}}=O(t^2),\frac{z(Z)}{t}=O(t),$$

as $`t0`$ and $`z\widehat{}\{\gamma ^1(\mathrm{})\}`$, where for $`z`$ we continue to use the two-dimensional notations

$$\gamma (z)=\frac{az+b}{cz+d}\text{and}\gamma ^{}(z)=\frac{1}{(cz+d)^2},\frac{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma ^{}}(z)=\frac{2c}{cz+d}.$$

The hyperbolic metric on $`𝕌^3`$ is given by

$$ds^2=\frac{|dz|^2+dt^2}{t^2},$$

and is $`\mathrm{PSL}(2,)`$-invariant. Denote by

$$w_3=\frac{1}{t^3}dxdydt=\frac{i}{2t^3}dzd\overline{z}dt$$

the corresponding volume form on $`𝕌^3`$. The form $`w_3`$ is exact on $`𝕌^3`$,

(5.9)
$$w_3=dw_2,\text{where}w_2=\frac{i}{4t^2}dzd\overline{z}.$$

The 2-form $`w_2𝖢^{2,0}`$ is no longer $`\mathrm{PSL}(2,)`$-invariant. A straightforward computation using (5.5)-(5.7) gives for $`\gamma =(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ c& d\end{array})\mathrm{PSL}(2,)`$,

$`(\delta w_2)_{\gamma ^1}=`$ $`\gamma ^{}w_2w_2`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}J_\gamma (Z)\left(|c|^2dzd\overline{z}{\displaystyle \frac{c(\overline{cz+d})}{t}}dzdt+{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{c}(cz+d)}{t}}d\overline{z}dt\right).`$
Since $`d\delta w_2=\delta dw_2=\delta w_3=0`$ and $`𝕌^3`$ is simply connected, this implies that there exists $`w_1𝖢^{1,1}`$ such that $`dw_1=\delta w_2`$. Explicitly,

(5.10)
$$(w_1)_{\gamma ^1}=\frac{i}{8}\mathrm{log}\left(|ct|^2J_\gamma (Z)\right)\left(\frac{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma ^{}}dz\frac{\overline{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}}{\overline{\gamma ^{}}}d\overline{z}\right).$$

Using (5.4) and (5.8) we get for $`\delta w_1C^{1,2}`$

$`(\delta w_1)_{\gamma _1^1,\gamma _2^1}=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{8}}\left(\mathrm{log}J_{\gamma _1}(Z)+\mathrm{log}{\displaystyle \frac{|c(\gamma _2)|^2}{|c(\gamma _2\gamma _1)|^2}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _2^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma _2^{}}}\gamma _1\gamma _1^{}dz{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\gamma _2^{\prime \prime }}}{\overline{\gamma _2^{}}}}\gamma _1\overline{\gamma _1^{}}d\overline{z}\right)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{8}}\left(\mathrm{log}J_{\gamma _2}(\gamma _1Z)+\mathrm{log}{\displaystyle \frac{|c(\gamma _2\gamma _1)|^2}{|c(\gamma _1)|^2}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\gamma _1^{\prime \prime }}}{\overline{\gamma _1^{}}}}d\overline{z}{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _1^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma _1^{}}}dz\right)`$
(5.11) $`+B_{\gamma _1^1,\gamma _2^1}(Z).`$
Here $`B_{\gamma _1^1,\gamma _2^1}(Z)=O(t\mathrm{log}t)`$ as $`t0`$, uniformly on compact subsets of $`\{\gamma _1^1(\mathrm{}),(\gamma _2\gamma _1)^1(\mathrm{})\}`$.

Clearly the 1-form $`\delta w_1`$ is closed,

$$d(\delta w_1)=\delta (dw_1)=\delta (\delta w_2)=0.$$

Since $`𝕌^3`$ is simply connected, there exists $`w_0𝖢^{0,2}`$ such that $`w_1=dw_0`$. Moreover, using $`H^3(\mathrm{\Gamma },)=0`$ we can always choose the antiderivative $`w_0`$ such that $`\delta w_0=0`$. Finally, set $`\mathrm{\Phi }=w_2w_1w_0(\mathrm{Tot}𝖢)^2`$, so that

(5.12)
$$D\mathrm{\Phi }=w_3.$$

### 5.2. Regularized Einstein-Hilbert action

In two dimensions, the critical value of the Liouville action for a Riemann surface $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash 𝕌`$ is proportional to the hyperbolic area of the surface (see Section 2). It is expected that in three dimensions the critical value of the Einstein-Hilbert action functional with cosmological term is proportional to the hyperbolic volume of the 3-manifold $`M\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash (𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega })`$ (plus a term proportional to the induced area of the boundary). However, the hyperbolic metric diverges at the boundary of $`\overline{𝕌}^3`$ and for quasi-Fuchsian group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ (as well as for general Kleinian group <sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1Note that we are using definition of Kleinian groups as in \[Mas88\]. In the theory of hyperbolic 3-manifolds these groups are called Kleinian groups of the second kind.) the hyperbolic volume of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash (𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega })`$ is infinite. In \[Wit98\], Witten proposed a regularization of the action functional by truncating the 3-manifold $`M`$ by surface $`f=\epsilon `$, where the cut-off function $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(𝕌^3,_{>0})`$ vanishes to the first order on the boundary of $`\overline{𝕌}^3`$. Every choice of the function $`f`$ defines a metric on $`𝕌^3`$

$$ds^2=\frac{f^2}{t^2}(|dz|^2+dt^2),$$

belonging to the conformal class of the hyperbolic metric. On the boundary of $`\overline{𝕌}^3`$ it induces the metric

$$\underset{t0}{lim}\frac{f^2(z,t)}{t^2}|dz|^2.$$

Clearly for the case of quasi-Fuchsian group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ (or for the general Kleinian case considered in the next section), the cut-off function $`f`$ should be $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-automorphic. Existence of such function is guaranteed by the following result, which we formulate for the general Kleinian case.

