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# One property of trajectories of Toeplitz flows

## 1. Definitions and statement of results.

Let $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ be a compact space, $`X=\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}=_n\mathrm{\Sigma }_n`$ with the topology of direct product. By Tikhonov theorem $`X`$ is also the compact space. We write elements of $`X`$ as $`x=(x_n)`$.

In the case when $`(\mathrm{\Sigma },\rho )`$ is a metric space the distance

$$d(x,y)=\underset{n}{}2^{|n|}\rho (x(n),y(n))$$

is known to induce the product topology on $`X`$.

In what follows the next property of $`X`$ will be useful to us (see. ).

###### Proposition 1.

A sequence of points $`\{x_i\}`$ in a product $`_nX_n`$ of topological spaces converges to $`x_nX_n`$ if and only if the sequence $`\{x_i(n)\}`$ converges to $`x(n)`$ for every $`n`$.

Let us designate by $`S:XX`$ the left shift homeomorphism $`S(x(n))=x(n+1)`$, $`n`$.

For $`xX`$, $`p`$ and $`\sigma \mathrm{\Sigma }`$ let

$$\mathrm{Per}_p(x,\sigma )=\left\{n\right|x(n^{})=\sigma \text{ for all }n^{}n(modp)\},$$

$$\mathrm{Per}_p(x)=\underset{\sigma \mathrm{\Sigma }}{}\mathrm{Per}_p(x,\sigma ),$$

$$\mathrm{Aper}(X)=\left(\underset{p}{}\mathrm{Per}_p(x)\right).$$

By $`p`$-skeleton of $`x`$ we shall name that part of a sequence $`(x(n))`$, which has the period $`p`$.

Let us designate

$$M_p(x)=\mathrm{max}\{k|n:n+i\mathrm{Per}_p(x),i=0,1,\mathrm{},k1\}.$$

In other words $`M_p(x)`$ is the maximal length of a block contained in $`p`$-skeleton of $`x`$. Note, that $`M_p(x)=\mathrm{}`$ for periodic sequence $`x`$ with period $`p`$ and $`M_p(x)<p`$, if the sequence $`x`$ is not periodic.

Let us remind some important definitions.

###### Definition 1.

Sequence $`\eta X`$ is called Toeplitz, if $`\mathrm{Aper}(\eta )=\mathrm{}`$ (in this case the dynamic system $`(\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(\eta )},S)`$ is also referred as Toeplitz).

###### Definition 2.

Let $`(X,F)`$ be a dynamic system with discrete time, $`xX`$. The point $`x`$ is recurrent, if for its arbitrary open neighbourhood $`U`$ there exists $`n(U)`$, such that for any $`k`$

$$U\left(\underset{i=k}{\overset{k+n(U)1}{}}\{F^i(x)\}\right)\mathrm{}.$$

###### Definition 3.

Let $`(X,F)`$ be a dynamic system with discrete time, $`xX`$. The point $`x`$ is said to be almost periodic, if for its arbitrary open neighbourhood $`U`$ we can find $`n(U)`$, such that

$$\underset{k}{}\{F^{kn(U)}(x)\}U.$$

Clearly each periodic sequence $`xX`$ is Toeplitz. It is easy to check that every Toeplitz sequence is almost periodic since each block of Toeplitz sequence $`\eta `$ is contained in its $`p`$-skeleton for some $`p`$. Hence, according to Birkgoff theorem $`\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(\eta )}`$ is a minimal set of dynamic system $`(X,S)`$ (see ).

Let $`\eta X`$ be an aperiodic Toeplitz sequence. Generally speaking an equality $`\mathrm{Aper}(x)=\mathrm{}`$ is not carried out for an arbitrary $`x\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(\eta )}`$.

Consider a special case when $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is metric space. From one hand, every Toeplitz flow $`(\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(\eta )},S)`$ in $`X`$ have to be expansive (see ). From the other hand, every odometer is an equicontinuous dynamic system (see remark 8 below). It is known that any Toeplitz flow admits almost one-to-one projection onto odometer and such a projection have to be one-to-one precisely in points which are Toeplitz sequences (see ). So, if every point of a certain Toeplitz flow is a Toeplitz sequence, then this Toeplitz flow have to be conjugate to an odometer. In particular it must be expansive and equicontinuous simultaneously, and this is impossible.

Properties of sequences from $`\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(\eta )}`$ are in details investigated in . However it is not known, what should be properties of the point $`xX`$ the set $`\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(x)}`$ to contain some Toeplitz sequence.

The answer to this question gives the following

###### Proposition 2.

If for some $`xX`$

$$\underset{p\mathrm{}}{lim\; sup}M_p(x)=\mathrm{},$$
(1)
then set $`\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(x)}`$ contains a Toeplitz sequence.

If in addition point $`x`$ is recurrent, then dynamic system $`(\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(x)},S)`$ is Toeplitz.

There is a natural question: what additional information it is possible to take about structure of dynamic system $`(\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(x)},S)`$ under condition that a point $`x`$ is recurrent?

Let’s remind definition of periodic structure of a Toeplitz sequence (see ).

###### Remark 1.

Let $`xX`$. If $`p|q`$, then $`\mathrm{Per}_p(x)\mathrm{Per}_q(x)`$.

###### Definition 4.

Let’s call $`p`$ the essential period of a sequence $`x`$, $`p𝒫(x)`$, if for any $`q`$

$$(\mathrm{Per}_p(x,\sigma )\mathrm{Per}_p(x,\sigma )q\sigma \mathrm{\Sigma })(p|q).$$

In other words, $`p𝒫(x)`$ if and only if $`p`$-skeleton of $`x`$ is not periodic for any smaller period.

###### Remark 2.

It is easily checked, that if $`p`$, $`q𝒫(x)`$, then $`\mathrm{lcm}(p,q)𝒫(x)`$ (see ).

###### Definition 5.

Periodic structure of a nonperiodic Toeplitz sequence $`\eta `$ is the growing sequence $`\{p_i\}_i`$ of natural numbers, such that

* $`p_i𝒫(\eta )`$ for all $`i`$;
* $`p_i|p_{i+1}`$;
* $`_i\mathrm{Per}_{p_i}(x)=`$.

To within the equivalence relation which we will not describe here periodic structure for a Toeplitz sequence is determined uniquely (see ). For our purposes it is enough to know that any subsequence of a sequence from previous definition sets an equivalent periodic structure.

Now we shall determine periodic structure for any recurrent sequence $`xX`$ which satisfies the relation (1).

###### Remark 3.

Let $`p|q`$ for some $`p`$, $`q`$. Then $`M_p(x)M_q(x)`$.

###### Definition 6.

Periodic structure of an aperiodic sequence $`x`$ which satisfies the relation (1) is the growing sequence $`\{p_i\}_i`$ of natural numbers, such that

* $`p_i𝒫(\eta )`$ for all $`i`$;
* $`p_i|p_{i+1}`$;
* $`lim_i\mathrm{}M_{p_i}(x)=\mathrm{}`$.

###### Proposition 3.

For each aperiodic sequence $`x`$, which satisfies to the relation (1), there exists some periodic structure.

For the benefit of such definition of periodic structure speak the following results.

###### Theorem 1.

Suppose the sequence $`\{p_i\}`$ determines certain periodic structure (in the sense of definition 6) for a recurrent sequence $`xX`$ which satisfies relation (1). Then there exists a Toeplitz sequence $`\eta X`$, such that $`\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(x)}=\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(\eta )}`$ and the sequence $`\{p_i\}`$ evaluates periodic structure on $`\eta `$ (in sense of definition 5).

###### Corrolary 1.

Let $`xX`$ be a recurrent sequence satisfying to equality (1). Then the periodic structure for $`x`$ is determined uniquely (to within the relation of equivalence from ).

## 2. Proof of the main results.

### 2.1. Proof of proposition 3.

We fix $`xX`$. Divide the proof into several steps.

1. Suppose $`\mathrm{Per}_p(x)\mathrm{}`$ for some $`p`$. Find minimal $`k`$, such that $`k|p`$ and $`\mathrm{Per}_p(x)=\mathrm{Per}_k(x)`$.

Let us check that $`k𝒫(x)`$. Two lemmas will be necessary for this purpose.

###### Lemma 1.

Suppose that the following condition

$$\mathrm{Per}_p(x,\sigma )=\mathrm{Per}_p(x,\sigma )+m_i\sigma \mathrm{\Sigma },i=1,2$$

is satisfied for some $`m_1`$, $`m_2`$. Let $`b`$, $`0bm_21`$, be a remainder of the division of $`m_1`$ into $`m_2`$. Then

$$\mathrm{Per}_p(x,\sigma )=\mathrm{Per}_p(x,\sigma )+b\sigma \mathrm{\Sigma }.$$

###### Proof.

On a condition $`m_1=am_2+b`$, $`a_+`$. For every $`\sigma \mathrm{\Sigma }`$

$$\mathrm{Per}_p(x,\sigma )=\mathrm{Per}_p(x,\sigma )+m_1=\left(\mathrm{Per}_p(x,\sigma )+am_2\right)+b=\mathrm{Per}_p(x,\sigma )+b.$$

###### Lemma 2.

Let for some $`q`$ following condition is satisfied

$$\mathrm{Per}_p(x,\sigma )=\mathrm{Per}_p(x,\sigma )+q\sigma \mathrm{\Sigma }.$$

Then $`\mathrm{Per}_{\mathrm{gcd}(p,q)}(x)=\mathrm{Per}_p(x)`$.

###### Proof.

Consider Euclidean algorithm of a finding of $`\mathrm{gcd}(p,q)`$.

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill p& =a_1q+b_1,0b_1<q;\hfill \\ \hfill q& =a_2b_1+b_2,0b_2<b_1;\hfill \\ & \mathrm{}\hfill \\ \hfill a_{n2}& =a_nb_{n1}+b_n,0b_n=\mathrm{gcd}(p,q)<b_{n1};\hfill \\ \hfill a_{n1}& =a_{n+1}b_n.\hfill \end{array}$$
(2)
Applying the previous lemma by turns to each line of (2) we are convinced that for $`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$

$$\mathrm{Per}_p(x,\sigma )=\mathrm{Per}_p(x,\sigma )+b_i\sigma \mathrm{\Sigma }.$$

In particular, $`\mathrm{Per}_p(x,\sigma )=\mathrm{Per}_p(x,\sigma )+\mathrm{gcd}(p,q)`$ $`\sigma \mathrm{\Sigma }`$.

Hence, $`\mathrm{Per}_p(x)=_{\sigma \mathrm{\Sigma }}\mathrm{Per}_p(x,\sigma )\mathrm{Per}_{\mathrm{gcd}(p,q)}(x)`$. On the other hand, since $`\mathrm{gcd}(p,q)|p`$ the opposite inclusion $`\mathrm{Per}_{\mathrm{gcd}(p,q)}(x)\mathrm{Per}_p(x)`$ is also true. ∎

So, let $`k`$ be the minimal from divisors of $`p`$, such that $`\mathrm{Per}_k(x)=\mathrm{Per}_p(x)`$. Let for some $`q`$ the equality

$$\mathrm{Per}_k(x,\sigma )=\mathrm{Per}_k(x,\sigma )+q\sigma \mathrm{\Sigma }$$

is hold true. Then $`\mathrm{Per}_{\mathrm{gcd}(k,q)}(x)=\mathrm{Per}_k(x)=\mathrm{Per}_p(x)`$ on lemma 2. Since $`k|p`$ and $`\mathrm{gcd}(k,q)|k`$ then $`\mathrm{gcd}(k,q)=k`$ by virtue of a choice of $`k`$ and $`k|q`$. That is $`k𝒫(x)`$.

