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# The Chow motive of semismall resolutions

## 1 Introduction

Borho and MacPherson  first realized that the Decomposition Theorem of Beilinson, Bernstein, Deligne and Gabber  has a simple and explicit statement for complex proper algebraic semismall  maps $`f:XY`$ from a manifold. See $`\mathrm{\S }`$2 for definitions and Theorem 2.3.2.

Semismall maps appear naturally in a variety of contexts arising in geometry and representation theory, e.g. the Springer resolutions of nilpotent cones, maps from Gieseker to Uhlenbeck moduli spaces, Hilbert-Chow maps for various Hilbert schemes of points on surfaces, maps from Laumon to Drinfeld spaces of maps to flag varieties, holomorphic symplectic resolutions, resolutions of theta divisors for hyperelliptic curves, etc.

Every stratum for $`f`$ on $`Y`$ gives rise to the local system given by the monodromy action on the irreducible components of maximal dimension of the fibers over the stratum. Associated with this local system there is the corresponding intersection cohomology complex on the closure of the stratum.

The Decomposition Theorem for $`f`$ states that the direct image complex $`Rf_{}Q_X[dimX]`$ is isomorphic to the direct sum over the set of relevant strata of these intersection cohomology complexes.

A striking consequence is that, for these maps, the cohomology of the fiber over a point of a stratum gets decomposed in, so to speak, the easiest possible way: all but its top cohomology is a direct sum of the stalks of the cohomology sheaves of the intersection cohomology complexes of the strata “near” the point; the top cohomology comes, naturally, from the stratum itself.

This statement is, in a sense, surprising. It is as if the geometry of the fiber did not really count, but only the irreducible components of the fiber and their monodromy along the stratum.

It is instructive to check how all the above fails for the non-holomorphic map that contracts to a point the zero section in the total space of the trivial line bundle on an algebraic curve.

In this paper we show, using the Decomposition Theorem, that given a map $`f:XY`$ as above, the picture for the Chow groups and the Chow motive of $`X`$ is analogous. Here, we freely use the language and properties of correspondences and projectors even if $`X`$ is not proper, in view of the refined Gysin formalism; see  and .

The theory of motives, of various kinds, has been conceived by Grothendieck as a candidate for a universal cohomology theory for nonsingular projective varieties. The so-called “standard conjectures” on algebraic cycles are what is needed to realize the above vision.

This paper does not touch upon this conjectural part of the theory of motives. Rather, it proves decomposition results in the well-defined category of Chow motives where one considers nonsingular proper varieties $`X,Y`$ and the operations induced on their associated objects by algebraic cycles in $`X\times Y.`$ Natural maps such as blowing-ups, projections for projective bundles and finite maps induce direct sum decompositions in this category.

We show that new decompositions arise for semismall maps. They imply analogous ones for Chow groups, singular cohomology and mixed Hodge structures.

Every relevant stratum with the associated local system gives rise to a non trivial correspondence in $`X\times X`$ which is a projector. This correspondence is constructed with the monodromy datum of the irreducible components of the fibers over the stratum.

These projectors are orthogonal to each other. This is the Chow-theoretic and motivic analogue of the fact that each relevant stratum contributes a direct summand in the Decomposition Theorem.

The sum of these projectors is the diagonal of $`X`$. This corresponds to the fact that the direct summands above add up to the direct image complex $`Rf_{}Q_X[dimX].`$

The precise formulation is given in Theorem 2.4.1 which one may call the Motivic Decomposition Theorem for semismall maps.

In general, even though the formulation of the Decomposition Theorem may be quite explicit, as it is in the case of semismall maps, it may still be difficult in practice to compute the intersection cohomology complexes involved. It is important to know that the decomposition occurs, but it may be difficult to extract information from that fact alone. The geometry of the particular situation is instrumental in making this tool one of the most effective methods of computation in the homology of algebraic maps.

This situation presents itself in the case of algebraic cycles and motives.

On the one hand, Theorem 2.4.1 allows to talk about intersection Chow motives and intersection Chow groups in the context of semismall resolutions; see $`\mathrm{\S }`$3. Let us remark that Chow motives whose realization is an intersection cohomology group have been also defined in a special but highly significant case, that of parabolic cohomology for the $`k`$-fold product of the universal elliptic curve, in  by A. Scholl.

On the other hand, it may be difficult to compute with these objects.

The main result of this paper is that, under suitable hypotheses on the strata, which are verified in many cases of interest, one can recover the algebraic cycles and the motive of $`X`$ in terms of the corresponding objects for the strata. The precise statement is given by Theorem 4.0.1, whose proof is independent of Theorem 2.4.1.

A strengthening of this result is given by Theorem 5.0.1; though it applies to more general situations, e.g. we use it to prove Theorem 6.0.1, its formulation involves a projector that in practice may be difficult to compute.

Let us state the following easy consequence of Theorem 4.0.1. It is sufficient for many applications and may give the reader a better idea of the results of this paper and of its computational consequences.

Let $`f:XY`$ be a semismall map of complex projective varieties with $`X`$ nonsingular. For every connected relevant stratum $`Y_a,`$ let $`t_a:=(1/2)(dimXdimY_a)`$, $`y_aY_a`$ and consider the $`\pi _1(Y_a,y_a)`$set of irreducible maximal dimensional components of $`f^1(y_a)`$. Let $`\nu _a:Z_aY_a`$ the corresponding not necessarily connected covering. Assume that every $`Z_a`$ has a projective compactification $`\overline{Z_a}`$ which is the disjoint union of quotients of nonsingular varieties such that the map $`\nu _a`$ extends to a finite map $`\overline{\nu _a}:\overline{Z_a}\overline{Y_a}`$. We denote the Chow motive of a nonsingular (or quotient) proper variety $`T`$ by $`[T]`$, and the $`n`$-th twist of it by the Lefschetz motive by $`[T](n);`$ e.g. $`[P^1][pt][pt](1).`$ We construct a correspondence $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_a\overline{Z_a}\times X`$ and prove

###### Theorem 1.0.1

There are natural isomorphisms of Chow motives:

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}:_a\left[\overline{Z_a}\right](t_a)[X].$$

The analogous statement for Chow groups follows easily. The one for Hodge structures, though not new, as it follows from Saito’s , is given here a direct proof using correspondences, i.e. without relying on the theory of mixed Hodge modules.

We provide the following applications of Theorem 4.0.1 and Theorem 5.0.1.

For every nonsingular complex surface, we determine the Chow groups, the mixed Hodge structures and the Chow motive of Hilbert schemes (Theorem 7.1.1), of nested Hilbert schemes (Theorem 7.2.1) and, in an appendix with T. Mochizuki ($`\mathrm{\S }`$8), of parabolic Hilbert schemes of points. All these results hold over any field and in the analytic context. The former is not new; see  and also . The second refines Göttsche’s result . The third is new.

Our results allow to verify that for some semismall and crepant resolutions of orbifolds, the mixed Hodge structure of the resolution is canonically isomorphic to the corresponding orbifold structure. See $`\mathrm{\S }`$7.3. This refines the known fact that one had an equality for the corresponding Hodge numbers. See  and .

Another interesting case, which we plan to consider in the near future, in which the methods of this paper seem to be relevant, is when a group acts by symplectic reflections on a nonsingular quasi projective variety and the quotient is given a symplectic resolution, cfr. Kaledin , Verbitski .

Acknowledgments. We thank W. Wang for useful conversations. We thank A. Corti for stimulating conversations on the subject and for explaining to us the content of the paper . In a certain sense the main goal of this paper is to show that a small part of the mostly conjectural theory presented in  works without relying on the standard conjectures. The first author thanks the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, and the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute, Berkeley, for their kind hospitality while this paper was being written. T. Mochizuki, who has co-authored the appendix $`\mathrm{\S }`$8 wishes to thank the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, and to acknowledge N.S.F. Grant DMS 9729992.

## 2 A motivic decomposition theorem for semismall maps

We work with algebraic varieties over the field of complex numbers and consider Chow groups with rational coefficients. The results of this paper hold, with minor changes, left to the reader, over an algebraically closed field $`K`$ and in the complex analytic setting when the map $`f:XY`$ is Kähler, for the Decomposition Theorem holds for $`f`$ in those contexts. See  and ; see also  for a necessary and sufficient condition for the Decomposition Theorem to hold for $`f`$ in the analytic setting. Over the field $`K`$ one must work with $`Q_l`$-coefficients, $`lcharK,`$ and with étale homology (cfr. ). However, with the exception of Theorem 2.4.1, the relevant cycles have $`Q`$-coefficients and the results for cycles and motives remain valid as stated. The results for (parabolic) Hilbert schemes hold over any field $`F`$ and in the complex analytic setting.

### 2.1 Fibred products of semismall maps

Throughout this section, $`f:XY`$ is a proper surjective and semismall morphism of complex algebraic varieties with $`n:=dimX.`$

Recall that, in this context, the semismallness of $`f`$ is equivalent to the following condition: let $`\delta N`$ and $`Y_f^\delta :=\{yY|dimf^1(y)=\delta \}`$, then $`2\delta dimYdimY_f^\delta ,`$ $`\delta 0.`$

On the other hand, the smallness of $`f`$ is equivalent to requesting that $`2\delta <dimYdimY^\delta ,`$ $`\delta >0.`$

By checking the condition on $`\delta >0`$, one sees immediately that $`f`$ must be generically finite so that $`dimX=dimY=n.`$

The following elementary fact plays an important role in what follows.

###### Proposition 2.1.1

Let $`f^{}:X^{}Y`$ be a proper surjective and semismall map. Then

$$dimX^{}\times _YX=n.$$

Proof. Let $`\delta `$, $`\delta ^{}`$ $`N`$ and define the locally closed subspaces $`Y_{ff^{}}^{\delta \delta ^{}}:=Y_f^\delta Y_f^{}^\delta ^{}`$. We have that $`Y=_{\delta 0,\delta ^{}0}Y_{ff^{}}^{\delta \delta ^{}}`$. Note that

$$X^{}\times _YX=\underset{\delta 0,\delta ^{}0}{}f^1(Y_{ff^{}}^{\delta \delta ^{}})\times _{Y_{ff^{}}^{\delta \delta ^{}}}f^1(Y_{ff^{}}^{\delta \delta ^{}}),$$

where all the subspaces on the right hand side are locally closed in the left hand side.

We have $`dimf^1(Y_{ff^{}}^{\delta \delta ^{}})\times _{Y_{ff^{}}^{\delta \delta ^{}}}f^1(Y_{ff^{}}^{\delta \delta ^{}})=\delta +\delta ^{}+dimY_{ff^{}}^{\delta \delta ^{}}n\frac{dimY^{\delta _f}+dimY^{\delta _f^{}^{}}}{2}+dimY_{ff^{}}^{\delta \delta ^{}}n.`$ $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 2.1.2

A map $`f:XY`$ is semismall if and ony if the irreducible components of $`X\times _YX`$ have dimension at most equal to $`dimX`$. Similarly, a map $`f:XY`$ is small if and only if the $`n`$-dimensional irreducible components of $`X\times _YX`$ dominate $`Y.`$

###### Remark 2.1.3

An argument analogous to the proof of Proposition 2.1.1 shows that if we merely assume that $`f`$ and $`f^{}`$ are small over their image and $`dimX=dimX^{},`$ then $`dimX\times _YX^{}dimX=dimX^{}`$ and equality holds if and only if $`f(X)=f^{}(X^{}).`$

There exists a stratification for $`f:XY`$. By this we mean that $`Y=_{bB}Y_b`$, where every space $`Y_b`$ is a locally closed and smooth subvariety of $`Y`$ and the induced maps $`f_|:f^1(Y_b)Y_b`$ are locally topologically trivial over $`Y_b.`$ See .

###### Definition 2.1.4

Let $`A:=\{aB|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}dimf^1(y)=dimYdimY_a,yY_a\}.`$ We call $`A`$ the set of relevant strata for $`f`$ .

