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# Relative 𝐾-groups and class field theory for arithmetic surfaces

## 1 Introduction

Let $`X`$ be a regular connected scheme, flat and proper over $`Spec()`$ whose generic fibre $`X_{}=X_{}`$ is projective over $``$. Sending the class $`[P]`$ of a closed point $`P`$ on $`X`$ to its Frobenius automorphism $`𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑏_P`$, it is well-known that one obtains a reciprocity homomorphism

$$𝑟𝑒𝑐_X:CH_0(X)\stackrel{~}{\pi }_1^{𝑒𝑡}(X)^{𝑎𝑏}.$$

Here $`CH_0(X)`$ denotes the Chow group of zero-cycles on $`X`$ modulo rational equivalence and $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_1^{𝑒𝑡}(X)^{𝑎𝑏}`$ is the modified abelianized étale fundamental group, which classifies finite abelian étale coverings of $`X`$ in which every real point splits completely (if $`X`$ is defined over a totally imaginary number field, then this is just the usual abelianized étale fundamental group). By Lang \[La\], the homomorphism $`𝑟𝑒𝑐_X`$ has a dense image and (after S. Bloch \[Bl\] solved special cases) K. Kato and S. Saito \[K-S1\], \[K-S2\], proved the following theorem which is usually cited as “unramified class field theory”.

Theorem $`𝑟𝑒𝑐_X`$ is an isomorphism of finite abelian groups.

Now assume that $`Y`$ is the support of a divisor on $`X`$ and put $`U=XY`$. We consider the abelianized modified tame fundamental group $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_1^t(X,Y)^{𝑎𝑏}`$ which classifies finite abelian étale coverings of $`U`$ which are tamely ramified along $`Y`$ (see section 5 below) and in which every real point splits completely. In \[S1\], the author showed the following

###### Theorem 1

The group $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_1^t(X,Y)^{𝑎𝑏}`$ is finite and depends only on the scheme $`U=XY`$ (and not on the choice of the compactifying scheme $`X`$).

Recall that the group $`CH_0(X)`$ can be identified with the spectral term $`E_2^{d,d}`$ ($`d=dimX`$) of the Quillen spectral sequence

$$E_1^{pq}=\underset{xX^p}{}K_{pq}(k(x))K_{pq}(X),$$

in which $`K_{}()`$ are Quillen’s $`K`$-groups \[Qu\]. There exists an analogous spectral sequence for relative $`K`$-theory and we define the relative Chow group of zero-cycles $`CH_0(X,Y)`$ as the $`E_2^{d,d}`$-term of that spectral sequence (see section 3 below).

The objective of this paper is to give a proof of the

###### Theorem 2

If $`X`$ is an arithmetic surface (i.e. $`dim_{Krull}X=2`$), then there exists a natural isomorphism of finite abelian groups

$$𝑟𝑒𝑐_{X,Y}:CH_0(X,Y)\stackrel{~}{\pi }_1^t(X,Y)^{𝑎𝑏}.$$

Remarks. 1. It is natural to conjecture, that the statement of the above theorem holds in any dimension. This is easily shown in dimension $`1`$ and we think that in principle the same methods as in dimension $`2`$ can also be applied to any dimension $`>2`$. However the technical effort will increase rapidly.

2. By theorem 1, the right hand side of the isomorphism $`𝑟𝑒𝑐_{X,Y}`$ only depends on $`U=XY`$ and not on the choice of $`X`$. Hence the same is also true for the left hand side, and it is desirable to give an intrinsic definition of it only in terms of $`U`$. The author conjectures that $`CH_0(X,Y)`$ is naturally isomorphic to the 0th singular homology group $`h_0(U)`$, which is considered in \[S2\]. This is true in the analogous situation for varieties over finite fields and in that situation the corresponding statement to that of theorem 2 is known in any dimension, see \[S-S\]. In the mixed characteristic case, there exists a natural surjection $`h_0(U)CH_0(X,Y)`$ and a small but unfortunately highly resistant moving lemma would show that this map is an isomorphism.

3. In \[K-S2\], Kato and Saito give an interpretation of $`\pi _1(U)^{𝑎𝑏}`$ in terms of a higher idèle class group which is defined as a Nisnevič cohomology group of a relative Milnor $`K`$-sheaf. One can interpret theorem 2 as a duality result on relative $`K`$-groups.

## 2 Results from the work of Kato and Saito

For reference, to fix notation and to deduce some corollaries, we recall several results from the work of K. Kato and S. Saito. Let $`X`$ be a connected noetherian scheme. For $`j`$, let

$$X_j=\left\{xX\right|dim\left(\overline{\{x\}}\right)=j\}.$$

For an integer $`i0`$, the localization theory in Quillen $`K`$-theory on $`X`$ gives rise to a homomorphism

(1)
$$\delta _i:\underset{yX_1}{}K_{i+1}(k(y))\underset{xX_0}{}K_i(k(x)).$$

We define $`SK_i(X)`$ to be the cokernel of this map $`\delta _i`$. Assume that $`X`$ is a variety over a field $`k`$ and that $`k`$ (and hence also every finite extension of $`k`$) carries a natural topology. Then we give $`SK_0(X)`$ the discrete topology and we endow $`SK_1(X)`$ with the finest topology such that for every $`xX_0`$ the natural homomorphism

$$k(x)^\times SK_1(X)$$

is continuous.

1. The reciprocity homomorphism for an arithmetic scheme.

Let $`X`$ be a connected scheme of finite type over $`Spec()`$. For each closed point $`xX_0`$, $`k(x)`$ is a finite field, so there is an isomorphism

$$\widehat{}\pi _1^{𝑎𝑏}(x)=Gal(k(x)^{sep}|k(k)),$$

which sends $`1\widehat{}`$ to the Frobenius $`f_x`$ over $`k(x)`$. We define the Frobenius element $`F_x`$ of $`x`$ in $`\pi _1^{𝑎𝑏}(X)`$ to be the image of $`f_x`$ under the natural homomorphism $`\pi _1^{𝑎𝑏}(x)\pi _1^{𝑎𝑏}(X)`$. The assignment $`1F_x`$, $`xX_0`$, defines a homomorphism

(2)
$$\underset{xX_0}{}\pi _1^{𝑎𝑏}(X).$$

Then by \[La\], we have the

###### Lemma 2.1

If $`X`$ is irreducible and the reduced subscheme $`X_{red}`$ of $`X`$ is normal, then the map (2) has a dense image.

Now we consider the abelianized modified fundamental group $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_1^{𝑎𝑏}(X)`$ which is the unique quotient of $`\pi _1^{𝑎𝑏}(X)`$ classifying finite abelian étale coverings of $`X`$ in which every real-valued point of $`X`$ splits completely. Then we have the

###### Lemma 2.2

(\[Sa\], lemma 2.4) If $`X`$ is proper over $`Spec()`$, then the composite of the map (2) and the natural surjection $`\pi _1^{𝑎𝑏}(X)\stackrel{~}{\pi }_1^{𝑎𝑏}(X)`$ annihilates the image of

$$\delta :\underset{xX_1}{}k(x)^\times \underset{xX_0}{},$$

which is the map (1) for $`i=0`$.

Consequently, we obtain a natural map

$$SK_0(X)\stackrel{~}{\pi }_1^{𝑎𝑏}(X),$$

which is called the reciprocity map for $`X`$.

2. Class field theory for varieties over $``$ and $``$.

We follow \[Sa\], §4. Let $`k^{}`$ be $``$ or $``$ and let $`X^{}`$ be a connected, proper and smooth scheme over $`k`$. For $`xX_0^{}`$, $`k(x)`$ or $``$ and we have a canonical surjection

$$k(x)^\times \pi _1^{𝑎𝑏}(x)=Gal(k(x)^{sep}|k(x)).$$

The maps $`\pi _1^{𝑎𝑏}(x)\pi _1^{𝑎𝑏}(X)`$ for $`xX_0^{}`$ induce a well-defined continuous homomorphism

(3)
$$\tau :SK_1(X^{})\pi _1^{𝑎𝑏}(X^{}),$$

which is the zero map if $`k^{}=`$ or $`X^{}()=\mathrm{}`$. Let $`kk^{}`$ be a subfield and suppose that

-$`k`$ is dense in $`k^{}`$ for the usual topology of $`k^{}`$.

-If $`k^{}=`$, $`k`$ is algebraically closed. If $`k^{}=`$, the algebraic closure $`\overline{k}`$ of $`k`$ is a quadratic extension of $`k`$.

-There is a proper, smooth scheme $`X`$ over $`k`$ such that

$$X_kk^{}X^{}.$$

By the proper base change theorem, the natural map $`\pi _1^{𝑎𝑏}(X^{})\pi _1^{𝑎𝑏}(X)`$ is an isomorphism and the image of the natural homomorphism

(4)
$$SK_1(X)\pi _1^{𝑎𝑏}(X)$$

coincides with that of the map (3). Slightly more general, let $`VX`$ be a nonempty open subscheme and $`V^{}=V_kk^{}`$. Using the smooth base change theorem instead (we are in characteristic zero), we have again the isomorphism $`\pi _1^{𝑎𝑏}(V^{})\pi _1^{𝑎𝑏}(V)`$ and, sending a point $`xV()=V^{}()`$ to the image of the unique nontrivial element of $`\pi _1^{𝑎𝑏}(x)Gal(|)`$ in $`\pi _1^{𝑎𝑏}(V)`$, we obtain a natural map

$$i:V()\pi _1^{𝑎𝑏}(V).$$

The map $`i`$ is locally constant on $`V()`$ and has finite image (see \[Sa\], lemma (4.8) for the case $`V=X`$, the proof in the general case is the same). If $`\chi H_{𝑒𝑡}^1(V,/)`$ corresponds to a cyclic étale covering $`\stackrel{~}{V}V`$, then a point $`xV()`$ splits completely in $`\stackrel{~}{V}`$ if and only if $`\chi `$ is trivial on $`i(x)`$. In particular, the subset of points in $`V()`$ which split completely in $`\stackrel{~}{V}`$ is (norm) open and closed in $`V()`$.

3. Class field theory of schemes over henselian discrete valuation fields.

We follow \[Sa\], §3. Let $`𝒪_k`$ be a henselian discrete valuation ring with finite residue field $`F`$ and quotient field $`k`$. Let $`X`$ be a proper smooth scheme over $`k`$. For $`xX_0`$, $`k(x)`$ is a finite extension of $`k`$, so that the local class field theory for $`k(x)`$ gives us a canonical homomorphism

$$\rho _x:k(x)^\times \pi _1^{𝑎𝑏}(x)\pi _1^{𝑎𝑏}(X).$$

The sum of these $`\rho _x`$ is trivial on the diagonal image of $`_{xX_1}K_2(k(X))`$ and we obtain a canonical morphism

(5)
$$\tau :SK_1(X)\pi _1^{𝑎𝑏}(X).$$

Giving each $`k(x)`$, $`xX_0`$ the usual adic topology, we obtain a natural topology on $`SK_1(X)`$ (see the beginning of this section). The map $`\tau `$ is continuous with respect to this topology and the natural profinite topology on $`\pi _1^{𝑎𝑏}(X)`$. For every natural number $`n`$ which is prime to char$`(k)`$, the subgroup $`nSK_1(X)`$ is open in $`SK_1(X)`$. In particular, if char$`(k)`$=0, then every homomorphism $`SK_1(X)/`$ with finite image is automatically continuous.

