text:
# I Introduction

## I Introduction

The string theory suggests the idea of confining the standard model particles in a 3-brane in a higher dimensional spacetime. Based on this brane world idea, Randall and Sundrum proposed a very interesting scenario that we are living on either of two boundary 3-branes in a 5D Anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetime . One of the fascinating features of their scenario is that the gravity of the positive tension brane is confined near the barne even if an extra dimension is infinitely large . Because their scenario provides a new picture for our universe, it is important to test their scenario from the cosmological view point. For this purpose, the behaviour of the cosmological perturbations has been actively investigated \[3-15\].

In this paper, we shall investigate a cosmological implication of a new geometrical degree of freedom introduced in their model, that is, the displacement of the brane in an extra-dimension. We consider branes which are located at $`Z_2`$ symmetric orbifold fixed points. If we take an appropriate coordinate gauge, the displacement of the brane is described by the scalar field living on the brane. Then, the displacement of the Minkowski brane $`\phi `$ obeys the equation

$$\mathrm{}_4\phi =\frac{\kappa ^2}{6}T,$$
(1)
where $`T`$ is the trace of the energy-momentum tensor of the matter on the brane and $`\mathrm{}_4`$ is the d’Alembertian operator in 4D Minkowski spacetime . Thus there are two kinds of the displacement of the brane according to two kinds of the solutions for Eq. (1), i.e. the homogeneous and the particular solutions. The homogeneous solution for Eq. (1) with $`T=0`$ represents a "fluctuation" of the brane. The brane can fluctuate by itself without the matter energy-momentum tensor. The other kind of the displacement is a "bend" of the brane due to the matter on the brane. The trace of the energy-momentum tensor acts as an tension, then the brane bends due to this effective tension.

Of particular interest is the detectability of the brane fluctuation. A similar situation was considered in the analysis of the fluctuation of a thin domain wall . It was shown that the wall fluctuation cannot be seen by an interior observer on the wall because the fluctuation does not change the curvature of the domain wall. However this analysis is only done for a test domain wall. Once we take into account the gravitational perturbations, we may see the effect of the fluctuation .

The same observation applies to the brane fluctuation. If there is only one brane , the bulk has a translational invariance, at least when the energy density of the matter on the brane is sufficiently lower than the tension of the brane. Then the gravitational perturbations are not affected by the brane fluctuation. Because the brane fluctuation can be detected only through the interaction with gravitational perturbations in the bulk, the brane fluctuation has no physical degree of freedom in one brane model. ***We should note that $`Z_2`$ symmetry is an essential assumption to obtain this result. If there is no $`Z_2`$ symmetry then there is an extra degree of freedom for brane fluctuations. However, if we consider two branes model with $`S^1/Z_2`$ orbifold extra dimension , gravitational perturbations are confined between two branes. The displacements of the branes change the distance between two branes, then they should affect the gravitational perturbations. Thus the brane fluctuation acquires a physical degree of the freedom and we find a possibility to detect it. The brane fluctuation changes the size of the extra dimension. Hence, the brane fluctuation is called radion in literature. The role of the radion was studied for the Minkowski brane by Charmousis, Gregory and Rubakov . The radion on the de Sitter brane was studied classically  and quantum mechanically  by Gen and Sasaki. Chacko and Fox also studied the radion on the AdS brane . The dynamics of the homogeneous radion for an expanding brane was studied by Binétruy, Deffayet and Longlois . There are also several works whcih study the radion using the 4D effective action .

It was shown that, in two branes model, the gravity on the branes is described by the Brans-Dicke (BD) theory where the radion acts as a BD scalar . If we are living on a positive tension brane, a BD parameter can be compatible with observations if the distance between two branes is sufficiently large.

Now let us consider a cosmology based on this scenario. The branes expand due to the matter energy momentum tensor on the brane. Interestingly, the dynamics of a homogeneous and isotropic brane is determined only by the matter energy-momentum tensor on the brane if the bulk is purely AdS spacetime. Thus the homogeneous radion does not affect the evolution of the homogeneous and isotropic brane. However, if one allows the spatial anisotropy of the brane, the situation changes significantly. The anisotropic perturbation in the bulk is allowed to be exist. Then the homogeneous radion interacts with the anisotropic bulk perturbation and contributes to the anisotropy of the positive tension brane. Our real universe has an anisotropy which is measured by the temperature anisotropy of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Thus it is important to clarify the contribution of the homogeneous radion on CMB anisotropies.

If there are matter perturbations on the brane, the trace of their energy momentum tensor inevitably bends the brane . The bend of the brane affects the intrinsic curvature of the brane. Thus an understanding of the dynamics of the bend is also important to know the behavior of the cosmological perturbations on the brane. It should be emphasized that the curvature perturbation on uniform density hypersurface is determined independently of bulk perturbations at large scales. This independence of the curvature perturbation from the bulk perturbation is the important point to understand the large scale cosmological perturbations. This result should be related to the dynamics of the bend of the brane.

Although the curvature perturbation can be determined independently of the bulk perturbation, CMB anisotropies cannot be predicted solely by the curvature perturbation. This is because the anisotropic perturbation in the bulk is induced by the homogeneous displacement of the brane. It also contributes to CMB anisotropies. Then in order to find CMB anisotropies, we should solve the evolution equation for the bulk perturbation. It is another important point to understand the cosmological perturbations that the anisotropy of the brane cannot be calculated unless the bulk perturbation is known.

Unfortunately, it is a very difficult task to solve the equation exactly. Thus in this paper, we assume that the system is nearly static when we solve the bulk equation. This assumption is valid under two conditions. First, the energy density of the matter on the brane is sufficiently lower than the tension of the brane. Secondly, the distance between two branes changes with time very slowly. Under this assumption, we can solve the bulk anisotropic perturbation. Then, we can evaluate large scale CMB anisotropies on the positive tension brane and discuss the cosmological implication of the radion.

The structure of this paper is as follows. In section II, we describe the set up of our model. In section III, the formulation to calculate the metric perturbations on the brane are shown. The brane displacement is defined at the linear perturbation order and its coupling to bulk perturbations are studied. In section IV, the dynamics of the brane displacement is investigated. In section V, the bulk anisotropic perturbation induced by brane displacement is solved. In section VI, the solutions for metric perturbations on a positive tension brane is obtained. The large scale CMB anisotropy is derived. In section VII we summarize our results.

## II Set up of the model

We consider two branes which are sitting at the $`S_1/Z_2`$ orbifold fixed points in 5D AdS spacetime. Our system is described by the action

$$S=\frac{1}{2\kappa ^2}d^5x\sqrt{g}\left(^5+\frac{12}{l^2}\right)+\underset{i=A,B}{}\left(\mu ^id^4x\sqrt{g_{branei}}+d^4x\sqrt{g_{branei}}_{matter^i}\right),$$
(2)
where $`^5`$ is the 5D Ricci scalar, $`l`$ is the curvature radius of the AdS spacetime and $`\kappa ^2=8\pi G_5`$ where $`G_5`$ is the 5D Newton constant. We assumed that the brane A has the positive tension $`\mu ^A`$ and the brane B has the negative tension $`\mu ^B`$ respectively. Those tensions are taken as

$$\kappa ^2\mu ^A=\frac{6}{l},\kappa ^2\mu ^B=\frac{6}{l},$$
(3)
in order to ensure that the branes become Minkowski spacetime without matter on the brane. The induced metric on the brane $`i`$, either A or B, is denoted as $`g_{branei}`$ and the matter which is confined in the brane $`i`$ is described by the Lagrangian $`_{matter^i}`$. We assume that we are living on the positive tension brane A and we do not write explicitly the index $`i=A`$ in the following contents.

We adopt a coordinate system where both branes sit at fixed values of the extra coordinate because the physics of the radion is clear in such a basis \[19-22\]. (For an alternative approach which employs the coordinate system where one of the brane is at rest see .) The metric in this coordinate system is taken as

$$ds^2=e^{2\gamma (y,t)}dy^2e^{2\beta (y,t)}dt^2+e^{2\alpha (y,t)}\delta _{ij}dx^idx^j.$$
(4)
The extra coordinate $`y`$ is compact and runs from $`l`$ to $`l`$. Furthermore, the identification of $`(y,t,x^i)`$ with $`(y,t,x^i)`$ is made. Then the extra dimension becomes $`S^1/Z_2`$ orbifold space. The brane A is located at $`y=0`$ and the brane B is located at $`y=l`$ respectively. The radion $``$ is defined as the physical distance between two branes \[19-23\]. Then the radion in the background spacetime $`_0`$ is given by

$$_0(t)=_0^l𝑑ye^{\gamma (y,t)}.$$
(5)
The 5D energy momentum tensor (including the tensions of the branes) is taken as

$`T_N^M`$ $`=`$ $`[({\displaystyle \frac{6}{\kappa ^2l}}\text{diag}(0,1,1,1,1)+\text{diag}(0,\rho ,p,p,p))\delta (y)`$ (6)
$`+`$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{6}{\kappa ^2l}}\text{diag}(0,1,1,1,1)+\text{diag}(0,\rho ^B,p^B,p^B,p^B))\delta (yl)].`$ (7)
In the following paper, we will denote the power series expansion of some function $`F(y,t)`$ around $`y=0`$ as

$$F(y,t)=F_0(t)+F_1(t)|y|+\frac{F_2(t)}{2}y^2+\mathrm{}.$$
(8)
In a similar way, the power series expansion of the same function $`F(y,t)`$ around $`y=l`$ is denoted as

$$F(y,t)=F_0^B(t)+F_1^B(t)|yl|+\frac{F_2^B(t)}{2}|yl|^2+\mathrm{}.$$
(9)
5D Einstein equations give the evolution equations for the metric $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$. Any set of functions $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ are the solutions for all components of 5D Einstein equations when they satisfy the equations

$`e^{2\gamma }\alpha ^2e^{2\beta }\dot{\alpha }^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{l^2}}Ce^{4\alpha },`$ (10)
$`\beta ^{}\dot{\alpha }\dot{\alpha }^{}\dot{\alpha }\alpha ^{}+\alpha ^{}\dot{\gamma }`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (11)
where prime denotes the derivative with respect to $`y`$ and dot denotes the derivative with respect to $`t`$  (see Appendix A). Here $`C`$ is the integration constant which is related to the mass of the black hole in the bulk. The first derivatives of the metric with respect to $`y`$ evaluated at the brane A, i.e. $`\alpha _1`$ and $`\beta _1`$, are related to the energy-momentum tensor of the matter on the brane by the junction conditions;

$`\alpha _1(t)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{\gamma _0}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{l}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa ^2\rho (t)}{6}}\right),`$ (12)
$`\beta _1(t)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{\gamma _0}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{l}}\kappa ^2\rho (t)\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}+{\displaystyle \frac{w}{2}}\right)\right),`$ (13)
where we write $`p=w\rho `$. The evolution equations for the energy density $`\rho `$ and the scale factor $`\alpha _0`$ are obtained from the $`y^0`$-th order of the power series expansion of Eq. (11);

$`e^{2\gamma _0}\alpha _1^2e^{2\beta _0}\dot{\alpha }_0^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{l^2}}Ce^{4\alpha _0},`$ (14)
$`\dot{\alpha _1}\alpha _1\dot{\gamma }_0(\beta _1\alpha _1)\dot{\alpha }_0`$ $`=`$ $`0.`$ (15)
Then using the junction conditions (13), the evolution equations for $`\alpha _0`$ and $`\rho `$ are obtained as

$`\dot{\alpha }_0^2`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2\beta _0}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\kappa ^2}{3l}}\rho +{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa ^4}{36}}\rho ^2+Ce^{4\alpha _0}\right),`$ (16)
$`\dot{\rho }`$ $`+`$ $`3(1+w)\dot{\alpha }_0\rho =0.`$ (17)
In this paper, we assume that the bulk is a purely AdS spacetime. Then we take the integration constant as $`C=0`$. The interesting point is that the evolution of the brane universe can be determined locally. We do not need to find the solutions for the whole 5D spacetime. The radion $`_0(t)`$ does not play a role to determine the evolution of the branes.

