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# Superpenetration of a high energy 𝑄𝑄̄ bound state through random color fields

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## Abstract

The transmission amplitude of a color dipole through a random external color field is computed in the eikonal approximation in order to study the absorption of high energy quarkonium by nuclear target. It is shown that the internal color state of the dipole becomes randomized and all possible color states are eventually equi-partitioned, while the probability of finding a color singlet bound state attenuates not exponentially, but inversely proportional to the distance $`L`$ of the random field zone which the dipole has traveled.

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1. The suppression of the quarkonium production in nucleus-nucleus ($`AB`$) collisions has been extensively studied both experimentally and theoretically since it has been proposed as a signal of the QCD plasma formation. The pattern of the observed $`J/\psi `$ suppression in light ion induced reactions ($`AB`$ with $`BA`$) as well as in $`pA`$ collisions have been well reproduced by the nuclear absorption model. In this model the ratio of the observed production cross section $`\sigma _{AB}`$ in $`AB`$ collisions to the one scaled from the elementary $`pp`$ collisions $`\sigma _{pp}`$ is given by the simple formula,

$$\frac{\sigma _{AB}}{AB\sigma _{pp}}=e^{\sigma _{\mathrm{abs}}n_0L}=e^{L/L_{\mathrm{abs}}},$$
(1)
where $`L`$ is the effective length of the nuclear medium the formative $`J/\psi `$ (or $`c\overline{c}`$) travels through, $`\sigma _{\mathrm{abs}}`$ 6–7 mb is the absorption cross section of the ”$`J/\psi `$” due to the collision with individual nucleon, and $`n_0`$ = 0.16 fm-3 is the mean nucleon density in nucleus. Further suppression observed in the Pb-Pb experiments at CERN away from this ”base-line” has been investigated as an anomaly possibly related to the plasma formation.

The above exponential form of the $`L`$-dependence is obtained if one assumes a classical stochastic process for the multiple collisions of $`c\overline{c}`$ pair in nuclear matter. One should however note that this treatment is valid only when the characteristic time of individual collision is shorter than the time interval between the successive collisions. It is known that the coherence in the multiple collisions changes the high energy asymptotic behavior of the scattering qualitatively.

Each collision of a $`c\overline{c}`$ dipole with nucleon have a characteristic time scale over which the quantum coherence of the wavefunction is important: in the rest frame of the pair it may be given by $`\tau _c1/\mathrm{\Delta }E`$ 0.3 fm with binding energy $`\mathrm{\Delta }E`$, while for moving pairs one should take into account the Lorentz time dilatation effect. In the Pb-Pb experiment at CERN-SPS, the Lorentz time dilatation factor of the $`J/\psi `$ produced in the midrapidity region is $`\gamma 10`$ in the nuclear rest frame, hence the $`c\overline{c}`$ pair propagates over $`t_c=\tau _c\gamma `$ 3 fm typically in the target rest frame which is of the same order of magnitude with the mean internucleon distance in nuclei ($`d=2(3/4\pi n_0)^{1/3}=`$ 2 fm). In the RHIC (LHC) experiments, for which $`\gamma =`$ 100 (2000) this coherence time becomes 30 (600) fm which is considerably larger than the mean nucleon distance and become even greater than the size of the nucleus. This problem has been pointed out recently also in .

This simple estimate suggests that the independent stochastic collision picture is only marginally satisfied at SPS energy and should break down at higher collider energies where the coherence effect would become essential; it is more natural to consider that the multiple interactions with nucleons along its path take place simultaneously. It is the purpose of the present work to investigate how $`L`$-dependence of the nuclear absorption is modified at collider energies from the naive form (1) due to the quantum coherence. For simplicity, here we will not go into the discussion of the production mechanism of the $`Q\overline{Q}`$ pair in the nuclear collision which involves color octet, as well as color singlet, initial states as produced by fusion or fragmentation of incident partons (gluons) in nuclear target; we will instead consider a much simpler problem how a high energy (color singlet) $`Q\overline{Q}`$ bound state injected in nuclear target will be absorbed by multiple collision in nucleus.

2. Similar problem has been studied previously for the absorption of high energy positronium ($`e^+e^{}`$) while passing through metallic foil.  It has been found that when the positronium energy becomes ultrarelativistic $`E2m_e`$ the positronium flux attenuates not by the exponential law but by the power law $`L^1`$. This phenomenon was called superpenetration.

It is easy to see how this happens. The transmission amplitude of the positronium through metallic foil may be computed by the eikonal approximation assuming that the individual members of the positronium travel along a straight line trajectory in random atomic electric fields. The eikonal phase factor for a particle with charge $`e`$ passing at impact parameter $`𝐛`$ under the influence of the atomic electric field described by the electric potential $`\varphi (𝐱)`$ is given by $`e/v𝑑z\varphi (𝐛,z)`$ hence the transmission amplitude of the high energy electron-positron pair ($`v1`$), passing at $`𝐛_1=𝐛+𝐝/2`$ and at $`𝐛_2=𝐛𝐝/2`$ is simply

$`U_{e^+e^{}}(𝐛,𝐝)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{ie{\scriptscriptstyle 𝑑z\varphi (𝐛_1,z)}+ie{\scriptscriptstyle 𝑑z\varphi (𝐛_2,z)}}e^{i𝐪𝐝},`$ (2)
where $`𝐝=𝐛_1𝐛_2`$ is the transverse size of the dipole and $`𝐪=e𝑑z_{}\varphi (𝐛,z)=e𝑑z𝐄_{}(𝐛,z)`$ is the net relative transverse momentum acquired by the dipole under the action of the transverse electric field $`𝐄_{}`$. In this case the net momentum transfered to the dipole vanishes due to the charge neutrality of the dipole.

Since the configuration of the electric field seen by the pair is random, the relative transfered momentum $`𝐪=(q_1,q_2)`$ should be taken as a random variable which is to be averaged over with a normalized distribution $`f(𝐪;L)`$; viewing the process as diffusion in the transverse momentum space, we expect a simple two-dimensional gaussian distribution

$$f(𝐪;L)d𝐪=\frac{1}{\pi q^2}e^{𝐪^2/q^2}d𝐪$$
(3)
with the variance increasing linearly with $`L`$: $`q^2=cn_AL`$ where $`n_A`$ is the atomic density and $`c`$ is a dimensionless constant. The penetration probability of the positronium state $`|\phi _0`$ is thus given by

$`P_{\phi _0}(L)`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{|\phi _0|U(𝐪)|\phi _0|^2}`$ (4)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑𝐪f(𝐪;L)|F(𝐪)|^2},`$ (5)
where

$$F(𝐪)=𝑑𝐫_{}𝑑z|\phi _0(𝐫_{},z)|^2e^{i𝐪𝐫_{}}$$
(6)
is the transverse form factor of the positronium state. Inserting (6) into (4) and then performing the integral over the transfered momentum $`𝐪`$, we obtain an alternative expression for $`P_{\phi _0}(L)`$:

$$P_{\phi _0}(L)=𝑑𝐫_{}𝑑𝐫_{}^{}\rho _0(𝐫_{})\rho _0(𝐫_{}^{})e^{\frac{1}{4}q^2\left(𝐫_{}𝐫_{}^{}\right)^2},$$
(7)
where $`\rho _0(𝐫_{})𝑑z|\phi _0(𝐫_{},z)|^2`$ is the probability distribution of the dipole size $`𝐫_{}`$ in the bound state $`\phi _0(𝐫_{},z)`$.

For a thin target with small $`q^2`$, we can expand the exponential in (7) and find

$`P_{\phi _0}(L)1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}𝐫_{}^2q^2=1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}𝐫_{}^2cn_AL.`$ (8)
This result can be obtained by the first Born approximation to the eikonal transmission amplitude and coincides with the small $`L`$ expansion behavior of the exponential decay form (1), if we identify $`c𝐫_{}^2=2\sigma `$.

However, for large value of $`L`$, $`P_{\phi _0}(L)`$ deviates from the exponential form and exhibits power law behavior,

$$P_{\phi _0}(L)\frac{1}{\pi q^2}𝑑𝐪|F(𝐪)|^2=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }}{cn_AL/2}=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }𝐫_{}^2}{\sigma n_AL},$$
(9)
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }=(1/2\pi )𝑑𝐪|F(𝐪)|^2=2\pi 𝑑𝐫_{}\rho _0^2(𝐫_{})`$. Thus the probability that the positronium penetrates through the metallic foil of thickness $`L`$ attenuates inversely proportional to $`L`$, not in the exponential form as in (1). We observe from the formula (4) that this $`L^1`$ dependence originates from the depletion of the central value of the distribution $`f(0;L)`$ due to the diffusion of transfered momentum in the phase space as $`L`$ increase. The formula (7) indicates also that this is caused by the destructive interference of the transmission amplitudes for different dipole sizes with $`|𝐫_{}𝐫_{}^{}|>1/\sqrt{q^2}`$.

Similar asymptotic behavior in multiple collision has been noted also by several authors in analyses of high energy hadronic process in nuclear target.  In particular we note the work of Hüfner et al.  who treated the problem of the nuclear absorption of a quarkonium in an abelian model of random nuclear color fields with a very similar analysis as presented above for the positronium case and found the $`1/L`$ asymptotic behavior for the bound state survival probability. However, their conclusion was plagued by the result of  in which the authors claim the stochastic behavior reappears when one includes the non-abelian color degrees of freedom.

The $`1/L`$-dependence was rediscovered recently by Baym et al. by consideration of the Lorentz time-dilatation effect for the quantum fluctuation of the transverse size of the projectile together with color neutrality argument, similar to the treatment in  for positronium absorption. In their semi-classical treatment, our formula (7) is replaced in effect by

$$P_{\phi _0}^{\mathrm{s}.\mathrm{c}.}(L)=𝑑𝐫_{}\rho _0(𝐫_{})e^{\sigma (𝐫_{})n_AL},$$
(10)
which also gives the $`1/L`$ asymptotic behavior if the effective cross section of the dipole of size $`𝐫_{}`$ goes as $`\sigma (𝐫_{})𝐫_{}^2`$.***We note here that in this semi-classical treatment $`1/L`$ arises because only small dipole components of the wavefunction can penetrate through the medium due to their small absorption cross section $`\sigma (𝐫_{})`$. This is not the case in our full quantum treatment where the dipoles of large size also contributes to the penetration probability. Although the quantum coherence between successive collisions was seemingly ignored in these treatments, their result suggests that the $`L^1`$ attenuation law is rather universal not specific to the abelian nature of the positronium problem. In what follows, we extend the works of  to include non-abelian nature of the color interaction and show that the survival probability of the $`c\overline{c}`$ bound state will indeed attenuate by the $`L^1`$ law, rather than exponential, at large $`L`$.

3. The new features which arises in the case of non-Abelian color interaction is associated with the color degrees of freedom in the internal wavefunction of the pair. In the SU(3), there are eight different color orientations for the octet $`c\overline{c}`$ states in addition to the color singlet configuration. Action of the external color field will cause transitions between these 9 different color states.Action of the external field on the color octet $`c\overline{c}`$ state may also lead to gluon emission from the dipole. We ignore this gluon radiation in the following discussion and leave this effect for future study.

To study these qualitatively new aspects, we consider here the SU(2) version of the color interaction. The external gauge fields are then given by $`𝐀_\mu (x)=A_\mu ^a(x)\tau ^a/2`$ where $`\tau ^a`$ ($`a=1,2,3`$) are the ($`2\times 2`$) Pauli matrices and the internal color states of the dipole are labeled by the isospin quantum number: for simplicity, we denotes the singlet state by $`|0|0,0`$, and three iso-triplet states by $`(|1,|2,|3)(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|1,1+i|1,1),\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|1,1i|1,1),|1,0)`$; we use Roman letters $`a,b,\mathrm{}`$ for labeling the three triplet states and Greek letters, $`\alpha ,\beta ,\mathrm{}`$ for all four states including the singlet state.