###### Lemma 5.1.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be non-elementary purely loxodromic, geometrically finite Kleinian group with region of discontinuity $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, normalized so that $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }`$. For every $`\varphi 𝒞(\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega })`$ there exists $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-automorphic function $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega })`$ which is positive on $`𝕌^3`$ and satisfies

$$f(Z)=te^{\varphi (z)/2}+O(t^3),\text{as}t0,$$

uniformly on compact subsets of $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$.

###### Proof.

Note that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }`$ is isomorphic to a finite disjoint union of compact Riemann surfaces. Let $`R`$ be a fundamental region of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega }`$ which is compact in the relative topology of $`\overline{𝕌}^3`$. I. Kra has proved in \[Kra72a\] (the construction in \[Kra72a\] suggested by M. Kuga generalizes verbatim to our case) that there exist a bounded open set $`V`$ in $`\overline{𝕌}^3`$ such that $`RV`$ and a function $`\eta C^{\mathrm{}}(𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega })`$ — partition of unity for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ on $`𝕌^3\mathrm{\Delta }`$, satisfying the following properties.

* $`0\eta 1`$ and $`\text{supp}\eta \overline{V}`$.
* For each $`Z𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega }`$ there is a neighborhood $`U`$ of $`Z`$ and a finite subset $`J`$ of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ such that $`\eta |_{\gamma (U)}=0`$ for each $`\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }J`$.
* $`_{\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }}\eta (\gamma Z)=1`$ for all $`Z𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega }`$.

Let $`B=\overline{V}\{(z,t)|z\mathrm{\Lambda }\}`$. Since $`R\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is compact, then (shrinking $`V`$ if necessary) there exists a $`t_0>0`$ such that $`B`$ does not intersect the region $`\{(z,t)\overline{V}|tt_0\}`$. Define the function $`\widehat{f}:\overline{V}`$ by

$$\widehat{f}(z,t)=\{\begin{array}{cc}te^{\varphi (z)/2}\hfill & \text{if}(z,t)\overline{V}\text{and}tt_0/2,\hfill \\ 1\hfill & \text{if}(z,t)\overline{V}\text{and}tt_0,\hfill \end{array}$$

and extend it to smooth function $`\widehat{f}`$ on $`\overline{V}`$, positive on $`\overline{V}𝕌^3`$. Set

$$f(Z)=\underset{\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }}{}\eta (\gamma Z)\widehat{f}(\gamma Z).$$

By the property (ii), for every $`Z𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega }`$ this sum contains only finitely many non-zero terms, so that the function $`f`$ is well-defined. By properties (i) and (iii) it is positive on $`𝕌^3`$. To prove the asymptotic behavior, we use elementary formulas

$`z(\gamma Z)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{az+b}{cz+d}}+O(t^2)=\gamma (z)+O(t^2),`$
$`t(\gamma Z)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{t}{|cz+d|^2}}+O(t^3)\text{as}t0,`$
where $`z\gamma ^1(\mathrm{})`$. Since $`\varphi `$ is smooth on $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and

$$e^{\varphi (\gamma z)/2}=e^{\varphi (z)/2}|cz+d|^2,$$

we get for $`z\mathrm{\Omega }`$ such that $`\gamma Z\overline{V}`$ and $`t`$ is small enough,

$`\widehat{f}(\gamma Z)`$ $`=\left({\displaystyle \frac{t}{|cz+d|^2}}+O(t^3)\right)\left(e^{\varphi (\gamma z)/2}+O(t^2)\right)`$
$`=te^{\varphi (z)/2}+O(t^3),`$
where the O-term depends on $`\gamma `$. Using properties (ii) and (iii) we finally obtain

$`f(Z)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }}{}}\eta (\gamma Z)\left(te^{\varphi (z)/2}+O(t^3)\right)`$
$`=te^{\varphi (z)/2}+O(t^3),`$
uniformly on compact subsets of $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. ∎

Returning to the case when $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a normalized purely loxodromic quasi-Fuchsian group, for every $`\varphi 𝒞(\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega })`$ let $`f`$ be a function given by the lemma. For $`\epsilon >0`$ let $`R_\epsilon =R\{f\epsilon \}`$ be the truncated fundamental region. For every chain $`c`$ in $`𝕌^3`$ let $`c_\epsilon =c\{f\epsilon \}`$ be the corresponding truncated chain. Also let $`F_\epsilon =^{}R_ϵ\{f=\epsilon \}`$ be the boundary of $`R_\epsilon `$ on the surface $`f=\epsilon `$ and define chains $`L_\epsilon `$ and $`V_\epsilon `$ on $`f=\epsilon `$ by the same equations $`^{}F_\epsilon =^{\prime \prime }L_\epsilon `$ and $`^{}L_\epsilon =^{\prime \prime }V_\epsilon `$ as chains $`L`$ and $`V`$ (see Sections 2.2.1 and 2.3.1). Since the truncation is $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-invariant, for every chain $`c𝖲_{}(𝕌^3)`$ and $`\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }`$ we have

$$(\gamma c)_\epsilon =\gamma c_\epsilon .$$

In particular, relations between the chains, derived in Section 5.1, hold for truncated chains as well.

Let $`M_\epsilon `$ be the truncated 3-manifold with the boundary $`^{}M_\epsilon `$. For $`\epsilon `$ sufficiently small $`^{}M_\epsilon =X_\epsilon Y_\epsilon `$ is diffeomorphic to $`XY`$. Denote by $`V_\epsilon [\varphi ]`$ the hyperbolic volume of $`M_\epsilon `$. The hyperbolic metric induces a metric on $`^{}M_\epsilon `$, and $`A_\epsilon [\varphi ]`$ denotes the area of $`^{}M_\epsilon `$ in the induced metric.

###### Definition 5.2.

The regularized on-shell Einstein-Hilbert action functional is defined by

$`_\mathrm{\Gamma }[\varphi ]=4\underset{\epsilon 0}{lim}\left(V_\epsilon [\varphi ]{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}A_\epsilon [\varphi ]2\pi \chi (X)\mathrm{log}\epsilon \right),`$
where $`\chi (X)=\chi (Y)=22g`$ is the Euler characteristic of $`X`$.

