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# Lifting of Nichols Algebras of Type 𝐵₂ 11footnote 1with an appendix ”A generalization of the 𝑞-binomial theorem” with Ian Rutherford, Mount Allison University.

## 1 Introduction and preliminaries

Let $`k`$ be an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. Several classification results for finite dimensional pointed Hopf algebras have been obtained in recent years (see  for a survey). The most powerful general method for classifying such Hopf algebras is the lifting method developed by N. Andruskiewitsch and H.-J. Schneider. If $`A`$ is a finite dimensional pointed Hopf algebra with coradical $`k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ a group, then there exists a Hopf algebra projection from $`gr(A)`$, the associated graded Hopf algebra, to $`k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, and this projection splits the inclusion of $`k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`gr(A)`$ as the degree 0 component. Then the subalgebra $`R`$ of $`k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-coinvariants of $`gr(A)`$, called the diagram of $`A`$, has a Hopf algebra structure in the braided category $`{}_{k\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}^{k\mathrm{\Gamma }}𝒴𝒟`$ of Yetter-Drinfeld modules over $`k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. One can also associate to $`A`$ the Yetter-Drinfeld module $`V`$ of primitive elements of $`R`$, called the infinitesimal braiding of $`A`$. The Hopf algebra $`gr(A)`$ can be reconstructed by bosonization from $`R`$, i.e. $`gr(A)R\mathrm{\#}k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, the biproduct in the sense of D. Radford or S. Majid. The lifting procedure consists first in finding all the possible diagrams $`R`$, then bosonizing to $`gr(A)`$, and finally lifting the information (i.e. presentation by generators and relations) from $`gr(A)`$ to $`A`$.

Assume that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a fixed finite abelian group. If $`V`$ is a Yetter-Drinfeld module, the Nichols algebra $`(V)`$ is a graded Hopf algebra in the category $`{}_{k\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}^{k\mathrm{\Gamma }}𝒴𝒟`$ with $`k1`$ as the homogeneous component of degree 0, $`V`$ as the homogeneous component of degree 1, and $`(V)`$ is generated in degree 1 as an algebra. Nichols algebras were introduced in  (see  for a general presentation of the construction of and recent developments in Nichols algebras). Their role in the classification theory for pointed Hopf algebras was emphasized in . A fundamental question is whether the diagram $`R`$ of $`A`$ is just the Nichols algebra $`(V)`$ of the infinitesimal braiding of $`A`$. A positive answer to this question is equivalent to proving the conjecture that any finite dimensional pointed Hopf algebra is generated as an algebra by the grouplike elements and the skew-primitive elements. Up to this conjecture, the lifting method for classifying finite dimensional pointed Hopf algebras $`A`$ with coradical $`k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ reduces to finding all the Yetter-Drinfeld modules $`V`$ such that $`(V)`$ is finite dimensional, then describing the Nichols algebra $`(V)`$ by generators and relations for any such $`V`$, and finally finding $`A`$ such that the associated graded Hopf algebra $`gr(A)`$ is isomorphic to the biproduct $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Such an $`A`$ is called a lifting of $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

A major step in the classification problem was done in , where the approach was from the point of view of Lie theory. For certain Hopf algebras $`A`$ (or for any $`A`$ if the exponent of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is prime), the infinitesimal braiding has a generalized Cartan matrix as an invariant. Then the dimension of $`(V)`$ and the structure of this algebra, reflecting that of $`A`$, depend on this Cartan matrix and on its Dynkin diagram. As an example, the lifting method was used in  to describe liftings of Nichols algebras of Cartan type $`A_2`$, and as a consequence classify pointed Hopf algebras of dimension $`p^4`$, with $`p`$ an odd prime . Also the lifting method was used in  to classify pointed Hopf algebras of dimension 32.

The main aim of this paper is to compute liftings of Nichols algebras of Cartan type $`B_2`$. The description of these Nichols algebras is known (see  and ). We follow the general approach that was used in  for type $`A_2`$. The problem of lifting the generators and relations from $`gr(A)`$ to $`A`$ has a combinatorial nature, and compared to the $`A_2`$ case, the case of Cartan type $`B_2`$ requires more complicated combinatorics. This is because the structure of the positive roots, which define a system of generators for the Nichols algebra, is more complicated in type $`B_2`$. To deal with these combinatorial difficulties, we use a generalization of the quantum binomial formula presented in the Appendix. In Section 2 we compute the liftings in type $`B_2`$. We require that the diagonal elements of the braiding matrix are primitive $`n`$-th roots of odd order not equal to 5. In fact, in type $`A_2`$ there was also a case for which the computation in  failed, more precisely the case where the diagonal elements of the braiding matrix were primitive roots of unity of order 3. In Section 3, we show how this remaining case can be completed.

The first examples of infinite families of nonisomorphic Hopf algebras of the same dimension were liftings of quantum linear spaces ,,  or , and E. Müller’s family of nonisomorphic nonpointed Hopf algebras with nonpointed duals . However, A. Masuoka  showed that these infinite families consist of Hopf algebras that are all quasi-isomorphic, i.e. that any element of the family is a cocycle twist of any other, or equivalently, their categories of comodules are monoidally Morita-Takeuchi equivalent (see  or ). We prove in Section 3 that for $`n5`$ and $`V`$ of type $`B_2`$ or for $`n3`$ and $`V`$ of type $`A_2`$, any two liftings of $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ are quasi-isomorphic.

Recall from any standard text (such as ) the notation for $`q`$-factorials and $`q`$-binomial coefficients . Set $`(0)_q=0`$ and for $`n>0,(n)_q=q^{n1}+q^{n2}+\mathrm{}+1`$. Set $`(0)!_q=1`$ and for $`n>0,(n)!_q=(n)_q(n1)_q\mathrm{}1`$ . Then $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{i}\right)_q=\frac{(n)!_q}{(ni)!_q(i)!_q}`$ where $`0in`$. If $`i,n`$ or $`ni`$ is negative, then we set $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{i}\right)_q=0`$ .

###### Theorem 1.1

(i). (The q-Pascal identity). For $`nk1,`$

$$\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{k}\right)_q=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n1}{k1}\right)_q+q^k\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n1}{k}\right)_q=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n1}{k}\right)_q+q^{nk}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n1}{k1}\right)_q.$$

(ii). (The q-binomial theorem.) For $`x,z`$ elements of some $`k`$-algebra with $`zx=qxz`$, $`qk^{}`$, then

$`(x+z)^n={\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{i}}\right)_qx^iz^{ni}.`$
For $`A`$ a pointed Hopf algebra with coradical $`k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, we denote by $`P(A)_{g,h}\text{ or }P_{g,h}`$ , if $`A`$ is clear, the set $`\{x:xA,\mathrm{}(x)=gx+xh\}.`$ For $`\chi \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }},P_{g,h}^\chi =\{xP_{g,h}:lxl^1=\chi (l)x\text{ for all }l\mathrm{\Gamma }\}.`$

Notation: We write $`P_g`$ for $`P_{g,1}`$ and $`P_g^\chi `$ for $`P_{g,1}^\chi `$.

For any coalgebra $`C`$, $`gr(C)`$, the graded vector space $`C_0C_1/C_0C_2/C_1\mathrm{}`$ is a graded coalgebra. If $`A`$ is a pointed Hopf algebra, then $`gr(A)`$ is a graded Hopf algebra.

A Yetter-Drinfeld module $`V{}_{k\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}^{k\mathrm{\Gamma }}𝒴𝒟`$ is a vector space with a left action of $`k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and a left coaction $`\delta :Vk\mathrm{\Gamma }V`$, $`\delta (v)=v_1v_0`$ such that $`\delta (hv)=hv_1h^1hv_0`$ for any $`h\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`vV`$.

Throughout, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ will be a fixed finite abelian group and $`k`$ an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero.

## 2 Liftings of Nichols algebras of type $`B_2`$

For $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ our fixed finite abelian group , let $`V`$ be a Yetter-Drinfeld module over $`k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of dimension 2. Then $`V`$ has a basis $`\{x_1,x_2\}`$ over $`k`$ such that for $`i=1,2`$, the coaction is given by $`\delta (x_i)=g_ix_i`$ where $`g_i\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, and the action is given by $`gx_i=\chi _i(g)x_i`$ for some $`\chi _i\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$, all $`g\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. The braiding matrix of $`V`$ is

$$B=\left(\begin{array}{cc}b_{11}& b_{12}\\ b_{21}& b_{22}\end{array}\right)$$

where $`b_{ij}=\chi _j(g_i)`$. We assume that $`V`$ has Cartan type $`B_2`$, i.e. $`b_{ij}b_{ji}=b_{ii}^{a_{ij}}`$ for any $`i,j`$, where the $`a_{ij}`$’s are the entries of the Cartan matrix of type $`B_2`$

$$A=\left(\begin{array}{cc}2& 1\\ 2& 2\end{array}\right).$$

Thus we have

$$b_{12}b_{21}=b_{11}^1,b_{21}b_{12}=b_{22}^2,$$

so

$$b_{12}b_{21}b_{11}=1,b_{21}b_{12}b_{22}^2=1,b_{11}=b_{22}^2$$
(1)
We assume that $`b_{22}=q`$ is a primitive root of unity of odd order $`n`$ and therefore so is $`b_{11}=q^2`$. We fix the Yetter-Drinfeld module $`V`$ of type $`B_2`$ as above throughout all this section.

The Nichols algebra $`(V)`$ has dimension $`n^4`$ (see  and ). It is presented by generators $`x_1,x_2,z,u`$ subject to the relations

$`z`$ $`=`$ $`x_2x_1b_{21}x_1x_2;`$
$`u`$ $`=`$ $`x_2zb_{21}b_{22}zx_2;`$
$`x_1z`$ $`=`$ $`b_{12}zx_1;`$
$`x_2u`$ $`=`$ $`b_{21}b_{22}^2ux_2;`$
$`uz`$ $`=`$ $`b_{11}b_{21}zu;`$
$`x_1u`$ $`=`$ $`b_{21}^1b_{12}ux_1+b_{21}^1(b_{22}^11)z^2;`$
$`x_1^n=x_2^n`$ $`=`$ $`z^n=u^n=0.`$
Then $`H=(V)\mathrm{\#}k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ has dimension $`n^4|\mathrm{\Gamma }|`$ where $`|\mathrm{\Gamma }|`$ is the order of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Our goal in this section is to find all Hopf algebras $`A`$ such that $`gr(A)=H`$.

