text:
# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

In the scalar mesonic sector, many states have been discovered at present , however, their assignment to quark-model configurations is problematic – one can compare various variants of that assignment, for example, -. It seems that the problem of scalar mesons is far off the solution up to now. For instance, at present, additional arguments have been added by N.N. Achasov  in favour of the 4-quark nature of $`f_0(980)`$ and $`a_0(980)`$ mesons on the basis of interpretation of the experimental data on the decays $`\varphi \gamma \pi ^0\pi ^0,\gamma \pi ^0\eta `$ . On the other hand, F.E. Close and A. Kirk  have shown that mixing between the $`f_0(980)`$ and $`a_0(980)`$ radically affects some existing predictions of their produciton in $`\varphi `$ radiative decay. Generally, the 4-quark interpretation, beautifully solving the old problem of the unusual properties of scalar mesons, sets new questions. Where are the 2-quark states, their radial excitations and the other members of 4-quark multiplets $`9,9^{},36`$ and $`36^{}`$, which are predicted to exist below 2.5 GeV ?

The discovered states in the scalar sector and their properties do not allow one to make up the scalar $`q\overline{q}`$ nonet and to solve other exiting questions up to now. Generally, difficulites in understanding the scalar-isoscalar sector seem to be related to both the hard-accounting influence of the vacuum (and such effects as the instanton contributions) and a strong model dependence of an information about wide multichannel states.

Earlier, we have shown  that an inadequate description of multichannel states (to which scalar mesons belong) gives not only their distorted parameters when analyzing data but also can cause the fictitious states when one neglects important (even energetic-closed) channels. Obviously, it is important to have a model-independent information on investigated states and on their QCD nature. It can be obtained only on the basis of the first principles (analyticity, unitarity) immediately applied to experimental data analysis. Earlier, we have proposed this method for 2- and 3-channel resonances and developed the concept of standard clusters (poles on the Riemann surface) as a qualitative characteristic of a state and a sufficient condition of its existence . We outline this below for the 2-channel case of the coupled processes $`\pi \pi \pi \pi ,K\overline{K}`$ in the channel with $`I^GJ^{PC}=0^+0^{++}`$. Since, in this work, a main stress is laid on studying lowest states, it is sufficient to restrict oneself to a two-channel approach when considering simultaneously the coupled processes $`\pi \pi \pi \pi ,K\overline{K}`$, though in the future it is nesessary to take into account the thresholds of other coupled processes, first of all, of $`\eta \eta `$ and $`\eta \eta ^{}`$ scatterings. In this work, we are going to show that the large background, which one has obtained earlier in various analyses of the $`s`$-wave $`\pi \pi `$ scattering , hides, in reality, the $`\sigma `$-meson  below 1 GeV and the effect of the left-hand branch-point. Therefore, in the uniformizing variable, one must take into account, besides the branch-points corresponding to the thresholds of the processes $`\pi \pi \pi \pi ,K\overline{K}`$, also the left-hand branch-point at $`s=0`$, related to the background in which the crossing-channel contributions are contained . Furthermore, we shall obtain definite indications of the QCD nature of other $`f_0`$ resonances and of the linear realization of chiral symmetry.

Note that recent new analyses of old and new experimental data found a candidate for the $`\sigma `$-meson below 1 GeV (see, e.g., , , -). However, these analyses use either the Breit – Wigner form that is insufficiently-flexible even if modified or the $`K`$-matrix formalism without taking account of the energetic-closed (maybe, important) channels, or specific forms of interactions in the quark models; therefore, there one cannot talk about the model independence of results. Besides, in these analyses, a large $`\pi \pi `$-background is obtained.