The eikonal transmission amplitude of the color dipole $`Q\overline{Q}`$ may be written as

$`U_{Q\overline{Q}}(𝐛,𝐝)`$ $`=`$ $`𝒫e^{ig{\scriptscriptstyle 𝑑x^+𝐀_1^{}(𝐛_1,x^+)}+ig{\scriptscriptstyle 𝑑x^+𝐀_2^{}(𝐛_2,x^+)}}`$ (11)
$``$ $`𝒫e^{i𝝎(𝐛)𝐝+i\theta (𝐛)},`$ (12)
where we have used the light-cone coordinatesHere we work on the target rest frame where the pair is propagating along the trajectory $`x_{}=0`$. $`x^\pm =(t\pm z)/\sqrt{2}`$ with $`A^\pm =(A^0\pm A^z)/\sqrt{2}`$, the path-ordered product along the integration paths on the light-cone ($`x^{}=0`$) is implied by $`𝒫`$ and

$`𝝎(𝐱_{})`$ $``$ $`_{}{\displaystyle 𝑑x^+gA^a(𝐱_{},x^+)(\tau _1^a\tau _2^a)/4},`$ (13)
$`\theta (𝐱_{})`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑x^+gA^a(𝐱_{},x^+)(\tau _1^a+\tau _2^a)/2}.`$ (14)
Here $`\tau _1`$ ($`\tau _2`$) acts on internal isospin (color) space of $`Q`$ ($`\overline{Q}`$) respectively and $`𝝎=(\omega _1,\omega _2)`$ and $`\theta `$ are ($`4\times 4`$) matrices which operate on the internal isospin (color) space of the dipole.

Some qualitative insights about how non-Abelian color interaction works may be obtained by expanding this amplitude by the Born series:

$$U_{Q\overline{Q}}(𝐛,𝐝)=1+i𝝎(𝐛)𝐝+i\theta (𝐛)+\mathrm{},$$
(15)
where we have shown only the first Born term explicitly. The color matrix $`𝝎`$ has non-vanishing matrix elements only between the singlet state $`|0`$ and the triplet states $`|a`$ :

$`a|U_{Q\overline{Q}}(𝐛,𝐝)|0`$ $`=`$ $`ia|𝝎(𝐛)|0𝐝+\mathrm{}`$ (16)
$`=`$ $`i{\displaystyle \frac{𝐝}{2}}_𝐛{\displaystyle 𝑑x^+gA^a(𝐛,x^+)}+\mathrm{}`$ (17)
while the matrix $`\theta `$ gives non-vanishing expectation values only between the color triplet states:

$`a|U_{Q\overline{Q}}(𝐛,𝐝)|b`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{ab}+ia|\theta (𝐛)|b+\mathrm{}`$ (18)
$`=`$ $`\delta _{ab}+iϵ_{abc}{\displaystyle 𝑑x^+gA^c(𝐛,x^+)}+\mathrm{},`$ (19)
where the antisymmetric tensor $`ϵ_{abc}`$ is the structure constant of the SU(2) group.

Imagine that a color singlet dipole with frozen transverse size $`𝐝`$ is injected into a random color field. It will then be transformed to color triplet state by the action of the field and therefore the probability that it remains in color singlet state, $`P_{0,0}`$, will attenuate with the distance $`L`$ as it travels through the random field. In the first Born approximation, it may be given by

$`P_{0,0}(𝐝;L)`$ $``$ $`1{\displaystyle \underset{a}{}}\overline{|a|𝝎(𝐛)|0𝐝|^2},`$ (21)
where the average is taken over the random field, or equivalently, we may consider the matrix $`𝝎`$ as a random variable. Since $`\overline{_iA^a(𝐱)_jA^b(𝐱^{})}=\delta _{ab}\delta _{ij}f(𝐱𝐱^{})`$ by symmetry, we may write

$$\overline{a|\omega _i|00|\omega _j|b}=\delta _{ij}\delta _{ab}\gamma _0L,$$
(22)
where $`\gamma _0`$ is a constant of the dimension of \[volume\]-1. §§§The value of $`\gamma _0`$ is a measure of the transverse correlation of the color electric fields in the target rest frame and we expect $`\gamma _0g^2\mathrm{\Lambda }_{QCD}^3`$ on dimensional ground. In partonic picture, it may be related to the saturation scale $`Q_s`$ of the transverse parton momentum distribution in a boosted frame. Here we take this constant as a pure phenomenological parameter which may be determined by comparing our result (50) to data. Inserting this into (21), we obtain

$$P_{0,0}(𝐝;L)13\gamma _0L𝐝^2.$$
(23)
This result coincides with the leading term of the expansion of the naive exponential form (1) if we interpret $`\sigma _𝐝=3\gamma _0𝐝^2/n_0`$ as the absorption cross section of the dipole of size $`𝐝`$. The proportionality of the absorption cross section to the square of the dipole size is the manifestation of the color transparency.

If the injected color singlet state is described by the internal wavefunction $`|\phi _0`$, we should replace $`𝐝^2`$ by its expectation value $`𝐝^2_{\phi _0}`$: this procedure may be justified by multiplying $`a|𝝎(𝐛)|0`$ by $`𝑑𝐝𝑑z\phi _n^{}(𝐝,z)\phi _0(𝐝,z)`$ and use the closure sum $`\phi _n^{}(𝐝,z)\phi _n(𝐝^{},z^{})=\delta (𝐝𝐝^{})\delta (zz^{})`$ over all intermediate states $`n`$. It then follows that if we interpret $`\sigma _{\phi _0}=3\gamma _0𝐝^2_{\phi _0}/n_0`$ as the absorption cross section of the bound state, our result coincides with the exponential form (1) which is based on the classical stochastic assumption for the multiple scattering process. We will come back to this result later.

This is a rather surprising result since in our derivation we have taken the coherence of scatterings from different part of the field fully into account. It is the random field average in (22) which eliminates the interference terms of these summed amplitude. The formula (23), however, is based on the first Born approximation and is valid only when $`\sigma n_0L1`$.

4. For large $`L`$, we divide the volume occupied by the random field into $`n`$ different small zones along the trajectory of the dipole in the same spirit as in . Each zone may be considered as belonging to each individual hadron (nucleon) in the nucleus or one could even divide the color field in the same hadron into smaller portions of cells further. What is assumed here is that the fields belonging to the different zones are uncorrelated and therefore one can take average over the field in each zone independently. The size of the zone $`l`$ characterizes the coherence of the fluctuating color field in the nucleus or in the hadron. The random color field has been also introduced as a model of the Weizäcker-Williams fields for small $`x`$ parton distribution in .

The eikonal amplitude is now factorized into the product of the transmission amplitude through each zone:

$$U_{Q\overline{Q}}(𝐝,𝐛)=U_n\mathrm{}U_2U_1,$$
(24)
where the transmission amplitude for the $`i`$th zone, $`U_i`$, is given by the formula similar to (11):

$$U_ie^{i𝝎^{(i)}(𝐛)𝐝+i\theta ^{(i)}(𝐛)}.$$
(25)
Let us introduce the matrix

$$_{\alpha ,\alpha ^{};\beta ,\beta ^{}}^{(i)}(𝐝,𝐝^{})=\overline{\alpha |U_i(𝐝)|\beta \beta ^{}|U_i^{}(𝐝^{})|\alpha ^{}},$$
(26)
where the average over the random field in the $`i`$th zone is implied by the overline. Then the survival probability of the color singlet state $`|\phi _0`$ after penetrating through $`n`$ zones of uncorrelated random color fields is given by

$`S_{\phi _0}(n)`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{|\phi _0|U_{Q\overline{Q}}|\phi _0|^2}`$ (27)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑𝐝𝑑𝐝^{}\rho _0(𝐝)\rho _0(𝐝^{})K_{0,0}(𝐝,𝐝^{};n)},`$ (28)
where $`\rho _0(𝐝)=𝑑z|\phi _0(𝐝,z)|^2`$ is the probability distribution of the color singlet dipole of size $`𝐝`$ in the wavefunction $`\phi _0(𝐝,z)`$ Here we take non-relativistic limit of the light-cone wavefunction and ignore the mixing of the higher Fock space components which would give energy dependence of the dipole distribution. and the kernel of integration is expressed in term of $``$ as

$`K_{0,0}(𝐝,𝐝^{};n)`$ (29)
$`=`$ $`\overline{0|U_{Q\overline{Q}}(𝐝,n)|00|U_{Q\overline{Q}}^{}(𝐝^{},n)|0}`$ (30)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{0,0;\alpha _{n1},\alpha _{n1}^{}}^{(n)}\mathrm{}_{\alpha _2,\alpha _2^{};\alpha _1,\alpha _1^{}}^{(2)}_{\alpha _1,\alpha _1^{};0,0}^{(1)}},`$ (31)
where the sum is taken over all intermediate color states ($`\alpha _i,\alpha _i^{}=0,1,2,3`$) . The formula (27) is non-abelian extension of the formula (7) for the positronium penetration probability. It still remains to compute the kernel function $`K_{0,0}(𝐝,𝐝^{};n)`$.

For a sufficiently small zone the matrix $`_i`$ may be evaluated by the perturbation theory by expanding

$`U_i(𝐛,𝐝)`$ $`=`$ $`1+i𝝎^{(i)}(𝐛)𝐝+i\theta ^{(i)}(𝐛)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(𝝎^{(i)}(𝐛)𝐝+\theta ^{(i)}(𝐛)\right)^2+\mathrm{}.`$
Calculation of the matrix elements of $`_i`$ requires the color average of the matrix elements of the products of $`𝝎^{(i)}`$ and $`\theta ^{(i)}`$ in addition to (22) (with $`L`$ replaced by $`l`$). Since there is no preferred color direction and fields in the different zones are uncorrelated, we have

$$\overline{a|𝝎^{(i)}|bb^{}|\theta ^{(j)}|a^{}}=0$$
(32)
while

$$\overline{a|\theta ^{(i)}|bb^{}|\theta ^{(j)}|a^{}}=ϵ_{abc}ϵ_{a^{}b^{}c}\delta _{ij}\eta (𝐛)l,$$
(33)
where $`\eta `$ is a constant with the dimension of \[length\]-1 which is also related to the transverse correlation length of the gauge fields as $`\gamma _0`$ and $`\eta g^2\mathrm{\Lambda }_{QCD}`$, $`l`$ is the thickness of each zone. We also need

$`\overline{a|𝝎^{(i)}𝝎^{(j)}|b}`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{ab}\delta _{ij}\gamma _0l,`$ (34)
$`\overline{a|\theta ^{(i)}\theta ^{(j)}|b}`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{ab}\delta _{ij}\eta l`$ (35)
to compute all matrix elements of the $`16\times 16`$ matrix $`(𝐝,𝐝^{})`$ to the order $`g^2`$.

Due to the superselection rules encoded in (22), (32), (33) and (34), the matrix $`(𝐝,𝐝^{})`$ becomes block diagonal when it is expressed in the bases of the eigenstates of the total isospin and its $`z`$ components. Hereafter we adopt this new representation where Greek letters $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$, $`\mathrm{}`$, stand for $`(T,T_z)=(0,0),(1,1),(1,0),(1,1)`$. In particular, the block matrix for $`\alpha =\alpha ^{}`$ and $`\beta =\beta ^{}`$:

$$M_{\alpha ,\beta }(𝐝,𝐝^{})=_{\alpha ,\alpha ;\beta ,\beta }^{(i)}(𝐝,𝐝^{})$$
(36)
is given explicitly by

$`M(𝐝,𝐝^{})=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}13r& r^{}& r^{}& r^{}\\ r^{}& 1rs& s& 0\\ r^{}& s& 1r2s& s\\ r^{}& 0& s& 1rs\end{array}\right)`$ (41)
with $`r=\frac{1}{2}\gamma _0l(𝐝^2+𝐝_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})`$, $`r^{}=\gamma _0l𝐝𝐝^{}`$ and $`s=\eta (𝐛)l`$ where each column from top to bottom and each row from left to right now corresponds to the isospin states, $`(0,0),(1,1),(1,0),(1,1)`$, respectively. All matrix elements with $`\alpha =\alpha ^{}`$ and $`\beta \beta ^{}`$ which couple the block matrix $`M_{\alpha ,\beta }(𝐝,𝐝^{})`$ to the other components of the matrix $`^{(i)}`$ vanish by the superselection rules and $`\delta _{\alpha \beta }\delta _{\alpha ^{}\beta ^{}}=0`$. We can express $`K_{0,0}(𝐝,𝐝^{};n)`$ in terms of the the eigenvalues $`\lambda _i`$ and the corresponding (normalized) eigenvectors $`𝐯^{(i)}`$ of the matrix $`M(𝐝,𝐝^{})`$ as:

$`K_{0,0}(𝐝,𝐝^{};n)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}\lambda _i^n(v_1^{(i)})^2={\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}\lambda _i^nf_{0;i},`$ (43)
where $`f_{0;i}(v_1^{(i)})^2`$ is the fraction of the color singlet component in the $`i`$th eigenstate. We find from the expression (41) of $`M(𝐝,𝐝^{})`$ only two eigenstates have non-zero mixing of color singlet components for which