When we consider the perturbations, the explicit form of the bulk metric should be known. The general solution for the bulk has been found . However, as mentioned above, we want to find a particular solution where both branes sit at fixed values of the extra coordinate. Such a particular solution for the bulk metric was found only for the matter energy momentum tensor on the branes with some specific form . In addition, we also need to solve the bulk evolution equation for perturbations. It is generally difficult to solve the evolution equations in the bulk exactly. Hence, we will solve the evolution equation in the bulk by assuming that the system is nearly static. To do so, we assume the energy density of the matter on the brane is sufficiently lower than the tension of the brane

$$\kappa ^2l\rho 1,\kappa ^2l\rho ^B1.$$
(18)
From the Friedmann equation (17), the time derivative of the metric $`\dot{\alpha }`$ is of the order $`(\kappa ^2l^1\rho )^{1/2}`$. On the other hand, from the junction condition (13), the $`y`$ derivative of the metric $`\alpha ^{}`$ is of the order $`l^1`$ for $`\kappa ^2l\rho 1`$. Then the time derivative of the metric is suppressed compared with the $`y`$-derivative of the metric;

$$\left(\frac{_t\alpha }{_y\alpha }\right)^2\kappa ^2l\rho 1.$$
(19)
The bulk metric can be obtained by solving the Einstein equation (11) and junction conditions (13) perturbatively in terms of $`\kappa ^2l\rho `$. The leading order solutions are obtained as

$`\alpha `$ $`=`$ $`b(t){\displaystyle \frac{y}{l}}+\alpha _0(t),`$ (20)
$`\beta `$ $`=`$ $`b(t){\displaystyle \frac{y}{l}},`$ (21)
$`\gamma `$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{log}b(t),`$ (22)
where $`b(t)`$ is the function that describes the time evolution of the radion $`_0`$;

$$_0(t)=_0^l𝑑ye^{\gamma (y,t)}=lb(t).$$
(23)
We assume that the time dependence of $`b(t)`$ is also weak, i.e. $`(\dot{b}/l)^2\kappa ^2l\rho 1`$. The behavior of the scale factor $`\alpha _0`$ and the distance between two branes $`b(t)`$ are determined by the next order equations. In appendix B, we will obtain the evolution equation for $`b(t)`$.

## III Brane displacements and metric perturbations in the bulk

In the background spacetime, the dynamics of the 4D brane universe is independent of the radion $`_0(t)`$. In order to study a cosmological implication of the radion, we shall consider linear perturbations about the background spacetime. As mentioned in the introduction, the radion behaves as the scalar field in 4D brane universe. Thus we concentrate our attention on scalar perturbations. The most general perturbed metric is given by

$`ds^2`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2\gamma (y,t)}(1+2NQ)dy^2+e^{2\beta (y,t)}\left((1+2\mathrm{\Phi }Q)dt^2+2AQdtdy\right)`$ (25)
$`+e^{2\alpha (y,t)}\left(\left((12DQ)\delta _{ij}+2EQ_{ij}\right)dx^idx^j+2BQ_idx^idt+2GQ_idx^idy\right),`$
where $`Qe^{ik^ix_i}`$ is the normalized harmonics. The vector $`Q_i`$ and traceless tensor $`Q_{ij}`$ are constructed from $`Q`$ as

$$Q_i=k^1Q_{,i},Q_{ij}=k^2Q_{,ij}+\frac{1}{3}\delta _{ij}Q.$$
(26)
In the perturbed spacetime, there is a gauge-dependence in the defeinition of the perturbations. Under a first-order coordinate transformation,

$$x^Mx^M+\xi ^M,\xi ^M=(\xi ^yQ,\xi ^tQ,\xi Q^i),$$
(27)
the perturbations transform as

$`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}+\dot{\xi }^t+\beta ^{}\xi ^y+\dot{\beta }\xi ^t,`$ (28)
$`D`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{D}\dot{\alpha }\xi ^t\alpha ^{}\xi ^y{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}k\xi ,`$ (29)
$`E`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{E}k\xi ,`$ (30)
$`B`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{B}+\dot{\xi }+ke^{2(\beta \alpha )}\xi ^t,`$ (31)
$`A`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{A}+e^{2(\gamma \beta )}\dot{\xi }^y\xi ^t^{},`$ (32)
$`G`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{G}e^{2(\gamma \alpha )}k\xi ^y+\xi ^{},`$ (33)
$`N`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{N}+\xi ^y^{}+\dot{\gamma }\xi ^t+\gamma ^{}\xi ^y.`$ (34)
We should specify the choice of the gauge when we evaluate the perturbations.

The most commonly used choice of the gauge to investigate the gravitational perturbations in vacuum spacetime is a transverse traceless (TT) gauge. The perturbed metric in this gauge is given by

$`ds^2`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2\gamma (y,t)}dy^2e^{2\beta (y,t)}(1+2\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}Q)dt^2`$ (36)
$`+e^{2\alpha (y,t)}\left(\left((12\widehat{D}Q)\delta _{ij}+2\widehat{E}Q_{ij}\right)dx^idx^j+2\widehat{B}Q_idx^idt\right),`$
and the trasverse-traceless conditions are imposed on $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }},\widehat{D},\widehat{E}`$ and $`\widehat{B}`$ as

$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}`$ $``$ $`3\widehat{D}=0,`$ (37)
$`k\widehat{B}`$ $`+`$ $`2(\dot{\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}}+4\dot{\alpha }\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }})=0,`$ (38)
$`e^{2(\beta \alpha )}(\dot{\widehat{B}}`$ $`+`$ $`(\dot{\beta }+5\dot{\alpha })\widehat{B})2k(\widehat{D}+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\widehat{E})=0,`$ (39)
$`(\beta ^{}`$ $``$ $`\alpha ^{})\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}=0.`$ (40)
The metric perturbations satisfy a wave equation in the bulk;

$$(\widehat{E}^{\prime \prime }+(\gamma ^{}+\beta ^{}+3\alpha ^{})\widehat{E}^{})+e^{2(\beta \gamma )}(\ddot{\widehat{E}}+(\dot{\gamma }\dot{\beta }+3\dot{\alpha })\dot{\widehat{E}})+e^{2\alpha }k^2\widehat{E}=0.$$
(41)
From the last condition in Eqs. (40), we find that all components of the perturbations should vanish for $`\alpha ^{}\beta ^{}`$. From the junction conditions Eqs. (13), the condition $`\alpha ^{}=\beta ^{}`$ (which becomes $`\alpha _1=\beta _1`$ on the brane) implies $`w=w^B=1`$. Thus the TT gauge works only for the cases of maximally symmetric 4D branes. We should take other gauges such as a 5D Longitudinal gauge to solve the bulk perturbations for general cosmological branes.

However, there is an exception. At large scales, we can neglect the terms which are proportional to $`k`$ compared with the terms which are the functions of the time derivative or $`y`$-derivative of the metric. Then we will find the non-zero $`\widehat{E}`$ even for $`\alpha ^{}\beta ^{}`$. The metric perturbation $`\widehat{E}`$ describes the anisotropy of the spacetime. Thus the fact that only $`\widehat{E}`$ can be non-zero at large scales implies that only anisotropic perturbations are allowed to be exist in the bulk for a homogeneous brane. In the following sections, we concentrate our attention on the large scale metric perturbations. Then we take

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}=\widehat{D}=\widehat{B}=0.$$
(42)
An important point is that we should allow the coordinate location of the branes to acquire a perturbation as well as allowing metric perturbations in the bulk. When we choose the TT gauge in the bulk, the location of the brane is in general displaced . Metric perturbations seen by observer confined to the brane are those evaluated at the brane. Thus the metric perturbations in TT gauge evaluated at $`y=0`$ is generally not the observed metric perturbations.

Thus we should perform the gauge transformation to Gaussian normal coordinate system where the normal conditions are satisfied $`h_{y\mu }=0`$ and the branes are held fixed at $`y=0`$ and $`y=l`$. We refer to this coordinate system as brane-GN coordinate . The normal conditions are satisfied by choosing appropriate $`\xi `$ and $`\xi ^t`$;

$`\xi ^t`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _0^y}𝑑ye^{2(\gamma \beta )}\dot{\xi }^y+ϵ^t(t,x^i),`$ (43)
$`\xi `$ $`=`$ $`k{\displaystyle _0^y}𝑑ye^{2(\gamma \alpha )}\xi ^y+ϵ(t,x^i),`$ (44)
where $`ϵ^t`$ and $`ϵ`$ are some functions without $`y`$ dependence. These residual gauge transformations enable us to impose two additional gauge fixing conditions on the brane. Here, we take $`ϵ=ϵ^t=0`$. After the coordinate transformation, the perturbed metric in brane-GN coordinate system is given by

$`ds^2`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2\gamma (y,t)}(1+2NQ)dy^2e^{2\beta (y,t)}(1+2\mathrm{\Phi }Q)dt^2`$ (46)
$`+e^{2\alpha (y,t)}\left(\left((12DQ)\delta _{ij}+2EQ_{ij}\right)dx^idx^j+2BQ_idx^idt\right),`$
where

$`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ $`=`$ $`\dot{\xi }^t+\beta ^{}\xi ^y+\dot{\beta }\xi ^t,`$ (47)
$`D`$ $`=`$ $`\dot{\alpha }\xi ^t\alpha ^{}\xi ^y{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}k\xi ,`$ (48)
$`E`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{E}k\xi ,`$ (49)
$`B`$ $`=`$ $`\dot{\xi }+ke^{2(\beta \alpha )}\xi ^t,`$ (50)
$`N`$ $`=`$ $`\xi ^y^{}+\dot{\gamma }\xi ^t+\gamma ^{}\xi ^y,`$ (51)
and $`\widehat{E}`$ is the metric perturbations in TT gauge.

The condition that the branes are located at $`y=0`$ and $`y=l`$ will be satisfied by the appropriate choice of $`\xi ^y`$. The function $`\xi ^y`$ evaluated at the branes, more precisely, the function

$$\phi =e^{\gamma _0}\xi _0^y,$$
(52)
describes the physical displacement of the brane in the TT gauge. The point is that the relative displacement of the branes $`\phi \phi ^B`$ is the perturbations of the radion at low energies. In the spacetime described by the metric (46), the radion which is the physical distance between two branes is given by

$$(t)=_0^l𝑑ye^{\gamma (y,t)}(1+N(y,t)).$$
(53)
At low energies, the background spacetime is described by the metric (22). Then we find $`\gamma ^{}=0`$ and $`\dot{\gamma }\xi ^t/\xi ^y^{}(\kappa ^2\rho l)^21`$ from Eq. (44). Thus the radion $`(t)`$ is given by

$$(t)=b(t)(l+\xi _0^{yB}\xi _0^y)=_0(\phi \phi ^B).$$
(54)
Thus the relative displacement of the branes $`\phi \phi ^B`$ can be regarded as the radion at the linear perturbation order.

The induced metric on the brane A is given by

$$ds_{braneA}^2=e^{2\beta _0}(1+2\mathrm{\Phi }_0Q)dt^2+e^{2\alpha _0}\left((12D_0Q)\delta _{ij}+2E_0Q_{ij}\right)dx^idx^j.$$
(55)
where

$`\mathrm{\Phi }_0`$ $`=`$ $`\beta _1e^{\gamma _0}\phi ,`$ (56)
$`D_0`$ $`=`$ $`\alpha _1e^{\gamma _0}\phi ,`$ (57)
$`E_0`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{E}_0.`$ (58)
Metric perturbations in the brane-GN gauge coincide with metric perturbations seen by the observer confined to the brane.

