format: text

text:
# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

The supersymmetric gauge theories are usually constructed using the so-called vector supersymmetric multiplet ,  , , , , , , , , etc. In fact, this is not the only logical possibility. If one wants to obtain a supersymmetric theory such that vector fields (describing the usual gauge fields) appear, then one has to include the usual vector field into a supersymmetric multiplet. As noticed in , , the analysis of the unitary irreducible representations of the $`N=1`$ supersymmetric extension of the Poincaré group gives two irreducible massive representations $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{1/2}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ containing a spin 1 system. (See ,  for a clear derivation of the SUSY IRREPS). The standard vector multiplet is constructed such that the one-particle subspace of the Fock space carries the representation $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{1/2}`$. Surprisingly enough, it is hard to build a corresponding fully consistent theory with all the usual properties. The other possibility is to construct a supersymmetric multiplet for which the associated Fock space has $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ as the one-particle subspace of the Fock space. The construction in this case is natural and straightforward. In ,  such a multiplet was constructed; the content of this multiplet was a spin 1/2, a (complex) spin 1 and a spin 3/2 fields. In this paper we will use a multiplet containing only a complex vector and a Rarita-Schwinger field (without the transversality conditions) which is in fact related to the previous one. We will prove that such a multiplet can be the basis for a supersymmetric extension of quantum gauge theory. In fact, this multiplet is distinguished by the property that its gauge structure involving ghosts, anti-ghosts and unphysical scalar (Goldstone) fields is precisely the same as in ordinary gauge theory.

Our supermultiplet of free fields in which the spin $`3/2`$ field is the supersymmetric partner of a complex vector fields is perfectly well defined from the mathematical point of view. This multiplet is distinct from another multiplet appearing in the literature and contaning a spin $`3/2`$ field, namely the supergravity multiplet.

We will do the analysis entirely in the quantum framework avoiding the usual approach based on quantizing a classical supersymmetric theory. In this way we avoid completely the usual complications associated to the proper mathematical definition of a super-manifold and the quantization procedures , . This point of view is rather new in the literature , , , , . The construction of the $`S`$-matrix will be done in the spirit of Epstein-Glaser construction .

Let us outline the mathematical framework used in this paper. The description of higher spin fields will be done in the indefinite metric approach (Gupta-Bleuler). That is, we construct a Hilbert space $``$ with a non-degenerate sesqui-linear form $`<,>`$ and a gauge charge operator $`Q`$ verifying $`Q^2=0`$; the form $`<,>`$ becomes positively defined when restricted to a factor Hilbert space $`_{phys}Ker(Q)/Im(Q)`$ which will be the physical space of our problem. The interaction Lagrangian $`T(x)`$ will be some Wick polynomial acting in the total Hilbert space $``$ and verifying the conditions

$`[Q,T(x)]=i_\mu T^\mu (x)`$ (1.1)
for some Wick polynomials $`T^\mu (x)`$; this condition guarantees that the interaction Lagrangian $`T(x)`$ factorizes to the physical Hilbert space $`Ker(Q)/Im(Q)`$ in the adiabatic limit, i.e. after integration over $`x`$. The condition (1.1) is equivalent to the usual condition of current conservation if one considers for instance the coupling of the gauge field to an external current of matter fields. ( A natural generalization of (1.1) can be provided for a supersymmetric theory.) We remark in this context that there are some arguments in the literature about the impossibility to construct consistent quantum field theories for higher spins ($`s5/2`$). These arguments are based on the impossibility to construct the corresponding conserved current . In our formalism this will mean that although the construction of the Hilbert space $`_{phys}Ker(Q)/Im(Q)`$ is still possible for higher spins, one will not be able to find interaction Lagrangians which are solutions of the equation (1.1). This conjecture is worthwile investigating. Moreover, it is argued that a consistent theory for spin $`3/2`$ can be built only in a supersymmetric context and such that the spin $`3/2`$ is the supersymmetric partner of the graviton . We can construct toy models (for instance a supersymmetric generalization of the Abelian Higgs model) in which the spin $`3/2`$ is coupled in a supersymmetric non-trivial way to the complex vector partner, but it is less clear if the same is possible for a realistic model generalizing the electroweak theory. In Section 4 of our paper we avoid this no-go result, brought to our attention by the referee, by breaking the supersymmetry in the coupling (interaction Lagrangian). This is necessary anyway in a realistic theory because no known particle has a superpartner of equal mass.

In Section 2 we give a general discussion about supersymmetric multiplets and the associated superfields and provide an elementary derivation of the supersymmetric Ward identities. The construction of the superfield associated to a given supersymmetric multiplet is not an unique operation; we make a choice which is more convenient from the point of view of renormalization theory. In Section 3 we describe the multiplets used in the construction of the gauge theory and determine the action of the gauge charge. We use the point of view of . In Section 4 we discuss the supersymmetric extension of electroweak theory. One of the main virtues of our model is that supersymmetry of the free aymptotic fields and gauge invariance fix the interaction Lagrangian quite drastically: the number of free parameters is essentially the same as for the usual electro-weak model. This is in contrast with the usual approaches to supersymmetric extensions of the standard model for which the number of parameters increases dramatically.

## 2 Quantum Supersymetric Theory

### 2.1 Supersymetric Multiplets and Superfields

Let us define from the very beginning what we mean by a supersymmetric theory in a pure quantum context. We will not consider extended supersymmetries here.

As a matter of convention, in the following we raise and lower Minkowski indices with the Minkowski pseudo-metric $`g_{\mu \nu }=g^{\mu \nu }`$ with diagonal $`1,1,1,1`$; we also raise and lower Weyl indices with the anti-symmetric $`SL(2,)`$-invariant tensor $`ϵ_{ab}=ϵ^{ab};ϵ_{12}=1`$ and we use summation over dummy indices. By $`SL(2,)A\delta (A)_+^{}`$ we denote the universal covering homomorphism of the proper orthochronous Lorentz group.

Suppose that we have a Wightman theory $`(,(,),U_{a,A},\mathrm{\Omega },b_j,f_A),j=1,\mathrm{},N_B,A=1,\mathrm{},N_F`$ where $``$ is a Hilbert space with the scalar product $`(,)`$, $`U_{a,A}`$ is a unitary irreducible representation of $`inSL(2,)`$ the universal covering group of the proper orthochronous Poincaré group such that $`a^4`$ is translation in the Minkowski space and $`ASL(2,)`$, $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is the vacuum and $`b_j`$ (resp. $`f_A`$) are the quantum bosonic (resp. fermionic) fields. It is natural to assume that the fields are linearly independent (over the ring of partial derivative operators), that is only equations of motion pertaining to a single field are allowed. The transformation Lorentz properties of these fields are encoded in two finite dimensional representations $`D_B(A)`$ and $`D_F(A)`$ of dimension $`N_B`$ and $`N_F`$ respectively.

Sometimes it is necessary to extend somewhat this framework: one considers in $``$ besides the usual positive definite scalar product a non-degenerate sesqui-linear form $`<,>`$ which becomes positively defined when restricted to a factor Hilbert space $`Ker(Q)/Im(Q)`$ where $`Q`$ is some gauge charge. We denote with $`A^{}`$ the adjoint of the operator $`A`$ with respect to $`<,>`$. As a matter of convenience one can assume, without losing generality, that the bosonic fields are Hermitian and all the fermionic fields are Majorana:

$$(b_j)^{}=b_j,j=1,\mathrm{},N_B(f_{Aa_1,\mathrm{},a_r})^{}=\overline{f}_{A\overline{a_1},\mathrm{},\overline{a}_r},A=1,\mathrm{},N_F,a=1,2$$
(2.1)
where we use Weyl notations for the Fermi fields.

Suppose that in the Hilbert space $``$ we also have the operators $`Q_a,a=1,2`$ such that:

(i) the following relations are verified:

$$Q_a\mathrm{\Omega }=0,\overline{Q}_{\overline{a}}\mathrm{\Omega }=0$$
(2.2)
and

$`\{Q_a,Q_b\}=0,\{Q_a,\overline{Q}_{\overline{b}}\}=2\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu P_\mu ,[Q_a,P_\mu ]=0,U_{a,A}^1Q_bU_{a,A}=A_{b}^{}{}_{}{}^{c}Q_c.`$ (2.3)
Here $`P_\mu =i_\mu `$ are the infinitesimal generators of the translation group, $`\sigma ^\mu `$ are the usual Pauli matrices and

$$\overline{Q}_{\overline{b}}(Q_b)^{}.$$
(2.4)
(ii) The following commutation relations are true:

$`i[Q_a,b_k]={\displaystyle \underset{A}{}}p_{a;kA}()f_A,\{Q_a,f_A\}={\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}q_{a;Aj}()b_j`$ (2.5)
where $`p_a`$ and $`q_a`$ are matrix-valued polynomials in the partial derivatives (with constant coefficients). These relations express the tensor properties of the fields with respect to (infinitesimal) supersymmetry transformations.

If this conditions are true we say that $`Q_a`$ are super-charges and $`b_j,f_A`$ are forming a supersymmetric multiplet. A natural notion of irreducibility can be defined for any supersymmetric multiplet. There are no general classification results for the supersymmetric multiplets even in the case when we are dealing with free fields. One can obtain however on general grounds relations between the numbers $`N_B`$ and $`N_F`$ expressing the well-known folklore about the equality of Bosonic and Fermionic degrees of freedom (see for instance  Section 26.2.)

However, it can be already said that the matrix-valued operators $`p_a`$ and $`q_a`$ are subject to various constraints. Let us describe them.

* An immediate consistency condition follows from the compatibility of (2.5) with Lorentz transformations: we get that these polynomials should be Lorentz covariant i.e. for all $`ASL(2,)`$ we should have:

$$p_a(\delta (A))=A_{a}^{}{}_{}{}^{b}D_B(A)D_F(A)p_b(),q_a(\delta (A))=A_{a}^{}{}_{}{}^{b}D_F(A)D_B(A)q_b().$$
(2.6)
* Next, we start from the fact that the Hilbert space of the model is generated by vectors of the type

$`\mathrm{\Psi }={\displaystyle b_{j_p}(x_p)f_{A_qa_q}(x_q)\overline{f}_{A_r\overline{a}_r}(x_r)\mathrm{\Omega }}.`$ (2.7)
(this is in fact one of the Wightman axioms). The action of the supercharges $`Q_a,\overline{Q}_{\overline{a}}`$ is determined by (2.5): one commutes the supercharge operators to the right till they hit the vacuum and then one applies (2.2). However, the supercharges are not independent: they are constrained by the relations from (2.3) and we should check that we do not get a contradiction. The consistency relations are given by the (graded) Jacobi identities combined with (2.3) and the well-known relation:

$$[P_\mu ,b_j]=i_\mu b_j,[P_\mu ,f_A]=i_\mu f_A.$$
(2.8)
As a result must we have:

$`\{Q_a,[Q_b,b_j]\}=(ab)`$
$`[Q_a,\{Q_b,f_A\}]=(ab),[Q_a,\{Q_b,\overline{f}_A\}]=(ab)`$
$`\{Q_a,[\overline{Q}_{\overline{b}},b_j]\}+\{\overline{Q}_{\overline{b}},[Q_a,b_j]\}=2i\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu _\mu b_j,`$
$`[Q_a,\{\overline{Q}_{\overline{b}},f_A\}]+[\overline{Q}_{\overline{b}},\{Q_a,f_A\}]=2i\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu _\mu f_A.`$ (2.9)
* If the fields of the multiplet are free fields i.e. relations of the type

$`e_j()b_j=0,j=1,\mathrm{},N_B`$
$`E_A()f_A=0,A=1,\mathrm{},N_F`$ (2.10)
are valid (where $`e_j,j=1,\mathrm{},N_B`$ and $`E_A,A=1,\mathrm{},N_F`$ are some linear partial differential operators, with constant coefficients, depending on the masses $`m_j`$ and $`M_A`$ of the fields), then commuting (resp. anticommuting) with the supercharges and using (2.5) new constraints on the polynomials $`p_a`$ and $`q_a`$ show up namely the polynomial $`e_jp_{a;jB}`$ (resp. $`E_Aq_{a;Ak}`$) should have $`E_B`$ (resp. $`e_k`$) as a factor:

$$e_jp_{a;jB}=E_Be^{},E_Aq_{a;Ak}=e_kE^{}$$
(2.11)
for some polynomials $`e^{}`$ and $`E^{}`$; otherwise we would get new equations of motion for the free fields of the type $`e_j()p_{a;jB}()f_B=0,E_A()q_{a;Ak}()b_k=0.`$
* Also, for free fields causal (anti)commutations are valid

$`[b_j(x),b_k(y)]=id_{jk}()D(xy),`$
$`\{f_A(x),f_B(y)\}=id_{AB}()D(xy),`$
$`[b_j(x),f_A(y)]=0`$ (2.12)
where $`D`$ is the Pauli-Jordan causal function and $`d_{jk},D_{AB}`$ are polynomials in the partial differential operators (with constant coefficients). We note that for a ghost multiplet the rôle of the commutator and anti-commutator in the first two relations should be reversed. The (anti)commutation relations have the implication that one and the same vector from the Hilbert space $``$ can be expressed in the form (2.7) in two distinct way. This means that the supercharges are well defined via (2.3) iff some new consistency relations are valid following again from graded Jacobi identities; the non-trivial ones are of the form:

$`[b_j(x),\{f_A(y),Q_a\}]=\{f_A(y),[Q_a,b_j(x)]\}`$ (2.13)
* Finally, if a gauge supercharge $`Q`$ is present in the model, then it is usually determined by relations of the type (2.5) involving ghost fields also, so it means that we must impose consistency relations of the same type as above. Moreover, it is desirable to have

$$\{Q,Q_a\}=0,\{Q,\overline{Q}_{\overline{a}}\}=0.$$
(2.14)
and this implies new consistency relations of the type (2.9) with one of the supercharges replaced by the gauge charge:

$`\{Q_a,[Q,b_j]\}=\{Q,[Q_a,b_j]\},`$
$`[Q_a,\{Q,f_A\}]=[Q,\{Q_a,f_A\}],[Q_a,\{Q,\overline{f}_A\}]=[Q,\{Q_a,\overline{f}_A\}],`$ (2.15)

###### Remark 2.1

Let us note that all these conditions are of pure quantum nature i.e. they can be understood only for a pure quantum model. It is not clear to us if the usual approaches to supersymmetric model, based on the quantization of some classical field theory (in which Fermi fields are modelled as odd degrees of freedom on some super-manifold) guarantees automatically that these consistency relations are true.