$`\lambda _1`$ $`=`$ $`1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(d_+^2+d_{}^2\sqrt{d_+^4+d_{}^4d_+^2d_{}^2}\right)\gamma _0l,`$ (44)
$`\lambda _2`$ $`=`$ $`1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(d_+^2+d_{}^2+\sqrt{d_+^4+d_{}^4d_+^2d_{}^2}\right)\gamma _0l`$ (45)
and

$`f_{0;1}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{d_+^2+d_{}^2}{4\sqrt{d_+^4+d_{}^4d_+^2d_{}^2}}},`$ (46)
$`f_{0;2}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{d_+^2+d_{}^2}{4\sqrt{d_+^4+d_{}^4d_+^2d_{}^2}}},`$ (47)
where $`d_\pm ^2=(𝐝\pm 𝐝^{})^2`$. Inserting (44) and (46) into (29), we obtain

$`K_{0,0}(𝐝,𝐝^{};n)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda _1^n+\lambda _2^n}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(d_+^2+d_{}^2)(\lambda _1^n\lambda _2^n)}{4\sqrt{d_+^4+d_{}^4d_+^2d_{}^2}}}.`$ (48)
The diagonal components of the kernel $`K_{0,0}(𝐝,𝐝;n)`$ can be interpreted by the construction as the probability that a color singlet rigid dipole of size $`𝐝`$ is found as color singlet after going through $`n`$ uncorrelated random color zones. Similarly, at $`𝐝=𝐝^{}`$ the matrix $`M(𝐝,𝐝^{})`$ reduces to a matrix $`P(𝐝)=M(𝐝,𝐝)`$ whose matrix element $`P_{\alpha ,\beta }(𝐝)=|\alpha |U_i|\beta |^2`$, can be interpreted as the probability of the dipole of the initial color state $`\alpha `$ being found in the color state $`\beta `$ in the final state after going through the $`i`$th random field zone. Since $`P`$ is a symmetric stochastic matrix $`P=(p_{\alpha \beta })`$ with $`_\alpha p_{\alpha \beta }=_\beta p_{\alpha \beta }=1`$, it has an eigenvalue of 1 for the eigenvector $`𝐯=(1,1,1,1)^T`$ and other eigenvalues are smaller than 1. Moreover, the matrix $`P^n`$ will approach with increasing $`n`$ to the matrix with all elements equal to $`1/4`$. This latter property implies that the transition probability from the initial isospin (color) singlet state to all color states are equal; namely, there is equi-partitioning of all different isospin states in the final state. The physical reason for the appearance of the stochastic color equi-partitioning is the cancellation of all interference terms due to the random color averaging.

The approach to the color equilibrium can be calculated explicitly from (48) as

$`K_{0,0}(𝐝,𝐝;n)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}1^n+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}(14r)^n={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}e^{n\kappa }`$ (49)
where $`\kappa =\mathrm{ln}(14r(𝐝,𝐝))4r=4\gamma _0l𝐝^2`$.

This stochastic behavior of the motion in the internal color space was already noticed in . It resembles to the exponential decay if one ignores the asymptotic value $`1/4`$ ($`1/9`$ in the case of SU(3)). This is not the entire story, however: the relaxation process in the color space is limited by the finite number of color degrees of freedom and the bound state survival probability still attenuates by the $`1/L`$ law due to the other continuous degrees of freedom, namely the transverse size $`𝐝`$ of the color dipole which is frozen during the collision, as we shall show now.

The survival probability of the bound state can be obtained by inserting (48) into (27) and performing the integral over $`𝐝`$ and $`𝐝^{}`$. It is important here to take into account the interferences of the transmission amplitudes at different dipole size $`𝐝𝐝^{}`$ as we have seen in the calculation of the positronium penetration probability: the information about the internal momentum transfer $`𝐪`$ by the scattering in the random field is contained in the dependence on $`𝐝𝐝^{}`$ of the kernel $`K_{0,0}(𝐝,𝐝^{};n)`$, namely in its off-diagonal components,

We first check that our formula contains the thin target result by setting $`n=1`$:

$`S_{\phi _0}(1)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑𝐝𝑑𝐝^{}\rho _0(𝐝)\rho _0(𝐝^{})\left[1\frac{3}{4}(d_+^2+d_{}^2)\gamma _0l\right]}`$ (50)
$`=`$ $`13𝐝^2\gamma _0L=1L/L_{\mathrm{abs}}.`$ (51)
where we have used $`L=l`$ and $`L_{\mathrm{abs}}=1/3𝐝^2\gamma _0`$ may be interpreted as the absorption length of the bound state. This is exactly what we have obtained already.

For thick targets with large $`n`$, the terms with the largest eigenvalue, $`\lambda _1`$, dominate so that

$`S_{\phi _0}(n)`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑𝐝𝑑𝐝^{}\rho _0(𝐝)\rho _0(𝐝^{})}`$ (53)
$`\times \left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(d_+^2+d_{}^2)}{4\sqrt{d_+^4+d_{}^4d_+^2d_{}^2}}}\right]\lambda _1^n.`$
To estimate the remaining integrals we observe that the integrand is symmetric by the interchange $`d_+d_{}`$, or equivalently by $`𝐝^{}𝐝^{}`$, and the factor

$$\lambda _1^n=e^{n\mathrm{ln}\lambda _1}e^{\frac{1}{2}\left(d_+^2+d_{}^2\sqrt{d_+^4+d_{}^4d_+^2d_{}^2}\right)\gamma _0nl}$$
(54)
becomes 1 when $`𝐝=\pm 𝐝^{}`$ but decreases very rapidly as $`𝐝\pm 𝐝^{}`$ increases. Expanding the exponent in terms of $`d_{}^2=(𝐝𝐝^{})^2`$ and setting $`𝐝=𝐝^{}`$ in the prefactor, we may estimate roughly as

$$S_{\phi _0}(n)2𝑑𝐝𝑑𝐝^{}\rho _0^2(𝐝)\frac{1}{4}e^{\frac{3}{4}(𝐝𝐝^{})^2\gamma _0L}=\frac{L_0}{L},$$
(55)
where the constant $`L_0`$ is given by

$$L_0=2\times \frac{1}{4}\times 2\times \mathrm{\Delta }𝐝^2L_{\mathrm{abs}}$$
(56)
with $`\mathrm{\Delta }=2\pi 𝑑𝐝\rho _0^2(𝐝)`$ and we have used $`3𝐝^2\gamma _0=\sigma n_0`$. This behavior is essentially the same as we have seen in the positronium case, (9), except for the factors $`2\times \frac{1}{4}\times 2`$: the first factor 2 arises from the symmetry by $`d_+d_{}`$ which is specific to the case of SU(2) color charge; the second factor $`\frac{1}{4}`$ originates from the equi-partitioning in the color degrees of freedom and will be replaced by $`1/N_c^2=1/9`$ for SU(3) color; finally the last factor 2 has arisen because only one of the two eigenvalues $`\lambda _1`$ and $`\lambda _2`$ contributes at large $`L`$. In the case of SU(2) color charge these factors cancel accidentally, while in the case of SU(3) color charge, they are replaced by $`1\times \frac{1}{3^2}\times 2=\frac{2}{9}`$.

Having established the asymptotic behavior of the survival probability $`S_{\phi _0}(L)`$ we examine how the transition from the thin target result (50) to the thick target asymptotic behavior (55) takes place using the gaussian normalized dipole size distribution: $`\rho _0(𝐝)=\frac{1}{\pi d_0^2}e^{𝐝^2/d_0^2}`$ which may be obtained from the ground state wave function of the non-relativistic heavy quark of the reduced particle mass $`\mu `$ in the harmonic oscillator potential with the frequency $`\omega =1/\mu d_0^2`$. In this case, $`\mathrm{\Delta }𝐝^2=1`$ and two length scales $`L_{\mathrm{abs}}`$ and $`L_0`$ coincide. The survival probability $`S_{\phi _0}`$ then becomes a function of a single dimensionless variable $`x=L/L_{\mathrm{abs}}`$. The numerical result is plotted in Fig. 2 and compared with the exponential decay form obtained by the exponentiation of the thin target result (50): $`1L/L_{\mathrm{abs}}e^{L/L_{\mathrm{abs}}}`$. It is seen that the exponential absorption formula gives an overestimate of 20 % for the suppression at $`L=L_{\mathrm{abs}}`$ in the case of SU(2) color charge, while this is slightly reduced in the case of SU(3) color charge as shown in Fig. 3.

In summary, we have studied the absorption of a high energy $`Q\overline{Q}`$ bound state passing through random color fields taking fully into account the quantum coherence of the multiple scatterings while assuming the transverse size of the dipole is frozen by the Lorentz time dilatation. It was shown that the absorption is weaker than that given by the exponential damping form commonly used in phenomenological models for nuclear absorption and is given instead by the power law inversely proportional to the thickness of the target asymptotically. Although our calculation of penetration probability of a $`Q\overline{Q}`$ bound state in nuclear target is not directly applicable to the quarkonium production problem in nuclear collision, our result suggests that a special caution is needed to use the naive nuclear absorption model of quarkonium suppression at high energies, especially at RHIC and LHC energies. However, it remains to be seen how the coherence effect will show up in the nuclear collisions when one includes the production mechanism of $`Q\overline{Q}`$ pair. We are now working on the problem and the result will be reported elsewhere.

Acknowledgments: We like to thank Gordon Baym, Arthur Hebecker, Dima Kharzeev, Larry McLerran, and Raju Venugopalan for discussions at various stages of the present work. One of the authors (H.F.) thanks the hospitality of RBRC at BNL, where a part of this work was done. This work is supported in part by the Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research of the Ministry of Education and Sciences (Monkasho) of Japan (No. 1340067).


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# The doubly heavy baryons in the nonperturbative QCD approach

## Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by RFBR grants ## 00-02-16363 and 00-15-96786.


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# Possible Effects of Noncommutative Geometry on Weak 𝐶𝑃 Violation and Unitarity Triangles

## I Introduction

One of the major goals of $`B`$-meson factories is to test the Kobayashi-Maskawa mechanism of $`CP`$ violation in the standard model (SM) . If this mechanism is correct, all $`CP`$-violating asymmetries in weak decays of quark flavors must be proportional to a universal and rephasing-invariant parameter $`𝒥`$ , defined through

$`𝒥_{\alpha \beta }^{ij}`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{Im}\left(V_{\alpha i}V_{\beta j}V_{\alpha j}^{}V_{\beta i}^{}\right)`$ (I.1)
$`=`$ $`𝒥{\displaystyle \underset{\gamma ,k}{}}\left(ϵ_{\alpha \beta \gamma }ϵ_{ijk}\right),`$ (I.2)
where $`V`$ denotes the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix of quark flavor mixing, and its Greek and Latin subscripts run respectively over $`(u,c,t)`$ and $`(d,s,b)`$. A number of promising measurables of $`CP`$ violation at $`B`$-meson factories are directly related to the unitarity triangle shown in Fig. 1(a), which describes the following orthogonal relation of $`V`$ in the complex plane:

$$V_{ub}^{}V_{ud}+V_{cb}^{}V_{cd}+V_{tb}^{}V_{td}=0.$$
(I.3)
The inner angles of this unitarity triangle are commonly defined as

$`\alpha `$ $``$ $`\mathrm{arg}\left({\displaystyle \frac{V_{tb}^{}V_{td}}{V_{ub}^{}V_{ud}}}\right),`$ (I.4)
$`\beta `$ $``$ $`\mathrm{arg}\left({\displaystyle \frac{V_{cb}^{}V_{cd}}{V_{tb}^{}V_{td}}}\right),`$ (I.5)
$`\gamma `$ $``$ $`\mathrm{arg}\left({\displaystyle \frac{V_{ub}^{}V_{ud}}{V_{cb}^{}V_{cd}}}\right).`$ (I.6)
Of course, $`\alpha +\beta +\gamma =\pi `$ and $`𝒥\mathrm{sin}\alpha \mathrm{sin}\beta \mathrm{sin}\gamma `$ hold. So far the $`CP`$-violating asymmetry in $`B_d^0`$ vs $`\overline{B}_d^0J/\psi K_\mathrm{S}`$ decays, which approximates to $`\mathrm{sin}2\beta `$ to a high degree of accuracy in the SM, has been unambiguously measured at both KEK and SLAC . Further experiments are expected to help determine all three angles of the unitarity triangle and test the consistency of the Kobayashi-Maskawa picture of $`CP`$ violation.