The metric perturbations should satisfy the junction conditions at the branes. In the brane-GN coordinate, the junction conditions can be easily imposed. We take the perturbed 5D energy-momentum tensor as

$`\delta T_0^0`$ $`=`$ $`\delta \rho \delta (y)+\delta \rho ^B\delta (yl),`$ (59)
$`\delta T_j^i`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\delta p\delta (y)\delta p^B\delta (yl)\right)\delta _j^i.`$ (60)
As in the background spacetime, the junction conditions relate the first derivatives of the metric perturbations to the matter perturbations on the brane ;

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_1`$ $`=`$ $`\alpha _1N_0+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}\kappa ^2e^{\gamma _0}\delta \rho ,`$ (61)
$`\mathrm{\Phi }_1`$ $`=`$ $`\beta _1N_0+\kappa ^2e^{\gamma _0}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\delta \rho }{3}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\delta p}{2}}\right),`$ (62)
$`E_1`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (63)
where $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ is defined by

$$\mathrm{\Psi }=D\frac{1}{3}E.$$
(64)
It is difficult to find the solutions for metric perturbations directly in brane-GN coordinate because the bulk evolution equation is rather complicated in this gauge. Hence, we solve the bulk evolution equation in TT gauge and then perform the gauge transformation to the brane-GN coordinate. In order to solve the bulk perturbation $`\widehat{E}`$ in TT gauge, we should specify the boundary conditions for the wave equation (41) for $`\widehat{E}`$. Hence, we relate the junction conditions for the metric perturbations in brane-GN coordinate Eqs. (63) to the junction conditions for the metric perturbations $`\widehat{E}`$ in TT gauge. By taking the derivatives of the metric perturbations (51) with respect to $`y`$, the first derivatives of the metric perturbations are written in terms of $`\xi ^y`$ as

$`\mathrm{\Phi }_1`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2(\gamma _0\beta _0)}\left(\ddot{\xi }_0^y+(2\dot{\gamma }_0\dot{\beta }_0)\dot{\xi }_0^y\right)+\beta _1\xi _1^y+\beta _2\xi _0^y,`$ (65)
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_1`$ $`=`$ $`\dot{\alpha }_0e^{2(\gamma _0\beta _0)}\dot{\xi }_0^y\alpha _1\xi _1^y\alpha _2\xi _0^y,`$ (66)
$`E_1`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{E}_1k^2e^{2(\alpha _0\gamma _0)}\xi _0^y.`$ (67)
By combining the last equation of Eqs. (63) and Eqs. (67), we obtain

$$\widehat{E}_1=e^{\gamma _02\alpha _0}k^2\phi .$$
(68)
This equation gives the boundary condition for $`\widehat{E}(y,t)`$ at $`y=0`$. In the similar way, we get the junction condition at the brane B

$$\widehat{E}_1^B=e^{\gamma _0^B2\alpha _0^B}k^2\phi ^B.$$
(69)
The remaining task is to determine the behavior of $`\phi `$. By combining Eqs. (63) and Eqs. (67) and using the equation for $`N_0`$ (51);

$$N_0=\xi _1^y+\gamma _1\xi _0^y,$$
(70)
we can write the matter perturbations in terms of $`\xi _0^y`$. We obtain

$`e^{\gamma _0}\kappa ^2\delta \rho `$ $`=`$ $`6\left(\dot{\alpha }_0e^{2(\gamma _0\beta _0)}\dot{\xi }_0^y+(\alpha _2\alpha _1\gamma _1)\xi _0^y\right),`$ (71)
$`e^{\gamma _0}\kappa ^2\delta p`$ $`=`$ $`2\left(e^{2(\gamma _0\beta _0)}(\ddot{\xi }_0^y+(2\dot{\alpha }_0+2\dot{\gamma }_0\dot{\beta }_0)\dot{\xi }_0^y)+(2\alpha _2+\beta _2\beta _1\gamma _12\alpha _1\gamma _1)\xi _0^y\right).`$ (72)
To simplify the equation, we first rewrite $`\alpha _1`$, $`\alpha _2`$, $`\beta _1`$ and $`\beta _2`$ in terms of $`\alpha _0`$, $`\beta _0`$ and $`\alpha _1`$ using Eq. (A15);

$`e^{\gamma _0}\kappa ^2\delta \rho `$ $`=`$ $`6e^{2(\gamma _0\beta _0)}\left(\dot{\alpha }_0\dot{\xi }_0^y(\dot{\alpha }_0^2\dot{\alpha }_0\dot{\gamma }_0)\xi _0^y\right),`$ (73)
$`e^{\gamma _0}\kappa ^2\delta p`$ $`=`$ $`2e^{2(\gamma _0\beta _0)}(\ddot{\xi }_0^y+(2\dot{\alpha }_0+2\dot{\gamma }_0\dot{\beta }_0)\dot{\xi }_0^y`$ (74)
$`+`$ $`((2\ddot{\alpha _0}+2\dot{\alpha }_0\dot{\beta }_03\dot{\alpha }_0^2+\ddot{\gamma }_0+\dot{\gamma }_0^2\dot{\gamma }_0\dot{\beta }_0+2\dot{\alpha }_0\dot{\gamma }_0)e^{2(\gamma _0\beta _0)}{\displaystyle \frac{(\ddot{\alpha }_0\dot{\alpha }_0\dot{\beta }_0)^2}{\alpha _1^2}})\xi _0^y).`$ (75)
Furthermore, we use the cosmic time $`\tau `$ on the brane defined by $`d\tau =e^{\beta _0}dt`$ and the physical brane displacement $`\phi =e^{\gamma _0}\xi _0^y`$. Then we can write the matter perturbations in terms of $`\phi `$ as

$`\kappa ^2\delta \rho `$ $`=`$ $`6\left(\alpha _{0,\tau }\phi _{,\tau }\alpha _{0,\tau }^2\phi \right),`$ (76)
$`\kappa ^2\delta p`$ $`=`$ $`2\left(\phi _{,\tau \tau }+2\alpha _{0,\tau }\phi _{,\tau }\left(2\alpha _{0,\tau \tau }+3\alpha _{0,\tau }^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _{0,\tau \tau }^2}{\alpha _1^2e^{2\gamma _0}}}\right)\phi \right).`$ (77)
The matter perturbations can be written solely by the brane displacement $`\phi `$. Thus the dynamics of the brane displacement $`\phi `$ can be determined by specifying the type of the matter perturbations. For example, if the matter perturbations are adiabatic, i.e.,

$$\delta p=c_s^2\delta \rho ,$$
(78)
we can obtain the evolution equation for $`\phi `$. We should emphasize that the dynamics of the brane displacement can be solved independently of the bulk perturbations $`\widehat{E}`$. Once the displacement of the brane $`\phi `$ is derived, the behavior of the trace part of the metric perturbations $`\mathrm{\Phi }_0`$ and $`D_0`$ (Eqs.(58)), and matter perturbations on the brane $`\delta \rho `$ and $`\delta p`$ (Eqs.(77)) can be determined. However, one must be careful to consider the fact that the traceless part of the metric perturbation $`E_0`$ cannot be determined. In order to know the behavior of $`E_0`$, we should solve the bulk evolution equation.

In summary, the problem is to solve the wave equation for $`\widehat{E}`$ (41) with the boundary conditions at the branes (68) and (69). The displacement of the brane $`\phi `$ acts as an source in the boundary conditions. The brane displacement $`\phi `$ can be determined by specifying the type of the matter perturbations (see Eq. (77) and Eq. (78)). Once the solution for the brane displacement $`\phi `$ is found, the boundary conditions for the bulk perturbations $`\widehat{E}`$ are determined. Then solving the wave equations (41) with these boundary conditions, we can find the solution for $`\widehat{E}_0`$. The observed metric perturbations in brane-GN coordinate are written in terms of $`\widehat{E}_0`$ and $`\phi `$ (58). Then the solutions for the metric perturbations on the brane can be obtained.

Finally, it should be noted that on the brane A, the anisotropic perturbation $`E_0`$ can be gauged away using the 4D residual gauge transformation $`ϵ(t)`$ and $`ϵ^t(t)`$ in Eqs.(44). It is convenient to use the Longitudinal gauge on the brane in order to compare the result with the conventional 4D general relativity . In the Longitudinal gauge on the brane, the conditions $`B_0^L=E_0^L=0`$ are imposed. The gauge transformation to the Longitudinal gauge from the metric (55) can be carried out by choosing

$`ϵ`$ $`=`$ $`k^1\widehat{E}_0,`$ (79)
$`ϵ^t`$ $`=`$ $`k^2e^{2(\alpha _0\beta _0)}\dot{\widehat{E}}_0.`$ (80)
The metric perturbations on the brane transform as

$`\mathrm{\Phi }_0^L`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Phi }_0+\dot{ϵ}^t+\dot{\beta }_0ϵ^t`$ (81)
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_0^L`$ $`=`$ $`D_0\dot{\alpha }_0ϵ^t`$ (82)
Then, the induced metric in the Longitudinal gauge on the brane A is given by

$$ds_{braneA}^2=e^{2\beta _0}(1+2\mathrm{\Phi }_0^LQ)dt^2+e^{2\alpha _0}(12\mathrm{\Psi }_0^LQ)\delta _{ij}dx^idx^j,$$
(83)
where

$`\mathrm{\Phi }_0^L`$ $`=`$ $`\beta _1e^{\gamma _0}\phi k^2e^{2\alpha _0}(\widehat{E}_{0,\tau \tau }+2\alpha _{0,\tau }\widehat{E}_{0,\tau }),`$ (84)
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_0^L`$ $`=`$ $`\alpha _1e^{\gamma _0}\phi +k^2e^{2\alpha _0}\alpha _{0,\tau }\widehat{E}_{0,\tau }`$ (85)
The matter perturbations are transformed as

$`\delta \rho ^L`$ $`=`$ $`\delta \rho 3(1+w)\dot{\alpha }_0\rho ϵ^t,`$ (86)
$`\delta p^L`$ $`=`$ $`\delta p3c_s^2(1+w)\dot{\alpha }_0\rho ϵ^t.`$ (87)
Using the evolution equations for background metric Eqs. (A17) and (A18);

$$\frac{\alpha _{0,\tau \tau }\alpha _{0,\tau }}{\alpha _1e^{\gamma _0}}=(\alpha _1e^{\gamma _0})_{,\tau }=\frac{\kappa ^2}{2}(1+w)\alpha _{0,\tau }\rho ,$$
(88)
the matter perturbations in the Longitudinal gauge are given by

$`\kappa ^2\delta \rho ^L`$ $`=`$ $`6\left(\alpha _{0,\tau }\phi _{,\tau }\alpha _{0,\tau }^2\phi {\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _{0,\tau \tau }\alpha _{0,\tau }}{\alpha _1e^{\gamma _0}}}k^2e^{2\alpha _0}\widehat{E}_{0,\tau }\right),`$ (89)
$`\kappa ^2\delta p^L`$ $`=`$ $`2\left(\phi _{,\tau \tau }+2\alpha _{0,\tau }\phi _{,\tau }\left(2\alpha _{0,\tau \tau }+3\alpha _{0,\tau }^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _{0,\tau \tau }^2}{\alpha _1^2e^{2\gamma _0}}}\right)\phi +3c_s^2{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _{0,\tau \tau }\alpha _{0,\tau }}{\alpha _1e^{\gamma _0}}}k^2e^{2\alpha _0}\widehat{E}_{0,\tau }\right).`$ (90)
## IV Dynamics of brane displacements

In this section, we investigate the dynamics of the displacement of the brane. For adiabatic perturbations $`\delta p=c_s^2\delta \rho `$, we can obtain the evolution equation for $`\phi `$ from (77)

$$\phi _{,\tau \tau }+(2+3c_s^2)\alpha _{0,\tau }\phi _{,\tau }\left(3\alpha _{0,\tau }^2+2\alpha _{0,\tau \tau }+\frac{\alpha _{0,\tau \tau }^2}{\alpha _1^2e^{2\gamma _0}}+3c_s^2\alpha _{0,\tau }^2\right)\phi =0.$$
(91)
This equation agrees with the evolution equation for radion fluctuation derived in Ref  (see also Appendix B). The dynamics of the radion fluctuation can be determined independently of the bulk perturbations.