Let $`A`$ be such a lifting. By \[4, Lemma 5.4\], we have that $`A`$ has coradical $`k[\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$ and $`P(A)_h=k(h1)`$ unless $`h=g_i,i=1,2`$. If $`h=g_i`$ then $`P_{g_i}`$ has dimension 2 and $`P_{g_i}=k(g_i1)ka_i`$ where $`ka_i=P_{g_i}^{\chi _i}`$. The image of $`a_i`$ in $`A_1/A_0`$, is just $`x_i`$. Thus we have $`\mathrm{}(a_i)=g_ia_i+a_i1.`$ For $`h\mathrm{\Gamma },ha_i=\chi _i(h)a_ih\text{ and, in particular},g_ja_i=\chi _i(g_j)a_ig_j=b_{ji}a_ig_j.`$

Let $``$ denote the adjoint action and define elements

$$c=a_2a_1=a_2a_1b_{21}a_1a_2\text{and}d=a_2c=a_2cb_{21}b_{22}ca_2,$$
(2)
The following lemma will be useful in determining the multiplication of the elements $`a_1,a_2,c,d`$.

###### Lemma 2.1

Let $`n`$, $`\chi _i,g_i`$ be as above. The following assertions hold.

1. For $`i=1,2`$, if $`\chi _i^nϵ`$, then $`P(A)_{g_i^n}^{\chi _i^n}=0.`$
2. Either $`(\chi _1\chi _2)^n=ϵ`$ or $`P(A)_{(g_1g_2)^n}^{(\chi _1\chi _2)^n}=0`$.
3. Either $`(\chi _1\chi _2^2)^n=ϵ`$ or $`P(A)_{(g_1g_2^2)^n}^{(\chi _1\chi _2^2)^n}=0`$.
4. For $`n`$ different from 5, $`P(A)_{g_1^2g_2}^{\chi _1^2\chi _2}=0`$.
5. If $`n`$ is different from 3 and 5, then $`P(A)_{g_1g_2^3}^{\chi _1\chi _2^3}=0`$.

Proof.

1. If $`\chi _i^nϵ`$, then $`P(A)_{g_i^n}^{\chi _i^n}0`$ implies that $`\chi _i^n=\chi _j`$ and $`g_i^n=g_j`$ where $`j=1\text{ or }2`$. If $`\chi _i^n=\chi _i`$ then $`b_{ii}^{n1}=1`$ which is impossible. If $`\chi _i^n=\chi _j,ji`$, then $`1=b_{ij}`$ and $`b_{ji}^n=b_{jj}`$. But since $`(b_{12}b_{21})^n=1`$, this is impossible.
2. Suppose $`(\chi _1\chi _2)^nϵ`$ and $`P(A)_{(g_1g_2)^n}^{(\chi _1\chi _2)^n}0`$. Then $`(\chi _1\chi _2)^n=\chi _i`$ so that $`b_{ii}=b_{ij}^n`$. Also $`(g_1g_2)^n=g_i`$ so that $`b_{ii}=b_{ji}^n`$. This contradicts $`(b_{ij}b_{ji})^n=1.`$
3. Suppose $`(\chi _1\chi _2^2)^nϵ`$ and $`P(A)_{(g_1g_2^2)^n}^{(\chi _1\chi _2^2)^n}0`$. If $`(\chi _1\chi _2^2)^n=\chi _1`$ and $`(g_1g_2^2)^n=g_1`$, then $`b_{11}^{n1}=b_{12}^{2n}=b_{21}^{2n}`$ so that $`1=b_{11}^2`$, which is impossible. If $`(\chi _1\chi _2^2)^n=\chi _2`$ and $`(g_1g_2^2)^n=g_2`$, then $`b_{12}^{2n1}=1=b_{21}^{2n1}`$. But then $`1=(b_{12}b_{21})^{2n1}=(b_{12}b_{21})^1=b_{11}`$, also a contradiction.
4. For $`n5,\chi _1^2\chi _2ϵ`$. For if $`\chi _1^2\chi _2=ϵ`$, then $`b_{11}^2b_{12}=1=b_{21}^2b_{22}`$. But then $`b_{12}=q^4\text{ and }b_{21}^2=q^1`$ so that $`q^8q^1=(b_{12}b_{21})^2=q^4`$ so that $`q^5=1`$, which would imply that $`n=5`$. Thus if $`P(A)_{g_1^2g_2}^{\chi _1^2\chi _2}0`$, then $`g_1^2g_2=g_i\text{ for }i=1,2.`$ But if $`g_1^2g_2=g_1`$, then $`g_1g_2=1`$ so that $`b_{11}b_{21}=1`$ and $`b_{12}b_{22}=1`$. The first equation implies $`b_{12}=1`$ so that the second implies $`b_{22}=q=1`$, which is impossible. If $`g_1^2g_2=g_2`$ then $`g_1^2=1`$ so that $`q^4=1`$ which contradicts the assumption that $`n`$ is odd.
5. If $`\chi _1\chi _2^3=ϵ`$ then $`b_{11}b_{12}^3=1=b_{21}b_{22}^3.`$ Then $`b_{12}^3=q^2`$ and $`b_{21}=q^3`$. Thus $`(b_{12}b_{21})^3=q^{11}`$ but $`(b_{12}b_{21})^3=q^6`$ by (1). Since $`n5`$, this is a contradiction. Thus if $`P(A)_{g_1g_2^3}^{\chi _1\chi _2^3}0`$, $`P(A)_{g_1g_2^3}^{\chi _1\chi _2^3}=P(A)_{g_i}^{\chi _i}`$ for $`i=1,2`$. If $`g_1g_2^3=g_1`$, then $`g_2^3=1`$ and $`b_{22}^3=q^3=1`$ which contradicts the fact that $`n`$ is not 3. If $`g_1g_2^3=g_2`$, then $`g_1g_2^2=1`$ so that $`b_{11}b_{21}^2=1=b_{12}b_{22}^2`$. Multiplying the second equation by $`b_{21}`$ yields $`b_{21}=1`$ and then the first equation implies $`b_{11}=1.`$ But then $`q=1`$ which is impossible.

Straightforward calculation shows that

$$\mathrm{}(c)=g_1g_2c+c1+(1q^2)a_2g_1a_1.$$
(3)
Now we compute

$`\mathrm{}(a_1c)`$ $`=`$ $`(a_11+g_1a_1)(g_1g_2c+c1+(1q^2)a_2g_1a_1)`$
$`=`$ $`a_1g_1g_2c+a_1c1+(1q^2)a_1a_2g_1a_1+g_1^2g_2a_1c`$
$`+`$ $`g_1ca_1+(1q^2)g_1a_2g_1a_1^2,\text{ and}`$
$`\mathrm{}(ca_1)`$ $`=`$ $`(g_1g_2c+c1+(1q^2)a_2g_1a_1)(a_11+g_1a_1)`$
$`=`$ $`g_1g_2a_1c+ca_11+(1q^2)a_2g_1a_1a_1`$
$`+`$ $`g_1^2g_2ca_1+cg_1a_1+(1q^2)a_2g_1^2a_1^2.`$
Then using the relations (1), we see that $`a_1cb_{12}ca_1P(A)_{g_1^2g_2}^{\chi _1^2\chi _2}`$ and thus by Lemma 2.1 (4), if $`n5`$,

$$a_1cb_{12}ca_1=0.$$
(4)
Similarly, using the definition of $`d`$ and the comultiplication of $`c`$ and $`a_2`$, we compute

$$\mathrm{}(d)=d1+g_1g_2^2d+q(1q^2)a_2g_1g_2c+(1q^2)(1q^1)a_2^2g_1a_1.$$
(5)
Further computation shows that $`da_2b_{12}a_2d`$ is $`(g_1g_2^3,1)`$-primitive and by Lemma 2.1 (5), if $`n3,5`$ then

$$da_2b_{12}a_2d=0.$$
(6)
Now, using (4) and (6), we compute

$`da_1`$ $`=`$ $`(a_2cb_{21}b_{22}ca_2)a_1`$
$`=`$ $`a_2(b_{21}b_{22}^2a_1c)b_{21}b_{22}c(b_{21}a_1a_2+c)`$
$`=`$ $`b_{21}b_{22}^2(b_{21}a_1a_2+c)cb_{21}^2b_{22}(b_{12}^1a_1c)a_2b_{21}b_{22}c^2`$
$`=`$ $`b_{21}^2b_{22}^2a_1(a_2cb_{21}b_{22}ca_2)+b_{21}b_{22}(b_{22}1)c^2,`$
so that

$$da_1=(b_{21}b_{22})^2a_1d+(b_{21}b_{22})(q1)c^2.$$
(7)
A similar computation shows that

$$cd=b_{12}dc.$$
(8)
Now since $`a_1`$ is $`(g_1,1)`$-primitive and $`q^2=\chi _1(g_1)`$ is a primitive $`n`$-th root of unity, we have that $`a_1^nP(A)_{g_1^n}^{\chi _1^n}`$. If $`\chi _1^nϵ`$ then we must have that $`a_1^n=0`$ since $`P(A)_{g_1^n}^{\chi _1^n}=0`$, by Lemma 2.1 (1), but if $`\chi _1^n=ϵ`$, then $`a_1^n=\alpha (g_1^n1)`$ for some $`\alpha k`$. By a similar argument for $`a_2^n`$ and rescaling the $`a_i`$ if necessary , we have:

$$a_i^n=\mu _i(g_i^n1),\text{ where }\mu _i\{0,1\},\mu _i=0\text{ if }g_i^n=1\text{ or }\chi _i^nϵ.$$
(9)
###### Remark 2.2

If $`b_{21}^n1`$, or equivalently $`b_{12}^n1`$, then $`\mu _2=0=\mu _1`$. For suppose $`b_{21}^n1`$ . Then $`\chi _1^n(g_2)=b_{21}^n1`$, so $`\chi _1^nϵ`$ and then $`\mu _1=0`$. Also since $`\chi _2^n(g_1)=b_{12}^n1`$, we have that $`\chi _2^nϵ`$, and then $`\mu _2=0`$.

Now we compute $`c^n`$ and $`d^n`$ ; these are the most intricate computations.