Another major goal of $`B`$-meson factories is to detect possible new sources of $`CP`$ violation beyond the SM. On the one hand, the Kobayashi-Maskawa mechanism of $`CP`$ violation is unable to generate a sufficiently large matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe observed today; and on the other hand, many extensions of the SM do allow the presence of new $`CP`$-violating phenomena . Therefore it is well-motivated to look for new sources of $`CP`$ violation in various weak decays of quark (and lepton) flavors. A particularly interesting possibility is that new $`CP`$ violation may stem from noncommutative geometry.

Noncommutative geometry plays a very important role in unraveling properties of the Planck-scale physics. It has for a long time been suspected that the noncommutative spacetime might be a realistic picture of how spacetime behaves near the Planck scale . Strong quantum fluctuations of gravity may make points fuzzy. In fact, the noncommutative geometry naturally enters the theory of open string in a background $`B`$-field . In particular, the noncommutative geometry makes the holography  (e.g., the AdS/CFT correspondence) of a higher dimensional quantum system of gravity and lower dimensional theory possible. It was also discovered that simple limits of $`M`$ theory and superstring theory lead directly to the noncommutative gauge field theory . The fluctuations of the $`D`$-brane are described by the noncommutative gauge field theory . The noncommutative field theory has been intensively studied in the past two decades . A standard model on noncommutative spacetime was even set up . However, in recent years, the study of noncommutative geometry has been focused on the so-called Moyal plane, with the coordinates and their conjugate momenta satisfying the relations

$`\left[x^\mu \stackrel{}{,}x^\nu \right]`$ $`=`$ $`i\theta ^{\mu \nu },`$ (I.7)
$`\left[x^\mu \stackrel{}{,}p^\nu \right]`$ $`=`$ $`i\mathrm{}\eta ^{\mu \nu },`$ (I.8)
where $`\theta ^{\mu \nu }`$ is a constant antisymmetric matrix. Here the Moyal-Weyl star product can be defined by a formal power series,

$$(fg)(x)=e^{\frac{i}{2}\theta ^{\mu \nu }\frac{}{x^\mu }\frac{}{x^\nu }}f(x)g(y)|_{x=y}.$$
(I.9)
There are two obstacles in the way of building a SM-like gauge field theory on the Moyal plane. The first one is the charge quantization in the noncommutative QED . The charges of matter fields coupled to the $`U_{}(1)`$ gauge theory are fixed to only three possible values, $`\pm 1`$ and $`0`$, depending on the representation of particles. This is indeed a problem in view of the range of hypercharges in the $`U(1)_Y`$ part of the SM. The second one is due to extra $`U_{}(1)`$ gauge fields . Under the infinitesimal gauge transformation $`\widehat{\delta }`$, the vector gauge potential $`\widehat{V}_\mu `$, the fundamental matter field $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}`$ and the Higgs field $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}`$ transform as

$`\widehat{\delta }\widehat{V}_\mu `$ $`=`$ $`_\mu \widehat{\mathrm{\Lambda }}+i[\widehat{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\stackrel{}{,}\widehat{V}_\mu ],`$ (I.10)
$`\widehat{\delta }\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}`$ $`=`$ $`i\widehat{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }},`$ (I.11)
$`\widehat{\delta }\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}`$ $`=`$ $`i\widehat{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}i\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}\widehat{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^{}.`$ (I.12)
It should be noticed that the Moyal-Weyl product would destroy the closure condition of the $`SU_{}(n)`$. For example, two Lie algebra-valued consecutive transformations $`\widehat{\delta }_{\widehat{\mathrm{\Lambda }}}(=\mathrm{\Lambda }_a(x)T^a)`$ and $`\widehat{\delta }_{\widehat{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^{}}(=\mathrm{\Lambda }_a^{}T^a)`$ of the matter fields in the fundamental representation,

$$[\widehat{\delta }_{\widehat{\mathrm{\Lambda }}}\stackrel{}{,}\widehat{\delta }_{\widehat{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^{}}]=\frac{1}{2}\{\mathrm{\Lambda }_a(x)\stackrel{}{,}\mathrm{\Lambda }_b^{}(x)\}[T^a,T^b]+\frac{1}{2}[\mathrm{\Lambda }_a(x)\stackrel{}{,}\mathrm{\Lambda }_b^{}(x)]\{T^a,T^b\},$$
(I.13)
are not equivalent to a Lie algebra-valued gauge transformation. The only group which admits a simple noncommutative extension is $`U(N)`$. However, there are extra $`U_{}(1)`$ factors in the $`U_{}(N)`$ gauge field theory compared to the extended SM on the noncommutative space. In order to construct an $`SU_{}(3)\times SU_{}(2)\times U_{}(1)`$ Yang-Mills theory , Wess and his collaborators  have extended the ordinary Lie algebra-valued gauge transformations to enveloping algebra-valued noncommutative gauge transformations,

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Lambda }}=\mathrm{\Lambda }_a^0(x)T^a+\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}^1:T^aT^b:+\mathrm{\Lambda }_{abc}^2(x):T^aT^bT^c:+\mathrm{},$$
(I.14)
where $`:T^{a_1}T^{a_2}\mathrm{}T^{a_m}:`$ denotes a symmetric ordering under the exchange of the index $`a_i`$. This kind of extension of the gauge transformations and the Seiberg-Witten map  together solves the two main problems in building a noncommutative SM quite well.

The purpose of this paper is to examine possible effects of noncommutative geometry on weak $`CP`$ violation and CKM unitarity triangles. In section II, we elucidate a simple version of the momentum-dependent CKM matrix in the noncommutative SM, which consists of a new source of $`CP`$ violation induced by nonvanishing $`\theta ^{\mu \nu }`$. We calculate the rephasing invariants of $`CP`$ violation in section III, and find that the noncommutative $`CP`$-violating effects may be manifest in a couple of charged $`D`$-meson decays. In section IV, we show how the CKM unitarity triangles in the SM get modified in the noncommutative SM. We also figure out the relations between inner angles of the deformed unitarity triangles and $`CP`$-violating asymmetries in some nonleptonic decays of $`B_d`$ and $`B_s`$ mesons. Section V is devoted to a brief summary of our main results.

## II Momentum-dependent CKM matrix

The noncommutative SM  is an $`SU_{}(3)\times SU_{}(2)\times U_{}(1)`$ gauge field theory on the Moyal plane,

$$S_{\mathrm{YM}}=d^4x\left[\frac{1}{2g^{}}\mathrm{Tr}_{u(1)}(\widehat{F}_{\mu \nu }\widehat{F}^{\mu \nu })+\frac{1}{2g}\mathrm{Tr}_{su(2)}(\widehat{F}_{\mu \nu }\widehat{F}^{\mu \nu })+\frac{1}{2g_S^{}}\mathrm{Tr}_{su(3)}(\widehat{F}_{\mu \nu }\widehat{F}^{\mu \nu })\right].$$
(II.1)
The gauge field strength $`\widehat{F}_{\mu \nu }`$ is given by

$$\widehat{F}_{\mu \nu }=_\mu \widehat{V}_\nu _\nu \widehat{V}_\mu i[\widehat{V}_\mu \stackrel{}{,}\widehat{V}_\nu ],$$
(II.2)
where $`\widehat{V}_\mu `$ is the vector potential of the $`SU_{}(3)\times SU_{}(2)\times U_{}(1)`$ gauge field, which is related to the ordinary potential

$$V_\mu =g^{}A_\mu (x)Y+g\underset{a=1}{\overset{3}{}}B_{\mu a}(x)T_L^a+g_S^{}\underset{a=1}{\overset{8}{}}G_{\mu a}(x)T_S^a,$$
(II.3)
by the Seiberg-Witten map (to the first order of $`\theta ^{\mu \nu }`$)

$$\widehat{V}_\mu =V_\mu +\frac{1}{4}\theta ^{\lambda \rho }\{V_\rho ,_\lambda V_\mu \}+\frac{1}{4}\theta ^{\lambda \rho }\{F_{\lambda \mu },V_\nu \}+𝒪(\theta ^2).$$
(II.4)
Here $`F^{\mu \nu }=^\mu V^\nu ^\nu V^\mu i[V^\mu ,V^\nu ]`$ is the ordinary field strength, and $`Y`$, $`T_L^a`$ and $`T_S^a`$ are the generators of $`U(1)_Y`$, $`SU(2)_L`$ and $`SU(3)_C`$ respectively.

The parameter $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ of the gauge transformations on the noncommutative space is determined by the ordinary gauge parameter $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ via the Seiberg-Witten map,

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Lambda }}=\mathrm{\Lambda }+\frac{1}{4}\theta ^{\mu \nu }\{V_\nu ,_\mu \mathrm{\Lambda }\}+𝒪(\theta ^2),$$
(II.5)
where the ordinary gauge parameter $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is of the form

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }=g^{}\tau (x)Y+g\underset{a=1}{\overset{3}{}}\tau _a^L(x)T_L+g_S^{}\underset{a=1}{\overset{8}{}}\tau _a^S(x)T_S^a.$$
(II.6)
The Seiberg-Witten maps for the Higgs field $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}`$ and the fermion field $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}`$ are given as

$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Phi }+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\theta ^{\mu \nu }V_\nu \left[_\mu \mathrm{\Phi }{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}(V_\mu \mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }V_\mu ^{})\right]+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\theta ^{\mu \nu }\left[_\mu \mathrm{\Phi }{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}(V_\mu \mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }V_\mu ^{})\right]V_\nu ^{}+𝒪(\theta ^2),`$ (II.7)
$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Psi }+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\theta ^{\mu \nu }V_\nu _\mu \mathrm{\Psi }+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{8}}\theta ^{\mu \nu }[V_\mu ,V_\nu ]\mathrm{\Psi }+𝒪(\theta ^2).`$ (II.8)
At this stage, we can say that a SM-like gauge field theory on the noncommutative spacetime is set up consistently. Many interesting properties of noncommutative spacetime can be investigated directly within the framework of the noncommutative SM .

In the noncommutative SM, the $`W`$-quark-quark $`SU(2)_L`$ vertex in the flavor basis can be written as

$$_{Wqq}=\overline{(u^{}c^{}t^{})_L}J_{\mathrm{cc}}\left(\begin{array}{c}d^{}\\ s^{}\\ b^{}\end{array}\right)_L+\mathrm{h}.\mathrm{c}.,$$
(II.9)
where the superscript “prime” denotes the flavor or interaction eigenstates of quarks, and

$$J_{\mathrm{cc}}=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}g\gamma ^\mu W_\mu ^+ig\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}\left(\frac{1}{2}\theta ^{\mu \nu }\gamma ^\alpha +\theta ^{\nu \alpha }\gamma ^\mu \right)(_\mu W_\nu ^+_\nu W_\mu ^+)_\alpha $$
(II.10)
represents the charged current. Note that the charged-current interactions with more than one $`W^\pm `$ and (or) $`Z`$ bosons as well as those with gluons  are not included in Eqs. (II.8) and (II.9), since they are not closely associated with our subsequent discussions about weak $`CP`$ violation and unitarity triangles. To diagonalize the Yukawa interactions of quarks with the Higgs boson, one should make proper unitary rotations on the up- and down-type quark fields. In the basis where the Yukawa coupling matrices are diagonal, the $`W`$-quark-quark $`SU(2)_L`$ vertex in Eq. (II.8) becomes

$$_{Wqq}=\overline{(uct)_L}UJ_{\mathrm{cc}}\left(\begin{array}{c}d\\ s\\ b\end{array}\right)_L+\mathrm{h}.\mathrm{c}..$$
(II.11)
Within the SM (i.e., $`\theta ^{\mu \nu }=0`$), $`U`$ turns out to be the CKM matrix $`V`$ after a spontaneous breakdown of the $`SU(2)_L`$ symmetry.