###### Remark 2.1.5

While there may be many different stratifications for $`f,`$ the set of subvarieties $`\{\overline{Y_a}\}_{aA}`$ is uniquely determined by $`f`$.

###### Remark 2.1.6

A small map has only one relevant stratum, i.e. the dense one.

### 2.2 The intersection form on the local system associated with a relevant stratum

In this section we assume that $`X`$ is a quotient variety, i.e. that $`XX^{}/G`$ is the quotient of a nonsingular variety $`X^{}`$ by the action of a finite group $`G`$ of automorphisms of $`X^{}.`$

The goal is to define certain intersection numbers which can be defined when $`X`$ is nonsingular and therefore also when $`X`$ is a quotient variety. For more details on what follows see  and .

Let $`S`$ be a relevant stratum for $`f`$ and $`sS`$. We have $`2dimf^1(s)=ndimS`$. Let $`N`$ be a contractible euclidean neighborhood of $`s`$ and $`N^{}=f^1(N)`$. Let $`\{F_i\}`$ be the set of irreducible components of maximal dimension $`(1/2)(n+dimS)`$ of $`f^1(SN)`$, and let $`\{f_i\}`$ be the set of irreducible components of maximal dimension $`(1/2)(ndimS)`$ of $`f^1(s)`$. We denote by $`f_iF_j`$ the rational valued refined intersection product defined in $`N^{};`$ see . It is independent of the choice of $`sSN`$ and is a monodromy invariant, i.e. it is $`\pi (S,s)`$-invariant.

###### Remark 2.2.1

The integer-valued intersection form is defined similarly over any algebraically closed field, provided an étale neighborhood is used to trivialize the monodromy of the components of the fibre.

We denote Borel-Moore homology (cfr.  for example) with rational coefficients by $`H^{BM}().`$ As $`s`$ varies on $`S`$, the Borel-Moore classes $`[f_i]H_{ndimS}^{BM}(f^1(s))`$ form a local system $`L_S^{}`$ and the intersection pairing above forms a pairing $`L_S^{}L_S^{}Q_S`$ on this local system. Since the monodromy is finite, $`L_S^{}`$ is abstractly, i.e. not necessarily via the pairing above, isomorphic to its dual which can be identified with $`L_S:=(R^{ndimS}f_{}Q_X)_{|S}.`$

### 2.3 The Decomposition Theorem and homological correspondences

In the case of constant coefficients, the Decomposition Theorem of Beilinson, Bernstein, Deligne and Gabber has a simple statement for semismall maps from a quotient variety. For a different proof for projective semismall maps from projective complex manifolds see .

Given a variety $`Z`$ and a local system $`L`$ on a Zariski-dense open subset of its regular part $`Z_{reg}`$, we denote by $`IC_Z(L)`$ the Goresky, MacPherson, Deligne intersection cohomology complex associated with $`L`$. We denote $`IC_Z(Q_{Z_{reg}})`$ simply by $`IC_Z`$.

###### Remark 2.3.1

If $`Z`$ is a quotient variety, then $`IC_ZQ_Z[dimZ].`$

The following is a special case of the Decomposition Theorem of Beilinson, Bernstein, Deligne and Gabber. See , , , .

###### Theorem 2.3.2

Let $`f:XY`$ be a proper, semismall algebraic map of algebraic varieties with $`X`$ a quotient variety. There is a canonical isomorphism

$$Rf_{}Q_X[n]_{D_{cc}^b(Y)}\underset{aA}{}IC_{\overline{Y_a}}(L_a)$$

where $`L_a`$ are the semisimple local systems on $`Y_a`$ given by the monodromy action on the maximal dimensional irreducible components of the fibers of $`f`$ over $`Y_a,`$ and $`D_{cc}^b(Y)`$ is the bounded derived category of constructible complexes of sheaves of rational vector spaces on $`Y.`$

###### Lemma 2.3.3

Let $`g^{}:U^{}V,`$ $`g:UV,`$ $`g^{\prime \prime }:U^{\prime \prime }V`$ be three proper maps of analytic varieties with $`U^{},`$ $`U`$ and $`U^{\prime \prime }`$ quotients of smooth varieties by the actions of finite groups, and $`i,`$ $`j`$ and $`k`$ be integers. There are canonical isomorphisms

$$\phi _{U^{}U}:Hom_{D_{cc}^b(V)}(Rg_{}^{}Q_U^{}[i],Rg_{}Q_U[j])H_{2dimV+ij}^{BM}(U^{}\times _VU).$$

Given morphisms $`u:Rg_{}^{}Q_U^{}[i]Rg_{}Q_U[j]`$, $`v:Rg_{}Q_U[j]Rg_{}^{\prime \prime }Q_{U^{\prime \prime }}[k]`$, one has $`\phi _{U^{}U^{\prime \prime }}(vu)=\phi _{UU^{\prime \prime }}(v)\phi _{U^{}U}(u)`$, where “$``$” denotes the refined composition of homological correspondences.

Proof. , Lemma 2.21, Lemma 2.23. $`\mathrm{}`$

### 2.4 A motivic decomposition theorem for semismall maps

Let $`X`$ be a nonsingular algebraic variety of dimension $`n`$. Given an algebraic variety $`X^{},`$ a cycle $`\gamma Z_l(X\times X^{})`$, whose support is proper over $`X^{},`$ defines, via the refined Gysin formalism, a correspondence and a graded map of cycles $`\gamma _{}:A_{}(X)A_{+ln}(X^{}).`$ This calculus is compatible with composition, provided the appropriate “properness” conditions are imposed. In addition, one may merely assume that $`X`$ is a quotient variety by a finite group. See , .

We employ the standard notation for Chow motives; see  and . Later we shall switch to a more compact one.

The following is a formal consequence of Theorem 2.3.2 and Lemma 2.3.3.

###### Theorem 2.4.1

Let $`f:XY`$ be a proper, semismall, algebraic map of complex algebraic varieties with $`X`$ a quotient variety and $`A`$ be the set of relevant strata for $`f.`$ There exist algebraic cycles with $`Q`$-coefficients $`C_aZ_n(X\times _YX)`$, $`aA`$, such that

i) $`C_a0,`$ $`aA,`$

ii) $`_aC_a=\mathrm{\Delta }_X,`$ in $`Z_n(X\times _YX),`$

iii) $`C_aC_a^{}=\delta _{aa^{}}C_a,`$ as refined correspondences.

In particular, there are canonical isomorphisms of Chow groups

$$A_{}(X)=\underset{aA}{}C_{a}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(A(X))$$

and, when $`X`$ is proper, of Chow motives:

$$(X,\mathrm{\Delta }_X)\underset{aA}{}(X,C_a).$$

The cycles $`C_a`$ are supported on $`f^1(\overline{Y_a})\times _{\overline{Y_a}}f^1(\overline{Y_a}).`$

Proof. By Proposition 2.1.1 the class map $`cl:Z_n(X\times _YX)H_{2n}^{BM}(X\times _YX)`$ is an isomorphism. By Lemma 2.3.3 we get isomorphisms of $`Q`$-algebras:

$$End_{D_{cc}^b(Y)}(Rf_{}Q_X[n])\stackrel{\phi }{}H_{2n}^{BM}(X\times _YX)\stackrel{cl^1}{}Z_n(X\times _YX),$$

where the algebra structures are given by composition in $`D_{cc}^b(Y)`$ for the first term and by the topological and algebraic/analytic Gysin formalism of correspondences (which are compatible via the class map) for the second and third.

Let $`\varphi :=cl^1\phi .`$

By Theorem 2.3.2 we have, $`aA`$, canonical maps $`p_a:Rf_{}Q_X[n]IC_{\overline{Y_a}}(L_a)`$ considered as elements of $`End_{D_{cc}^b(Y)}(Rf_{}Q_X[n]).`$

Define $`C_a:=\varphi (p_a)`$, $`aA.`$

The three properties i), ii) and iii) for the $`C_a`$ follow from the analogous obvious properties of the $`p_a`$’s and by the compatibility of $`\phi `$ with compositions stated in Lemma 2.3.3.

The isomorphisms of Chow groups and Chow motives follow formally.

The statement on the supports follows from the fact that the isomorphism of Lemma 2.3.3 is compatible with restricting to open subsets of $`Y`$. If we take as an open set the complement of $`\overline{Y_a}`$, then $`p_a`$ restricts to the zero map so that $`C_a`$ restricts to the zero cycle. $`\mathrm{}`$

### 2.5 (Symmetric) products of semismall maps

Let $`f:XY`$ be semismall with $`X`$ a quotient variety. It is easy to check that the induced maps $`f^l:X^lY^l,`$ $`f^{(l)}:X^{(l)}Y^{(l)}`$ and $`f^{(\nu )}:X^{(\nu )}Y^{(\nu )}`$ are semismall.

Let $`A`$ be the set of relevant strata for $`f`$. Then the sets $`A^l`$, $`A^{(l)}`$ and $`A^{(\nu )}`$ are naturally labeling the relevant strata for $`f^l`$, $`f^{(l)}`$ and $`f^{(\nu )}.`$

One has $`Rf_{}Q_X[n]_{aA}IC_{\overline{Y_a}}(L_a)`$ and $`Rf_{}^lQ_{X^l}[ln]_{\underset{¯}{a}A^l}IC_{\overline{Y_{\underset{¯}{a}}}}(L_{\underset{¯}{a}}),`$ etc.

Let $`PZ_n(X\times X)`$ have support that maps properly onto either factor. Note that we are not assuming that $`X`$ is proper, thus the assumption on the support. Let $`P^2=P`$ as a refined correspondence, i.e. $`P`$ is a projector on $`X`$. It induces projectors $`P^l`$, $`P^{(l)}`$ and $`P^{(\nu )}`$ on $`X^l`$, $`X^{(l)}`$ and $`X^{(\nu )}`$. See , $`\mathrm{\S }2`$.

If $`P_a`$ denotes the projector in $`Z_n(X\times _YX)`$ corresponding to $`IC_{\overline{Y_a}}(L_a)`$, then $`P_{\underset{¯}{a}}`$ corresponds to $`IC_{\overline{Y_{\underset{¯}{a}}}}(L_{\underset{¯}{a}}).`$ Similarly, for $`f^{(l)}`$ and for $`f^{(\nu )}.`$

We leave to the reader the task of making explicit, using the set of indices $`A^l`$, $`A^{(l)}`$ and $`A^{(\nu )}`$ the analogues of Theorem 2.4.1, 4.0.1 and 5.0.1 for the maps $`f^l`$, $`f^{(l)}`$ and $`f^{(\nu )}`$.

## 3 Intersection Chow motives and groups in the presence of semismall resolutions

What follows is a generalization of the well known construction of Mumford , which we now recall: Let $`X`$ be a normal surface with a singular point $`x`$ and let $`r:\stackrel{~}{X}X`$ be a resolution. Denote by $`E_i`$ the exceptional divisors in $`r^1(x)`$ and by $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ the inverse of the intersection matrix $`(E_i,E_j)`$. Given a curve $`C`$ on $`X`$ one has a unique lifting to a curve $`\stackrel{~}{C}`$ on $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ with the condition that $`\stackrel{~}{C}E_i=0`$ for all exceptional curves $`E_i`$. In other words, one is considering the cycle $`P=\mathrm{\Delta }_{\stackrel{~}{X}}\mathrm{\Lambda }_{i,j}E_i\times E_j`$ in $`\stackrel{~}{X}\times _X\stackrel{~}{X}`$, which is easily seen to be a projector. A direct computation shows that the Chow motive $`(X,P)`$ has the intersection cohomology of $`X`$ as its Betti realization. In a completely analogous way, whenever a singular variety $`Y`$ is given a semismall resolution $`f:XY`$, it is possible to construct a projector $`PA(X\times _YX)`$ whose Betti realization is the intersection cohomology of $`Y`$. This construction is meaningful because the Chow motive turns out to be independent of the semismall resolution chosen, as we prove in Proposition 3.0.1.