###### Remark 4.

As $`\mathrm{Per}_k(x)=\mathrm{Per}_p(x)`$ on the construction then $`M_k(x)=M_p(x)`$.

2. Now we shall proceed directly to the construction of the periodic structure for $`x`$.

Taking into account the equality (1) we shall choose a sequence $`\{p_i\}_i`$ of the natural numbers to comply with the relation

$$\underset{i\mathrm{}}{lim}M_{p_i}(x)=\mathrm{}.$$

Further, using argument stated before we shall choose the least divisor $`k_i`$ of $`p_i`$ for every $`i`$ such that $`\mathrm{Per}_{k_i}(x)=\mathrm{Per}_{p_i}(x)`$. We shall receive a sequence $`\{k_i\}`$ of the essential periods for $`x`$ satisfying the relation $`lim_i\mathrm{}M_{k_i}(x)=\mathrm{}`$ (see remark 4).

Set

$$q_i=\mathrm{lcm}(k_1,k_2,\mathrm{},k_i)$$

for every $`i`$. It is easily verified that $`q_i|q_{i+1}`$, $`i`$. Remark 2 guarantees that a sequence $`\{q_i\}`$ contains only the essential periods for $`x`$, and the equality

$$\underset{i\mathrm{}}{lim}M_{q_i}(x)=\mathrm{}$$

follows from remark 3.

Proposition 3 is completely proved.

### 2.2. Proof of theorem 1 and proposition 2.

We fix periodic structure $`\{q_i\}`$ on $`x`$. Passing to subsequence it is possible to suppose that

$$M_{q_{i+1}}(x)3q_i+M_{q_i}(x),i.$$
(3)
First we shall construct a Toeplitz sequence $`\eta \overline{\mathrm{Orb}(x)}`$ such that

$$=\underset{i}{}\mathrm{Per}_{q_i}(\eta )$$

( and thus we shall prove proposition 2), and then we shall show that $`q_i𝒫(\eta )`$, $`i`$.

1. We fix a sequence $`\{m_i\}_i`$ of integers, such that $`m_i+j\mathrm{Per}_{q_i}(x)`$ for all $`i`$ and $`j\{0,1,\mathrm{},M_{q_i}(x)1\}`$, that is for every $`i`$ if $`n0(modq_i)`$ then

$$x(m_i+j)=x(m_i+j+n),j=0,1,\mathrm{},M_{q_i}(x)1.$$

From the relation (3) it follows that

$$\left[M_{q_{i+1}}(x)(q_i+M_{q_i}(x))\right]q_iq_i,$$

therefore for every $`i`$ there exists

$$s_i[m_{i+1}+q_i,(m_{i+1}+M_{q_{i+1}}(x))(q_i+M_{q_i}(x))],$$

which complies with the equality $`m_is_i(modq_i)`$.

Let us designate

$$d_l(i)=s_im_{i+1},d_r(i)=\left(m_{i+1}+M_{q_{i+1}}(x)\right)(s_i+M_{q_i}(x)).$$

Note that $`d_l(i)`$ and $`d_r(i)`$ are the numbers of symbols of the block

$$x(m_{i+1}),x(m_{i+1}+1),\mathrm{},x(m_{i+1}+M_{q_{i+1}}(x)1),$$

standing accordingly at the left and at the right of the block

$$x(s_i),x(s_i+1),\mathrm{},x(s_i+M_{q_i}(x)1)$$

of the sequence $`x=(x(n))`$.

It is not difficult to see that

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill d_l(i)& q_i,\hfill \\ \hfill d_r(i)& (m_{i+1}+M_{q_{i+1}}(x))\hfill \\ & \left[(m_{i+1}+M_{q_{i+1}}(x))(q_i+M_{q_i}(x))+M_{q_i}(x)\right]=q_i.\hfill \end{array}$$
(4)
Consider a sequence of integers

$`k_1`$ $`=m_1,`$
$`k_2`$ $`=k_1+(s_1m_1)=s_1,`$
$`\mathrm{}`$
$`k_j`$ $`=k_{j1}+(s_{j1}m_{j1})=`$
$`=m_1+(s_1m_1)+\mathrm{}+(s_{j1}m_{j1}),j>1.`$
and a sequence $`z_j=S^{k_j}(x)`$, $`j`$, of elements of the set $`\overline{\mathrm{Orb}x}`$. We shall note obvious equalities

$$z_j=S^{k_jk_l}S^{k_l}(x)=S^{k_jk_l}(z_l),$$

$$k_jk_l=\underset{i=l}{\overset{j1}{}}(s_im_i),l<j.$$

Notice that since for all $`j`$ on construction $`q_j|(s_jm_j)`$ and $`q_j|q_{j+1}`$ then

$$q_l|(k_jk_l),l<j$$

and for every $`n\mathrm{Per}_{q_l}(x)`$ and $`j>l`$ we have

$$z_j(n)=z_l(n)=x(n+k_l).$$

Let us designate

$$P_l=\mathrm{Per}_{q_l}(z_l)=\mathrm{Per}_{q_l}(x)k_l.$$
(5)
Above we have already checked up that $`z_j(n)=z_l(n)`$ for all $`j>l`$ and $`nP_l`$. We shall show now that $`_lP_l=`$.

On construction $`[m_l,m_l+M_{q_l}(x)1]\mathrm{Per}_{q_l}(x)`$, $`l`$, hence $`[m_lk_l,m_l+M_{q_l}(x)1k_l]P_l`$.

Notice that for $`l=1`$

$`m_1k_1`$ $`=0,`$
$`m_1+M_{q_1}(x)1k_1`$ $`=M_{q_1}(x)1,`$
hence $`[0,M_{q_1}(x)1]P_1`$.

When $`l2`$ we have

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill m_lk_l& =m_1(s_1m_1)\mathrm{}(s_{l1}m_{l1})+m_l=\hfill \\ & =(s_1m_2)\mathrm{}(s_{l1}m_l)=\hfill \\ & =d_l(1)\mathrm{}d_l(l1)\hfill \\ & q_1\mathrm{}q_{l1};\hfill \end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{c}m_l+M_{q_l}(x)1k_l=\hfill \\ \hfill \begin{array}{cc}& =m_l+M_{q_l}(x)1m_1\underset{i=1}{\overset{l1}{}}(s_im_i)=\hfill \\ & =M_{q_l}(x)1+\underset{i=2}{\overset{l}{}}(m_is_{i1})=\hfill \\ & =M_{q_1}(x)1+\underset{i=2}{\overset{l}{}}\left[(m_i+M_{q_i}(x))(s_{i1}+M_{q_{i1}}(x))\right]=\hfill \\ & =M_{q_1}(x)1+\underset{i=1}{\overset{l1}{}}d_r(i)M_{q_1}(x)1+\underset{i=1}{\overset{l1}{}}q_i.\hfill \end{array}\end{array}$$

Hence, for all $`l>1`$

$$[\underset{i=1}{\overset{l1}{}}q_i,M_{q_1}(x)1+\underset{i=1}{\overset{l1}{}}q_i]P_l.$$
(6)
On construction $`q_i1`$, $`i`$, so $`_lP_l=`$.

Therefore, it is correctly determined $`\eta X`$ which meets the equality $`\eta (n)=z_l(n)`$, if $`nP_l`$.

It is easy to see that $`P_l\mathrm{Per}_{q_l}(\eta )`$, $`l`$. Furthermore, from proposition 1 it follows that $`\eta =lim_i\mathrm{}z_i`$.

###### Remark 5.

So, we have constructed the Toeplitz sequence $`\eta \overline{\mathrm{Orb}x}`$. In the argument above we have nowhere used recurrence of $`x`$.

Let now a point $`x`$ is recurrent. Under Birkgoff theorem the set $`\overline{\mathrm{Orb}x}`$ is minimal, hence $`\overline{\mathrm{Orb}\eta }=\overline{\mathrm{Orb}x}`$.

2. Let $`\eta X`$ be a Toeplitz sequence, $`x,y\overline{\mathrm{Orb}\eta }`$. Let us prove that $`M_p(x)=M_p(y)`$ for every $`p`$ and $`𝒫(x)=𝒫(y)`$.

###### Lemma 3.

Let $`A`$ be a minimal subset of dynamic system $`(X,S)`$, $`x,yA`$. Let $`\mathrm{Per}_p(x)\mathrm{}`$ for some $`p`$. Then there exists $`n(p)`$ which satisfies the conditions

* $`\mathrm{Per}_p(y)=\mathrm{Per}_p(x)n(p)`$;
* $`x(k+n(p))=y(k)`$ for every $`n\mathrm{Per}_p(x)`$;

###### Proof.

1. First we shall prove that there exists $`n(p)`$ which satisfies to a condition (ii) (hence for this $`n(p)`$ inclusion $`\mathrm{Per}_p(x)\mathrm{Per}_p(y)+n(p)`$ is valid).

Since the set $`A`$ is minimal then $`A=\overline{\mathrm{Orb}x}=\overline{\mathrm{Orb}y}`$ and there exists a sequence $`\{z_j=S^{k_j}(x)\}_j`$ converging to a point $`y`$.

Let us say that $`k_ik_j`$ if $`k_ik_j(modp)`$. Under this relation the set $`\{k_i\}`$ will fall into no more than on $`p`$ classes of equivalence. Obviously, at least one of these classes contains infinite number of elements. Hence, passing to a subsequence we can assume that $`k_ik_j(modp)`$ for all $`i,j`$.

Then $`\mathrm{Per}_p(z_i)=\mathrm{Per}_p(z_1)=\mathrm{Per}_p(x)k_1`$ for all $`i`$ (we shall designate $`P(p)=\mathrm{Per}_p(x)k_1`$). Moreover, $`z_i(k)=z_1(k)=x(k+k_1)`$ for all $`kP(p)`$.

From proposition 1 it follows that $`y(k)=z_1(k)=x(k+k_1)`$ for every $`kP(p)`$. Therefore, $`(\mathrm{Per}_p(x)k_1)\mathrm{Per}_p(y)`$ also it is possible to let $`n(p)=k_1`$.

2. Let us check now a correlation (i).

Assume that $`\mathrm{Per}_p(x)\mathrm{Per}_p(y)+n(p)`$. Repeating the argument of item 1 and changing roles of $`x`$ and $`y`$, we shall find $`m(p)`$ such that $`\mathrm{Per}_p(y)\mathrm{Per}_p(x)+m(p)`$. Then $`\mathrm{Per}_p(y)+n(p)\mathrm{Per}_p(x)+(m(p)+n(p))`$ and

$$\mathrm{Per}_p(x)\mathrm{Per}_p(x)+(m(p)+n(p)).$$

Clearly, $`m(p)+n(p)0`$.

Obviously, for every $`r`$

$$\mathrm{Per}_p(x)+r\mathrm{Per}_p(x)+(m(p)+n(p))+r.$$
(7)
Let $`s=\mathrm{lcm}(m(p)+n(p),p)`$. Then $`s=a(m(p)+n(p))`$ for certain $`a\{0\}`$.

Assume that $`a<0`$ (the case $`a>0`$ is examined similarly). Using a relation 7, we shall receive the following chain of inclusions

$`\mathrm{Per}_p(x)`$ $`\mathrm{Per}_p(x)(m(p)+n(p))`$
$`\mathrm{Per}_p(x)2(m(p)+n(p))`$
$`\mathrm{}`$
$`\mathrm{Per}_p(x)+a(m(p)+n(p)).`$
However, on construction $`p|s`$, hence

$$\mathrm{Per}_p(x)+a(m(p)+n(p))=\mathrm{Per}_p(x)+s=\mathrm{Per}_p(x)$$

by definition of $`\mathrm{Per}_p(x)`$.