The main result of this section is the following.

###### Theorem 5.3.

(Quasi-Fuchsian holography) For every $`\varphi 𝒞(\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega })`$ the regularized Einstein-Hilbert action is well-defined and

$$_\mathrm{\Gamma }[\varphi ]=\stackrel{ˇ}{S}_\mathrm{\Gamma }[\varphi ],$$

where $`\stackrel{ˇ}{S}_\mathrm{\Gamma }[\varphi ]`$ is the modified Liouville action functional without the area term,

$$\stackrel{ˇ}{S}_\mathrm{\Gamma }[\varphi ]=S_\mathrm{\Gamma }[\varphi ]\underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }}{}e^\varphi d^2z8\pi (2g2)\mathrm{log}2.$$

###### Proof.

It is sufficient to verify the formula,

(5.13)
$$V_\epsilon [\varphi ]\frac{1}{2}A_\epsilon [\varphi ]=2\pi \chi (X)\mathrm{log}\epsilon \frac{1}{4}\stackrel{ˇ}{S}_\mathrm{\Gamma }[\varphi ]+o(1)\text{as}\epsilon 0,$$

which is a counter-part of the formula (1.13) for quasi-Fuchsian groups.

The area form induced by the hyperbolic metric on the surface $`f(Z)=\epsilon `$ is given by

$$\sqrt{1+\left(\frac{f_x}{f_t}\right)^2+\left(\frac{f_y}{f_t}\right)^2}\frac{dxdy}{t^2}.$$

Using

$$\frac{f_x}{f_t}(Z)=\frac{t}{2}\varphi _x(z)+O(t^3)\text{and}\frac{f_y}{f_t}(Z)=\frac{t}{2}\varphi _y(z)+O(t^3),$$

we have as $`\epsilon 0`$

$`A_\epsilon [\varphi ]`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{F_\epsilon }{}}\sqrt{1+{\displaystyle \frac{t^2}{4}}(\varphi _x^2+\varphi _y^2)(z)+O(t^4)}{\displaystyle \frac{dxdy}{t^2}}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{F_\epsilon }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dxdy}{t^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{F}{}}\varphi _z\varphi _{\overline{z}}𝑑xdy+o(1)`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{F_\epsilon }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dxdy}{t^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{4}}\stackrel{ˇ}{\omega }[\varphi ],F+o(1).`$
Here we have introduced

(5.14)
$$\stackrel{ˇ}{\omega }[\varphi ]=\omega [\varphi ]e^\varphi dzd\overline{z}=|\varphi _z|^2dzd\overline{z},$$

and have used that for $`ZF_\epsilon `$

(5.15)
$$t=\epsilon e^{\varphi (z)/2}+O(\epsilon ^3),$$

uniformly for $`Z=(z,t)`$ where $`zF`$.

Next, using (5.1) and (5.12) we have,

$`V_\epsilon [\varphi ]`$ $`=w_3,R_\epsilon `$
$`=w_3,R_\epsilon S_\epsilon +E_\epsilon `$
$`=D(w_2w_1w_0),R_\epsilon S_\epsilon +E_\epsilon `$
$`=w_2w_1w_0,\left(R_\epsilon S_\epsilon +E_\epsilon \right)`$
$`=w_2,F_\epsilon +w_1,L_\epsilon w_0,V_\epsilon .`$
The terms in this formula simplify as $`\epsilon 0`$. First of all, it follows from (5.9) that

$`w_2,F_\epsilon ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{F_\epsilon }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dxdy}{t^2}}.`$
Secondly, using (5.15) and $`J_\gamma (Z)=|\gamma ^{}(z)|+O(t^2)`$ as $`t0`$, we have on $`L_\epsilon `$

$`(w_1)_{\gamma ^1}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{i}{8}}\mathrm{log}\left(\left|c\epsilon \right|^2e^\varphi |\gamma ^{}(z)|\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma ^{}}}dz{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}}{\overline{\gamma ^{}}}}d\overline{z}\right)+o(1)`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{i}{8}}\left(2\mathrm{log}\epsilon \varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{log}|\gamma ^{}|^2+\mathrm{log}|c(\gamma )|^2\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}{\gamma ^{}}}dz{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\gamma ^{\prime \prime }}}{\overline{\gamma ^{}}}}d\overline{z}\right)+o(1).`$
Therefore, as $`\epsilon 0`$,

$`w_1,L_\epsilon ={\displaystyle \frac{i}{4}}\varkappa ,L(\mathrm{log}\epsilon \mathrm{log}2)+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{8}}\stackrel{ˇ}{\theta }[\varphi ],L+o(1),`$
where 1-forms $`\varkappa _\gamma `$ and $`\stackrel{ˇ}{\theta }_\gamma [\varphi ]`$ were introduced in Corollary 2.12 and formula (2.16) respectively. Finally,

$$w_0,V_\epsilon =w_0,^{}E_\epsilon =dw_0,E_\epsilon =\delta w_1,E_\epsilon =\delta w_1,E+o(1),$$

where we used that 1-form $`\delta w_1`$ is smooth on $`𝕌^3`$ and continuous on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{})`$. Since it is closed, we can replace the 1-chain $`E`$ by the 1-chain $`W=W_1W_2`$ consisting of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-contracting paths at 0 (see Section 2.3). It follows from (5.1.2) that $`\delta w_1=\frac{i}{8}\stackrel{ˇ}{u}+o(1)`$ as $`t0`$, where the 1-form $`\stackrel{ˇ}{u}_{\gamma _1,\gamma _2}`$ was introduced in (2.17), so that

$$w_0,V_\epsilon =\frac{i}{8}\stackrel{ˇ}{u},W+o(1).$$

Putting everything together, we have as $`\epsilon 0`$

$`V_\epsilon [\varphi ]{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}A_\epsilon [\varphi ]=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{4}}\varkappa ,L(\mathrm{log}\epsilon \mathrm{log}2){\displaystyle \frac{i}{8}}(\stackrel{ˇ}{\omega }[\varphi ],F\stackrel{ˇ}{\theta }[\varphi ],L`$
$`+\stackrel{ˇ}{u},W)+o(1).`$
Using Corollary 2.12, trivially modified for the quasi-Fuchsian case, and (2.27) concludes the proof. ∎

A fundamental domain $`F`$ for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is called admissible, if it is the boundary in $``$ of a fundamental region $`R`$ for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega }`$. As an immediate consequence of the theorem we get the following.