One can therefore talk about intersection Chow motives and groups, in the presence of semismall resolutions.

Let $`f:XYX^{}:f^{}`$ be two proper surjective semismall maps, with $`X`$ and $`X^{}`$ $`n`$-dimensional proper nonsingular algebraic varieties. Assume that there exists a Zariski-dense open subset $`U`$ of $`Y`$ and an isomorphism $`g:f^1(U)f^1(U)`$ such that $`f_|=f_|^{}g`$ and that $`f^1(U)Uf^1(U)`$ are topological coverings with associated isomorphic local systems $`L_f`$ and $`L_f^{}`$.

The projections $`p_f:Rf_{}Q_X[n]IC_Y(L_f)=IC_Y(L_f^{})Rf_{}^{}Q_X^{}[n]:p_f^{}`$ induce, as in the proof of Theorem 2.4.1, algebraic cycles $`C_fZ_n(X\times _YX)`$ and $`C_f^{}Z_n(X^{}\times _YX^{})`$ which give Chow motives $`(X,C_f)`$ and $`(X^{},C_f^{})`$, direct summands of $`(X,\mathrm{\Delta }_X)`$ and $`(X^{},\mathrm{\Delta }_X^{})`$, respectively.

###### Proposition 3.0.1

There is a canonical isomorphism of Chow motives

$$C_{f^{}f}:(X^{},D_f^{})(X,D_f)$$

defined by an algebraic cycle $`C_{f^{}f}Z_n(X^{}\times _YX)`$.

Proof. Let $`p_{f^{}f}:Rf_{}^{}Q_X^{}[n]Rf_{}Q_X[n]`$ be the map obtained as the composition of the natural maps: $`Rf_{}^{}Q_X^{}[n]IC_Y(L_f^{})=IC_Y(L_f)Rf_{}Q_X[n].`$ Consider the isomorphism of $`Q`$-vector spaces $`\psi _{X^{}X}:Hom_{D_{cc}^b(Y)}(Rf_{}^{}Q_X^{}[n],Rf_{}Q_X[n])H_{2n}^{BM}(X^{}\times _YX)Z_n(X^{}\times _YX)`$ (see Lemma 2.3.3 and Proposition 2.1.1) and define $`C_{f^{}f}:=\psi (p_{f^{}f})`$.

Analogously, define $`p_{ff^{}}`$ and $`C_{ff^{}}`$.

Clearly, $`p_{ff^{}}p_{f^{}f}=p_f^{}`$ and $`p_{f^{}f}p_{ff^{}}=p_f`$. Since $`\psi `$ is compatible with compositions, see Lemma 2.3.3, the same equations hold for the corresponding cycles, i.e. $`D_{ff^{}}D_{f^{}f}=D_f^{}`$ and $`D_{f^{}f}D_{ff^{}}=D_f`$. The result follows by noting that $`D_f^{}`$ and $`D_f`$ induce the identity on the motives $`(X,D_f^{})`$ and $`(X,D_f)`$, respectively. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 3.0.2

Any two small resolutions of an algebraic variety have isomorphic motives, cycles and mixed Hodge structures. This can be shown directly using the graph of the corresponding birational map.

###### Remark 3.0.3

If $`XYX^{}`$ are two semismall resolutions (in general there is none), then $`(X,D_f)`$ and $`(X^{},D_f^{})`$ are both motivic counterparts of the topological $`IC_Y`$. Proposition 3.0.1 states that they are canonically isomorphic and therefore independent of the semismall resolution.

## 4 An explicit motivic decomposition theorem

The purpose of this section is to prove Theorem 4.0.1 which, though less general than Theorem 5.0.1, is quite explicit and affords many applications.

From now on we denote the Chow motive of a nonsingular (or quotient) proper variety $`T`$ by $`\left[T\right]`$ and $`\left[T\right](n)`$ will denote the $`n`$-th twist by the Lefschetz motive.

The set-up is as follows. Let $`f:XY`$ be a proper, surjective and semismall map of complex algebraic varieties with $`X`$ a quotient variety and $`A`$ be the set of relevant strata for $`f`$. Let $`aA`$, $`Y_a`$ be the corresponding relevant stratum, $`t_a=(1/2)(dimXdimY_a),`$ $`y_aY_a`$, $`E_a`$ be the $`\pi _1(Y_a,y_a)`$-set given by the irreducible components of maximal dimension of $`f^1(y_a)`$ and $`\nu _a:Z_a=_iZ_{a,i}Y_a`$ be the not necessarily connected étale covering associated with $`E_a.`$ For every $`a,`$ $`i,`$ let $`\overline{Z_{a,i}}`$ be a complex algebraic variety containing $`Z_{a,i}`$ as a Zariski-dense open subset and such that there is a proper surjective map $`\overline{\nu _{a,i}}:\overline{Z_{a,i}}\overline{Y_a}`$ extending $`\nu _{a,i}:=\nu _{a}^{}{}_{|Z_{a,i}}{}^{}`$, i.e. such that $`\overline{\nu _{a,i}}_{|Z_{a,i}}=\nu _{a,i}.`$

###### Theorem 4.0.1

Assume that, for every $`a,`$ $`i`$, $`\overline{Z_{a,i}}`$ is a quotient variety and $`\overline{\nu _{a,i}}`$ is small. Then there exists a correspondence $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}Z_{}(_a\overline{Z_a}\times X)`$ inducing isomorphisms of Chow groups

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{}=\underset{aA}{}A_{}(\overline{Z_a})A_{}(X)(withA_{}(\overline{Z_a})A_{+t_a}(X),$$

of mixed Hodge structures

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{}^H=\underset{aA}{}H^{}(\overline{Z_a})(t_a)H^{}(X)$$

and, if $`X`$ is proper, of Chow motives.

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{}=\underset{aA}{}\left[\overline{Z_a}\right](t_a)\left[X\right].$$

We shall prove the theorem in this section by constructing $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ and its inverse explicitely.

###### Remark 4.0.2

Note that if $`g:UV`$ is a small proper map of analytic varieties, then $`Rf_{}IC_UIC_V(L)`$, where $`L`$ is the local system given by the monodromy action on the points of a general fiber of $`f.`$

###### Remark 4.0.3

The assumptions on the varieties $`\overline{Z_{a,i}}`$ and the maps $`\overline{\nu _{a,i}}`$ imply, by 2.3.1 and 4.0.2, that the Decomposition Theorem 2.3.2 reads as follows:

$$Rf_{}Q_X[n]\underset{aA}{}R\overline{\nu _a}_{}Q_{\overline{Z}_a}[dimY_a].$$

### 4.1 Construction of correspondences

We now introduce the correspondences that define the isomorphism of motives. We shall construct a set of correspondences $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{a,i,I}`$ associated with a relevant stratum $`Y_a`$. Their closures will define the wanted isomorphisms.

In order to simplify the notation, we temporarily work on one stratum at the time. Let $`S`$ be a relevant stratum, $`sS`$, $`E`$ be the right $`G:=\pi _1(S,s)`$-set of maximal dimensional irreducible components of $`f^1(s)`$. Denote by $`\nu _E:S_ES`$ the not necessarily connected étale cover of $`S`$ corresponding to $`E`$.

By assumption, $`S_E`$ is a Zariski-dense open subset of a disjoint union of global quotient varieties $`\overline{S_E}`$, and $`\nu _E:S_ES`$ extends to a small map $`\overline{\nu _E}:\overline{S_E}\overline{S}Y.`$ Note that $`\overline{S_E}`$ is of pure dimension $`dimS.`$ The correspondences we will use are supported on the closures in $`\overline{S_E}\times _YX`$ of $`S_E\times _YX`$. We introduce notation in order to deal with their top-dimensional irreducible components.

From now on we use the term “component” to refer to a top-dimensional one. This should create no confusion.

Fix representatives $`o_1,\mathrm{},o_r`$ of the $`G`$-orbits of $`E`$; this corresponds to fixing base points $`s_1,\mathrm{},s_r`$ in the various connected components $`S_1,\mathrm{},S_r`$ of $`S_E`$. Let $`G_i`$ be the stabilizer of $`o_i`$. The following is a well-known and elementary fact on $`G`$-sets:

###### Lemma 4.1.1

The irreducible components of $`S_i\times _YX`$ are in 1-1 correspondence with the $`G_i`$ orbits of $`E.`$

It follows that in order to specify an irreducible component $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{i,I}`$ of $`S_i\times _YX`$ it suffices to specify a $`G_i`$-orbit $`I=\{f_{i_1},\mathrm{},f_{i_l}\}`$ of components of $`f^1(s)`$.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_i`$ denote the correspondence $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{i,o_i}`$ associated with the $`G_i`$ orbit $`\{o_i\},`$ $`i=1,\mathrm{}r.`$.

Note that the fiber over $`s_i`$ of the natural map $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_iS_i`$ is naturally identified with the corresponding irreducible component of $`f^1(s)`$ and that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_i`$ is an irreducible variety.

Let $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=(\mathrm{\Lambda }_{i,j})_{i,jE}`$ be the inverse of the intersection matrix associated with the pair $`(S,s)`$. Clearly, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ig,jg}=\mathrm{\Lambda }_{i,j},`$ $`gG,`$ for the intersection numbers are monodromy invariant. From this follows that, for every $`iE,`$ $`_j\mathrm{\Lambda }_{i,j}f_j`$ is a rational linear combination of $`G_i`$-orbits in the set of maximal dimensional components of $`f^1(s)`$, and thus defines, by 4.1.1, a correspondence $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_i^{}Z(S_i\times _YX).`$ Note that in general its support is not irreducible.

Let us summarize what we have done. In general, the pre-image of the stratum $`S`$ is not irreducible. In addition, each irreducible component may fail to be irreducible over small euclidean neighborhoods of $`sS`$. Each irreducible component of the pre-image of a stratum corresponds to a connected étale cover $`S_i`$ and the pull-back $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_i`$ of this irreducible component to $`S_i`$ is irreducible locally in the euclidean topology over $`S_i`$ and in fact has irreducible fibers over $`S_i.`$ The intersection forms being non-degenerate allows to define $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_i^{}.`$

We need the following simple

###### Lemma 4.1.2

Let $`TZ_{dimS}(S_i\times _SS_j)`$ be a correspondence, $`p_i:S_iSS_j:p_j`$ be the natural projections. Assume that $`T_{}:A_0(\{s_i\})A_0(p_j(p_i^1(s_i)))`$ is the zero map. Then $`T=0`$.

Proof. Let $`E_i`$ and $`E_j`$ be the corresponding $`\pi _1(S,s)`$-sets. The nonsingular space $`S_i\times _SS_j`$ is of pure dimension $`dimS`$ and has one connected component for every $`G_i`$-orbit inside $`E_j`$. Note that $`T`$ is a rational linear combination of these components, $`T=q_tT_t`$, and that it defines a map $`T_{}`$ as in the statement purely by set theory, i.e. without recourse to the refined Gysin formalism. We have that $`T_{}(s_i)=q_t\{T_tp_i^1(s_i)\}.`$ Since the $`G_i`$-orbits in $`E_2`$ are disjoint, the vanishing of the left hand side implies that $`r_t=0,`$ $`t`$. The statement follows. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 4.1.3

$`{}_{}{}^{t}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{j}^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_i=\delta _{ij}\mathrm{\Delta }_{S_i}.`$

Proof. The composition of the two correspondences is represented by a cycle of dimension equal to $`dimS`$ supported on $`S_i\times _YS_j`$. By Lemma 4.1.2, it is enough to prove that $`(^t\mathrm{\Gamma }_j^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_i)_{}(s_i)=\delta _{ij}(s_i).`$ With the notation introduced in $`\mathrm{\S }`$2.2, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{i}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(s_i)=f_i`$ and $`{}_{}{}^{t}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{j}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(f_i)=(\mathrm{\Lambda }_{j,k}F_kf_i)(s_i)=\delta _{ij}s_i`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

In what follows we need to emphasize the stratum with which the correspondences are associated so we will revert to the complete notation: we have $`Z_a=_iZ_{a,i},`$ $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{a,i}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{a,i}^{}.`$

Define $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{a,i}}`$ to be the closure of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{a,i}Z_{a,i}\times _YX`$ in $`\overline{Z_{a,i}}\times _YX.`$ Similarely for $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{a,i}^{}}.`$ Let $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_a}:=_i\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{a,i}},`$ $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}:=_a\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_a},`$ $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_a^{}}:=_i\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{a,i}^{}},`$ $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}}:=_a\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_a^{}}.`$

###### Lemma 4.1.4

$`{}_{}{}^{t}\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{b,j}^{}}\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{a,i}}=\delta _{ab}\delta _{ij}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\overline{Z_{a,i}}\times \overline{Z_{a,i}}}.`$

Proof. Let $`a=b`$. For reasons of dimension of supports, see a similar argument in , the composition of the two correspondences is represented by a cycle of dimension equal to $`dimS`$ supported on $`\overline{S_i}\times _Y\overline{S_j}`$. By the smallness assumption, the only such cycles are linear combinations of the maximal dimensional irreducible components of the fiber product, each of which is dominant over both factors; see Remark 2.1.2. We conclude by an argument identical to the one in the proof of Lemma 4.1.3.