It is very interesting that this equation has a conserved quantity $`\zeta _{}`$ where $`\zeta _{}`$ is given by

$$\zeta _{}=\alpha _1e^{\gamma _0}\left[\phi \frac{\alpha _{0,\tau }^2}{\alpha _{0,\tau \tau }}\left(\frac{1}{\alpha _{0,\tau }}\phi _{,\tau }\phi \right)\right].$$
(92)
This can be verified directly by taking the derivative of $`\zeta _{}`$ and using the evolution equation for $`\alpha _0`$ (Eqs. (A17) and (A21)). Because Eq. (92) gives the first order differential equation for $`\phi `$, we can integrate the equation to obtain the solution for $`\phi `$. For simplicity we assume $`w=c_s^2=const.`$ At low energies $`\kappa ^2l\rho 1`$, the scale factor evolves as $`e^{\alpha _0}\tau ^{2/3(1+w)}.`$ Then, the equation for $`\phi `$ is given by

$$\frac{1}{l}\left(\frac{1+3w}{3(1+w)}\phi +\tau \phi _{,\tau }\right)=\zeta _{}.$$
(93)
The solution for $`\phi `$ can be obtained as

$$\phi =\frac{3(1+w)}{3w+1}l\zeta _{}+f(t),f(t)=f_{}e^{\frac{3w+1}{2}\alpha _0}.$$
(94)
At high energies $`\kappa ^2l\rho 1`$, the scale factor evolves as $`e^{\alpha _0}\tau ^{1/3(1+w)}`$. The equation for $`\phi `$ is given by

$$\frac{\kappa ^2\rho }{6}\left(\frac{3w+2}{3(1+w)}\phi +\tau \phi _{,\tau }\right)=\zeta _{}.$$
(95)
Then we get the solution for $`\phi `$ as

$`\phi ={\displaystyle \frac{6}{\kappa ^2\rho }}{\displaystyle \frac{3(1+w)}{6w+5}}\zeta _{}+f(t),f(t)=f_{}e^{(3w+2)\alpha _0}`$ (96)
where $`f_{}`$ is again the integration constant.

We first consider the physical meaning of the conserved quantity $`\zeta _{}`$. The existence of the conserved quantity indicates the existence of a conservation’s law. To see this fact, it is useful to rewrite $`\zeta _{}`$ in terms of the metric perturbations $`\mathrm{\Psi }_0^L`$ and the density perturbation $`\delta \rho ^L`$ in the Longitudinal gauge. Using Eq. (85) and Eq. (90) we can write $`\zeta _{}`$ in terms of $`\mathrm{\Psi }_0^L`$ and $`\delta \rho ^L`$;

$$\zeta _{}=\mathrm{\Psi }_0^L\frac{\delta \rho ^L}{3(\rho +p)},$$
(97)
where Eq. (A19) is used. We should note that bulk perturbation $`\widehat{E}_0`$ in $`\mathrm{\Psi }_0^L`$ and $`\delta \rho ^L`$ cancels out in $`\zeta _{}`$. Then the conservation of $`\zeta _{}`$ implies

$$\dot{\zeta _{}}=\dot{\mathrm{\Psi }}_0^L\frac{\dot{\delta \rho ^L}}{3(\rho +p)}\dot{\alpha }_0\frac{\delta \rho ^L}{\rho }\frac{1+c_s^2}{1+w}=0,$$
(98)
where Eq. (A20) is used. This is nothing but the continuity equation for the density perturbation

$$\dot{\delta \rho ^L}=3(\rho +p)\dot{\mathrm{\Psi }}_0^L3\dot{\alpha }_0(\delta \rho ^L+\delta p^L).$$
(99)
Thus the existence of the conserved quantity in the dynamics of the displacement of the brane reflects the fact that the energy momentum-tensor is conserved in the dynamics of the brane. The important point is that the conserved quantity $`\zeta _{}`$ is nothing but the conserved curvature perturbation on hypersurface of uniform energy density. In the Longitudinal gauge, the curvature perturbation $`\zeta `$ is defined by

$$\zeta =\mathrm{\Psi }_0^L\frac{\alpha _{0,\tau }^2}{\alpha _{0,\tau \tau }}\left(\frac{1}{\alpha _{0,\tau }}\mathrm{\Psi }_{0,\tau }^L+\mathrm{\Phi }_0^L\right).$$
(100)
By substituting Eq. (85) into Eq. (100) and using Eq. (92), we can find that the curvature perturbation is conserved;

$$\zeta =\zeta _{}.$$
(101)
In deriving the conservation of the curvature perturbation, we do not need to solve the bulk perturbations. This is consistent with the analysis of Ref . In Ref , it is shown that the conservation of the curvature perturbation is derived solely by the conservation of the energy-momentum tensor independently of the gravitational field equations. Here we should note that the entropy perturbation can be induced by the bulk gravitational field. In this case, the curvature perturbation is not conserved and the curvature perturbation cannot be determined unless the bulk perturbations are solved. In the above arguments, the entropy perturbation is implicitly neglected. Interested readers can refer to the paper .

Let us examine the coupling between the displacement of the brane $`\phi `$ and the matter perturbations on the brane. From Eqs. (77), we obtain

$$\phi _{,\tau \tau }+3\alpha _{0,\tau }\phi _{,\tau }\left(2\alpha _{0,\tau \tau }+4\alpha _{0,\tau }^2+\frac{\alpha _{0,\tau \tau }^2}{\alpha _1^2e^{2\gamma _0}}\right)\phi =\frac{\kappa ^2}{6}\delta T,$$
(102)
where $`\delta T=\delta \rho +3\delta p`$. Thus the displacement of the brane can be regarded as the scalar field living in the brane which couples to the trace of the matter energy-momentum tensor. For the de Sitter brane with $`\dot{\alpha }_0=H=`$const., the scalar field has a negative mass squared $`4H^2`$, which agrees with the result obtained in Ref . By substituting the solution for $`\phi `$ (94) and (96) into Eq. (102), we find that the solution for $`\phi `$ given by $`\zeta _{}`$ is related to the trace of the matter energy-momentum tensor $`\delta T`$. Thus the solution for $`\phi `$ written by $`\zeta _{}`$ describes the bending of the brane caused by the trace of the matter perturbations. It affects the intrinsic curvature $`\zeta `$ of the brane.

Next consider the physical meaning of the solution described by $`f(t)`$. The solution $`f(t)`$ is the homogeneous solution for Eq. (102) with $`\delta T=0`$. Thus it represents the brane fluctuation which can exist in the absence of matter perturbations on the brane. The brane fluctuation does not affect the intrinsic curvature of the brane, that is $`\zeta `$, because $`f(t)`$ is the solution for Eq. (92) with $`\zeta =0`$. Thus we find exactly the same phenomena observed in the analysis of the thin domain wall fluctuation  mentioned in the introduction. An observer on the brane cannot detect the brane fluctuation if the observer measures only the intrinsic curvature of the brane. However, the important point is that the brane fluctuation can interact with the bulk perturbation $`\widehat{E}`$ through the junction condition for $`\widehat{E}`$ (68). Then we find a possibility to detect it. In the appendix C, we confirm the fact that the brane fluctuation affects the anisotropy of the brane through the interaction with anisotropic bulk perturbations.

## V Solutions for bulk perturbations

In the previous section, we found the solution for the brane displacement $`\phi `$. The next step is to find the solution for the bulk perturbations $`\widehat{E}_0`$. As mentioned in section 2, we solve the bulk evolution equation by the assumption of the nearly static configuration. The bulk metric is given by Eq. (22). Then the wave equation for $`\widehat{E}`$ in the bulk (41) is given by

$$\widehat{E}^{\prime \prime }b(t)\frac{4}{l}\widehat{E}^{}b(t)^2e^{2b(t)y/l}\left(\ddot{\widehat{E}}+\left(\frac{\dot{b(t)}}{b(t)}+3\dot{\alpha }_02\dot{b(t)}\frac{y}{l}\right)\dot{\widehat{E}}\right)=0.$$
(103)
The boundary conditions Eqs. (68) and (69) are given by

$$\widehat{E}_1=k^2b(t)e^{2\alpha _0}\phi (t),\widehat{E}_1^B=k^2b(t)e^{2b(t)}e^{2\alpha _0}\phi ^B(t).$$
(104)
The time dependence of $`\widehat{E}`$ is assumed to be weaker than the $`y`$-dependence of $`\widehat{E}`$;

$$\left(\frac{_t\widehat{E}}{_y\widehat{E}}\right)^2=1.$$
(105)
At the leading order, the boundary conditions are assumed to be given by $`\widehat{E}_1=\widehat{E}_1^B=0`$. Then the solution for $`\widehat{E}`$ is written as

$$\widehat{E}(y,t)=\widehat{E}_0(t)+K(t,y),$$
(106)
where $`K/\widehat{E}_0`$. The wave equation at the next order gives

$$K^{\prime \prime }b(t)\frac{4}{l}K^{}=b(t)^2e^{2b(t)y/l}\left(\ddot{\widehat{E}}_0+\left(\frac{\dot{b(t)}}{b(t)}+3\dot{\alpha }_02\dot{b(t)}\frac{y}{l}\right)\dot{\widehat{E}}_0\right).$$
(107)
This equation can be regarded as the ordinal differential equations for $`K`$ with respect to $`y`$ where the right-hand side acts as a source. Then the solution for $`K(y,t)`$ can be written in terms of $`\widehat{E}_0`$;

$$K^{}(t,y)=m(t)e^{2b(t)y/l}+n(t)\frac{y}{l}e^{2b(t)y/l}+p(t)e^{4b(t)y/l},$$
(108)
where

$`n(t)`$ $`=`$ $`lb(t)\dot{b(t)}\dot{\widehat{E}}_0,`$ (109)
$`m(t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{l}{2}}b(t)(\ddot{\widehat{E}}_0+3\dot{\alpha }_0\dot{\widehat{E}}_0),`$ (110)
and $`p(t)`$ is arbitrary. On the other hand, the junction conditions for $`K(y,t)`$ is given by (104) as

$$K^{}(0,t)=k^2b(t)e^{2\alpha _0}\phi (t),K^{}(l,t)=k^2b(t)e^{2b(t)}e^{2\alpha _0}\phi ^B(t).$$
(111)
These conditions give two constraints on the functions $`m(t)`$, $`n(t)`$ and $`p(t)`$;

$`m(t)+p(t)`$ $`=`$ $`k^2b(t)e^{2\alpha _0}\phi (t),`$ (112)
$`m(t)+n(t)+p(t)e^{2b(t)}`$ $`=`$ $`k^2b(t)e^{2\alpha _0}\phi ^B(t).`$ (113)
Then by eliminating $`p(t)`$ from Eq. (113) and using Eq. (110) we obtain the evolution equation for $`\widehat{E}_0`$ as

$$\ddot{\widehat{E}}_0+\left(3\dot{\alpha }_0+\dot{b}(t)\frac{e^{b(t)}}{\mathrm{sinh}b(t)}\right)\dot{\widehat{E}}_0=k^2\frac{e^{b(t)}}{\mathrm{sinh}b(t)}e^{2\alpha _0}l^1\left(\phi (t)e^{2b(t)}\phi ^B(t)\right).$$
(114)
The equation (114) can be integrated to give the solution for $`\dot{\widehat{E}}_0`$;

$$\dot{\widehat{E}}_0=k^2e^{3\alpha _0}\left(\frac{e^{b(t)}}{\mathrm{sinh}b(t)}\right)e^{\alpha _0}l^1\left(\phi (t)e^{2b(t)}\phi ^B(t)\right)𝑑t.$$
(115)
This can be verified using the equation

$$\left(\frac{e^{b(t)}}{\mathrm{sinh}b(t)}\right)^{}=\dot{b}(t)\frac{e^{b(t)}}{\mathrm{sinh}b(t)}\left(\frac{e^{b(t)}}{\mathrm{sinh}b(t)}\right).$$
(116)
## VI Metric perturbations on the brane

### A Solutions for metric perturbations on the brane

Once we obtain the solution for $`\phi `$ (94) and $`\widehat{E}_0`$ (115), the behavior of the metric perturbations and density perturbation in the Longitudinal gauge can be derived from Eqs. (85) and (90). At the leading order of the low energy approximation, we get

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_0^L`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{l}}\phi +k^2\dot{\alpha }_0e^{2\alpha _0}\dot{\widehat{E}}_0,`$ (117)
$`\mathrm{\Phi }_0^L`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{l}}\phi k^2e^{2\alpha _0}\left(\ddot{\widehat{E}}_0+2\dot{\alpha }_0\dot{\widehat{E}}_0\right),`$ (118)
$`\kappa ^2\delta \rho ^L`$ $`=`$ $`6\left(\dot{\alpha }_0\dot{\phi }\dot{\alpha }_0^2\phi +l\dot{\alpha }_0\ddot{\alpha }_0e^{2\alpha _0}k^2\dot{\widehat{E}}_0\right).`$ (119)
In the following section, we explicitly derive the solution for metric perturbations and consider the observational implications.