Now assume that $`X`$ has a proper regular model $`𝔛`$ over $`𝒪_k`$. By \[Sa\], lemma 3.1, we have a natural homomorphism $`\delta :SK_1(K)SK_0(Y)`$ and a commutative diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}SK_1(X)& & \pi _1^{𝑎𝑏}(X)\\ \delta & & sp\\ SK_0(Y)& \stackrel{\delta }{}& \pi _1^{𝑎𝑏}(Y),\end{array}$$

where $`sp`$ is the specialization homomorphism (cf. \[SGA1\], X) and $`\varphi `$ is the reciprocity map for $`Y`$ as defined in paragraph 1 above. Important for us is the

###### Proposition 2.3

(\[Sa\], prop. 3.3) Let $`\chi H_{𝑒𝑡}^1(X,/)`$ and let $`\stackrel{~}{\chi }:SK_1(X)/`$ be the induced homomorphism via (5). Then $`\chi `$ comes from the subgroup $`H_{𝑒𝑡}^1(Y,/)H_{𝑒𝑡}^1(𝔛,/)H_{𝑒𝑡}^1(X,/)`$ if and only if $`\stackrel{~}{\chi }`$ factors though the map $`\delta `$.

The crucial step in the proof of the last proposition is the following lemma, which we will need in the following.

###### Lemma 2.4

(\[Sa\], lemma 3.15) Let $`A`$ be a henselian regular local ring of dimension $`2`$ with perfect residue field $`F`$ and quotient field $`K`$. If $`\text{char}(K)=0`$ and $`\text{char}(F)=p>0`$ assume that there exists exactly one prime ideal $`𝔭`$ of height $`1`$ which divides $`p`$ and let $`TA`$ with $`𝔭=(T)`$. In the remaining cases let $`T0`$ be any non-unit of $`A`$. Put $`U=Spec(A[1/T])`$. Then, if $`\chi H_{𝑒𝑡}^1(U,/)`$ induces an unramified character $`\chi _uH_{𝑒𝑡}^1(u,/)`$ for each $`uU_0`$, $`\chi `$ comes from $`H_{𝑒𝑡}^1(Spec(A),/)`$.

4. Unramified class field theory of arithmetic schemes.

Now let $`𝔛`$ be a connected regular, proper and flat scheme over $`Spec()`$, and suppose that $`X=𝔛_{}`$ is projective over $`Spec()`$. Let $`k`$ be the algebraic closure of $``$ in the function field of $`X`$ and put $`S=Spec(𝒪_k)`$. The structural morphism $`𝔛Spec()`$ factors through $`S`$ and $`X`$ is geometrically irreducible as a variety over $`k`$. Let $`S_f`$ be the set of closed points of $`S`$ and let $`S_{\mathrm{}}`$ be the set of archimedean places of the number field $`k`$. For $`vS_f`$ let $`Y_v=𝔛_Sv`$ be the special fibre of $`𝔛`$ over $`v`$. For $`vS_{\mathrm{}}S_f`$ let $`k_v`$ be the algebraic closure of $`k`$ in the completion of $`k`$ at $`v`$ and $`X_v=X\times _kk_v`$.

For $`vS_fS_{\mathrm{}}`$ we endow the fields $`k_v`$ with the restriction of the natural topology of the completion of $`k`$ at $`v`$ to $`k_v`$. For $`vS_f`$ there exists a natural, surjective and continuous (\[Sa\], 3.11) homomorphism

$$SK_1(X_v)SK_0(Y_v)=CH_0(Y_v).$$

For an open subscheme $`US`$ we consider the topological group

$$I(𝔛/U)=\left(\underset{vP_U}{}SK_1(X_v)\right)\times \left(\underset{vU_0}{}CH_0(Y_v)\right),$$

where $`P_U`$ denote the set of places (including the archimedean ones) which are not in $`U_0`$. There exists a natural homomorphism (\[Sa\], 5.3)

$$I(𝔛/U)\pi _1(𝔛_U)^{𝑎𝑏}$$

which annihilates the image of $`SK_1(X)I(𝔛/U)`$, inducing a homomorphism (\[Sa\], 5.5)

$$\tau :C(𝔛/U):=coker\left(SK_1(X)I(𝔛)\right)\pi _1(𝔛)^{𝑎𝑏}.$$

By \[Sa\], 5.6., every subgroup of finite index in $`C(𝔛/U)`$ is open and, for every positive integer $`n`$, $`\tau `$ induces an isomorphism of finite abelian groups

$$C(𝔛/U)/n\stackrel{}{}\pi _1(𝔛_U)^{𝑎𝑏}/n.$$

5. Class field theory for two-dimensional henselian fields.

Let $`F`$ be a discrete valuation field with residue field $`k`$. Let us recall the filtration on $`K_r(F)`$ for $`r=1,2`$. Let $`𝒪_F`$ be the valuation ring in $`F`$ and let $`𝔪𝒪_F`$ be its maximal ideal, thus $`𝒪_F/𝔪k`$. Then one puts $`U^0(F^\times )=𝒪_F^\times `$ and for $`i1`$, $`U^i(F^\times )=\mathrm{ker}(𝒪_F^\times (𝒪_F/𝔪^i)^\times )`$. As is well known, we have isomorphisms

$$F^\times /U^0F^\times ,U^0(F^\times )/U^1(F^\times )k^\times .$$

For $`i1`$ the group $`U^iK_2(F)`$ is the subgroup generated by symbols $`(u,x)`$ with $`uU^i(F^\times )`$ and $`xF^\times `$. The group $`U^0K_2(F)`$ is the kernel of the tame symbol $`K_2(F)k^\times `$. We have inclusions

$$K_2(F)U^0K_2(F)U^1K_2(F)\mathrm{}$$

and natural isomorphisms (\[B-T\], prop.4.3,4.5)

$$K_2(F)/U^0K_2(F)k^\times ,U^0K_2(F)/U^1K_2(F)K_2(k).$$

Now let $`K`$ be a henselian discrete valuation field whose residue field $`F`$ is a henselian discrete valuation field with finite residue field. Such fields $`K`$ are called two-dimensional henselian fields. The following results are contained in \[Ka\], \[K-S2\] for complete fields, but the results carry over to the henselian case.

We consider the group $`K_2(K)`$ and the filtration $`U^iK_2(K)`$ which we get by considering $`K`$ just as a discrete valuation field. For $`i0`$ there exist compatible topologies on $`K_2(K)/U^iK_2(K)`$ (see \[K-S2\], §2). These topologies might depend on some choices (cf. the discussion in loc.cit.), but at least the topology on $`K_2(K)/U^1K_2(K)`$ is independent of these choices. Assume for simplicity that $`\mathrm{char}(K)=0`$ (we will only need this case). Then, setting for $`q1`$

$$H^q(K):=H^q(K,/(q1)),$$

there exists a natural pairing

$$H^1(K)\times K_2(K)H^3(K)/$$

which induces a homomorphism $`H^1(K)Hom(K_2(K),/)`$. With respect to this homomorphism, we have the

###### Theorem 2.5

(i) If $`\mathrm{char}(F)=p>0`$, then $`H^1(K)`$ is isomorphic to the group of all homomorphisms $`\varphi :K_2(K)/`$ such that $`\varphi (U^iK_2(K))=0`$ for some $`i`$ and such that the induced homomorphism $`K_2(K)/U^iK_2(K)/`$ is continuous with respect to the discrete topology on $`/`$. For each $`i1`$, the abelian group $`U^iK_2(K)/U^{i+1}K_2(K)`$ is annihilated by $`p`$.

(ii) If $`\mathrm{char}(F)=0`$, then $`H^1(K)`$ is isomorphic to the group of all homomorphisms $`\varphi :K_2(K)/`$ of finite order. The group $`U^1K_2(K)`$ is divisible and annihilated by any homomorphism $`K_2(K)/`$ of finite order. For $`i1`$, any homomorphism $`K_2(K)/U^iK_2(K)/`$ of finite order is continuous with respect to the discrete topology on $`/`$.

In both cases, a homomorphism $`\varphi :K_2(K)/`$ corresponding to an element in $`H^1(K)`$ is unramified, i.e. lies in the subgroup $`H^1(F,/)H^1(K)`$, if and only if $`\varphi (U^0K_2(K))=0`$.

We conclude the following

###### Corollary 2.6

Let $`\chi H^1(K,/)`$ and let $`\stackrel{~}{\chi }:K_2(K)/`$ be the corresponding homomorphism. Then the cyclic field extension $`K_\chi |K`$ corresponding to $`\chi `$ is tamely ramified (with respect to the structure of $`K`$ as a usual discrete valuation field) if and only if $`\stackrel{~}{\chi }(U^1K_2(K))=0`$.

6. Class field theory for two-dimensional henselian rings.

We follow \[K-S2\], §2, §4, where the complete case is considered, but all arguments carry over to the henselian case. Let $`A`$ be a two-dimensional regular local henselian ring with finite residue field $`k`$ and quotient field $`K`$. Again, we assume for simplicity that $`\mathrm{char}(K)=0`$. Let $`P`$ be the set of prime ideals of height one in $`A`$. For $`zP`$ we denote by $`K_z`$ the henselization of $`K`$ at $`z`$, which is a two-dimensional henselian field. A modulus $`m`$ is a family $`(m(z))_z`$ of nonnegative integers given for each point $`zP`$ such that $`m(z)=0`$ for all but finitely many $`z`$. For a modulus $`m`$, let

$$I_m(K)=\underset{zP}{}K_2(K_z)/U^{m(z)}K_2(K_z)$$

$$C_m(K)=coker(K_2(K)\stackrel{\mathrm{diag}}{}I_m(K)).$$

The complex of Bloch-Gersten-Quillen

$$K_2(K)\underset{zP}{}K_1(k(z))K_0(k)0$$

and the tame symbols $`K_2(K_z)K_1(k(z))`$ give a canonical homomorphism $`d:C_m(K)K_0(k)=`$, which is an isomorphism if $`m=(0)`$. Let

$$C(K)=\underset{}{lim}_mC_m(K)$$

where $`m`$ ranges over all moduli. We endow $`C_m(K)`$ with the discrete topology and $`C(K)`$ with the topology as an inverse limit. For $`\chi H^1(K)`$, its image $`\chi _z`$ in $`H^1(K_z)`$, $`zP`$, induces a homomorphism $`K_2(K_z)/U^iK_2(K_z)`$ for some $`i`$ which depends on $`z`$. Since $`\chi _z`$ is unramified for almost all $`z`$, there exists a modulus $`m`$ such that $`\chi `$ defines a homomorphism $`I_m(K)/`$. One can show that this homomorphism factors through $`C_m(K)`$ and we obtain a natural homomorphism

$$H^1(K)Hom(C(K),/).$$

###### Theorem 2.7

The above homomorphism is injective and its image consists of all continuous homomorphisms with finite image.