The received contradiction finishes the proof of lemma. ∎

###### Corrolary 2.

$`M_p(x)=M_p(y)`$ for every $`p`$ and $`𝒫(x)=𝒫(y)`$.

Applying now lemma 3 and corollary 2 to the sequence $`\{q_i\}`$ we verify that $`P_i=\mathrm{Per}_{q_i}(\eta )`$ and $`q_i𝒫(\eta )`$, $`i`$. For the completion of the proof of theorem 1 it remains to recall the equality $`_iP_i=`$ which we have already checked above. ∎

## 3. Toeplitz subshifts on the space of two-sided sequences over a Hausdorff compact alphabet

### 3.1. Odometers and periodic partitions of dynamic systems

###### Definition 7.

A non-bounded sequence $`\{a_i\}_i`$ is called regular if $`a_i`$ divides $`a_{i+1}`$ for every $`i`$.

We fix regular sequence $`\{n_i\}_i`$ (without loss of generality it is possible to assume that $`n_{i+1}n_i`$, $`i`$).

Let us consider a sequence of finite cyclic groups $`_{n_i}=/n_i`$ and group homomorphisms

$$\phi _i:_{n_{i+1}}_{n_i},$$

$$\phi _i:11.$$

Let us take an inverse limit $`A=proj\; lim_i\mathrm{}_{n_i}`$ of this sequence of groups and homomorphisms. We receive an abelian group $`(A,+)`$.

Provide each set $`_{n_i}=\{0,1,\mathrm{},n_i1\}`$ with discrete topology. Each of maps $`\phi _i`$ is continuous in this topology. Space $`A`$ with topology $`𝒯`$ of the inverse limit is homeomorphic to a Cantor set $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

It is easy to see, that in the group $`(A,+)`$ operation of addition and pass to an opposite element are continuous in the topology $`𝒯`$, thus $`A`$ turns to be a continuous group.

###### Remark 6.

We remind that an inverse limit $`A=proj\; lim_i\mathrm{}_{n_i}`$ could be imagined as a subset

$$A=\{\stackrel{}{a}=(a_i_{n_i})|\phi _i(a_{i+1})=a_i,i\}$$
(8)
of the direct product

$$\underset{i}{}_{n_i}.$$
(9)
In such notation the operation of addition in $`A`$ is defined component-wise, that is $`\stackrel{}{a}+\stackrel{}{b}=(a_i+b_i)`$ for any $`\stackrel{}{a}=(a_i)`$, $`\stackrel{}{b}=(b_i)A`$.

As is known, the topology of the direct product (9) is set through a basis consisting of so-called cylindrical sets

$$U(x_{i_1},\mathrm{},x_{i_k})=\{(a_i)|a_{i_s}=x_{i_s},s=1,\mathrm{},k\};$$

$$x_{i_s}_{n_{i_s}},i_1<\mathrm{}<i_k,k.$$

From definition of the set $`A`$ (see relation (8)) it is easy to see that

$$U(x_{i_1},\mathrm{},x_{i_k})A=U(x_{i_k})A$$

for any $`k`$, $`i_1<\mathrm{}<i_k`$ and $`x_{i_s}_{n_{i_s}}`$. So, the family of sets

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill V_{x_j}& =U(x_j)A=\{(a_i)A|a_j=x_j\}=\hfill \\ & =\{(a_i)A|a_j=x_j,a_k=\phi _k\mathrm{}\phi _{j1}(x_j)\text{ when }k<j\};\hfill \\ & j,x_j_{n_j}\hfill \end{array}$$
(10)
is base of the topology of space $`A`$.

The natural metric $`\mathrm{d}:A\times A_+`$ on $`A`$ associated with the sequence $`\{n_i\}`$ is defined as follows

$$\mathrm{d}(\stackrel{}{x},\stackrel{}{y})=\frac{1}{m},m=\mathrm{min}\{i|x_k=y_k\text{ when }k<i\text{ and }x_iy_i\}.$$

The correctness of this definition is checked immediately.

Consider an element $`\stackrel{}{e}=(1)=(1,\mathrm{},1,\mathrm{})A`$. This element is called generator of group $`A`$ and has the property that the cyclic subgroup $`\stackrel{}{e}`$ generated by it is dense in $`A`$ in the topology $`𝒯`$.

Obviously, shift mapping

$$g:AA,g:\stackrel{}{x}\stackrel{}{x}+\stackrel{}{e},$$

is a homeomorphism.

###### Definition 8.

Dynamic system $`(A,g)`$ is called an odometer.

###### Remark 7.

From the fact the subgroup $`\stackrel{}{e}`$ is dense in $`A`$ it immediately follows that each trajectory of d. s. $`(A,g)`$ is dense in $`A`$, that is odometer always is a minimal dynamic system.

###### Remark 8.

It is easy to verify that in the natural metric defined above the mapping $`g`$ is isometric. Specially, the family of mappings $`\{g^k\}_k`$ is equicontinuous, so the odometer $`(A,g)`$ is the equicontinuous dynamic system.

Actually, it is known that odometers are precisely all equicontinuous minimal dynamic systems on the Cantor set.

Assume a compact Hausdorff space $`X`$ and homeomorphism $`f:XX`$ are given.

###### Definition 9.

We call a finite family $`\{W_i\}_{i=0}^{n1}`$ of subsets of space $`X`$ a periodic partition of the dynamic system $`(X,f)`$ of length $`m`$, if it satisfies to the following requirements:

* all $`W_i`$ are open-closed subsets of $`X`$;
* $`W_i=f(W_{i1})`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},n1`$ and $`W_0=f(W_{n1})`$;
* $`W_iW_j=\mathrm{}`$ when $`ij`$;
* $`X=_{i=0}^{n1}W_i`$.

###### Lemma 4.

Assume $`(A,g)`$ is an odometer built with the help of a regular sequence $`\{n_i\}_i`$.

For any $`k`$ and $`x_k_{n_k}`$ a family of sets $`\{W_j^{(n_k)}=V_{x_k+j}\}_{j=0,\mathrm{},n_i1}`$ forms periodic partition of a dynamic system $`(A,g)`$ of length $`n_k`$.

###### Proof.

Obviously,

$$A=\underset{s_{n_k}}{}V_s=\underset{j_{n_k}}{}V_{x_k+j}.$$

Hence, for the family $`\{W_j^{(n_k)}\}`$ the requirement (iv) of Definition 9 is carried out.

Since all sets $`V_{x_k+j}`$, $`j_{n_k}`$, are open on definition and pairwise disjoint, family $`\{W_j^{(n_k)}\}`$ satisfies also to properties (i) and (iii) of a periodic partition.

For completion of the proof we need to verify that $`g(V_{a_k})=V_{a_k+1}`$ (here $`1_{n_k}`$) for every $`a_k_{n_k}`$.

Let $`\stackrel{}{b}=(b_i)V_{a_k}`$. Then $`b_k=a_k`$ and $`g(\stackrel{}{b})=\stackrel{}{b}+\stackrel{}{e}=(b_i+1)V_{a_k+1}`$. Hence, $`g(V_{a_k})V_{a_k+1}`$.

Back, let $`\stackrel{}{c}=(c_i)V_{a_k+1}`$. Then $`c_k=a_k+1`$ and $`g^1(\stackrel{}{b})=\stackrel{}{c}\stackrel{}{e}=(c_i1)V_{a_k}`$. Hence, $`g(V_{a_k})V_{a_k+1}`$. ∎

### 3.2. Toeplitz subshifts and projections onto odometers

Let $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ be a compact Hausdorff space, $`X=\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$, $`S:XX`$ is the left shift on $`X`$.

Assume $`x=(x(n))X`$ is non–periodic recurrent point, $`\{p_i𝒫(x)\}`$ is a sequence which complies with all conditions of definition 6.

Let us consider a family of sets

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill A_j^i& =\{y(n)\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(y)}|y(k+j)=x(k)k\mathrm{Per}_{p_i}(x)\}=\hfill \\ & =\{y(n)\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(y)}|y(n)=x(k)nk+j(modp_i),k\mathrm{Per}_{p_i}(x)\},\hfill \\ & j\{0,1,\mathrm{},p_i1\},i.\hfill \end{array}$$
(11)
We can describe $`A_j^i`$ as the set of all points from $`\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(x)}`$ which have the same $`p_i`$–skeleton with $`S^j(x)`$.

###### Lemma 5 (compare with lemma 2.3 from ).

The family of sets $`\{A_j^i\}`$ complies with the following properties

* For every $`i`$ the family $`\{A_j^i\}_{j=0}^{p_i1}`$ is the periodic partition of the dynamic system $`(\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(x)},S)`$ of length $`p_i`$.
* $`A_n^iA_m^j`$ when $`i<j`$ and $`mn(modp)_i`$.

###### Proof.

We mark first that for every $`yX`$ and for all $`q_1`$, $`q_2`$, such that $`\mathrm{Per}_{q_1}(y)`$, $`\mathrm{Per}_{q_2}(y)\mathrm{}`$, the following implication is valid

$$\left(q_1\text{ divides }q_2\right)\left(\mathrm{Per}_{q_1}(y,\sigma )\mathrm{Per}_{q_2}(y,\sigma ),\sigma \mathrm{\Sigma }\right).$$
(12)
Let $`xX`$ and $`\{p_i𝒫(x)\}_i`$ satisfy to requirements of lemma. Then from theorem 1 it follows that the dynamic system $`(\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(x)},S)`$ is Toeplitz and specially it is minimal.

We fix $`i`$.

From lemma 3 it immediately follows that

$$\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(x)}=\underset{j=0}{\overset{p_i1}{}}A_j^i$$

and the family of sets $`\{A_j^i\}_{j=0}^{p_i1}`$ satisfies to the requirement (iv) of definition 9.

Verify now the validity of requirement (iii) of this definition. Assume that $`A_j^iA_k^i\mathrm{}`$ for some $`jk`$. Then from lemma 3 and definition of the set $`\mathrm{Per}_{p_i}(x,\sigma )`$ we get $`x(n)=y(n+j)=y(n+k)`$ for all $`n\mathrm{Per}_{p_i}(x)`$ and

$$\mathrm{Per}_{p_i}(x,\sigma )=\mathrm{Per}_{p_i}(y,\sigma )j=\mathrm{Per}_{p_i}(y,\sigma )k\sigma \mathrm{\Sigma }.$$

From corollary 2 we have $`p_i𝒫(y)`$. Hence, $`p_i`$ divides $`|jk|`$ by definition of essential period. And it contradicts to the inequality $`0<|jk|<p_i`$.

Let us prove now property (ii) of definition 9.

From definition of sets $`A_j^i`$ the relations follow

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill S(A_{j1}^i)& A_j^i,j\{1,\mathrm{},p_i1\};\hfill \\ \hfill S(A_{p_i1}^i)& A_0^i.\hfill \end{array}$$
(13)
With the help of these relations we immediately conclude that

$$S^{p_i}(A_j^i)A_j^i,j\{0,1,\mathrm{},p_i1\}.$$
(14)
The map $`S`$ is a homeomorphism. Hence, if even at least one of the inclusions (13) is strict, then

$$S^{p_i}(A_j^i)A_j^i,j\{0,1,\mathrm{},p_i1\}.$$

From this remark and property (iii) of definition 9, which we have already verified, we conclude that in this case

$$S^{p_i}\left(\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(x)}\right)=S^{p_i}\left(\underset{j=0}{\overset{p_i1}{}}A_j^i\right)=\underset{j=0}{\overset{p_i1}{}}S^{p_i}\left(A_j^i\right)\underset{j=0}{\overset{p_i1}{}}=\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(x)}.$$

Since the set $`\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(x)}`$ is Hausdorff and compact and $`S^{p_i}`$ is a homeomorphism, then

$$K=\underset{m0}{}S^{mp_i}\left(\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(x)}\right)\mathrm{}$$

is the proper closed invariant subset of the dynamic system $`(\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(x)},S)`$ contrary to the minimality of it.