### B One brane model

First let us consider the one brane model. By taking $`b\mathrm{}`$, the solution for $`\widehat{E}_0`$ (115) is given by

$$k^2\dot{\widehat{E}}_0=l\frac{18(1+w)^2}{(3w+5)(3w+1)}\zeta _{}\left(\frac{t}{l}\right)^{\frac{3w1}{3(1+w)}}\frac{3(1+w)}{2}f_{}\left(\frac{t}{l}\right)^{\frac{2}{3(1+w)}}+Fl\left(\frac{t}{l}\right)^{\frac{2}{1+w}},$$
(120)
where $`F`$ is the integration constant and we used the solution for $`\phi `$ (Eq. (94)) and for the scale factor;

$$e^{\alpha _0}=\left(\frac{t}{l}\right)^{\frac{2}{3(1+w)}}.$$
(121)
Now substituting the solutions for $`\phi `$ and $`\widehat{E}_0`$ into Eq. (119), we can determine the behavior of the perturbations on the brane

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_0^L`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Phi }_0^L={\displaystyle \frac{3(1+w)}{3w+5}}\zeta _{}+\stackrel{~}{F}\left({\displaystyle \frac{t}{l}}\right)^{\frac{3+5w}{3(1+w)}},`$ (122)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\delta \rho ^L}{\rho }}`$ $`=`$ $`2\mathrm{\Psi }_0,`$ (123)
where $`\stackrel{~}{F}=2F/3(1+w)`$. This agrees with the result obtained in the conventional 4D Einstein theory. It should be emphasized that the brane fluctuation $`f(t)`$ does not appear in the metric perturbations on the brane.

### C Two brane model with time independent distance

Next let us consider the two branes model where the distance between two branes is time independent, i.e. $`b(t)=b_{}=const`$. In Appendix B, we show that the fine-tuning between the energy density of the matter on the brane A and the energy density of the matter on the brane B is needed to make the distance constant. Then the brane A and the brane B should expand in the same way $`e^{\alpha _0}e^{\alpha _0^B}`$ for this condition.

The solution for $`\widehat{E}_0`$ is obtained as

$`k^2\dot{\widehat{E}}_0`$ $`=`$ $`l{\displaystyle \frac{18(1+w)^2}{(3w+5)(3w+1)}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{e^b_{}}{2\mathrm{sinh}b_{}}}\right)(\zeta _{}e^{2b_{}}\zeta _{}^B)\left({\displaystyle \frac{t}{l}}\right)^{\frac{3w1}{3(1+w)}}`$ (124)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3(1+w)}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{e^b_{}}{2\mathrm{sinh}b_{}}}\right)(f_{}e^{2b_{}}f_{}^B)\left({\displaystyle \frac{t}{l}}\right)^{\frac{2}{3(1+w)}}+Fl\left({\displaystyle \frac{t}{l}}\right)^{\frac{2}{1+w}}.`$ (125)
Then substituting the solution for $`\widehat{E}_0`$ into Eq. (119), the metric perturbations are given by

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_0^L`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3(1+w)}{3w+1}}\zeta _{}\left({\displaystyle \frac{3w+1}{3w+5}}𝒩(b_{}){\displaystyle \frac{4}{3w+5}}\right)+𝒩(b_{}){\displaystyle \frac{12(w+1)}{(3w+1)(3w+5)}}\zeta _{}^B`$ (127)
$`𝒩(b_{})l^1(f(t)f^B(t))+\stackrel{~}{F}\left({\displaystyle \frac{t}{l}}\right)^{\frac{3+5w}{3(1+w)}},`$
$`\mathrm{\Phi }_0^L`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3(1+w)}{3w+1}}\zeta _{}\left({\displaystyle \frac{3w+1}{3w+5}}+𝒩(b_{}){\displaystyle \frac{6(1+w)}{3w+5}}\right)𝒩(b_{}){\displaystyle \frac{18(w+1)^2}{(3w+1)(3w+5)}}\zeta _{}^B`$ (129)
$`+𝒩(b_{})l^1(f(t)f^B(t))+\stackrel{~}{F}\left({\displaystyle \frac{t}{l}}\right)^{\frac{3+5w}{3(1+w)}},`$
where

$$𝒩(b_{})=\frac{e^b_{}}{2\mathrm{sinh}b_{}}.$$
(130)
There are three types of the modifications in the two branes model. First, the relation between the metric perturbations and the conserved curvature perturbation is modified from the one brane model. Secondly, the "shadow matter" appears, which can be seen from the second term in Eq. (129). The curvature perturbation on the brane B is projected onto the brane A. These phenomena are already known from the analysis of the weak gravitational field in the model with two Minkowski branes . It has been shown that the linearized gravity on the brane becomes Brans-Dicke (BD) type gravity due to these modifications. The BD parameter $`w_{BD}`$ is related to the distance between two branes $`b_{}`$ as

$$w_{BD}=\frac{3}{2}(e^{2b_{}}1).$$
(131)
From the observations, we need $`w_{BD}>3000`$ at present, which implies $`b_{}>4`$. The modifications are suppressed by the factor $`𝒩(b_{})`$. From the constraint $`b_{}>4`$, this suppression factor is estimated as

$$𝒩(b_{})=\frac{e^b_{}}{2\mathrm{sinh}b_{}}<3\times 10^4.$$
(132)
Finally, the radion caused by the relative difference between the brane fluctuation of the brane A and the brane B, $`f(t)f^B(t)`$, contributes to the metric perturbations. This effect is also suppressed by the factor $`𝒩(b_{})`$.

Let us consider the large scale temperature fluctuations in CMB caused by the ordinary Sachs-Wolfe effect. The temperature anisotropy is given by

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }T}{T}=\zeta +\mathrm{\Psi }_0^L+\mathrm{\Phi }_0^L.$$
(133)
Then the modifications of the temperature anisotropy due to the existence of the hidden brane are given by

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }T}{T}(b_{})=𝒩(b_{})\left(\frac{6(w+1)}{3w+5}\right)(\zeta _{}\zeta _{}^B).$$
(134)
It should be mentioned that the radion caused by brane fluctuations does not affect the temperature anisotropy.

### D Two branes with time dependent distance

Now, we consider the general situation where the distance between two branes varies with time. We take $`\phi ^B=0`$ and neglect the decaying mode of the solution for simplicity. Then the solution for $`\widehat{E}_0`$ is given by

$$k^2\dot{\widehat{E}}_0=l\left(\frac{e^{b(t)}}{2\mathrm{sinh}(b(t))}\right)\left(\frac{18(1+w)^2}{(3w+5)(3w+1)}\zeta _{}\left(\frac{t}{l}\right)^{\frac{3w1}{3(1+w)}}+\frac{3(1+w)}{2}l^1f_{}\left(\frac{t}{l}\right)^{\frac{2}{3(1+w)}}\right).$$
(135)
The metric perturbations are obtained as

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_0^L`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3(1+w)}{3w+1}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{3w+1}{3w+5}}𝒩(b(t)){\displaystyle \frac{4}{3w+5}}\right)\zeta _{}𝒩(b(t))l^1f(t),`$ (136)
$`\mathrm{\Phi }_0^L`$ $`=`$ $`\left[{\displaystyle \frac{3(1+w)}{3w+1}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{3w+1}{3w+5}}+𝒩(b(t)){\displaystyle \frac{6(1+w)}{3w+5}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{\dot{𝒩}(b(t))}{\dot{\alpha }_0}}{\displaystyle \frac{12(1+w)}{(3w+1)(3w+5)}}\right]\zeta _{}`$ (138)
$`+\left[𝒩(b(t))+{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{𝒩}(b(t))}{\dot{\alpha }_0}}\right]l^1f(t),`$
where

$$𝒩(b(t))=\frac{e^{b(t)}}{2\mathrm{sinh}(b(t))}.$$
(139)
A new effect is induced if the distance between two branes varies with time. There are terms proportional to the time derivative of $`b(t)`$. The time variation of $`b(t)`$ makes the effective 4D Newton constant $`G_4`$ vary with time. The effective 4D Newton constant $`G_4`$ on the positive tension brane A is determined by the 5D Newton constant by (see Ref.)

$$G_4=\frac{G_5}{l}\frac{e^{b(t)}}{2\mathrm{sinh}b(t)}.$$
(140)
The time evolution of the 4D Newton constant is then given by

$$\frac{\dot{G_4}}{G_4}=\dot{𝒩}(b(t)).$$
(141)
The time variation of the Newton constant is constrained by several experiments. For example, the successful Big-Bang nucleosynthesis requires $`\dot{G_4}/G_410^{11}\text{yr}^1`$. Thus the terms proportional to the time variation of $`b(t)`$ are suppressed by the factor

$$\frac{\dot{𝒩}(b(t))}{\dot{\alpha }_0}\frac{\dot{G_4}}{G_4H_0}\frac{H_0}{H(t)}10^1\frac{H_0}{H(t)},$$
(142)
where $`H_0^110^{10}`$ yr is the present day lifetime of the universe and $`H(t)=\dot{\alpha _0}(t)`$ is the Hubble scale at $`t`$. The modifications of the temperature anisotropy $`\mathrm{\Delta }T/T`$ due to the time variation of $`b(t)`$ are given by

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }T}{T}(\dot{b(t)})=\frac{\dot{𝒩}(b(t))}{\dot{\alpha _0}}\left(l^1f(t)\frac{12(1+w)}{(3w+1)(3w+5)}\zeta _{}\right).$$
(143)
We should notice that the brane fluctuation contributes to the temperature anisotropy. However, the factor $`\dot{𝒩}(b(t))/\dot{\alpha }_0`$ at the decoupling is significantly suppressed like

$$\left(\frac{\dot{𝒩}(b(t))}{\dot{\alpha }_0}\right)_{dec}10^6.$$
(144)
where we used $`H_0/H(t_{dec})10^5`$. In addition, the brane fluctuation $`f(t)`$ decreases with time in a dust dominated universe. Then it seems to be impossible to detect the fluctuation of our brane in the CMB anisotropy.

If we take into account the displacement of the brane B, the situation becomes more complicated. The contribution from the displacement of the brane B in the CMB temperature anisotropy on our brane is given by

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }T}{T}(\phi ^B)=2\left(2\dot{\alpha }_0e^{2b(t)}𝒩(b(t))+\dot{𝒩}(b(t))\right)e^{\alpha _0}𝑑te^{\alpha _0}e^{2b(t)}l^1\phi ^B+2𝒩(b(t))l^1\phi ^B.$$
(145)
If we allow that the distance between two branes varies with time, the history of the universe on the brane B can be different from the history of our universe. Thus unless we specify the history of the hidden brane B, this contribution cannot be determined.

## VII Summary and Discussions

In this paper, we investigated a cosmological implication of the radion. We considered the $`S^1/Z_2`$ compactified 5D AdS spacetime. Two positive and negative tension branes are located at the orbifold fixed points. We are assumed to be living on the positive tension brane. At the linear perturbation order, the radion is the relative displacement of the brane.

There are two different kinds of the displacements of the brane. One describes a fluctuation of the brane which does not couple to matter perturbations on the brane. The other describes a bend of the brane which couples to matter perturbations on the brane.