Now let $`z_1,\mathrm{},z_rP`$ be given and let $`m=m_{z_1,\mathrm{},z_r}`$ be the modulus with $`m(z_1)=\mathrm{}=m(z_r)=1`$ and $`m(z)=0`$ for $`z\{z_1,\mathrm{},z_r\}`$. We obtain the following

###### Corollary 2.8

Let $`z_1,\mathrm{},z_rP`$ be given and let $`m=m_{z_1,\mathrm{},z_r}`$ be the modulus with $`m(z_1)=\mathrm{}=m(z_r)=1`$ and $`m(z)=0`$ for $`z\{z_1,\mathrm{},z_r\}`$. Then the elements $`\chi H^1(K)`$ for which the finite cyclic extension $`K_\chi |K`$ is unramified at all $`zP\{z_1,\mathrm{},z_r\}`$ and tamely ramified at (the discrete valuations associated with) $`z_1,\mathrm{},z_r`$ correspond bijectively to the set of homomorphisms

$$C_m(K)/$$

with finite images.

## 3 Relative $`𝑲`$-groups

Let us collect some facts on relative $`K`$-groups. A more detailed description and proofs of several facts mentioned below are found in \[Le\], §1.

Following Quillen \[Qu\], the $`K`$-groups of an exact category $`𝒞`$ are defined by

$$K_i𝒞=\pi _{i+1}(K𝒞,),K𝒞=BQ𝒞.$$

Here $`B`$ means geometric realization, $`Q`$ is Quillen’s construction \[Qu\] and $`\pi _i(,)`$ is the $`i`$-th homotopy group of a pointed topological space. For a scheme $`X`$ let $`_X`$ be the category of coherent $`𝒪_X`$-sheaves and $`𝒫_X`$ the full subcategory of locally free $`𝒪_X`$-sheaves. As usual, we set $`K_iX=K_iQ𝒫_X`$, and $`G_iX=K_iQ_X`$. The exact inclusion $`𝒫_X_X`$ induces homomorphisms

$$K_iXG_iX,$$

which are isomorphisms when $`X`$ is regular. If $`Y`$ is a closed subscheme of $`X`$ then $`j_Y^{}:𝒫_X𝒫_Y`$ is exact and one defines the relative $`K`$-groups $`K_{}(X,Y)`$ as the homotopy groups of the homotopy fibre $`K(X,Y)`$ of the induced map $`j_Y^{}:KXKY`$. In particular, we obtain a long exact sequence

$$\mathrm{}K_{i+1}YK_i(X,Y)K_iXK_iY\mathrm{}.$$

Let $`_{(X,Y)}`$ be the full subcategory in $`_X`$ consisting of coherent $`𝒪_X`$-sheaves $`F`$ with $`Tor_i^{𝒪_X}(F,𝒪_Y)=0`$ for $`i>0`$. Then the natural functor $`j_Y^{}:_{(X,Y)}_Y`$ is exact and one defines the relative $`G`$-groups $`G_{}(X,Y)`$ as the homotopy groups of the homotopy fibre of $`j_Y^{}:K_{(X,Y)}K_Y`$. If $`𝒪_Y`$ has finite $`𝒪_X`$-$`Tor`$-dimension (i.e. if $`X`$ is regular or if $`Y`$ is locally principal), then the inclusion $`_{(X,Y)}_X`$ induces an isomorphism on $`K`$-groups. In this case we obtain a commutative ladder

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}\mathrm{}& & K_i(X,Y)& & K_i(X)& & K_i(Y)& & \mathrm{}\\ & & & & & & & & \\ \mathrm{}& & G_i(X,Y)& & G_i(X)& & G_i(Y)& & \mathrm{}\end{array}$$

and thus, if $`X`$ and $`Y`$ are regular, we obtain isomorphisms

$$K_i(X,Y)G_i(X,Y).$$

Let $`f:X^{}X`$ be a morphism of schemes and let $`Y^{}`$ be a closed subscheme in $`X^{}`$ contained in $`f^1(Y)`$. Then we obtain a natural homomorphism

$$f^{}:K_{}(X,Y)K_{}(X^{},Y^{})$$

and, if $`f`$ is flat, a similar map $`G_{}(X,Y)G_{}(X^{},Y^{})`$ (see \[Co\], \[Le\] for the technical details).

From now on we assume that $`X`$ is a connected two-dimensional regular scheme such that the residue fields of all closed points are finite. Let $`D`$ be a divisor on $`X`$ and $`Y=supp(D)`$. $`Y`$ is a locally principal subscheme of $`X`$ defined locally by a non-zero divisor. Thus, if $`Z`$ is a closed subscheme in $`X`$, then $`𝒪_Z`$ is in $`_{(X,Y)}`$ if and only if $`Z`$ intersects $`Y`$ properly. For $`F_{(X,Y)}`$ and $`supp(F)=Z`$, we have $`𝒪_Z_{(X,Y)}`$.

Let $`_{(X,Y)}^i`$ and $`_Y^i`$ be the subcategories of coherent sheaves $`F`$ with$`codim_Xsupp(F)i`$ in $`X`$ and $`Y`$, respectively. Let $`G(X^i,Y^i)`$ be the homotopy fibre of $`BQj_Y:BQ_{(X,Y)}^iBQ_Y^i`$. Then the map

$$\underset{}{lim}_{\begin{array}{c}ZX\\ 𝒪_Z_{X,Y}\\ codim_XZi\end{array}}G(Z,ZY)G(X^i,Y^i)$$

is a homotopy equivalence. For $`i<k`$, let $`_{(X,Y)}^{i/k}`$ be the direct limit

$$_{(X,Y)}^{i/k}=\underset{}{lim}_{\begin{array}{c}ZX\\ 𝒪_Z_{X,Y}\\ codim_XZk\end{array}}_{(XZ,YZ)}^i$$

and let $`_Y^{i/k}`$ be the direct limit

$$_Y^{i/k}=\underset{}{lim}_{\begin{array}{c}ZY\\ codim_XYk\end{array}}_{(YZ)}^i.$$

Let $`G(X^{i/k},Y^{i/k})`$ be the homotopy fibre of $`BQ_{(X,Y)}^{i/k}BQ_Y^{i/k}`$. Then the localization sequence for relative $`G`$-theory (\[Le\], 1.5) shows that

$$G(X^k,Y^k)G(X^i,Y^i)G(X^{i/k},Y^{i/k})$$

is a homotopy fibre sequence and one obtains a spectral sequence

$$E_1^{pq}(X,Y)G_{pq}(X,Y),$$

in which the $`E_1`$-terms are given by

$$E_1^{pq}(X,Y)=\{\begin{array}{cc}G_{pq}(X^{p/p+1},Y^{p/p+1}),\hfill & pq>0,pdimX\hfill \\ \overline{G}_0(X^{p/p+1},Y^{p/p+1}),\hfill & pq=0\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{ otherwise.}\hfill \end{array}$$

Here $`\overline{G}_0(X^{p/p+1},Y^{p/p+1})=im\left(G_0(X^p,Y^p)G_0(X^{p/p+1},Y^{p/p+1})\right)`$. The filtration on $`G_{}(X,Y)`$ is the “topological” filtration:

$$F^pG_{}(X,Y)=im\left(G_{}(X^p,Y^p)G_{}(X,Y)\right).$$

###### Definition 3.1

We call the group

$$CH^p(X,Y)=E_2^{p,p}(X,Y)$$

the relative Chow group of codimension $`p`$ cycles. If $`X`$ is equidimensional of dimension $`d`$, we call the group

$$CH_p(X,Y)=E_2^{dp,d+p}(X,Y)$$

the relative Chow group of $`p`$-cycles.

Remark: If $`Y`$ is empty, then

$$CH^p(X,\mathrm{})=coker\left(\underset{xX^{p1}}{}k(x)^\times \underset{xX^p}{}\right)$$

is the usual group of codimension $`p`$ cycles on $`X`$ modulo rational equivalence.

Furthermore, we consider the spectral sequence

$$E_1^{pq}(X|Y)G_{pq}(X),$$

in which the $`E_1`$-terms are given by

$$E_1^{pq}(X|Y)=\{\begin{array}{cc}K_{pq}(_{(X,Y)}^{p/p+1}),\hfill & pq>0,pdimX\hfill \\ \overline{K}_0(_{(X,Y)}^{p/p+1}),\hfill & pq=0\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{ otherwise,}\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`\overline{K}_0(_{(X,Y)}^{p/p+1})=im\left(K_0(_{(X,Y)}^p)K_0(_{(X,Y)}^{p/p+1})\right)`$. Finally we have the usual Quillen spectral sequence for $`X`$ (and the analogous one for $`Y`$)

$$E_1^{pq}(X)=\underset{xX^p}{}K_{pq}(k(x))G_{pq}(X).$$

The inclusion $`_{(X,Y)}^{p/p+1}_X^{p/p+1}`$ gives a map on $`E_1`$-terms which is compatible with differentials. If the maps $`G_0(X^p,Y^p)G_0(X^{p/p+1},Y^{p/p+1})`$ and $`K_0(_{(X,Y)}^p)K_0(_{(X,Y)}^{p/p+1})`$ are surjective, then we get a long exact sequence of $`E_1`$-terms:

$$E_1^{p,q1}(Y)E_1^{pq}(X,Y)E_1^{pq}(X|Y)E_1^{pq}(Y)$$

compatible with the differentials. In addition, we consider the categories

$`_{(X|Y)}^i`$coherent $`𝒪_X`$-sheaves whose support is of codimension $`i`$ and has proper intersection with $`Y`$.

Then we have a natural inclusion $`_{(X,Y)}^i_{(X|Y)}^i`$.

###### Lemma 3.2

The natural map $`Q_{(X,Y)}^iQ_{(X|Y)}^i`$ is a homotopy equivalence for all $`i`$.

Proof: The statement of obvious for $`i=2`$. For $`i=0`$ it follows from the regularity of $`X`$, since every coherent $`𝒪_X`$-sheaf has a resolution by locally free ones. It remains the case $`i=1`$. If $`F`$ is a coherent $`𝒪_X`$-sheaf whose support is of codimension $`1`$ and has proper intersection with $`Y`$, then there exists a closed (not necessarily reduced) subscheme $`Z`$ of codimension $`1`$ in $`X`$ with $`𝒪_Z_{(X,Y)}`$ such that $`F`$ is an $`𝒪_Z`$-module. The condition $`𝒪_Z_{(X,Y)}`$ means that $`𝒪_Z`$ has no $`I_Y`$-torsion. Resolving $`F`$ by a free $`𝒪_Z`$-module, we obtain an exact sequence

$$0K(𝒪_Z)^nF0.$$

We see that also $`K_{(X,Y)}^1`$ and the Quillen’s resolution lemma \[Qu\] implies the statement for $`i=1`$.  $`\mathrm{}`$

For a closed subscheme $`ZX`$, let $`_X(Z)`$ be the category of coherent $`𝒪_X`$-sheaves with support in $`Z`$. Let $`_{(X|Y)}^{p/p+1}`$ be the direct limit

$$_{(X|Y)}^{p/p+1}=\underset{}{lim}_{\begin{array}{c}WZX\\ 𝒪_W,𝒪_Z_{(X,Y)}\\ codim_XZp\\ codim_XWp+1\end{array}}_{(XW)}(Z)$$

The same reasoning as above shows the

###### Lemma 3.3

The natural map $`Q_{(X,Y)}^{p/p+1}Q_{(X|Y)}^{p/p+1}`$ is a homotopy equivalence.

Let us calculate some terms of the above spectral sequences. This is done in \[Le\] for schemes over a field. Using the Gersten conjecture in that range where it is known, we obtain a proof of the following lemma in exactly the way as in the proof of \[Le\], lemma 1.2.