Making use of the antisymmetric property of $`\theta ^{\mu \nu }`$ and taking account of the $`SU(2)_L`$ symmetry, we have the following relations for the $`W`$-$`u`$-$`d`$ vertex:

$`{\displaystyle d^4x\left[\overline{u(p)}\theta ^{\nu \alpha }\gamma ^\mu _\mu W_\nu ^+_\alpha d(q)\right]}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle d^4x\left[\overline{u(p)}\theta ^{\nu \alpha }\gamma ^\mu (p_\mu q_\mu )q_\alpha W_\nu ^+d(q)\right]}`$ (II.12)
$`=`$ $`0,`$ (II.13)
and

$`{\displaystyle d^4x\left[\overline{u(p)}\frac{1}{2}\theta ^{\mu \nu }\gamma ^\alpha (_\mu W_\nu ^+_\nu W_\mu ^+)_\alpha d(q)\right]}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle d^4x\left[\overline{u(p)}\theta ^{\mu \nu }(p_\mu q_\mu )\gamma ^\alpha q_\alpha W_\nu ^+d(q)\right]}`$ (II.14)
$`=`$ $`0.`$ (II.15)
Therefore, we can generally rewrite the $`W`$-quark-quark $`SU(2)`$ vertex in the form

$$_{Wqq}=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}g\overline{(uct)_L}\overline{U}\gamma ^\mu W_\mu ^+\left(\begin{array}{c}d\\ s\\ b\end{array}\right)_L+\mathrm{h}.\mathrm{c}.,$$
(II.16)
where we have used the notation

$$\overline{U}_{\alpha k}(p,q)=U_{\alpha k}\left(1\frac{i}{2}p_\alpha ^\mu \theta _{\mu \nu }q_k^\nu \right),$$
(II.17)
with $`\alpha `$ and $`k`$ running respectively over $`(u,c,t)`$ and $`(d,s,b)`$. The momentum-dependent matrix $`\overline{U}`$ is not guaranteed to be unitary, and its new phases (induced by non-zero $`\theta ^{\mu \nu }`$) may lead to new $`CP`$-violating effects in weak interactions.

Indeed the afore-mentioned property of $`\overline{U}`$ has been observed by Hinchliffe and Kersting in Ref. . They point out that the signal for noncommutative geometry at low energies can simply be a momentum-dependent CKM matrix $`\overline{V}`$, which is defined in analogy with $`\overline{U}`$ as follows:

$$\overline{V}=V\frac{i}{2}\left(\begin{array}{ccc}V_{ud}x_{ud}& V_{us}x_{us}& V_{ub}x_{ub}\\ V_{cd}x_{cd}& V_{cs}x_{cs}& V_{cb}x_{cb}\\ V_{td}x_{td}& V_{ts}x_{ts}& V_{tb}x_{tb}\end{array}\right),$$
(II.18)
where $`x_{\alpha k}p_\alpha ^\mu \theta _{\mu \nu }q_k^\nu `$ for $`\alpha =u,c,t`$ and $`k=d,s,b`$. This effective flavor mixing matrix arises from an approximation of the exact noncommutative SM in the leading order of $`\theta ^{\mu \nu }`$. Subsequently we explore some phenomenological implications of $`\overline{V}`$ on weak $`CP`$ violation and unitarity triangles.

## III Rephasing invariants of $`CP`$ violation

The momentum-dependent CKM matrix $`\overline{V}`$ is not unitary in general, as one can see from Eq. (II.15). Note that the following normalization relations hold up to $`𝒪(x_{\alpha i}^2)`$:

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha }{}}|\overline{V}_{\alpha i}|^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha }{}}|V_{\alpha i}|^2=1,`$ (III.1)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}|\overline{V}_{\alpha i}|^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}|V_{\alpha i}|^2=1.`$ (III.2)
On the other hand, we obtain ($`ij`$ and $`\alpha \beta `$)

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha }{}}(\overline{V}_{\alpha i}^{}\overline{V}_{\alpha j})`$ $`=`$ $`i{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha }{}}\left[\left(V_{\alpha i}^{}V_{\alpha j}\right){\displaystyle \frac{x_{\alpha i}x_{\alpha j}}{2}}\right],`$ (III.3)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}(\overline{V}_{\alpha i}^{}\overline{V}_{\beta i})`$ $`=`$ $`i{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}\left[\left(V_{\alpha i}^{}V_{\beta i}\right){\displaystyle \frac{x_{\alpha i}x_{\beta i}}{2}}\right],`$ (III.4)
which do not vanish unless $`(x_{\alpha i}x_{\alpha j})=\mathrm{constant}`$ and $`(x_{\alpha i}x_{\beta i})=\mathrm{constant}`$.

The observables of $`CP`$ violation in the noncommutative SM must depend upon the imaginary parts of nine rephasing invariants $`(\overline{V}_{\alpha i}\overline{V}_{\beta j}\overline{V}_{\alpha j}^{}\overline{V}_{\beta i}^{})`$. Up to $`𝒪(x_{\alpha i})`$, we have

$`\overline{𝒥}_{\alpha \beta }^{ij}`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{Im}\left(\overline{V}_{\alpha i}\overline{V}_{\beta j}\overline{V}_{\alpha j}^{}\overline{V}_{\beta i}^{}\right)`$ (III.5)
$`=`$ $`𝒥{\displaystyle \underset{\gamma ,k}{}}\left(ϵ_{\alpha \beta \gamma }ϵ_{ijk}\right)+_{\alpha \beta }^{ij}\xi _{\alpha \beta }^{ij},`$ (III.6)
where

$`_{\alpha \beta }^{ij}`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{Re}\left(V_{\alpha i}V_{\beta j}V_{\alpha j}^{}V_{\beta i}^{}\right),`$ (III.7)
$`\xi _{\alpha \beta }^{ij}`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(x_{\alpha j}+x_{\beta i}x_{\alpha i}x_{\beta j}\right);`$ (III.8)
and the subscripts $`(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ and $`(i,j,k)`$ run respectively over $`(u,c,t)`$ and $`(d,s,b)`$. If $`\overline{V}`$ were unitary (i.e., $`\xi _{\alpha \beta }^{ij}=0`$), the term associated with $`_{\alpha \beta }^{ij}`$ would vanish and the equality $`\overline{𝒥}_{\alpha \beta }^{ij}=𝒥_{\alpha \beta }^{ij}`$ would hold. Otherwise, both the magnitude and the sign of $`\overline{𝒥}_{\alpha \beta }^{ij}`$ rely on the momentum-dependent parameter $`\xi _{\alpha \beta }^{ij}`$ which signifies the effect of noncommutative geometry. To get an order-of-magnitude feeling about the SM and noncommutative SM contributions to $`\overline{𝒥}_{\alpha \beta }^{ij}`$, we adopt the Wolfenstein parametrization  for the CKM matrix $`V`$ and then obtain

$$𝒥A^2\lambda ^6\eta ,$$
(III.9)
and

$`_{uc}^{ds}`$ $``$ $`\lambda ^2,`$ (III.10)
$`_{ut}^{ds}`$ $``$ $`A^2\lambda ^6\left(1\rho \right),`$ (III.11)
$`_{ct}^{ds}`$ $``$ $`A^2\lambda ^6\left(1\rho \right),`$ (III.12)
$`_{uc}^{db}`$ $``$ $`A^2\lambda ^6\rho ,`$ (III.13)
$`_{ut}^{db}`$ $``$ $`A^2\lambda ^6\left[\rho \left(1\rho \right)\eta ^2\right],`$ (III.14)
$`_{ct}^{db}`$ $``$ $`A^2\lambda ^6\left(1\rho \right),`$ (III.15)
$`_{uc}^{sb}`$ $``$ $`A^2\lambda ^6\rho ,`$ (III.16)
$`_{ut}^{sb}`$ $``$ $`A^2\lambda ^6\rho ,`$ (III.17)
$`_{ct}^{sb}`$ $``$ $`A^2\lambda ^4,`$ (III.18)
where $`A0.81`$, $`\lambda 0.22`$, $`\rho 0.15`$ and $`\eta 0.34`$ extracted from a global fit of current experimental data in the framework of the SM . The values of $`\lambda `$ and $`A`$, which are extracted respectively from the semileptonic $`K_{e3}`$ and $`B\overline{D}^{()}l^+\nu _l^{}`$ decays without any loop-induced pollution, keep unchanged even in the presence of noncommutative geometry. In contrast, $`\rho `$ and $`\eta `$ are sensitive to possible new physics induced by loop (box and penguin) effects, which may reside in $`B_d^0`$-$`\overline{B}_d^0`$ mixing, $`B_s^0`$-$`\overline{B}_s^0`$ mixing and $`CP`$ violation in $`K^0`$-$`\overline{K}^0`$ mixing. Hence the results of $`\rho `$ and $`\eta `$ are expected to deviate somehow from their SM values in a new analysis of current experimental data, when the noncommutative SM takes the place of the SM. It is unnecessary to know an accurate range of $`\rho `$ or $`\eta `$, however, for our purpose to illustrate the effects of noncommutative geometry on weak $`CP`$ violation and unitarity triangles. One can see that $`𝒥|_{ct}^{sb}||_{uc}^{ds}|`$ holds, while the other seven $`_{\alpha \beta }^{ij}`$ have comparable sizes as $`𝒥`$. Note in particular that

$`\overline{𝒥}_{uc}^{ds}`$ $``$ $`A^2\lambda ^6\eta \lambda ^2\xi _{uc}^{ds},`$ (III.19)
$`\overline{𝒥}_{ct}^{sb}`$ $``$ $`A^2\lambda ^6\eta A^2\lambda ^4\xi _{ct}^{sb}.`$ (III.20)
Thus the noncommutative $`CP`$-violating effect may be comparable with or dominant over the SM one, if $`\xi _{uc}^{ds}`$ is of $`𝒪(\lambda ^4)`$ or larger in $`\overline{𝒥}_{uc}^{ds}`$; and if $`\xi _{ct}^{sb}`$ is of $`𝒪(\lambda ^2)`$ or larger in $`\overline{𝒥}_{ct}^{sb}`$.

To see how the rephasing invariants $`\overline{𝒥}_{\alpha \beta }^{ij}`$ are related to $`CP`$-violating asymmetries in specific weak decays, let us take $`D_s^\pm K^\pm K_\mathrm{S}`$ for example. Direct $`CP`$ violation arises from the interference between the Cabibbo-allowed channel and the doubly Cabibbo-suppressed channel of $`D_s^\pm `$ decays into the final states $`K^\pm K_\mathrm{S}`$, where $`K^0`$-$`\overline{K}^0`$ mixing leads to an additional $`CP`$-violating effect of magnitude $`2\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}ϵ_K^{}3.3\times 10^3`$ . The latter dominates over the former in the SM, because two interferring amplitudes of $`D_s^+`$ or $`D_s^{}`$ transitions have a small relative weak phase $`\mathrm{arg}[(V_{cd}V_{ud}^{})/(V_{cs}V_{us}^{})]A^2\lambda ^4\eta 5\times 10^4`$ and a small relative size $`|V_{cd}V_{us}^{}|/|V_{cs}V_{ud}^{}|\lambda ^25\times 10^2`$ :

$`A(D_s^+K^+K_\mathrm{S})`$ $``$ $`\left(V_{cs}V_{ud}^{}\right)q_K^{}+\left(V_{cd}V_{us}^{}\right)p_K^{}R_se^{\mathrm{i}\delta _s},`$ (III.21)
$`A(D_s^{}K^{}K_\mathrm{S})`$ $``$ $`\left(V_{cs}^{}V_{ud}\right)p_K^{}+\left(V_{cd}^{}V_{us}\right)q_K^{}R_se^{\mathrm{i}\delta _s},`$ (III.22)
where $`p_K^{}`$ and $`q_K^{}`$ are the $`K^0`$-$`\overline{K}^0`$ mixing parameters Since $`CP`$ violation in the kaon system is tiny, we expect that the weak phase of $`K^0`$-$`\overline{K}^0`$ mixing is nearly the same as that of $`K^0`$ vs $`\overline{K}^0`$ decays, which amounts to $`(V_{us}V_{ud}^{})/(V_{us}^{}V_{ud})`$ at the tree level . It is therefore plausible to take $`q_K^{}/p_K^{}=[(V_{us}V_{ud}^{})(1ϵ_K^{})]/[(V_{us}^{}V_{ud})(1+ϵ_K^{})]`$ as an effective description of the weak phase and the associated $`CP`$ violation in $`K^0`$-$`\overline{K}^0`$ mixing., $`\delta _s`$ denotes the relative strong phase difference between two interferring decay amplitudes, and $`R_s1+a_2/a_11.2`$ in the factorization approximation for relevant hadronic matrix elements ($`a_11.1`$ and $`a_20.5`$ being the effective Wilson coefficients at the $`𝒪(m_c)`$ scale ). When noncommutative geometry is taken into consideration, the relative weak phase between two interferring decay amplitudes of $`D_s^+`$ or $`D_s^{}`$ meson becomes associated with $`\mathrm{Im}[(\overline{V}_{cd}\overline{V}_{ud}^{})/(\overline{V}_{cs}\overline{V}_{us}^{})]`$. In this case, we obtain the momentum-dependent $`CP`$-violating asymmetry between the partial rates of $`D_s^{}K^{}K_\mathrm{S}`$ and $`D_s^+K^+K_\mathrm{S}`$ decays as follows:

$`𝒜_s`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{|A(D_s^{}K^{}K_\mathrm{S})|^2|A(D_s^+K^+K_\mathrm{S})|^2}{|A(D_s^{}K^{}K_\mathrm{S})|^2+|A(D_s^+K^+K_\mathrm{S})|^2}}`$ (III.23)
$``$ $`2\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}ϵ_K^{}2\overline{𝒥}_{uc}^{ds}R_s\mathrm{sin}\delta _s.`$ (III.24)
If $`\delta _s𝒪(1)`$ and $`\xi _{uc}^{ds}𝒪(\lambda ^2)`$ or $`\overline{𝒥}_{uc}^{ds}𝒪(\lambda ^4)`$ held, two different contributions to $`𝒜_s`$ would be comparable in magnitude. Therefore a significant deviation of $`𝒜_s`$ from $`2\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}ϵ_K^{}`$, if experimentally observed, would signal the presence of new physics, which is likely to be noncommutative geometry.