The layout of this paper is as follows. In Section II, we outline the two-coupled-channel formalism, determine the pole clusters on the Riemann surface as characteristics of multichannel states, and introduce a new uniformizing variable, allowing for the branch-points of the right-hand (unitary) and left-hand cuts of the $`\pi \pi `$-scattering amplitude. In Section III, we analyze simultaneously experimental data on the processes $`\pi \pi \pi \pi ,K\overline{K}`$ in the isoscalar $`s`$-wave on the basis of the presented approach. Note that earlier we have shown in two approaches  and  without and with taking into account the left-hand branch-point $`\sqrt{s}`$ in the uniformizing variable, respectively, that the minimal scenario of the simultaneous description of two coupled processes $`\pi \pi \pi \pi ,K\overline{K}`$ is realized without the $`f_0(1370)`$ and $`f_0(1710)`$ that are in the Particle Data Group tables. Therefore, we consider also the variants of description of the indicated processes including these states separately as well as simultaneously, and obtain indications of their QCD nature different from the results of many other works (note that our approach is based on the first principles and is free from dynamic assumtions, therefore, our results are rather model-independent). In the Conclusion, the obtained results are discussed.

## 2 Two-Coupled-Channel Formalism

Here we restrict ourselves to a 2-channel consideration of the coupled processes $`\pi \pi \pi \pi ,K\overline{K}`$. Therefore, we have the 2-channel $`S`$-matrix determined on the 4-sheeted Riemann surface. The matrix elements $`S_{\alpha \beta }`$, where $`\alpha ,\beta =1(\pi \pi ),2(K\overline{K})`$, have the right-hand cuts along the real axis of the $`s`$-plane, starting at $`4m_\pi ^2`$ and $`4m_K^2`$, and the left-hand cuts, beginning at $`s=0`$ for $`S_{11}`$ and at $`4(m_K^2m_\pi ^2)`$ for $`S_{22}`$ and $`S_{12}`$. The Riemann-surface sheets are numbered according to the signs of analytic continuations of the channel momenta

$$k_1=(s/4m_\pi ^2)^{1/2},k_2=(s/4m_K^2)^{1/2}$$
(1)
as follows: signs $`(\text{Im}k_1,\text{Im}k_2)=++,+,,+`$ correspond to the sheets I, II, III, IV.

To obtain the resonance representation on the Riemann surface, we express analytic continuations of the matrix elements to the unphysical sheets $`S_{\alpha \beta }^L`$ ($`L=II,III,IV`$) in terms of those on the physical sheet $`S_{\alpha \beta }^I`$:

$`S_{11}^{II}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{S_{11}^I}},S_{11}^{III}={\displaystyle \frac{S_{22}^I}{detS^I}},S_{11}^{IV}={\displaystyle \frac{detS^I}{S_{22}^I}},`$
$`S_{22}^{II}={\displaystyle \frac{detS^I}{S_{11}^I}},S_{22}^{III}={\displaystyle \frac{S_{11}^I}{detS^I}},S_{22}^{IV}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{S_{22}^I}},`$ (2)
$`S_{12}^{II}={\displaystyle \frac{iS_{12}^I}{S_{11}^I}},S_{12}^{III}={\displaystyle \frac{S_{12}^I}{detS^I}},S_{12}^{IV}={\displaystyle \frac{iS_{12}^I}{S_{22}^I}},`$
Here $`detS^I=S_{11}^IS_{22}^I(S_{12}^I)^2`$; $`(S_{12}^I)^2=s^1\sqrt{(s4m_\pi ^2)(s4m_K^2)}F(s)`$; in the limited energy interval, $`F(s)`$ is proportional to the squared product of the coupling constants of the considered state with channels 1 and 2. These formulas are convenient by that the $`S`$-matrix elements on the physical sheet $`S_{\alpha \beta }^I`$ have, except for the real axis, only zeros corresponding to resonances, at least, around the physical region that is interesting for us. Formulas (2) immediately give the resonance representation by poles and zeros on the 4-sheeted Riemann surface. One must distinguish between three types of 2-channel resonances described by a pair of conjugate zeros on sheet I: (a) in $`S_{11}`$, (b) in $`S_{22}`$, (c) in each of $`S_{11}`$ and $`S_{22}`$. As seen from eqs. (2), to the resonances of types (a) and (b), there corresponds a pair of complex conjugate poles on sheet III shifted relative to a pair of poles on sheet II and IV, respectively. For the states of type (c), one must consider the corresponding two pairs of conjugate poles on sheet III. A resonance of every type is represented by a pair of complex-conjugate clusters (of poles and zeros on the Riemann surface) of a size typical of strong interactions. The cluster kind is related to the state nature. The resonance coupled relatively more strongly to the $`\pi \pi `$ channel than to the $`K\overline{K}`$ one is described by the cluster of type (a); in the opposite case, it is represented by the cluster of type (b) (say, the state with the dominant $`s\overline{s}`$ component); the flavour singlet (e.g. glueball) must be represented by the cluster of type (c) as a necessary condition, if this state lies above the thresholds of considered channels.