###### Proposition 3.4

The map $`i_{XY}^{}:_{(X,Y)}^{p/p+1}_{(XY)}^{p/p+1}`$ induces an isomorphism

$$K_0(_{(X,Y)}^{p/p+1})K_0(_{(XY)}^{p/p+1})\underset{x(XY)^p}{}.$$

For $`q=1,2`$, we obtain short exact sequences

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}0& & K_q(_{(X,Y)}^{p/p+1})& & K_q(_{(XY)}^{p/p+1})& \stackrel{\delta }{}& K_{q1}(_Y^{p/p+1})& & 0\\ & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & \underset{x(XY)^p}{}K_q(k(x))& & \underset{yY^p}{}K_{q1}(k(y)).& & \end{array}$$

Proof: By dimension reasons, we have an isomorphism

$$Q_{(X|Y)}^{2/3}Q_{XY}^{2/3}.$$

The localization theorem shows that

$$Q_Y^{p/p+1}Q_{(X|Y)}^{p/p+1}Q_{XY}^{p/p+1}$$

is a homotopy fibre sequence for $`p=0,1`$. Let $`xY`$ be a closed point. Choose a closed irreducible reduced subscheme $`Z`$ of codimension $`1`$ in $`X`$ which has proper intersection with $`Y`$ and such that $`x`$ is a regular point of $`Z`$. Let $`R`$ be the semi-local ring of $`YZ`$ in $`Z`$ and denote its normalization by $`\stackrel{~}{R}`$. Then $`\stackrel{~}{R}`$ is a semi-local PID with finite residue fields and by Gersten \[Ge\] the map

$$K_{}(k(x))K_{}(\stackrel{~}{R})G_{}(R)$$

is the zero-map. Hence the map $`K_{}_Y^{1/2}K_{}_{(X|Y)}^{1/2}`$ is zero. The same reasoning, but now using the result of Dennis-Stein \[DS\], shows that the map

$$K_q(_Y^{0/1})K_q(_{(X|Y)}^{0/1})$$

is zero for $`q2`$. Summing up, we obtain the required statements.  $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Proposition 3.5

The natural maps

$$K_0(_{(X,Y)}^p)K_0(_{(X,Y)}^{p/p+1})\text{and}G_0(X^p,Y^p)G_0(X^{p/p+1},Y^{p/p+1})$$

are surjective. In particular, we get a long exact sequence of $`E_1`$-terms:

$$E_1^{p,q1}(Y)E_1^{pq}(X,Y)E_1^{pq}(X|Y)E_1^{pq}(Y)$$

compatible with the differentials.

Proof: By the last proposition, we have

$$K_0(_{(X,Y)}^{p/p+1})\underset{x(XY)^p}{}\underset{x(XY)^p}{}K_0(k(x)).$$

Similarly,

$$K_0(_Y^{p/p+1})\underset{xY^p}{}\underset{xY^p}{}K_0(k(x)).$$

In the commutative ladder with exact rows

$$\begin{array}{cccccc}& G_0(X^p,Y^p)& & K_0(_{(X,Y)}^p)& & K_0(_Y^p)\\ & & & \alpha & & \beta \\ & G_0(X^{p/p+1},Y^{p/p+1})& \stackrel{\gamma }{}& K_0(_{(X,Y)}^{p/p+1})& & K_0(_Y^{p/p+1})\end{array}$$

we have compatible splittings $`s_\alpha `$ and $`s_\beta `$ to $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$, where $`s_\alpha `$ is given by sending the class of an $`n`$-dimensional vector space over $`k(x)`$, $`x(XY)^p`$ to the class of the free rank-$`n`$ module over $`𝒪_{\overline{\{x\}}}`$; $`s_\beta `$ is defined similarly. This shows the first assertion.

In order to show the second assertion, it suffices to show that the map $`\gamma `$ above is injective or, equivalently, that the natural map $`K_1(_{(X,Y)}^{p/p+1})K_1(_Y^{p/p+1})`$ is surjective. This is obvious for $`p=2`$. Let $`p=0`$ and let

$$a\underset{yY^0}{}k(y)^\times =K_1(_Y^{0/1}).$$

Consider the semi-local ring $`Rk(X)^\times `$ of the (finitely many) generic points of Y in X. We find a unit $`\alpha R^\times `$ reducing to $`a`$. By the last proposition, $`\alpha `$ defines an element in $`K_1(_{(X,Y)}^{0/1})`$ which maps to $`a`$.

It remains the case $`p=1`$. Let $`y`$ be a codimension $`1`$ point of $`Y`$ and $`ak(y)^\times `$. Choose a reduced irreducible subscheme $`Z`$ of codimension $`1`$ in $`X`$ which intersects $`Y`$ properly. Consider the semi-local ring $`Rk(Z)`$ of $`YZ`$ in $`Z`$. We find a unit $`\alpha R^\times `$, which reduces to $`a`$ in $`y`$ and to $`1`$ in all other points of $`YZ`$. By the last proposition, $`\alpha `$ defines an element of $`K_1(_{(X,Y)}^{1/2})`$ which maps to $`a`$.  $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 3.6

$$E_1^{2,2}(X,Y)\underset{x(XY)^2}{}.$$

Proof: By proposition 3.5, we have long exact sequences of the $`E_1`$-terms associated to our three spectral sequences. In particular, we have an exact sequence

$$0=E_1^{2,3}(Y)E_1^{2,2}(X,Y)E_1^{2,2}(X|Y)E_1^{2,2}(Y)=0,$$

which shows the statement, since

$$E_1^{2,2}(X|Y)K_0(_{(X,Y)}^{2/3})\underset{x(XY)^d}{}$$

by proposition 3.4.  $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 3.7

$$E_1^{1,2}(X,Y)=\mathrm{ker}\left(\mathrm{ker}\left(\underset{x(XY)^1}{}k(x)^\times \underset{yY^1}{}\right)\underset{yY^1}{}k(y)^\times \right).$$

Proof: By definition, $`E_1^{1,2}(X,Y)=G_1(X^{1/2},Y^{1/2})`$. Therefore we have an exact sequence

$$K_2(_Y^{1/2})E_1^{1,2}(X,Y)K_1(_{(X,Y)}^{1/2})K_1(_Y^{1/2}).$$

All codimension $`1`$ points of $`Y`$ have finite residue fields, and since $`K_2`$ of finite fields is zero, the left hand term of the sequence vanishes. This, and the calculation of the other terms (prop. 3.4) shows the statement.  $`\mathrm{}`$

Lemmas 3.6 and 3.7 imply the

###### Proposition 3.8

The group $`CH_0(X,Y)`$ is the quotient of $`{\displaystyle \underset{x(XY)^2}{}}`$ by the image of

$$\mathrm{ker}\left(\mathrm{ker}\left(\underset{x(XY)^1}{}k(x)^\times \underset{yY^1}{}\right)\underset{yY^1}{}k(y)^\times \right).$$

We see that $`CH_0(X,Y)=E_1^{2,2}(X,Y)/d(E_1^{1,2}(X,Y))`$ is the quotient of the group of zero-cycles on $`XY`$ modulo a relation which is finer than rational equivalence. The reciprocity homomorphism (to be constructed in section 6 below) will send the class of a closed point $`PXY`$ to its Frobenius automorphism in $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_1^t(X,Y)^{𝑎𝑏}`$. Of course, we will have to show that this gives a well-defined homomorphism.

## 4 Finiteness of $`𝐂𝐇_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{(}𝑿\mathbf{,}𝒀\mathbf{)}`$

The aim of this section is to detect relations in $`CH_0(X,Y)`$ and to use these relations to show that $`CH_0(X,Y)`$ is finite, when $`X`$ is an arithmetic surface. We keep the assumption that $`X`$ is a connected regular two-dimensional scheme such that all residue fields of closed points are finite and that $`Y`$ is the support of a divisor on $`X`$. We arrange the $`E_1`$-terms $`E_1(X,Y)`$, $`E_1(X|Y)`$ and $`E_1(Y)`$ of the spectral sequences introduced in the last section as a (up to sign convention) double complex in the following way:

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}0& & 0& & 0& & 0& & 0\\ & & & & & & & & \\ 0& & E_1^{2,2}(X,Y)& \stackrel{}{}& E_1^{2,2}\left(X|Y\right)& & 0& & 0\\ & & & & & & & & \\ 0& & E_1^{1,2}(X,Y)& & E_1^{1,2}\left(X|Y\right)& & E_1^{1,2}\left(Y\right)& & E_1^{1,1}(X,Y)\\ & & & & & & & & \\ E_1^{0,3}\left(Y\right)& & E_1^{0,2}(X,Y)& & E_1^{0,2}\left(X|Y\right)& & E_1^{0,2}\left(Y\right)& & E_1^{0,1}(X,Y)\\ & & & & & & & & \\ 0& & 0& & 0& & 0& & 0\end{array}$$

The rows are exact by proposition 3.5. The vertical maps are the differentials of the various spectral sequences. The term $`E_1^{1,3}(Y)`$ vanishes since all residue fields of codimension $`1`$ points of $`Y`$ are finite, and $`K_2(\text{finite field})=0`$. All other zeros are due to dimension reasons.

###### Lemma 4.1

The map $`E_1^{0,2}(X|Y)E_1^{0,2}(Y)`$ is surjective.

Proof: By proposition 3.4, we know that

$$E_1^{0,2}(X|Y)=K_2(_{(X,Y)}^{0/1})=\mathrm{ker}\left(K_2(k(X))\underset{yY^0}{}k(y)^\times \right)$$

and

$$E_1^{0,2}(Y)=K_2(_Y^{0/1})=\underset{yY^0}{}K_2(k(y)).$$

Now recall the filtration on $`K_2(F)`$ of a discrete valuation field $`F`$ from section 2.5. For each point $`yY^0`$ we denote by $`k(X)_y`$ the completion of $`k(X)`$ at the discrete valuation associated with $`y`$. The usual approximation lemma for a finite set of discrete valuations shows that the map

$$K_2(k(X))\underset{yY^0}{}K_2(k(X)_y)/U^1K_2(k(X)_y)$$

is surjective. We obtain the required statement from snake lemma applied to the commutative diagram with exact columns

$$\begin{array}{ccc}0& & 0\\ & & \\ E_1^{0,2}(X|Y)& & \underset{yY^0}{}K_2(k(y))\\ & & \\ K_2(k(X))& & \underset{yY^0}{}K_2(k(X)_y)/U^1K_2(k(X)_y)\\ & & \\ \underset{yY^0}{}k(y)^\times & ==& \underset{yY^0}{}k(y)^\times \\ & & \\ 0& & 0\end{array}$$

$`\mathrm{}`$

Now consider the spectral sequences associated to the considered double complex with respect to the vertical and horizontal filtration. Since all rows are exact, the $`E_1`$-terms of the first spectral sequence vanish and therefore the total complex of the double complex is exact. The second spectral sequence degenerates at $`E_4`$ and its $`E_1`$-terms are just the $`E_2`$-terms of the three spectral sequences we started with. The last lemma and the exactness of the rows show that $`E_1^{0,2}(Y)E_1^{0,1}(X,Y)`$ is the zero map. Therefore the differential $`d_3`$ starting from the $`E_3`$-term at the place $`E_1^{2,2}`$ vanishes (this is a little bit confusing, but it also would not be very helpful to introduce an explicit enumeration of the double complex). Therefore already the $`E_3`$-term at this position is trivial. Explicitly this means, that $`d_2`$ induces a bijection (of $`E_2`$-terms of the spectral sequence associated with the double complex)

$`\mathrm{ker}\left(E_2^{2,2}(X,Y)E_2^{2,2}(X|Y)\right)`$

$`H\left(E_2^{1,2}(X|Y)E_2^{1,2}(Y)E_2^{1,1}(X,Y)\right)`$

and we get the

###### Lemma 4.2

$`CH_0(X,Y)`$ is finite if $`E_2^{2,2}(X|Y)`$ and $`E_2^{1,2}(Y)`$ are finite.