By Equation (3), $`\mathrm{}(c)=X+Y+(1q^2)Z`$ where $`X=g_1g_2c,Y=c1,Z=a_2g_1a_1`$. Then, since $`XY=qYX,XZ=qZX`$, and $`q`$ is a primitive $`n`$th root of unity, we see that $`\mathrm{}(c^n)=(X+Y+(1q^2)Z)^n=X^n+(Y+(1q^2)Z)^n.`$ Now

$`ZYqYZ`$ $`=`$ $`a_2g_1ca_1qca_2g_1a_1`$
$`=`$ $`b_{12}b_{11}a_2cg_1a_1qca_2g_1a_1`$
$`=`$ $`b_{12}b_{22}^2dg_1a_1.`$
Let $`T`$ denote $`dg_1a_1`$. Then it is easily checked that $`ZT=q^2TZ`$ and $`TY=q^2YT`$ so that by Remark A.7 of the Appendix, $`(Y+(1q^2)Z)^n=Y^n+(1q^2)^nZ^n`$. Thus

$`\mathrm{}(c^n)`$ $`=`$ $`(g_1g_2)^nc^n+c^n1+(1q^2)^n(a_2g_1)^na_1^n`$
$`=`$ $`(g_1g_2)^nc^n+c^n1+(1q^2)^nb_{21}^{n(n+1)/2}(g_1)^n\mu _2(g_2^n1)a_1^n`$
$`=`$ $`(g_1g_2)^nc^n+c^n1+(q^21)^n\mu _2(g_1)^n(g_2^n1)a_1^n,`$
since $`b_{21}^n=1`$ if $`\mu _20`$ by Remark 2.2. Let

$$\upsilon =c^n+\mu _2(q^21)^na_1^n.$$
(10)
Then $`\mathrm{}(\upsilon )`$ is

$$(g_1g_2)^nc^n+c^n1+(q^21)^n\mu _2(g_1)^n(g_2^n1)a_1^n+\mu _2(q^21)^ng_1^na_1^n+\mu _2(q^21)^na_1^n1.$$

It follows that $`\upsilon P(A)_{(g_1g_2)^n}^{(\chi _1\chi _2)^n}`$ . Thus by Lemma 2.1 (2),

$$\upsilon =c^n+\mu _2(q^21)^na_1^n=\lambda (g_1^ng_2^n1)\text{ where }\lambda =0\text{ if }g_1^ng_2^n=1\text{ or }(\chi _1\chi _2)^nϵ.$$
(11)
###### Remark 2.3

If $`b_{12}^n1`$, then $`\lambda =0`$. Indeed, $`(\chi _1\chi _2)^n(g_1)=b_{12}^n1`$, which forces $`\lambda =0`$.

We now compute $`d^n`$. ¿From (5), we see that $`\mathrm{}(d)=X+Y+bZ+T`$ where

$`X`$ $`=`$ $`g_1g_2^2d`$
$`Y`$ $`=`$ $`d1`$
$`Z`$ $`=`$ $`a_2g_1g_2c\text{ and }b=q(1q^2)`$
$`T`$ $`=`$ $`(1q^2)(1q^1)a_2^2g_1a_1`$
It is easy to check that $`XY=q^2YX,ZY=q^2YZ,TY=q^2YT`$, so that by Theorem (1.1)(ii), the $`q`$-binomial theorem,

$$\mathrm{}(d^n)=(X+bZ+T)^n+Y^n$$

and it remains to compute $`(X+bZ+T)^n`$. Straightforward computation yields that

$$XZ=q^2ZX,\text{ and }ZT=q^2TZ$$

and we illustrate the type of calculation involved by computing $`XT`$. We have

$`XT`$ $`=`$ $`(1q^1)(1q^2)(g_1g_2^2d)(a_2^2g_1a_1)`$
$`=`$ $`(1q^1)(1q^2)b_{12}^2b_{22}^4a_2^2g_1^2g_2^2da_1`$
$`=`$ $`(1q^1)(1q^2)b_{12}^2b_{22}^4a_2^2g_1^2g_2^2(b_{21}^2b_{22}^2a_1d+b_{21}b_{22}(q1)c^2)`$
$`=`$ $`(1q^1)(1q^2)(q^2a_2^2g_1^2g_2^2a_1d+(q1)b_{12}q^3a_2^2g_1^2g_2^2c^2).`$
Since $`Z^2=b_{12}qa_2^2g_1^2g_2^2c^2`$, we have

$$XT=q^2TX+(1q^2)(1q^1)(q1)q^2Z^2.$$
(12)
Using Theorem A.1 in the Appendix, we see that

$$(X+bZ+T)^n=X^n+\nu (n)Z^n+T^n$$

and by Corollary A.5, $`\nu (n)=\alpha ^n+\beta ^n`$ where $`\alpha =q1,\beta =1q^1`$ are the solutions of the equation $`Y^2q(1q^2)Y+(1q^2)(1q^1)(q1)q^2/(q^21)=0`$. Thus $`\nu (n)=(q1)^n+(1q^1)^n=2(q1)^n`$ and we have

$`\mathrm{}(d^n)`$ $`=`$ $`(g_1g_2^2)^nd^n+d^n1+2(q1)^n(a_2g_1g_2)^nc^n+(q^21)^n(q1)^n(a_2^2g_1)^na_1^n`$
$`=`$ $`(g_1g_2^2)^nd^n+d^n1+2(q1)^na_2^ng_1^ng_2^nc^n+(q^21)^n(q1)^na_2^{2n}g_1^na_1^n,`$
where $`(a_2g_1g_2)^n=(b_{22}b_{12})^{n(n1)/2}a_2^ng_1^ng_2^n`$ and $`b_{12}^{n(n1)/2}=1`$ if $`a_2^n0`$ by Remark 2.2. Similarly $`(a_2^2g_1)^n=a_2^{2n}g_1^n`$. Let

$$\omega =d^n+2(q1)^n\mu _2c^n+(q^21)^n(q1)^n\mu _2^2a_1^n$$
(13)
and then

$`\mathrm{}(\omega )`$ $`=`$ $`(g_1g_2^2)^nd^n+d^n1+2(q1)^n\mu _2(g_2^n1)(g_1g_2)^nc^n`$
$`+`$ $`(q^21)^n(q1)^n\mu _2^2(g_2^n1)^2g_1^na_1^n`$
$`+`$ $`2(q1)^n\mu _2g_1^ng_2^nc^n+2(q1)^n\mu _2c^n1+2(q1)^n\mu _2^2(q^21)^n(g_2^n1)g_1^na_1^n`$
$`+`$ $`(q^21)^n(q1)^n\mu _2^2a_1^n1+(q^21)^n(q1)^n\mu _2^2g_1^na_1^n`$
$`=`$ $`(g_1g_2^2)^n[d^n+2(q1)^n\mu _2c^n+(q^21)^n(q1)^n\mu _2^2a_1^n]`$
$`+`$ $`[d^n+2(q1)^n\mu _2c^n+(q^21)^n(q1)^n\mu _2^2a_1^n]1`$
$``$ $`2(q1)^n\mu _2g_1^ng_2^nc^n+(q^21)^n(q1)^n\mu _2^2(2g_2^n+1)g_1^na_1^n`$
$`+`$ $`2(q1)^n\mu _2(g_1g_2)^nc^n+2(q1)^n(q^21)^n\mu _2^2(g_1^n)(g_2^n1)a_1^n`$
$`+`$ $`(q^21)^n(q1)^n\mu _2^2g_1^na_1^n`$
$`=`$ $`(g_1g_2^2)^n\omega +\omega 1.`$
Thus $`\omega `$ is $`((g_1g_2^2)^n,1)`$ primitive and so, by Lemma 2.1 (3), we have

$`\omega =d^n+2(q1)^n\mu _2c^n+(q^21)^n(q1)^n\mu _2^2a_1^n`$ $`=`$ $`\gamma ((g_1g_2^2)^n1)`$ (14)
$`\text{where }\gamma =0\text{ if }(\chi _1\chi _2^2)^nϵ`$ or $`(g_1g_2^2)^n=1.`$
###### Remark 2.4

If $`b_{21}^n1`$, then $`\gamma =0`$. Indeed, $`(\chi _1\chi _2^2)^n(g_2)=b_{21}^n1`$, so $`(\chi _1\chi _2^2)^nϵ`$, forcing $`\gamma =0`$.

We find a characterization for the liftings of Nichols algebras of type $`B_2`$ similar to that in  for type $`A_2`$. The following lemma from  will be useful.

###### Lemma 2.5

\[6, Lemma 3.4 (i)\] Let $`X,Y,Z`$ be elements in a $`k`$-algebra, $`\alpha ,\beta `$ scalars in $`k`$ and $`n`$ a natural number. If $`YX=\alpha XY+Z`$ and $`ZX=\beta XZ`$, then

$$YX^n=\alpha ^nX^nY+(\underset{i=0}{\overset{n1}{}}(\alpha ^i\beta ^{n1i})X^{n1}Z$$

and if $`\alpha \beta `$ and $`\alpha ^n=\beta ^n`$, then for $`n>1`$,

$$YX^n=\alpha ^nX^nY.$$

Define a Hopf algebra $`U^+`$ in the category $`{}_{k\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}^{k\mathrm{\Gamma }}𝒴𝒟`$ by $`U^+:=k<x_1,x_2,z,u|𝒩>`$, where $`𝒩`$ is the set of the first six relations defined at the beginning of this section, namely:

$`z`$ $`=`$ $`x_2x_1b_{21}x_1x_2`$ (15)
$`u`$ $`=`$ $`x_2zb_{21}b_{22}zx_2`$ (16)
$`x_1z`$ $`=`$ $`b_{12}zx_1`$ (17)
$`x_2u`$ $`=`$ $`b_{21}b_{22}^2ux_2`$ (18)
$`uz`$ $`=`$ $`b_{11}b_{21}zu`$ (19)
$`x_1u`$ $`=`$ $`b_{21}^1b_{12}ux_1+b_{21}^1(b_{22}^11)z^2,`$ (20)
and the comultiplication, action and coaction are defined such that $`x_1,x_2`$ are primitive and $`hx_i=\chi _i(h)x_i,\delta (x_i)=g_ix_i`$. To see that $`U^+`$ is well defined, we note that if we make the free algebra $`F`$ generated by $`x_1`$ and $`x_2`$ into a braided Hopf algebra with $`x_1`$ and $`x_2`$ primitives, then $`\mathrm{\Delta }_F(𝒩)𝒩F+F𝒩`$, and this induces a braided Hopf algebra structure on $`U^+`$. $`U^+`$ has a PBW basis $`\{x_2^iu^jz^rx_1^s|i,j,r,s0\}`$. This follows from the fact that $`U^+`$ can be constructed from $`k[x_1]`$ by adjoining $`z,u,x_2`$ by iterated Ore extensions defined by the relations (15)-(20).