###### Corollary 5.4.

The Liouville action functional $`S_\mathrm{\Gamma }[\varphi ]`$ is independent of the choice of admissible fundamental domain.

###### Proof.

Since $`V_\epsilon [\varphi ]`$, $`A_\epsilon [\varphi ]`$ are intrinsically associated with the quotient manifolds $`M\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash (𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega })`$ and $`XY\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }`$, the statement follows from the definition of the Einstein-Hilbert action and the theorem. ∎

Although we proved the same result in Section 2 using methods of homological algebra, the above argument easily generalizes to other Kleinian groups.

###### Remark 5.5.

The truncation of the 3-manifold $`M`$ by the function $`f`$ does depend on the choice of the realization of the fundamental group of $`M`$ as a normalized discrete subgroup $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of $`\mathrm{PSL}(2,)`$. Different realizations of $`\pi _1(M)`$ result in different choices of the function $`f`$, since $`f`$ has to satisfy the asymptotic behavior in Lemma 5.1, where the leading term $`te^{\varphi (z)/2}`$ is not a well-defined function on $`M`$.

###### Remark 5.6.

The cochain $`w_0𝖢^{0,2}`$ was defined as a solution of the equation $`dw_0=w_1`$ satisfying $`\delta w_0=0`$. However, in the computation in Theorem 5.3 this condition is not needed — any choice of an antiderivative for $`w_1`$ will suffice. This is due to the fact that the chain in $`(\mathrm{Tot}𝖪)_3`$ that starts with $`R𝖪_{3,0}`$ does not contain a term in $`𝖪_{0,3}`$, hence $`^{}E=V`$. Thus we can trivially add the term $`\delta w_0,R_\epsilon S_\epsilon +E_\epsilon =0`$ to $`V_\epsilon [\varphi ]`$, which through the equation $`D\mathrm{\Phi }=w_3\delta w_0`$ still gives $`w_0,V=dw_0,E`$. Thus the absence of $`𝖪_{0,3}`$-components in the chain in $`(\mathrm{Tot}𝖪)_3`$ implies that each term in $`E`$ produces two boundary terms in $`V`$ which cancel out the integration constants in definition of $`w_0`$. As a result, $`S_\mathrm{\Gamma }[\varphi ]`$ does not depend on the choice of $`w_0`$. In the next section we generalize the Liouville action functional to Kleinian groups having the same property.

### 5.3. Epstein map

Construction of the regularized Einstein-Hilbert action in the previous section works for a larger class of cut-off surfaces than those given by equation $`f=\epsilon `$. Namely, it follows from the proof of Theorem 5.3, that the statement holds for any family $`S_\epsilon `$ of cut-off surfaces such that for $`Z=(z,t)S_\epsilon `$

(5.16)
$$t=\epsilon e^{\varphi (z)/2}+O(\epsilon ^3)\text{as}\epsilon 0,$$

uniformly for $`zF`$.

Given a conformal metric $`ds^2=e^{\varphi (z)}|dz|^2`$ on $`\mathrm{\Omega }\widehat{}`$ there is a natural surface in $`𝕌^3`$ associated to it through the inverse of the hyperbolic Gauss map. Corresponding construction is due to C. Epstein \[Eps84, Eps86\] (see also \[And98\]) and is the following. For every $`Z𝕌^3`$ and $`z\widehat{}`$ there is a unique horosphere $`H`$ based at point $`z`$ and passing through the point $`Z`$: $`H`$ is a Euclidean sphere in $`𝕌^3`$ tangent to $`z`$ and passing through $`Z`$, or is an Euclidean plane parallel to the complex plane for $`z=\mathrm{}`$. Denote by $`[Z,z]`$ an affine parameter of the horosphere $`H`$ — the hyperbolic distance between the point $`(0,1)𝕌^3`$ and the horosphere $`H`$ considered as positive if the point $`(0,1)`$ is outside $`H`$ and negative otherwise. Denote the corresponding horosphere by $`H(z,[Z,z])`$. The Epstein map $`𝒢:\mathrm{\Omega }𝕌^3`$ is defined by

$`e^{\varphi (z)/2}|dz|=e^{[𝒢(z),z]}{\displaystyle \frac{2|dz|}{1+|z|^2}}`$
and it is $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-invariant

$$𝒢\gamma =\gamma 𝒢\text{for all}\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }.$$

if $`\varphi 𝒞(\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega })`$.

###### Remark 5.7.

Note that our definition of the Epstein map corresponds to the case $`f=id`$ in the Definition 3.9 in \[And98\].

Geometrically, the image of the Epstein map is the Epstein surface $`=𝒢(\mathrm{\Omega })`$, which is the envelope of the family of horospheres $`H(z,\varrho (z))`$ with

$$\varrho (z)=\mathrm{log}\left(\frac{1}{2}(1+|z|^2)\right)+\frac{\varphi (z)}{2},$$

parametrized by $`z\mathrm{\Omega }`$, where $`𝒢(z)`$ is the point of tangency of the horosphere $`H(z,\varrho (z))`$ with the surface $``$. Explicit computation gives

(5.17)
$$𝒢(w)=(w+\frac{2\varphi _{\overline{w}}(w)}{e^{\varphi (w)}+|\varphi _w(w)|^2},\frac{2e^{\varphi (w)/2}}{e^{\varphi (w)}+|\varphi _w(w)|^2}),w\mathrm{\Omega }.$$

###### Remark 5.8.

The square of Euclidean distance between points $`w`$ and $`𝒢(w)`$ in $`\overline{𝕌}^3`$ is $`4/(e^{\varphi (w)}+|\varphi _w(w)|^2)`$. This gives a geometric interpretation of the density $`|\varphi _z|^2+e^\varphi `$ of the (1,1)-form $`\omega `$ (2.4).