Consider now property (i) of definition 9.

All sets $`A_j^i`$ are closed. Really, we fix $`j\{0,1,\mathrm{},p_i1\}`$ and a convergent sequence $`y_k=y_k(n)A_j^i`$. Let $`y\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(x)}`$ is a limit of this sequence. Since we have $`y_k(m)=x(mj)`$, $`k`$ for all $`m\mathrm{Per}_{p_i}(x)+j`$, then proposition 1 guarantees

$$y(m)=x(mj)\text{for }m\mathrm{Per}_{p_i}(x)+j.$$

Consequently, $`yA_j^i`$ and the sets $`A_j^i`$ are closed. That is $`\{A_j^i\}_{j=0}^{p_i1}`$ is the closed finite partition of the dynamic system $`(\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(x)},S)`$. Therefore, each set $`A_j^i`$ is open–closed in $`\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(x)}`$ in the induced topology.

The property (ii) of lemma immediately follows from definition of sets $`A_j^i`$, relations (12) and (14) and from lemma 3. ∎

Let an odometer $`(A,g)`$ is built with the help of the sequence $`\{p_i\}`$.

Assume

$$\stackrel{}{a}=(n_i)\underset{i}{}_{p_i}.$$

We denote

$$A_\stackrel{}{a}=\underset{i}{}A_{n_i}^i.$$

From the condition (ii) of lemma 5 it immediately follows that

$$\left(A_\stackrel{}{a}\mathrm{}\right)\left(\stackrel{}{a}A\underset{i}{}_p\right).$$
(15)
The condition (i) of lemma mentioned guarantees that the family of sets $`\{A_\stackrel{}{a},\stackrel{}{a}A\}`$ is partition of the space $`\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(x)}`$ and

$$S(A_\stackrel{}{a})=A_{\stackrel{}{a}+\stackrel{}{e}}$$
(16)
for every $`\stackrel{}{a}A`$.

Consider the following correspondence

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \pi & :\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(x)}A;\hfill \\ \hfill \pi & :A_\stackrel{}{a}\stackrel{}{a},\stackrel{}{a}A.\hfill \end{array}$$

From correlation (15) we consequence the correctness of this definition and formula (16) guarantees the equality $`\pi S=g\pi `$.

Mark that the map $`\pi `$ is continuous since $`\pi ^1(V_{x_j})=A_{x_j}^j`$ for all $`n`$, $`x_j_{p_j}`$. In other words all sets from the family (10), which as we know forms the base of topology of the space $`A`$, have open–closed preimages in $`\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(x)}`$ according to lemma 5.

###### Theorem 2.

Assume that a point $`xX`$ is recurrent and a sequence $`\{p_i\}_i`$ is a periodic structure on $`x`$ in sense of definition 6.

Then the odometer $`(A,g)`$ built with the help of the sequence $`\{p_i\}`$ is an almost one-to-one factor of the flow $`(\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(x)},S)`$ under the mapping $`\pi `$.

Moreover, two following conditions are equivalent:

* a sequence $`y\overline{\mathrm{Orb}(x)}`$ is Toeplitz;
* $`\pi ^1(\pi )(y)=\{y\}`$.

###### Proof.

Theorem is proved similarly to theorem 2.2 from  (the single change is that the above lemma 5 must be referred to instead of lemma 2.3 from ). ∎


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# Structure of excited states of 11Be studied with Antisymmetrized Molecular Dynamics

## I Introduction

Recently, information on the excited states of light unstable nuclei has increased rapidly . In the excited states of light unstable nuclei, an exotic molecular structure of light unstable nuclei is one of the attractive subjects in experimental and theoretical research. For example, molecular structure has been suggested to appear in neutron-rich nuclei, such as 10Be and 12Be . W. Von Oertzen et al.  proposed a kind of exotic clustering structure with a $`2\mathrm{}\omega `$ configuration in the excited states of 11Be. However, there have been few microscopic studies on the excited states of 11Be.

Needless to say, $`\alpha `$-cluster cores are very important in the ground and excited states of 11Be as well as in 9Be and 10Be. However, we should not forget the breaking of $`\alpha `$-clusters in 11Be because there are many valence neutrons around the $`\alpha `$-clusters. The experimental data concerning the $`\beta `$-decay strength are very useful to estimate the breaking of the 2$`\alpha `$ clustering structure in Be isotopes, because Gamow-Teller transitions from Li to Be are not allowed if the $`\alpha `$-cluster cores in the daughter state of Be are completely ideal ones with a simple $`(0s)^4`$ configuration. It is very interesting that the recently measured $`\beta `$-decay strength from 11Li to 11Be indicates significant breaking of $`\alpha `$-clusters in the excited states of 11Be . Therefore, it is important to also study the breaking of $`\alpha `$-clusters due to the surrounding neutrons as well as the development of clustering in 11Be.

We should point out another interesting feature in 11Be. Abnormal parity of the ground state in 11Be has been known for a long time. Namely, the spin parity of the ground state is $`1/2^+`$, which seems to be inconsistent with the ordinary shell-model picture in which 11Be with 7 neutrons may have a $`1/2^{}`$ state as the ground state. It has long been a problem why parity inversion occurs in 11Be. As possible reasons for this parity inversion, such effects as the halo structure, a core deformation, clustering and paring are suggested. For example, the energy gain of a positive parity state of 11Be is discussed in Refs . However, the ground-state structure has not been sufficiently studied by fully microscopic calculations without such assumptions as the existence of core nuclei. Although the clustering structure must be important in Be isotopes, it is difficult for mean-field approaches to describe developed clustering structures. With a theoretical method of antisymmetrized molecular dynamics, Doté et al. have studied the abnormal parity ground state of 11Be without assuming cores or the stability of the mean field. However, in their work, the effects of angular-momentum projections and three-body forces were approximately estimated by perturbative treatments.

Our aim is to make a systematic research on the structure of the ground and excited states of 11Be based on the microscopic calculations. An important point is that the theoretical approach should be free from such model assumptions as stability of the mean field, and the existence of inert cores or clusters. First of all, traditional mean-field approaches are not useful to study the developed clustering structure in Be isotopes. With cluster models, the clustering structure of the excited states of 9Be and 10Be has been successfully explained  by assuming 2-$`\alpha `$ cores and surrounding neutrons. Since the assumption of 2 $`\alpha `$-cluster cores is not appropriate to discuss the breaking of $`\alpha `$-cores, these cluster models are not sufficient for investigations of 11Be with many valence neutrons. In fact, it is difficult to use them to directly calculate the experimental data of the $`\beta `$-decay strength from 11Li. With these models it may not be possible to describe the recently discovered excited state at 8.04 MeV with the strong $`\beta `$ transition strength from 11Li.

We have applied a theoretical approach of antisymmetrized molecular dynamics (AMD). The AMD method has already proved to be useful for studying the structures of light nuclei . Within this framework, we do not need such model assumptions as inert cores, clusters, nor axial symmetries, because the basis wave functions of a nuclear system are written by Slater determinants where all centers of the Gaussian-type spatial part of single-particle wave functions are free parameters. In AMD studies of neutron-rich nuclei, we investigated the structures of Be isotopes . In AMD calculations, many kinds of experimental data for nuclear structure have been reproduced. Due to the flexibility of the AMD wave function, we have succeeded to describe the structure changes between shell-model-like states and clustering states with an increase in the neutron number. In previous studies  on Be isotopes, the excited states of 11Be were not studied in detail because the calculations are based on the variation before a total-angular-momentum projection. Recently, the AMD framework has been developed to be an extended version based on variational calculations after a spin-parity projection(VAP), which has already been confirmed to be powerful for studying the excited states of light nuclei. The method has been applied to a stable nucleus 12C , and to unstable nuclei: 10Be, 12Be and 14Be.

In the present work, the structures of the ground and excited states of 11Be were studied by performing VAP calculations using the AMD method. In the next section (Sec. II), we explain the formulation of AMD for a nuclear structure study of the ground and excited states. The adopted effective interactions are briefly explained in Sec. III. In Sec.IV, we present the theoretical results concerning the energy levels, $`\beta `$ decays and $`E2`$ transitions compared with the experimental data. We predict a new rotational band with a well-developed clustering structure which comes from $`2\mathrm{}\omega `$ configurations. In Sec.V, the intrinsic structure and behavior of the valence neutrons are discussed. We also discuss the breaking of $`\alpha `$-clusters which has an important effect on the $`\beta `$-decay strength. Finally, we summarize our work in Sec. VI

## II Formulation

In this section, the formulation of AMD for a nuclear structure study of the excited states is explained briefly. For more detailed descriptions of the AMD framework the reader is referred to Refs.

### A Wave function

An AMD wave function of a nucleus with mass number $`A`$ is a Slater determinant of Gaussian wave packets;

$`\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}(𝐙)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{A!}}}𝒜\{\phi _1,\phi _2,\mathrm{},\phi _A\},`$ (1)
$`\phi _i=\varphi _{𝐗_i}\chi _{\xi _i}\tau _i:\{\begin{array}{c}\varphi _{𝐗_i}(𝐫_j)\mathrm{exp}\left[\nu \left(𝐫_j\frac{𝐗_i}{\sqrt{\nu }}\right)^2\right],\hfill \\ \chi _{\xi _i}=\left(\begin{array}{c}\frac{1}{2}+\xi _i\hfill \\ \frac{1}{2}\xi _i\hfill \end{array}\right),\hfill \end{array}`$ (6)
where the $`i`$th single-particle wave function $`\phi _i`$ is a product of the spatial wave function $`\varphi _{\mathrm{X}_i}`$, the intrinsic spin function $`\chi _{\xi _i}`$ and the isospin function $`\tau _i`$. The spatial part $`\varphi _{\mathrm{X}_i}`$ is presented by a Gaussian wave packet whose center is defined by complex parameters $`X_{1i}`$, $`X_{2i}`$, $`X_{3i}`$. $`\chi _{\xi _i}`$ is the intrinsic spin function parameterized by $`\xi _i`$, while $`\tau _i`$ is the isospin function which is fixed to be up(proton) or down(neutron) in the present calculations. Thus an AMD wave function is parameterized by a set of complex parameters $`𝐙\{X_{ni},\xi _i\}(n=1,3\text{and }i=1,A)`$. $`𝐗_i`$ are the centers of Gaussians for spatial parts and the parameters $`\xi _i`$’s determine the directions of intrinsic spins of the single particle wave functions.

If we consider a parity eigenstate projected from an AMD wave function, the total wave function consists of two Slater determinants,

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(𝐙)=(1\pm P)\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}(𝐙),$$
(7)
where $`P`$ is a parity projection operator. In the case of a total-angular-momentum projection($`J`$-projection), the wave function of a system is represented by the integral of the rotated states,

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(𝐙)=P_{MK^{}}^J\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}(𝐙)=𝑑\mathrm{\Omega }D_{MK^{}}^J(\mathrm{\Omega })R(\mathrm{\Omega })\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}(𝐙),$$
(8)
where the function $`D_{MK}^J`$ is the well-known Wigner’s D function and $`R(\mathrm{\Omega })`$ stands for the rotation operator with Euler angle $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$.