It seems to be an essential point to describe supersymmetric theories in superspace , . We do this in the following way. We consider the space $`_G𝒢`$ where $`𝒢`$ is a Grassmann algebra generated by Weyl anticommuting spinors $`\theta _a`$ and their complex conjugates $`\overline{\theta }_{\overline{a}}=(\theta _a)^{}`$ and perform a Klein transform such that the Grassmann parameters $`\theta _a`$ are anti-commuting with all fermionic fields, the supercharges and the gauge charge. The operators acting in $`_G`$ are called superfields. Of special interest are the superfields constructed as in ,  according to the formulæ:

$`B_j(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })W_{\theta ,\overline{\theta }}b_j(x)W_{\theta ,\overline{\theta }}^1,`$
$`F_A(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })W_{\theta ,\overline{\theta }}f_A(x)W_{\theta ,\overline{\theta }}^1,`$ (2.16)
where

$$W_{\theta ,\overline{\theta }}\mathrm{exp}\left(i\theta ^aQ_ai\overline{\theta }^{\overline{a}}\overline{Q}_{\overline{a}}\right)$$
(2.17)
and we interpret the exponential as a (finite) Taylor series. It is a remarkable fact that only such type of superfields are really necessary, so in the following, when referring to superfields we mean expressions given by (2.16). We will call them super-Bose and respectively super-Fermi fields. For convenience we will denote frequently the ensemble of Minkowski and Grassmann variables by $`X=(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })`$.

If we suppose that the fields $`b_j,f_A`$ are free fields and the Hilbert space $``$ is in fact the associated Fock space, then one can define in $``$ Wick monomials; by multiplication with Grassmann variables we obtain super-Wick monomials in the extended Fock space $`_G`$. Super-Wick monomials are expressions of the type

$`:{\displaystyle }B_{j_p}(X_p){\displaystyle }F_{A_qa_q}(X_q){\displaystyle }\overline{F}_{A_r\overline{a}_r}(X_r):`$ (2.18)
where some (or all) points can coincide. (Let us note that from these expressions it follows that super- Wick monomials are causally commuting as ordinary Wick monomials.) In particular we have a canonical map $`s`$ associating to every Wick monomial $`w(x)`$ acting in the Hilbert space $``$ a super-Wick monomial $`(sw)(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })`$ acting in $`_G`$ according to the formula:

$`(sw)(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })W_{\theta ,\overline{\theta }}w(x)W_{\theta ,\overline{\theta }}^1;`$ (2.19)
(here $`s`$ stands for “sandwich formula” or for “supersymmetric extension”.)

Now we have two elementary results ($`[,]`$ is the graded commutator).

###### Lemma 2.2

Let us define the operators

$`𝒟_a{\displaystyle \frac{}{\theta ^a}}i\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu \overline{\theta }^{\overline{b}}_\mu \overline{𝒟}_{\overline{a}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{\theta }^{\overline{a}}}}+i\sigma _{b\overline{a}}^\mu \theta ^b_\mu `$ (2.20)
acting on any superfield (or super–Wick polynomials). Then:

(i) the following formulæ are valid for any operator $`T(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })`$ acting in $`_G`$:

$`𝒟_a\left[e^{\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }P_\mu }T(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })e^{\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }P_\mu }\right]=e^{\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }P_\mu }\left[{\displaystyle \frac{}{\theta ^a}}T(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })\right]e^{\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }P_\mu }`$
$`\overline{𝒟}_{\overline{a}}\left[e^{\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }P_\mu }T(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })e^{\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }P_\mu }\right]=e^{\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }P_\mu }\left[{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{\theta }^{\overline{a}}}}T(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })\right]e^{\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }P_\mu }`$ (2.21)
where we use the standard notation $`\zeta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }\zeta ^a\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu \overline{\theta }^{\overline{b}}`$.

(ii) for any Wick monomial $`w(x)`$ the following relations are true:

$$𝒟_asw=is([Q_a,w]),\overline{𝒟}_{\overline{a}}sw=is([\overline{Q}_{\overline{a}},w]).$$
(2.22)
###### Lemma 2.3

(i) Let $`T(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })=(sw)(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })`$. Then the following formulæ are true:

$`W_{\zeta ,\overline{\zeta }}T(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })W_{\zeta ,\overline{\zeta }}^1=e^{(\zeta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\zeta })P_\mu }T(x,\theta +\zeta ,\overline{\theta }+\overline{\zeta })e^{(\zeta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\zeta })P_\mu }`$ (2.23)
$`i[Q_a,T(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })]=D_aT(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta }),`$
$`i[\overline{Q}_{\overline{a}},T(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })]=\overline{D}_{\overline{a}}T(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })`$ (2.24)
where we have defined:

$`D_a{\displaystyle \frac{}{\theta ^a}}+i\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu \overline{\theta }^{\overline{b}}_\mu \overline{D}_{\overline{a}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{\theta }^{\overline{a}}}}i\sigma _{b\overline{a}}^\mu \theta ^b_\mu .`$ (2.25)
The formulæ (2.23) and (2.24) are equivalent.

(ii) The operators $`D_a`$ and $`\overline{D}_{\overline{a}}`$ verify the following formulæ:

$`(D_aT)^{}=\pm \overline{D}_{\overline{a}}T^{},`$
$`\{D_a,D_b\}=0,\{\overline{D}_{\overline{a}},\overline{D}_{\overline{b}}\}=0,\{D_a,\overline{D}_{\overline{b}}\}=2i\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu _\mu `$ (2.26)
where in the first formula the sign $`+()`$ correponds to a super-Bose (-Fermi) field.

Proof: The first formula (2.23) is a easy consequence of the Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff formula. One can consider in it that the parameters $`\zeta ,\overline{\zeta }`$ are “infinitesimal” and obtain the second formula. The converse statement follows by recurrence.

For another point of view concerning supersymmetric Hilbert spaces we refer to the recent paper .

### 2.2  Perturbative Supersymmetric Quantum Field Theory

We provide here an elementary derivation of the supersymmetric Ward identities  using the Epstein-Glaser approach to perturbative quantum fields theory. In this framework one constructs inductively the chronological products which should satisfy Bogoliubov axioms. We first recall these axioms for ordinary field theories.

By a perturbation theory in the sense of Bogoliubov we mean an ensemble of operator-valued distributions $`T(w_1(x_1),\mathrm{},w_n(x_n))n=1,2,\mathrm{}`$ acting in some Fock space and called chronological products (where $`w_1(x_1),\mathrm{},w_n(x_n)`$ are arbitrary Wick monomials) verifying the following set of axioms:

* Skew-symmetry in all arguments $`w_1(x_1),\mathrm{},w_n(x_n):`$

$$T(\mathrm{},w_i(x_i),w_{i+1}(x_{i+1}),\mathrm{},)=(1)^{f_if_{i+1}}T(\mathrm{},w_{i+1}(x_{i+1}),w_i(x_i),\mathrm{})$$
(2.27)
where $`f_i`$ is the number of Fermi fields appearing in the Wick monomial $`w_i`$.
* Poincaré invariance: for all $`(a,A)inSL(2,)`$ we have:

$$U_{a,A}T(w_1(x_1),\mathrm{},w_n(x_n))U_{a,A}^1=T(Aw_1(\delta (A)x_1+a),\mathrm{},Aw_n(\delta (A)x_n+a))$$
(2.28)
where $`Aw`$ is defined through the case $`n=1`$.

Sometimes it is possible to supplement this axiom by corresponding invariance properties with respect to inversions (spatial and temporal) and charge conjugation. Also some other global symmetry with respect to some internal symmetry group might be imposed.
* Causality: if $`x_ix_j,ik,jk+1`$ then we have:

$$T(w_1(x_1),\mathrm{},w_n(x_n))=T(w_1(x_1),\mathrm{},w_k(x_k))T(w_{k+1}(x_{k+1}),\mathrm{},w_n(x_n)).$$
(2.29)
* Unitarity: We define the anti-chronological products according to

$$(1)^n\overline{T}(w_1(x_1),\mathrm{},w_n(x_n))\underset{r=1}{\overset{n}{}}(1)^r\underset{I_1,\mathrm{},I_rPart(\{1,\mathrm{},n\})}{}ϵT_{I_1}(X_1)\mathrm{}T_{I_r}(X_r)$$
(2.30)
where the we have used the notation:

$$T_{\{i_1,\mathrm{},i_k\}}(x_{i_1},\mathrm{},x_{i_k})T(w_{i_1}(x_{i_1}),\mathrm{},w_{i_k}(x_{i_k}))$$
(2.31)
and the sign $`ϵ`$ counts the permutations of the Fermi factors. Then the unitarity axiom is:

$$\overline{T}(w_1(x_1),\mathrm{},w_n(x_n))=T(w_1^{}(x_1),\mathrm{},w_n^{}(x_n)).$$
(2.32)
* The “initial condition”

$$T(w(x))=w(x).$$
(2.33)

###### Remark 2.4

From (2.29) one can derive easily that if we have $`x_ix_j,ik,jk+1`$ then:

$$[T(w_1(x_1),\mathrm{},w_k(x_k)),T(w_{k+1}(x_{k+1}),\mathrm{},w_n(x_n))]_{}=0.$$
(2.34)
This relation is essential for the implementation of Epstein-Glaser inductive construction.

One extends the definition of $`T(w_1(x_1),\mathrm{},w_n(x_n))`$ for $`w_1(x_1),\mathrm{},w_n(x_n)`$ Wick polynomials by linearity.

It can be proved that this system of axioms can be supplemented with the normalization condition of the type

$`T(w_1(x_1),\mathrm{},w_n(x_n))`$
$`={\displaystyle }ϵ<\mathrm{\Omega },T(w_1^{^{}}(x_1),\mathrm{},w_n^{^{}}(x_n))\mathrm{\Omega }>:w_1^{^{\prime \prime }}(x_1),\mathrm{},w_n^{^{\prime \prime }}(x_n)):`$ (2.35)
where $`w_i^{^{}}`$ and $`w_i^{^{\prime \prime }}`$ are Wick submonomials of $`w_i`$ such that $`w_i=:w_i^{^{}}w_i^{^{\prime \prime }}:`$ the sign $`ϵ`$ takes care of the permutation of the Fermi fields and $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is the vacuum state; the relation (2.35) is usually called the Wick expansion property.

We can also include in the induction hypothesis a limitation on the order of singularity of the vacuum averages of the chronological products associated to arbitrary Wick monomials $`W_1,\mathrm{},W_n`$; explicitly we have the power counting formula:

$$\omega (<\mathrm{\Omega },T(w_1(x_1),\mathrm{},w_n(x_n))\mathrm{\Omega }>)\underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}\omega (w_l)4(n1)$$
(2.36)
where by $`\omega (d)`$ we mean the order of singularity of the (numerical) distribution $`d`$ and by $`\omega (w)`$ we mean the canonical dimension of the Wick monomial $`w`$ We remark here that this requirement has important consequences. For instance, one cannot quantize a vector field $`V_\mu `$ of mass $`m>0`$ imposing the transversality condition ,

$$_\mu V^\mu =0$$
(2.37)
because in this case the causal commutator function will have the order of singularity equal to $`0`$ (instead of $`2`$ as for the scalar field). This behaviour spoils completely the renormalization properties encoded in the power counting formula. The way out is well-known: one quantize the vector field without imposing (2.37) and using an indefinite metric formalism.

All these axioms have a natural generalization to the case of a supersymmetric theory. The changes are the following:

1. We will make the substitutions $`w_iW_i=sw_i`$; because the expressions $`W_i(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })`$ depend on the Grassmann variables this means that when computing the $`S`$-matrix one has to integrate over the Grassmann variables too (using of course Berezin integration).
2. The computation of the numbers $`f_i`$ appearing in the symmetry axiom (2.27) should be made taking into account the parity of the Grassmann variables also.
3. The order of singularity should be replaced with the super-oder of singularity as defined in  and the canonical dimension of the superfields should be computed according to additivity and

$`\omega (B)=1,\omega (F)=3/2,\omega ()=1.`$
These formulæ guarantee that the super-order of singularity are identical with the usual expressions: if the graded commutator of two arbitrary super-fields is

$$[S_1(x_1,\theta _1,\overline{\theta }_1),S_2(x_2,\theta _2,\overline{\theta }_2)]=D_{S_1,S_2}(x_1,\theta _1,\overline{\theta }_1;x_2,\theta _2,\overline{\theta }_2)$$
(2.38)
then we have

$`\omega (D_{S_1,S_2})\{\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill 2& \text{for}& S_i\text{ super-Bose}\hfill \\ \hfill 1& \text{for}& S_i\text{ super-Fermi}\hfill \end{array}`$ (2.41)
In fact, we will see that this formula for the super-order singularity can be improved for some special choices of the super-fields $`S_i`$.

All these changes are consistent with the philosophy of supersymmetric field theory based on the consistent replacement of the Minkowski space with the super-space and Wick monomials by super-Wick monomials. It is the last assumption which has far-reaching consequences. Indeed this means that the Wick expansion property is preserved if and only if the finite renormalizations are given by quasi-local operators depending only on the super-fields and not on the individual component fields of the multiplet. The usual proof of the existence of solutions goes with minimal changes in this supersymmetric setting. We mention that in this way one can obtain a classification of the theories according to their renormalizability type as in the usual framework. One can obtain for instance that the Wess-Zumino model is super-normalizable in this sense .