Recalling the notation

$$SK_i(Y):=coker(\underset{yY^0}{}K_{i+1}(k(y))\underset{yY^1}{}K_i(k(y)),$$

for $`i=0,1`$, we obtain the following characterization of the group $`CH_0(X,Y)`$ by a larger set of relations than that given in proposition 3.8.

###### Theorem 4.3

$`CH_0(X,Y)`$ is the quotient of $`{\displaystyle \underset{x(XY)^2}{}}`$ by the image of the group

$$\mathrm{ker}\left(\mathrm{ker}\left(\underset{x(XY)^1}{}k(x)^\times SK_0(Y)\right)SK_1(Y)\right)$$

under the divisor map.

Proof: By proposition 3.8, $`CH_0(X,Y)`$ is the quotient of $`{\displaystyle \underset{x(XY)^2}{}}`$ by the image of

$$\mathrm{ker}\left(\mathrm{ker}\left(\underset{x(XY)^1}{}k(x)^\times \underset{yY^1}{}\right)\underset{yY^1}{}k(y)^\times \right).$$

Let $`a`$ be an element in

$$\mathrm{ker}\left(\underset{x(XY)^1}{}k(x)^\times \underset{yY^1}{}\right)=E_1^{1,2}(X|Y).$$

The image of $`a`$ in $`E_1^{2,2}(X|Y)=E_1^{2,2}(X,Y)`$ (i.e. the divisor of $`a`$) depends only on the class of $`a`$ modulo the image of $`E_1^{0,2}(X|Y)`$. If $`a`$ maps to zero in $`SK_1(Y)`$, the surjectivity of $`E_1^{0,2}(X|Y)E_2^{0,2}(Y)`$ implies the existence of an element $`bE_1^{0,2}(X|Y)`$ with

$$adbE_1^{1,2}(X,Y)=\mathrm{ker}(E_1^{1,2}(X|Y)E_1^{1,2}(Y)).$$

This shows that $`CH_0(X,Y)`$ is the quotient of $`{\displaystyle \underset{x(XY)^2}{}}`$ by the image of

$$\mathrm{ker}\left(\mathrm{ker}\left(\underset{x(XY)^1}{}k(x)^\times \underset{yY^1}{}\right)SK_1(Y)\right).$$

Now assume that $`a`$ is an element of

$$\mathrm{ker}\left(\underset{x(XY)^1}{}k(x)^\times SK_0(Y)\right).$$

Since the map $`K_2(k(X))_{yY^0}k(y)^\times `$ is surjective, there exists an element $`bK_2(k(X))`$ such that $`adb`$ maps to zero already in $`_{yY^1}`$, and is therefore an element in $`E_1^{1,2}(X|Y)`$. Note that the divisors of $`a`$ and $`adb`$ (considered as elements in $`_{xX^2}`$) coincide in all components $`x(XY)^2`$. If $`b^{}K_2(k(X))`$ is another such element, then

$$bb^{}\mathrm{ker}\left(K_2(k(X))\underset{yY^0}{}k(y)^\times \right)=E_1^{0,2}(X|Y)$$

and therefore $`adb`$ and $`adb^{}`$ (being elements in $`E_1^{1,2}(X|Y)`$ have the same image in $`SK_1(Y)=E_1^{1,2}(Y)/d(E_1^{0,2}(Y))`$. We can therefore extend the map

$$\mathrm{ker}\left(\underset{x(XY)^1}{}k(x)^\times \underset{yY^1}{}\right)SK_1(Y)$$

to a well-defined map

$$\mathrm{ker}\left(\underset{x(XY)^1}{}k(x)^\times SK_1(Y)\right)SK_1(Y)$$

and the divisor of every element in the kernel of the last map gives a relation in $`CH_0(X,Y)`$.  $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Theorem 4.4

If $`X`$ is a connected, regular, two-dimensional scheme, flat and proper over $`Spec()`$, then the group $`CH_0(X,Y)`$ is finite.

Proof: By lemma 4.2, it suffices to show that $`E_2^{1,2}(Y)`$ and $`E_2^{2,2}(X|Y)`$ are finite. By definition,

$$E_2^{1,2}(Y)=SK_1(Y).$$

If $`Y`$ would be just one regular divisor then, by Moore’s theorem (\[Mo\], \[Mi\] cor.16.2), this group would be trivial if $`Y`$ is horizontal and isomorphic to the finite group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(Y,𝔾_m)`$ if $`Y`$ is vertical. In the general situation we have a surjection

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}SK_1(\stackrel{~}{Y}_i)E_2^{1,2}(Y)$$

where $`\stackrel{~}{Y}_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{Y}_r`$ are the irreducible components of the normalization of $`Y`$. This shows the finiteness of $`E_2^{1,2}(Y)`$.

The finiteness of $`E_2^{2,2}(X|Y)`$ will follow from the finiteness of $`E_2^{2,2}(X)=CH_0(X)`$ (see \[K-S1\]) and the injectivity of the natural map

$$E_2^{2,2}(X|Y)E_2^{2,2}(X),$$

which can be seen as follows: By proposition 3.4, we have the exact sequence

$$0E_1^{1,2}(X|Y)\underset{x(XY)^1}{}k(x)^\times \underset{yY^1}{}0.$$

Let $`_{i=1}^nP_i`$, $`P_i(XY)^2`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$ represent an element of the kernel of $`E_2^{2,2}(X|Y)E_2^{2,2}(X)`$. Then there exist points $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_mX^1`$ and rational functions $`f_jk(x_j)^\times `$, $`j=1,\mathrm{},m`$, such that $`_{i=1}^nP_i=_{j=1}^mdiv(f_j)`$. After reordering we may assume that $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_rY^0`$ and $`x_{r+1},\mathrm{},x_m(XY)^1`$. By the same argument as in the proof of lemma 4.1, we find an element $`aK_2(k(X))`$ which has image (i.e. tame symbol) $`f_j^1`$ in $`k(x_j)^\times `$, $`j=1,\mathrm{},r`$ and has image $`1`$ in $`k(y)^\times `$ for every other point $`yY^0`$. Then

$$\underset{j=1}{\overset{m}{}}f_j+da\underset{xX^1}{}k(x)^\times $$

has the same divisor $`_{i=1}^nP_i`$ and nontrivial components only at points $`x(XY)^1`$. We conclude that the class of $`_{i=1}^nP_i`$ in $`E_2^{2,2}(X|Y)`$ is zero. This finishes the proof of the theorem.  $`\mathrm{}`$

Furthermore, we get the

###### Theorem 4.5

Let $`X`$ be a connected, regular, two-dimensional scheme, flat and proper over $`Spec()`$ and let $`D`$ be an irreducible horizontal divisor on $`X`$. Then the natural map

$$CH_0(X,YD)CH_0(X,Y)$$

is an isomorphism.

Proof: We start with the surjectivity. For this we have to show that every element of $`CH_0(X,Y)`$ can be represented by a zero-cycle $`_iP_i`$, with $`P_iX(YD)`$. Let $`P`$ be a closed point of $`DY`$. Choose an irreducible one-dimensional subscheme $`ZX`$ containing $`P`$ as a regular point and which has proper intersection with $`YD`$. We can find a rational function $`f`$ on $`Z`$ which has a simple zero in $`P`$ and is defined and congruent $`1`$ at every other point of $`Z(YD)`$. By theorem 4.3, $`f`$ defines a relation in $`CH_0(X,Y)`$ and thus the class of $`P`$ coincides with the class of a linear combination of points in $`X(YD)`$.

In order to show injectivity, we consider two copies of the double complex of the beginning of this section, namely one for $`YD`$ and one for $`Y`$, and the natural map between them. Assume that the class of a zero-cycle $`P_i`$, $`P_iX(YD)`$ is zero in $`CH_0(X,Y)`$. This means that it is the image of an element $`aE_1^{1,2}(X,Y)`$. Consider $`a`$ as an element in

$$E_1^{1,2}(X|Y)=\mathrm{ker}\left(\underset{x(XY)^1}{}k(x)^\times \underset{yY^1}{}\right).$$

Changing $`a`$ by an appropriate element of the image of $`E_1^{0,2}(X|Y)`$, we may suppose that the component of $`a`$ at the generic point of $`D`$ is trivial, i.e.

$$a\mathrm{ker}\left(\underset{x(X(YD))^1}{}k(x)^\times \underset{yY^1}{}\right).$$

However, after this change we have lost the property that the image of $`a`$ in $`E_1^{1,2}(Y)`$ is zero, but it is still contained in the image of $`E_1^{0,2}(Y)`$ in $`E_1^{1,2}(Y)`$. Since all $`P_i`$ are in $`X(YD)`$, $`a`$ is already an element of the subgroup

$$E_1^{1,2}(X|YD)=\mathrm{ker}\left(\underset{x(X(YD))^1}{}k(x)^\times \underset{y(YD)^1}{}\right).$$

Changing $`a`$ by the image of an element of $`E_1^{0,2}(X,YD)`$, we achieve that the image of $`a`$ in

$$E_1^{1,2}(YD)=\underset{y(YD)^1}{}k(y)^\times $$

has a nontrivial component only at points $`y(DY)^1`$. Since $`D`$ is horizontal, we have $`SK_1(D)=0`$, and therefore, changing $`a`$ by an appropriate element in $`E_1^{0,2}(X|YD)`$ (whose image in $`E_1^{0,2}(YD)`$ has only a nontrivial component at the generic point of $`D`$), we achieve that the image of $`a`$ in $`E_1^{1,2}(YD)`$ is trivial, and hence $`a`$ lies in the subgroup $`E_1^{1,2}(X,YD)`$ of $`E_1^{1,2}(X|YD)`$. All modifications of $`a`$ left its divisor $`P_i`$ invariant and thus the class of this zero-cycle is already zero in $`CH_0(X,YD)`$.  $`\mathrm{}`$

## 5 Tame coverings

Coverings of a regular scheme which are tamely ramified along a normal crossing divisor have been studied in \[SGA1\], \[G-M\]. A naive extension of the (valuation theoretic) definition of tame ramification in the normal crossing case proves to be not useful in the general situation. For example, it would not be stable under base change (cf. \[S1\], Example 1.3). A definition of tameness in the general situation was given in \[S1\] and it was shown there that it coincides with the previous one in the normal crossing case. The larger freedom of having the notion of tame ramification along an arbitrary Zariski-closed subscheme is essential in the proof of the finiteness theorem 1, even if $`Y`$ is the support of a normal crossing divisor. However, the reader who is interested in our main result theorem 2 only in the normal crossing case might safely skip the next lines.