Now to a given $`\varphi 𝒞(\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega })`$ we associate the family $`\varphi _\epsilon =\varphi +2\mathrm{log}22\mathrm{log}\epsilon 𝒞(\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega })`$ with $`\epsilon >0`$, which corresponds to the family of conformal metrics $`ds_\epsilon ^2=4\epsilon ^2e^{\varphi (w)}|dw|^2`$, and consider the corresponding $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-invariant family $`_\epsilon `$ of Epstein surfaces. It follows from the parametric representation

(5.18) $`z`$ $`=w+{\displaystyle \frac{2\epsilon ^2\varphi _{\overline{w}}(w)}{4e^{\varphi (w)}+\epsilon ^2|\varphi _w(w)|^2}},`$
(5.19) $`t`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{4\epsilon e^{\varphi (w)/2}}{4e^{\varphi (w)}+\epsilon ^2|\varphi _w(w)|^2}},`$
that for $`\epsilon `$ small the surfaces $`_\epsilon `$ embed smoothly in $`𝕌^3`$ and as $`\epsilon 0`$,

$`z`$ $`=w+O(\epsilon ^2),`$
$`t`$ $`=\epsilon e^{\varphi (w)/2}+O(\epsilon ^3),`$
uniformly for $`w`$ in compact subsets of $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. These formulas immediately give the desired asymptotic behavior (5.16). The choice of Epstein surfaces $`_\epsilon `$ as cut-off surfaces for definition of the regularized Einstein-Hilbert action seems to be the most natural. It is quite remarkable that independently equations (5.18) appear in \[Kra01\] in relation with a general solution of “asymptotically AdS three-dimensional gravity”.

## 6. Generalization to Kleinian groups

### 6.1. Kleinian groups of Class $`A`$

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a finitely generated Kleinian group with the region of discontinuity $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, a maximal set of non-equivalent components $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Omega }_n`$ of $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, and the limit set $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\widehat{}\mathrm{\Omega }`$. As in the quasi-Fuchsian case, a path $`P`$ is called $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-contracting in $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, if $`P=P_1P_2`$, where $`p\mathrm{\Lambda }\{\mathrm{}\}`$ is a fixed point for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, paths $`P_1\{p\}`$ and $`P_2\{p\}`$ lie entirely in distinct components of $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and are $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-contracting at $`p`$ in the sense of Definition 2.17. It follows from arguments in Section 2.3.1 that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-contracting paths in $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ are rectifiable.

###### Definition 6.1.

A Kleinian group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is of Class $`A`$ if it satisfies the following conditions.

1. $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is non-elementary and purely loxodromic.
2. $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is geometrically finite.
3. $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ has a fundamental region $`R`$ in $`𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega }`$ which is a finite three-dimensional $`CW`$-complex with no 0-dimensional cells in $`𝕌^3`$ and such that $`R\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Omega }_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_n`$.

In particular, property A1 implies that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is torsion-free and does not contain parabolic elements, and property A2 asserts that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ has a fundamental region $`R`$ in $`𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega }`$ which is a finite topological polyhedron. Property A3 means that the region $`R`$ can be chosen such that the vertices of $`R`$ — endpoints of edges of $`R`$, lie on $`\mathrm{\Omega }\widehat{}`$ and the boundary of $`R`$ in $`\widehat{}`$, which is a fundamental domain for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, is not too “exotic”.

The class $`A`$ is rather large: it clearly contains all purely loxodromic Schottky groups (for which the property A3 is vacuous), Fuchsian groups, quasi-Fuchsian groups, and free combinations of these groups.

As in the previous section, we say that Kleinian group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is normalized if $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Lambda }`$.

### 6.2. Einstein-Hilbert and Liouville functionals

For a finitely generated Kleinian group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ let $`M\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash (𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega })`$ be corresponding hyperbolic 3-manifold, and let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Gamma }_n`$ be the stabilizer groups of the maximal set $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Omega }_n`$ of non-equivalent components of $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. We have

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }=\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_n\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }_nX_1\mathrm{}X_n,`$
so that Riemann surfaces $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_n`$ are simultaneously uniformized by $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Manifold $`M`$ is compact in the relative topology of $`\overline{𝕌}^3`$ with the disjoint union $`X_1\mathrm{}X_n`$ as the boundary.

#### 6.2.1. Homology and cohomology set-up

Let $`𝖲_{}𝖲_{}(𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega })`$, $`𝖡_{}𝖡_{}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ be standard singular chain and bar-resolution homology complexes and $`𝖪_,𝖲_{}_\mathrm{\Gamma }𝖡_{}`$ — the corresponding double complex. When $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a Kleinian group of Class $`A`$, we can generalize homology construction from the previous section and define corresponding chains $`R,S,E,F,L,V`$ in total complex $`\mathrm{Tot}𝖪`$ as follows. Let $`R`$ be a fundamental region for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega }`$ — a closed topological polyhedron in $`\overline{𝕌}^3`$ satisfying property A3. The group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is generated by side pairing transformations of $`R𝕌^3`$ and we define the chain $`S𝖪_{2,1}`$ as the sum of terms $`s\gamma ^1`$ for each pair of sides $`s,s^{}`$ of $`R𝕌^3`$ identified by a transformation $`\gamma `$, i.e., $`s^{}=\gamma s`$. The sides are oriented as components of the boundary and the negative sign stands for the opposite orientation. We have

(6.1)
$$^{}R=F+^{\prime \prime }S,$$

where $`F=^{}R\mathrm{\Omega }𝖪_{2,0}`$. Note that it is immaterial whether we choose $`s\gamma ^1`$ or $`s^{}\gamma `$ in the definition of $`S`$, since these terms differ by a $`^{\prime \prime }`$-coboundary. Next, relations between generators of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ determine the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-action on the edges of $`R`$, which, in turn, determines the chain $`E𝖪_{1,2}`$ through the equation

(6.2)
$$^{}S=L^{\prime \prime }E.$$

Here $`L=^{}S\mathrm{\Omega }𝖪_{1,1}`$. Finally, property A3 implies that

(6.3)
$$^{}E=V,$$

where the chain $`V𝖪_{0,2}`$ lies in $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$.