Furthermore, according to the type of pole clusters, we can distinguish, in a model-independent way, a bound state of colourless particles (e.g., $`K\overline{K}`$ molecule) and a $`q\overline{q}`$ bound state . Just as in the 1-channel case, the existence of a particle bound-state means the presence of a pole on the real axis under the threshold on the physical sheet, so in the 2-channel case, the existence of a particle bound-state in channel 2 ($`K\overline{K}`$ molecule) that, however, can decay into channel 1 ($`\pi \pi `$ decay), would imply the presence of a pair of complex conjugate poles on sheet II under the second-channel threshold without an accompaniment of the corresponding shifted pair of poles on sheet III. Namely, according to this test, earlier, the interpretation of the $`f_0(980)`$ state as a $`K\overline{K}`$ molecule has been rejected.

For the simultaneous analysis of experimental data on coupled processes, it is convenient to use the Le Couteur-Newton relations  expressing the $`S`$-matrix elements of all coupled processes in terms of the Jost matrix determinant $`d(k_1,k_2)`$, the real analytic function with the only square-root branch-points at $`k_i=0`$. To take into account, in addition to the latter, also the left-hand branch-point at $`s=0`$, the uniformizing variable is used 555The analogous uniformizing variable has been used, e.g., in Ref.  at studying the forward elastic $`p\overline{p}`$ scattering amplitude.

$$v=\frac{m_K\sqrt{s4m_\pi ^2}+m_\pi \sqrt{s4m_K^2}}{\sqrt{s(m_K^2m_\pi ^2)}}.$$
(3)
It maps the 4-sheeted Riemann surface with two unitary cuts and the left-hand cut onto the $`v`$-plane. (Note that other authors have used the parameterizations with the Jost functions at analyzing the $`s`$-wave $`\pi \pi `$ scattering in the one-channel approach  and in the two-channel one . In latter work, the uniformizing variable $`k_2`$ has been used, therefore, their approach cannot be employed near by the $`\pi \pi `$ threshold.)

In Fig.1, the plane of the uniformizing variable $`v`$ for the $`\pi \pi `$-scattering amplitude is depicted. The Roman numerals (I,…, IV) denote the images of the corresponding sheets; the thick line represents the physical region; the points i, 1 and $`b=\sqrt{(m_K+m_\pi )/(m_Km_\pi )}`$ correspond to the $`\pi \pi ,K\overline{K}`$ thresholds and $`s=\mathrm{}`$, respectively; the shaded intervals $`(\mathrm{},b],[b^1,b^1],[b,\mathrm{})`$ are the images of the corresponding edges of the left-hand cut. The depicted positions of poles ($``$) and of zeros ($``$) give the representation of the type (a) resonance in $`S_{11}`$.

On the $`v`$-plane, $`S_{11}`$ has no cuts; however, $`S_{12}`$ and $`S_{22}`$ do have the cuts which arise from the left-hand cut on the $`s`$-plane, starting at $`s=4(m_K^2m_\pi ^2)`$, which further is neglected in the Riemann-surface structure, and the contribution of this cut is taken into account in the $`K\overline{K}`$ background as a pole on the real $`s`$-axis on the physical sheet in the sub-$`K\overline{K}`$-threshold region.