In principal the total wave function can be a superposition of independent AMD wave functions. For example, a system is written by a superposition of spin-parity projected AMD wave functions $`P_{MK^{}}^{J\pm }\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}`$ as follows,

$$\mathrm{\Phi }=cP_{MK^{}}^{J\pm }\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}(𝐙)+c^{}P_{MK^{}}^{J\pm }\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}(𝐙^{})+\mathrm{}.$$
(9)
Expectation values of a given tensor operator $`T_q^k`$(rank $`k`$) for the total-angular-momentum projected states $`P_{M_1K_1}^{J_1\pm }\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}(𝐙)`$ and $`P_{M_2K_2}^{J_2\pm }\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}(𝐙^{})`$ are calculated as follows,

$`P_{M_1K_1}^{J_1}\mathrm{\Phi }_1|T_q^k|P_{M_2K_2}^{J_2}\mathrm{\Phi }_2`$ (10)
$`={\displaystyle \frac{2J_2+1}{8\pi ^2}}(J_2M_2kq|J_1M_1){\displaystyle \underset{K\nu }{}}(J_2Kk\nu |J_1K_1){\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Omega }D_{KK_2}^{J_2}(\mathrm{\Omega })\mathrm{\Phi }_1|T_\nu ^kR(\mathrm{\Omega })|\mathrm{\Phi }_2}.`$ (11)
The three-dimensional integral can be evaluated numerically by taking a finite number of mesh points of the Euler angle $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$=($`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma `$).

### B Energy variation

We make variational calculations for a trial wave function to find the state which minimizes the energy of the system;

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Phi }|H|\mathrm{\Phi }}{\mathrm{\Phi }|\mathrm{\Phi }}.$$
(12)
In the AMD framework, the energy variation is performed by a method of frictional cooling, one of the imaginary time methods. Regarding the frictional cooling method, the reader is referred to papers . The time development of the parameters $`𝐙`$ of a wave function $`\mathrm{\Phi }(𝐙)`$ is simulated by the frictional cooling equations,

$$\frac{dX_{nk}}{dt}=(\lambda +i\mu )\frac{1}{i\mathrm{}}\frac{}{X_{nk}^{}}\frac{\mathrm{\Phi }(𝐙)|H|\mathrm{\Phi }(𝐙)}{\mathrm{\Phi }(𝐙)|\mathrm{\Phi }(𝐙)},(n=1,3k=1,A)$$
(13)
$$\frac{d\xi _k}{dt}=(\lambda +i\mu )\frac{1}{i\mathrm{}}\frac{}{\xi _k^{}}\frac{\mathrm{\Phi }(𝐙)|H|\mathrm{\Phi }(𝐙)}{\mathrm{\Phi }(𝐙)|\mathrm{\Phi }(𝐙)},(k=1,A)$$
(14)
with arbitrary real numbers $`\lambda `$ and $`\mu <0`$. It is easily proved that the energy of the system decreases with each time step due to the frictional term:$`\mu `$. After sufficient cooling iterations, the parameters for the minimum-energy state are obtained.

### C Wave function for $`J^\pm `$ states

In order to obtain the wave function for a $`J^\pm `$ state, we make the energy variation after a spin-parity projection(VAP) for an AMD wave function by using the frictional cooling method explained above. That is to say we perform the energy variation for the trial function $`\mathrm{\Phi }=P_{MK^{}}^{J\pm }\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}(𝐙)`$, the spin-parity eigenstate projected from an AMD wave function. First we make variational calculations after only the parity projection but before the spin projection(VBP) to prepare an initial trial wave function $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}(𝐙_{init})`$. After obtaining an initial wave function in VBP calculations we evaluate the expectation values of Hamiltonian for the spin-parity-projected states by choosing the body-fixed $`3`$-axis for the $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ rotation to be the approximate principal $`z`$-axis on the intrinsic deformation. Then we find an appropriate $`K^{}`$ quantum that gives the minimum diagonal energy of the spin-parity eigenstate

$$\frac{P_{MK^{}}^{J\pm }\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}(𝐙_{init})|H|P_{MK^{}}^{J\pm }\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}(𝐙_{init})}{P_{MK^{}}^{J\pm }(𝐙_{init})|P_{MK^{}}^{J\pm }(𝐙_{init}),}$$
(15)
where $`K^{}=J_3`$. For each spin parity $`J^\pm `$, we start VAP calculations for the normalized energy expectation value $`P_{MK^{}}^{J\pm }\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}(𝐙)|H|P_{MK^{}}^{J\pm }\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}(𝐙)/P_{MK^{}}^{J\pm }(𝐙)|P_{MK^{}}^{J\pm }(𝐙)`$ with the adopted $`K^{}`$ quantum from the initial state. In general, the direction of the approximately principal $`z`$-axis is automatically determined in the energy variation because the shape of the intrinsic system can vary freely. The approximately principal axis can deviate from the $`3`$-axis in the VAP procedure with a given $`K^{}=J_3`$. That is to say that the optimum state $`P_{MK^{}}^{J\pm }\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}`$ obtained after the variation may contain so-called $`K`$-mixing ($`K=J_z`$) components. However, the deviation of $`z`$-axis from the $`3`$-axis is found to be small in many cases. It means that the obtained states do not contain $`K`$-mixing components so much, and $`K^{}`$ well corresponds to the $`K`$ quantum.

Concerning the states in the lowest band with each parity, we can obtain appropriate initial wave functions by simple VBP calculations as mentioned above. For the highly excited states, in order to obtain initial wave functions and appropriate $`K^{}`$ quanta for VAP calculations we make VBP calculations with a constraint on AMD wave function. The details of the AMD calculation with constraints have been described in Refs. . In the present calculations, we adopt a constraint as the expectation value of the total-oscillator quanta to equal with a given number. After choosing a corresponding $`K^{}`$ quantum, we perform VAP calculations from the initial wave function. When we obtain other local minimum states than the obtained states, we consider them as the states in higher rotational bands.

### D Diagonalization

After the VAP calculations for $`J_n^\pm `$ states, the optimum intrinsic states $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}^1,\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}^2,\mathrm{}`$, and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}^m`$ are obtained. Here $`m`$ indicates the number of the calculated levels. we consider that the obtained wave functions approximately represent the intrinsic wave functions of the $`J_n^\pm `$ states. We determine the final wave functions by superposing the obtained AMD wave functions. That is to say that we determine the coefficients $`c,c^{},\mathrm{}`$ in Eq. 9 for each $`J_n^\pm `$ state by diagonalizing the Hamiltonian matrix $`P_{MK^{}}^{J\pm }\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}^i|H|P_{MK^{\prime \prime }}^{J\pm }\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}^j`$ and the norm matrix $`P_{MK^{}}^{J\pm }\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}^i|P_{MK^{\prime \prime }}^{J\pm }\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}^j`$ simultaneously with regard to ($`K^{},K^{\prime \prime }`$) and ($`i,j`$). In comparison with the experimental data such as the energy levels and the strength $`E2`$ transitions, the theoretical values are calculated with the final states after diagonalization.

## III Interactions

The adopted interaction for the central force is the case 3 of MV1 force , which contains a zero-range three-body term:$`V^{(3)}`$ in addition to the two-body interaction:$`V^{(2)}`$,

$`V_{DD}=V^{(2)}+V^{(3)}`$ (16)
$`V^{(2)}={\displaystyle \underset{i<j}{}}(1m+bP_\sigma hP_\tau mP_\sigma P_\tau )\left\{V_A\mathrm{exp}\left[\left({\displaystyle \frac{|𝐫_i𝐫_j|}{r_A}}\right)^2\right]+V_R\mathrm{exp}\left[\left({\displaystyle \frac{|𝐫_i𝐫_j|}{r_R}}\right)^2\right]\right\},`$ (17)
$`V^{(3)}={\displaystyle \underset{i<j<k}{}}v^{(3)}\delta (𝐫_i𝐫_j)\delta (𝐫_i𝐫_k),`$ (18)
where $`P_\sigma `$ and $`P_\tau `$ stand for the spin and isospin exchange operators, respectively. As for the two-body spin-orbit force:$`V_{LS}`$, we use the G3RS force  as follows,

$`V_{LS}={\displaystyle \underset{i<j}{}}\left\{u_I\mathrm{exp}\left(\kappa _Ir^2\right)+u_{II}\mathrm{exp}\left(\kappa _{II}r^2\right)\right\}{\displaystyle \frac{(1+P_\sigma )}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1+P_\tau )}{2}}𝐥(𝐬_i+𝐬_j),`$ (19)
The Coulomb interaction:$`V_\mathrm{C}`$ is approximated by a sum of seven Gaussians. The total interaction V is a sum of these interactions: $`V=V_{DD}+V_{LS}+V_C`$.

## IV Results

The structures of the excited states of 11Be are studied based on the VAP calculations in the framework of AMD. In this section we present the theoretical results concerning the energy levels, the $`E2`$ transitions, and the $`\beta `$ transitions, which should be directly compared with the experimental data. More detailed discussions of the intrinsic structures are given in the next section.

We adopt two sets of the interaction parameters. One parameter set (1) is $`m=0.65`$, $`b=h=0`$ for Majorana, Bartlett and Heisenberg terms in the central force and $`u_I=u_{II}=3700`$ MeV for the strength of the spin-orbit forces, which have been used in the previous study on the excited states of 10Be. We also try another set (2) with weaker spin-orbit forces as $`u_I=u_{II}=2500`$ MeV. Other parameters in the case (2) are same as those in the case (1). The width parameter $`\nu `$ is chosen to be 0.18 fm-2 which gives the minimum energy of 11Be in a VBP calculation.

In VBP calculations we know that the lowest positive parity band $`K^\pi =1/2^+`$consists of $`1/2^+`$, $`3/2^+`$,$`5/2^+`$,$`7/2^+`$ and $`9/2^+`$ states, and the lowest negative parity band $`K^\pi =1/2^{}`$ consists of $`1/2^{}`$, $`3/2^{}`$, and $`5/2^{}`$ states. Therefore the $`J_1^\pm `$ states in the lowest bands are obtained by VAP calculations for $`P_{MK^{}}^{J\pm }\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}`$ with the corresponding $`(J^\pm ,K^{})`$ values as $`(1/2^+,1/2)`$, $`(3/2^+,1/2)`$, $`(5/2^+,1/2)`$, $`(7/2^+,1/2)`$, $`(9/2^+,1/2)`$, $`(1/2^{},1/2)`$, $`(3/2^{},1/2)`$, $`(5/2^{},1/2)`$. We calculate the higher excited states in the second negative parity band by VAP calculations with $`(J^\pm ,K^{})`$= $`(7/2^{},3/2)`$, $`(9/2^{},3/2)`$, $`(11/2^{},3/2)`$, $`(13/2^{},3/2)`$, $`\mathrm{}`$. These states are considered to belong to a band with $`K^\pi =3/2^{}`$ . After obtaining the intrinsic states in this second negative parity band for $`J7/2`$, the excited $`J^\pm =3/2_2^{}`$ and $`5/2_2^{}`$ states in $`K^\pi =3/2^{}`$ are found as local minimums with VAP calculations by starting from the intrinsic states obtained for the higher spin states. In order to find the other excited $`3/2^{}`$ state, we make VAP calculations for the spin-parity projected AMD wave function with the fixed intrinsic spin directions as 3 spin-down protons, one spin-up proton, 4 spin-down and 4 spin-up neutrons. The obtained wave function for the $`3/2^{}`$ state is dominated by a component of total-intrinsic spin $`S_p=1`$ for protons. We superpose the wave functions to calculate the final wave functions by diagonalizing Hamiltonian and norm matrixes simultaneously.

We should notice that all possible excited states are not exhausted in the present calculations. In this work we perform VAP calculations basically for the rotational states which can be known from VBP calculations with or without constraint. For the higher excited states we must extend the VAP calculations with orthogonal condition to the lower states by superpositions as the previous studies . Above the states shown in the present results, there should exist other excited states which may be obtained with the extended VAP calculations.