Let $`ab.`$ The composition is represented by a cycle of dimension $`(1/2)(dimZ_a+dimZ_b)`$ supported on $`\overline{Z_{a,i}}\times _Y\overline{Z_{b,j}}`$ which, by an argument analogous to the proof of Lemma 2.1.1, has dimension at most equal to $`\mathrm{min}\{dimZ_{a,i},dimZ_{b,j}\}.`$ If $`dimZ_adimZ_b`$, then the composition is zero because it is supported on too small a set. If $`dimZ_a=dimZ_b`$, but $`ab`$, then Remark 2.1.3 shows again that the support is too small and therefore the composition is trivial. $`\mathrm{}`$

### 4.2  End of proof of Theorem 4.0.1.

By Lemma 4.1.4 we see that $`{}_{}{}^{t}\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}}\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}=\mathrm{\Delta }_{_{a,i}\overline{Z_{a,i}}}.`$ By Remark 4.0.3, it follows formally that the map induced on $`Rf_{}Q_X[n]`$ by the cycle $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}}^t\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$, via Lemma 2.3.3, is the identity.

The cycle $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^t\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}}`$ is supported on the $`dimX`$-part of $`X\times _YX`$, so that, by Lemma 2.3.3, this cycle is the diagonal $`\mathrm{\Delta }_X.`$ $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 4.2.1

The projectors appearing in Theorem 2.4.1) satisfy $`C_a=\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_a}^t\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_a^{}}.`$ See also Remark 5.0.4.

## 5 A strengthening of Theorem 4.0.1

We place ourselves in the same situation as in $`\mathrm{\S }`$4, but we shall allow the maps $`\overline{\nu _{a,i}}`$ to be semismall. We can prove a stronger result at the price of not being able to write down the correspondence in an explicit form due to the presence of the projectors stemming from the semismall maps not being small.

Let $`aA`$, $`L_a`$ be the associated local system. Note that if $`L_{a,i}:=\nu _{a,i}^{}{}_{}{}^{}Q_{Z_{a,i}},`$ then $`L_a=_iL_{a,i}.`$

If we assume that the maps $`\overline{\nu _{a,i}}`$ are semismall, then, corresponding to the canonical projection $`R\overline{\nu _{a,i}}_{}Q_{\overline{Z_{a,i}}}[dimY_{a}^{}{}_{a}{}^{}]IC_{\overline{Y_a}}(L_{a,i}),`$ we get, via Theorem 2.3.2 and Lemma 2.3.3 projectors $`P_{a,i}Z_{dimY_a}(\overline{Z_{a,i}}\times _Y\overline{Z_{a,i}}).`$ Let $`P_a=_iP_{a,i}`$ and $`P=_aP_a`$.

Note that, as a refined correspondence, $`P`$ is a projector in $`Z_{}(_{a,i,b,j}\overline{Z_{a,i}}\times _Y\overline{Z_{b,j}})`$ with trivial components in $`Z_{}(\overline{Z_{a,i}}\times _Y\overline{Z_{b,j}})`$ whenever $`ab`$ and/or $`ij.`$ Similarly for $`P_a`$.

###### Theorem 5.0.1

Assume that the maps $`\overline{\nu _{a,i}}`$ are semismall. Then

$$P^t\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}}\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}P=P$$

and

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}P^t\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}}=\mathrm{\Delta }_X.$$

Proof. Let $`p,p_a,p_{a,i},\gamma ,\gamma _a,\gamma _{a,i},`$ $`{}_{}{}^{t}\gamma _{}^{},^t\gamma _a^{},^t\gamma _{a,i}^{}`$, $`\overline{\gamma },\overline{\gamma _a},\overline{\gamma _{a,i}},`$ $`\overline{{}_{}{}^{t}\gamma _{}^{}},\overline{{}_{}{}^{t}\gamma _{a}^{}},\overline{{}_{}{}^{t}\gamma _{a,i}^{}},`$ be the maps in $`D_{cc}^b(Y)`$ corresponding, via Lemma 2.3.3, to the correspondences labeled by the corresponding capital letters.

By Lemma 2.3.3 we need to show that $`p\overline{{}_{}{}^{t}\gamma _{}^{}}\overline{\gamma }p=p`$.

It is enough to show that $`p_{a,i}\overline{{}_{}{}^{t}\gamma _{a,i}^{}}\overline{\gamma _{a,i}}p_{a,i}=p_{a,i}`$ $`a,i`$.

Since the first and the last map are $`p_{a,i}`$, it is enough to check that the restriction $`\overline{{}_{}{}^{t}\gamma _{ai}^{}}\overline{\gamma _{ai}}`$ to $`IC_{\overline{Y_a}}(L_{ai}`$ is the identity. This is true over $`Y(\overline{Y_a}Y_a)`$ by the equation $`{}_{}{}^{t}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{b,j}^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{a,i}=\delta _{ab}\delta _{ij}\mathrm{\Delta }_{Z_{a,i}}`$ and it is still true over $`Y`$ by the semisimplicity of the perverse sheaf $`IC_{\overline{Y_a}}(L_{a,i})`$ in the abelian category of perverse sheaves on $`Y.`$

The second statement is proved similarly. It is enough to show that $`\overline{\gamma _a}p_a\overline{{}_{}{}^{t}\gamma _{}^{}}=\pi _a`$, where $`\pi _a:Rf_{}Q_X[n]_bIC_{\overline{Y_b}}(L_b)Rf_{}Q_X[n]_bIC_{\overline{Y_b}}(L_b)`$ is the natural projection onto $`IC_{\overline{Y_a}}(L_a)`$.

By reasons of semisimplicity $`\overline{{}_{}{}^{t}\gamma _{a}^{}}`$ annihilates $`_{ba}IC_{\overline{Y_b}}(L_b)`$. It follows that $`p\overline{{}_{}{}^{t}\gamma _{a}^{}}=\overline{{}_{}{}^{t}\gamma _{a}^{}}`$ so that $`\overline{\gamma _a}p_a\overline{{}_{}{}^{t}\gamma _{}^{}}=\overline{\gamma _a}\overline{{}_{}{}^{t}\gamma _{a}^{}}`$. By reason of semisimplicty again, $`\overline{\gamma _a}\overline{{}_{}{}^{t}\gamma _{a}^{}}`$ maps $`Rf_{}Q_X[n]`$ into $`IC_{\overline{Y_a}}(L_a)`$ and in fact is a-priori non-trivial only on the direct summand $`IC_{\overline{Y_a}}(L_a)`$. We have shown above that $`\overline{{}_{}{}^{t}\gamma _{a}^{}}\overline{\gamma _a}`$ is the identity, when viewed as a self map on $`IC_{\overline{Y_a}}`$. The statement follows $`\mathrm{}`$

The following corollaries and remarks follow.

###### Corollary 5.0.2

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{}:\underset{aA}{}P_{a}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(A_{}(\overline{Z_a}))=\underset{aA,i}{}P_{a,i}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(A_{}(\overline{Z_{a,i}}))A_{}(X)$$

is an isomorphism with inverse $`(P^t\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}})_{}=P_{}^t\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}}_{}.`$

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{}^H:\underset{aA}{}P_{a}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(H^{}(\overline{Z_a}))=\underset{aA,i}{}P_{a,i}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(H^{}(\overline{Z_{a,i}}))H^{}(X)$$

is an isomorphism of mixed Hodge structures with inverse $`(P^t\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}})_{}^H=P_{}^H{}_{}{}^{t}\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}}_{}^{H}.`$ Let $`X`$ be proper. Then

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}P:\underset{aA}{}(\overline{Z_a},P_a)(t_a)=\underset{a,i}{}(\overline{Z_{a,i}},P_{a,i})(t_a)\left[X\right]$$

is an isomorphism of Chow motives with inverse $`P^t\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}}.`$

###### Remark 5.0.3

While the maps $`P_{a}^{}{}_{}{}^{}`$ preserve degrees, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{a}^{}{}_{}{}^{}`$ increases degrees by $`t_a.`$ Similarly for $`P_{a}^{H}{}_{}{}^{}`$ and for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}^H.`$

###### Remark 5.0.4

In the context of Theorem 5.0.1, the projectors $`C_a`$ of Theorem 2.4.1 satisfy $`C_a=\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_a}P_a^t\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }_a^{}}.`$

###### Remark 5.0.5

If the map $`\overline{\nu _{a,i}}`$ is small, then $`P_{a,i}`$ is the diagonal and it can be omitted. One recovers Theorem 4.0.1 at once.

## 6 Maps induced by maps between surfaces

Let $`X`$ be a nonsingular, connected complex algebraic surface, $`Y`$ be an algebraic surface and $`f:XY`$ be a proper surjective holomorphic map. Note that $`f`$ is automatically semismall.

The map $`f`$ induces semismall maps $`f_n:X^{[n]}Y^{(n)}.`$ We write down the the relevant strata for $`f_n`$ and prove Theorem 6.0.1, an explicit version of Theorem 5.0.1 . An application is given in Theorem 7.3.1.

Let $`n`$ be a positive integer, $`X^{[n]}`$ the Hilbert scheme of $`n`$-points of $`X`$ (cfr. , ), $`S_n`$ be the $`n`$-th symmetric group and $`X^{(n)}:=X^n/S_n`$ be the n-th symmetric product of $`X.`$ There is a natural crepant and semismall map $`\pi _n:X^{[n]}X^{(n)}`$. Let $`P(n)`$ be the set of partitions $`\nu `$ of $`n,`$ i.e. $`\nu =\nu _1\mathrm{}\nu _l`$, where every $`\nu _k`$ is a positive integer and $`\nu _k=n.`$ The same partition can also be denoted by $`a=(a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)`$, where $`a_i:=`$ the number of times $`i`$ appears in $`\nu .`$ Clearly, $`ia_i=n`$ and the length $`l(a)=l(\nu ):=l=a_i.`$

The morphism $`\pi _n`$ admits a stratification $`X^{[n]}=_{\nu P(n)}X_\nu ^{[n]}_{\nu P(n)}X_\nu ^{(n)}=X^{(n)},`$ where every $`X_\nu ^{(n)}:=\{xX^{(n)}|x=\nu _kx_k,x_kX,x_kx_k^{}\text{ for }kk^{}\},`$ is a connected locally closed smooth subvariety of $`X^{(n)}`$ of dimension $`2l(\nu ),`$ $`X_\nu ^{[n]}:=(\pi ^1(X_\nu ^{(n)}))_{red}`$ and the fibers of $`\pi `$ over $`X_\nu ^{(n)}`$ are irreducible of dimension $`nl(\nu ).`$

Let $`X^{(\nu )}:=_{i=1}^nX^{(a_i)}.`$ There is a natural map $`\pi _\nu :X^{(\nu )}X^{(n)}`$ which factors through the normalization of $`\overline{X_\nu ^{(n)}}X^{(n)}.`$

The composition $`f_n:X^{[n]}\stackrel{\pi _n}{}X^{(n)}\stackrel{f^{(n)}}{}Y^{(n)}.`$ is semismall.