The bend of the brane is described by the conserved quantity which appears in the dynamics the displacement of the brane. It was shown that the conserved quantity is related to the conservation of the energy-momentum tensor on the brane. The point is that this conserved quantity is nothing but the conserved curvature perturbation on uniform density hypersurface. Thus the conservation of the curvature perturbation can be derived solely by the evolution equation for the brane displacement, which is independent of the bulk perturbations. Thus this confirms the recent claim that the curvature perturbation at large scales is conserved in any gravitational theory if the energy-momentum tensor is conserved. We also found a solution for the brane fluctuation. For a cosmological brane, the homogeneous brane fluctuation $`f(t)`$ evolves as $`f(t)e^{(3w+1)\alpha _0/2}`$ at low energies where $`e^{\alpha _0(t)}`$ is the scale factor of the brane and $`w`$ is the constant barotropic index of the matter. It was shown that the brane fluctuation does not affect the curvature perturbation.

As well as allowing the displacement of the brane, we should allow the bulk to acquire perturbations. We found that at large scales, only anisotropic perturbations are allowed to be exist. Then the homogeneous brane displacements interact with anisotropic perturbations in the bulk. Assuming that the system is nearly static, we found the solution for the bulk anisotropic perturbations induced by brane displacements.

The metric perturbations on the brane in the Longitudinal gauge are written by the displacement of the brane and the anisotropic bulk perturbation induced by the displacements. If the distance between two branes is time independent, three types of the modifications are found in the solution for the metric perturbations on our brane compared with the conventional 4D Einstein theory. First, the relation between the metric perturbation and the conserved curvature perturbation is modified. Secondly, the curvature perturbation on the hidden brane appears in the solution for the metric perturbations. Finally, the radion caused by the relative difference between the fluctuation of our brane and the fluctuation of the hidden brane contributes to the metric perturbations. It is well known that the linearized gravity becomes Brans-Dicke gravity due to these modifications. The Brans-Dicke parameter is determined by the distance between two branes. The observational constraints on the Brans-Dicke parameter gives the constraint on the distance. Then all these modifications have the same suppression factor of the order $`10^4`$. An interesting finding is that the radion caused by brane fluctuations does not affect the CMB anisotropy if the distance is time independent.

If the distance between two branes has time dependence, modifications which are proportional to the time derivative of the distance will appear. In this case, the brane fluctuation can affect the CMB anisotropy. However, the time variation of the distance between two branes makes the effective 4D Newton constant vary with time. The time variation of the 4D Newton constant is constrained by the observations. If we consider only the displacement of our brane, the modification induced by the time variation of the distance is suppressed at the decoupling by the factor of the order $`10^6`$. Because the brane fluctuation $`f(t)`$ is the decreasing function in a dust dominated universe, it is hard to detect the fluctuation of our brane. On the other hand, if we consider the displacements of the hidden brane, the situation becomes more complicated. The displacements of the hidden brane appears in the CMB anisotropy on our brane in a non-trivial manner. Unlike the displacements of our brane, the displacements of the hidden brane are not directly constrained by the observation because the history of the universe on the hidden brane needs not be the same as the history of our universe. The amplitude of the curvature perturbation and the fluctuation of the hidden brane can be of the order one. Thus there is a possibility to detect the existence of the hidden brane in the CMB anisotropy. It will be very interesting to perform detailed calculations with some specific models. Then it may be give the answer for the question whether our universe can be realized in two branes models.

## A Equations for background metric

From 5D Einstein equations, the equations for the metric $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ in the bulk are given by

$`{\displaystyle \frac{2e^{2\gamma }}{l^2}}`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2(\beta \gamma )}(\dot{\alpha }^2+\dot{\alpha }\dot{\gamma })+(\alpha ^{\prime \prime }2\alpha ^2+\alpha ^{}\gamma ^{}),`$ (A1)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2e^{2\gamma }}{l^2}}`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2(\beta \gamma )}(\ddot{\alpha }2\dot{\alpha }^2+\dot{\alpha }\dot{\beta })+\alpha ^2+\alpha ^{}\beta ^{},`$ (A2)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{6e^{2\gamma }}{l^2}}`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2(\beta \gamma )}(2\ddot{\alpha }\ddot{\gamma }3\dot{\alpha }^2+\dot{\beta }\dot{\gamma }\dot{\gamma }^2+2\dot{\alpha }\dot{\beta }2\dot{\alpha }\dot{\gamma })`$ (A4)
$`+(2\alpha ^{\prime \prime }+\beta ^{\prime \prime }+3\alpha ^2+\beta ^2\beta ^{}\gamma ^{}2\alpha ^{}\gamma ^{}+2\alpha ^{}\beta ^{}),`$
$`0`$ $`=`$ $`\beta ^{}\dot{\alpha }\dot{\alpha }^{}\dot{\alpha }\alpha ^{}+\alpha ^{}\dot{\gamma }.`$ (A5)
The first and the second equation can be integrated with the help of the last equation as

$$e^{2\gamma }\alpha ^2e^{2\beta }\dot{\alpha }^2=\frac{1}{l^2}.$$
(A6)
First we write $`\alpha _1`$ and $`\beta _1`$ by $`\alpha _0,\beta _0`$ and $`\gamma _0`$. Evaluating Eq. (A6) on the brane, $`\alpha _1^2`$ can be written as

$$\alpha _1^2=\frac{e^{2\gamma _0}}{l^2}+e^{2(\beta _0\gamma _0)}\dot{\alpha }_0^2.$$
(A7)
From Eqs. (A2) and (A6), $`\beta _1`$ is related to $`\alpha _1`$;

$$\beta _1=\alpha _1\left(1+e^{2(\beta _0\gamma _0)}\frac{\ddot{\alpha }_0\dot{\alpha }_0\dot{\beta }_0}{\alpha _1^2}\right).$$
(A8)
Next, we write $`\alpha _2`$ and $`\beta _2`$ by $`\alpha _0,\beta _0,\gamma _0`$ and $`\alpha _1`$. The $`y^0`$-th order power series expansion of Eq. (A1) and Eq. (A4) give

$`\alpha _2\alpha _1\gamma _1`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2(\beta _0\gamma _0)}(\dot{\alpha }_0^2+\dot{\alpha }_0\dot{\gamma }_0)2\alpha _1^2+{\displaystyle \frac{2e^{2\gamma _0}}{l^2}}`$ (A9)
$`2\alpha _2+\beta _2\beta _1\gamma _12\alpha _1\gamma _1`$ $`=`$ $`3\alpha _1^2\beta _1^22\alpha _1\beta _1,`$ (A12)
$`+e^{2(\beta _0\gamma _0)}(2\ddot{\alpha }_0+\ddot{\gamma }_0+3\dot{\alpha }_0^2\dot{\beta }_0\dot{\gamma }_0+\dot{\gamma }_0^22\dot{\alpha }_0\dot{\beta }_0+2\dot{\alpha }_0\dot{\gamma }_0)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{6e^{2\gamma _0}}{l^2}}.`$
Then substituting the equtions for $`\alpha _1`$ (Eq. (A7)) and $`\beta _1`$ (Eq. (A8)), we get

$`\alpha _2\alpha _1\gamma _1`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2(\gamma _0\beta _0)}(\dot{\alpha }_0^2+\dot{\alpha }_0\dot{\gamma }_0),`$ (A13)
$`2\alpha _2+\beta _2\beta _1\gamma _12\alpha _1\gamma _1`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2(\gamma _0\beta _0)}(2\ddot{\alpha _0}+2\dot{\alpha }_0\dot{\beta }_03\dot{\alpha }_0^2+\ddot{\gamma }_0+\dot{\gamma }_0^2\dot{\gamma }_0\dot{\beta }_0+2\dot{\alpha }_0\dot{\gamma }_0)`$ (A14)
$``$ $`e^{4(\gamma _0\beta _0)}{\displaystyle \frac{(\ddot{\alpha }_0\dot{\alpha }_0\dot{\beta }_0)^2}{\alpha _1^2}}.`$ (A15)
Let us derive some useful equations for $`\alpha `$. Eq. (A5) gives

$$\dot{\alpha }_1\alpha _1\dot{\gamma }_0=\dot{\alpha }_0(\beta _1\alpha _1)=e^{2(\beta _0\gamma _0)}\frac{(\ddot{\alpha }_0\dot{\alpha }_0\dot{\beta }_0)\dot{\alpha }_0}{\alpha _1},$$
(A16)
where we used Eq. (A8). Using the cosmic time $`\tau `$ this equation can be written as

$$(\alpha _1e^{\gamma _0})_{,\tau }=\frac{\alpha _{0,\tau \tau }\alpha _{0,\tau }}{\alpha _1e^{\gamma _0}}.$$
(A17)
On the other hand, from the junction condition and the conservation’s law for the energy density, we obtain

$$(\alpha _1e^{\gamma _0})_{,\tau }=\frac{\kappa ^2}{6}\rho _{,\tau }=\frac{\kappa ^2}{2}(1+w)\alpha _{0,\tau }\rho .$$
(A18)
Then the second derivative of $`\alpha _0`$ with respect to $`\tau `$ is given by

$$\alpha _{0,\tau \tau }=\frac{\kappa ^2}{2}(\alpha _1e^{\gamma _0})(1+w)\rho .$$
(A19)
Using the equation

$$w_{,\tau }=3(1+w)(wc_s^2)\alpha _{0,\tau },$$
(A20)
we can also obtain the third derivative of $`\alpha _0`$ with respect to $`\tau `$ as

$$\alpha _{0,\tau \tau \tau }=\left(\frac{\alpha _{0,\tau \tau }}{\alpha _1e^{\gamma _0}}\right)^2\alpha _{0,\tau }3(1+c_s^2)\alpha _{0,\tau }\alpha _{0,\tau \tau }.$$
(A21)
## B The dynamics of the distance between two branes

In this appendix, we derive the evolution equation for $`b(t)`$. The 5D metric is given by

$`\alpha `$ $`=`$ $`b(t){\displaystyle \frac{y}{l}}+\alpha _0(t)+\overline{\alpha }(y,t),`$ (B1)
$`\beta `$ $`=`$ $`b(t){\displaystyle \frac{y}{l}}+\overline{\beta }(y,t),`$ (B2)
$`\gamma `$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{log}b(t)+\overline{\gamma }(y,t),`$ (B3)
where $`\overline{\alpha }`$, $`\overline{\beta }`$ and $`\overline{\gamma }`$ are the functions of the order $`𝒪(\kappa ^2l\rho )`$. The junction conditions of the order $`𝒪(\kappa ^2\rho l)`$ give the junction conditions for $`\overline{\alpha }(y,t)`$ and $`\overline{\beta }(y,t)`$ as

$`\overline{\alpha }_1(t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{l}}b(t)\left(\overline{\gamma }_0+{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa ^2l\rho }{6}}\right),`$ (B4)
$`\overline{\beta }_1(t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{l}}b(t)\left(\overline{\gamma }_0\left({\displaystyle \frac{\kappa ^2l\rho }{3}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa ^2lp}{2}}\right)\right).`$ (B5)
We need not solve the next order solution $`\overline{\alpha },\overline{\beta }`$ and $`\overline{\gamma }`$ in order to derive the evolution equation for $`\alpha _0(t)`$ and $`b(t)`$. Einstein equations (11) at the next order in $`\kappa ^2l\rho `$ give

$`(\dot{\alpha }_0\dot{b}(t)y/l)^2e^{2b(t)y/l}`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{2}{l^2}}\overline{\gamma }+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{b(t)l}}\overline{\alpha }^{}\right),`$ (B6)
$`\dot{\overline{\alpha }}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{b}(t)}{b(t)}}\overline{\alpha }^{}{\displaystyle \frac{b(t)}{l}}\dot{\overline{\gamma }}+(\dot{\alpha }_0(t)\dot{b}(t)y/l)(\overline{\beta }^{}\overline{\alpha }^{}).`$ (B7)
Evaluating Eqs. (B7) on the brane A and substituting the junction conditions (B5), we get

$`\dot{\alpha }_0^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa ^2\rho }{3l}},`$ (B8)
$`\dot{\rho }`$ $`+`$ $`3(1+w)\dot{\alpha }_0\rho =0.`$ (B9)
In the same way, Eqs. (B9) evaluated at the brane B give

$`\left(\dot{\alpha }_0\dot{b}\right)^2e^{2b(t)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa ^2\rho ^B}{3l}},`$ (B10)
$`\dot{\rho }^B`$ $`+`$ $`3(1+w^B)\left(\dot{\alpha }_0\dot{b}\right)\rho ^B=0.`$ (B11)
From Eqs. (B9) and (B11), we can determine $`b(t)`$ and $`\alpha _0(t)`$.