We define $`U`$ to be the Radford biproduct $`U^+\mathrm{\#}k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

###### Theorem 2.6

Let $`\mu _1,\mu _2\{0,1\}`$ and $`\lambda ,\gamma k`$ such that

$`\mu _i`$ $`=`$ $`0\text{ if }g_i^n=1\text{ or }\chi _i^nϵ;`$ (21)
$`\lambda `$ $`=`$ $`0\text{ if }g_1^ng_2^n=1\text{ or }\chi _1^n\chi _2^nϵ;`$ (22)
$`\gamma `$ $`=`$ $`0\text{ if }(\chi _1\chi _2^2)^nϵ\text{ or }(g_1g_2^2)^n=1.`$ (23)
Then the two-sided ideal $`J`$ of $`U`$ generated by the elements

$$y_i:=x_i^n\mu _i(g_i^n1),i=1,2;$$

$$v:=z^n+\mu _2(q1)^nx_1^n\lambda (g_1^ng_2^n1);$$

$$w:=u^n+2(q1)^n\mu _2z^n+(q^21)^n(q1)^n\mu _2^2x_1^n\gamma ((g_1g_2^2)^n1),$$

is a Hopf ideal of $`U`$. Moreover $`A=A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,(\mu _i)_i,\lambda ,\gamma )=U/J`$ is a pointed Hopf algebra of dimension $`n^4|\mathrm{\Gamma }|`$ with coradical $`k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, and $`gr(A)(V)\mathrm{\#}k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, where $`V`$ is our fixed Yetter-Drinfeld module of type $`B_2`$.

Proof. Since, by the arguments preceding (9), (11) and (14), $`J`$ is generated by skew-primitive elements, $`J`$ is a Hopf ideal. Next we verify some commutation relations. We have

$`x_2x_1^n`$ $`=`$ $`b_{21}^nx_1^nx_2\text{ by Lemma }\text{2.5}\text{ with }Y=x_2,X=x_1,Z=z,\alpha =b_{21},\beta =b_{21}b_{22}^2;`$
$`zx_1^n`$ $`=`$ $`b_{21}^nx_1^nz\text{ by }(\text{17});`$
$`ux_1^n`$ $`=`$ $`(x_2zb_{21}b_{22}zx_2)x_1^n=(b_{21}^2)^nx_1^nu;`$
$`zx_2^n`$ $`=`$ $`b_{12}^nx_2^nz\text{ by Lemma }\text{2.5}\text{ with }Y=z,X=x_2,Z=u,\alpha =b_{12}b_{22},\beta =b_{12};`$
$`ux_2^n`$ $`=`$ $`b_{12}^nx_2^nu\text{ by }(\text{18});`$
$`x_1z^n`$ $`=`$ $`b_{12}^nz^nx_1\text{ by }(\text{17});`$
$`x_2z^n`$ $`=`$ $`b_{21}^nz^nx_2\text{ by Lemma }\text{2.5}\text{ with }Y=x_2,X=z,Z=u,\alpha =b_{21}b_{22},\beta =b_{11}b_{21};`$
$`uz^n`$ $`=`$ $`b_{21}^nz^nu\text{ by }(\text{19});`$
$`x_1u^n`$ $`=`$ $`b_{12}^{2n}u^nx_1\text{ by Lemma }\text{2.5}\text{ with }Y=x_1,X=u,Z=z^2,\alpha =b_{12}^2b_{22}^2,\beta =b_{12}^2;`$
$`x_2u^n`$ $`=`$ $`b_{21}^nu^nx_2\text{ by }(\text{18});`$
$`zu^n`$ $`=`$ $`b_{12}^nu^nz\text{ by }(\text{19}).`$
It remains to find the commutation between $`x_1`$ and $`x_2^n.`$

Now $`x_1x_2^n=b_{12}b_{22}^2(x_2x_1z)x_2^{n1}`$, and $`zx_2^t=(b_{12}b_{22})^tx_2^tzb_{12}^t(_{i=0}^{t1}b_{22}^i)b_{22}x_2^{t1}u`$ by Lemma 2.5.

Thus $`x_1x_2^n=b_{12}b_{22}^2x_2x_1x_2^{n1}(b_{12}b_{22}^2)(b_{12}b_{22})^{n1}x_2^{n1}z+(b_{12}b_{22}^2)b_{12}^{n1}(_{i=0}^{n2}b_{22}^i)b_{22}x_2^{n2}u.`$

Then

$$x_1x_2^n=(b_{12}b_{22}^2)^nx_2^nx_1+\alpha x_2^{n1}z+\beta x_2^{n2}u$$

and we show that $`\alpha =\beta =0`$.

It is easy to see that

$$\alpha =b_{12}^n\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}b_{22}^{2i}b_{22}^{ni}=b_{12}^n\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}b_{22}^i=0,$$

and that

$`\beta `$ $`=`$ $`b_{12}^nb_{22}^3\left\{{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{n2}{}}}b_{22}^i+b_{22}^2{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{n3}{}}}b_{22}^i+b_{22}^4{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{n4}{}}}b_{22}^i+\mathrm{}+b_{22}^{2(n2)}(1)\right\}`$
$`=`$ $`b_{12}^nb_{22}^3\left\{(q^{n1}1)+q^2(q^{n2}1)+\mathrm{}+q^{2(n2)}(q1)\right\}/(q1).`$
Now the expression in brackets is just

$`(q^{n1}+q^2q^{n2}+q^4q^{n3}+\mathrm{}+q^{2n3})(1+q^2+q^4+\mathrm{}+q^{2(n2)})`$
$`=`$ $`q^1(q^{n1}1)/(q1)(q^{2(n1)}1)/(q^21),`$
and putting these expressions over a common denominator, we see that this is $`0`$ and so $`\beta =0`$.

We have proved that

$$x_1x_2^n=b_{12}^nx_2^nx_1$$

We show now that $`J`$ is the right ideal generated by $`y_i,i=1,2;v;w`$.
Assume first that $`b_{12}^n=1`$. Then for $`h\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`i=1,2`$, we have

$$hy_i=\chi _i^n(h)y_ih+(\chi _i^n(h)1)\mu _i(g_i^n1)h$$

and by (21), we always have $`(\chi _i^n(h)1)\mu _i=0`$. Also

$$x_2y_1=y_1x_2\text{ and }x_1y_1=y_1x_1.$$

Similar computation for the other generators shows that $`J`$ is the right ideal as well as the two-sided ideal generated by $`y_1,y_2,v,w`$.
If $`b_{12}^n1`$, then by Remarks 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4, we must have $`\mu _1=\mu _2=\lambda =\gamma =0`$ and then $`J`$ is the two-sided ideal generated by $`x_1^n,x_2^n,z^n,u^n`$. The commutation relations show immediately that $`J`$ is the right ideal generated by these elements.

We prove now that no non-zero linear combination of the elements $`gx_2^iu^jz^rx_1^s`$, with $`g\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, $`0i,j,r,sn1`$, lies in $`J`$. This will imply that the dimension of $`A=U/J`$ is $`n^4`$ and also that $`Jk\mathrm{\Gamma }=0`$, so $`k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ embeds in $`A`$. To show this we proceed as in the proof of \[8, Proposition 1.10\]. Assume that

$$\underset{g,i,j,r,s}{}\alpha _{g,i,j,r,s}gx_2^iu^jz^rx_1^s=\underset{i=1,2}{}y_if_i+vf_3+wf_4$$

for some $`f_1,f_2,f_3,f_4U`$ and some scalars $`\alpha _{g,i,j,r,s}`$, not all equal to zero. The commutation relations show that $`U`$ is a free module with basis $`\{x_2^iu^jz^rx_1^s|0i,j,r,sn1\}`$ over the subalgebra $`B`$ of $`U`$ generated by $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`x_1^n,x_2^n,z^n,u^n`$. If we write $`f_i,1i4`$ in terms of this basis, we see that there exist some $`F_1,F_2,F_3,F_4B`$ such that

$$\underset{i=1,2}{}y_iF_i+vF_3+wF_4k\mathrm{\Gamma }\{0\}$$

Clearly $`B`$ is isomorphic as an algebra to an Ore extension $`R`$ obtained from $`k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ by adjoining the indeterminates $`Y_2,Y_3,Y_4,Y_1`$ (identified with $`x_2^n`$, $`u^n`$, $`z^n`$, $`x_1^n`$) in that order via Ore extensions with zero derivations. This shows that the relation

$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1,2}{}}(Y_i\mu _i(g_i^n1))q_i+(Y_4+\mu _2(q1)^nY_1\lambda (g_1^ng_2^n1))q_3`$
$`+(Y_3+2(q1)^n\mu _2Y_4+(q^21)^n(q1)^n\mu _2^2Y_1\gamma ((g_1g_2^2)^n1))q_4`$ $``$ $`k\mathrm{\Gamma }\{0\}`$
holds in $`R`$ for some $`q_i,1i4`$. The universal property for Ore extensions (see \[8, Lemma 1.1\]) shows that there exists an algebra morphism $`\theta :Rk\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ acting as identity on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and such that $`\theta (Y_i)=\mu _i(g_i^n1)`$ for $`1i2`$, $`\theta (Y_4)=\mu _1\mu _2(q1)^n(g_1^n1)+\lambda (g_1^ng_2^n1)`$, and $`\theta (Y_3)=2(q1)^n\mu _2(\mu _1\mu _2(q1)^n(g_1^n1)+\lambda (g_1^ng_2^n1))(q^21)^n(q1)^n\mu _1\mu _2^2(g_1^n1)+\gamma ((g_1g_2^2)^n1)`$. Then applying $`\theta `$ to the above equation we obtain that $`0k\mathrm{\Gamma }\{0\}`$, a contradiction.

We have thus proved that the dimension of $`A`$ is $`n^4|\mathrm{\Gamma }|`$ and that $`k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ embeds in $`A`$. Since $`A`$ is generated by $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and the skew-primitive elements $`x_1,x_2`$, we see that $`A`$ is pointed and the coradical of $`A`$ is $`k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

For the last claim, we consider the algebra morphism $`\varphi :Ugr(A)`$ which takes $`x_i`$ to the image of $`x_i`$ modulo $`k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in the homogeneous component of degree 1 of $`gr(A)`$. Since $`A`$ is generated as an algebra by $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`x_1,x_2`$, this algebra morphism is surjective. On the other hand, since $`x_i^nk\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`A`$, we have that $`x_i^n=0`$ in $`gr(A)`$. Similarly, regarding the images of $`z`$, respectively $`u`$, in $`gr(A)`$, they have degrees 2, respectively 3, and we also get that $`z^n=0`$ and $`u^n=0`$ in $`gr(A)`$. Therefore $`\varphi `$ induces a surjective algebra morphism $`\psi `$ from $`U/(x_1^n,x_2^n,z^n,u^n)(V)\mathrm{\#}k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ to $`gr(A)`$, and this morphism must be an isomorphism because of the dimensions. Obviously $`\psi `$ is also a coalgebra morphism, and this ends the proof.