A stratification for $`f`$ induces one for $`f^{(n)}`$. Using the known one for $`\pi _n`$ in conjunction with the one for $`f^{(n)}`$ one gets one for $`f_n`$. For our purposes, we need only the stratification by the dimension of the fibers which requires less indices.

Let $`V:=Y_f^0Y,`$ $`U:=f^1VX`$ and $`Y_f^1:=\{y_1,\mathrm{},y_N\}`$. Note that $`V`$ contains the unique dense stratum for $`f`$, which is relevant for $`f`$ and that all the $`y_k`$ are relevant strata, if $`Y_f^1\mathrm{}.`$ There are no more relevant strata.

Let $`D_k:=(f^1(y_k))_{red}`$. $`D_k`$ is one dimensional, but not necessarily pure-dimensional. The one-dimensional part of $`D_k`$ is a not necessarily connected configuration of curves $`\{C_{kh}\}_{hH_k}`$ on $`X.`$

Let $`N0.`$ Define, for every $`h0,`$ $`Q_N(h)=\{\underset{¯}{m}=(m_1,\mathrm{},m_N)|m_kZ_0,m_k=h\}.`$

If $`N=0`$, then define $`Q_0(0)=\{\}`$ to be a set with one element and $`Q_0(h)=\mathrm{},h>0.`$

We have a decomposition

$$Y^{(n)}=\underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}\underset{\nu P(i)}{}\underset{\underset{¯}{m}Q(ni)}{}V_\nu ^{(i)}\times _{\underset{¯}{m}}$$

where $``$ denotes a point and we identify $`V_\nu ^{(i)}\times _{\underset{¯}{m}}`$ with the locally closed subset of points of type $`\nu _jv_j+_{k=1}^Nm_ky_k.`$

We have that $`f_n^1(V_\nu ^{(i)}\times _{\underset{¯}{m}})=U_\nu ^{[i]}\times _{k=1}^N\pi _{m_k}^1(D_k^{(m_k)}),`$ where both sides are given the reduced structure.

The reduced fibers over the corresponding stratum for $`f_n`$ are the product of a fiber of $`\pi _i`$ over $`X_\nu ^{(i)}`$ with the reduced configuration $`_{k=1}^N\pi _{m_k}^1(D_k^{(m_k)})`$.

Let $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ be a finite set and $`M_d(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ be the set of degee $`d`$ monomials on the set of variables $`\mathrm{\Sigma }.`$

The first factor above is irreducible and the second has irreducible components of top dimension labeled by $`M_{\underset{¯}{m}}:=_{k=1}^NM_{m_k}(H_k).`$ The monodromy on these components is trivial.

Consider the natural map $`X^{(\nu )}=X_{\underset{¯}{m}}^{(\nu )}Y^{(n)}`$ obtained by composing $`f^{(\nu )}`$ with the assignment $`(z_1^1,\mathrm{},z_{a1}^1;z_1^2,\mathrm{},z_{a_2}^2;\mathrm{};z_1^i,\mathrm{},z_{a_i}^i)_{j=1}^i_{t=1}^{a_j}jz_t^j+_{k=1}^Nm_ky_k.`$

Each one of this will count as a relevant stratum as many times as the numbers of irreducible components over it. At this point we can apply Theorem 5.0.1 to $`f_n`$ and obtain precise analogues of the results of $`\mathrm{\S }`$5.

###### Theorem 6.0.1

There are natural isomorphisms of Chow groups

$$\underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}\underset{\nu P(i)}{}\underset{\underset{¯}{m}Q(ni)}{}P_{}^{(\nu )}(A_{}(X_{\underset{¯}{m}}^{(\nu )}))^{|M_{\underset{¯}{m}}|}A_{}(X^{[n]}),$$

of mixed Hodge structures

$$\underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}\underset{\nu P(i)}{}\underset{\underset{¯}{m}Q(ni)}{}P_{}^{(\nu )}(H_{}^{BM}(X_{\underset{¯}{m}}^{(\nu )}))^{|M_{\underset{¯}{m}}|}(2nil(\nu ))H_{}^{BM}(X^{[n]}),$$

and, when $`X`$ is assumed to be proper, of Chow motives

$$\underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}\underset{\nu P(i)}{}\underset{\underset{¯}{m}Q(ni)}{}(X_{\underset{¯}{m}}^{(\nu )},P^{(\nu )})^{|M_{\underset{¯}{m}}|}(2nil(\nu ))[X^{[n]}].$$

## 7 Applications of Theorem 4.0.1

We now give a series of applications of Theorem 4.0.1 to the computation of Chow motives and groups; see $`\mathrm{\S }`$7.1, $`\mathrm{\S }`$7.2, $`\mathrm{\S }`$7.3 and $`\mathrm{\S }`$8. It will be sufficient to determine the relevant strata for the maps in question, the fibers over them, and the monodromy on the components of maximal dimension. Except for the situations in $`\mathrm{\S }`$7.3 and $`\mathrm{\S }`$8, the fibers are irreducible. This fact alone implies trivial monodromy. Theorem 4.0.1 applies to give the Chow motive and groups of Hilbert schemes and of nested Hilbert schemes. In the former case, that determination had been done in  using the same correspondences, but additional knowledge was required, such as the affine cellular structure of the fibers, and the fact that the pre-image of each stratum maps locally trivially over the stratum in the étale topology. By way of contrast, here one only needs to know that the fibers have only one component of maximal dimension. For nested Hilbert schemes, the result is new. The fibers of the maps in $`\mathrm{\S }`$7.3 are not irreducible, but have trivial monodromy. Finally, the fibers of the Hilbert-Chow map for parabolic Hilbert schemes (cfr. $`\mathrm{\S }`$8) are not irreducible, but they are over the relevant strata and that is enough.

### 7.1 The Hilbert scheme of points on a surface

The following result follows from either Theorem 5.0.1, Theorem 4.0.1 or even Theorem 6.0.1 (applied to the map $`Id:XX`$).

###### Theorem 7.1.1

Let $`X`$ be a nonsingular algebraic surface. There are natural isomorphisms of Chow groups

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{}:\underset{\nu P(n)}{}A_{}(X^{(\nu )})A_{}(X^{[n]}),$$

of mixed Hodge structures

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{}^H:\underset{\nu P(n)}{}H^{}(X^{(\nu )})(nl(\nu ))H^{}(X^{[n]})$$

and, if $`X`$ is assumed to be proper, of Chow motives

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}:\underset{\nu P(n)}{}[X^{(\nu )}](nl(\nu ))[X^{[n]}].$$

###### Remark 7.1.2

Let $`A`$ be an abelian surface and $`K_n`$ be its n-th generalized Kummer variety (). An application of Theorem 4.0.1 gives a refinement at the level of Chow motives of the formulae for the Betti and Hodge numbers of $`A\times K_n`$ given in , Theorems 7 and 8. We omit the details.

### 7.2 The motive of nested Hilbert schemes of surfaces $`X^{[n,n+1]}.`$

We apply Theorem 4.0.1 to nested Hilbert schemes. The results we obtain refine Göttsche’s . Let $`X`$ be a nonsingular quasi-projective surface, $`n`$ be a positive integer and define the nested Hilbert scheme of points on $`X`$ $`X^{[n,n+1]}`$ to be the closed subscheme $`\{(\eta ,\beta )|\eta \beta \}X^{[n]}\times X^{[n+1]}`$ given its reduced structure. As is well-known (cfr. ), it is connected and smooth of dimension $`2n+2`$ and admits a semismall map $`\pi _{n,n+1}:X^{[n,n+1]}X^{(n)}\times X`$ which is semismall. It is not crepant, e.g. $`X^{[1,2]}X\times X`$ is the blowing up of the diagonal. This map admits a natural stratification which we now describe.

Fix $`aP(n)`$. Define $`I_a=\{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}\}\{j|a_j0\}.`$ Clearly, $`I_a\{0\}\mathrm{}`$.

Define subvarieties $`X_{a,j}X^{(n)}\times X`$ as follows

$$X_{a,j}=\{\begin{array}{cc}\{(\zeta ,x)|\zeta X_a^{(n)},x|\zeta |\}& \text{ if }j=0,\text{ }\hfill \\ \{(\zeta ,x)|\zeta X_a^{(n)},x|\zeta |,length_x(\zeta )=j\}& \text{otherwise.}\hfill \end{array}$$

The subvarieties $`X_{a,j}X^{(n)}\times X`$ are irreducible, smooth, locally closed of dimension $`2l(a)+2`$, if $`j=0`$ and $`2l(a)`$ otherwise.

We have the following stratification

$$X^{(n)}\times X=\underset{aP(n)}{}\underset{jI_a}{}X_{a,j}$$

inducing, as in $`\mathrm{\S }`$6, a stratification for the map $`\pi _{n,n+1}`$ for which the fibers are irreducible. The fibers over the stratum $`X_{a,j}`$ have dimension $`nl(a),`$ if $`j=0`$ and $`nl(a)+1,`$ if $`j0`$. All strata are relevant.

Define, for every $`aP(n)`$ and for every $`jI_a`$, $`X^{(a,j)}:=X^{a,j}/\mathrm{\Sigma }_{a,j}`$. There is a natural map $`X^{(a,j)}X^{(n)}\times X`$ which factors through the normalization of $`\overline{X_{a,j}}X^{(n)}\times X.`$

We are in the position to apply Theorem 4.0.1 and prove

###### Theorem 7.2.1

Let $`X`$ be a nonsingular algebraic surface. There are isomorphisms of Chow groups

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{}:\underset{aP(n),jI_a}{}A_{}(X^{(a,j)})A_{}(X^{[n,n+1]}),$$

of mixed Hodge structures

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{}^H:\underset{aP(n),jI_a}{}H^{}(X^{(a,j)})(m(a,j))H^{}(X^{[n,n+1]})$$

and, if $`X`$ is proper, of Chow motives

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}:\underset{aP(n),jI_a}{}[X^{(a,j)}](m(a,j))[X^{[n,n+1]}],$$

where $`m(a,j)=nl(a)`$ if $`j=0`$ and $`m(a,j)=nl(a)+1`$ if $`j0`$.

###### Remark 7.2.2

 computes the class of $`X^{[n,n+1]}`$ in the Grothendieck ring of motives, when $`X`$ is defined over a field of characteristic zero. The result affords the algebraic cycles modulo some standard conjectures on algebraic cycles.  computed the hodge numbers using virtual Hodge polynomials.  computed the mixed Hodge structure using Saito’s mixed Hodge modules.

### 7.3 Wreath products, rational double points and orbifolds

Let $`G`$ be a finite group, $`n`$ be an integer and $`G_n`$ be the associated Wreath product, i.e. the semidirect product of $`G^n`$ and $`S_n`$. For background on what follows see  from which all the constructions below are taken. Let $`GSL_2(C)`$ be a finite group. Their classification is known. Let $`\tau :\stackrel{~}{C^2/G}C^2/G`$ be the minimal and crepant resolution of the corresponding simple singularity. Let $`D:=\tau ^1(o)`$ where $`oY`$ is the singular point. With the notation of this section, $`N=1`$, $`y_1=0`$ and the divisor $`D`$ is supported on a tree of nonsingular rational curves: $`|D|=_{kH_1}C_k.`$

There is a commutative diagram of semismall and crepant birational morphisms

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\stackrel{~}{C^2/G}^{[n]}& \stackrel{\pi _n}{}& \stackrel{~}{C^2/G}^{(n)}\\ \tau _n& & \tau ^{(n)}\\ C^{2n}/G_n& & (C^2/G)^{(n)}.\end{array}$$

Let $`C_0^2/G:=C^2/G\{o\}.`$ The following is a natural stratification for $`\tau _n`$ for which every stratum is relevant:

$$\tau _n=\tau _{n,i,\nu }:\underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}\underset{\nu P(i)}{}(C_0^2/G)_\nu ^{[i]}\times \pi _{ni}^1(D^{(ni)})\underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}\underset{\nu P(i)}{}(C_0^2/G)_\nu ^{(i)}\times \{(ni)o\}.$$

The fibers over each stratum $`(C_0^2/G)_\nu ^{(i)}`$ are isomorphic to the product of the corresponding irreducible fibers of $`\pi _{i,\nu }`$ with $`\pi _{ni}^1(D^{(ni)}).`$ The latter factor has dimension $`ni`$ and its irreducible components of dimension $`ni`$ are naturally labeled by the set $`M_{ni}(H_1)`$ of monomials of degree $`ni`$ in the set of variables $`H_1`$.