Next, let the 1-chain $`W𝖪_{1,2}`$ be a “proper projection” of the 1-chain $`E`$ onto $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, i.e., $`W`$ is defined by connecting every two vertices belonging to the same edge of $`R`$ either by a smooth path lying entirely in one component of $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, or by a $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-contracting path, so that $`^{}W=V`$. The existence of such 1-chain $`W`$ is guaranteed by the property A3 and the following lemma, which is of independent interest.

###### Lemma 6.2.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a normalized, geometrically finite, purely loxodromic Kleinian group, and let $`R`$ be the fundamental region of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega }`$ such that $`R\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Omega }_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_n`$ — a union of the maximal set of non-equivalent components of $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. If an edge $`e`$ of $`R𝕌^3`$ has endpoints $`v_0`$ and $`v_1`$ belonging to two distinct components $`\mathrm{\Omega }_i`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_j`$, then there exists a $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-contracting path in $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ joining vertices $`v_0`$ and $`v_1`$. In particular, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_i`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_j`$ has at least one common boundary point, which is a fixed point for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

###### Proof.

There exist sides $`s_1`$ and $`s_2`$ of $`R`$ such that $`es_1s_2`$. For each of these sides there exists a group element identifying it with another side of $`R`$. Let $`\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be such element for $`s_1`$. Since $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is torsion-free and $`v_0,v_1\mathrm{\Omega }`$, element $`\gamma `$ identifies the edge $`e`$ with the edge $`e^{}`$ of $`R`$ with endpoints $`\gamma (v_0)v_0`$ and $`\gamma (v_1)v_1`$. Since, by assumption, $`R\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Omega }_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega }_n`$, we have that $`\gamma (v_0)\mathrm{\Omega }_i`$ and $`\gamma `$ fixes $`\mathrm{\Omega }_i`$. Similarly, $`\gamma (v_1)\mathrm{\Omega }_j`$ and $`\gamma `$ fixes $`\mathrm{\Omega }_j`$. Now assume that attracting fixed point $`p`$ of $`\gamma `$ is not $`\mathrm{}`$ (otherwise we replace $`\gamma `$ by $`\gamma ^1`$). Join $`v_0`$ and $`\gamma (v_0)`$ by a smooth path $`P_1^0`$ inside $`\mathrm{\Omega }_i`$, and let $`P_1^n=\gamma ^n(P_1^0)`$ be its $`n`$-th $`\gamma `$-iterate. Since $`\gamma `$ fixes $`\mathrm{\Omega }_i`$, the path $`P_1^n`$ lies entirely inside $`\mathrm{\Omega }_i`$. Since $`lim_n\mathrm{}\gamma ^n(v_0)=p`$, the path $`P_1=_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}P_1^n`$ joins $`v_0`$ and $`p`$, and except for the endpoint $`p`$ lies entirely in $`\mathrm{\Omega }_i`$. Clearly path $`P_1^0`$ can be chosen so that the path $`P_1`$ is smooth everywhere except at $`p`$. The path $`P_2`$ joining points $`v_1`$ and $`p`$ inside $`\mathrm{\Omega }_j`$ is defined similarly, and the path $`P=P_1P_2`$ is $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-contracting in $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. ∎

Setting $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=F+LV`$ we get from (6.1)-(6.3) that

$$(RS+E)=\mathrm{\Sigma }.$$

###### Remark 6.3.

Since $`𝕌^3`$ is acyclic, it follows from general arguments in \[AT97\] that for any geometrically finite purely loxodromic Kleinian group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with fundamental region $`R`$ given by a closed topological polyhedron, there exist chains $`S𝖪_{2,1},E𝖪_{1,2},T𝖪_{0,3}`$ and chains $`F𝖪_{2,0},L𝖪_{1,1},V𝖪_{0,2}`$ on $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, satisfying

$`^{}R`$ $`=F+^{\prime \prime }S`$
$`^{}S`$ $`=L^{\prime \prime }E`$
$`^{}E`$ $`=V+^{\prime \prime }T.`$
Property A3 asserts that $`T=0`$, and we get equations (6.1)-(6.3).

Correspondingly, let $`𝖠^{}𝖠_{}^{}(𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega })`$ and $`𝖢^,\mathrm{Hom}(𝖡_{},𝖠^{})`$ be the de Rham complex on $`𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and the bar-de Rham complex respectively. The cochains $`w_3,w_2,w_1,\delta w_1,w_0`$ are defined by the same formulas as in Section 5.1. For $`\varphi 𝒞(\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega })`$ define the cochains $`\omega [\varphi ],\theta [\varphi ],u`$ by the same formulas (2.4), (2.5), (2.6), with the group elements belonging to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Finally, define the cochains $`\stackrel{ˇ}{\theta }[\varphi ],\stackrel{ˇ}{u}`$ by (2.16) and (2.17).

#### 6.2.2. Action functionals

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a normalized Class $`A`$ Kleinian group. For each $`\varphi 𝒞(\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega })`$ let $`f`$ be the function constructed in Lemma 5.1. As in Section 5.2, we truncate the manifold $`M`$ by the cut-off function $`f`$ and define $`V_\epsilon [\varphi ]`$, $`A_\epsilon [\varphi ]`$.