Let us define the operators $`D_a^l,\overline{D}_{\overline{a}}^l,l=1,\mathrm{},n`$ by the formulæ (2.25) associated to the corresponding variable $`X_l,l=1,\mathrm{},n`$. Then we have the following result:

###### Theorem 2.5

Suppose that the expression $`T(X)`$ verifies the identities (2.24). Then one can choose the chronological products $`T(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)T(W_1(X_1),\mathrm{},W_n(X_n))`$ such that, beside the preceding axioms, the following identities are verified:

$`i[Q_a,T(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)]={\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}}D_a^lT(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n),`$
$`i[\overline{Q}_{\overline{a}},T(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)]={\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\overline{D}_{\overline{a}}^lT(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n);`$ (2.42)
(here $`[,]`$ is the graded commutator).

Proof: Goes by induction. For $`n=1`$ the identities are valid by hypothesis. Suppose that we have

$`i[Q_a,T(X_1,\mathrm{},X_p)]={\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{p}{}}}D_a^lT(X_1,\mathrm{},X_p),`$
$`i[\overline{Q}_{\overline{a}},T(X_1,\mathrm{},X_p)]={\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{p}{}}}\overline{D}_{\overline{a}}^lT(X_1,\mathrm{},X_p)`$ (2.43)
for $`p=1,\mathrm{},n1`$. Then one can easily prove using causality that in order $`n`$ we have:

$`i[Q_a,T(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)]={\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}}D_a^lT(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)+P_a(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)`$
$`i[\overline{Q}_{\overline{a}},T(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)]={\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\overline{D}_{\overline{a}}^lT(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)+\overline{P}_{\overline{a}}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)`$ (2.44)
where $`P_a,\overline{P}_{\overline{a}}`$ are quasi-local operators: the supersymmetric anomalies. There are a number of restrictions on these anomalies. First we have

$$P_a(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)^{}=\overline{P}_{\overline{a}}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)$$
(2.45)
which follows from the unitarity axiom. Next we have Wess-Zumino consistency relations which follow by considering the (graded) Jacobi identities:

$`[Q_a,[Q_b,T(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)]]=(ab),`$
$`[Q_a,[\overline{Q}_{\overline{b}},T(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)]][\overline{Q}_{\overline{b}},[T(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n),Q_a]]=2i\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu {\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}}_\mu ^lT(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n);`$ (2.46)
(here $`[,]`$ is the graded commutator). If we substitute here the preceding relations we immediately get:

$`[Q_a,P_b(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)]+i{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}}D_b^lP_a(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)=(ab)`$
$`[Q_a,\overline{P}_{\overline{b}}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)]+[\overline{Q}_{\overline{b}},P_a(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)]`$
$`+i{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}}[D_a^l\overline{P}_{\overline{b}}(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)+\overline{D}_{\overline{b}}^lP_a(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)]=0`$ (2.47)
It is now a straightforward but rather long computation to obtain a generic form of the supersymmetric anomalies and to show that they can be eliminated by conveniently redefining the chronological products. Let us give the details. It is convenient to work in new Grassmann variables:

$`\mathrm{\Theta }{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n}}{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\theta _l,\zeta _l\theta _l\theta _n,l=1,\mathrm{},n1.`$
In these new variables we have:

$`D_a={\displaystyle \frac{}{\mathrm{\Theta }^a}}+d_a,\overline{D}_{\overline{a}}={\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}^{\overline{a}}}}+\overline{d}_{\overline{a}}`$ (2.48)
where the operators $`d_a`$ and $`\overline{d}_{\overline{a}}`$ involve only the variables $`\zeta ,\overline{\zeta }`$.

The generic form of the anomaly is:

$`P_a=p_a+\mathrm{\Theta }^cp_{ac}+\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}^{\overline{c}}p_{a\overline{c}}+(\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }})p_a^{}+(\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{\Theta })p_a^\mathrm{"}+\mathrm{\Theta }^c\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}^{\overline{d}}p_{ac\overline{d}}`$
$`+(\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }})\mathrm{\Theta }^cp_{ac}^{}+(\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{\Theta })\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}^{\overline{c}}p_{a\overline{c}}^{}+(\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }})(\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{\Theta })p_a^\mathrm{"}`$ (2.49)
where the expressions $`p_a\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}`$ do not depend on $`\mathrm{\Theta },\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}`$; we use the usual notations $`\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta }_{\overline{a}}\overline{\theta }^{\overline{a}}`$ and $`\theta \theta \theta ^a\theta _a`$ for any Grassmann variable $`\theta `$. We want to prove that this anomaly is in fact a coboundary i.e. of the form:

$`(\delta P)_a=i[Q_a,P]{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}}D_a^lP=i[Q_a,P]\left({\displaystyle \frac{}{\mathrm{\Theta }^a}}+d_a\right)P`$ (2.50)
where $`\delta `$ is the cochain operator and $`P`$ is arbitrary. Now we make a succession of finite renormalizations of the type

$`T(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)T(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)+P_i(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n),i=1,\mathrm{},6`$ (2.51)
and we will find $`P_a=0`$ as a result.

* We define

$`P_1\mathrm{\Theta }^ap_a`$
and (2.51) makes $`p_a=0`$ in (2.49) and $`p_{ab}`$ is redefined.
* Then we get from the first equation (2.47) that $`p_{ab}=(ab)`$ i.e. $`p_{ab}=ϵ_{ab}p`$. We define

$`P_2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{\Theta })p`$
and (2.51) makes $`p=0`$; the first equation (2.47) gives now $`p_a^\mathrm{"}=0`$ in (2.49).
* We define

$`P_3=\mathrm{\Theta }^b\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}^{\overline{c}}p_{b\overline{c}}`$
and (2.51) makes $`p_{b\overline{c}}=0`$ in (2.49).
* We define

$`P_4=(\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }})\mathrm{\Theta }^cp_c^{}`$
and (2.51) makes $`p_a^{}=0`$ in (2.49); $`p_{ac}^{}=0`$ is redefined.
* The first equation (2.47) gives $`p_{ab\overline{c}}=(ab)`$ i.e. $`p_{ab\overline{c}}=ϵ_{ab}\overline{p}_{\overline{c}}`$. We define

$`P_5={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{\Theta })\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}^{\overline{c}}\overline{p}_{\overline{c}}`$
and (2.51) makes $`p_{ab\overline{c}}=0`$; The first equation (2.47) gives now $`p_{a\overline{d}}^{}=0`$.
* The first equation (2.47) gives $`p_{ab}^{}=(ab)`$ i.e. $`p_{ab}^{}=ϵ_{ab}p^{}`$. We define

$`P_6={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }})(\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{\Theta })p^{}`$
and (2.51) makes $`p_{ab}^{}=0`$.

In conclusion, the first equation (2.47) can be used to fix the form of the anomaly to:

$`P_a=(\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }})(\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{\Theta })p_a^\mathrm{"}.`$
Now the second equation (2.47) gives immediately $`p_a^\mathrm{"}=0`$ and we finally obtain $`P_a=0`$.

We will call the identities (2.42) from the statement of the theorem the supersymmetric normalization conditions. Now we have the following

###### Corollary 2.6

In the conditions of the preceding theorem we have

$`{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}}D_a^l<\mathrm{\Omega },T(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)\mathrm{\Omega }>=0,`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\overline{D}_{\overline{a}}^l<\mathrm{\Omega },T(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)\mathrm{\Omega }>=0.`$ (2.52)
If we go into the momentum space, the supersymmetric normalization conditions derived above become:

$`{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{}{\theta _l^a}}\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu \overline{\theta }_l^{\overline{b}}p_\mu ^l\right)\stackrel{~}{t}(p_1,\theta _1,\overline{\theta }_1;\mathrm{};p_n,\theta _n,\overline{\theta }_n)=0,`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{\theta }^{\overline{a}}}}_l\sigma _{b\overline{a}}^\mu \theta _l^bp_\mu ^l\right)\stackrel{~}{t}(p_1,\theta _1,\overline{\theta }_1;\mathrm{};p_n,\theta _n,\overline{\theta }_n)=0`$ (2.53)
where

$$\stackrel{~}{t}(p_1,\theta _1,\overline{\theta }_1;\mathrm{};p_n,\theta _n,\overline{\theta }_n)\frac{1}{(2\pi )^{2n}}𝑑x_1\mathrm{}𝑑x_n\mathrm{exp}(i\underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}p_lx_l)<\mathrm{\Omega },T(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)\mathrm{\Omega }>.$$
(2.54)
Moreover, these identities are equivalent to (2.42).

Proof: The implication (2.42) $``$ (2.52) is elementary: one simply takes the vacuum average and uses the first relation of (2.2). The converse implications follows if one uses the Wick expansion property (2.35) and (2.24).

Let us note that the equations (2.53) can be “integrated” to the usual form of the supersymmetric “Ward identities” :

###### Corollary 2.7

The following identity is valid for any Grassmann variables $`\zeta ,\overline{\zeta }`$:

$`\stackrel{~}{t}(p_1,\theta _1+\zeta ,\overline{\theta }_1+\overline{\zeta };\mathrm{};p_n,\theta _n+\zeta ,\overline{\theta }_n+\overline{\zeta })`$
$`=\mathrm{exp}\left[{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\left(\zeta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }_l\theta _l\sigma ^\mu \overline{\zeta }\right)p_\mu ^l\right]\stackrel{~}{t}(p_1,\theta _1,\overline{\theta }_1;\mathrm{};p_n,\theta _n,\overline{\theta }_n)`$ (2.55)
Proof: We write the two identities (2.53) from the preceding Corollary in a compact form: we denote

$$c\underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left(\zeta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }_l\theta _l\sigma ^\mu \overline{\zeta }\right)p_\mu ^lD\underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left(\zeta ^a\frac{}{\theta _l^a}+\overline{\zeta }^{\overline{a}}\frac{}{\overline{\theta }_l^{\overline{a}}}\right);$$
(2.56)
here $`c`$ is a Grassmann number and $`D`$ is a differential operator. Then the identities (2.53) can be written in the very compact way:

$$D\stackrel{~}{t}(p_1,\theta _1,\overline{\theta }_1;\mathrm{};p_n,\theta _n,\overline{\theta }_n)=c\stackrel{~}{t}(p_1\theta _1,\overline{\theta }_1;\mathrm{};p_n,\theta _n,\overline{\theta }_n).$$
(2.57)
If we note the identity

$$Dc=0$$
(2.58)
we immediately iterate the preceding identity to:

$$\underset{k=0}{\overset{4}{}}\frac{1}{k!}D^k\stackrel{~}{t}(p_1,\theta _1,\overline{\theta }_1;\mathrm{};p_n,\theta _n,\overline{\theta }_n)=e^c\stackrel{~}{t}(p_1\theta _1,\overline{\theta }_1;\mathrm{};p_n,\theta _n,\overline{\theta }_n).$$
(2.59)
Now we use Taylor formula for superfunctions:

$$\underset{k=0}{\overset{4}{}}\frac{1}{k!}D^kf(\theta ,\overline{\theta })=f(\theta +\zeta ,\overline{\theta }+\overline{\zeta })$$
(2.60)
and obtain the formula from the statement.

This corollary leads to:

###### Corollary 2.8

The most general form of $`\stackrel{~}{t}`$ is:

$`\stackrel{~}{t}(p_1,\theta _1,\overline{\theta }_1;\mathrm{};p_n,\theta _n,\overline{\theta }_n)`$
$`=\mathrm{exp}\left[{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{n1}{}}}\left(\theta _n\sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }_l\theta _l\sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta _n}\right)p_\mu ^l\right]\stackrel{~}{t}_0(p_1,\theta _{1n},\overline{\theta }_{1n};\mathrm{};p_{n1},\theta _{n1,n},\overline{\theta }_{n1,n})`$ (2.61)
where $`t_0`$ is an arbitrary distribution; here $`\theta _{ij}\theta _i\theta _j`$.

Proof: We simply take $`\zeta =\theta _n,\overline{\zeta }=\overline{\theta }_n`$ in the formula from the preceding corollary and take into account that conservation of the momentum restricts the support of $`\stackrel{~}{t}`$ to the subset $`_{l=1}^np_l=0`$. We obtain the formula from the statement for a certain $`t_0`$ and then we show that the formula (2.61) identically verifies (2.55).

The importance of the formulæ (2.52) follows from the fact that it drastically limits the possible finite renormalizations. Indeed, we have:

###### Proposition 2.9

(i) Suppose that the chronological products verify the supersymmetric Ward identities (2.52) . Then the most general arbitrariness of these products are of the form

$$d_i(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)W_i(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)$$
(2.62)
where $`W_i`$ are super-Wick monomials (2.18) and $`d_i`$ are distributions with the support in the diagonal set $`x_1=\mathrm{}=x_n`$, depending on the Grassmann variables in such a way that one has

$$\underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}D_ad_i=0,\underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}\overline{D}_{\overline{a}}d_i=0i.$$
(2.63)
(ii) The general form of such a distribution $`d`$ is in $`p`$-space:

$`d(p_1,\theta _1,\overline{\theta }_1;\mathrm{};p_n,\theta _n,\overline{\theta }_n)`$
$`=\mathrm{exp}\left[{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{n1}{}}}\left(\theta _n\sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }_l\theta _l\sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta _n}\right)p_\mu ^l\right]d_0(p_1,\theta _{1n},\overline{\theta }_{1n};\mathrm{};p_{n1},\theta _{n1,n},\overline{\theta }_{n1,n})`$ (2.64)
where $`d_0`$ is a polynomial in the momenta $`p_i,i=1,\mathrm{},n1`$.