Let $`P(i)\nu =(a_1,\mathrm{},a_i)`$. The stratum $`(C_0^2)_\nu ^{(i)}`$ $`_{j=1}^i(C^2/G)^{(a_j)}=`$ $`_{j=1}^iC^{2a_j}/G_{a_j}`$ $`=C^{2l(\nu )}/_{j=1}^iG_{a_j}.`$

There is the natural finite map $`C^{2l(\nu )}/_{j=1}^iG_{a_j}(C^2/G)^{(n)}`$ which factors through the normalization of the closure of the stratum $`(C_0^2)_\nu ^{(i)}`$.

Denote by $`P=\mathrm{\Delta }_{\stackrel{~}{C^2}}_{h,k}\mathrm{\Lambda }_{h,k}C_h\times C_k`$ be the projector corresponding to the projection $`R\tau _{}Q_{\stackrel{~}{C^2/G}}[2]IC_{C^2/G}Q_{C^2/G}[2].`$ Note that one can compute explicitly the projectors $`P^{(\nu )}`$, for every partition $`\nu `$ of every integer. We can apply Theorem 4.0.1 and Theorem 6.0.1 and prove

###### Theorem 7.3.1

There are canonical isomorphisms of Chow groups

$$\underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}\underset{\nu P(i)}{}\underset{M_{ni}(G_{}\{1^{}\})}{}A_{}(C^{2l(\nu )}/\underset{j=1}{\overset{i}{}}G_{a_j})$$

$$\underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}\underset{\nu P(i)}{}\underset{M_{ni}(G_{}\{1^{}\})}{}P_{}^{(\nu )}A_{}(\stackrel{~}{C^2/G}^{(\nu )})$$

$$A(\stackrel{~}{C^2/G}^{[n]})\underset{\mu P(n)}{}A(\stackrel{~}{C^2/G}^{(\mu )}).$$

and of mixed Hodge structures

$$\underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}\underset{\nu P(i)}{}\underset{M_{ni}(G_{}\{1^{}\})}{}H^{}(C^{2l(\nu )}/\underset{j=1}{\overset{i}{}}G_{a_j})H^{}(\stackrel{~}{C^2/G}^{[n]})\underset{\mu P(n)}{}H^{}(\stackrel{~}{C^2/G}^{(\mu )}).$$

Let $`G_{}`$ be the set of conjugacy classes of $`G`$. There is a well-known bijection $`b:G_{}\{1^{}\}T_G`$ (cfr. ; see also ).

Using the bijection $`b:G_{}\{1^{}\}T_G`$ we get a natural set of bijections $`M_{ni}(G_{}\{1^{}\})M_{ni}(T_G)`$.

The set of triplets $`(i,\nu ,x)`$ with $`0in`$, $`\nu P(i)`$, $`xM_{ni}(G_{}\{1^{}\})`$ is in natural bijection with the set $`G_{n}^{}{}_{}{}^{}`$ of conjugacy classes of $`G_n`$.

It follows easily that one can identify canonically the orbifold mixed Hodge structure of the orbifold $`C^{2n}/G_n`$ with the mixed Hodge structure of $`\stackrel{~}{C^2/G}^{[n]}.`$ The following result refines slightly .

###### Corollary 7.3.2

There is a canonical isomorphism of mixed Hodge structures

$$(H^{}(C^{2n}/G_n))_{orb}H^{}(\stackrel{~}{C^2/G}^{[n]}).$$

###### Remark 7.3.3

More generally, let $`Y^{}`$ be a nonsingular algebraic surface on which a finite group acts as a finite group of automorphism such that the only fixed points are isolated points on $`Y^{}.`$ Let $`Y=Y^{}/G`$ and $`f:XY`$ be its minimal resolution, which is automatically crepant. One can prove, using the method above and the analysis of twisted sectors in , that the orbifold mixed Hodge structure of $`Y^n/G_n`$ is isomorphic to the mixed Hodge structure of $`X^{[n]}`$. This refines slightly results in  and .

## 8 Appendix: the Chow groups and the Chow motive of parabolic Hilbert schemes; with T. Mochizuki

M. de Cataldo, L. Migliorini, T. Mochizuki

### 8.1 The parabolic Hilbert scheme of points on a surface

Let $`X`$ be an irreducible nonsingular surface defined over an algebraically closed field and $`D`$ be a nonsingular curve on $`X`$. Let $`I`$ be an ideal sheaf on $`X`$. Recall that a parabolic structure on $`I`$ of depth $`h`$ at $`D`$ is a filtration of the $`𝒪_D`$-modules, denoted here using the induced successive quotients

$$I𝒪_D𝒢_1𝒢_2\mathrm{}𝒢_h𝒢_{h+1}=0.$$

An ideal sheaf of points with a parabolic structure is called a parabolic ideal of points. The moduli scheme of the ideal sheaves of points with parabolic structure is called the parabolic Hilbert scheme of points. For simplicity, we only consider the case that $`𝒢_1`$ is torsion. There is no loss of generality, see .

We put the $`𝒦_i=Ker(𝒢_i𝒢_{i+1})`$. For a parabolic ideal sheaf, we denote the length of $`𝒦_\alpha `$ by $`l_\alpha `$ for $`\alpha =1,\mathrm{},h`$. We denote the $`h`$-tuple $`(l_1,\mathrm{},l_h)`$ by $`l_{}`$. The data $`(n,h,l_{})`$ is called the type of the parabolic ideal sheaf $`(I,𝒢_{})`$.

We denote the parabolic Hilbert scheme of points of $`X`$ of type $`(n,h,l_{})`$ by $`Hilb(X,D;n,h,l_{})`$. It is irreducible, nonsingular of dimension $`2n+_{\alpha =1}^hl_\alpha `$ (cfr. ). Note that if $`l_\alpha =0`$ for every $`\alpha `$, then $`Hilb(X,D;n,h,l_{})`$ is isomorphic to $`X^{[n]}.`$

### 8.2 The corresponding Hilbert-Chow morphism

For any sheaf $`𝒢`$ of finite length, we denote its support with multiplicity by $`[𝒢]`$, i.e., if the length of $`𝒢`$ at $`x`$ is $`l(x)`$, then $`[𝒢]`$ defined to be $`l(x)x`$. We denote $`X^{(n)}\times _iD^{(l_i)}`$ by $`X^{(n)}\times D^{(l_{})}`$. We have the natural morphism $`F_{n,l_{}}:`$ of $`Hilb(X,D;n,h,l_{})X^{(n)}\times D^{(l_{})}`$ defined by the assignment $`(I,𝒢_{})([𝒪_X/I],[𝒦_\alpha ])`$. We call it the Hilbert-Chow morphism. , Corollary 3.1 imply the following

###### Lemma 8.2.1

The morphism $`F_{(n,l_{})}`$ is semismall.

###### Remark 8.2.2

The fibers of $`F_{n,l_{}}`$ are not irreducible, in general. However, the ones over relevant strata are; see Lemma 8.3.2.

### 8.3 Stratification of the morphism $`F_{(n,l_{})}`$

We denote the set of integers larger than $`i`$ by $`Z_i`$. We put $`A=_{\alpha =0}^hZ_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}}`$. An element $`v`$ of $`A`$ is described as $`v=(v_0,v_{})`$, where $`v_0`$ is an element of $`Z_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}}`$ and $`v_{}=(v_1,\mathrm{},v_h)`$ is an element of $`_{\alpha =1}^hZ_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}}`$. We denote the set $`A\{(0,\mathrm{},0)\}`$ by $`A^{}`$.

We denote the set $`\{\chi :A^{}Z_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}}|_v\chi (v)<\mathrm{}\}`$ by $`𝒮(A^{})`$. We have the natural morphism $`\mathrm{\Phi }:𝒮(A^{})A`$ defined by $`\chi _v\chi (v)v`$. For any element $`u`$ of $`A`$, we put $`𝒮(A^{},u):=\mathrm{\Phi }^1(u)`$.

For any element $`\chi 𝒮(A^{})`$, we set:

$$X_\chi :=\underset{vA^{},v_{}=0}{}X^{(\chi (v))}\times \underset{vA^{},v_{}0}{}D^{(\chi (v))}.$$

A point of $`X_\chi `$ is denoted $`\left(_{k=1}^{\chi (v)}x_{vk}|vA^{}\right)`$, where $`x_{vk}`$ is a point of $`X`$ (resp. $`D`$) if $`v_{}=0`$ (resp. $`v_{}0`$). The dimension of $`X_\chi `$ is $`2_{v_{}=0}\chi (v)+_{v_{}0}\chi (v)`$. Let $`X_{0\chi }`$ denote the open set of $`X_\chi `$ determined by the condition that $`x_{vk}x_{v^{}k^{}}`$ for any $`(v,k)(v^{},k^{})`$.

For any $`nZ_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}}`$ and $`l_{}_{\alpha =1}^hZ_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}}`$, we have the element $`l_{}(n)=(n,l_{})A`$. If $`\chi `$ is contained in $`𝒮(A^{},l_{}(n))`$, we have the finite morphism $`G_\chi `$ of $`X_\chi `$ to $`X^{(n)}\times D^{(l_{})}`$ defined as follows:

$$(\underset{k=1}{\overset{\chi (v)}{}}x_{vk}|.vA^{})(\underset{v}{}\underset{k=1}{\overset{\chi (v)}{}}v_\alpha x_{vk},|.\alpha =0,1,\mathrm{},h).$$

The restriction of $`G_\chi `$ to $`X_{0\chi }`$ is an embedding. We denote the image $`G_\chi (X_{0\chi })`$ also by $`X_{0\chi }`$. Then $`\{X_{0\chi }|\chi 𝒮(A^{},l_{}(n))\}`$ gives a stratification for the morphism $`F_{(n,l_{})}`$.

Let $`e_\alpha `$ denote the element of $`A^{}`$ whose $`\beta `$-th component is defined to be $`1(\alpha =\beta )`$ or $`0(\alpha \beta )`$. We put $`C:=\{me_0|mZ_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}}\}\{me_0+e_\alpha |mZ_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}},\alpha =1,\mathrm{},h\}`$. The following two lemmata follow from , Corollary 3.1.

###### Lemma 8.3.1

For any point $`PX_{0\chi }`$, the dimension of the fiber $`F_{(n,l_{})}^1(P)`$ is $`(n_{v_{}=0}\chi (v))`$. The codimension of the stratum $`X_{0\chi }`$ is $`2(n_{v_{}=0}\chi (v))+_\alpha l_\alpha _{v_{}0}\chi (v)`$. A stratum $`X_{0\chi }`$ is a relevant stratum if and only if $`\chi (v)=0`$ for any $`v`$ which is not contained in $`C`$.

###### Lemma 8.3.2

If a stratum $`X_{0\chi }`$ is relevant, then the top dimensional part of the inverse image $`F_{(n,l_{})}^1(X_{0\chi })`$ is irreducible.

Let $`\overline{𝒮}(A^{},l_{}(n))`$ denote the subset of $`\chi 𝒮(A^{},l_{}(n))`$ given by the relevant strata. The set $`\overline{𝒮}(A^{},l_{}(n))`$ can be regarded as the set of $`Z_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}}`$-valued functions $`\chi `$ on $`C`$ satisfying $`_{vC}\chi (v)v=l_{}(n)`$.