## IV Unitarity triangles in $`B`$-meson decays

In the complex plane, the vector $`\overline{V}_{\alpha i}^{}\overline{V}_{\beta i}`$ can be obtained from rotating the vector $`V_{\alpha i}^{}V_{\beta i}`$ anticlockwise to a small angle $`(x_{\alpha i}x_{\beta i})/2`$. It is therefore expected that $`\overline{V}_{ub}^{}\overline{V}_{ud}`$, $`\overline{V}_{cb}^{}\overline{V}_{cd}`$ and $`\overline{V}_{tb}^{}\overline{V}_{td}`$ do not form a close triangle, as shown in Fig. 1(b). Nevertheless, one may define three angles by using these three vectors:

$`\overline{\alpha }`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{arg}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\overline{V}_{tb}^{}\overline{V}_{td}}{\overline{V}_{ub}^{}\overline{V}_{ud}}}\right),`$ (IV.1)
$`\overline{\beta }`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{arg}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\overline{V}_{cb}^{}\overline{V}_{cd}}{\overline{V}_{tb}^{}\overline{V}_{td}}}\right),`$ (IV.2)
$`\overline{\gamma }`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{arg}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\overline{V}_{ub}^{}\overline{V}_{ud}}{\overline{V}_{cb}^{}\overline{V}_{cd}}}\right).`$ (IV.3)
Comparing between Eqs. (I.3) and (IV.1), we find

$`\overline{\alpha }`$ $`=`$ $`\alpha +\xi _{tu}^{db},`$ (IV.4)
$`\overline{\beta }`$ $`=`$ $`\beta +\xi _{ct}^{db},`$ (IV.5)
$`\overline{\gamma }`$ $`=`$ $`\gamma +\xi _{uc}^{db}.`$ (IV.6)
By definition in Eq. (III.4), $`\xi _{tu}^{db}+\xi _{ct}^{db}+\xi _{uc}^{db}=0`$ holds. It turns out that

$$\overline{\alpha }+\overline{\beta }+\overline{\gamma }=\alpha +\beta +\gamma =\pi $$
(IV.7)
holds too. In Ref. , the momentum-dependent features of $`\overline{\alpha }`$, $`\overline{\beta }`$ and $`\overline{\gamma }`$ are illustrated in the assumption of $`\eta =0`$ or $`𝒥=0`$ (i.e., $`CP`$ violation from the SM is switched off).

Besides $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$, $`CP`$ violation in weak $`B`$-meson decays is also associated with the following three angles of the CKM unitarity triangles in the SM :

$`\gamma ^{}`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{arg}\left({\displaystyle \frac{V_{ub}^{}V_{tb}}{V_{us}^{}V_{ts}}}\right),`$ (IV.8)
$`\delta `$ $``$ $`\mathrm{arg}\left({\displaystyle \frac{V_{tb}^{}V_{ts}}{V_{cb}^{}V_{cs}}}\right),`$ (IV.9)
$`\omega `$ $``$ $`\mathrm{arg}\left({\displaystyle \frac{V_{us}^{}V_{ud}}{V_{cs}^{}V_{cd}}}\right).`$ (IV.10)
It is easy to check that the relation $`\delta +\omega =\gamma \gamma ^{}`$ holds. The counterparts of $`\gamma ^{}`$, $`\delta `$ and $`\omega `$ in the noncommutative SM are defined as

$`\overline{\gamma }^{}`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{arg}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\overline{V}_{ub}^{}\overline{V}_{tb}}{\overline{V}_{us}^{}\overline{V}_{ts}}}\right),`$ (IV.11)
$`\overline{\delta }`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{arg}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\overline{V}_{tb}^{}\overline{V}_{ts}}{\overline{V}_{cb}^{}\overline{V}_{cs}}}\right),`$ (IV.12)
$`\overline{\omega }`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{arg}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\overline{V}_{us}^{}\overline{V}_{ud}}{\overline{V}_{cs}^{}\overline{V}_{cd}}}\right).`$ (IV.13)
Of course, the similar relation $`\overline{\delta }+\overline{\omega }=\overline{\gamma }\overline{\gamma }^{}`$ holds. Comparing between Eqs. (IV.4) and (IV.5), we obtain

$`\overline{\gamma }^{}`$ $`=`$ $`\gamma ^{}+\xi _{ut}^{sb},`$ (IV.14)
$`\overline{\delta }`$ $`=`$ $`\delta +\xi _{tc}^{sb},`$ (IV.15)
$`\overline{\omega }`$ $`=`$ $`\omega +\xi _{uc}^{ds}.`$ (IV.16)
One can see that $`\omega `$ or $`\overline{\omega }`$ is actually the weak phase associated with $`D_s^\pm K^\pm K_\mathrm{S}`$ decays discussed above. As $`|\delta |\lambda ^2\eta 2\times 10^2`$ and $`|\omega |A^2\lambda ^4\eta 5\times 10^4`$ in the SM, the noncommutative effect is possible to be comparable with $`\delta `$ in $`\overline{\delta }`$ and dominant over $`\omega `$ in $`\overline{\omega }`$. In particular, the latter could be a sensitive window to probe or constrain noncommutative geometry at low energies.

The weak angles $`\overline{\alpha }`$, $`\overline{\beta }`$, $`\overline{\gamma }`$, $`\overline{\gamma }^{}`$, $`\overline{\delta }`$ and $`\overline{\omega }`$ can be determined from direct and indirect $`CP`$-violating asymmetries in a variety of weak $`B`$ decays. Here let us consider neutral $`B_d`$ and $`B_s`$ decays into $`CP`$ eigenstates. In the neglect of penguin-induced pollution, indirect $`CP`$ violation in such decay modes may arise from the interplay of direct $`B_q^0`$ and $`\overline{B}_q^0`$ decays (for $`q=d`$ or $`s`$) and $`B_q^0`$-$`\overline{B}_q^0`$ mixing . If the final state consists of $`K_\mathrm{S}`$ or $`K_\mathrm{L}`$ meson, then $`K^0`$-$`\overline{K}^0`$ mixing should also be taken into account. In the box-diagram approximation of the SM, the weak phase of $`B_q^0`$-$`\overline{B}_q^0`$ mixing is associated with the CKM factor $`(V_{tb}^{}V_{tq})/(V_{tb}V_{tq}^{})`$. On the other hand, the weak phase of $`K^0`$-$`\overline{K}^0`$ mixing can simply be taken as $`(V_{us}V_{ud}^{})/(V_{us}^{}V_{ud})`$, since $`CP`$ violation is tiny in the kaon system . When noncommutative geometry is concerned, all $`V_{\alpha i}`$ should be replaced by $`\overline{V}_{\alpha i}`$.

To illustrate how the inner angles of deformed unitarity triangles are related to the $`CP`$-violating asymmetries in neutral $`B`$-meson decay modes, we take $`B_d^0`$ vs $`\overline{B}_d^0J/\psi K_\mathrm{S}`$ and $`B_s^0`$ vs $`\overline{B}_s^0J/\psi K_\mathrm{S}`$ transitions for example. Their indirect $`CP`$-violating asymmetries $`\mathrm{\Delta }_d`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_s`$ are given respectively as

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_d`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Im}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\overline{V}_{tb}^{}\overline{V}_{td}}{\overline{V}_{tb}\overline{V}_{td}^{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{V}_{cb}\overline{V}_{cs}^{}}{\overline{V}_{cb}^{}\overline{V}_{cs}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{V}_{us}\overline{V}_{ud}^{}}{\overline{V}_{us}^{}\overline{V}_{ud}}}\right)=+\mathrm{sin}2(\overline{\beta }+\overline{\omega }),`$ (IV.17)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }_s`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Im}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\overline{V}_{tb}^{}\overline{V}_{ts}}{\overline{V}_{tb}\overline{V}_{ts}^{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{V}_{cb}\overline{V}_{cd}^{}}{\overline{V}_{cb}^{}\overline{V}_{cd}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{V}_{us}^{}\overline{V}_{ud}}{\overline{V}_{us}\overline{V}_{ud}^{}}}\right)=\mathrm{sin}2(\overline{\gamma }\overline{\gamma }^{}).`$ (IV.18)
Here we have taken into account the fact that $`J/\psi K_\mathrm{S}`$ is a $`CP`$-odd state. Possible deviations of such momentum-dependent observables from the SM predictions are worth searching for at $`B`$-meson factories.

In Table 1, we list a number of typical decay channels of $`B_d`$ and $`B_s`$ mesons and their $`CP`$-violating asymmetries, including two examples given above. One can see that the weak angles $`\overline{\alpha }`$, $`\overline{\beta }`$, $`\overline{\gamma }`$, $`\overline{\gamma }^{}`$, $`\overline{\delta }`$ and $`\overline{\omega }`$ are (in principle) measurable. The self-consistent relations such as $`\overline{\alpha }+\overline{\beta }+\overline{\gamma }=\pi `$ and $`\overline{\gamma }\overline{\gamma }^{}=\overline{\delta }+\overline{\omega }`$ could be tested, if the relevant angles were able to be determined at the same momentum scale.

Note that it is possible to distinguish noncommutative geometry from some other sources of new physics in indirect $`CP`$-violating asymmetries of $`B_d`$ and $`B_s`$ decays. Taking a variety of supersymmetric standard models for example, we find that those $`CP`$-violating asymmetries listed in Table 1 may get corrections from gauginos, Higgsinos and squarks through box diagrams which produce nonstandard $`\mathrm{\Delta }B=2`$ effects. This kind of new physics can be parametrized in terms of two phases ,

$`\theta _d`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{arg}\left({\displaystyle \frac{B_d^0|_{\mathrm{eff}}^{\mathrm{full}}|\overline{B}_d^0}{B_d^0|_{\mathrm{eff}}^{\mathrm{SM}}|\overline{B}_d^0}}\right),`$ (IV.19)
$`\theta _s`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{arg}\left({\displaystyle \frac{B_s^0|_{\mathrm{eff}}^{\mathrm{full}}|\overline{B}_s^0}{B_s^0|_{\mathrm{eff}}^{\mathrm{SM}}|\overline{B}_s^0}}\right),`$ (IV.20)
where $`_{\mathrm{eff}}^{\mathrm{full}}`$ is the effective Hamiltonian consisting of both standard and supersymmetric contributions, and $`_{\mathrm{eff}}^{\mathrm{SM}}`$ consists only of the contribution from the SM box diagrams. In the presence of $`\theta _d`$ and $`\theta _s`$, the $`CP`$-violating asymmetries given in Table 1 get modified. We list the new results for those asymmetries in Table 2. Comparing between Tables 1 and 2, one can see that noncommutative and supersymmetric effects are actually distinguishable, if some of those $`CP`$-violating asymmetries are measured at $`B`$-meson factories. In particular, the $`CP`$ asymmetry in $`B_s^0`$ vs $`\overline{B}_s^0\eta ^{}\eta ^{}`$ decay modes is nonvanishing only if there is new physics contributing to $`B_s^0`$-$`\overline{B}_s^0`$ mixing.

In our discussions, the penguin-induced effects have been neglected. This approximation is expected to be reasonable for those $`B_d^0`$ and $`B_s^0`$ transitions occurring through the subprocesses $`\overline{b}\overline{c}c\overline{d}`$ and $`\overline{b}\overline{c}c\overline{s}`$, but it might be problematic for those charmless decay modes whose tree-level amplitudes are strongly CKM-suppressed. In the latter case, significant new noncommutative $`CP`$-violating effects may appear via the QCD penguins as a result of $`CP`$-odd phase factors in the relevant quark-gluon vertices . The entanglement of different types of noncommutative $`CP`$ violation in weak decays of quark flavors should be carefully analyzed. Such an analysis, which must involve much complexity and subtlety of the noncommutative SM, is beyond the scope of this paper.