###### Definition 6.4.

The regularized on-shell Einstein-Hilbert action functional for a normalized Class $`A`$ Kleinian group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is defined by

$`_\mathrm{\Gamma }[\varphi ]=4\underset{\epsilon 0}{lim}\left(V_ϵ[\varphi ]{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}A_ϵ[\varphi ]\pi (\chi (X_1)+\mathrm{}+\chi (X_n))\mathrm{log}\epsilon \right).`$
As in the quasi-Fuchsian case, a fundamental domain $`F`$ for a Kleinian group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is called admissible, if it is the boundary in $``$ of a fundamental region $`R`$ for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`𝕌^3`$ satisfying property A3.

###### Definition 6.5.

The Liouville action functional $`S_\mathrm{\Gamma }:𝒞(\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega })`$ for a normalized Class $`A`$ Kleinian group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is defined by

(6.4)
$$S_\mathrm{\Gamma }[\varphi ]=\frac{i}{2}\left(\omega [\varphi ],F\stackrel{ˇ}{\theta }[\varphi ],L+\stackrel{ˇ}{u},W\right),$$

where $`F`$ is an admissible fundamental domain for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$.

###### Remark 6.6.

When $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a purely loxodromic Schottky group (not necessarily classical Schottky group), the Liouville action functional defined above is, up to the constant term $`4\pi (2g2)\mathrm{log}2`$, the functional (1.8), introduced by P. Zograf and the first author \[ZT87b\].

Using these definitions and repeating verbatim arguments in Section 5 we have the following result.

###### Theorem 6.7.

(Kleinian holography) For every $`\varphi 𝒞(\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega })`$ the regularized Einstein-Hilbert action is well-defined and

$$_\mathrm{\Gamma }[\varphi ]=\stackrel{ˇ}{S}_\mathrm{\Gamma }[\varphi ]=S_\mathrm{\Gamma }[\varphi ]\underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }}{}e^\varphi d^2z+4\pi \left(\chi (X_1)+\mathrm{}+\chi (X_n)\right)\mathrm{log}2.$$

###### Corollary 6.8.

The definition of a Liouville action functional does not depend on the choice of admissible fundamental domain $`F`$ for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

As in the Fuchsian and quasi-Fuchsian cases, the Euler-Lagrange equation for the functional $`S_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is the Liouville equation, and its single critical point given by the hyperbolic metric $`e^{\varphi _{hyp}}|dz|^2`$ on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }`$ is non-degenerate. For every component $`\mathrm{\Omega }_i`$ denote by $`J_i:𝕌\mathrm{\Omega }_i`$ the corresponding covering map (unique up to a $`\mathrm{PSL}(2,)`$-action on $`𝕌`$). Then the density $`e^{\varphi _{hyp}}`$ of the hyperbolic metric is given by

(6.5)
$$e^{\varphi _{hyp}(z)}=\frac{|(J_i^1)^{}(z)|^2}{(\mathrm{Im}J_i^1(z))^2}\text{if}z\mathrm{\Omega }_i,i=1,\mathrm{},n.$$

###### Remark 6.9.

As in Remark 2.6, let $`\mathrm{\Delta }[\varphi ]=e^\varphi _z_{\overline{z}}`$ be the Laplace operator of the metric $`ds^2=e^\varphi |dz|^2`$ acting on functions on $`X_1\mathrm{}X_n`$, let $`det\mathrm{\Delta }[\varphi ]`$ be its zeta-function regularized determinant, and let

$$[\varphi ]=\mathrm{log}\frac{det\mathrm{\Delta }[\varphi ]}{A[\varphi ]}.$$

Polyakov’s “conformal anomaly” formula and Theorem 6.7 give the following relation between Einstein-Hilbert action $`[\varphi ]`$ for $`M\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash (𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega })`$ and “analytic torsion” $`[\varphi ]`$ on its boundary $`X_1\mathrm{}X_n\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }`$,

$$[\varphi +\sigma ]+\frac{1}{12\pi }[\varphi +\sigma ]=[\varphi ]+\frac{1}{12\pi }[\varphi ],\sigma C^{\mathrm{}}(X_1\mathrm{}X_n,).$$

### 6.3. Variation of the classical action

Here we generalize theorems in Section 4 for quasi-Fuchsian groups to Kleinian groups.

#### 6.3.1. Classical action

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a normalized Class $`A`$ Kleinian group and let $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ be its deformation space. For every Beltrami coefficient $`\mu ^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ the normalized quasiconformal map $`f^\mu :\widehat{}\widehat{}`$ descends to an orientation preserving homeomorphism of the quotient Riemann surfaces $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu \backslash \mathrm{\Omega }^\mu `$. This homeomorphism extends to homeomorphism of corresponding $`3`$-manifolds $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash (𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega })`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu \backslash (𝕌^3\mathrm{\Omega }^\mu )`$, which can be lifted to orientation preserving homeomorphism of $`𝕌^3`$. In particular, a fundamental region of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is mapped to a fundamental region of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu `$. Hence property A3 is stable and every group in $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is of Class $`A`$. Moreover, since $`\mathrm{}`$ is a fixed point of $`f^\mu `$, every group in $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is normalized.

For every $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ let $`S_\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}=S_\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}[\varphi _{hyp}^{}]`$ be the classical Liouville action for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$. Since the property of the fundamental domain $`F`$ being admissible is stable, Corollary 6.8 asserts that the classical action gives rise to a well-defined real-analytic function $`S:𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.

As in Section 4, let $`\vartheta \mathrm{\Omega }^{2,0}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ be the holomorphic quadratic differential $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }`$, defined by

$$\vartheta =2(\varphi _{hyp})_{zz}(\varphi _{hyp})_z^2.$$

It follows from (6.5) that

$`\vartheta (z)`$ $`=2𝒮(J_i^1)(z)\text{if}z\mathrm{\Omega }_i,i=1,\mathrm{},n.`$
Define a $`(1,0)`$-form $`\mathit{\vartheta }`$ on $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ by assigning to every $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ corresponding $`\vartheta \mathrm{\Omega }^{2,0}(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{})`$.