###### Example 8.3.3

($`h=1,n=1,l_1=1`$)
In this case, the parabolic Hilbert scheme is isomorphic to the blowing up of $`X\times D`$ with center $`D`$, where $`D`$ is embedded by the composition of the diagonal embedding $`DD\times D`$ with the natural inclusion $`D\times DX\times D`$. The Hilbert-Chow morphism is the blowing up morphism. The set $`𝒮(A^{},(1,1))`$ has two elements: $`\delta _{(0,1)}+\delta _{(1,0)}`$ and $`\delta _{(1,1)}`$. Here the function $`\delta _v:A^{}Z_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}}`$ is defined by $`\delta _v(w)=0(wv)`$ and $`\delta _v(w)=1(w=v)`$. In this case $`\overline{𝒮}(A^{},(1,1))=𝒮(A^{},(1,1)).`$ The stratum corresponding to $`\delta _{(1,0)}+\delta _{(0,1)}`$ (resp. the $`\delta _{(1,1)}`$) is $`X\times DD`$ (resp. the $`D`$). The dimensions of the fibers corresponding to $`\delta _{(1,0)}+\delta _{(0,1)}`$ and $`\delta _{(1,1)}`$ are $`0`$ and $`1,`$ respectively.

###### Example 8.3.4

($`h=1,n=1,l_1=2`$)
In this case, $`𝒮(A^{},(1,2))`$ has four elements: $`\chi _1:=\delta _{(1,0)}+2\delta _{(0,1)}`$, $`\chi _2:=\delta _{(1,0)}+\delta _{(0,2)}`$, $`\chi _3:=\delta _{(1,1)}+\delta _{(0,1)}`$ and $`\chi _4:=\delta _{(1,2)}`$. The dimensions $`d_i`$ of the fibers and the codimensions $`c_i`$ of the strata corresponding to $`\chi _i`$ are as follows: $`(d_1,c_1)=(0,0),(d_2,c_2)=(0,1),(d_3,c_3)=(1,2),(d_4,c_4)=(1,3)`$. Thus $`\overline{𝒮}(A^{},(1,2))`$ has two elements $`\chi _1`$ and $`\chi _3`$.

### 8.4 The results

Let $`\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ be the correspondence constructed using the relevant strata above and $`\mathrm{\S }`$4. Let $`t_\chi =n_{v_{}=0}\chi (v)`$.

###### Theorem 8.4.1

We have natural isomorphisms of Chow groups

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{}:\underset{\chi \overline{S}(A^{},l_{}(n))}{}A_{}(X_\chi )A_{}(Hilb(X,D;n,h,l_{})),$$

of mixed Hodge structures

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{}^H:\underset{\chi \overline{S}(A^{},l_{}(n))}{}H^{}(X_\chi )(t_\chi )H^{}(Hilb(X,D;n,h,l_{})),$$

and, if $`X`$ is assumed to be proper, of Chow motives

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}:\underset{\chi \overline{S}(A^{},l_{}(n))}{}[X_\chi ](t_\chi )[Hilb(X,D;n,h,l_{})].$$

In what follows, for an algebraic variety $`Y`$, $`b_i(Y)`$ denotes the $`i`$-th Betti number of $`Y`$, $`P(Y)(z)=_ib_i(Y)z^i`$ denotes the Poincaré polynomial of $`Y,`$ $`h^{p,q}(Y)`$ denote the $`(p,q)`$-th Hodge number of $`Y`$, $`h(Y)(x,y)=_{x,y}h^{p,q}(Y)x^py^q`$ denotes the Hodge polynomial of $`Y`$, and we put $`ϵ(p,q)=(1)^{p+q1}`$.

###### Corollary 8.4.2

The generating functions for Chow motives (where we denote a motive $`(T,\mathrm{\Delta }_T)`$ simply by $`[T]`$), Betti and Hodge numbers are

$$\underset{n,l_{}}{}[Hilb(X,D;n,h,l_{})]t^n\underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{h}{}}s_\alpha ^{l_\alpha }=$$

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left(\underset{m=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}[X^{(m)}]((i1)m)t^{im}\right)\times \underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{h}{}}\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left(\underset{m=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}[D^{(m)}](im)t^{im}s_\alpha ^m\right),$$

$$\underset{n,l_{}}{}P(Hilb(X,D;n,h,l_{}))(z)t^n\underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{h}{}}s_\alpha ^{l_\alpha }=$$

$$\underset{m1}{}\frac{(1+z^{2m1}t^m)^{b_1(X)}(1+z^{2m+1}t^m)^{b_3(X)}}{(1z^{2m2}t^m)^{b_0(X)}(1z^{2m}t^m)^{b_2(X)}(1z^{2m+2}t^m)^{b_4(X)}}\times $$

$$\underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{h}{}}\underset{m0}{}\frac{(1+z^{2m+1}t^ms_\alpha )^{b_1(D)}}{(1z^{2m}t^ms_\alpha )^{b_0(D)}(1z^{2m+2}t^ms_\alpha )^{b_2(D)}}.$$

$$\underset{n,l_{}}{}h(Hilb(X,D,n,h,l_{}))(x,y)t^n\underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{h}{}}s_\alpha ^{l_\alpha }=$$

$$\underset{m1}{}\underset{0p,q2}{}(1+ϵ(p,q)x^{p+m1}y^{q+m1}t^m)^{ϵ(p,q)h^{p,q}(X)}\times $$

$$\underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{h}{}}\underset{m0}{}\underset{0p,q1}{}\left(1+ϵ(p,q)x^{p+m}y^{q+m}t^ms_\alpha \right)^{ϵ(p,q)h^{p,q}(D)}$$

###### Remark 8.4.3

The generating functions for the Betti and Hodge numbers can be found in . The slightly weaker statement in the Grothendieck ring of motives can also be deduced easily from .


text:
# A New Atom Trap: The Annular Shell Atom Trap (ASAT)

(February 12, 2002)

1Physics Department, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250
email: hersch\_pilloff@umbc.edu
2Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
email: marko@yorku.ca

Abstract

In the course of exploring some aspects of atom guiding in a hollow, optical fiber, a small negative potential energy well was found just in front of the repulsive or guiding barrier. This results from the optical dipole and the van der Waals potentials. The ground state for atoms bound in this negative potential well was determined by numerically solving the Schrödinger eq. and it was found that this negative well could serve as an atom trap. This trap is referred to as the Annular Shell Atom Trap or ASAT because of the geometry of the trapped atoms which are located in the locus of points defining a very thin annular shell just in front of the guiding barrier. A unique feature of the ASAT is the compression of the atoms from the entire volume to the volume of the annular shell resulting in a very high density of atoms in this trap. This trap may have applications to very low temperatures using evaporative cooling and possibly the formation of BEC. Finally, a scheme is discussed for taking advantage of the de Broglie wavelength to store atoms in a bottle trap based on the inability of long de Broglie wavelengths to escape through a selective de Broglie wavelength filter in the atom bottle trap.

PACS: 32.80.P; 03.75.F; 03.65.G;

Keywords: atom guiding, evanescent light, optical dipole potential, van der Waals potential, hollow optical fiber, negative potential well, atom trapping, 2 color optical dipole potential, de Broglie wavelength, BEC, de Broglie atom bottle trap.

The polarizability of an atom is almost always positive but, it can be negative and some unusual effects can then be observed. This can occur when a laser or other monochromatic source is tuned slightly above or to the “blue” of an atomic resonance. The interaction of the external field on the atom through its negative polarizability produces a gradient dipole force which tends to drive the atom to regions of minimum intensity. Cook and Hill suggested using an evanescent wave to produce an atom mirror outside of a dielectric. Zoller, et.al. analyzed the case for a clad, hollow fiber in which the external field was confined to the annular region and used the resulting evanescent field in the hollow region to guide atoms. In what has become known as “blue-guiding”, Renn and Ito have experimentally demonstrated evanescent wave guiding of rubidium atoms in hollow optical fibers. A comprehensive review of evanescent light-wave atom optics has been published by Dowling and Gea-Banacloche.

Atom guiding in a hollow, metal-coated optical fiber has previously been analyzed,. The metal coating is assumed to be a perfect conductor and this provides both simpler boundary conditions for determining exact solutions of the $`TM_{0n}`$ modes and maximizes the evanescent guiding field for a given laser electric field injected in the annular region of the fiber. A typical potential for this interaction is shown in Fig.1 and includes both the quantum optical dipole (odp) and the van der Waal’s (vdW) potentials. Here

$$U_{odp}=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{ln}(1+2\frac{d^2E^2}{\gamma ^2+4\mathrm{\Delta }^2})$$
(1)
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }=\omega \omega _o>0`$ is the detuning, $`\omega `$ the laser frequency, $`\omega _o`$ the resonance frequency of the two level atom, $`\gamma `$ the decay rate of the upper level, $`d`$ the transition dipole moment between levels 1 and 2, and $`E`$ the evanescent electric field amplitude in the hollow region of the fiber as calculated from the Helmholtz equation. The vdW potential is given by

$$U_{vdW}=\frac{1}{32\pi ϵ_0}\left(\frac{n_2^21}{n_2^2+1}\right)\left(\frac{1}{(ar)^3}\frac{1}{a^3}\right)d^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}}$$
(2)
where $`ϵ_0`$ is the vacuum permittivity, $`n_2=\sqrt{5}`$ is the dielectric constant of the annular region of the fiber, $`a`$ the inner radius of the fiber, and $`r`$ the distance from the center to the atom. The total potential is given by $`U_{tot}=U_{odp}+U_{vdW}`$. Note that a synthetic atom has been used here where the resonance wavelength corresponds to 5000 A$`^^o`$ and the atom mass, $`m_0`$, is $`4.00\times 10^{26}`$ kg. Further details can be found in,  and references therein.

While Fig.1 is familiar because it shows the repulsive or guiding barrier in front of the inner wall, a new result is obtained when the energy resolution or magnification is increased by $`\times 10^4`$. In this case a small, negative potential energy well is observed in Fig.2. This is a result of the vdW potential dominating both very far from and very close to the inner wall whereas the odp potential dominates in the region where the rising leading-edge of the pulse in Fig.1 has a strongly positive slope. The reason for the strongly positive slope is the very fast ”turn-on” of the odp potential here. At the point where the potential has a maximum, the slope quickly becomes strongly negative and the vdW potential becomes dominant again. Any atoms on this side of the barrier will quickly be drawn into the wall. These figures display 1-dimensional potentials which are radially symmetric but the energy axis in each figure has a different scale. A cross section through the repulsive barrier is shown in Fig.3, whereas the negative potential energy well is too shallow to be seen on this energy scale.

When used with a single wavelength odp potential as in eq. 1, the depth of the negative potential well is comparatively shallow. However, using a two-color odp potential can significantly increase the well depth,. The two-color total potential is:

$$U_{2\mathrm{\_}color}=U_{odp}(\mathrm{\Delta }_1,E_1)+U_{vdW}+U_{odp}(\mathrm{\Delta }_2,E_2)$$
(3)
where the detunings are $`\mathrm{\Delta }_1>0`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_2<0`$, and $`E_1`$ and $`E_2`$ are the electric field amplitudes in the hollow region for the corresponding laser wavelengths $`\lambda _1`$ and $`\lambda _2`$, and both wavelengths are injected into the annular region of the hollow fiber. Calculations have shown that the negative well depth can be increased by factors up to $`10^4`$. Note that $`\mathrm{\Delta }_2`$ is negative and tuned to the red of the transition frequency.

The 2-color odp potential can be explained using the Red-Blue Pushme-Pullyou resonator or trap. Blue detuned evanescent radiation pushes atoms away from the wall and toward regions of lower intensity while red detuned evanescent radiation pulls atoms toward the wall and higher intensity regions. By careful external focusing, it is possible to achieve a spatial separation between attractive and repulsive regions in the case of the dielectric slab or by using a 3-level atom in the quartz microsphere. It is also possible to obtain a useful spatial separation between the blue and red-detuned light for the two-level atom used here.