###### Theorem 2.7

Let $`A`$ be a pointed Hopf algebra with coradical $`k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and such that $`gr(A)(V)\mathrm{\#}k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, where $`V`$ is our fixed Yetter-Drinfeld module of type $`B_2`$, such that $`n`$ is odd and $`n5`$. Then $`AA(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,(\mu _i)_i,\lambda ,\gamma )`$ for some $`g_i,\chi _i,\mu _i,\lambda ,\gamma `$ as in Theorem 2.6.

Proof. Suppose first that $`n3`$. We have shown that relations (4), (6), (7), (8) hold in $`A`$, so there exists a Hopf algebra morphism $`\varphi :A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,(\mu _i)_i,\lambda ,\gamma )A`$ which takes $`x_i`$ to $`a_i`$ for $`i=1,2`$. By \[4, Lemma 2.2\] we have that $`A`$ is generated as an algebra by $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, $`a_1`$ and $`a_2`$, so $`\varphi `$ is surjective. The dimension implies now that $`\varphi `$ is an isomorphism.

Now suppose that $`n=3`$; in this case relation (6) has not been verified. Since $`n5`$, by the proof of Lemma 2.1 (5), $`\chi _1\chi _2^3ϵ`$ so that $`da_2b_{12}a_2dP_{g_1g_2^3}^{\chi _1\chi _2^3}`$ means $`g_1g_2^3=g_i`$ and $`\chi _1\chi _2^3=\chi _i`$ for $`i`$ = 1 or 2. If $`i=2`$, then the argument is the same as in Lemma 2.1. If $`i=1`$, then $`g_2^3=1`$ and $`\chi _2^3=ϵ`$. But then $`a_2^3=0`$ by (9) and thus $`a_2^3a_1=0=a_2d=a_2db_{21}b_{22}^2da_2.`$ Relation (6) follows from (1).

## 3 Quasi-isomorphism of liftings

Recall that Hopf algebras $`A`$ and $`B`$ are quasi-isomorphic if one is a cocycle twist of the other and this implies that their categories of comodules are monoidally Morita-Takeuchi equivalent (see  or ). If one of $`A`$ or $`B`$ is pointed or finite dimensional, then the converse holds. If $`A`$ and $`B`$ are quasi-isomorphic, we write $`AB`$.

As well as the infinite families of nonisomorphic Hopf algebras of the same dimension obtained by lifting quantum linear spaces that were mentioned in the introduction, such infinite families can also be easily constructed from liftings of $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, where $`V{}_{k\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}^{k\mathrm{\Gamma }}𝒴𝒟`$ is of type $`A_2`$ or $`B_2`$. Recall that $`V`$ of type $`A_2`$ means that $`V=kx_1kx_2`$ and there exist $`g_1,g_2\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`\chi _1,\chi _2\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ such that for all $`g\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`i=1,2`$, we have

$$gx_i=\chi _i(g)x_i,\text{and}\delta (x_i)=g_ix_i.$$

Also for $`b_{ij}=\chi _j(g_i)`$ as in Section 2,

$$b_{12}b_{21}b_{11}=1=b_{21}b_{12}b_{22},b_{11}=b_{22}=q,\text{ where }q\text{ is a primitive }n\text{th root of unity, }$$
(24)
so that the Cartan matrix $`A`$ determined from the braiding matrix $`B=(b_{ij})`$ is

$$A=\left(\begin{array}{cc}2& 1\\ 1& 2\end{array}\right).$$

The liftings of $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ where $`V{}_{k\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}^{k\mathrm{\Gamma }}𝒴𝒟`$ is of type $`A_2`$ were determined in  where $`n>3`$ or $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is cyclic of order 3.

For $`x_1,x_2`$ as above, a Hopf algebra $`U^+{}_{k\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}^{k\mathrm{\Gamma }}𝒴𝒟`$, is defined in \[6, Definition 3.5\] by

$$U^+=k<x_1,z,x_2|z=x_1x_2b_{12}x_2x_1,zx_1=b_{21}x_1z,x_2z=b_{21}zx_2>,$$

where the $`x_i`$ are primitive elements. Then $`U`$ is defined to be the Radford biproduct $`U^+\mathrm{\#}k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

###### Theorem 3.1

\[6, Theorems 3.6 and 3.7.\] Let $`A`$ be a lifting of $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ for $`V`$ of type $`A_2`$ as described above. If $`n`$ is an odd integer greater than 3 or if $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is cyclic of order 3, then $`AU/J`$, where $`J`$ is the Hopf ideal of $`U`$ generated by the skew-primitives

$$x_i^n\mu _i(g_i^n1)\text{ where }\mu _i\{0,1\}\text{ and }\mu _i=0\text{ if }g_i^n=1\text{ or }\chi _i^nϵ,$$

$$z^n+\mu _1(q1)^nx_2^n\lambda (g_1^ng_2^n1)\text{ where }\lambda =0\text{ if }g_1^ng_2^n=1\text{ or }\chi _1^n\chi _2^nϵ.$$

###### Example 3.2

(cf \[6, Section 3\]) Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=<g>`$ be cyclic of order 49. Let $`q`$ be a primitive 7-th root of unity. Let $`\chi \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ be defined by $`\chi (g)=q`$. Define $`g_1=g,g_2=g^4,\chi _1=\chi ,\chi _2=\chi ^2`$. Let $`V=kx_1kx_2`$ where $`x_iV_{g_i}^{\chi _i}`$ . Then the matrix

$$B=\left[\begin{array}{cc}b_{11}& b_{12}\\ b_{21}& b_{22}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cc}q& q^2\\ q^4& q^8=q\end{array}\right]$$

and the Cartan matrix $`A`$ is $`\left[\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 2& \hfill 1\\ \hfill 1& \hfill 2\end{array}\right]`$ so $`V`$ is of type $`A_2.`$

Let $`A(\lambda )`$ be the Hopf algebra $`U/<x_1^7(1g^7),x_2^7(1(g^4)^7),z^7(q1)^7(1(g_4)^7)\lambda (1(gg^4)^7)>`$ as in Theorem 3.1.

For $`\lambda \omega `$, $`A(\lambda )\cong ̸A(\omega )`$. For suppose $`f:A(\lambda )A(\omega )`$ is a Hopf algebra isomorphism. Then $`f(g)=g`$ since if $`f(g)=g^4`$, then $`f(g^4)=g^{16}g`$. Thus $`f(x_1)=\alpha y_1+\delta (1g^7)`$, where $`y_i`$ is the counterpart of $`x_i`$ in $`A(\omega ).`$ Commutation with $`g`$ shows that $`\delta =0`$ and $`\alpha ^7=1`$. Similarly $`f(x_2)=\beta y_2`$ where $`\beta ^7=1`$. Then $`f(z)=\alpha \beta (y_1y_2b_{12}y_2y_1)=\alpha \beta \omega `$, and $`(\alpha \beta )^7\omega ^7=\omega ^7=(q1)^7(1g^{28})\lambda (1g^{35})=(q1)^7(1g^{28})\omega (1g^{35}),`$ so $`\lambda =\omega `$.

We now describe the liftings for the remaining case $`n=3`$. Let $`𝒰^+`$ be the free algebra in the indeterminates $`x_1`$ and $`x_2`$. This is a Hopf algebra in the category $`{}_{k\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}^{k\mathrm{\Gamma }}𝒴𝒟`$ by taking the $`x_i`$’s to be primitive elements where $`\delta (x_i)=g_ix_i`$ and $`hx_i=\chi _i(h)x_i`$ for all $`h\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Denote $`z=x_1x_2qx_2x_1`$. We define $`𝒰`$ as the Radford biproduct $`𝒰^+\mathrm{\#}k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

###### Proposition 3.3

Suppose $`V{}_{k\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}^{k\mathrm{\Gamma }}𝒴𝒟`$ is of type $`A_2`$ and $`n=3`$. Then any lifting of $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is isomorphic to $`𝒰/J`$ where $`𝒰`$ is as defined above and $`J`$ is the Hopf ideal of $`𝒰`$ generated by:

$$x_i^3\mu _i(g_i^31)\text{ where }\mu _i\{0,1\}\text{ and }\mu _i=0\text{ if }g_i^3=1\text{ or }\chi _i^3ϵ;$$

$$zx_iq^ix_iz\gamma _i(g_i^2g_j1),i\{1,2\},ij,\gamma _i=0\text{ if }g_i^2g_j=1\text{ or }\chi _i^2\chi _jϵ;$$

$$z^3+\mu _1(q1)^3x_2^3+(1q)\gamma _1(zx_2q^2x_2z)\lambda (g_1^3g_2^31)\text{ where }\lambda =0\text{ if }g_1^3g_2^3=1\text{ or }\chi _1^3\chi _2^3ϵ.$$

Proof. Let $`A`$ be a lifting of $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Let $`a_iA`$ be the lifting of $`x_iV`$ as in the $`B_2`$ case and as in , $`a_i^3=\mu _i(g_i^31)\text{ where }\mu _i\{0,1\}\text{ and }\mu _i=0\text{ if }g_i^3=1\text{ or }\chi _i^3ϵ`$. For $`c=a_1a_2b_{12}a_2a_1`$ as in , then it is shown in \[6, Lemma 3.1\] that $`ca_1b_{21}a_1cP_{g_1^2g_2}^{\chi _1^2\chi _2}`$ and $`a_2cb_{21}ca_2P_{g_1g_2^2}^{\chi _1\chi _2^2}`$. If $`\chi _i^2\chi _jϵ`$ for $`i,j\{1,2\}`$, or if $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is cyclic of order 3, then we are in the situation of Theorem 3.1. But for $`n=3`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ not cyclic of order 3, we could have $`\chi _i^2\chi _j=ϵ`$; then the matrix $`B=(b_{ij})=\left(\begin{array}{cc}q& q\\ q& q\end{array}\right)`$ with $`q^3=1`$. From now on, we assume this is the case. Then

$$ca_iq^ia_ic=\gamma _i(g_i^2g_j1)\text{ for some }\gamma _ik\text{ with }\gamma _i=0\text{ if }g_i^2g_j=1\text{ or }\chi _i^2\chi _jϵ.$$
(25)
Now as in the calculation of (3), we have

$$\mathrm{}(c)=g_1g_2c+c1+(1q^2)a_1g_2a_2=X+Y+(1q^2)Z.$$

Then we have the following commutation relations:

$`XY`$ $`=`$ $`qYX;`$
$`XZ`$ $`=`$ $`qZX+\gamma _2q^2T\text{ where }T=a_1g_1g_2^2(g_1g_2^21);`$
$`YZ`$ $`=`$ $`q^2ZY+\gamma _1S\text{ where }S=(g_1^2g_21)g_2a_2;`$
$`XT`$ $`=`$ $`q^2TX;`$
$`ZT`$ $`=`$ $`qTZ;`$
$`YT`$ $`=`$ $`qTY+\gamma _1W\text{ where }W=(g_1^2g_21)g_1g_2^2(g_1g_2^21);`$
$`XS`$ $`=`$ $`q^2SX+\gamma _2W;`$
$`YS`$ $`=`$ $`qSY;`$
$`ZS`$ $`=`$ $`q^2SZ;`$
$`TS`$ $`=`$ $`q^2ST.`$
Direct computation shows that