The evolution equation for the displacement of the brane can be also derived from the evolution equation for $`b(t)`$ . From Eqs. (B9) and (B11), we find that if the matter on the branes satisfies the conditions

$$w=w^B,\rho =\rho ^Be^{2b_{}},$$
(B12)
the distance between two branes becomes constant; $`b(t)=b_{}=const`$. Let us consider the fluctuation of the energy density of the matter on the brane A;

$$\rho =\rho ^Be^{2b_{}}+\delta \rho ,$$
(B13)
where we assume $`\delta \rho /\rho 1`$. Then the brane A is displaced. We define the displacement of the brane $`\phi `$ as

$$b(t)=b_{}\phi (t)/l,$$
(B14)
where $`\phi /lb_{}1`$. Let us obtain the evolution equation for $`\phi `$. From Eq. (B11), the equation for $`\phi `$ is given by

$$\left(\dot{\phi }/l+\dot{\alpha }_0\right)^2e^{2\phi }=\frac{\kappa ^2\rho ^Be^{2b_{}}}{3l}.$$
(B15)
By linearizing the equation with respect to $`\phi `$, we find

$$\dot{\alpha }_0\dot{\phi }\dot{\alpha }_0^2\phi =\frac{\kappa ^2}{6}(\rho ^Be^{2b_{}}+\rho )=\frac{\kappa ^2}{6}\delta \rho ,$$
(B16)
where we used Eqs. (B9) and (B13). Taking the time derivative of Eq. (B16) and using the equations

$`\ddot{\alpha }_0\dot{\phi }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa ^2\rho }{2}}(1+w)\dot{\phi }{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa ^2\rho ^Be^{2b_{}}}{2}}(1+w^B)\dot{\phi },`$ (B17)
$`\dot{\delta \rho }`$ $`=`$ $`3\dot{\alpha }_0(\delta \rho +\delta p)3\dot{\phi }(1+w^B)\rho ^Be^{2b_{}},`$ (B18)
which can be derived from $`\delta \rho =\rho +\rho ^Be^{2b_{}}`$ and Eq. (B9) and (B11), we get

$$\ddot{\phi }\dot{\alpha }_0\dot{\phi }2\ddot{\alpha }_0\phi =\frac{\kappa ^2}{2}(\delta \rho +\delta p),$$
(B19)
where we defined $`\delta p=w\delta \rho `$. Then we can write matter perturbations in terms of $`\phi (t)`$

$`\kappa ^2\delta \rho `$ $`=`$ $`6(\dot{\alpha }_0\dot{\phi }\dot{\alpha }_0^2\phi ),`$ (B20)
$`\kappa ^2\delta p`$ $`=`$ $`2(\ddot{\phi }+2\dot{\alpha }_0\dot{\phi }(2\ddot{\alpha }_0+3\dot{\alpha }_0^2)\phi ).`$ (B21)
Using $`\delta p=w\delta \rho `$, we can obtain the evolution equation for $`\phi `$ as

$$\ddot{\phi }+(2+3w)\dot{\alpha }_0\dot{\phi }(3\dot{\alpha }_0^2+2\ddot{\alpha }_0)\phi =0.$$
(B22)
This agrees with the evolution equation for the displacement of the brane, i.e. Eq. (91) at low energies.

## C Brane fluctuation and anisotropic perturbations in the bulk

In this appendix, we show that the brane fluctuation interacts with the anisotropic perturbations in the bulk. We find the anisotropic shear induced by brane fluctuation. Then the CMB anisotropy induced by this anisotropic shear is derived.

### 1 Anisotropic shear in the brane world

Let us consider the homogeneous but slightly anisotropic 5D spacetime. The metric for the 5D spacetime is taken as

$$ds^2=e^{2\gamma (y,t)}dy^2+e^{2\beta (y,t)}dt^2+e^{2\alpha (y,t)}(\delta _{ij}+\mathrm{\Pi }_{ij}(y,t))dx^idx^j,$$
(C1)
where

$`\mathrm{\Pi }_{ij}(y,t)`$ $`=`$ $`0,(\text{for}i=j),`$ (C2)
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Pi }(y,t),(\text{for}ij).`$ (C3)
The branes are again located at $`y=0`$ and $`y=l`$ respectively. For a linear anisotropic shear $`\mathrm{\Pi }(y,t)1`$, the evolution equation for $`\mathrm{\Pi }(y,t)`$ is given by

$$(\mathrm{\Pi }^{\prime \prime }+(3\alpha ^{}+\beta ^{}\gamma ^{})\mathrm{\Pi }^{})+e^{2(\beta \gamma )}(\ddot{\mathrm{\Pi }}+(3\dot{\alpha }\dot{\beta }+\dot{\gamma })\dot{\mathrm{\Pi }})=0.$$
(C4)
The junction conditions for $`\mathrm{\Pi }(y,t)`$ are given by

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_1(t)=\mathrm{\Pi }_1^B(t)=0.$$
(C5)
It should be noted that for a linear anisotropic shear $`\mathrm{\Pi }1`$, the evolution of the scale factor of the brane universe is not affected by $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$. Thus the evolution of the scale factor is still determined locally. However, the anisotropic shear itself cannot be determined locally. This can be seen by observing the fact that the evolution equation (C4) contains $`\mathrm{\Pi }_2(t)`$ if we project the equation onto the brane. We cannot determine $`\mathrm{\Pi }_2(t)`$ solely by the information on the brane. The solution in the bulk should be found. Thus solving the bulk evolution equation (C4) with the boundary conditions (C5) is an essential step to know the behavior of the anisotropic shear on the brane.

Let us investigate the effect of the brane fluctuation on the anisotropy of the brane. Now suppose that the brane is displaced due to the brane fluctuation. We perform the infinitesimal coordinate transformation and consider the coordinate system where the brane is located at $`\widehat{y}=0`$ in a new coordinate system;

$$x^Mx^M+\xi ^M,\xi ^M=(Y(y,t,x^i),T(y,t,x^i),X^i(y,t,x^i)).$$
(C6)
In an anisotropic spacetime, the coordinate transformation which depends on the spatial coordinate is allowed. We take the coordinate transformation function as

$$Y=\xi ^y(y,t)\omega (x^i),T=\xi ^t(y,t)\omega (x^i),X^i=\xi (y,t)\sigma ^i(x^i),$$
(C7)
where $`\omega (x^i)`$ and $`\sigma ^i(x^i)`$ are some functions of the spatial coordinate. The functions $`\omega (x^i)`$ and $`\sigma ^i(x^i)`$ will be determined so that the spatial homogeneity of the universe is preserved after the coordinate transformation. By this coordinate transformation, the metric is transformed as

$`\widehat{g}_{00}`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2\widehat{\beta }}=e^{2\beta }(1+2\dot{\xi }^t+2\dot{\beta }\xi ^t+2\beta ^{}\xi ^y),`$ (C8)
$`\widehat{g}_{ij}`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2\widehat{\alpha }}\delta _{ij}=e^{2\alpha }(1+2\dot{\alpha }\xi ^t+2\alpha ^{}\xi ^y)\delta _{ij},`$ (C9)
$`\widehat{g}_{yy}`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2\widehat{\gamma }}=e^{2\gamma }(1+2\xi ^y^{}+2\dot{\gamma }\xi ^t+2\gamma ^{}\xi ^y),`$ (C10)
$`\widehat{g}_{0y}`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2\gamma }\dot{\xi }^ye^{2\beta }\xi ^t^{},`$ (C11)
where we assumed $`\omega (x^i)1`$. By choosing an appropriate $`\xi ^t`$, we can impose the normal condition $`\widehat{g}_{y0}=0`$;

$$\xi ^t(y,t)=_0^y𝑑ye^{2(\gamma \beta )}\dot{\xi }^y(y,t)+T_0(t),$$
(C12)
where $`T_0(t)`$ is the residual gauge transformation which depends only on time $`t`$. Then the induced metric on the displaced brane $`\widehat{A}`$ is given by

$$ds_{braneA}^2=e^{2\widehat{\beta }_0(t)}dt^2+e^{2\widehat{\alpha }_0(t)}(\delta _{ij}+\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}_{ij})dx^idx^j,$$
(C13)
where

$`e^{2\widehat{\beta }_0}`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2\beta _0}(1+2\dot{T}_0+2\dot{\beta }_0T_0+2\beta _1\xi _0^y),`$ (C14)
$`e^{2\widehat{\alpha }_0}`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2\alpha _0}(1+2\dot{\alpha }_0T_0+2\alpha _1\xi _0^y).`$ (C15)
We consider the displacement of the brane induced by brane fluctuation Eq. (52) and Eq. (94);

$$\xi _0^y=e^{\gamma _0}f(t).$$
(C16)
We choose the function $`T_0(t)`$ so that the lapse function and the scale factor are not changed by the transformation;

$$\widehat{\alpha }_0=\alpha _0,\widehat{\beta }_0=\beta _0.$$
(C17)
Then $`T_0(t)`$ is determined by $`f(t)`$ as

$`T_0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _1}{\dot{\alpha }_0}}e^{\gamma _0}f(t),`$ (C18)
$`\dot{T}_0`$ $`=`$ $`\beta _1e^{\gamma _0}f(t)\dot{\beta }_0T_0.`$ (C19)
Note that the consistency condition of Eqs.(C19) gives the equation for $`f(t)`$. Using the cosmic time $`\tau `$ on the brane which is defined by $`d\tau =e^{\beta _0}dt`$, the equation for $`f(t)`$ is givne as

$$f\frac{\alpha _{0,\tau }^2}{\alpha _{0,\tau \tau }}\left(\frac{1}{\alpha _{0,\tau }}f_{,\tau }f\right)=0.$$
(C20)
Here Eq. (A8) and Eq. (A16) were used. This is nothing but the equation for $`f(t)`$ derived in section IV (Eq. (92) with $`\zeta _{}=0`$). Thus the consistency condition is satisfied.