Proof: (i) It follows from the Wick expansion property for superfields and the supersymmetric normalization conditions (2.52).

(ii) Follows from the formula (2.61).

It is natural in this context to define the supersymmetric $`\delta `$ distribution to correspond to $`t_0=1`$:

$`\stackrel{~}{\delta }_S(p_1,\theta _1,\overline{\theta }_1;\mathrm{};p_n,\theta _n,\overline{\theta }_n)=\mathrm{exp}\left[{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{n1}{}}}\left(\theta _n\sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }_l\theta _l\sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta _n}\right)p_\mu ^l\right]`$ (2.65)
(in momentum space) and

$`\delta _S(X_1,\mathrm{},X_n)=\mathrm{exp}\left[i{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{n1}{}}}\left(\theta _n\sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }_l\theta _l\sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta _n}\right)_\mu ^l\right]\delta (x_1x_n)\mathrm{}\delta (x_{n1}x_n)`$ (2.66)
(in coordinate space). Let us note that we have:

$$\delta _S(X_1;\mathrm{};X_n)=\underset{l=1}{\overset{n1}{}}\delta _S(X_l;X_n)$$
(2.67)
which has a well-known analogue for ordinary distributions.

We can re-express the formulæ (2.53) and (2.55) in coordinate space if we define  for any test function $`f𝒮(^4)`$ and any $`\theta ^\mu 𝒢`$

$$f(x+\theta )\underset{k=0}{\overset{2}{}}\frac{1}{k!}\theta ^\alpha _\alpha ^kf(x)\underset{k=0}{\overset{2}{}}\underset{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _k}{}\theta ^{\mu _1}\mathrm{}\theta ^{\mu _k}_{\mu _1}\mathrm{}_{\mu _n}f(x)$$
(2.68)
and similarly for $`\overline{\theta }`$. Then:

###### Corollary 2.10

One can choose the chronological products such that we have:

$`<\mathrm{\Omega },T(x_1,\theta _1,\overline{\theta }_1;\mathrm{};x_n,\theta _n,\overline{\theta }_n)\mathrm{\Omega }>`$
$`=<\mathrm{\Omega },T(x_1+c(\zeta ,\theta _1),\theta _1+\zeta ,\overline{\theta }_1+\overline{\zeta };\mathrm{};x_n+c(\zeta ,\theta _n),\theta _n+\zeta ,\overline{\theta }_n+\overline{\zeta })\mathrm{\Omega }>`$ (2.69)
where $`c^\mu (\zeta ,\theta )i(\zeta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\zeta })`$ or, in the integrated form:

$`W_{\theta ,\overline{\theta }}T(x_1,\theta _1,\overline{\theta }_1;\mathrm{};x_n,\theta _n,\overline{\theta }_n)W_{\theta ,\overline{\theta }}^1`$
$`=T(x_1+c(\zeta ,\theta _1),\theta _1+\zeta ,\overline{\theta }_1+\overline{\zeta };\mathrm{};x_n+c(\zeta ,\theta _n),\theta _n+\zeta ,\overline{\theta }_n+\overline{\zeta }).`$ (2.70)
For the analysis of supersymmetric anomalies in the traditional approach to SUSY, based on BRST quantization, we refer to , , .

We close by mentioning that the usual improved formulæ for the order of singularity (see for instance , , , , for the Wess-Zumino model) can be rigorously justified if one uses another normalization condition. The starting point are the formulæ (2.22 ); if $`W(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })`$ is a supersymmetric Wick monomial, let us define the operation of restriction to the “initial value” (in the Grassmann variables):

$$(rW)(x)W(x,0,0).$$
(2.71)
Then the formulæ (2.22) imply

$$𝒟_aW=is([Q_a,rW]),\overline{𝒟}_{\overline{a}}W=is([\overline{Q}_{\overline{a}},rW]).$$
(2.72)
It is clear that these equations can be regarded as a system of partial differential equations (in the Grassmann variables) and this system determines uniquely the supersymmetric Wick monomials $`W`$ if one knows the “initial values” $`w=rW`$. (Indeed if there are two solutions, then their difference verifies the associated homogeneous equation which tells that there is no dependence on the Grassmann variables; but the “initial values” for the difference is zero.)

One can promote equations of this type as new supersymmetric normalization conditions. Let us define the operators $`𝒟_a^l,\overline{𝒟}_{\overline{a}}^l,l=1,\mathrm{},n`$ by the formulæ (2.20) associated to the corresponding variable $`X_l,l=1,\mathrm{},n`$. Then we have a new normalization condition (which seems to be new in the literature) contained in the following

###### Theorem 2.11

Let $`W_1(X_1),\mathrm{},W_n(X_n)`$ be some supersymmetric Wick monomials. Then one can normalize the chronological products $`T(W_1(X_1),\mathrm{},W_n(X_n))`$ such that the following identities are verified $`l=1,\mathrm{},n`$:

$`𝒟_a^lT(W_1(X_1),\mathrm{},W_n(X_n))=iT(W_1(X_1),\mathrm{},s([Q_a,rW_l])(X_l),\mathrm{},W_n(X_n))`$
$`\overline{𝒟}_{\overline{a}}^lT(W_1(X_1),\mathrm{},W_n(X_n))=iT(W_1(X_1),\mathrm{},s([\overline{Q}_{\overline{a}},rW_l])(X_l),\mathrm{},W_n(X_n))`$ (2.73)
Proof: We denote $`w_jrW_j,j=1,\mathrm{},n`$; these are ordinary Wick monomials and we can choose a solution of the Bogoliubov axioms $`T(w_1(x_1),\mathrm{},w_n(x_n))`$ acting in the Hilbert space $``$. Then we define $`T(W_1(X_1),\mathrm{},W_n(X_n))`$ as the (unique) solution of the system of equations from the statement of the theorem with the “initial conditions” $`T(w_1(x_1),\mathrm{},w_n(x_n)).`$ (The uniqueness argument is the same as above). It remains to show that this solution also verifies Bogoliubov axioms. For the “initial condition” axiom (2.33) this is trivial: the system (2.73) goes into (2.72) for $`n=1`$. The causality axiom follows again from an unicity argument. Indeed, suppose that we have $`x_ix_j,ik,jk+1`$. We want to prove that the expression

$`T^{}(W_1(X_1),\mathrm{},W_n(X_n))`$
$`T(W_1(X_1),\mathrm{},W_n(X_n))T(W_1(X_1),\mathrm{},W_k(X_k))T(W_{k+1}(X_{k+1}),\mathrm{},W_n(X_n))`$
is null. For this one notices that the expressions $`T^{}`$ also verifies the system (2.73) and it has the “initial condition” equal to $`0`$ because we have by assumption

$`T(w_1(x_1),\mathrm{},w_n(x_n))=T(w_1(x_1),\mathrm{},w_k(x_k))T(w_{k+1}(x_{k+1}),\mathrm{},w_n(x_n)).`$
Then the unicity argument gives us $`T^{}=0`$. In the same way one checks the validity of unitarity and of Lorentz covariance.

We can use this new normalization condition to limit drastically the arbitrariness of the chronological products. Indeed, if such a normalization of the chronological products is adopted then it follows that the arbitrariness is contained into the arbitrariness of the “initial value” chronological products $`T(w_1(x_1),\mathrm{},w_n(x_n))`$. For instance, if we consider the supersymmetric interaction

$$T(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })=:\mathrm{\Phi }(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })^3:+:(\mathrm{\Phi }(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })^{})^3:$$
(2.74)
it follows that the “initial value” chronological products correspond to a $`\varphi ^3`$-theory which is known to be super-normalizable. However, the preceding interaction does not correspond to the Wess-Zumino model! According to  the interaction for this model is:

$$T(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })=\delta (\theta ):\mathrm{\Phi }(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })^3:+\delta (\overline{\theta }):(\mathrm{\Phi }(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })^{})^3:$$
(2.75)
where $`\delta (\theta )\theta \theta `$ and $`\delta (\overline{\theta })\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta }`$. Because of the presence of these Grassmann coefficients, we cannot impose the normalization conditions from the preceding theorems. However, we can extend the definition of the chronological products through linearity

$`T({\displaystyle f_{i_1}(\theta _1,\overline{\theta }_1)W_{i_1}(X_1)},\mathrm{},{\displaystyle f_{i_n}(\theta _n,\overline{\theta }_n)W_{i_n}(X_n)})`$
$`{\displaystyle }\pm f_{i_1}(\theta _1,\overline{\theta }_1)\mathrm{},f_{i_n}(\theta _n,\overline{\theta }_n)T(W_{i_1}(X_1),\mathrm{},W_{i_n}(X_n))`$
(where the signs takes care of permutations of odd Grassmann factors); the expressions so defined verify also Bogoliubov axioms. However, these new chronological products will not verify the normalization conditions appearing in the two theorems proved above. Nevertheless, in this way we will obtain the chronological products for the Wess-Zumino model as linear combinations of the chronological products of the super-normalizable $`:\mathrm{\Phi }^3:`$ model (2.74).

We close remarking that it is not clear if both normalization condition (2.73) and (2.42) can be implemented as the same time.

## 3 Explicit Construction of Supersymmetric Multiplets

In this Section we construct the basic multiplets which will be used to build the supersymmetric extension of gauge theory: a vector multiplet, a pair of fermionic ghost and anti-ghost multiplets and a bosonic ghost multiplet. We will start with the last multiplet because it is in fact a Wess-Zumino multiplet. For completeness we present the derivation from . Finally we will connect these multiplets by a gauge charge operator in strict analogy with the usual construction of quantum gauge theory . This then shows the usefulness of these multiplets.

### 3.1 The Wess-Zumino Multiplet

The most simple case of the general framework described in Section 2.1 is when all bosonic fields are real scalar $`\varphi ^{(j)},j=1,\mathrm{},s`$ and all Fermionic fields are Majorana spin $`1/2`$ fields $`f_a^{(A)},A=1,\mathrm{},f`$.

As always in $`S`$-matrix theory we are dealing with free fields: the scalar (resp. Majorana) fields verify Klein-Gordon (resp. Dirac) equations:

$`(^2+m_j^2)\varphi ^{(j)}=0,j=1,\mathrm{},s`$
$`i\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu _\mu \overline{f}^{(A)\overline{b}}=M_Af_a^{(A)},i\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu _\mu f^{(A)a}=M_A\overline{f}_{\overline{b}}^{(A)},A=1,\mathrm{},f`$ (3.1)
and convenient causal (anti)commutation relations.

For later convenience we introduce the (diagonal) mass matrices $`mM_{}(s,s),MM_{}(f,f)`$ according to:

$$m_{jk}\delta _{jk}m_j,M_{AB}\delta _{AB}M_A.$$
(3.2)
In this case a classification theorem is available . First we remind the reader the definition of Wess-Zumino multiplet . It corresponds to the case $`f=1`$ and $`s=2`$. Then we can consider that we have in fact a complex scalar field $`\varphi `$ and a spin $`1/2`$ Majorana field $`f_a`$ of the same mass $`m`$. The relations (2.5) are in this case by definition:

$`[Q_a,\varphi ]=0,[\overline{Q}_{\overline{a}},\varphi ^{}]=0`$
$`i[Q_a,\varphi ^{}]=2f_a,i[\overline{Q}_{\overline{a}},\varphi ]=2\overline{f}_{\overline{a}}`$
$`\{Q_a,f_b\}=imϵ_{ab}\varphi ,\{\overline{Q}_{\overline{a}},\overline{f}_{\overline{b}}\}=imϵ_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}\varphi ^{}`$
$`\{Q_a,\overline{f}_{\overline{b}}\}=\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu _\mu \varphi ,\{\overline{Q}_{\overline{a}},f_b\}=\sigma _{b\overline{a}}^\mu _\mu \varphi ^{}.`$ (3.3)
The first vanishing commutators are also called (anti) chirality condition. The causal (anti)commutators are:

$`[\varphi (x),\varphi (y)^{}]=2iD_m(xy),`$
$`\{f_a(x),f_b(y)\}=iϵ_{ab}mD_m(xy),`$
$`\{f_a(x),\overline{f}_{\overline{b}}(y)\}=\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu _\mu D_m(xy)`$ (3.4)
and the other (anti)commutators are zero.

###### Remark 3.1

The supersymmetry invariance manifests itself in a very nice way connecting the causal (anti)commutators from the bosonic and the fermionic sector; the last two relations in the preceding formula are completely determined via the consistency relations (2.13).

One can easily prove that all consistency conditions (2.6), (2.9), (2.11) and (2.13) are verified. Then we have the following result from ; we will provide the proof because the argument proves to be rewarding for more complicated cases.

###### Theorem 3.2

Let $`\varphi ^{(j)},j=1,\mathrm{},s`$ be bosonic Hermitian fields and $`f_a^{(A)},A=1,\mathrm{},f`$. fermionic Majorana fields of spin $`1/2`$ fields:

$$(\varphi ^{(j)})^{}=\varphi ^{(j)},j=1,\mathrm{},s(f_a^{(A)})^{}=\overline{f}_{\overline{a}}^{(A)},A=1,\mathrm{},f,a=1,2$$
(3.5)
forming a supersymmetric multiplet. Then we necessarily have $`s=2f`$ and the multiplet is a direct sum of irreducible multiples of the Wess-Zumino type.