$`\mathrm{}(c^3)=(X+Y+(1q^2)Z)^3`$
$`=`$ $`(g_1g_2)^3c^3+c^31+(q1)^3a_1^3g_2^3a_2^3+(1q)\gamma _1\gamma _2g_1g_2^2(g_1^2g_21)(g_1g_2^21).`$
Let $`\upsilon =c^3+\mu _1(q1)^3a_2^3+(1q)\gamma _1\gamma _2(g_1g_2^21)`$. Then

$`\mathrm{}(\upsilon )`$ $`=`$ $`(g_1g_2)^3c^3+c^31+(q1)^3\mu _1(g_1^31)g_2^3a_2^3`$
$`+`$ $`(1q)\gamma _1\gamma _2g_1g_2^2(g_1^2g_21)(g_1g_2^21)+\mu _1(q1)^3a_2^31+\mu _1(q1)^3g_2^3a_2^3`$
$`+`$ $`(1q)\gamma _1\gamma _2(g_1g_2^21)1+(1q)\gamma _1\gamma _2g_1g_2^2(g_1g_2^21)`$
$`=`$ $`(g_1g_2)^3[c^3+(q1)^3\mu _1a_2^3+(1q)\gamma _1\gamma _2(g_1g_2^21)]`$
$`+`$ $`[c^3+\mu _1(q1)^3a_2^3+(1q)\gamma _1\gamma _2(g_1g_2^21)]1`$
$``$ $`\mu _1(q1)^3g_2^3a_2^3(1q)\gamma _1\gamma _2g_1g_2^2(g_1g_2^21)+\mu _1(q1)^3g_2^3a_2^3`$
$`+`$ $`(1q)\gamma _1\gamma _2g_1g_2^2(g_1g_2^21)`$
$`=`$ $`(g_1g_2)^3\upsilon +\upsilon 1,`$
and thus $`\upsilon P_{g_1^3g_2^3}^{\chi _1^3\chi _2^3}.`$ If $`\chi _1^3\chi _2^3ϵ`$, then $`\chi _1^3\chi _2^3=\chi _i`$ for $`i=1,2`$, yielding $`q=1`$, which is a contradiction. Therefore, $`\upsilon =\lambda (g_1^3g_2^31)`$ for some $`\lambda k`$. Now an argument similar to the one in Theorem 2.6 shows that the elements $`ha_1^ic^ja_2^k,h\mathrm{\Gamma },0i,j,l,k2`$ are a basis for $`A`$, and the same argument as in Theorem 2.7 completes the proof.

Let $`A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,\mu _1,\mu _2,\lambda ,\gamma _1,\gamma _2)`$ denote the Hopf algebra $`𝒰/J`$ where $`𝒰`$ is the Hopf algebra defined just before Proposition 3.3 and $`J`$ is the Hopf ideal generated by the skew primitives:

$$x_i^n\mu _i(g_i^n1)\text{ where }i\{1,2\},\mu _i\{0,1\}\text{ and }\mu _i=0\text{ if }g_i^n=1\text{ or }\chi _i^nϵ;$$

$$zx_1b_{21}x_1z\gamma _1(g_1^2g_21),\gamma _1=0\text{ if }g_1^2g_2=1\text{ or }\chi _1^2\chi _2ϵ;$$

$$zx_2b_{21}^1x_2z\gamma _2(g_2^2g_11),\gamma _2=0\text{ if }g_2^2g_1=1\text{ or }\chi _2^2\chi _1ϵ;$$

$$z^n+\mu _1(q1)^nx_2^n+(1q)\gamma _1(zx_2b_{21}^1x_2z)\lambda (g_1^ng_2^n1)\text{ where }\lambda =0\text{ if }g_1^ng_2^n=1\text{ or }\chi _1^n\chi _2^nϵ.$$

Then by Theorem 3.1 and Proposition 3.3, all liftings of Nichols algebras of type $`A_2`$ are of this form. Now we show that all $`A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,\mu _1,\mu _2,\lambda ,\gamma _1,\gamma _2)`$ with the same $`\gamma _i`$ are quasi-isomorphic. We write $`HH^{}`$ if the Hopf algebras $`H`$ and $`H^{}`$ are quasi-isomorphic. We use the key theorem from  together with comments from .

Recall that for $`K`$ a Hopf algebra, the set $`Alg(K,k)`$ is a group under the convolution product with the inverse to $`\psi Alg(K,k)`$ being given by $`\psi S`$ where $`S`$ is the antipode of $`K`$. The left action of $`Alg(K,k)`$ on $`K`$ is given by $`\psi x=(Id_K\psi )\mathrm{}(x)`$ and the right action by $`x\psi =(\psi Id_K)\mathrm{}(x)`$. Two Hopf ideals $`I,J`$ in a Hopf algebra $`K`$ are said to be conjugate if there is an algebra map $`\psi `$ from $`K`$ to $`k`$ such that $`J=\psi I\psi ^1`$ .. Also if $`K`$ is a subHopf algebra of a Hopf algebra $`H`$ and $`J`$ is a Hopf ideal of $`K`$, then $`(J)`$ will denote the Hopf ideal in $`H`$ generated by $`J`$.

###### Theorem 3.4

\[12, Theorem 2\]  Suppose that $`K`$ is a Hopf subalgebra of a Hopf algebra $`H`$. Let $`I,J`$ be Hopf ideals of $`K`$. If there is an algebra map $`\psi `$ from $`K`$ to $`k`$ such that $`J=\psi I\psi ^1`$ and $`H/(\psi I)`$ is nonzero, then $`H/(\psi I)`$ is an $`(H/(I),H/(J))`$-biGalois object and so the quotient Hopf algebras $`H/(I),H/(J)`$ by the Hopf ideals $`(I),(J)`$ in $`H`$ generated by $`I,J`$ are monoidally Morita-Takeuchi equivalent.

In the application of Masuoka’s theorem, the following lemma will be useful.

###### Lemma 3.5

Let $`K`$ be a Hopf algebra containing $`(g_i,1)`$-primitives $`x_i,i=1,\mathrm{},t`$. Let $`J`$ be the Hopf ideal of $`K`$ generated by the $`x_i`$ and let $`L`$ be the Hopf ideal generated by $`x_i\lambda _i(g_i1),i=1,\mathrm{},t`$. Let $`\psi `$ be an algebra map from $`K`$ to $`k`$ such that $`\psi (x_i)=\lambda _i`$ and $`\psi (h)=1`$ for $`h`$ grouplike. Then $`J`$ and $`L`$ are conjugate ideals in $`K`$.

Proof. Since $`S(x_i)=g_i^1x_i,\psi (S(x_i))=\lambda _i`$. Thus

$$\psi ^1x_i\psi =(\psi Id\psi ^1)(\mathrm{}^2x_i)=\psi (g_i)g_i(\lambda _i)+\psi (g_i)x_i+\psi (x_i)=x_i\lambda _i(g_i1),$$

and $`\psi ^1J\psi =L`$.

###### Theorem 3.6

For $`V`$ of type $`A_2`$, and $`A=A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,\mu _1,\mu _2,\lambda ,\gamma _1,\gamma _2)`$ a lifting of $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, then $`A`$ is quasi-isomorphic to any other lifting $`A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,\mu _1^{},\mu _2^{},\lambda ^{},\gamma _1,\gamma _2)`$. If $`\gamma _1=0`$, then $`AA(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,\mu _1^{},\mu _2^{},\lambda ^{},0,\gamma _2^{})`$ and if $`\gamma _2=0`$, then $`AA(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,\mu _1^{},\mu _2^{},\lambda ^{},\gamma _1^{},0).`$ In particular, if $`n>3`$ or $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is cyclic of order 3, then all liftings of $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ are quasi-isomorphic.

Proof. First note that if $`b_{ij}^n1`$, for $`ij`$, then for $`n>3`$ by an argument similar to Remark 2.2, $`b_{ji}^n1`$ and the only possible lifting is the trivial one, $`A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,0,0,0,0,0)`$. For $`n=3`$ this follows from the proof of Proposition 3.3.

Now assume $`b_{21}^n=b_{12}^n=1`$. Since $`n`$ is odd, then also $`b_{21}^{n(n1)/2}=1`$. First, we show that for a given $`\gamma _1,\gamma _2,\mu _1`$, $`A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,\mu _1,0,0,\gamma _1,\gamma _2)`$ and $`A=A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,\mu _1,\mu _2,\lambda ,\gamma _1,\gamma _2)`$ are quasi-isomorphic for any $`\mu _2\{0,1\}`$ and any $`\lambda `$.

Let $`M_{\mu _1}=𝒰/<x_1^n\mu _1(g_1^n1),zx_1b_{21}x_1z\gamma _1(g_1^2g_21),zx_2b_{12}b_{22}x_2z\gamma _2(g_1g_2^21)>`$ where $`𝒰`$ is the Hopf algebra defined just before Proposition 3.3. Note that $`\upsilon =z^n+\mu _1(q1)^nx_2^n+(1q)\gamma _1\gamma _2(g_1g_2^21)`$ is $`(g_1^ng_2^n,1)`$-primitive in $`M_{\mu _1}`$ . If $`\gamma _1=\gamma _2=0`$, this follows from the proof of Theorem 3.1 \[6, Theorem 3.6\], and if some $`\gamma _i0`$, then we are in the situation of Proposition 3.3. We note that $`A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,\mu _1,\mu _2,\lambda ,\gamma _1,\gamma _2)=M_{\mu _1}/<x_2^n\mu _2(g_2^n1),\upsilon \lambda (g_1^ng_2^n1)>`$.

Since $`M_{\mu _1}`$ is obtained by adjoining $`x_1,z`$ and $`x_2`$ via Ore extensions to $`k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and then factoring by a Hopf ideal, then we may let $`K`$ be the Hopf subalgebra of $`M_{\mu _1}`$ generated by $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$, the subgroup of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ generated by $`g_1`$ and $`g_2`$, and by $`x_2^n`$ and $`z^n`$, i.e. by $`g_1,g_2,x_2^n`$ and $`\upsilon `$. Since $`b_{ij}^n=1`$, the $`g_i`$ commute with $`x_2^n`$ and $`z^n`$. Also $`z^n`$ and $`x_2^n`$ commute. For, if $`\gamma _2=0`$, then $`x_2z=b_{21}zx_2`$ and since $`b_{21}^n=1`$, the commutation is clear. If $`\gamma _20`$, then $`n=3`$, and the commutation of $`x_2^3`$ and $`z^3`$ follows from Lemma 2.5 with $`Y=z,X=x_2,\alpha =q^2,Z=\gamma _2(g_1g_2^21),\beta =1`$. Thus the Hopf algebra $`K`$ is a commutative polynomial algebra over $`k\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ in the indeterminates $`x_2^n`$ and $`z^n`$.