The coordinate transformation given by Eq. (C7) induces the additional transformations;

$`\widehat{g}_{yi}`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2\gamma }Y_{,i}+e^{2\alpha }X^i^{},`$ (C21)
$`\widehat{g}_{0i}`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2\alpha }\dot{X}^ie^{2\beta }T_{,i},`$ (C22)
$`\widehat{g}_{ij}`$ $`=`$ $`g_{ij}+X_{,j}^i+X_{,i}^j.`$ (C23)
The normal condition $`\widehat{g}_{yi}=0`$ can be satisfied by choosing an appropriate $`X^i`$, i.e.

$$X^i(y,t)=_0^y𝑑ye^{2(\gamma \alpha )}\xi ^y(y,t)\omega (x^i)_{,i}+X_0(t)\sigma ^i(x^i),$$
(C24)
where $`X_0(t)`$ is the residual gauge transformation. The condition that $`\widehat{g}_{i0}=0`$ on the barne A determines $`X_0(t)`$ as

$$\dot{X}_0(t)\sigma ^i=e^{2(\beta _0\alpha _0)}T_0\omega (x^i)_{,i},$$
(C25)
where we used Eq. (C12). Now, we take the functions of the spatial coordinate $`\omega (x^i)`$ and $`\sigma (x^i)`$ in Eq. (C7) as

$`l^2\omega (x^i)`$ $`=`$ $`l^2+(x^1x^2+x^2x^3+x^3x^1),`$ (C26)
$`l\sigma ^1(x^i)`$ $`=`$ $`x^2+x^3,l\sigma ^2(x^i)=x^3+x^1,l\sigma ^3(x^i)=x^1+x^2.`$ (C27)
Then the conditions (C24) and (C25) become

$`\xi (y,t)`$ $`=`$ $`l^2{\displaystyle _0^y}𝑑ye^{2(\gamma \alpha )}\xi ^y(y,t)+l^1X_0(t),`$ (C28)
$`\dot{X}_0(t)`$ $`=`$ $`l^1e^{2(\beta _0\alpha _0)}T_0(t).`$ (C29)
From Eqs. (C23), (C24) and (C27), we find that the trace part of $`g_{ij}`$ is not transformed. On the other hand, the traceless part of $`g_{ij}`$, namely the anisotropic shear $`\mathrm{\Pi }(y,t)`$, is transformed as

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}(y,t)=\mathrm{\Pi }(y,t)2l^2_0^ye^{2(\gamma \alpha )}\xi ^y(y,t)+2l^1X_0(t).$$
(C30)
Then the metric on the brane A after the coordinate transformation is given by

$$ds_{braneA}^2=e^{2\beta _0(t)}dt^2+e^{2\alpha _0(t)}(\delta _{ij}+\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}_{0ij}(t))dx^idx^j,$$
(C31)
where

$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}_{0ij}`$ $`=`$ $`0,(\text{for}i=j),`$ (C32)
$`=`$ $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}_0(t)=\mathrm{\Pi }_0(t)+2l^1X_0(t),(\text{for}ij).`$ (C33)
Here $`X_0(t)`$ is determined by the brane fluctuation $`f(t)`$ from Eqs. (C19) and (C29) as

$$\dot{X_0}=e^{2(\beta _0\alpha _0)}\frac{\alpha _1e^{\gamma _0}}{\dot{\alpha }_0}l^1f(t).$$
(C34)
It should be noted that the brane A remains to be homogeneous after the coordinate transformation. The junction condition is now imposed in the new coordinate. Thus the junction condition for $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ is given by

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}_1=0=\mathrm{\Pi }_12e^{(\gamma _02\alpha _0)}l^2f(t).$$
(C35)
The same argument is held for the brane $`B`$. The junction condition at the brane B is given by

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}_1^B=0=\mathrm{\Pi }_1^B2e^{(\gamma _0^B2\alpha _0^B)}l^2f^B(t).$$
(C36)
Thus, now the problem is to solve the wave equation for $`\mathrm{\Pi }(y,t)`$, i.e. Eq.(C4) with the boundary conditions (C35) and (C36) and to calculate the anisotropic shear $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}_0(t)=\mathrm{\Pi }_0(t)+2l^1X_0(t)`$ on the displaced brane. If the solution for $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}_0`$ is different from $`\mathrm{\Pi }_0(t)`$, we conclude that the brane fluctuation affects the anisotropy of the brane.

### 2 Anisotropic shear induced by brane flucatuation

We solve the bulk evolution equation by the assumption of the nearly static configuration. The bulk metric is given by Eq. (22). Then the wave equation for $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ in the bulk is given by

$$\mathrm{\Pi }^{\prime \prime }b(t)\frac{4}{l}\mathrm{\Pi }^{}b(t)^2e^{2b(t)y/l}\left(\ddot{\mathrm{\Pi }}+\left(\frac{\dot{b(t)}}{b(t)}+3\dot{\alpha }_02\dot{b(t)}\frac{y}{l}\right)\dot{\mathrm{\Pi }}\right)=0.$$
(C37)
Here the time dependence of $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ is assumed to be weaker than the $`y`$-dependence of $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$;

$$\left(\frac{_t\mathrm{\Pi }}{_y\mathrm{\Pi }}\right)^2=1.$$
(C38)
This wave equation is the same as the wave equation for $`\widehat{E}`$ (103). Thus we can solve the equation in the same way. First let us consider a non perturbed brane. The boundary conditions for $`\mathrm{\Pi }(y,t)`$ are given by

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_1(t)=\mathrm{\Pi }_1^B=0.$$
(C39)
The evolution equation for $`\mathrm{\Pi }_0`$ can be obtained by taking the right-hand side of Eq. (114) as zero;

$$\ddot{\mathrm{\Pi }}_0+\left(3\dot{\alpha _0}+\dot{b}(t)\frac{e^{b(t)}}{\mathrm{sinh}b(t)}\right)\dot{\mathrm{\Pi }}_0=0.$$
(C40)
We find that the evolution of the anisotropic shear deviates from the prediction of the 4D Einstein gravity if $`\dot{b}0`$. For $`b\mathrm{}`$, the system becomes effectively one brane system and the 4D Einstein gravity is recovered.

Now let us consider the effect of the brane fluctuation. The brane fluctuation acts as a source in the junction conditions. From Eqs. (C35) and (C36), the junction conditions are given by

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_1=2b(t)l^2e^{2\alpha _0}f(t),\mathrm{\Pi }_1^B=2b(t)l^2e^{2b(t)}e^{2\alpha _0}f^B(t).$$
(C41)
We obtain the evolution equation for $`\mathrm{\Pi }_0`$ as

$$\ddot{\mathrm{\Pi }}_0+\left(3\dot{\alpha }_0+\dot{b}(t)\frac{e^{b(t)}}{\mathrm{sinh}b(t)}\right)\dot{\mathrm{\Pi }}_0=\frac{e^{b(t)}}{\mathrm{sinh}b(t)}e^{2\alpha _0}2l^3(f(t)e^{2b(t)}f^B(t)).$$
(C42)
The solution for $`\mathrm{\Pi }_0`$ can be obtained as (see Eq. (115))

$$\dot{\mathrm{\Pi }}_0=2e^{3\alpha _0}\left(\frac{e^{b(t)}}{\mathrm{sinh}b(t)}\right)e^{\alpha _0}l^3(f(t)e^{2b(t)}f^B(t))𝑑t.$$
(C43)
For simplicity we take $`f^B(t)=0`$. Then using the solution for $`f(t)`$ given by Eq. (96) and the scale factor $`\alpha _0`$

$$f(t)e^{\frac{(3w+1)}{2}\alpha _0},e^{\alpha _0}t^{\frac{2}{3(1+w)}},$$
(C44)
we obtain the solution for $`\dot{\mathrm{\Pi }}_0`$ which depends on $`f(t)`$ as

$$\dot{\mathrm{\Pi }}_0=2e^{2\alpha _0}\frac{f(t)}{\dot{\alpha }_0}l^3e^{2b(t)}𝒩(b(t)),𝒩(b(t))=\left(\frac{e^{b(t)}}{2\mathrm{sinh}b(t)}\right).$$
(C45)
The observed anisotropic shear $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}_0`$ is given by Eq. (C33) and Eq. (C34);

$$\dot{\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}}_0=\dot{\mathrm{\Pi }}_0+2e^{2\alpha _0}l^3\frac{f(t)}{\dot{\alpha }_0}.$$
(C46)
Hence, we obtain the solution for $`\dot{\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}}_0`$ that depends on $`f(t)`$ as

$$\dot{\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}}_0=2e^{2\alpha _0}\frac{f(t)}{\dot{\alpha }_0}l^3𝒩(b(t)).$$
(C47)
Thus one can see that the brane fluctuation becomes a source of the anisotropic shear. However, if we take $`b\mathrm{}`$ to consider the one brane model, we get $`𝒩(b(t))0`$. Then the brane fluctuation does not affect the evolution of the anisotropic shear. Thus the brane fluctuation has no physical degree of the freedom in the one brane model. In two branes model, the brane fluctuation acquire a physical degree of freedom through the interaction with the bulk anisotropic perturbations.

### 3 Detectability of the brane fluctuation in CMB anisotropy

In this subsection, we investigate the CMB anisotropy caused by the anisotropic shear which is induced by the brane fluctuation (C47). We calculate the CMB anisotropy by following the arguments in Ref . The metric of the brane universe is given by

$$ds^2=dt^2+e^{2\alpha _0(t)}(\delta _{ij}+\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}_{0ij}(t))dx^idx^j.$$
(C48)
The path of the light ray that reaches our position at $`t=t_0`$ is given by

$$x^i(t)=\gamma ^ix(t),x(t)=_t^{t_0}\frac{dt^{}}{e^{\alpha _0(t^{})}},$$
(C49)
where $`\delta _{ij}\gamma ^i\gamma ^j=1`$. Let us consider two comoving observers. The coordinate separation of these observers is given by

$$\delta x^i=\gamma ^i\delta x.$$
(C50)
The proper distance between two observers at fixed time $`t`$ is given by

$$\delta l=\sqrt{g_{ij}\delta x^i\delta x^j}=e^{\alpha _0}\left(1+\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}_{0ij}\frac{\gamma ^i\gamma ^j}{2}\right)\delta x.$$
(C51)
Then the relative velocity $`\delta v`$ of two observers is

$$\frac{\delta v}{\delta l}=\frac{1}{\delta l}\frac{d\delta l}{dt}=\dot{\alpha }_0+\frac{1}{2}\dot{\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}}_{0ij}\gamma ^i\gamma ^j.$$
(C52)
The difference of the CMB temperature measured by neighbouring observers moving apart at speed $`\delta v`$ is $`\delta T/T=\delta v`$. The proper separation $`\delta l`$ at time $`t`$ is given by $`\delta l=\delta t`$, so the difference in the CMB temperature they measure is

$$\frac{\delta T}{T}=\left(\dot{\alpha }_0+\frac{1}{2}\dot{\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}}_{0ij}\gamma ^i\gamma ^j\right)\delta t.$$
(C53)
The first term is the usual cooling law in a homogeneous and isotropic universe. The observed CMB anisotropy due to the anisotropic shear is the result of summing the second term in $`\delta T/T`$ along the path of the photon $`x^i(t)=\gamma ^ix(t)`$;

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }T}{T}=\frac{1}{2}\gamma ^i\gamma ^j_{t_e}^{t_0}𝑑t\dot{\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}}_{0ij}(t,\gamma ^ix(t)).$$
(C54)
From Eq. (C33), the anisotropic shear is written as

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}_{0ij}=\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}_0(t)\frac{^2(l^2w(x^i))}{x^ix^j},l^2w(x^i)=l^2+x^1x^2+x^2x^3+x^3x^1.$$
(C55)
The integral is evaluated along the path $`x^i(t)=\gamma ^ix(t)`$. Thus we can consider $`\omega `$ to be a function of $`x(t)`$

$$\frac{d\omega }{dx}=\frac{\omega }{x^i}\frac{dx^i}{dx}=\gamma ^i\frac{\omega }{x^i}.$$
(C56)
Hence the temperature fluctuation is written as

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }T}{T}=\frac{1}{2}_{t_e}^{t_0}𝑑t\dot{\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}}_0\frac{d^2(l^2\omega )}{dx^2}.$$
(C57)
Integrating by parts twice and using $`dx=e^{\alpha _0}dt`$ (Eq. (C49)), we get

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }T}{T}=\frac{1}{2}e^{\alpha _0}\frac{d}{dt}\left[e^{\alpha _0}\dot{\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}}_0\right]l^2\omega (x^i)\frac{1}{2}e^{\alpha _0}\dot{\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}}_0\gamma ^i\frac{(l^2\omega )}{x^i}\frac{1}{2}𝑑t\frac{d}{dt}\left[e^{\alpha _0}\frac{d}{dt}[e^{\alpha _0}\dot{\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}}_0]\right]l^2\omega (x^i).$$
(C58)
The first term represents the ordinary Sachs-Wolfe effect. Then substituting the solution for the anisotropic shear induced by the brane fluctuation (C47), the CMB anisotropy due to the Sachs-Wolfe effect is given by

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }T}{T}=\frac{\dot{𝒩}(b(t))}{\dot{\alpha }_0}l^1f(t).$$
(C59)
This result agrees with Eq. (143) in the main text.

## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like thank M.Sasaki and J.Soda for helpful comments and discussions. This work is supported by JSPS.