## V Summary

We have examined possible effects of noncommutative geometry on weak $`CP`$ violation and unitarity triangles based on a simple version of the momentum-dependent CKM matrix in the noncommutative SM. Among nine rephasing invariants of $`CP`$ violation, we find that two of them are sensitive to the noncommutative corrections. In particular, the noncommutative $`CP`$-violating effect could be comparable with or dominant over the SM one in $`D_s^\pm K^\pm K_\mathrm{S}`$ decays. We have also illustrated how the CKM unitarity triangles get deformed in the noncommutative SM. Simple relations are established between inner angles of the deformed unitarity triangles and $`CP`$-violating asymmetries in some typical decays of $`B_d`$ and $`B_s`$ mesons into $`CP`$ eigenstates, such as $`B_dJ/\psi K_\mathrm{S}`$ and $`B_sD_s^+D_s^{}`$. We anticipate that $`B`$-meson factories may help probe or constrain noncommutative geometry at low energies in the near future.

Finally we remark that further progress in the noncommutative gauge field theory will allow us to study the phenomenology of noncommutative geometry on a more solid ground.

###### Acknowledgements.

We like to thank X. Calmet and X.G. He for useful discussions. This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.


text:
# Dynamics of dilute disordered models: a solvable case

11institutetext:  Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure - 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Energies - 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France

Spin-glass and other random models Classical spin models Glass transitions

## Abstract

We study the dynamics of a dilute spherical model with two body interactions and random exchanges. We analyze the Langevin equations and we introduce a functional variational method to study generic dilute disordered models. A crossover temperature replaces the dynamic transition of the fully-connected limit. There are two asymptotic regimes, one determined by the central band of the spectral density of the interactions and a slower one determined by localized configurations on sites with high connectivity. We confront the behavior of this model to the one of real glasses.

Kirkpatrick, Thirumalai and Wolynes showed that a family of fully connected (fc) disordered spin systems realize schematically the phenomenology of the glass transition . These models are very useful for several reasons: (i) their statics and dynamics are solvable with a variety of techniques; (ii) since their macroscopic dynamic equations are identical to those stemming from self-consistent approximations to more realistic interacting systems (e.g. mode-coupling (mca) they limit the range of validity of the latter; (iii) their defects are clear (fc, infinite dimensions) and some improvements needed in a better description of real systems can be identified. The fc p spin disordered models are members of this group. Models of finite dimensional manifolds embedded in infinite dimensions under quenched random potentials are generalizations that also yield real space information .

The main features of the fc spherical p spin model, on which we focus for concreteness, are the following. (i) It has a dynamic transition at $`T_d<+\mathrm{}`$. Above $`T_d`$ an infinite system ($`N\mathrm{}`$) equilibrates with its environment . Below $`T_d`$ the equilibration time diverges with $`N`$ . Right above $`T_d`$ the dynamics coincides  with the schematic mca to super cooled liquids  and correlations decay in two steps. Below $`T_d`$ for any waiting-time $`t_w`$ two-time functions decay to zero after a sufficiently long subsequent time, with aging effects . (ii) It has a rich structure of metastable (tap) states that are stationary points of a free-energy density $`f`$ function of the relevant order parameters ($`m_is_i`$ in this case) . Within $`(f_{\mathrm{min}},f_{\mathrm{th}}]`$ the number of metastable states, $`𝒩(f)`$, is exponential in $`N`$ leading to a finite complexity $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(f)N^1\mathrm{ln}𝒩(f)`$. ($`f_{\mathrm{min}}<f_{\mathrm{th}}`$ when $`p3`$.) Strictly below $`f_{\mathrm{th}}`$ minima are exponentially dominant with respect to saddles. Typically, the states on the threshold (th) are marginal  and attract the dynamics when times diverge after $`N\mathrm{}`$ . (iii) At $`T_d`$ the liquid state ($`m_i=0i`$) is fractured into an exponential in $`N`$ number of tap states with $`m_i0`$. At $`T_s`$ the partition sum is dominated by the lowest states with $`f_{\mathrm{min}}=f_{\mathrm{eq}}`$ and, since $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(f_{\mathrm{min}})=0`$, there is an entropy crisis associated to the Kauzmann paradox . (iv) The barriers between tap states are expected to be $`O(N)`$ leading to a separation in the time-scales to descend below the threshold.

In finite dimensional systems with finite range interactions, however, the dynamic transition is only a crossover at $`T_g`$ and it is not clear if the static transition exists at all. The dynamics must penetrate below the threshold to slowly descend towards equilibrium. Within this picture two distinct regimes would appear in the low-$`T`$ isothermal dynamics of real systems: a fc-like one when the system approaches a pseudo-threshold of flat directions in phase space and a slower activated regime in which the system jumps over barriers to relax its excess energy density and very slowly progress towards equilibrium . This view explains the cooling-rate effects since crossing $`T_g`$ with a slower rate allows to penetrate deeper below the threshold. How and if the aging properties in the first and second regime resemble is a very interesting open problem. One could attack it analytically by studying the dynamics of p spin models in time scales that diverge with $`N`$ though this is very hard. Simulations of finite size fc models  and Lennard-Jones mixtures  support the existence of the two aging regimes.

In this Letter we study an alternative model that realizes explicitly two nonequilibrium dynamic regimes, a fc-like one and a slower one that we relate to transitions between metastable states with finite life-time. The merits of the model are manifold. Its dynamics is tractable analytically. Being defined on a random graph the time-scale dependent metastable states are determined by the “real space geometry”: they are localized configurations on sites with high connectivity. The model has also some drawbacks that we discuss after presenting its solution. Still, we expect to use it as a starting point for the study of more realistic cases.

We solve the dynamics of the dilute spherical model:

$$H_J[\stackrel{}{s}]=\frac{1}{2}\underset{ij}{}J_{ij}s_is_j.$$
(1)
where the spins are continuous unbounded variables, spherically constrained $`_{i=1}^Ns_i^2=N`$. The couplings $`J_{ij}`$ are quenched random variables, independently and identically distributed with

$`P(J_{ij})`$ $`=`$ $`\left(1p/N\right)\delta (J_{ij})+p/N\pi (J_{ij}),`$
$`\pi (J_{ij})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}[\delta (J_{ij}1/\sqrt{p})+\delta (J_{ij}+1/\sqrt{p})],`$ (2)
that satisfy $`J_{ii}=0`$ and $`J_{ij}=J_{ji}`$. When $`p`$ is finite and $`N`$ goes to infinity, this distribution law generates a random graph, so that the connectivity of a given site is distributed according to a Poisson law with average $`p`$. Contrary to the fc case, i.e. the complete graph obtained in the $`p=N\mathrm{}`$ limit, each spin interacts with a finite number of “neighbors”, as in a finite dimensional system. Yet, the “neighbors” are chosen randomly among the other spins and there is no geometrical distance. The model is of mean-field type. In all the following we take $`p1`$ but finite with respects to $`N`$. The spins evolve with the Langevin equation

$$\dot{s}_i(t)=\delta H_J[\stackrel{}{s}]/\delta s_i(t)z(t)s_i(t)+\xi _i(t)$$
(3)
where the Lagrange multiplier $`z(t)`$ enforces the spherical constraint and $`\xi _i(t)`$ is a white noise with zero mean and variance $`\xi _i(t)\xi _j(t_w)=2T\delta _{ij}\delta (tt_w)`$. ($`k_B=1`$ and we rescaled time to absorb the friction coefficient.)

We solve the model in two ways. By rotating the spin $`\stackrel{}{s}=(s_1,\mathrm{},s_N)`$ onto the basis of eigenvectors of the random matrix $`J_{ij}`$ the Langevin equations of any continuous quadratic model decouple and can be completely solved . Many interesting dynamic observables depend only on the density of states $`\rho (\mu )`$ of the interaction matrix $`J_{ij}`$. We estimate their scaling in different regimes analytically and we confront them to the numerical solution of the dynamical equations where we approximate $`\rho (\mu )`$ with Eq. (29) in . Then we introduce a more general method that can also be applied to non-quadratic models and/or soft spins. It is a dynamic generalization of the iterative method used to find $`\rho (\mu )`$ for dilute random matrices .

For future reference, let us summarize the main properties of $`\rho (\mu )`$ . It has a symmetric central band in $`[\lambda _c(p),\lambda _c(p)]`$, a crossover extending beyond $`|\lambda _c(p)|`$ that is not known in detail, and two tails that vanish as $`\rho (\mu )\mathrm{exp}[p\mu ^2\mathrm{ln}\mu ^2]`$ when $`\mu \pm \mathrm{}`$. The tails are due to large fluctuations of the local connectivity. For $`k2p`$ a site with $`k`$ neighbors gives rise to an eigenvalue $`\mu \sqrt{k/p}`$ with a localized eigenvector $`\stackrel{}{v}_\mu `$ on it. When $`p\mathrm{}`$, $`\lambda _c(p)2`$ and the tails disappear.

At time $`t`$ after preparation in the initial condition $`s_\mu (0)`$ the rotated spin $`s_\mu (t)=\stackrel{}{v}_\mu \stackrel{}{s}(t)`$ is given by

$`s_\mu (t)\sqrt{\mathrm{\Gamma }(t)}=s_\mu (0)e^{\mu t}+{\displaystyle _0^t}𝑑t^{}e^{\mu (tt^{})}\sqrt{\mathrm{\Gamma }(t^{})}\xi _\mu (t^{}).`$
$`\mathrm{\Gamma }(t)\mathrm{exp}[2_0^t𝑑t^{}z(t^{})]`$ is related to the energy density, $`ϵ(t)=T/2d_t\mathrm{ln}\mathrm{\Gamma }(t)/4`$, and it determines the decay of the self-correlation $`NC(t,t_w)=_{i=1}^N[s_i(t)s_i(t_w)]_J`$ and linear self-response $`NR(t,t_w)=_{i=1}^N\delta [s_i(t)]_J/\delta h_i(t_w)|_{h=0}`$. We choose the initial condition $`s_\mu (0)=\pm 1\mu `$ that mimics an instantaneous quench from $`T=+\mathrm{}`$ at $`t=0`$. Imposing the spherical constraint $`C(t,t)=𝑑\mu \rho (\mu )s_\mu ^2(t)=1`$ implies

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(t)=f(t)+2T_0^t𝑑t^{}f(tt^{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(t^{}),$$
(4)
with $`f(t)𝑑\mu \rho (\mu )e^{2\mu t}`$. Asymptotically $`f(t)`$ can be estimated with a saddle-point evaluation of the integral. When it is dominated by $`\mu \lambda _c(p)`$, as in the fc limit, $`f(t)\mathrm{exp}[2\lambda _c(p)t]/t^{3/2}`$. After a crossover time $`t_{\mathrm{co}}^0(p)`$ the integral is dominated by $`\mu `$’s in the crossover in $`\rho (\mu )`$ and $`f(t)`$ grows faster than an exponential though we cannot determine its functional form. Finally, when times are so long as to explore the tails of $`\rho (\mu )`$, $`f(t)\mathrm{exp}[t^2/(2p\mathrm{ln}t)]`$.

We thus have a first crossover time $`t_{\mathrm{co}}^0(p)`$ where the behavior of $`f`$ changes from exponential (with polynomial corrections) to faster than exponential. The more interesting function $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(t)`$ is determined from $`f(t)`$ by Eq. (4). Note that at $`T=0`$, these two functions coincide. When $`T`$ is raised to a positive value, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(t)`$ has still a crossover time $`t_{\mathrm{co}}(T,p)`$ beyond which it grows faster than exponential. The important feature which comes out of Eq. (4) is that $`t_{\mathrm{co}}(T,p)`$ remains close to $`t_{\mathrm{co}}^0(p)`$, its zero temperature value, until a crossover temperature $`T_0(p)`$ is reached. For higher temperatures $`t_{\mathrm{co}}(T,p)`$ grows with $`T`$. These time-temperature regimes are sketched in the left panel of Fig. 1. More quantitatively, this behavior amounts to:

— when $`T<T_0(p)`$: $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(t)f(t)/(1T/T_0(p))^2`$ for $`1t<t_{\mathrm{co}}^0(p)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(t)f(t)`$ for $`tt_{\mathrm{co}}^0(p)`$.

— when $`T>T_0(p)`$: $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(t)\mathrm{exp}[b(T)t]`$ for $`1t<t_{\mathrm{co}}(T,p)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(t)f(t)`$ for $`tt_{\mathrm{co}}(T,p)`$ with $`t_{\mathrm{co}}(T,p)`$ a growing function of $`T`$.