Now let $`\psi :Kk`$ be the algebra map defined by $`\psi (g_1)=\psi (g_2)=1`$ , $`\psi (x_2^n)=\mu _2`$ and $`\psi (\upsilon )=\lambda `$. Then $`\psi ^1(x_2^n)=\mu _2`$ and $`\psi ^1(\upsilon )=\lambda `$. By Lemma 3.5, the ideal $`J`$ generated by the skew-primitives $`x_2^n`$ and $`\upsilon `$ and the ideal $`I`$ generated by the skew-primitives $`x_2^n\mu _2(g_2^n1)`$ and $`\upsilon \lambda (g_1^ng_2^n1)`$ are conjugate in $`K`$. Also $`(\psi J)M_{\mu _1}`$ since $`(\psi J)`$ is the Hopf ideal generated by $`x_2^n+\mu _2g_2^n`$ and $`v+\lambda g_1^ng_2^n`$. Thus $`M_{\mu _1}/(J)=A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,\mu _1,0,0,\gamma _1,\gamma _2)`$ and $`M_{\mu _1}/(I)=A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,\mu _1,\mu _2,\lambda ,\gamma _1,\gamma _2)`$ are quasi-isomorphic.

Next, let $`M=𝒰/<x_2^n,zx_1b_{21}x_1z\gamma _1(g_1^2g_21),zx_2b_{12}b_{22}x_2z\gamma _2(g_1g_2^21)>`$. Then $`M/<x_1^n,\upsilon >A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,0,0,0,\gamma _1,\gamma _2)`$ and $`M/<x_1^n(g_1^n1),\upsilon >A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,1,0,0,\gamma _1,\gamma _2)`$ and showing that $`J=<x_1^n,\upsilon >`$ and $`I=<x_1^n(g_1^n1),\upsilon >`$ are conjugate Hopf ideals in some Hopf subalgebra of $`M`$ will complete the proof. Let $`K`$ be the Hopf subalgebra of $`M`$ generated by $`g_1,g_2,x_1^n`$ and $`z^n`$. Again, $`g_1`$ and $`g_2`$ commute with $`x_1^n`$ and $`z^n`$ and if $`\gamma _1=0`$, then $`zx_1=b_{21}x_1z`$ in $`M`$ so that $`x_1^n`$ and $`z^n`$ commute. If $`\gamma _10`$, then the commutation of $`x_1^3`$ and $`z^3`$ again follows from Lemma 2.5. Define an algebra map $`\phi :Kk`$ by $`\phi (g_1)=\phi (g_2)=1`$ for $`h\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, $`\phi (x_1^n)=1`$, $`\phi (v)=0.`$ Then Lemma 3.5 again yields that $`J`$ and $`I`$ are conjugate in $`K`$ and so $`A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,\mu _1,\mu _2,\lambda ,\gamma _1,\gamma _2)A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,0,0,0,\gamma _1,\gamma _2).`$ If $`n>3`$ or $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is cyclic of order 3, then $`\gamma _1=\gamma _2=0`$, and all liftings of $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ are quasi-isomorphic.

Assume now that $`n=3`$ and that we are in the situation of Proposition 3.3 with $`\chi _1^2\chi _2=\chi _1\chi _2^2=ϵ`$. Let $`L=𝒰/<x_1^3,x_2^3,zx_1qx_1z,z^3>`$, and let $`K`$ be the commutative subHopf algebra of $`L`$ generated by $`g_1,g_2`$ and the skew-primitive $`zx_2q^2x_2z`$. Define an algebra map $`\phi :Kk`$ by $`\phi (g_1)=\phi (g_2)=1`$ and $`\phi (zx_2q^2x_2z)=\gamma _2`$. Then as above , the Hopf ideals $`J`$ generated by $`zx_2q^2x_2z`$ and $`I`$ generated by $`zx_2q^2x_2z\gamma _2(g_1g_2^21)`$ are conjugate in $`S`$ and so $`L/(J)`$ and $`L/(I)`$ are quasi-isomorphic, i.e. $`A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,0,0,0,0,0)A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,0,0,0,0,\gamma _2)`$. Similarly, $`A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,0,0,0,0,0)A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,0,0,0,\gamma _1,0).`$

Question: For $`n=3`$ and $`\gamma _1,\gamma _2`$ nonzero, is $`A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,0,0,0,\gamma _1,\gamma _2)A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,0,0,0,0,0)`$?

Added in proof: A. Masuoka has answered this question in the affirmative. His method of proof is very much in the style of the proofs in .

Now we consider the case where $`V`$ is of type $`B_2`$ and $`n5`$. If $`AU/J`$ is the lifting determined by the scalars $`\mu _1,\mu _2,\lambda ,\gamma `$ as in Theorem 2.6, then we write $`A=A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,\mu _1,\mu _2,\lambda ,\gamma ).`$

###### Theorem 3.7

For $`V{}_{k\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}^{k\mathrm{\Gamma }}𝒴𝒟`$ of type $`B_2`$ and $`n5`$, any two liftings of $`(V)\mathrm{\#}k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ are quasi-isomorphic.

Proof. As in the proof of Theorem 3.6, if $`b_{ij}^n1`$, then only the lifting $`A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,0,0,0,0)`$ is possible. Therefore we assume that $`b_{12}^n=b_{21}^n=1`$.

We first show that $`A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,0,\mu _2,0,0)A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,\mu _1,\mu _2,\lambda ,\gamma )`$ for fixed $`\mu _2`$ and any $`\mu _1,\lambda ,\gamma `$. Let $`M(\mu _2)=U/<x_2^n\mu _2(g_2^n1)>`$, where $`U`$ is defined just before Theorem 2.6.

Recall that $`\upsilon ,\omega `$ defined in Section 2, equations (10), (13), are skew-primitives, as is $`x_1^n`$. We write $`x_1^n,\upsilon ,\omega `$ also for the images of these elements in $`M(\mu _2)`$ and note that they are still skew-primitive.

Now let $`K`$ be the Hopf subalgebra of $`M(\mu _2)`$ generated by by $`g_1`$, $`g_2`$, $`x_1^n`$, $`z^n`$ and $`u^n`$. As in the proof of Theorem 3.6, as an algebra $`K`$ is a commutative polynomial algebra over $`K\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ is generated by $`g_1,g_2`$.

Let $`\psi `$ be the $`k`$-linear map from $`K`$ to $`k`$ defined by $`\psi (g_1)=\psi (g_2)=1,\psi (x_1^n)=\mu _1,\psi (\upsilon )=\lambda ,\psi (\omega )=\gamma .`$ Then $`\psi `$ defines an algebra map from $`K`$ to $`k`$. In $`K`$, let $`J`$ be the Hopf ideal generated by $`x_1^n,\upsilon `$ and $`\omega `$ and let $`L`$ be the Hopf ideal generated by the skew-primitives $`x_1^n\mu _1(g_1^n1),\upsilon \lambda (g_1^ng_2^n1)\text{ and }\omega \gamma (g_1^ng_2^{2n}1).`$

Then by Lemma 3.5, $`J`$ and $`L`$ are conjugate in $`K`$ and by , $`A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,0,\mu _2,0,0)M(\mu _2)/(J)M(\mu _2)/(L)A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,\mu _1,\mu _2,\lambda ,\gamma ).`$

Finally we show that $`A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,0,0,0,0)A(\mathrm{\Gamma },V,0,1,0,0).`$ Let $`M=U/<x_1^n>`$, let $`K`$ be the commutative Hopf subalgebra of $`M`$ generated by $`g_1,g_2,x_2^n,z^n`$ and $`u^n`$, let $`\psi :Kk`$ be the algebra map defined by $`\psi (g_i)=1=\psi (x_2^n),\psi (\upsilon )=\psi (\omega )=0.`$ Now the same argument finishes the proof.

## Appendix A A generalization of the $`q`$-binomial theorem

by M. Beattie, S. Dăscălescu, Ş. Raianu and I. Rutherford <sup>2</sup><sup>2</sup>2Ian Rutherford was supported by an NSERC Undergraduate Student Research Award at Mount Allison U. in the summer of 2000.

Throughout, we work over a field $`k`$, not necessarily algebraically closed.

¿From Theorem 1.1 (i), it is straightforward to prove that:

$`\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n+1}{i}}\right)_q\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i}{j}}\right)_q=\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{i1}}\right)_q\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i1}{j1}}\right)_q+q^i\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{i}}\right)_q\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i}{j}}\right)_q+q^j\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{i1}}\right)_q\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i1}{j}}\right)_q.`$ (26)
Now we prove the generalized quantum binomial theorem used in the calculations in this paper. However, this theorem is interesting in its own right.