### A Energies

The theoretical binding energies of 11Be are 58.2 MeV in the case (1) and 54.4 MeV in the case (2), both of which underestimate the experimental value 65.48 MeV. The binding energy can be reproduced by choosing a interaction parameter such as $`m=0.60`$ of the Majorana term. However unfortunately it is difficult to reproduce all the features of nuclear structures such as binding energies, energy levels, radii, deformations and so on with one set of interaction parameters. Since we study the excited states taking care about the excitation energies and the intrinsic structures, we adopt the case(1) interaction which reproduces well the features of the excited states of 10Be except for the binding energy. With this interaction the spin-parity $`1/2^+`$ of the ground state of 11Be can be described in the present calculations. We also use another interaction case (2) with the weaker spin-orbit forces to be compared. The improvement of effective interactions is one of the important problems in nuclear studies.

Here we comment on the stability of AMD wave functions above threshold energies. Since the single particle wave functions are written by Gaussians in AMD calculations, the relative motion between particles in a system is restricted by a Gaussian or a linear combination of Gaussians. Because of the limitation of the model space, continuum states nor out going waves can not be represented in the present model. Even if the energy of a nucleus is above the threshold energies of particle decays, the particles can not necessarily go away in the present framework. In this sense, the system is treated in the bound state approximation. The widths for the particle decays should be discussed carefully by other frameworks such as the method with reduced width amplitude or the complex scaling method beyond the present AMD framework.

The energy levels of 11Be are shown in Fig.1. There are many low-lying levels in the experimental data. The abnormal spin parity $`1/2^+`$ of the ground state has been known, although the normal spin parity of 11Be is $`1/2^{}`$ in the simple shell-model picture. The calculations with the case(1) interaction reproduce the parity inversion between $`1/2^+`$ and $`1/2^{}`$ states. In the theoretical results, the rotational bands $`K^\pi =1/2^+`$ and $`K^\pi =1/2^{}`$ start from the band head $`1/2^+`$ and $`1/2^{}`$ states, respectively. Also in the results with the case(2) interaction, the $`1/2^+`$ state is lowest in the $`K^\pi =1/2^+`$ band, however, it is slightly higher than the negative parity $`1/2^{}`$ state by 1.4 MeV. As a result, the abnormal parity of the ground state can not be reproduced by the case (2) interaction which the spin-orbit forces are weaker than those in the case (1). We should not conclude the calculations with the case(1) interaction are better than those in the case (2), because the neutron halo effect on the energy gain of $`1/2^+`$ state is not taken into account in the present calculations. The details of the reproduction of parity inversion with the case(1) interaction are described in the later section.

In both results in the case (1) and the case (2), there exist some rotational bands in the low energy region. By classifying the calculated excited states we can obtain three rotational bands $`K=1/2^+`$, $`K=1/2^{}`$ and $`K=3/2^{}`$ which are dominated by $`1\mathrm{}\omega `$, $`0\mathrm{}\omega `$ and $`2\mathrm{}\omega `$ neutron configurations, respectively. In Fig.2, we show the excitation energies of the rotational bands as a function of total spin $`J(J+1)`$. We find a new eccentric band $`K=3/2^{}`$ which starts from the second $`3/2^{}`$ state at about 4 MeV. The excited states in the $`K=3/2^{}`$ band are dominated by $`2\mathrm{}\omega `$ excited configurations with 2 particles and 3 holes in neutron shells. The $`K=3/2^{}`$ band is constructed by a well-deformed intrinsic state with a developed clustering structure. The rotational band indicates large moment of inertia and it reaches the high spin states about 20 MeV. The highest spin is $`15/2^{}`$ in the case (1) and $`13/2^{}`$ in the case (2). In VAP calculations with further high spins, we can not obtain any stable states since an $`\alpha `$ particle escapes far away in the variational calculations. It means that the energy of the relative motion between clusters is beyond the classical barrier due to the coulomb and centrifugal forces. Since the barrier hight is very sensitive to the binding energy, we examine the highest spin of the $`K=3/2^{}`$ band with another set of the interaction parameters taking care of the binding energy of 11Be. If we change the Majorana exchange term of case (1) to $`m=0.60`$, we can make the system bound as deeply as the experimental binding energy. Then a $`17/2^{}`$ state is obtained as the highest spin state. W. Von Oertzen et al. suggested some candidates for the states belonging to this new negative parity band in the experimental data observed in the 2 neutron transfer reactions, 9Be(13C, 11C)11Be . Although they suggested a possibility of $`19/2^{}`$ state, the present results are negative to such a high spin state as $`19/2^{}`$ in the rotational $`K=3/2^{}`$ band, because $`17/2^{}`$ is the highest spin made from the $`2p`$-$`3h`$ configurations. It should be noticed that the present work is the first microscopic calculation which predicts the $`K^\pi =3/2^{}`$ band with the well-developed clustering structure. Since 11Be is a loosely bound system, further studies taking account of widths of the excited states are necessary to determine the band terminal.

We find a excited $`3/2^{}`$ state at about 10 MeV (Fig 1). In this state, the proton structure is quite strange comparing with the other excited states of 11Be. In most of the states of 11Be, we find $`2\alpha `$ cores as well as other Be isotopes: 8Be, 9Be and 10Be. However, in the $`3/2^{}`$ state at 10 MeV, only one $`\alpha `$-cluster is formed. The other 2 protons do not form a $`\alpha `$-cluster but couple to be totally $`S=1`$ with aligned intrinsic spins. It is analogue with the structure of the first $`1^+`$ state with the unnatural spin parity in 12C. We consider that this $`3/2^{}`$ state must be the newly measured state at 8.04 MeV  to which the $`\beta `$-decay transition from 11Li is strong. Although its excitation energy is overestimated in the present calculations, it is easily improved by changing parameters $`b`$ and $`h`$ of the Bartlett and Heisenberg terms. For example the parameters $`b=0.2`$, $`h=0.4`$, $`m=0.41`$ gives 2 MeV lower excitation energy of the $`3/2^{}`$ state than the one with $`b=0.0`$, $`h=0.0`$, $`m=0.65`$. Here we fit the Majorana parameter $`m`$ as to give the same $`\alpha `$-$`\alpha `$ interaction as the case (1). The change of parameters gives no significant effect on the excitation energies of the other states with 2-$`\alpha `$ clusters. The results indicate that the Bartlett and Heisenberg terms should be taken into consideration in the detailed study of the energy levels though they have been often omitted in the traditional works on stable nuclei.

### B Transition strength

Data concerning the $`\beta `$-decay strength are very useful to investigate structures of excited states. There are many experimental data concerning the $`\beta ^{}`$ and $`\beta ^+`$ decays into the excited states of 11Be. The strength of the $`\beta ^{}`$ decays from 11Li has been measured recently . For the $`\beta ^+`$ decays, the strength of Gamov-Teller(GT) transitions has been deduced from the charge exchange reactions 11B$`(t,^3`$He)11Be . In the GT transitions from 11Li$`(3/2^{})`$ and 11B$`(3/2^{})`$, the allowed daughter states are $`1/2^{}`$, $`3/2^{}`$ or $`5/2^{}`$ states. In Table I the experimental log$`(ft)`$ values are presented comparing with the theoretical results. In order to calculate the log($`ft`$) values of GT transistions into the excited states of 11Be we prepare the parent states 11Li$`(3/2^{})`$ and 11B$`(3/2^{})`$ by VAP calculations in the same framework.

The experimental log($`ft`$) values are reproduced well by the theoretical calculations. It is easily understood that the decays into the excited states in $`K=3/2^{}`$ band are weak because these states have the ell-developed clustering structures with dominated $`2\mathrm{}\omega `$ components which make the overlap of a GT operator with the parent state of 11B to be small. On the other hands, we consider that three levels at 0.32 MeV, 2.69 MeV and 3.96 MeV measured in the $`\beta ^+`$ transitions correspond to the states $`1/2_1^{}`$, $`3/2_1^{}`$ and $`5/2_1^{}`$ in the $`K=1/2^{}`$ band because the experimental data indicate the significant $`\beta ^+`$ strength as log$`(ft)`$ $`<`$ 5.0, which consistent with the theoretical results.

What is important in the $`\beta ^{}`$ decays from 11Li is that the strength is very sensitive to the breaking of 2 $`\alpha `$-cluster cores in 11Be. If the daughter state of 11Be poses 2 ideal $`\alpha `$-cluster cores with $`(0s)^4`$ configurations, the GT transitions from 11Li are forbidden completely because of Pauli principle. In another word, the strength of GT transitions from 11Li indicates the degree of the $`\alpha `$-cluster breaking in the daughter states of 11Be. From this point of view, one of the reasons for the weak $`\beta ^{}`$ transitions as log$`(ft)`$=5.67 to the lowest $`1/2^{}`$ state at 0.32 MeV is the 2$`\alpha `$-cluster structure in 11Be($`1/2^{}`$). Another reason for the weak $`\beta ^{}`$ transitions has been suggested to be the effect of the halo structure in 11Li by T. Suzuki et al. . The ground state of 11Li is known to have the neutron halo structure which originates from $`s`$-orbits. The mixing of the $`s`$-orbits causes weak $`\beta ^{}`$ transitions to the normal states of 11Be. Since the halo structure of 11Li can not described in the present AMD wave function, the possible halo effects on the $`\beta ^{}`$ decays are not included in the present results. If we suppose the mixing ratio of $`s`$-orbits in the ground 11Li state as to be 50 %, the theoretical log$`(ft)`$ values concerning the $`\beta ^{}`$ decays into $`1/2_1^{}`$, $`3/2_1^{}`$ and $`5/2_1^{}`$ is expected to be increased by log(2)$`0.3`$ due to the mixing. Even if we add 0.3 of the halo effect by hands to the present log($`ft`$) values for $`3/2_1^{}`$ and $`5/2_1^{}`$ states, the log($`ft`$) values in case(1) are still smaller than 5.0, because of the sufficient cluster breaking. They are consistent with the experimentally measured rather small log$`ft`$ values for the decays to 11Be(2.7 MeV) and 11Be(3.9 MeV). In another word, the experimental data indicates the significant breaking of 2 $`\alpha `$-cluster cores in these states(2.7MeV and 3.9MeV) which we consider as the excited states $`3/2_1^{}`$ and $`5/2_1^{}`$.

In the recent experiments of the measurements of $`\beta ^{}`$ decays, a new excited state at 8.04 MeV with strong $`\beta ^{}`$ transitions has been discovered. The calculated log$`(ft)`$ values for the $`3/2^{}`$ state of 11Be at about 10 MeV well corresponds to this newly observed state at 8.04 MeV. The transition is strong because the 2$`\alpha `$-cluster structure disappears completely in this state.

As shown in Table I, the experimental data concerning the strength of $`\beta ^{}`$ decays have been systematically reproduced in the present calculations. Considering the increases of log$`ft`$ due to the halo effect of 11Li, the theoretical values of log$`ft`$ for $`\beta ^{}`$ calculated with the case (1) interaction well agree to the experimental data. The reason for the good reproduction is because the significant breaking of 2-$`\alpha `$ clusters in 11Be is described in the present calculations. It is the same reason as the previous studies of 12C in which the experimental data concerning the strength of $`\beta ^{}`$ and $`\beta ^+`$ decays have been well reproduced. The quantitative discussion of the 2$`\alpha `$-core breaking will be given in the next section.