Proof: According to the hypothesis, the generic form of (2.5) must be:

$`i[Q_a,\varphi ^{(j)}]={\displaystyle \underset{A=1}{\overset{f}{}}}𝒜_1^{jA}f_a^{(A)}`$
$`\{Q_a,f_b^{(A)}\}=ϵ_{ab}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{s}{}}}𝒜_2^{Aj}\varphi ^{(j)}\{Q_a,\overline{f}_{\overline{b}}^{(A)}\}=\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu {\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{s}{}}}𝒜_3^{Aj}_\mu \varphi ^{(j)}`$ (3.6)
where $`𝒜_l,l=1,2,3`$ are some complex matrices. Remark that in writing down such an ansatz we have taken into account the Lorentz covariance restriction. We also remark that higher derivatives can be eliminated in the right hand side if one uses the equations of motion. Using the hypothesis that the scalar (resp. spinor) fields are Hermitian (resp. Majorana) we obtain from the preceding relation another three similar relations. Now we put to use the consistency conditions; it is elementary to obtain from (2.9):

$`𝒜_2𝒜_1=0,𝒜_3𝒜_1=0,𝒜_2\overline{𝒜}_1=2iM`$
$`\overline{𝒜}_1𝒜_3+𝒜_1\overline{𝒜}_3=2I_s,\overline{𝒜}_3𝒜_1=2I_f`$ (3.7)
where $`I_s`$ (resp. $`I_f`$) is the identity matrix in $`s`$ (resp. $`f`$) dimensions and the bar denotes complex conjugation and from the consistency (2.11) with the equation of motion:

$`𝒜_2=iM𝒜_3,M𝒜_2=i𝒜_3m^2,m^2𝒜_1=𝒜_1M^2.`$ (3.8)
If we take the trace of the last two relations (3.7) we get $`s=2f`$. Next, we define the matrices $`A,BM_{}(s,s)`$ according to the formula:

$$A^T(𝒜_3,\overline{𝒜}_3),B(\overline{𝒜}_1,𝒜_1)$$
(3.9)
where the bracket means juxtaposition of rectangular matrices. Then we easily find out from (3.7) that

$$AB=BA=2I_s;$$
(3.10)
this means that the matrices $`A`$ and $`B`$ are invertible. It follows that we can replace the $`s`$ real fields $`\varphi ^{(j)}`$ by $`f=s/2`$ complex fields according to:

$$\varphi ^{(A)}\underset{j=1}{\overset{s}{}}𝒜_3^{Aj}\varphi ^{(j)},A=1,\mathrm{},f.$$
(3.11)
The transition from the set $`\varphi ^{(j)}`$ to $`\varphi ^{(A)},(\varphi ^{(A)})^{}`$ is done with the invertible matrix $`A`$. Then one can easily prove that the mass of the scalar field $`\varphi ^{(A)}`$ is $`M_A`$ and that the couple $`\varphi ^{(A)},f^{(A)}`$ verifies the relations (3.3) corresponding to the mass $`M_A`$.

It is interesting to note that, in some sense, the condition that the fields are free is redundant. Indeed, suppose that only first order partial derivatives can appear in the right hand side of (2.5). Then the last consistency relation (2.9) is in our case:

$`{\displaystyle \underset{B=1}{\overset{f}{}}}\left[(\overline{𝒜}_3𝒜_1)^{AB}\sigma _{c\overline{b}}^\mu _\mu f_a^{(B)}+(𝒜_2\overline{𝒜}_1)^{AB}ϵ_{ac}f_{\overline{b}}^{(B)}\right]=2I_f\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu _\mu f_c^{(A)}.`$
For $`a=c`$ we get $`\overline{𝒜}_3𝒜_1=2I_f`$. For $`ac`$ we obtain after contraction with $`ϵ^{ac}`$

$`2\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu _\mu f_a^{(A)}={\displaystyle \underset{B=1}{\overset{f}{}}}(𝒜_2\overline{𝒜}_1)^{AB}f_{\overline{b}}^{(B)}`$
If we take into account that the fields are linearly independent, i.e. no relations connect two different fields $`f^{(A)}`$ then we conclude that the matrix $`𝒜_2\overline{𝒜}_1`$ should be diagonal i.e. we should have $`𝒜_2\overline{𝒜}_1=2iM`$ for some complex diagonal matrix $`M`$. The preceding equation becomes:

$`i\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu _\mu f_a^{(A)}=M_Af_{\overline{b}}^{(B)}.`$
We can fix $`M_A0`$ if we redefine the fields with a phase factor $`\lambda `$: $`f^{(A)}\lambda f^{(A)}`$. If we apply the operator $`i\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu _\mu `$ to the last equation (3.6) then we easily obtain with the same linear independence argument that the scalar fields should verify Klein-Gordon equations.

Now we give the explicit expressions for the superfields associated to the Wess-Zumino multiplet according to formulæ (2.16) and (3.3). We have:

$`\mathrm{\Phi }(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })W_{\theta ,\overline{\theta }}\varphi (x)W_{\theta ,\overline{\theta }}^1`$
$`=\varphi 2\overline{\theta }^{\overline{a}}\overline{f}_{\overline{a}}+i(\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta })_\mu \varphi m(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta })\varphi ^{}m(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta })\theta ^af_a+{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{4}}(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta })(\theta \theta )\varphi `$
$`F_a(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })W_{\theta ,\overline{\theta }}f_a(x)W_{\theta ,\overline{\theta }}^1`$
$`=f_am\theta _a\varphi i\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu \overline{\theta }^{\overline{b}}_\mu \varphi ^{}+2m\theta _a\overline{\theta }^{\overline{b}}\overline{f}_{\overline{b}}+i(\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta })_\mu f_a`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{im}{2}}(\theta \theta )\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu \overline{\theta }^{\overline{b}}_\mu \varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{2}}(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta })\theta _a\varphi ^{}{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{4}}(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta })(\theta \theta )f_a.`$ (3.12)
The result follows by computing the multiple commutators with the aid of (3.3).

There are some very usefull relations

$`𝒟_a\mathrm{\Phi }=0,𝒟_a\mathrm{\Phi }^{}=2F_a`$
$`𝒟_aF_b=mϵ_{ab}\mathrm{\Phi },𝒟_a\overline{F}_{\overline{b}}=i\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu _\mu \mathrm{\Phi }`$ (3.13)
which immediately follow from (2.22). From the preceding relations one can easily derive the following super-equations of motions for the WZ superfield:

$`𝒟^2\mathrm{\Phi }^{}=4m\mathrm{\Phi }\overline{𝒟}^2\mathrm{\Phi }=4m\mathrm{\Phi }^{}.`$ (3.14)
No variational principle needed in deriving these equations. The imaginary unit in the “sandwich formula” is essential!

We can obtain an interesting conclusion from (3.13) and (3.14) concerning the triviality of the Lagrangian (2.74); indeed we obtain

$$:\mathrm{\Phi }(X)^3:=\frac{1}{4m}𝒟^2[:\mathrm{\Phi }^2(X)\mathrm{\Phi }(X)^{}:]$$
(3.15)
However the Wess-Zumino Lagrangian (2.75) is not trivial: one cannot pull out the operator $`𝒟^2`$ in front of the $`\delta `$-factors.

###### Remark 3.3

Let us note that the first superfield (3.12) seems to differ from the usual Wess-Zumino (or chiral) superfield considered in the literature which corresponds to a different choice of the operator (2.17) namely without the imaginary factor in the exponential . However, in this case this operator is no longer unitary and the renormalizability arguments from the previous Section should be reconsidered.

Now the commutation relations can be obtained by direct computation; they are:

$`[\mathrm{\Phi }(x_1,\theta _1,\overline{\theta }_1),\mathrm{\Phi }(x_2,\theta _2,\overline{\theta }_2)]`$
$`=2im(\overline{\theta }_1\overline{\theta }_2)(\overline{\theta }_1\overline{\theta }_2)\mathrm{exp}[i(\theta _1\sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }_1\theta _2\sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }_2)_\mu ]D_m(x_1x_2)`$
$`[\mathrm{\Phi }(x_1,\theta _1,\overline{\theta }_1),\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(x_2,\theta _2,\overline{\theta }_2)]`$
$`=2i\mathrm{exp}[i(\theta _1\sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }_1+\theta _2\sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }_22\theta _2\sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }_1)_\mu ]D_m(x_1x_2);`$ (3.16)
the commutation relations for the superfields $`F_a`$ can be obtained from the preceding ones without explicit computations from (3.13). It has been noted in  that the super-order of singularities are better than the general formula (2.41), namely:

$`\omega (D_{\mathrm{\Phi },\mathrm{\Phi }^{}})=2,\omega (D_{\mathrm{\Phi },\mathrm{\Phi }})=3,\omega (D_{F_a,F_b^{}})=1,\omega (D_{F_aF_b})=2.`$ (3.17)
The relations (3.16) explicitly show that the superfields are causally commuting, which is an essential ingredient to the perturbative approach as pointed out in Subsection 2.2.

We close by mentioning that superfields of the type (3.12) will play various rôles in our supersymmetric extension of gauge theories: we will need super-Fermi ghosts, super-Bose Higgs and super-Bose for the matter field.

### 3.2 The Ghost and Anti-Ghost Multiplets

To construct a supersymmetric gauge theory it seems natural to extend in a consistent super-symmetric way the usual ghost and anti-ghost fields. It is rewarding that the preceding analysis goes through practically unchanged. One only has to take care to invert the statistics assignment: the scalar fields $`u^{(j)},j=1,\mathrm{},s^{}`$ will be Hermitian and will respect Fermi-Dirac statistics; their Majorana partners $`\chi _a^{(A)},A=1,\mathrm{},f^{}`$ will be bosons. This is enforced by the consistency relations (2.15).

The corresponding anti-ghost multiplet is denoted similarly: the scalar fields $`\stackrel{~}{u}^{(j)},j=1,\mathrm{},s\mathrm{"}`$ will be anti-Hermitian and will respect Fermi-Dirac statistics; their anti-Majorana partners $`\stackrel{~}{\chi }_a^{(A)},A=1,\mathrm{},f\mathrm{"}`$ will be bosons:

$`(u^{(j)})^{}=u^{(j)},j=1,\mathrm{},s^{}(\chi _a^{(A)})^{}=\overline{\chi }_{\overline{a}}^{(A)},A=1,\mathrm{},f^{}`$
$`(\stackrel{~}{u}^{(j)})^{}=\stackrel{~}{u}^{(j)},j=1,\mathrm{},s^{\prime \prime }(\stackrel{~}{\chi }_a^{(A)})^{}=\overline{\stackrel{~}{\chi }}_{\overline{a}}^{(A)},A=1,\mathrm{},f^{\prime \prime }.`$ (3.18)
These are free fields; we have as before:

$`[^2+(m_j^{})^2]u^{(j)}=0,j=1,\mathrm{},s^{}`$
$`i\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu _\mu \overline{\chi }^{(A)\overline{b}}=M_A^{}\chi _a^{(A)},i\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu _\mu \chi ^{(A)a}=M_A^{}\overline{\chi }_{\overline{b}}^{(A)},A=1,\mathrm{},f^{}`$
$`[^2+(m_j^{\prime \prime })^2]\stackrel{~}{u}^{(j)}=0,j=1,\mathrm{},s^{\prime \prime }`$
$`i\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu _\mu \overline{\stackrel{~}{\chi }}^{(A)\overline{b}}=M_A^{\prime \prime }\stackrel{~}{\chi }_a^{(A)},i\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu _\mu \stackrel{~}{\chi }^{(A)a}=M_A^{\prime \prime }\overline{\stackrel{~}{\chi }}_{\overline{b}}^{(A)},A=1,\mathrm{},f^{\prime \prime }.`$ (3.19)
The mass matrices are then $`m^{},m^{\prime \prime },M^{},M^{\prime \prime }`$. The commutation relation involves a subtilty and will be dealt with later.

Now the changes in the argument of the preceding Subsection are minimal. The unicity result of  stays true: one simply has to modify the ansatz (3.6) to:

$`\{Q_a,u^{(j)}\}={\displaystyle \underset{A=1}{\overset{f}{}}}𝒜_1^{jA}\chi _a^{(A)}`$
$`i[Q_a,\chi _b^{(A)}]=ϵ_{ab}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{s}{}}}𝒜_2^{Aj}u^{(j)}i[Q_a,\overline{\chi }_{\overline{b}}^{(A)}]=\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu {\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{s}{}}}𝒜_3^{Aj}_\mu u^{(j)}`$ (3.20)
and similarly for the anti-ghost multiplet. It is not very hard to see that (2.9) and (2.11) give again (3.7) and (3.8). As a result we conclude that the ghost multiplet is a sum of elementary ghosts multiplets built from a complex scalar field $`u`$ with Fermi statistics and a Majorana spinor $`\chi `$ with Bose statistics of the same mass $`m^{}`$ such that we have instead of (3.3) the following relations:

$`\{Q_a,u\}=0,\{\overline{Q}_{\overline{a}},u^{}\}=0`$
$`\{Q_a,u^{}\}=2\chi _a,\{\overline{Q}_{\overline{a}},u\}=2\overline{\chi }_{\overline{a}}`$
$`[Q_a,\chi _b]=m^{}ϵ_{ab}u,[\overline{Q}_{\overline{a}},\overline{\chi }_{\overline{b}}]=m^{}ϵ_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}u^{}`$
$`i[Q_a,\overline{\chi }_{\overline{b}}]=\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu _\mu ui[\overline{Q}_{\overline{a}},\chi _b\}=\sigma _{b\overline{a}}^\mu _\mu u^{}`$ (3.21)
For the anti-ghost multiplet we have instead:

$`\{Q_a,\stackrel{~}{u}\}=0,\{\overline{Q}_{\overline{a}},\stackrel{~}{u}^{}\}=0`$
$`\{Q_a,\stackrel{~}{u}^{}\}=2\stackrel{~}{\chi }_a,\{\overline{Q}_{\overline{a}},\stackrel{~}{u}\}=2\overline{\stackrel{~}{\chi }}_{\overline{a}}`$
$`[Q_a,\stackrel{~}{\chi }_b]=m^{\prime \prime }ϵ_{ab}\stackrel{~}{u},[\overline{Q}_{\overline{a}},\overline{\stackrel{~}{\chi }}_{\overline{b}}]=m^{\prime \prime }ϵ_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}\stackrel{~}{u}^{}`$
$`i[Q_a,\overline{\stackrel{~}{\chi }}_{\overline{b}}]=\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu _\mu \stackrel{~}{u}i[\overline{Q}_{\overline{a}},\stackrel{~}{\chi }_b\}=\sigma _{b\overline{a}}^\mu _\mu \stackrel{~}{u}^{}`$ (3.22)
where the changes of some signs follows from the different behaviour of $`\stackrel{~}{\chi }`$ with respect to Hermitian conjugation.