Let us recall the definition of tameness from \[S1\]. Let $`X`$ be a connected noetherian scheme, $`YX`$ a closed subscheme and $`U=XY`$ the open complement. For a point $`yY`$ we write $`X_y^{𝑠ℎ}`$ for $`Spec(𝒪_{X,y}^{𝑠ℎ})`$, where $`𝑠ℎ`$ means strict henselization. By abuse of notation, we write $`U_y^{𝑠ℎ}`$ for the base change $`U\times _XX_y^{𝑠ℎ}`$. The scheme $`U_y^{𝑠ℎ}`$ is empty if $`y\overline{U}`$.

###### Definition 5.1

We say that a finite étale covering $`U^{}U`$ is tamely ramified along $`Y`$ if for every point $`yY`$ such that $`U_y^{𝑠ℎ}`$ is nonempty, the base change

$$U^{}\times _UU_y^{𝑠ℎ}U_y^{𝑠ℎ}$$

can be dominated by an étale covering of the form

$$V_1\mathrm{}^\text{.}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}^\text{.}V_rU_y^{𝑠ℎ},$$

such that each $`V_i`$ is a connected étale Galois covering of its image in $`U_y^{𝑠ℎ}`$ and the degree of $`V_i`$ over its image is prime to the characteristic of $`k(y)`$.

If $`X`$ is regular and $`Y`$ is the support of a normal crossing divisor $`D=D_1+\mathrm{}+D_r`$ on $`X`$, then, by \[S1\], prop.1.14, this condition is equivalent to the original condition (\[SGA1\], XIII.2, \[G-M\],§2) that the extension of function fields $`k(\stackrel{~}{U})|k(U)`$ is tamely ramified at the discrete valuations $`v_1,\mathrm{},v_r`$ of $`k(U)=k(X)`$ which correspond to $`D_1,\mathrm{},D_r`$. For any base point $`U`$, the tame fundamental group $`\pi _1^t(X,Y)`$ is the unique quotient of $`\pi _1(U)`$ which classifies finite connected étale coverings $`\stackrel{~}{U}`$ of $`U`$ which are tame along $`Y`$. We will need the following result from \[S1\].

###### Proposition 5.2

(\[S1\], cor.2.6) Let $`X`$ be a connected regular scheme of finite type over $`Spec()`$ with function field $`K`$, $`U`$ an open subscheme of $`X`$ and $`Y=XU`$. Let $`p`$ be a prime number and let $`L|K`$ be a finite Galois extension of $`p`$-power degree. Then the normalization $`U_L`$ of $`U`$ in $`L`$ is étale over $`U`$ and tamely ramified along $`Y`$ if and only if $`L|K`$ is unramified at every discrete valuation of $`K`$ associated to a codimension $`1`$ point of $`X`$ which either lies on $`U`$ or whose closure in $`X`$ contains a point of residue characteristic $`p`$.

###### Corollary 5.3

Assume, in addition, that $`X`$ is proper and flat over $`Spec()`$ and let $`D`$ be a horizontal prime divisor on $`X`$ (i.e. $`D`$ is dominant over $`Spec()`$). Then the natural map

$$\stackrel{~}{\pi }_1^t(X,DY)^{𝑎𝑏}\stackrel{~}{\pi }_1^t(X,Y)^{𝑎𝑏}$$

is an isomorphism.

Remark: The above result is rather surprising at first glance, especially in the normal crossing case, since tameness at a discrete valuation with residue field of characteristic zero is a void condition. The point is that any ramification along $`D`$ induces additional ramification along vertical divisors.

Proof of the corollary: The map in question is obviously surjective. To show injectivity, we first show that every cyclic étale covering $`\stackrel{~}{U}U=X(YD)`$ of $`p`$-power degree which is tamely ramified along $`YD`$ extends to an étale covering of $`V=XY`$, i.e. is unramified along $`D`$. Our conditions imply that $`DSpec()`$ is proper and dominant, hence surjective. Thus $`D`$ contains a point of residue characteristic $`p`$, and the statement follows from proposition 5.2. This shows that $`\pi _1^t(X,DY)^{𝑎𝑏}\pi _1^t(X,Y)^{𝑎𝑏}`$ is an isomorphism. Finally, we have to deal with the real places. Let $`\stackrel{~}{V}`$ be the normalization of $`V`$ in the function field of $`\stackrel{~}{U}`$. We have just shown that $`\stackrel{~}{V}V`$ is étale. By \[Sa\], lemma 4.9 (iii), the subset of points in $`V()`$ which split completely in $`\stackrel{~}{V}`$ is (norm) closed and open in $`V()`$. Since $`V()`$ is a real manifold and $`DV()`$ is either empty or of real codimension $`2`$ in $`V()`$, the connected components of $`U()=V()D()`$ are in one-to-one correspondence to the connected components of $`V()`$. Therefore the result extends also to the modified fundamental groups.  $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 5.4

Let $`D=D_1+\mathrm{}+D_r`$ be a sum of vertical divisors on $`X`$ (not necessarily with normal crossings), $`Y=supp(D)`$ and $`U=XY`$. Let $`v_1,\mathrm{},v_r`$ be the discrete valuations of the function field $`k(U)=k(X)`$ which are associated with $`D_1,\mathrm{},D_r`$. Then a finite abelian étale covering $`\stackrel{~}{U}U`$ is tamely ramified along $`Y`$ if and only if the extension $`k(\stackrel{~}{U})|k(U)`$ is tamely ramified at $`v_1,\mathrm{},v_r`$.

Proof: In order to show the nontrivial implication, assume that $`k(\stackrel{~}{U})|k(U)`$ is tamely ramified at $`v_1,\mathrm{},v_r`$. We may assume that $`\stackrel{~}{U}U`$ is cyclic of prime power order, say of order $`p^n`$. After reordering, we may assume that $`D_1,\mathrm{},D_s`$ lie over $`p`$ and that $`D_{s+1},\mathrm{},D_r`$ lie over prime numbers different to $`p`$. Put $`V=Xsupp(D_{s+1}+\mathrm{}+D_r)`$. Since $`v_1,\mathrm{},v_s`$ are tamely ramified, hence unramified in $`k(\stackrel{~}{U})`$, the theorem on the purity of the branch locus shows that the normalization $`\stackrel{~}{V}`$ of $`V`$ in $`k(\stackrel{~}{U})`$ lies étale over $`V`$. Since every point of $`Y`$ with residue characteristic $`p`$ lies on $`V`$, this shows that $`\stackrel{~}{U}U`$ is tamely ramified along $`Y`$.  $`\mathrm{}`$

## 6 Proof of the main theorem

Now we are going to prove our main theorem. We change our notation for better compatibility with the notation of section 2 and use the letter $`𝔛`$ (instead of $`X`$) for the scheme in question. We assume for the rest of this section that $`𝔛`$ is a two-dimensional connected regular, proper and flat scheme over $`Spec()`$. Then $`X=𝔛_{}`$ is a smooth projective curve $`Spec()`$. Let, as in section 2.4, $`k`$ be the algebraic closure of $``$ in the function field of $`X`$ and let $`S=Spec(𝒪_k)`$. The structural morphism $`𝔛Spec()`$ factors through $`S`$ and $`X`$ is geometrically irreducible as a variety over $`k`$. Let $`S_f`$ be the set of closed points of $`S`$ and let $`S_{\mathrm{}}`$ be the set of archimedean places of the number field $`k`$. For $`vS_f`$ let $`Y_v=𝔛_Sv`$ be the special fibre of $`𝔛`$ over $`v`$. For $`vS_{\mathrm{}}S_f`$ let $`k_v`$ be the algebraic closure of $`k`$ in the completion of $`k`$ at $`v`$ and $`X_v=X\times _kk_v`$.

Let $`𝔇=𝔇_1+\mathrm{}+𝔇_r`$ be a sum of vertical divisors on $`𝔛`$ and we choose a sufficiently small open subscheme $`US`$ such that $`𝔛_U`$ is disjoint to $`𝒵=supp(𝔇)`$. Recall the idèle group

$$I(𝔛/U)=\left(\underset{vP_U}{}SK_1(X_v)\right)\times \left(\underset{vU_0}{}CH_0(Y_v)\right),$$

where $`P_U`$ denote the set of places (including the archimedean ones) which are not in $`U_0`$.

Let $`vP_U`$ be nonarchimedean and $`x^{}`$ a point in $`X^1`$. The set of points $`xX_v^1`$ lying over $`x^{}`$ is in one-to-one correspondence to the set of closed points of $`\overline{\{x^{}\}}Y_v`$. For a closed point $`yY_v^1`$ we consider the two-dimensional henselian ring

$$A=𝒪_{𝔛,y}^h$$

and the closed subscheme $`Z=𝒵Spec(A)`$, which is the support of a vertical divisor $`D=D_1+\mathrm{}+D_s`$ on $`Spec(A)`$ ($`Z`$ is empty, if $`y𝔛𝒵`$). We define a group $`U^t(y)`$ as follows. For $`y𝒵`$, we put

$$U^t(y)=\mathrm{ker}\left(\underset{\begin{array}{c}xX_v^1\\ xy\end{array}}{}k(x)^\times \right)$$

For $`y𝒵`$, we put

$$U^t(y)=\mathrm{ker}\left(\mathrm{ker}\left(\underset{\begin{array}{c}xX_v^1\\ xy\end{array}}{}k(x)^\times \right)k(y)^\times \right)$$

The group $`U^t(y)`$ contains the subgroup

$$U^1(y)=\underset{\begin{array}{c}xX_v^1\\ xy\end{array}}{}U^1(k(x)^\times ).$$

###### Definition 6.1

We define $`U_𝒵^tC(𝔛/U)`$ as the image of the natural composite map

$$\left(\underset{\begin{array}{c}vP_U\\ \text{arch.}\end{array}}{}\underset{xX_v^1}{}k(x)^\times \underset{\begin{array}{c}vP_U\\ \text{nonarch.}\end{array}}{}\underset{yY_v^1}{}U^t(y)\right)I(𝔛/U)C(𝔛/U).$$

###### Theorem 6.2

Let $`𝔛^{}`$ be the normalization of $`𝔛`$ in a finite cyclic extension of its function field such that $`𝔛_U^{}/𝔛_U`$ is étale. Then $`𝔛^{}/𝔛`$ is étale over $`𝔛𝒵`$, tamely ramified along $`𝒵`$ and every real point of $`𝔛𝒵`$ splits completely in $`𝔛^{}`$ if and only if the associated character

$$\chi _𝔛^{}:C(𝔛/U)/$$

annihilates the subgroup $`U_𝒵^tC(𝔛/U)`$.