While both wave lengths are injected into the annular region of the fiber, the two parameters, $`E_i`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_i`$, in eq. 3 determine the characteristics of each evanescent wave. For example, for the red detuned evanescent wave, the radial dependence of the amplitude can be adjusted to drop (a negative potential here) before the blue-detuned wave eventually rises for larger values of r. In moving toward the inner wall, the atom encounters a region containing a red detuned wave and then, for increasing values of r, enters a different region where the blue detuned wave is also present. As the red odp together with the vdW potential attracts the atom toward the repulsive barrier, the blue radiation repels the atom as it approaches the large energy barrier. At some point there is a superposition of forces such that the repulsive force due to the blue light competes against the attractive forces of both the red odp plus the vdW potential. If the combined attraction of the latter is greater than the repulsive blue force, the atom will continue to move closer toward the inner wall and the well will deepen - vice versa and the well becomes shallower. While the blue odp potential is usually of larger magnitude, it is important that the combined red forces are first encountered at smaller r values in moving toward the wall so that the negative well depth can be enhanced.

Consider an ensemble of atoms inside the hollow fiber. These atoms randomly interact with the repulsive barrier just in front of the inner wall. Since these interactions are assumed to be elastic, the atoms must lose energy by collisions with other atoms through the process of evaporative cooling and many of the remaining atoms will eventually be trapped in the negative potential well. At high laser powers, the trapped atoms are expected to have a broad distribution of energies. Because both the negative well and the repulsive barrier are extremely sensitive to reducing or varying the laser power and/or the laser detuning as shown in Fig.4. In this case, using eq. 3, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_1`$ is adiabatically varied with time, and a series of time-frozen snapshots are shown for $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{1i}`$ where $`i=1\mathrm{}5`$. All other parameters $`(E_1`$, $`E_2`$, and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_2)`$ are held constant. This can provide an additional level of control in that the well can become deeper, and move toward the inner wall, while the barrier eventually becomes negative and may be very thin where it actually exists. The hotter atoms escape from the well preferentially to the inner wall because the barrier has been eliminated or because atom tunneling through what remains of the barrier provides a significant loss mechanism. By reducing the barrier adiabatically, the evaporative cooling can be made very efficient and the loss of atoms from the trap can be minimized.

Before calculating the ground-state energy for atoms in this trap, it should be noted that the ground-state eigenvalue should be as deep as possible. The selectivity of this system is complex. Following de Broglie’s approach as described by Bohm and modifying it to use a stationary wave to represent an atom in a stationary state requires that the stationary wave must fit continuously on itself after going around the radial potential well inside the hollow fiber. This requires an integral number of waves fitting in the above described circumference. The atoms must be very cold and since their de Broglie wavelength, $`\lambda _{dB}`$, must fit within the circumference of the hollow fiber, it may be quite long. For example, for $`a=10\mu `$m, then as determined by de Broglie’s constraint, $`\lambda _{dB}20\pi `$ $`\mu `$m. But the low temperatures desired may give $`\lambda _{dB}`$ which would be even longer and therefore can’t fit within the circumference of the hollow fiber and is not allowed. The conclusion is that the minimum eigenvalue depends on the inner radius of the hollow fiber. Larger inner radius fibers sustain lower eigenvalues (as well as a higher number of states) in the negative energy well and this effect has been observed in the numerical calculations.

In order to obtain a numerical solution of Schrödinger’s eq., it is helpful to write it in dimensionless form by letting $`\rho =r/a`$. The result is the scale factor, SF, given by

$$SF=2m_o\frac{a^2}{\mathrm{}^2}$$
(4)
For the case where there is no azimuthal dependence, then the radial Schrödinger eq. becomes:

$$\frac{d^2}{d\rho ^2}R(\rho )+\frac{1}{\rho }\frac{d}{d\rho }R(\rho )+\frac{2m_oa^2}{\mathrm{}^2}(EU(r))R(\rho )=0.$$
(5)
where $`R(\rho )`$ is the radial wave function.

The dimensionless radial Schrödinger equation was solved using Maple with a shooting algorithm based on a stiff ordinary differential equation solver (Gear’s method). The potential $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{2m_oa^2}{\mathrm{}^2}}\right)U(r)`$ has a large positive barrier at $`\rho <1`$, and, thus, the problem can be solved by approximating the long-lived resonance problem as a bound state. The bound-state problem is defined by setting a boundary condition such that the wavefunction vanishes inside this potential barrier.

The results for the eigenenergy were confirmed using three approaches that determine the eigenvalue by a trial method using a numerical initial-value problem solver: (i) a shooting algorithm that starts the solution at $`\rho =0`$ and ensures that the solution vanishes at $`\rho =\rho _1`$ without crossing the $`\rho `$-axis; (ii) the same algorithm which starts the solution at $`\rho =\rho _1`$, and which propagates the solution inwards; (iii) a matching algorithm which combines information from both inside-out and outside-in integrations, and which is deemed to be numerically more stable. Condition (iii) is shown below as:

$$\frac{\psi ^{}(\rho )}{\psi (\rho )}|_{\rho \rho _{\mathrm{match}}^{}}\frac{\psi ^{}(\rho )}{\psi (\rho )}|_{\rho \rho _{\mathrm{match}}^+}=0$$
(6)
where $`|_{\rho \rho _{\mathrm{match}}^{}}`$ and $`|_{\rho \rho _{\mathrm{match}}^+}`$ represent $`\rho `$ propagating from left to right, and right to left, respectively, to the matching point.

The sensitivity of the eigenvalue to the choice of the right-hand boundary $`\rho _1`$ where the boundary condition was set to $`\psi (\rho _1)=0`$ was explored. A range was found for $`\rho _1`$ values such that the eigenvalue remained constant.

The determined ground-state energy eigenvalue was verified by increasing the numerical precision. It can be observed from Fig.5 that the potential well is quite narrow, and that the Heisenberg uncertainty principle prevents the atoms from accumulating near the classical potential energy minimum. For this potential, the atoms are bound with an energy that corresponds to about one quarter of the value of the potential at the minimum, and the atoms spend a considerable amount of time inside the potential barrier. The results are shown in Fig.5 where the ground state energy is -25,668 and corresponds to $`3.54\times 10^{31}`$ J. The counter propagating solutions are matched at $`\rho =0.97`$.

An interesting feature of this trap is the increased atom density that results from the compression of the atoms in the original volume to the much smaller volume of the annular shell. Consider the following simple model for atom compression. A hollow fiber of unit length is initially filled at some pressure which is proportional to $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi a^2}}`$. These atoms are compressed and the new pressure is inversely proportional to the area of the annulus. This can be written as $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi (r_2^2r_1^2)}}`$ where $`r_2`$ and $`r_1`$ are the outer and inner radius of the annulus, respectively. Writing this as $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi (r_2+r_1)(r_2r_1)}}`$, this can be approximated as $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi (2r_{ave})(\delta _r)}}`$ where $`r_{ave}`$ can be approximated by the location of the minimum in the potential and $`\delta _r`$ is the width of the annulus. Since the minimum in the potential occurs about $`0.15\mu `$m from the inner wall, $`r_{ave}a`$. The distance between the classical turning points is a good estimate for $`\delta _r`$ but this would be a low estimate whereas $`1.5`$ times this value would account for tunneling which occurs mostly on the inside. The compression factor, $`C`$, becomes

$$C\frac{a}{3\delta _r}$$
(7)
where in this simple model, the compression is assumed to be lossless. As an example, consider a hollow fiber where $`a=10^2`$ m and $`\delta _r=10^7`$ m. This gives $`C=3.33\times 10^4`$ which considering likely losses still seems quite significant.

The characterization of this trap particularly as it involves the details of evaporative cooling is important for several applications such as the limiting temperature that can be achieved and whether BEC might be easily achieved in this trap. An introduction to these issues is discussed by Metcalf , but these are beyond the scope of the present paper. Also, it is expected that the negative potential energy well will also exist for a slab geometry and for the “atom trampoline” in which an atom in a gravitational field will bounce up and down on top of the dielectric slab .

Finally, these concepts are applicable to a de Broglie atom trap. Instead of using a hollow fiber, Dowling suggested using a bottle to trap the atoms. The bottle has a narrow neck and a short bundle of narrow, hollow optical fibers are arranged side by side and fused to form a porous plug for sealing the neck of the bottle trap. Blue detuned light can then be coupled from the walls of the bottle via contact coupling into the non-hollow parts of the plug in such a way that very little scattered light will exist in the hollow regions of the plug and the plug can effectively repel cold atoms which would otherwise come in contact with it. Relatively warm atoms, having short de Broglie wavelengths, can then be injected directly through the small open areas of the fiber plug directly in to the bottle where the atoms are subsequently cooled using laser cooling with fiber couplers followed by evaporative cooling as has been described. By cooling the atoms inside the bottle, the de Broglie wavelength will increase to the point where the atoms will be unable to pass through the small diameter hollow fibers in the porous plug and will now be trapped for considerable times inside the bottle to form an atom bottle trap. The atom bottle geometry has the additional benefit that even lower temperatures can be achieved together with higher compression factors by going to a larger inner diameter of the bottle as compared to the hollow fiber.

Figure Legends

Fig.1. The combined effect of the repulsive barrier and vdW potential are shown here. The barrier is repulsive in the sense that atoms moving toward the inner wall will be repelled back toward the origin for energies less than the barrier height. For those atoms either tunneling through the barrier or otherwise getting very close to the inner wall, the strongly attractive van der Waals force dominates here as it tends to $`\mathrm{}`$ and the atoms will be strongly drawn toward the inner wall and will quickly hit it.

Fig.2. Negative potential energy well. Note that the energy scale is about $`10^4`$ smaller than in Fig.1. The very strong vdW potential tending to $`\mathrm{}`$ is not shown here as the atom moves very close to the inner wall. Specific parameters for this plot are: $`a=10\mu `$m, $`\mathrm{\Delta }=10^{10}`$Hz, and $`E_L=10^5`$ V/m.

Fig.3. Cross section through the repulsive barrier. The energy scale here is about $`10^4`$ times too large to show the much smaller, negative energy potential well.

Fig.4. Reduction in barrier to inner wall using 2 color total potential from eq. 3. Here the barrier is reduced adiabatically by sweeping the frequency from $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{11}`$ up to $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{14}`$ or $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{15}`$ where the $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{1j}`$ are in Hz and given in Fig.4. The fixed values as used in eq. 3 are: $`E_1=10^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}5}}`$ V/m, $`E_2=10^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}5}}`$ V/m, and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_2=10^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}8}}`$ Hz. This has the potential to reduce the number of atoms lost in evaporative cooling.

Fig.5. Plot of $`|\psi (\rho )|^2`$, the probability density (unnormalized), and the negative potential energy well as a function of $`\rho `$. The results of numerically solving the Schrödinger eq. for the ground state of the negative potential energy well are shown here where $`a=10.0\mu `$m, $`m_0=4.00\times 10^{26}`$ kg, $`SF=7.26\times 10^{34}`$J-1, $`E=25668`$, $`E_J=E/SF=3.54\times 10^{31}`$ J, $`T=2.57\times 10^8`$ oK, and $`\rho _{match}=0.97`$. Note the differences in tunneling into the inner and outer potential walls: there is significant tunneling to the left and less tunneling into the much steeper right hand side. Specific parameters for this two-color odp potential are: $`a=10\mu `$m, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_1=10^{10}`$Hz, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_2=10^8`$Hz, $`E_{L1}=10^5`$ V/m, and $`E_{L2}=10^{4.07}`$V/m.

Acknowledgments

One of us (H.S.P.) is pleased to acknowledge helpful discussions with the following:
D. Anderson, J. Dowling, S. Efros, G. Herling, M. Kasevich, M. Rosen, Y. Shih and L. Sica.