In Table II, we show the theoretical $`B(E2)`$ values. It has been proved that AMD calculations reproduce well $`B(E2)`$ values of light neutron-rich nuclei. As shown in the previous studies , the experimental $`Q`$-moments and $`B(E2)`$ values of various nuclei have been reproduced well by using the bare charges in the AMD framework because of the advantage of the AMD method which can directly describe proton deformations. Also in the present results, the features of proton-matter deformations in the intrinsic states are reflected in the theoretical $`B(E2)`$ values. In the lowest negative parity band $`K^\pi =1/2^{}`$, the intrinsic system deforms because of 2 $`\alpha `$-cluster cores although the development of clustering is smallest comparing with the other bands. $`B(E2)`$ values are larger in the ground $`K^\pi =1/2^+`$ band which has the developed clustering structure with a large deformation. The $`B(E2)`$ values are enhanced between the states in the second negative parity band $`K^\pi =3/2^{}`$ with an extremely large deformation due to the clustering development.

The $`E1`$ transition strength from $`1/2_1^{}`$ to $`1/2_1^+`$ in 11Be is known to be very large comparing with those in other light nuclei. The theoretical value of $`B(E1;1/2_1^{}1/2_1^+)`$=0.02 e$``$fm is much smaller than the experimentally observed strength $`0.116\pm 0.011`$ e$``$fm. The halo structure may give an important effect on the $`E1`$ strength.

## V Discussions

We investigate the structures of 11Be focusing on the clustering aspects. It is found that two $`\alpha `$-cluster cores are formed in most of the states of 11Be as well as in other Be isotopes:8Be, 9Be, 10Be. In the present calculations, we found three rotational bands with 2-$`\alpha `$ cores in 11Be. In this section, we argue the development of clustering and investigate the roles of valence neutrons in the clustering states. We analyze the breaking of cluster cores and also describe the feature of a non-clustering state. The problem of parity inversion between positive and negative parity states is also discussed.

### A Clustering structure

We investigate the intrinsic structures of the excited states focusing on the clustering aspects. Although the states $`P_{MK}^{J\pm }\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}^i`$ are superposed for all the obtained wave functions $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}^i`$ so as to diagonalize a Hamiltonian matrix, the $`J^\pm `$ state after the diagonalization is found to be dominated by the AMD wave function $`P_{MK}^{J\pm }\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}^j`$ which is obtained in a VAP calculation for the given spin and parity $`J^\pm `$. Therefore we consider an obtained AMD wave function $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{AMD}`$ with a VAP calculation as the intrinsic wave function of the corresponding $`J^\pm `$ state.

In the excited states, three rotational bands: $`K=1/2^+`$, $`K=1/2^{}`$ and $`K=3/2^{}`$ are recognized, because the intrinsic structures of the states in each band are similar. The density distributions of the intrinsic states of the band head states: $`1/2_1^{}`$, $`1/2_1^+`$ $`3/2_2^{}`$ are shown in Fig.3. The neutron structure of an intrinsic state is very different from the ones of the other rotational bands. The density distributions of neutrons are presented in the right column in Fig.3. As for the neutron deformation, the $`1/2^{}`$ state has an oblate deformation. The oblate shape is natural for the normal parity state in a system with the neutron number $`N=7`$. In the positive parity $`1/2^+`$ state, the neutron density deforms prolately. The prolate deformation of neutron density is extremely enhanced in the $`3/2_2^{}`$ state. The detailed discussions of neutron structures is given later by analyzing the single-particle behavior of neutrons.

In the proton density shown in the middle column in Fig.3, we can see dumbbell shapes due to 2 pairs of protons. Roughly speaking, it indicates that 2-$`\alpha `$ cores are formed in all the intrinsic states of these three rotational bands. The spatial development of clusters is small in the lowest negative parity $`1/2_1^{}`$ state which has a main component of a normal $`0\mathrm{}\omega `$ configuration. In the ground $`1/2^+`$ state with the abnormal parity, the $`2\alpha `$ clustering structure develops. It is interesting that the most remarkable clustering structure is seen in the $`3/2_2^{}`$ state which belongs to the $`K=3/2^{}`$ band. In this state, the relative distance between 2-$`\alpha `$ cores is largest among these 3 rotational bands. It seems that the $`2\alpha `$-clustering structure develops following the prolate deformation of neutron density. According to the development of $`2\alpha `$ clustering, the proton deformation is larger in the $`K=1/2^+`$ band than in the $`K=1/2^{}`$ band, and largest in the $`K=3/2^{}`$ band. The difference of the proton structures are reflected in the theoretical $`B(E2)`$ values as mentioned in the previous section. Namely, the theoretical values concerning the strength $`B(E2)`$ are large in the transitions between the states in the rotational bands with the large proton deformations. As mentioned above, the $`K=3/2^{}`$ band is the largely deformed state with the well development clustering structure. However, the deformation decreases and the clustering weakens at the band terminal state with the increase of spin near the highest spin $`J=15/2^{}`$ in case(1).

### B Behavior of valence neutrons

As mentioned in the previous subsection, the deformation of neutron density changes drastically between the rotational bands. We inspect the single-particle wave functions of the intrinsic states to study the behavior of valence neutrons. The single-particle wave functions of an intrinsic state are obtained by transforming from the original Gaussian functions to the orthonormal single-particle wave functions under the diagonal condition of the single-particle Hamiltonian matrix. The definition of single-particle wave functions and energies of an AMD wave function is described in Refs. .

In Be isotopes, it has been known that the molecular orbits around $`2\alpha `$ play important roles. The molecular orbits in Be isotopes have been suggested in 9Be with $`2\alpha +n`$ cluster models . W. Von Oertzen et al. proposed a picture of Be dimers  to understand the excited states of neutron-rich Be isotopes. They predicted $`\sigma `$\- and $`\pi `$-orbits which are made from linear combinations of $`p`$-orbits surrounding 2-$`\alpha `$ clusters (see Fig.4). Itagaki et al. have described the structures of 10Be and 12Be with a extended cluster model by assuming $`\alpha `$ cores and the molecular orbits. In the study of Be isotopes with AMD methods , the structures with 2 $`\alpha `$s and valence neutrons in neutron-rich Be isotopes have been microscopically confirmed without assuming the existence of any clusters nor molecular orbits. In the present work we investigate the behavior of the valence neutrons focusing on the molecular orbits.

By analyzing the ratio of positive and negative parity components in each single-particle wave function, it is found that all the neutron orbits are approximately parity-eigen states, which roughly correspond to $`1s`$-, $`1p`$-, and $`2s1d`$ orbits. The lowest normal-parity $`1/2^{}`$ state comes from a $`0\mathrm{}\omega `$ configuration because 2 neutrons occupy $`s`$-like orbits and the other 5 neutrons are in $`p`$-like orbits. On the other hand, in the ground $`1/2^+`$ state with the abnormal parity, the last neutron occupies a $`sd`$-like orbit, which means that the $`1/2^+`$ state is dominated by a $`1\mathrm{}\omega `$ configuration. An interesting feature is found in the highest neutron wave function which well corresponds to the $`sd`$-like orbit. The density distribution of neutrons are presented in Fig.5(a). It has nodes along the longitudinal direction of 2-$`\alpha `$ clusters and contains nearly 90% of a positive-parity eigen state. It well corresponds to the so-called molecular $`\sigma `$-orbit explained in the schematic figure 4(a). On the other hand, the features of 2 neutron orbits energetically below the $`\sigma `$-orbit are shown in 4(b). The dominating negative-parity component of these orbits indicates that the orbits correspond to the $`p`$-like orbits. As shown in Fig.5(b), the orbits seem to be similar to the molecular $`\pi `$-orbits.

One of the reasons for parity inversion of 11Be is considered to be because of the molecular $`\sigma `$-orbit which originates from $`sd`$-orbits. Since Be isotopes prefer to prolate deformations because of 2-$`\alpha `$ clusters, the $`\sigma `$-orbit can easily gain its kinetic energy in the clustering developed system. In another word, the 2$`\alpha `$-clustering structure is one of advantages for the $`\sigma `$-orbit in Be isotopes. From this point of view, it is easy to understand the reason for the clustering development in the $`1/2_1^+`$ state in terms of the energy gain of the $`\sigma `$-orbit in a clustering system. Figures 6(a),(b),(c) show the single-particle energies in the intrinsic states of $`1/2_1^{}`$, $`1/2_1^+`$ and $`3/2_2^{}`$ with the case (1) interaction, respectively. The highest orbit in Fig.6(b) corresponds to the $`\sigma `$-orbit in $`1/2_1^+`$ state. The energy of the intruder $`\sigma `$-orbit is lower than the highest $`\pi `$-orbit in $`1/2_1^{}`$. In all the states:$`1/2_1^{}`$, $`1/2_1^+`$ and $`3/2_2^{}`$, the 2-$`\alpha `$ cores consist of 4 neutrons and 4 protons in the $`1s`$-like orbits and the lower $`p`$-like orbits seen in Fig.6. The behavior of the single-particle wave functions of valence neutrons in the present results is almost consistent with the previous AMD studies .

One of new discoveries in the present work is that the possible negative-parity band $`K=3/2^{}`$ has a largely deformed shape with a remarkable clustering structure. With the same analysis of the single-particle wave functions as mentioned above, we find that 2 neutrons in the $`3/2_2^{}`$ state occupy so-called $`\sigma `$-orbits. In another word, the well-developed clustering is caused by these 2 neutrons in the $`\sigma `$-orbits so as to gain their kinetic energies. It is surprising that such a 2 $`\mathrm{}\omega `$ state appears in the low energy region. The clustering structure in the $`K=3/2^{}`$ band is the very molecular structure which has been predicted by W. Von Oertzen . This is the first microscopic calculation which shows that such an exotic structure should exist in the low energy region.

In the single-particle energies shown in Fig.6(c), we find another interesting thing that the energies of the $`\sigma `$-orbits in $`3/2_2^{}`$ state become lower than that of an odd neutron $`\pi `$-orbit. One of reasons for the higher energy of the odd neutron $`\pi `$-orbit than the $`\sigma `$-orbits is a lack of the pairing interaction because of the absence of the other neutron in the $`\pi `$-orbit. Another reason is the degeneration between $`\sigma `$-orbits and $`\pi `$-orbits at the large inter-cluster distance. With the increase of relative distance between 2-$`\alpha `$ clusters, the $`\sigma `$-orbits gain their energy, while the $`\pi `$-orbits loose their potential energies. As the relative distance increases, the $`\sigma `$-orbits cross the higher $`\pi `$-orbits and come down near the lower $`\pi `$-orbits. It is helpful to see the neutron level scheme of two center shell model  to understand the inversion of $`\pi `$\- and the $`\sigma `$-orbits with the increase of inter-cluster distance.

In the single-particle energies shown in Fig.6, the small level spacing between the lower $`1s`$-orbits and the lower $`1p`$-orbits indicates the development of 2 $`\alpha `$ clusters in $`1/2^+`$ and $`3/2_2^{}`$ states. In fact, the level spacing is smallest in $`3/2_2^{}`$ state.

As mentioned above, we see the drastic change of neutron structures between three rotational bands. It is found that the origins of drastic change are the neutrons in $`\sigma `$-orbits and $`\pi `$-orbits surrounding 2-$`\alpha `$ cores. The intrinsic states are characterized by the number of valence neutrons in the $`\sigma `$-orbit. That is to say that, no neutron, one neutron and two neutrons occupy the $`\sigma `$-orbits in the $`K=1/2^{}`$ $`K=1/2^+`$ $`K=3/2^{}`$ bands, respectively. The deformation with clustering structure is enhanced by the increase of the neutrons which occupy the $`\sigma `$-orbits due to the energy gain of $`\sigma `$-orbits in the developed clustering structure.