Proof: We may assume that $`𝔛^{}𝔛`$ is cyclic of prime power degree, say of order $`p^\alpha `$. Firstly we assume that $`𝔛^{}/𝔛`$ is étale over $`𝔛𝒵`$, tamely ramified along $`𝒵`$ and that every real point of $`𝔛𝒵`$ splits completely in $`𝔛^{}`$. The results of section 2.2 show that the image of

$$\underset{\begin{array}{c}vP_U\\ \text{arch.}\end{array}}{}\underset{xX_v^1}{}k(x)^\times $$

in $`C(𝔛/U)`$ is annihilated by $`\chi _𝔛^{}`$. Let $`vP_U`$ be nonarchimedean and let $`yY_v`$. Let $`A=𝒪_{X,y}^h`$, $`Z=𝒵Spec(A)`$ and let $`K`$ be the quotient field of $`A`$. We consider the modulus $`m`$ on $`A`$ with $`m(z)=1`$, if $`mZ`$, and $`m(z)=0`$ otherwise. $`𝔛^{}`$ induces a cyclic covering of $`Spec(A)`$, which is étale over $`Spec(A)Z`$ and tamely ramified along $`Z`$. By corollary 2.8, the corresponding character $`\chi :C(K)/`$ factors through $`C_m(K)`$. Consider the defining exact sequence

$$K_2(K)\underset{zSpec(A)^1}{}K_2(K_z)/U^{m(z)}K_2(K_z)C_m(K)0$$

For $`zZ`$, we have $`m(z)=0`$ and therefore $`K_2(K_z)/U^{m(z)}K_2(K_z)k(z)^\times `$. If $`y𝒵`$, i.e. if $`Z`$ is empty, we have $`C_m(K)C_{(0)}(K)`$ and $`U^t(y)`$ is obviously contained in the kernel of $`_{\begin{array}{c}xX_v^1\\ xy\end{array}}k(x)^\times C_m(K)`$. The commutative diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccccc}C(𝔛/U)& & \pi _1^{𝑎𝑏}(𝔛_U)& & \pi _1^t(𝔛,𝒵)^{𝑎𝑏}\\ & & & & \\ \underset{\begin{array}{c}xX_v^1\\ xy\end{array}}{}k(x)^\times & & C_m(K)& & \pi _1^t(Spec(A),Z)^{𝑎𝑏}\end{array}$$

shows that it suffices to show the following

Claim: Assume that $`y𝒵`$. Then for every continuous homomorphism $`\varphi :C_m(K)/`$ with finite image of $`p`$-power order the induced map

$$\underset{\begin{array}{c}xX_v^1\\ xy\end{array}}{}k(x)^\times C_m(K)/$$

annihilates the subgroup $`U^t(y)`$.

Let us prove the claim. If $`y`$ has residue characteristic $`p`$ (i.e. if $`v|p`$), $`\varphi `$ factors through $`C_{(0)}`$ and we see as above that it annihilates even the bigger group $`\mathrm{ker}\left(_{\begin{array}{c}xX_v^1\\ xy\end{array}}k(x)^\times \right)`$. It remains the case that $`y𝒵`$ has residue characteristic different to $`p`$. Let $`C_{m,(0)}(K)=\mathrm{ker}(C_m(K)C_{(0)}(K)=)`$. We have the following diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{ker}\left(\underset{\begin{array}{c}xX_v^1\\ xy\end{array}}{}k(x)^\times \right)& & C_{m,(0)}(K)\\ \text{}& & \text{}\\ \underset{\begin{array}{c}xX_v^1\\ xy\end{array}}{}k(x)^\times & & C_m(K)\end{array}$$

The group $`C_{m,(0)}`$ is a quotient of

$$\underset{zZ}{}U^0K_2(K_z)/U^1K_2(K_z)\underset{zZ}{}K_2(k(z))$$

The continuous homomorphism $`\varphi `$ annihilates the image of $`U^iK_2(k(z))`$ for some $`i`$. Since $`U^iK_2(k(z))/U^{i+1}K_2(k(z))`$ is annihilated by $`p`$ for $`i1`$, $`\varphi `$ is already trivial on the image of $`U^1K_2(k(z))`$. Furthermore, $`U^0K_2(k(z))/U^1K_2(k(z))K_2(k(y))`$ is zero, and therefore $`\varphi `$ factors through $`K_2(k(z))/U^0K_2(k(z))=k(y)^\times `$. Thus the composite

$$\mathrm{ker}\left(\underset{\begin{array}{c}xX_v^1\\ xy\end{array}}{}k(x)^\times \right)C_{m,(0)}(K)\stackrel{\varphi }{}/$$

factors through the natural map

$`\mathrm{ker}\left({\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}xX_v^1\\ xy\end{array}}{}}k(x)^\times \right)`$

$`{\displaystyle \underset{zZ^0}{}}K_2(k(z))/U^0K_2(k(z))={\displaystyle \underset{zZ^0}{}}k(y)^\times \stackrel{\mathrm{\Sigma }}{}k(y)^\times .`$

This proves the claim and shows that $`U_𝒵^tC(𝔛/U)`$ is annihilated by $`\chi _𝔛^{}`$.

Now assume that $`\chi _𝔛^{}`$ annihilates $`U_𝒵^tC(𝔛/U)`$. Let $`vP_U`$ and $`xX_{v,0}`$. Let $`yY_v`$ be the unique point to which $`x`$ specializes. By local class field theory and by our assumption, $`\chi _𝔛^{}`$ induces a cyclic field extension of the henselian field $`k(x)`$ which is tamely ramified or unramified if $`y𝒵`$ or $`y𝒵`$, respectively. In order to show that $`𝔛^{}/𝔛`$ is étale over $`𝔛𝒵`$, if suffices to show (purity of the branch locus) that it is unramified at every prime divisor $`E`$ not contained in $`𝒵`$. Since $`𝔛_U^{}/𝔛_U`$ is étale, we may assume that $`E`$ is vertical lying over a place $`vP_U`$. The branch locus is closed, and so it suffices to find a closed unramified point on $`E`$. This is easy as for any closed point $`yZ`$ which is a regular point of the reduced subscheme $`Y_{v,red}`$ of the fibre $`Y_v`$, the required property follows from lemma 2.4. It remains to show the tameness along $`𝒵`$. By lemma 5.4, it suffices to show that $`𝔛^{}/𝔛`$ is tamely ramified at all generic points of $`𝒵`$. Tameness at points of residue characteristic different to $`p`$ is immediate. Let $`E`$ be a prime divisor contained in $`𝒵`$ and lying in the fibre over $`vP_U`$, $`v|p`$. We will show that $`𝔛^{}/𝔛`$ is unramified along $`E`$. Let $`y`$ by a closed regular point of $`E`$. Every point of $`X_{v,0}`$ that specializes to $`y`$ has a residue field which is a henselian field of characteristic zero and residue characteristic $`p`$. Therefore the associated tamely ramified character $`\chi _𝔛^{}`$ on these fields is unramified. Again using lemma 2.4, we conclude that $`𝔛^{}/𝔛`$ is étale at $`y`$, and therefore also at the generic point of $`E`$. Hence $`𝔛^{}/𝔛`$ is tame along $`𝒵`$. The remaining assertion concerning the real points follows in a straightforward manner from the results of section 2.2. This concludes the proof.  $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Definition 6.3

$`C_𝒵^t(𝔛/U)=C(𝔛/U)/U_𝒵^t(𝔛/U).`$

For an abelian group $`A`$ we denote by $`Div(A)`$ its maximal divisible subgroup and we put $`A_{div}=A/Div(A)`$.

###### Corollary 6.4

We obtain a natural isomorphism of finite abelian groups

$$C_𝒵^t(𝔛/U)_{div}\pi _1^t(𝔛,𝒵)^{𝑎𝑏}.$$

Proof: By the last theorem, we obtain for every integer $`n`$ an isomorphism

$$C_𝒵^t(𝔛/U)/n\pi _1^t(𝔛,𝒵)^{𝑎𝑏}/n.$$

If $`N`$ annihilates the finite group $`\pi _1^t(𝔛,𝒵)^{𝑎𝑏}`$, we have the equality $`NC_𝒵^t(𝔛/U)=nNC_𝒵^t(𝔛/U)`$ for every integer $`n`$ and therefore

$$NC_𝒵^t(𝔛/U)Div(C_𝒵^t(𝔛/U)).$$

Since $`C_𝒵^t(𝔛/U)/N`$ is finite, the last inclusion is equality. This concludes the proof.  $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Proposition 6.5

The natural map

$$\underset{x(𝔛𝒵)^2}{}\stackrel{~}{\pi }_1^t(𝔛,𝒵)^{𝑎𝑏},(1)_xF_x$$

can be lifted to a map $`_{x(𝔛𝒵)^2}C_𝒵^t(𝔛/U)`$, and this lifting induces a surjective homomorphism

$$CH_0(𝔛,𝒵)\stackrel{}{-}C_𝒵^t(𝔛/U).$$

###### Corollary 6.6

The group $`C_𝒵^t(𝔛/U)`$ is finite. In particular, we have an isomorphism

$$C_𝒵^t(𝔛/U)\pi _1^t(𝔛,𝒵)^{𝑎𝑏}.$$

Proof of proposition 6.5: Considering the (possibly) larger subscheme

$$𝒵^{}=\underset{\begin{array}{c}vP_U\\ \text{nonarch.}\end{array}}{}Y_v𝒵,$$

we assume for a moment that $`𝒵=𝒵^{}`$. Then we have a natural composite map

$$\underset{x(𝔛𝒵)^2}{}=\underset{vU_0}{}\underset{yY_v^1}{}\stackrel{}{-}\underset{vU_0}{}SK_0(Y_v)C(𝔛/U).$$

Since the map $`SK_1(X)_{vP_U}SK_1(X_v)`$ has a dense image, and since the subgroup $`U_𝒵^tC(𝔛/U)`$ is open in $`C(𝔛/U)`$ (it contains an open subgroup of $`k(x)^\times `$ for every $`xX_v^1`$, $`vP_U`$), we obtain a surjective map

(6)
$$\underset{vU_0}{}\underset{yY_v^1}{}\stackrel{}{-}C_𝒵^t(𝔛/U).$$

By proposition 3.8, we know that $`CH_0(𝔛,𝒵)`$ is the quotient of $`{\displaystyle \underset{x(𝔛𝒵)^2}{}}`$ by the image of

$$R=\mathrm{ker}\left(\mathrm{ker}\left(\underset{x(𝔛𝒵)^1}{}k(x)^\times \underset{y𝒵^1}{}\right)\underset{y𝒵^1}{}k(y)^\times \right).$$

In order to show that the map (6) factors through $`CH_0(𝔛,𝒵)`$, we have to show that it annihilates the image of $`R`$. Consider the diagonal map

$$\underset{x(𝔛𝒵)^1}{}k(x)^\times \underset{\begin{array}{c}vP_U\\ \text{nonarch.}\end{array}}{}\underset{xX_v^1}{}k(x)^\times =\underset{\begin{array}{c}vP_U\\ \text{nonarch.}\end{array}}{}\underset{yY_v^1}{}\underset{\begin{array}{c}xX_v^1\\ xy\end{array}}{}k(x)^\times $$

By our temporary assumption $`𝒵=𝒵^{}`$, we can read off the vanishing of $`R`$ in $`C_𝒵^t(𝔛/U)`$ directly from the definition of $`U_𝒵^tC(𝔛/U)`$. Since $`CH_0(𝔛,𝒵)`$ is finite, also $`C_𝒵^t(𝔛/U)`$ is finite in this case.