$`T_0(p)`$ is the trace of the phase transition in the fc limit ($`T_0(\mathrm{})=1`$). It separates a low $`T`$ regime in which the model has a fc-like out of equilibrium decay for long time-scales and a much slower one for still later epochs, from a high $`T`$ regime where the system crosses over from an equilibrium-like behavior at long time-scales to the tail dominated very slow out of equilibrium decay at much longer time-scales. For all $`T`$ the system eventually reaches the tail-dominated regime but the higher the temperature $`(>T_0(p))`$ the longer the equilibrium-like regime lasts.

The time-scales just described can also be visualized from the decay of $`ϵ(t)`$ displayed in the right panel in Fig. 1. For the two lower curves $`T<T_0(p)1.1`$ and $`t_{\mathrm{co}}^0(p)35`$. The plateau occurs at $`[T\lambda _c(p)]/2`$ as in the fc limit. For the two upper curves $`T>T_0(p)`$ and $`t_{\mathrm{co}}(T,p)`$ increases with $`T`$. For all $`T`$, when $`tt_{\mathrm{co}}(T,p)`$, we have $`ϵ(t)t/(4p\mathrm{ln}t)`$ meaning that the energy density diverges asymptotically, a result that is consistent with an unbounded $`\rho (\mu )`$. The dynamics in the tail-dominated regime is independent of $`T`$, so not activated.

We explain in this paragraph how these results can be viewed as a sketchy picture of a glass “transition”, see the left panel of Fig. 1. Imagine that experimentally one has access to times that are shorter than $`t_{\mathrm{exp}}`$, choose a value of $`p`$ such that $`t_{\mathrm{co}}^0(p)<t_{\mathrm{exp}}`$ and define $`T^{}`$ by $`t_{\mathrm{exp}}=t_{\mathrm{co}}(T^{},p)`$. $`T^{}`$ thus depends on the experimental time-scale available, and is larger than $`T_0(p)`$. When $`T<T_0(p)`$ and times are shorter than $`t_{\mathrm{co}}^0(p)`$ the system ages as in the fc limit while beyond $`t_{\mathrm{co}}^0(p)`$ aging is of a different kind, dominated by the tails of the distribution. When $`T>T^{}`$ all accessible times are shorter than $`t_{\mathrm{co}}(T,p)`$ and the dynamics is stationary as in the high-$`T`$ phase of the fc limit. (Note however that these results are not accessible with a naive static calculation since $`ϵ`$ is not bounded from below.) Finally, there is an intermediate temperature regime, $`T_0(p)<T<T^{}`$ in which the dynamics crosses over from stationary to tail dominated. The width of this “unnatural” regime can be shrinked by using larger $`p`$’s since $`T_0(p)`$ very weakly decreases with $`p`$ while $`t_{\mathrm{co}}^0(p)`$ grows with $`p`$, cfr. the two curves in the left panel of Fig. 1. One concludes that the dynamics behaves similarly to what expected in real glasses in the sense that within the experimentally limited time-window there are two aging regimes when $`T<T_0(p)`$ and a single stationary regime at high $`T`$.

From now on, in order to shorten the notation we call $`T_0`$ the crossover temperature and $`t_{\mathrm{co}}`$ the crossover time at the considered $`T`$ and $`p`$, i.e. $`t_{\mathrm{co}}=t_{\mathrm{co}}^0(p)`$ if $`T<T_0(p)`$ and $`t_{\mathrm{co}}=t_{\mathrm{co}}(T,p)`$ if $`T>T_0(p)`$. When $`p\mathrm{}`$, $`t_{\mathrm{co}}`$ moves to infinity for all $`T`$, $`\rho (\mu )`$ approaches the semi-circle law and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(t)`$ takes the fc form.

The evolution in the fc limit was easy to grasp by following $`s_\mu (t)`$ where the low-$`T`$ non-equilibrium dynamics corresponds to an incomplete condensation on $`\mu =2`$ . Let us focus on $`T<T_0`$ and analyze $`s_\mu (t)`$ in the dilute case. When $`t`$ is in the fc-like regime, the projections on all eigenvectors with $`\mu <\lambda _c(p)`$ are exponentially suppressed, the one with $`\mu =\lambda _c(p)`$ increases as a power law in time and the ones with $`\mu >\lambda _c(p)`$ increase exponentially in time. When $`t`$ enters the tail-dominated regime, the cut-off $`\mu _\mathrm{c}(t)`$ which separates the eigenvectors that are exponentially suppressed \[$`\mu <\mu _\mathrm{c}(t)`$\] from those that increase exponentially \[$`\mu >\mu _\mathrm{c}(t)`$\] moves away from $`\lambda _c(p)`$ and eventually grows as $`\mu _\mathrm{c}(t)t/(4p\mathrm{ln}t)`$. In real space this means that localized states on all sites with connectivities ($`k>p\mu _\mathrm{c}^2`$) increase exponentially for times $`<t(\mu _\mathrm{c})`$ while all others are exponentially suppressed. At longer times sites with higher connectivities dominate.

Richer information about the nonequilibrium evolution is contained in the self-correlation, $`C`$, and linear self-response $`R`$ . An expression for $`C`$ in terms of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ that is also valid for the dilute model is given by Eq. (2.12) in . We identify several scalings. When $`t`$ and $`t_w`$ are long but shorter than $`t_{\mathrm{co}}`$ the dynamics resembles the one for the fc model. For $`T>T_0`$ the decay is stationary. For $`T<T_0`$ instead there is a first stationary decay towards an Edwards-Anderson plateau $`q_{EA}=1T/T_0`$ when $`\tau tt_wt_w`$ and a subsequent aging decay from $`q_{EA}`$ towards zero with simple aging scaling, $`C(t,t_w)𝒞(t_w/t)`$, when $`t_wt`$. Instead, when $`t_w`$ falls in the tail-dominated regime $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(t)f(t)`$ and

$`C(t,t_w)`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\tau ^2}{8p\mathrm{ln}t_w}}\right)\left[12T{\displaystyle _0^{\frac{\tau }{2}}}𝑑y\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{yt_w}{p\mathrm{ln}t_w}}\right)f(y)\right]`$ (5)
when $`t_w\mathrm{}`$ and $`\tau \mathrm{ln}t_w`$. At $`T=0`$ we immediately identify the effective time $`\tau _{\mathrm{eff}}\sqrt{\mathrm{ln}t_w}`$ and a very slow subaging decay . One can recast the correlation in the more familiar form

$$C(t,t_w)=\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{\mathrm{ln}^2x}{8}\right),x=\frac{h(t)}{h(t_w)},h(t)=\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{t}{\sqrt{p\mathrm{ln}t}}\right).$$
(6)
If $`\tau \sqrt{\mathrm{ln}t_w/t_w}`$ we get $`C1T\tau `$. The duration of the $`t_w`$ independent part of the decay decreases with $`t_w`$ and eventually disappears. Thus, the finite-$`T`$ corrections vanish for long $`t_w`$ and the scaling (6) holds for all $`T`$. These features are shown in Fig. 2.

The linear self-response is given by $`R(t,t_w)=\sqrt{\mathrm{\Gamma }(t_w)/\mathrm{\Gamma }(t)}f(\tau /2)`$. When $`t<t_{\mathrm{co}}`$ the fc scaling holds. When $`t_wt_{\mathrm{co}}`$ and for $`\tau \sqrt{\mathrm{ln}t_w}`$ when $`C`$ varies, $`R(t,t_w)=\mathrm{exp}[\tau t_w/(2p\mathrm{ln}t_w)]`$. $`R`$ decays much faster than $`C`$, it approaches zero on the scale $`\tau \mathrm{ln}t_w/t_w`$. An equivalent expression for this result is $`R(t,t_w)\mathrm{exp}[(\mathrm{ln}x)t_w/\sqrt{p\mathrm{ln}t_w}]`$ with $`x`$ given in Eq. (6).

The modification of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem (fdt) is different in the two non-equilibrium regimes. In the fc-like scale the results are identical to those in  and the effective temperature  $`T_{\mathrm{eff}}_{t_w}C/R`$ diverges as $`\sqrt{t_w}`$. In the tail-dominated scale $`T_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ diverges much faster, as $`T_{\mathrm{eff}}[C]\mathrm{exp}[a(C)t_w/\sqrt{p\mathrm{ln}t_w}]`$ with $`a(C)=\sqrt{(2\mathrm{ln}C)}`$. The inset in Fig. 2 shows the parametric plot of the integrated response $`\chi `$ against $`C`$  when $`t_w`$ is in the latter regime.

We solved (3) in a rather simple way thanks to the quadratic nature of the model. Unfortunately, this calculation cannot be adapted to treat cases with higher order interactions as are models with soft spins. With the purpose of developing a more generic approach to the dynamics of dilute models we introduce a method to derive macroscopic equations for $`C`$ and $`R`$ from the dynamic generating functional $`Z_d`$. We only sketch the method here, the details shall be given in a forthcoming publication . The idea is to take benefit of the formal analogy between the static replica free energy and the dynamical action expressed with a supersymmetric (SUSY) formalism. Using the SUSY formulation of stochastic processes  the two-point functions are encoded in a correlator $`NQ(a,b)=_{i=1}^N[\mathrm{\Phi }_i(a)\mathrm{\Phi }_i(b)]_J`$ between two superfields $`\mathrm{\Phi }_i(a)`$. $`a`$ and $`b`$ include time and two Grassmann coordinates $`\theta ,\overline{\theta }`$. We define the fraction of sites with super-field $`\mathrm{\Phi }_i`$ identical to a chosen value $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ for all coordinates, in analogy with the replica order parameter for dilute systems ,

$$c[\mathrm{\Phi }]N^1\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\underset{a}{}\delta (\mathrm{\Phi }(a)\mathrm{\Phi }_i(a)).$$
(7)
After introducing it in $`Z_d`$ and averaging over disorder  we obtain the saddle-point equation

$$c_{\mathrm{sp}}(\mathrm{\Phi })=\lambda \mathrm{exp}\left[\frac{1}{2}𝑑a\mathrm{\Phi }(a)\left(D_a^{(2)}+z(a)\right)\mathrm{\Phi }(a)\frac{\delta H_{\mathrm{eff}}}{\delta c(\mathrm{\Phi })}|_{c_{\mathrm{sp}}}\right]$$
(8)
with $`\lambda `$ a normalization constant, $`D_a^{(2)}`$ a differential operator, $`𝑑a`$ the integration over time and Grassmann coordinates, and

$`\mathrm{exp}(NH_{\mathrm{eff}})`$ $`=`$ $`\left[\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle 𝑑aH_J[\mathrm{\Phi }_i(a)]}\right)\right]_J.`$
This equation determines $`c[\mathrm{\Phi }]`$ for any model for which the saddle-point evaluation is exact. (For models without spherical constraint, one removes the Lagrange multiplier $`z(a)`$). It plays the role of Eq. (20) in  for the replica order parameter $`c_{\mathrm{sp}}(\stackrel{}{\varphi })`$ introduced to compute $`\rho (\mu )`$. It cannot be solved without assumptions, yet an iterative resolution similar to that of  taking into account more and more precisely the fluctuations in the local geometry of the interactions can be implemented. For the present model one recovers the same results obtained in this Letter . We expect that this approach will also be successful for non-quadratic models for which an exact resolution is not possible.

In short, we showed that the dilute spherical spin-glass realizes explicitly part of the scenario expected to hold beyond the “mean-field picture” of glassy dynamics. The main ingredient of the model is the unbounded distribution of local connectivities, regardless of the sign of the interactions. In the glassy context this model has, however, some flaws. Its equilibrium energy density is not bounded and, strictly speaking, it only has a low-$`T`$ phase. The dynamics in late epochs does not depend on $`T`$ and when $`T`$ is close but above $`T_0`$ the stationary correlations do not decay in two steps. Nevertheless, the existence of a dynamic crossover around $`T_0`$ as opposed to a phase transition and the presence of two nonequilibrium regimes are expected features for real glasses.

Dilute magnets are important in several other contexts. They are prototypical models with Griffiths phases  and heterogenous dynamics . They are also related to several optimization problems, and their dynamics to that of optimization algorithms . We shall report on studies of the dynamics of other dilute models, hopefully free of the defects mentioned above, in the future.

###### Acknowledgements.

The authors acknowledge financial support from an ACI grant and thank J. Kurchan for discussions. L.F.C. is associate researcher at ICTP Trieste and a Fellow of the Guggenheim Foundation.