For every $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ let $`P_F`$ and $`P_K`$ be Fuchsian and Kleinian projective connections on $`X_1^{}\mathrm{}X_n^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$, defined by the Fuchsian uniformizations of Riemann surfaces $`X_1^{},\mathrm{},X_n^{}`$ and by their simultaneous uniformization by Kleinian group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$. We will continue to denote corresponding sections of the affine bundle $`𝔓(\mathrm{\Gamma })𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ by $`P_F`$ and $`P_K`$ respectively. The difference $`P_FP_K`$ is a $`(1,0)`$-form on $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. As in the Section 4.1,

$$\mathit{\vartheta }=2(P_FP_K).$$

Correspondingly, the isomorphism

$$𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma }_1,\mathrm{\Omega }_1)\times \mathrm{}\times 𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma }_n,\mathrm{\Omega }_n)$$

defines embeddings

$$𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma }_i,\mathrm{\Omega }_i)𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })$$

and pull-backs $`S_i`$ and $`(P_FP_K)_i`$ of the function $`S`$ and the $`(1,0)`$-form $`P_FP_K`$. The deformation space $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma }_i,\mathrm{\Omega }_i)`$ describes simultaneous Kleinian uniformization of Riemann surfaces $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_n`$ by varying the complex structure on $`X_i`$ and keeping the complex structures on other Riemann surfaces fixed, and the $`(1,0)`$-form $`(P_FP_K)_i`$ is the difference of corresponding projective connections.

#### 6.3.2. First variation

Here we compute the $`(1,0)`$-form $`S`$ on $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.

###### Theorem 6.10.

On the deformation space $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$,

$$S=2(P_FP_K).$$

###### Proof.

Since $`F^{\epsilon \mu }=f^{\epsilon \mu }(F)`$ is an admissible fundamental domain for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\epsilon \mu }`$, and, according to Lemma 2.19, the 1-chain $`W^{\epsilon \mu }=f^{\epsilon \mu }(W)`$ consists of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\epsilon \mu }`$-contracting paths in $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{\epsilon \mu }`$, the proof repeats verbatim the proof of Theorem 4.2. Namely, after the change of variables we get

$$L_\mu S=\frac{i}{2}\left(L_\mu \omega ,FL_\mu \stackrel{ˇ}{\theta },L+L_\mu ,\stackrel{ˇ}{u},W\right),$$

where

$`L_\mu \omega `$ $`=\vartheta \mu dzd\overline{z}d\xi `$
and 1-form $`\xi `$ is given by (4.6). As in the proof of Theorem 4.2, setting $`\chi =\delta \xi +L_\mu \stackrel{ˇ}{\theta }`$ we get that the 1-form $`\chi `$ on $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is closed,

$$d\chi =\delta (d\xi )+L_\mu d\stackrel{ˇ}{\theta }=\delta (L_\mu \omega )+L_\mu \delta \omega =0,$$

and satisfies

$$\delta \chi =\delta (L_\mu \stackrel{ˇ}{\theta }+\delta \xi )=L_\mu \delta \stackrel{ˇ}{\theta }=L_\mu \stackrel{ˇ}{u}=d\delta l.$$

Since the $`1`$-chain $`W`$ consists either of smooth paths or of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-contracting paths in $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, and function $`\delta l`$ is continuous on $`W`$, the same arguments as in the proof of Theorem 4.2 allow to conclude that

$`L_\mu S`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\vartheta \mu dzd\overline{z},F.`$
###### Corollary 6.11.

Let $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_n`$ be Riemann surfaces simultaneously uniformized by a Kleinian group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of Class $`A`$. Then on $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Omega }_i,\mathrm{\Gamma }_i)`$

$$(P_FP_K)_i=\frac{1}{2}S_i.$$

#### 6.3.3. Second variation

###### Theorem 6.12.

On the deformation space $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$,

$`d\mathit{\vartheta }=\overline{}S=2i\omega _{WP},`$
so that $`S`$ is a Kähler potential of the Weil-Petersson metric on $`𝔇(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.

The proof is the same as the proof of Theorem 4.9.

### 6.4. Kleinian Reciprocity

Let $`\mu \mathrm{\Omega }^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ be a harmonic Beltrami differential, $`f^{\epsilon \mu }`$ be corresponding normalized solution of the Beltrami equation, and let $`\upsilon =\dot{f}`$ be corresponding vector field on $`\widehat{}`$,

$`\upsilon (z)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi }}{\displaystyle \underset{}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mu (w)z(z1)}{(wz)w(w1)}}d^2w`$
(see Section 3.2). Then

$$\phi _\mu (z)=\frac{^3}{z^3}\upsilon (z)=\frac{6}{\pi }\underset{}{}\frac{\mu (w)}{(wz)^4}d^2w$$

is a quadratic differential on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }`$, holomorphic outside the support of $`\mu `$.

In \[McM00\] McMullen proposed the following generalization of quasi-Fuchsian reciprocity.

###### Theorem 6.13.

(McMullen’s Kleinian Reciprocity) Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a finitely generated Kleinian group. Then for every $`\mu ,\nu \mathrm{\Omega }^{1,1}(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }}{}}\phi _\mu \nu ={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }}{}}\phi _\nu \mu .`$
The proof in \[McM00\] is based on the symmetry of the kernel $`K(z,w)`$, defined in Section 4.2. Here we note that Theorem 6.10 provides a global form of Kleinian reciprocity for Class $`A`$ groups from which Theorem 6.13 follows immediately.

Indeed, when $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a normalized Class $`A`$ Kleinian group, Kleinian reciprocity is the statement

$$L_\mu L_\nu S=L_\nu L_\mu S,$$

since, according to (4.8),

$$\frac{1}{2}L_\mu \mathit{\vartheta }(z)=\frac{6}{\pi }\underset{}{}\frac{\mu (w)}{(wz)^4}d^2w=\phi _\mu (z)$$

and

$$\underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }}{}\phi _\mu \nu =\frac{1}{2}\underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Omega }}{}L_\mu L_\nu S.$$