One can easily prove that all consistency conditions (2.6), (2.9), (2.11) are verified. We call these multiplets the ghost (resp.) anti-ghost multiplets.

To consider the commutation relations we remember that for usual gauge theories  one has to consider that the ghost and the anti-ghost fields are of the same mass and verify commutation relations of the following type:

$`\{u_j(x),\stackrel{~}{u}_k(y)\}=i\delta _{jk}D_{m_j}(xy).`$
It is natural to postulate

$$\{u(x),\stackrel{~}{u}^{}(y)\}=2iD_m^{}(xy);$$
(3.23)
then we have from (2.13) $`m^{}=m^{\prime \prime }`$ and

$`[\chi _a(x),\stackrel{~}{\chi }_b(y)]=im^{}ϵ_{ab}D_m^{}(xy),`$
$`[\overline{\chi }_{\overline{a}}(x),\stackrel{~}{\chi }_b(y)]=\sigma _{b\overline{a}}^\mu _\mu D_m^{}(xy);`$ (3.24)
all other (anti)commutators are zero. A further check of consistency we will get when the gauge charge $`Q`$ will be introduced.

We now give the explicit expressions for the superfields associated to the ghost and anti-ghost multiplets using the formula (2.16) and (3.21) + (3.22). We have for the ghost multiplet:

$`U(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })W_{\theta ,\overline{\theta }}u(x)W_{\theta ,\overline{\theta }}^1`$
$`=u2i\overline{\theta }^{\overline{a}}\overline{\chi }_{\overline{a}}+i(\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta })_\mu um^{}(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta })u^{}im^{}(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta })\theta ^a\chi _a+{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{4}}(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta })(\theta \theta )u`$
$`X_a(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })W_{\theta ,\overline{\theta }}\chi _a(x)W_{\theta ,\overline{\theta }}^1`$
$`=\chi _a+im^{}\theta _au\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu \overline{\theta }^{\overline{b}}_\mu u^{}+2m^{}\theta _a\overline{\theta }^{\overline{b}}\overline{\chi }_{\overline{b}}+i(\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta })_\mu \chi _a`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{m^{}}{2}}(\theta \theta )\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu \overline{\theta }^{\overline{b}}_\mu u{\displaystyle \frac{im^2}{2}}(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta })\theta _au^{}{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{4}}(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta })(\theta \theta )\chi _a`$ (3.25)
and respectively for the anti-ghost multiplet:

$`\stackrel{~}{U}(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })W_{\theta ,\overline{\theta }}\stackrel{~}{u}(x)W_{\theta ,\overline{\theta }}^1`$
$`=\stackrel{~}{u}+2i\overline{\theta }^{\overline{a}}\overline{\stackrel{~}{\chi }}_{\overline{a}}+i(\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta })_\mu \stackrel{~}{u}+m^{}(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta })\stackrel{~}{u}^{}+im^{}(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta })\theta ^a\stackrel{~}{\chi }_a+{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{4}}(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta })(\theta \theta )\stackrel{~}{u}`$
$`\stackrel{~}{X}_a(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })W_{\theta ,\overline{\theta }}\stackrel{~}{\chi }_a(x)W_{\theta ,\overline{\theta }}^1`$
$`=\stackrel{~}{\chi }_aim^{}\theta _a\stackrel{~}{u}\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu \overline{\theta }^{\overline{b}}_\mu \stackrel{~}{u}^{}+2m^{}\theta _a\overline{\theta }^{\overline{b}}\overline{\stackrel{~}{\chi }}_{\overline{b}}+i(\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta })_\mu \stackrel{~}{\chi }_a`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{m^{}}{2}}(\theta \theta )\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu \overline{\theta }^{\overline{b}}_\mu \stackrel{~}{u}{\displaystyle \frac{im^2}{2}}(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta })\theta _a\stackrel{~}{u}^{}{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{4}}(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta })(\theta \theta )\stackrel{~}{\chi }_a.`$ (3.26)
As for the Wess-Zumino multiplet we have from (2.19) equations of the type (3.13):

$`𝒟_aU=0,𝒟_aU^{}=2iX_a`$
$`𝒟_aX_b=im^{}ϵ_{ab}U,𝒟_a\overline{X}_{\overline{b}}=\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu _\mu U`$ (3.27)
and similarly for the anti-ghosts. Super-equations of motion follow:

$`𝒟^2U^{}=4m^{}U\overline{𝒟}^2U=4m^{}U^{}`$
$`𝒟^2\stackrel{~}{U}^{}=4m^{}\stackrel{~}{U}\overline{𝒟}^2\stackrel{~}{U}=4m^{}\stackrel{~}{U}^{}.`$ (3.28)
Now the corresponding commutation relations are:

$`\{U(x_1,\theta _1,\overline{\theta }_1),\stackrel{~}{U}(x_2,\theta _2,\overline{\theta }_2)\}`$
$`=2im^{}(\overline{\theta }_1\overline{\theta }_2)(\overline{\theta }_1\overline{\theta }_2)\mathrm{exp}[i(\theta _1\sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }_1\theta _2\sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }_2)_\mu ]D_m^{}(x_1x_2)`$
$`\{U(x_1,\theta _1,\overline{\theta }_1),\stackrel{~}{U}^{}(x_2,\theta _2,\overline{\theta }_2)\}`$
$`=2i\mathrm{exp}[i(\theta _1\sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }_1+\theta _2\sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }_22\theta _2\sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }_1)_\mu ]D_m^{}(x_1x_2);`$ (3.29)
the commutation relations for the superfields $`X_a`$ can be obtained from the preceding ones without explicit computations from (3.27). The super-order of singularities are better that the general formula (2.41), namely:

$`\omega (D_{U,\stackrel{~}{U}^{}})=2,\omega (D_{U,\stackrel{~}{U}})=3.`$ (3.30)
### 3.3 The Vector Multiplet

To construct a gauge theory one needs a multiplet including a spin $`1`$ field. To obtain such multiplets is not so easy as in the Wess-Zumino case. The usual vector multiplet from the literature ,  contains scalar, Majorana and vector component fields. Detailed checks of the consistency relations outlined in Subsection 2.1 seems to be absent from the literature. We will consider here a new vector multiplet which has the nice property that the corresponding gauge structure is similar to the usual gauge theories. If this model is consistent with the phenomenology it brings new physics, as will be seen in the next Section.

First we should clear up why unicity theorems of the type presented above in Subsection 3.1 are not available. This point is also emerging from the analysis of . Let us consider first the next possible generalization of the Wess-Zumino scheme. We take as basic fields some vector fields $`v_\mu ^{(j)},j=1,\mathrm{},v`$ with Bose statistics and some Majorana fields $`\psi _a^{(A)},A=1,\mathrm{},f`$ with Fermi statistics. Equations of motion of the type (3.1) are also assumed. As we have said in Subsection 2.2 we do not impose the transversality condition (2.37) in order to have good singularity behaviour of the causal functions. (In  a more general situation is considered, i.e. one considers some scalar fields also but the transversality condition is imposed).

Now we can write the most general ansatz of the type (3.6) for this case; it is:

$`i[Q_a,v_\mu ^{(j)}]={\displaystyle \underset{A=1}{\overset{f}{}}}\left[𝒜_1^{jA}^\mu \psi _a^{(A)}+𝒜_4^{jA}\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu \overline{\psi }^{(A)\overline{b}}+𝒜_5^{jA}\sigma _{ab}^{\mu \nu }_\nu \psi ^{(A)b}\right]`$
$`\{Q_a,\psi _b^{(A)}\}={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{s}{}}}\left[ϵ_{ab}𝒜_2^{Aj}^\mu v_\mu ^{(j)}+𝒜_6^{jA}\sigma _{ab}^{\mu \nu }v_{\mu \nu }^{(j)}\right]`$
$`\{Q_a,\overline{\psi }_{\overline{b}}^{(A)}\}=\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu {\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{v}{}}}𝒜_3^{Aj}v_\mu ^{(j)}`$ (3.31)
where we use the well-known notations

$$v_{\mu \nu }^{(j)}_\mu v_\nu ^{(j)}(\mu \nu )$$
(3.32)
and

$$\sigma _{ab}^{\mu \nu }\frac{i}{4}[\sigma _{a\overline{c}}^\mu ϵ^{\overline{c}\overline{d}}\sigma _{b\overline{d}}^\nu (\mu \nu )].$$
(3.33)
One can proceed as in Subsection 3.1 and write down all the relations following from the consistency conditions, but as in , a general solution seems to be impossible to obtain: there are “too many” matrices $`𝒜_i`$! Another possibility is to construct the multiplet directly from the Jacobi consistency conditions. This method is used in . If we start with one Majorana field $`f=1`$, it turns out that we need two Hermitian vector fields $`v=2`$, but in addition a spin $`3/2`$ field. The above problem for $`f=1`$ has no solution.

This leads us consider a related situation in which we replace the above spinor fields by some Majorana-Rarita-Schwinger fields $`\psi _{\mu a}^{(A)},A=1,\mathrm{},f`$ (without using any spinor field). First we fix all conditions on the free fields of the model. We require :

* The fields $`\psi _{\mu a}^{(A)},A=1,\mathrm{},f`$ behave as spinors with respect to the index $`a`$ and as vectors with respect to the index $`\mu `$.
* Hermiticity:

$$(v_\mu ^{(j)})^{}=v_\mu ^{(j)},j=1,\mathrm{},v(\psi _{\mu a}^{(A)})^{}=\overline{\psi }_{\mu \overline{a}}^{(A)},A=1,\mathrm{},f.$$
(3.34)
* Equations of motion: The fields verify Klein-Gordon (resp. Dirac) equation:

$`(^2+m_j^2)v_\mu ^{(j)}=0,j=1,\mathrm{},s`$
$`i\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\nu _\nu \overline{\psi }_\mu ^{(A)\overline{b}}=M_A\psi _{\mu a}^{(A)},i\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\nu _\nu \psi _\mu ^{(A)a}=M_A\overline{\psi }_{\mu \overline{b}}^{(A)},A=1,\mathrm{},f.`$ (3.35)
* (Anti)commutation relations:

$`[v_\mu ^{(j)}(x),v_\rho ^{(k)}(y)^{}]=2i\delta _{jk}g_{\mu \rho }D_{m_j}(xy),`$
$`\{\psi _{\mu a}^A(x),\psi _{\rho b}^B(y)\}=i\delta _{AB}g_{\mu \rho }M_Aϵ_{ab}D_{M_A}(xy),`$
$`\{\psi _{\mu a}^A(x),\overline{\psi }_{\rho \overline{b}}^B(y)\}=\delta _{AB}g_{\mu \rho }\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu _\mu D_{M_A}(xy),`$
$`[v_\mu ^{(j)}(x),\psi _{\rho a}^{(A)}(y)]=0.`$ (3.36)

We do not impose a transversality condition of the type (2.37) for the same reason as explained before.

The analogue of (3.31) is now:

$`i[Q_a,v_\mu ^{(j)}]={\displaystyle \underset{A=1}{\overset{f}{}}}\left[𝒜_1^{jA}\psi _{\mu a}^{(A)}+𝒜_4^{jA}(\sigma _\mu )_{a\overline{b}}^\nu \overline{\psi }_\nu ^{(A)\overline{b}}+𝒜_5^{jA}\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\nu _\mu \overline{\psi }_\nu ^{(A)\overline{b}}+𝒜_6^{jA}(\sigma _{\mu \nu })_{ab}\psi ^{(A)\nu b}\right]`$
$`\{Q_a,\psi _{\mu b}^{(A)}\}={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{s}{}}}\left[ϵ_{ab}𝒜_2^{Aj}v_\mu ^{(j)}+𝒜_7^{jA}(\sigma _{\mu \nu })_{ab}v^{(j)\nu }\right]`$
$`\{Q_a,\overline{\psi }_{\mu \overline{b}}^{(A)}\}={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{v}{}}}\left[𝒜_3^{Aj}\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\nu _\nu v_\mu ^{(j)}+𝒜_8^{Aj}\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\nu _\mu v_\nu ^{(j)}\right].`$ (3.37)
The number of undetermined matrices proliferates. However there is a particular case when the problem can be analysed completely, namely when we have: $`𝒜_i=0,i=6,7,8`$ i.e. the preceding ansatz takes the form:

$`i[Q_a,v_\mu ^{(j)}]={\displaystyle \underset{A=1}{\overset{f}{}}}\left[𝒜_1^{jA}\psi _{\mu a}^{(A)}+𝒜_4^{jA}(\sigma _\mu )_{a\overline{b}}^\nu \overline{\psi }_\nu ^{(A)\overline{b}}+𝒜_5^{jA}\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\nu _\mu \overline{\psi }_\nu ^{(A)\overline{b}}\right]`$
$`\{Q_a,\psi _{\mu b}^{(A)}\}={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{s}{}}}ϵ_{ab}𝒜_2^{Aj}v_\mu ^{(j)}\{Q_a,\overline{\psi }_{\mu \overline{b}}^{(A)}\}={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{v}{}}}𝒜_3^{Aj}\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\nu _\nu v_\mu ^{(j)}.`$ (3.38)
In this case the consistency relations are not very complicated:

$`𝒜_i𝒜_3=0,i=4,5𝒜_i𝒜_j=0,i=2,3j=1,4,5`$
$`\overline{𝒜}_1𝒜_3+𝒜_1\overline{𝒜}_3=2I_s,\overline{𝒜}_3𝒜_1=2I_f`$
$`\overline{𝒜}_i𝒜_2+𝒜_i\overline{𝒜}_2=0,i=4,5`$
$`\overline{𝒜}_i𝒜_j=0,i=2,3j=4,5`$
$`𝒜_2\overline{𝒜}_1=2iM`$ (3.39)
and

$`𝒜_2=iM𝒜_3,M𝒜_2=i𝒜_3m^2,m^2𝒜_i=𝒜_iM^2,i=1,3,4,5.`$ (3.40)
As in Subsection 3.1 we get $`s=2f`$. Next, we define the matrices $`A,BM_{}(s,s)`$ as in (3.9) and find out that they are inverse to each other (up to a factor $`2`$). Finally we replace the $`s`$ real vector fields $`v_\mu ^{(j)}`$ by $`f=s/2`$ complex fields according to:

$$v_\mu ^{(A)}\underset{j=1}{\overset{s}{}}𝒜_3^{Aj}v_\mu ^{(j)},A=1,\mathrm{},f$$
(3.41)
and the multiplet decouples into a sum of new vector multiplets where by definition such a multiplet is built from a complex vector field $`v_\mu `$ and a Majorana-Rarita-Schwinger field $`\psi _{\mu a}`$ subject to the following consistency conditions:

* Hermiticity

$$(\psi _{\mu a})^{}=\overline{\psi }_{\mu \overline{a}}.$$
(3.42)
* Equations of motion: The fields verify Klein-Gordon (resp. Dirac) equation with the same mass

$`(^2+M^2)v_\mu =0,`$
$`i\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\nu _\nu \overline{\psi }_\mu ^{\overline{b}}=M\psi _{\mu a},i\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\nu _\nu \psi _\mu ^a=M\overline{\psi }_{\mu \overline{b}}.`$ (3.43)
* (Anti)commutation relations:

$`[v_\mu (x),v_\rho ^{}(y)]=2ig_{\mu \rho }D_M(xy),`$
$`\{\psi _{\mu a}(x),\psi _{\rho b}(y)\}=iMg_{\mu \rho }ϵ_{ab}D_M(xy),`$
$`\{\psi _{\mu a}(x),\overline{\psi }_{\rho \overline{b}}(y)\}=g_{\mu \rho }\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu _\mu D_M(xy),`$
$`[v_\mu (x),\psi _{\rho a}(y)]=0.`$ (3.44)
* The action of the supercharges:

$`[Q_a,v_\mu ]=0,[\overline{Q}_{\overline{a}},v_\mu ^{}]=0`$
$`i[Q_a,v_\mu ^{}]=2\psi _{\mu a},i[\overline{Q}_{\overline{a}},v_\mu ]=2\overline{\psi }_{\mu \overline{a}}`$
$`\{Q_a,\psi _{\mu b}\}=iϵ_{ab}Mv_\mu ,\{\overline{Q}_{\overline{a}},\overline{\psi }_{\mu \overline{b}}\}=iϵ_{\overline{a}\overline{b}}Mv_\mu ^{},`$
$`\{Q_a,\overline{\psi }_{\mu \overline{b}}\}=\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\nu _\nu v_\mu ,\{\overline{Q}_{\overline{a}},\psi _{\mu b}\}=\sigma _{b\overline{a}}^\nu _\nu v_\mu ^{}.`$ (3.45)

We call this new multiplet the RS vector multiplet.

The associated superfield can be easily constructed in analogy to the case studied in Subsection 3.1. We have:

$`V_\mu (x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })W_{\theta ,\overline{\theta }}v_\mu (x)W_{\theta ,\overline{\theta }}^1`$
$`=v_\mu 2\overline{\theta }^{\overline{a}}\overline{\psi }_{\mu \overline{a}}+i(\theta \sigma ^\nu \overline{\theta })_\nu v_\mu M(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta })v_\mu ^{}M(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta })\theta ^a\psi _{\mu a}+{\displaystyle \frac{M^2}{4}}(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta })(\theta \theta )v_\mu `$
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\mu a}(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })W_{\theta ,\overline{\theta }}\psi _{\mu a}(x)W_{\theta ,\overline{\theta }}^1`$
$`=\psi _{\mu a}M\theta _av_\mu i\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\nu \overline{\theta }^{\overline{b}}_\nu v_\mu +2M\theta _a\overline{\theta }^{\overline{b}}\overline{\psi }_{\mu \overline{b}}+i(\theta \sigma ^\nu \overline{\theta })_\nu \psi _{\mu a}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{iM}{2}}(\theta \theta )\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\nu \overline{\theta }^{\overline{b}}_\nu v_\mu +{\displaystyle \frac{M^2}{2}}(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta })\theta _av_\mu {\displaystyle \frac{M^2}{4}}(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta })(\theta \theta )\psi _{\mu a}`$ (3.46)
and the commutation relations are:

$`[V_\mu (x_1,\theta _1,\overline{\theta }_1),V_\rho (x_2,\theta _2,\overline{\theta }_2)]`$
$`=2iMg_{\mu \rho }(\overline{\theta }_1\overline{\theta }_2)(\overline{\theta }_1\overline{\theta }_2)\mathrm{exp}[i(\theta _1\sigma ^\nu \overline{\theta }_1\theta _2\sigma ^\nu \overline{\theta }_2)_\nu ]D_M(x_1x_2)`$
$`[V_\mu (x_1,\theta _1,\overline{\theta }_1),V_\rho ^{}(x_2,\theta _2,\overline{\theta }_2)]`$
$`=2ig_{\mu \rho }\mathrm{exp}[i(\theta _1\sigma ^\nu \overline{\theta }_1+\theta _2\sigma ^\nu \overline{\theta }_22\theta _2\sigma ^\nu \overline{\theta }_1)_\nu ]D_M(x_1x_2).`$ (3.47)
### 3.4 The Gauge Supermultiplet

According to the usual wisdom of ordinary quantum gauge theory, one has to “gauge away” the unphysical degrees of freedom of a vector field using ghost fields. For a vector field $`v_\mu `$ of positive mass $`m`$ one associates to it three fields $`u,\stackrel{~}{u},\varphi `$ such that:

* All three are scalar fields;
* All them have the same mass $`m`$ as the vector field.
* The Hermiticity properties are;

$$\varphi ^{}=\varphi ,u^{}=u,\stackrel{~}{u}^{}=\stackrel{~}{u}$$
(3.48)
* The first two ones $`u,\stackrel{~}{u}`$ are fermionic and $`\varphi `$ is bosonic.
* The commutation relations are:

$`[\varphi (x),\varphi (y)]=iD_m(xy),\{u(x),\stackrel{~}{u}(y)\}=iD_m(xy)`$ (3.49)
and the rest of the (anti)commutators are zero.

Then one introduces the gauge charge $`Q`$ according to:

$`Q\mathrm{\Omega }=0,Q^{}=Q,`$
$`[Q,v_\mu ]=i_\mu u,[Q,\varphi ]=imu`$
$`\{Q,u\}=0,\{Q,\stackrel{~}{u}\}=i(^\mu v_\mu +m\varphi ).`$ (3.50)
It can be proved that this gauge charge is well defined by these relations i.e. it is compatible with the (anti)commutation relations. Moreover one has $`Q^2=0`$ so the factor space $`Ker(Q)/Im(Q)`$ makes sense; it can be proved that this is the physical space of an ensemble of identical particles of spin $`1`$. For details see , .

Now it makes sense to copy this structure for the superfields. We will simply replace

$$v_\mu V_\mu ,\varphi \mathrm{\Phi },uU,\stackrel{~}{u}\stackrel{~}{U}$$
(3.51)
where all these multiplets are of the same positive mass $`m`$. We will prove that the structure so obtained is consistent. In other word, we try to define the supercharge $`Q`$ such that:

$`Q\mathrm{\Omega }=0,`$
$`[Q,V_\mu ]=i_\mu U,[Q,\mathrm{\Phi }]=imU`$
$`\{Q,U\}=0,\{Q,\stackrel{~}{U}\}=i(^\mu V_\mu +m\mathrm{\Phi }).`$ (3.52)
It is not at all obvious that all these relations are consistent. This would be true if the Hilbert space $`_G`$ would be generated acting on the vacuum $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ only with the superfields. But this is not true: the generic form of a vector being (2.7).

It is a remarkable fact that the preceding construction is indeed consistent: the preceding relations are equivalent with the following set of commutation properties in terms of component fields:

$`[Q,v_\mu ]=i_\mu u,[Q,\psi _{\mu a}]=_\mu \chi _a,`$
$`[Q,\varphi ]=imu,\{Q,f_a\}=m\chi _a`$
$`\{Q,u\}=0,[Q,\chi _a]=0,`$
$`\{Q,\stackrel{~}{u}\}=i(^\mu v_\mu +m\varphi ),[Q,\stackrel{~}{\chi }]=(^\mu \psi _{\mu a}+mf_a)`$ (3.53)
and the relations which follow from Hermitian conjugation.

The final check is to prove that the consistency relations (2.15) are true and this easily follows. It also can be showed that, as for the usual gauge case, the factor space $`Ker(Q)/Im(Q)`$ describes a system of identical $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ super-symmetric systems. So, the analogy with the usual gauge case is really remarkable. Moreover, it is quite easy to obtain consistent gauge invariant couplings for this multiplet. For instance, we can generalize the Abelian Higgs-Kibble model from , Section 4.1 as follows. We define the following superfields:

$`V_\mu ^{}(X)V_\mu (X)+V_\mu ^{}(X),U^{}(X)U(X)+U^{}(X),\stackrel{~}{U}^{}(X)\stackrel{~}{U}(X)\stackrel{~}{U}^{}(X),`$
$`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(X)\mathrm{\Phi }(X)+\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(X),\mathrm{\Phi }_H^{}(X)\mathrm{\Phi }_H(X)+\mathrm{\Phi }_H^{}(X)`$ (3.54)
where $`\mathrm{\Phi }_H`$ is a Wess-Zumino multiplet of mass $`m_H`$ and we extend the definition of the gauge charge $`Q`$ admitting that, besides (3.52) we also have:

$`[Q,\mathrm{\Phi }_H]=0.`$ (3.55)
Then the action of the gauge charge on the new superfields verifies the relations (3.52). So we can substitute everywhere in the expression (4.1.19) from  the ordinary fields by “primed”-superfields i.e. we have:

$`T(X)=mV^\mu V_\mu ^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_H^{}+U^{}\stackrel{~}{U}^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_H^{}V_\mu ^{}(\mathrm{\Phi }_H^{}^\mu \mathrm{\Phi }^{}\mathrm{\Phi }^{}^\mu \mathrm{\Phi }_H^{}){\displaystyle \frac{m_H^2}{2m}}\left[\mathrm{\Phi }_H^{}(\mathrm{\Phi }^{})^2+(\mathrm{\Phi }^{})_H^3\right]`$ (3.56)
One can even add to this expression a interaction with “matter” fields of the type

$`F^a(X)\sigma _{a\overline{b}}^\mu \overline{F}^{\overline{b}}(X)V_\mu (X),`$ (3.57)
where the superfield $`F^a`$ has the structure given by the second part of the formula (3.12) for some mass $`M`$ and verifies a condition similar to (3.55). Gauge invariance in the first order of the perturbation theory follows elementary. Gauge invariance in the second and third order of perturbation theory is more subtle: if we use theorem 2.11 we can argue that if the ordinary gauge model does not have anomalies in these orders, then the anomalies are absent for the supersymmetric extension too.

In the next Section we will construct consistent self-interactions of two superfields of the type $`V^\mu `$ which will be the supersymmetric extensions of the four spin $`1`$ bosons appearing in the electroweak theory: one photon and three heavy Bosons but we will use explicit supersymmetry breaking such that the superpartners of the Bosons $`W^\pm `$ and $`Z`$ became very heavy.

We close by mentioning that in ,  one can find another vector multiplet containing, beside the vector and the Majorana-Rarita-Schwinger fields, a supplementary spin $`1/2`$ field. However, the latter is determined in terms of the MRS field so the two multiplets are in fact related.

## 4 Supersymmetric Extension of the Electroweak Theory

Another remarkable fact connected with our gauge construction is the fact that one can take the unicity results concerning the interaction from  and  as they are and only make the substitution (3.51). In this way the number of free parameters of the supersymmetric extension of the standard model does not increases as in the usual approaches based on the usual vector multiplet. According to the analysis from Subsection 2.2 the renormalizability of this model is saved in spite of the fact that expressed in components terms of canonical dimension $`6`$ seems to spoil this property. We also mention that the gauge anomalies cannot be eliminated using supersymmetry invariance.

To consider a concrete supergauge theory we cannot turn to supersymmetric QED because it has one Hermitian gauge field only, the photon. But in our supersymmetric extension we work with complex gauge fields, therefore we need an even number of Hermitian ones. Instead of studying some theoretical model we want directly investigate the electroweak theory. Here the two $`W^\pm `$-bosons naturally belong to one complex supergauge field $`W^\mu (x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })`$,

$$W^\mu =(W_1^\mu iW_2^\mu )/\sqrt{2},W^\mu =(W_1^\mu +iW_2^\mu )/\sqrt{2},$$
$`(4.1)`$
its spin-3/2 components are assumed to be heavy due to breaking of supersymmetry. A simple possibility to achieve the breaking is by adding a quadratic interaction term $`\lambda g_1(x)(\psi _\mu ^a\psi _a^\mu +\overline{\psi }_{\overline{a}}^\mu \overline{\psi }_\mu ^{\overline{a}})`$. Such an interaction can be resummed to all orders in $`\lambda `$ in the adiabatic limit $`g_1(x)1`$ and results in a mass change of the $`\psi _a^\mu `$-field. The $`Z`$-boson and the photon are members of a second supergauge field

$$V^\mu =(Z^\mu iA^\mu )/\sqrt{2},V^\mu =(Z^\mu +iA^\mu )/\sqrt{2}.$$
$`(4.2)`$
Here the susy-breaking is even stronger because the $`Z`$ and the photon have different mass.