Returning to the general case, assume that $`𝒵𝒵^{}`$. The finiteness of $`C_𝒵^{}^t(𝔛/U)`$ and the surjection $`C_𝒵^{}^t(𝔛/U)C_𝒵^t(𝔛/U)`$ show that also $`C_𝒵^t(𝔛/U)`$ is finite. Let $`vP_U`$ and let $`yY_v^1`$ be a closed point not contained in $`𝒵`$. Then the map

$$\underset{\begin{array}{c}xX_v^1\\ xy\end{array}}{}k(x)^\times C_𝒵^t(𝔛/U)$$

annihilates $`U^t(y)`$ and therefore induces a well-defined map

$$C_𝒵^t(𝔛/U)\pi _1^t(𝔛,𝒵)^{𝑎𝑏}.$$

The image of $`1`$ in $`\pi _1^t(𝔛,𝒵)^{𝑎𝑏}`$ is just the Frobenius $`F_y`$. Combining these maps with the maps for $`x(𝔛𝒵^{})^2`$ constructed above, we obtain a surjective map

$$\underset{x(𝔛𝒵)^2}{}C_𝒵^t(𝔛/U).$$

Trying to proceed in the same way as above in the case that $`𝒵=𝒵^{}`$, we now run into trouble with the vertical components in $`(𝔛𝒵)^1`$ lying over places $`vP_U`$. Let $`vP_U`$ and let $`yY_v𝒵`$ be a point, such that (setting $`A=𝒪_{𝔛,y}`$ and all other notation as above) $`Spec(A)`$ has a vertical prime divisor not contained in $`𝒵`$. Let $`\varphi :C_𝒵^t(𝔛/U)/`$ be any homomorphism. Via the commutative diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccccc}\underset{x(Spec(A)Z)^1}{}k(x)^\times & C_𝒵^t(𝔛/U)& & \pi _1^t(𝔛,𝒵)^{𝑎𝑏}& \\ & & & & \\ \underset{x(Spec(A)Z)^1}{}k(x)^\times & C_m(K)& & \pi _1^t(Spec(A),Z)^{𝑎𝑏}& \end{array}$$

we get a homomorphism with finite image $`\varphi _y:C_m(K)/`$. Exactly the same proof as that of the claim in the proof of theorem 6.2 shows that $`\varphi _y`$ and hence also $`\varphi `$ annihilates the image of

$$\mathrm{ker}\left(\mathrm{ker}\left(\underset{x(Spec(A)Z)^1}{}k(x)^\times \right)k(y)^\times \right).$$

The finiteness of $`C_𝒵^t(𝔛/U)`$ then shows that these elements are zero in $`C_𝒵^t(𝔛/U)`$ and we are done.  $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Proposition 6.7

The homomorphism $`CH_0(𝔛,𝒵)C_𝒵^t(𝔛/U)`$ is injective.

Proof: Let $`n_iP_i_{x(𝔛𝒵)^1}`$ be a zero-cycle on $`𝔛𝒵`$ which represents an element in $`\mathrm{ker}(CH_0(𝔛,𝒵)C_𝒵^t(𝔛/U))`$. By definition, there exist elements

$$a\underset{xX^1}{}k(x)^\times ,b\underset{vU_0}{}k(Y_v)^\times ;c\underset{\begin{array}{c}vP_U\\ \text{nonarch.}\end{array}}{}K_2(k(X_v)),$$

such that $`n_iP_i=div(a)+div(b)`$ and, denoting the diagonal image of $`a`$ in

$$\underset{\begin{array}{c}vP_U\\ \text{nonarch.}\end{array}}{}\underset{xX_v^1}{}k(x)^\times =\underset{\begin{array}{c}vP_U\\ \text{nonarch.}\end{array}}{}\underset{yY_v^1}{}\underset{\begin{array}{c}xX_v^1\\ xy\end{array}}{}k(x)^\times $$

by the same letter, we have

$$a\delta c\underset{\begin{array}{c}vP_U\\ \text{nonarch.}\end{array}}{}\underset{yY_v^1}{}U^t(y).$$

If already $`a`$ would lie in this subgroup, then by proposition 3.8 and by the definition of $`U^t(y)`$, $`div(a)+div(b)`$ would be a relation in $`CH_0(𝔛,𝒵)`$ and we were done. We will achieve this by modifying $`a`$ by the tame symbol of a suitable element in $`K_2(k(X))`$ (which does not change $`div(a)`$). Consider the commutative diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\underset{vP_U}{}K_2(k(X_v))& & \underset{vP_U}{}\underset{zY_v^0}{}K_2(k(X_v)_z)\\ & & \\ K_2(k(X))& & \underset{\begin{array}{c}x𝔛^1\\ zP_U\end{array}}{}K_2(k(X)_z)\end{array}$$

Let $`vP_U`$, $`zY_v^0`$ and let $`y`$ be a closed point in $`\overline{\{z\}}`$. Let $`K`$ be the quotient field of $`A=𝒪_{𝔛,y}^h`$. We consider $`k(X)`$ as a discrete valuation field with the valuation associated with $`z`$. Then $`K_2(k(X))/U^0K_2(k(X))k(z)^\times `$ and $`U^0K_2(k(X))/U^1K_2(k(X))K_2(k(z))`$ and we obtain isomorphisms

$$K_2(k(X))/U^1K_2(k(X)_z)/U^1K_2(k(X_v)_z)/U^1K_2(K_z)/U^1.$$

If $`z_1,\mathrm{},z_n`$ are finitely many vertical points, the usual approximation lemma shows that the natural map

$$K_2(k(X))\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}K_2(k(X))/U_{z_i}^1K_2(k(X))$$

is surjective. Therefore we find an element $`eK_2(X)`$ having the same image as $`c`$ in

$$\underset{vP_U}{}\underset{zY_v^0}{}K_2(k(X_v)_z)/U^1K_2(k(X_v)_z)$$

Then $`\delta (ce)`$ has trivial vertical components (we are only interested in those lying over a nonarchimedean point of $`P_U`$) and is therefore contained in the subgroup

$$\mathrm{ker}\left(\underset{\begin{array}{c}xX_v^1\\ xy\end{array}}{}k(x)^\times \right)$$

and we claim that it is contained in $`U^t(y)`$ for every $`yY_v`$, $`vP_U`$. Since the statement becomes only stronger in this way, we may temporarily replace $`𝒵`$ by the (possible) larger subscheme $`_{\begin{array}{c}vP_U\\ \text{nonarch.}\end{array}}Y_v𝒵.`$ Then the group

$$U^t(y)=\mathrm{ker}\left(\mathrm{ker}\left(\underset{\begin{array}{c}xX_v^1\\ xy\end{array}}{}k(x)^\times \right)k(y)^\times \right)$$

is nothing else but the term $`E_1^{1,2}(X,Y)`$ in the double complex of the beginning of section 4 with $`X=Spec(A)`$ and $`Y=Z=Spec(A)𝒵`$. The image of $`ce`$ in $`K_2(K)`$ is in the kernel of $`K_2(K)_{zZ}K_2(K_z)/U^1K_2(K_z)`$ and therefore, in the notation of section 4, it is an element in the group $`\mathrm{ker}(E_1^{0,2}(X|Y))E_1^{0,2}(Y)`$. Hence the image of $`\delta (ce)`$ in $`E_1^{0,2}(X|Y)`$ maps to zero in $`E_1^{1,2}(Y)`$ and is in $`E_1^{1,2}(X,Y)`$. This shows that $`\delta (ce)`$ is in $`U^1(y)`$. Setting $`a^{}=a\delta e`$, we see that $`a^{}=a\delta c+\delta (ce)`$ is in $`_{\begin{array}{c}vP_U\\ \text{nonarch.}\end{array}}_{yY_v^1}U^t(y)`$.  $`\mathrm{}`$

Summing up, we have proven theorem 2. Indeed, if $`Y`$ is the union of vertical divisors, then the assertion follows from proposition 6.7 and corollary 6.6. The general case follows from corollary 5.3 and theorem 4.5.

## 7 Variants

Let, as before, $`X`$ be a two-dimensional regular, connected flat and proper scheme of finite type over $`Spec()`$ and let $`Y`$ be an arbitrary proper closed subscheme in $`X`$. In view of proposition 3.8, it seems reasonable to make the following

###### Definition 7.1

The group $`CH_0(X,Y)`$ is the quotient of $`{\displaystyle \underset{x(XY)_0}{}}`$ by the image of

$$\mathrm{ker}\left(\mathrm{ker}\left(\underset{x(XY)_1}{}k(x)^\times \underset{yY_0}{}\right)\underset{yY_0}{}k(y)^\times \right).$$

Then we have the following generalization of theorem 2.

###### Theorem 7.2

There exists a natural isomorphism of finite abelian groups

$$𝑟𝑒𝑐_{X,Y}:CH_0(X,Y)\stackrel{~}{\pi }_1^t(X,Y)^{𝑎𝑏}.$$

Proof: Let $`Y=D\mathrm{}^\text{.}E`$, where $`D`$ is a union of divisors and $`E`$ is union of closed points. Let $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ be the blow-up of $`X`$ in $`E`$ and let $`\stackrel{~}{Y}`$ be the pre-image of $`Y`$ in $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$. By theorem 1, the natural homomorphism

$$\stackrel{~}{\pi }_1^t(\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y})\stackrel{~}{\pi }_1^t(X,Y)$$

is an isomorphism since both groups only depend on $`U=\stackrel{~}{X}\stackrel{~}{Y}=XY`$. In order to prove the theorem it therefore suffices to show that the natural isomorphism

$$\underset{x\stackrel{~}{X}\stackrel{~}{Y}}{}\underset{xXY}{}$$

induces an isomorphism $`CH_0(\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y})CH_0(X,Y)`$. Let $`a_{xU_1}k(x)^\times `$ be a relation in $`CH_0(\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y})`$. Then it is also relation in $`CH_0(X,Y)`$. On the other hand, let $`Z`$ be the pre-image of a point in $`E`$. Then $`Z`$ is a projective line over a finite field, hence $`CH_0(Z)`$. If $`a`$ is a relation in $`CH_0(X,Y)`$ it therefore follows from theorem 4.3 that it also defines a relation in $`CH_0(\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y})`$. This concludes the proof.  $`\mathrm{}`$

Without proof, we give yet another variant of theorem 2 which describes the full group $`\pi _1^t(X,Y)^{𝑎𝑏}`$ and not its quotient $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_1^t(X,Y)^{𝑎𝑏}`$. Of course, this discussion is void, if $`X`$ has no real points. We define a modified relative Chow group by allowing only such relations $`div(f)`$ of functions $`f`$ which are positive at every real-valued point. More precisely, for a point $`xX_1`$ we put

$$k(x)_+^\times =\{fk(x)^\times |\iota (f)>0\text{ for every embedding }\iota :k(x)\}.$$

If the global field $`k(x)`$ is of positive characteristic or a totally imaginary number field, then $`k(x)_+^\times =k(x)^\times `$.

###### Definition 7.3

The group $`\stackrel{~}{CH}_0(X,Y)`$ is the quotient of $`{\displaystyle \underset{x(XY)_0}{}}`$ by the image of

$$\mathrm{ker}\left(\mathrm{ker}\left(\underset{x(XY)_1}{}k(x)_+^\times \underset{yY_0}{}\right)\underset{yY_0}{}k(y)^\times \right).$$

We then have the

###### Theorem 7.4

There exists a natural isomorphism of finite abelian groups

$$\stackrel{~}{𝑟𝑒𝑐}_{X,Y}:\stackrel{~}{CH}_0(X,Y)\pi _1^t(X,Y)^{𝑎𝑏}.$$

Alexander Schmidt, Mathematisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 288, 69120 Heidelberg, Deutschland
e-mail: schmidt@mathi.uni-heidelberg.de