###### Theorem A.1

Suppose that $`qk^{}`$ and $`\lambda k`$ and for $`x,t,z`$ in some $`k`$-algebra, we have the following relations :

$`xz=qzx;\text{ }zt=qtz;\text{ }xt=qtx+\lambda z^2.`$ (27)
Then

$$(x+bz+t)^n=\underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}\underset{j=0}{\overset{i}{}}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{i}\right)_q\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i}{j}\right)_q\nu (ij)t^jz^{ij}x^{ni}$$

where $`\nu =\nu _{b,\lambda }`$ is a function from N to $`k`$ defined recursively by $`\nu (0)=1,\nu (1)=b`$ , and $`\nu (n)=b\nu (n1)+\lambda (n1)_q\nu (n2),\text{ for }n2.`$

Proof. The proof is by induction. The formula can easily be checked for $`n=1,2`$. Now assume that the formula holds for $`n=k`$, and we show that it is valid for $`n=k+1`$. First we note that it follows directly from Lemma 2.5 or from a simple induction argument that

$`xt^n=q^nt^nx+\lambda q^{n1}(n)_qt^{n1}z^2.`$ (28)
Then we compute

$`(x+bz+t)^{k+1}`$ $`=`$ $`(x+bz+t)(x+bz+t)^k`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{k}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{i}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{i}}\right)_q\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i}{j}}\right)_q\nu (ij)(x+bz+t)t^jz^{ij}x^{ki}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{k}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{i}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{i}}\right)_q\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i}{j}}\right)_q\nu (ij)((q^jt^jx+\lambda q^{j1}(j)_qt^{j1}z^2)z^{ij}x^{ki}`$
$`+`$ $`q^jbt^jz^{ij+1}x^{ki}+t^{j+1}z^{ij}x^{ki})\text{ by ( }\text{28}\text{)}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{k}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{i}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{i}}\right)_q\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i}{j}}\right)_q\nu (ij)(\lambda q^{j1}(j)_qt^{j1}z^{2+ij}x^{ki}`$
$`+`$ $`q^it^jz^{ij}x^{k+1i}+q^jbt^jz^{ij+1}x^{ki}+t^{j+1}z^{ij}x^{ki}).`$
Now let $`i^{}=i+1,j^{}=j1,j^{\prime \prime }=j+1`$ and then $`(x+bz+t)^{k+1}=`$

$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i^{}=1}{\overset{k+1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j^{}=1}{\overset{i^{}2}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{i^{}1}}\right)_q\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i^{}1}{j^{}+1}}\right)_q\nu (i^{}j^{}2)\lambda q^j^{}(j^{}+1)_qt^j^{}z^{i^{}j^{}}x^{k+1i^{}}`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{k}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{i}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{i}}\right)_q\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i}{j}}\right)_q\nu (ij)q^it^jz^{ij}x^{k+1i}`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i^{}=1}{\overset{k+1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{i^{}1}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{i^{}1}}\right)_q\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i^{}1}{j}}\right)_q\nu (i^{}j1)q^jbt^jz^{i^{}j}x^{k+1i^{}}`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i^{}=1}{\overset{k+1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j^{\prime \prime }=1}{\overset{i^{}}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{i^{}1}}\right)_q\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i^{}1}{j^{\prime \prime }1}}\right)_q\nu (i^{}j^{\prime \prime })t^{j^{\prime \prime }}z^{i^{}j^{\prime \prime }}x^{k+1i^{}},`$
and then, using the fact that $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{m}{s}\right)_q=0\text{ if }s>m\text{ or }s<0`$ and $`(0)_q=0`$, we have that $`(x+bz+t)^{k+1}=`$

$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{k+1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{i}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{i1}}\right)_q\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i1}{j}}\right)_q{\displaystyle \frac{(ij1)_q}{(j+1)_q}}\nu (ij2)\lambda q^j(j+1)_qt^jz^{ij}x^{k+1i}`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{k+1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{i}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{i}}\right)_q\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i}{j}}\right)_q\nu (ij)q^it^jz^{ij}x^{k+1i}`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{k+1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{i}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{i1}}\right)_q\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i1}{j}}\right)_q\nu (ij1)q^jbt^jz^{ij}x^{k+1i}`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{k+1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{i}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{i1}}\right)_q\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i1}{j1}}\right)_q\nu (ij)t^jz^{ij}x^{k+1i}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{k+1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{i}{}}}(\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{i1}}\right)_q\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i1}{j}}\right)_q(b\nu (ij1)+\lambda \nu (ij2)(ij1)_q)q^j`$
$`+`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{i}}\right)_q\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i}{j}}\right)_q\nu (ij)q^i+\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{i1}}\right)_q\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i1}{j1}}\right)_q\nu (ij))t^jz^{ij}x^{k+1i}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{k+1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{i}{}}}(\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{i1}}\right)_q\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i1}{j1}}\right)_q+q^i\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{i}}\right)_q\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i}{j}}\right)_q+q^j\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{i1}}\right)_q\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i1}{j}}\right)_q)\nu (ij)t^jz^{ij}x^{k+1i}`$
$`\text{by the definition of }\nu `$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{k+1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{i}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k+1}{i}}\right)_q\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i}{j}}\right)_q\nu (ij)t^jz^{ij}x^{k+1i}\text{ by (}\text{26}\text{), as required. }\text{ }`$
###### Remarks A.2

i. If $`\lambda =0`$, then $`(x+bz+t)^n=((x+bz)+t)^n`$ where $`(x+bz)t=qt(x+bz)`$ and so the same result may be obtained directly from the $`q`$-binomial theorem (Theorem 1.1(ii)).
ii. Suppose $`q`$ is a primitive $`n`$th root of unity. Then $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{i}\right)_q=0`$ unless $`i=0`$ or $`i=n`$ and the formula in Theorem A.1 becomes $`(x+bz+t)^n=x^n+\nu _{b,\lambda }(n)z^n+t^n.`$

The description of $`(x+bz+t)^n`$ would now be complete if we had a general formula for $`\nu _{b,\lambda }(s).`$

###### Proposition A.3

If $`q=1`$ and $`b0`$ then for $`n0`$,

$$\nu (n)=\underset{i=0}{\overset{n/2}{}}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{2i}\right)\frac{(2i)!}{2^i(i!)}b^{n2i}\lambda ^i$$

Proof. Note that since $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{2i}\right)=0`$ if $`2i>n`$, the summation is from $`0`$ to $`n/2`$ . First, if $`n=0,\text{ we check that }\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{0}{0}\right)\frac{0!}{2^00!}b^0\lambda ^0=1`$ and , if $`n=1`$, the formula gives $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{1}{0}\right)\frac{0!}{2^00!}b^1=b`$ . Now suppose the formula holds for $`nk+1`$ and we compute $`\nu (k+2)=b\nu (k+1)+(k+1)\lambda \nu (k)`$. By the induction assumption, this is

$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{(k+1)/2}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k+1}{2i}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{(2i)!}{2^i(i!)}}b^{k+22i}\lambda ^i+{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{k/2}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{2i}}\right)(k+1){\displaystyle \frac{(2i)!}{2^i(i!)}}b^{k2i}\lambda ^{i+1}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{(k+2)/2}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k+1}{2i}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{(2i)!}{2^i(i!)}}b^{k+22i}\lambda ^i+{\displaystyle \underset{i^{}=0}{\overset{(k+2)/2}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{2i^{}2}}\right)(k+1){\displaystyle \frac{(2i^{}2)!}{2^{i^{}1}((i^{}1)!)}}b^{k+22i^{}}\lambda ^i^{}`$
$`\text{where }i^{}=i+1`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{(k+2)/2}{}}}\left(\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k+1}{2i}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{(2i)!}{2^i(i!)}}+\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k+1}{2i1}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{(2i1)!}{2^{i1}((i1)!)}}\right)b^{k+22i}\lambda ^i`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{(k+2)/2}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k+2}{2i}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{(2i)!}{2^ii!}}b^{n+22i}\lambda ^i\text{ . }\text{ }`$
If $`q1,`$ there is a formula for the computation of $`\nu (n)`$ in terms of $`\alpha ,\beta `$ ($`\alpha ,\beta `$ possibly lie in some extension field of $`k`$) where $`\alpha +\beta =b`$ and $`\alpha \beta =\lambda /(q1).`$

###### Proposition A.4

Suppose that $`q1.`$ Let $`\alpha ,\beta `$ be the roots of the polynomial $`Y^2bY+\lambda /(q1)`$ in some extension field $`\overline{k}`$ of $`k`$. Then

$$\nu _{b,\lambda }(n)=\underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{i}\right)_q\beta ^i\alpha ^{ni}.$$

Proof. Since $`x+bz+t=(x+\alpha z)+(\beta z+t)`$, and since $`(x+\alpha z)(\beta z+t)=q(\beta z+t)(x+\alpha z)`$, we have by the $`q`$-binomial theorem (Theorem 1.1) that

$`(x+bz+t)^n`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{i}}\right)_q(\beta z+t)^i(x+\alpha z)^{ni}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{i}}\right)_q({\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{i}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i}{j}}\right)_qt^j(\beta z)^{ij})({\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{ni}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{ni}{k}}\right)_q(\alpha z)^kx^{nik}).`$
Comparing terms in this formula with the one in Theorem A.1, we see that

$`{\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{n}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{m}}\right)_q\nu (m)z^mx^{nm}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{ni}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{i}}\right)_q\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{ni}{k}}\right)_q(\beta z)^i(\alpha z)^kx^{nik}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{w=0}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{w}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{i}}\right)_q\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{ni}{wi}}\right)_q\beta ^i\alpha ^{wi}z^wx^{nw}.`$
Comparing coefficients of $`z^mx^{nm}`$, we obtain

$$\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{m}\right)_q\nu (m)=\underset{i=0}{\overset{m}{}}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{i}\right)_q\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{ni}{mi}\right)_q\beta ^i\alpha ^{mi},$$

and then letting $`m=n`$, we obtain the statement.

###### Corollary A.5

If $`q`$ is a primitive $`n`$th root of unity, and $`n>1`$, then $`\nu (n)=\alpha ^n+\beta ^nk`$.

If $`b`$=0, then $`\nu (1)=b=0`$, and since $`\nu (2n+1)=b\nu (2n)+\lambda (2n)_q\nu (2n1)`$, it is clear that $`\nu (2n+1)=0`$ for $`n0`$. However, $`\nu (0)=1,\nu (2)=\lambda (1)_q,\nu (4)=\lambda ^2(3)_q`$, and , in general, $`\nu (2n)=\lambda ^n(2n1)_q(2n3)_q\mathrm{}(1)_q`$.

###### Corollary A.6

(to Theorem A.1) For $`x,z,t,q,\lambda `$ satisfying (27),

$$(x+t)^n=\underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}\underset{m=0}{\overset{\frac{i}{2}}{}}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{i}\right)_q\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i}{i2m}\right)_q\nu (2m)t^{i2m}z^{2m}x^{ni}.$$

Proof. Applying Theorem A.1 with $`b=0`$, we have

$`(x+t)^n`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{i}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{i}}\right)_q\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i}{j}}\right)_q\nu (ij)t^jz^{ij}x^{ni}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{i}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{i}}\right)_q\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i}{ik}}\right)_q\nu (k)t^{ik}z^kx^{ni}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{\frac{i}{2}}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{i}}\right)_q\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i}{i2m}}\right)_q\nu (2m)t^{i2m}z^{2m}x^{ni}.\text{ }\text{ }`$
###### Remark A.7

Suppose $`x,t,s`$ are such that

$$xs=q^2sx,st=q^2ts\text{ and }xt=qtx+\lambda s,$$

i.e. the relations (27) hold with $`s=z^2`$. Then if $`q`$ is a primitive $`n`$th root of unity and $`n`$ is odd, $`(x+t)^n=x^n+t^n.`$

Acknowledgment

Thanks to N. Andruskiewitsch for several interesting conversations about the lifting problem. Also many thanks to A. Masuoka for his interest in this paper and for his many helpful comments on the problem of whether liftings are quasi-isomorphic, including providing an affirmative answer to the question of whether all liftings of type $`A_2`$ are quasi-isomorphic.