In contrast to supersymmetry, gauge invariance is not broken in the electroweak theory. Therefore, in order to get the gauge invariant coupling of the superfields, we can simply take the ordinary gauge invariant electroweak coupling from , sect.4.6, and substitute the ordinary gauge fields $`W_1^\mu `$, $`W_2^\mu ,Z^\mu ,A^\mu ,`$ ghost and scalar fields by the corresponding superfields. Then we obtain the following triple gauge coupling:

$$T_1^W(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })=\frac{g}{\sqrt{2}}[W_\mu ^{}W_\nu (e^{i\vartheta }V^{\mu \nu }+e^{i\vartheta }V^{\mu \nu })$$

$$+(W^\mu W_{\nu \mu }W^\mu W_{\nu \mu }^{})(e^{i\vartheta }V^\nu +e^{i\vartheta }V^\nu \left)\right]$$
$`(4.3)`$
Here $`V^{\mu \nu }=^\mu V^\nu ^\nu V^\mu `$ etc. and $`\vartheta `$ is the weak mixing angle.

The ghost coupling becomes

$$T_1^U=\frac{g}{\sqrt{2}}[(W^\mu U_W^{}W^\mu U_W)(e^{i\vartheta }_\mu \stackrel{~}{U}_Ve^{i\vartheta }_\mu \stackrel{~}{U}_V^{})$$

$$+(e^{i\vartheta }V^\mu +e^{i\vartheta }V^\mu )(U_W_\mu \stackrel{~}{U}_W^{}+U_W^{}_\mu \stackrel{~}{U}_W)$$

$$+(e^{i\vartheta }U_V+e^{i\vartheta }U_V^{})(W^\mu _\mu \stackrel{~}{U}_W+W^\mu _\mu \stackrel{~}{U}_W^{})],$$
$`(4.4)`$
where the ghost and anti-ghost superfields are defined by

$$U_W=U_1iU_2,U_V=U_3iU_4$$

$$\stackrel{~}{U}_W=\stackrel{~}{U}_1i\stackrel{~}{U}_2,\stackrel{~}{U}_W^{}=\stackrel{~}{U}_1i\stackrel{~}{U}_2.$$
$`(4.5)`$
The indices 1,2,3,4 refer to the gauge fields $`W_1^\mu ,W_2^\mu ,Z^\mu `$ and the photon $`A^\mu `$.

In addition to the above couplings we need couplings $`T_1^\mathrm{\Phi }`$ to unphysical (ghost) scalar fields $`\mathrm{\Phi }_1,\mathrm{\Phi }_2,\mathrm{\Phi }_3`$. $`\mathrm{\Phi }_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_2`$ form a scalar superfield (3.12)

$$\mathrm{\Phi }=(\mathrm{\Phi }_1i\mathrm{\Phi }_2)/\sqrt{2},$$
$`(4.6)`$
but $`\mathrm{\Phi }_3`$ (the partner of $`Z`$) becomes a Hermitian superfield

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_3=(\mathrm{\Phi }_V+\mathrm{\Phi }_V^{})/\sqrt{2},$$
$`(4.7)`$
because the massless photon has no scalar partner. The scalar couplings (, eq.(4.6.9)) then read

$$T_1^\mathrm{\Phi }=\frac{g}{\sqrt{2}}\{(\mathrm{\Phi }_\nu \mathrm{\Phi }^{}\mathrm{\Phi }^{}_\nu \mathrm{\Phi })[e^{i\vartheta }V^\nu +e^{i\vartheta }V^\nu $$

$$\frac{1}{2\mathrm{cos}\vartheta }(V^\nu +V^\nu )]+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\mathrm{\Phi }_3(W_\nu ^{}^\nu \mathrm{\Phi }W_\nu ^\nu \mathrm{\Phi }^{})$$

$$+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\mathrm{\Phi }^{}W^\nu \mathrm{\Phi }W^\nu )_\nu \mathrm{\Phi }_3+m_W[e^{i\vartheta }V^\nu +e^{i\vartheta }V^\nu \frac{1}{\mathrm{cos}\vartheta }(V^\nu +V^\nu )]$$

$$\times (\mathrm{\Phi }^{}W_\nu \mathrm{\Phi }W_\nu ^{})+m_W[e^{i\vartheta }U_V+e^{i\vartheta }U_V^{}\frac{1}{2\mathrm{cos}\vartheta }(U_V+U_V^{})]$$

$$\times (\stackrel{~}{U}_W\mathrm{\Phi }^{}+\stackrel{~}{U}_W^{}\mathrm{\Phi })+\frac{m_W}{\sqrt{2}}(\stackrel{~}{U}_WU_W^{}+\stackrel{~}{U}_W^{}U_W)\mathrm{\Phi }_3+\frac{m_Z}{\sqrt{2}}\stackrel{~}{U}_3(U_W\mathrm{\Phi }^{}U_W^{}\mathrm{\Phi })\}.$$
$`(4.8)`$
All these couplings are determined by the requirement of quantum gauge invariance, which, in first order means that the total coupling $`T_1=T_1^W+T_1^U+T_1^\mathrm{\Phi }`$ satisfies

$$[Q,T_1]=i_\mu T_1^\mu .$$
$`(4.9)`$
Here, according to (3.52), the (non-vanishing) gauge variations are given by

$$[Q,W^\mu ]=i^\mu U_W,[Q,V^\mu ]=i^\mu U_V$$

$$\{Q,\stackrel{~}{U}_W\}=i(^\mu W_\mu +m_W\mathrm{\Phi }),$$

$$\{Q,\stackrel{~}{U}_V\}=i(^\mu V_\mu +m_Z\mathrm{\Phi }_3),$$

$$[Q,\mathrm{\Phi }]=im_WU_W,[Q,\mathrm{\Phi }_3]=im_ZU_3.$$
$`(4.10)`$
The so-called $`Q`$-vertex $`T_1^\mu `$ in (4.9) can also be taken over from ordinary gauge theory (, eq.(4.3.17)):

$$T_1^\mu =\frac{g}{\sqrt{2}}\{(W_\nu U_W^{}W_\nu ^{}U_W)(e^{i\vartheta }V^{\nu \mu }+e^{i\vartheta }V^{\nu \mu })$$

$$+(e^{i\vartheta }U_V+e^{i\vartheta }U_V^{})(W^{\nu \mu }W_\nu ^{}W^{\nu \mu }W_\nu )$$

$$+(W^{\nu \mu }U_WW^{\nu \mu }U_W^{})(e^{i\vartheta }V_\nu +e^{i\vartheta }V_\nu ^{})$$

$$U_W^{}U_W^\mu (e^{i\vartheta }\stackrel{~}{U}_Ve^{i\vartheta }\stackrel{~}{U}_V^{})$$

$$(e^{i\vartheta }U_V+e^{i\vartheta }U_V^{})(U_W^\mu \stackrel{~}{U}_W^{}+U_W^{}^\mu \stackrel{~}{U}_W)$$

$$+\frac{1}{2}(\mathrm{\Phi }U_W^{}\mathrm{\Phi }^{}U_W)^\mu (\mathrm{\Phi }_V+\mathrm{\Phi }_V^{})+\frac{m_W}{2}(W^\mu U_W^{}W^\mu U_W)(\mathrm{\Phi }_V+\mathrm{\Phi }_V^{})$$

$$+m_W(W^\mu \mathrm{\Phi }W^\mu \mathrm{\Phi }^{})[e^{i\vartheta }U_V+e^{i\vartheta }U_V^{}\frac{1}{2\mathrm{cos}\vartheta }(U_V+U_V^{})]$$

$$+(\mathrm{\Phi }^{}^\mu \mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^\mu \mathrm{\Phi }^{})[e^{i\vartheta }U_V+e^{i\vartheta }U_V^{}\frac{1}{2\mathrm{cos}\vartheta }(U_V+U_V^{})]$$

$$+m_W(\mathrm{\Phi }U_W^{}\mathrm{\Phi }^{}U_W)[\frac{1}{\mathrm{cos}\vartheta }(V+V^{})+i\mathrm{sin}\vartheta (VV^{})]\}.$$
$`(4.11)`$
Now it is straightforward to check first-order gauge invariance (4.9). However, second-order gauge invariance requires additional couplings to physical scalar (Higgs) fields. But the analysis of second-order gauge invariance is quite different from ordinary gauge theory so that we will discuss it elsewhere.

The most interesting question is where the supersymmetric extension differs from the usual electroweak theory. We will find such a difference if we investigate the self-coupling of the gauge fields (4.3) in detail. From the first equation in (3.46) we have the following expansion in components:

$$W_\mu =w_\mu +2\overline{\theta }_{\overline{a}}\overline{\psi }_\mu ^{\overline{a}}+i(\theta \sigma ^\nu \overline{\theta })_\nu w_\mu m_W(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta })w_\mu ^{}$$

$$m_W(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta })\theta ^a\psi _{\mu a}+\frac{m_W^2}{4}(\theta \theta )(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta })w_\mu ,$$
$`(4.12)`$
and similarly for the adjoint of the second gauge superfield

$$V_\mu ^{}=v_\mu ^{}2\theta ^a\varphi _{\mu a}i(\theta \sigma ^\nu \overline{\theta })_\nu v_\mu ^{}m_Z(\theta \theta )v_\mu $$

$$m_Z(\theta \theta )(\overline{\theta }\varphi _\mu )+\frac{m_Z^2}{4}(\theta \theta )(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta })v_\mu ^{}.$$
$`(4.13)`$
The interaction Lagrangian in the usual sense is obtained as the $`(\theta \theta )(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta })`$-term in $`T_1(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })`$, because this is the only term which contributes if we integrate over $`d\theta ^2d\overline{\theta }^2`$. We substitute (4.12)-(4.13) into (4.3) and collect the terms with $`(\theta \theta ),(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta })`$. The result can be written in the form

$$d\theta ^2d\overline{\theta }^2T_1W=\frac{g}{\sqrt{2}}\{\frac{m_Z^2}{4}[w_\mu ^+w_\nu B^{\mu \nu }+w^\mu w_{\nu \mu }B^\nu w^\mu w_{\nu \mu }^{}B^\nu ]$$
$`(4.14a)`$
$$\frac{1}{2}_\alpha w_\mu ^{}w_\nu ^\alpha B^{\mu \nu }\frac{1}{2}(_\alpha w^\mu w_{\nu \mu }_\alpha w^\mu w_{\nu \mu }^{})^\alpha B^\nu $$

$$\frac{1}{2}(_\alpha w^\mu w_{\nu \mu }+_\alpha w^\mu w_{\nu \mu }^{}+w^\mu _\alpha w_{\nu \mu }+w^\mu _\alpha w_{\nu \mu }^{})^\alpha C^\nu $$

$$\frac{1}{2}(w_\mu ^{}_\alpha w_\nu +w_\mu _\alpha w_\nu ^{})^\alpha C^{\mu \nu }\}+\mathrm{}.$$
$`(4.14b)`$
Here

$$B^\nu =e^{i\vartheta }v^\nu +e^{i\vartheta }v^\nu =2(\mathrm{cos}\vartheta Z^\nu +\mathrm{sin}\vartheta A^\nu )$$
$`(4.15)`$
is the usual Hermitian combination of the two neutral gauge bosons and

$$C^\nu =e^{i\vartheta }v^\nu e^{i\vartheta }v^\nu =2i(\mathrm{sin}\vartheta Z^\nu +\mathrm{cos}\vartheta A^\nu )$$
$`(4.16)`$
is the corresponding imaginary part. The dots in (4.10) represent contributions coming from the spin-3/2 components. These couplings are small if those components have big masses.

The first part (4.14a) of the result has the form of the ordinary Yang-Mills coupling of the standard model electro-weak theory. The additional couplings with two derivatives $`_\alpha `$ seems to be anomalous couplings extensively studied in the literature , . However, in our case they can be transformed by forming divergences and using the Klein-Gordon equation $`^2f=m^2f`$ in the following way:

$$_\alpha f_1^\alpha f_2f_3=\mathrm{div}f_1^2f_2f_3f_1_\alpha f_2^\alpha f_3$$

$$=\mathrm{div}+m_2^2f_1f_2f_3f_1_\alpha f_2^\alpha f_3$$

$$=\mathrm{div}^2f_1f_2f_3_\alpha f_1f_2^\alpha f_3$$

$$=\mathrm{div}+m_1^2f_1f_2f_3_\alpha f_1f_2^\alpha f_3$$

$$=\mathrm{div}+m_1^2f_1f_2f_3+f_1_\alpha f_2^\alpha f_3m_3^2f_1f_2f_3.$$

Adding the second and the last equation we get the identity

$$_\alpha f_1^\alpha f_2f_3=\frac{1}{2}(m_1^2+m_2^2m_3^2)f_1f_2f_3+\mathrm{div}.$$
$`(4.17)`$
Using $`m_W=m_Z\mathrm{cos}\vartheta `$, the result (4.14) then assumes the form

$$=\frac{g}{\sqrt{2}}\frac{m_Z^2}{2}(1\mathrm{cos}\vartheta )[w_\mu ^+w_\nu B^{\mu \nu }+w^\mu w_{\nu \mu }B^\nu w^\mu w_{\nu \mu }^{}B^\nu ]+\mathrm{div}.$$
$`(4.18)`$
Since the divergences lead to a physically equivalent S-matrix, we see that there are no anomalous couplings. That means, so far our model agrees with the present experimental data  so that it must be taken seriously.