### C Breaking of $`2\alpha `$ cluster cores

Although the structures with 2 $`\alpha `$-cluster cores are seen in most of the states of 11Be, the $`\alpha `$ clusters are not the ideal $`\alpha `$ clusters with simple $`(0s)^4`$ configurations. The $`\alpha `$ clusters are broken slightly because of the spin-orbit force. The components of cluster breaking allows the $`\beta `$ decays from 11Li into 11Be. This is a similar situation as seen in the 3$`\alpha `$-cluster structures of 12C to which Gamow-Teller transitions from 12B and 12N are not weak.

In the calculated results, we can know the degrees of breaking from the ideal 2-$`\alpha `$ clusters by estimating non-zero total-intrinsic spin($`S_p0`$) components for protons. If we neglect $`S_p2`$ components and assume that only $`S_p=0`$ and $`S_p=1`$ components are contained in a state, the value $`0.5\times S_p^2`$ indicates directly the mixing ratio of the non-$`(0s)^4`$ configurations, which signifies the degrees of cluster breaking in the state. In table III, the expectation values of the squared total-intrinsic spin of protons are listed. Generally speaking, the clustering breaking is larger in the results in the case (1) than in the case (2) because the stronger spin-orbit forces in the case (1) give larger effects on the dissociation of 2 $`\alpha `$-cluster cores. The states $`1/2_1^{}`$ , $`3/2_1^{}`$ and $`5/2_1^{}`$ in $`K=1/2^{}`$ contain significant components of the cluster breaking in the ratios of 7%, 10% and 20%, respectively. The mixing of cluster breaking allows the $`\beta `$ decays into these states from 11Li, which consistent with the experimental measurements (Table.I). The smaller mixing in $`1/2_1^{}`$ than the other $`3/2_1^{}`$ , $`5/2_1^{}`$ states is reflected on the relatively weak $`\beta `$ decays to $`1/2_1^{}`$ as mentioned in the previous section on the $`\beta `$-decay strength. On the other hand, the breaking of $`\alpha `$ clusters are very small in $`K=1/2^+`$ and $`K=3/2^{}`$ which have the well-developed clustering structures. Therefore Gamow-Teller transitions to the excited states in $`K=3/2^{}`$ band from 11Li are predicted to be weak except for the $`\beta `$ decays to the $`3/2_2^{}`$ state because this state slightly contains the cluster breaking due to the state mixing with the lower $`3/2_1^{}`$ state.

We discover an excited $`3/2_3^{}`$ state where the $`2\alpha `$-cluster structure is completely broken. In the density distribution of protons we can not recognize the dumbbell shape in this state (see Fig.7). As seen in Table III, the main component is the proton intrinsic spin $`S_p=1`$ state. As a result, the $`\beta `$-decay transitions from 11Li to the $`3/2_3^{}`$ state are strong comparing with the $`\beta `$-decay strength to the other excited states of 11Be. It is consistent with the strong $`\beta `$ decays to the state at 8.04 MeV, which have been recently measured.

Although the 2$`\alpha `$-core structures are dominant in most of Be isotopes, it is interesting that the excited state with the completely breaking of one of 2 $`\alpha `$s appears in neutron-rich Be. Even in the excited states with 2-$`\alpha `$ cores, the components of the cluster breaking play an important role in the strength of $`\beta `$ decays from 11Li.

### D parity inversion

We consider details of parity inversion of the ground state in the case(1) calculations. Concerning the energy gain of the positive parity $`1/2^+`$ state, the effects of the halo structure, the clustering structure with a prolate deformation, the three-body force, the angular-momentum projection, and the paring have been discussed in the pioneering works .

In the present calculations the effects of clustering structure are included as well as the pioneering AMD studies . One of the reasons for parity inversion is the energy gain of the molecular $`\sigma `$-orbit in the system with developed 2$`\alpha `$ clustering. The details of clustering and molecular orbits have been already mentioned above.

The three-body force was calculated approximately with a perturbative treatment in the pioneering study. In the present work, the three-body force is treated exactly as same way as the previous AMD study in Ref..

In the previous AMD studies of 11Be , the angular-momentum projection was perturbatively treated. That is to say that the energy variation was performed after a parity projection but before an angular-momentum projection(VBP). In the present results, we perform energy variation exactly for the spin-parity projected wave functions(VAP). Then we find that the effect of angular-momentum projection on the parity inversion is quite different from the previous VBP results with perturbative treatments. In order to quantitatively discuss the effects, we estimate the energy difference between $`1/2^{}`$ and $`1/2^+`$ states: $`\delta EE_{1/2^+}E_{1/2^{}}`$. The parity inversion is described by a negative value of $`\delta E`$. The experimental value of $`\delta E`$ has been known to be $`0.32`$ MeV. For simplicity we do parity-projected AMD calculations with fixed intrinsic spins by using the case(1) interaction. In table IV, the values of $`\delta E`$ and energies (a) without angular-momentum projections, (b) the angular-momentum projections after variation within the perturbative treatments of VBP, and (c) results of the exact VAP calculations are listed. Before the angular-momentum projections, $`\delta E`$ is 0.6 MeV. After the projection within the perturbative treatments of VBP, $`\delta E`$ becomes small as $`1.1`$ MeV. It is because that the energy gain of the positive-parity state by the angular-momentum projection is 1.7 MeV larger than the gain of the negative-parity state. The origin is the well-developed clustering structure in the former state comparing with the latter state because a deformed system gains much energy due to a angular-momentum projection in general. The VBP results are consistent with the previous AMD studies in Refs. . However when we exactly treat the angular-momentum projection with VAP calculations we find a new aspect in the effects on the energy gain. In the previous AMD studies, it is known that in many cases VAP results of low-lying states is not so much different from VBP results. It is true in the $`1/2^+`$ state. However it is not true in the $`1/2^{}`$ state. In the VAP calculations, the negative parity state gains much energy as 8.6 MeV due to the angular-momentum projection because the deformation of $`1/2^{}`$ state grows more largely in the VAP calculations than in the VBP calculations so as to gain the energy of the angular-momentum projected state. As a result, $`\delta E`$ of (c) is 1.0 MeV as much as the result before projections (a). In fact, the clustering of 11Be($`1/2_1^{}`$) is larger in the VAP results than as is expected in the VBP calculations. Therefore the effect of the angular-momentum projection is not positive for the parity inversion in 11Be. This is one of new things in the present work which points that the perturbative treatments of angular-momentum projections do not always work well for precise descriptions.

Comparing with the previous AMD studies of low-lying states of 11Be , another improvement in the present framework is treating the intrinsic spin functions as variational parameters. In the TableIV, the effect of the flexible intrinsic spins are seen in the difference between (c) the VAP calculations with the fixed intrinsic spins and (d) the VAP calculations with the variational intrinsic spins. The treatment of flexible intrinsic spins gives an important effect on the parity inversion of 11Be. It reduces $`\delta E`$ to a 1.1 MeV smaller value in (d) than that in the calculations (c). The importance of the flexible intrinsic spins in $`p_{3/2}`$ shell-closure states has been already argued in the studies of 12C  by one of the authors. In the case of 11Be, it is natural to consider that the $`p_{3/2}`$ sub-shell effect is one of the reasons for the parity inversion because the $`p_{1/2}`$-orbit sould be raised relatively higher than $`2s_{1/2}`$-orbits. Unfortunately, the simple AMD method with the fixed intrinsic spins describe the sub-shell effects insufficiently. This is one of the advantages of the present framework which can describe well both aspects of the clustering and shell effects.

Regarding the other reasons of parity inversion, Sagawa et al.  and Doté et al.  suggested the paring effects in the neutron $`p`$-shell. In the present framework, a part of the paring effects in $`p`$-shell should be included automatically by the spin-parity projections and the superpositions.

As mentioned above, the clustering effects, the three-body forces, the $`p_{3/2}`$ sub-shell effects are included in the present calculations. The paring effects are expected to be partially contained. The other effect which should be important for parity inversion is the neutron-halo effect. According to the study in Ref., the effect due to the neutron halo structure is estimated as 0.6 MeV reduction of $`\delta E`$. However the halo effect is not taken into account in the present calculations. We think that this halo effect and the residual paring effect are contained effectively in the strength parameter $`u_{LS}=3700`$ MeV of the spin-orbit force which is slightly stronger that the parameter $`u_{LS}=3000`$ MeV adopted in Ref.. The halo structures should be important only for the loosely bound states with low-spin orbits such as $`s`$-orbits and $`p`$-orbits at most. The present strong effective spin-orbit force in case(1) may artificially reduce too much the theoretical excitation energies of the other states in $`K=1/2^+`$ band except for the $`1/2^+`$ state. Before concluding the relative position of the energies between $`K=1/2^{}`$ and $`K=1/2+`$ bands we should more detailed researches by taking the remained effects such as the halo structure into consideration.

## VI Summary

We studied the structures of the ground and excited states of 11Be with VAP calculations in the framework of antisymmetrized molecular dynamics. Various kinds of excited states with the clustering structures and also the non-clustering structures were discovered in the theoretical results. We predicted many excited states. Most of the states belong to three rotational bands: $`K=1/2^+`$, $`K=1/2^{}`$ and $`K=3/2^{}`$, which are dominated by $`1\mathrm{}\omega `$, $`0\mathrm{}\omega `$ and $`2\mathrm{}\omega `$ configurations, respectively. It should be pointed out that the formation of 2 $`\alpha `$-cluster cores is seen in many excited states of 11Be in the the present resutls in spite of no assumption of the existence of clusters. The interesting point is that an eccentric rotational band $`K=3/2^{}`$ with the mostly developed clustering structure starts from the $`3/2_2^{}`$ state at about 4 MeV and reaches high spin states.

The experimental data concerning the $`\beta ^+`$-decay and $`\beta ^{}`$-decay strength were reproduced well. We also argued that the cluster breaking plays an important role to allow the $`\beta `$ decays from 11Li. The significant breaking of 2-$`\alpha `$ cores in the states in $`K=1/2^{}`$ band has been seen in quantitatively estimating the breaking of clusters. We discovered a non-clustering state at about 10 MeV. One of the characteristics of this state is the strong $`\beta `$ decays from 11Li, which well corresponds to the new excited states at 8.04 MeV found in the $`\beta ^{}`$-decay measurements.

By analyzing the single-particle wave functions in the intrinsic states, it was found that the molecular $`\sigma `$-orbits surrounding 2-$`\alpha `$ cores play important roles in the clustering structures of 11Be. In the ground band $`K=1/2^+`$, one neutron occupies the $`\sigma `$-orbits. In the newly predicted $`K=3/2^{}`$ band is dominated by $`2\mathrm{}\omega `$ configurations with two neutrons in the $`\sigma `$-orbit. When the surrounding neutrons occupy the $`\sigma `$-orbits, the clustering development is enhanced so as to gain their kinetic energy. In another word, one of the reasons for the parity inversion and the low-lying $`2\mathrm{}\omega `$ states is the energy gain of the $`\sigma `$-orbits with the developed clustering structures.

Concerning the mechanism of the parity inversion, we described the importance of molecular neutron orbits in the developed clustering structure and also mentioned about the $`p_{3/2}`$ sub-shell effect. Although the spin parity of the ground state is described with a set of interaction parameters case (1), we need more detailed researches taking the halo structures of the ground state into account.

###### Acknowledgements.

The authors would like to thank Dr. N. Itagaki and Dr. Doté for many discussions. They are also thankful to Professor W. Von Oertzen for helpful discussions and comments. The computational calculations of this work are supported by the Supercomputer Project No.58, No.70 of High Energy Accelerator Research Organization(KEK), and Research Center for Nuclear Physics in Osaka University.