On $`v`$-plane, the Le Couteur-Newton relations are

$$S_{11}=\frac{d(v^1)}{d(v)},S_{22}=\frac{d(v^1)}{d(v)},S_{11}S_{22}S_{12}^2=\frac{d(v)}{d(v)}.$$
(4)
The $`d(v)`$-function already does not possess branch-points and is taken as

$$d=d_Bd_{res},$$
(5)
where $`d_B=B_\pi B_K`$; $`B_\pi `$ contains the possible remaining $`\pi \pi `$-background contribution, related to exchanges in crossing channels (the consequent analysis gives $`B_\pi =1`$); $`B_K`$ is that part of the $`K\overline{K}`$ background which does not contribute to the $`\pi \pi `$-scattering amplitude:

$$B_K=v^4(1v_0v)^4(1+v_0^{}v)^4.$$
(6)
The fourth power in (6) is stipulated by the following model-independent arguments . First, a pole on the real $`s`$-axis on the physical sheet in $`S_{22}`$ is accompanied by a pole in sheet II at the same $`s`$-value (as seen from eqs.(2)). On the $`v`$-plane this implies the pole of second order (and also zero of the same order, symmetric to the pole with respect to the real axis). Second, for the $`s`$-channel process $`\pi \pi K\overline{K}`$, the crossing $`u`$\- and $`t`$-channels are the $`\pi K`$ and $`\overline{\pi }K`$ scattering (exchanges in these channels give contributions on the left-hand cut). This results in the additional doubling of the multiplicity of the indicated pole on the $`v`$-plane. So, the model of the $`K\overline{K}`$ background is determined by poles (here by the single one) on the real $`s`$-axis at the left-hand cut position on the physical sheet.

The function $`d_{res}(v)`$ represents the contribution of resonances, described by one of three types of the pole-zero clusters, i.e.,

$$d_{res}=v^M\underset{n=1}{\overset{M}{}}(1v_n^{}v)(1+v_nv),$$
(7)
where $`M`$ is the number of pairs of the conjugate zeros.

## 3 Analysis of experimental data

We simultaneously analyze the available experimental data on the $`\pi \pi `$-scattering  and the process $`\pi \pi K\overline{K}`$  in the channel with $`I^GJ^{PC}=0^+0^{++}`$. As the data, we use the results of phase analyses which are given for phase shifts of the amplitudes ($`\delta _1`$ and $`\delta _{12}`$) and for moduli of the $`S`$-matrix elements $`\eta _1=|S_{aa}|`$ (a=1$`\pi \pi `$,2$`K\overline{K}`$) and $`\xi =|S_{12}|`$. The 2-channel unitarity condition gives $`\eta _1=\eta _2=\eta ,\xi =(1\eta ^2)^{1/2},\delta _{12}=\delta _1+\delta _2`$.

We consider four variants, in which the following states are taken into account:
Variant 1: The $`f_0(665)`$ and $`f_0(980)`$) with the clusters of type (a), and $`f_0(1500)`$, of type (c);
Variant 2: The same three resonances $`+`$ the $`f_0(1370)`$ of type (b);
Variant 3: The $`f_0(665)`$, $`f_0(980)`$) and $`f_0(1500)`$ $`+`$ the $`f_0(1710)`$ of type (b);
Variant 4: All the five resonances of the indicated types.

The other possibilities of the representation of these states are rejected by our analysis. We consider these variants, because the minimal possibility of the simultaneous description of two coupled processes $`\pi \pi \pi \pi ,K\overline{K}`$ is realized without the $`f_0(1370)`$ and $`f_0(1710)`$, as it is shown in our work . The $`\pi \pi `$-scattering data are described from the threshold to 1.89 GeV in all the four variants (in addition, we take $`B_\pi =1`$) and are taken from the analysis by B. Hyams et al.  in this energy region, and below 1 GeV, from many works . For the reaction $`\pi \pi K\overline{K}`$, practically all the accessible data are used, but the description ranges are slightly different for various variants and extend from the threshold to $``$ 1.4 GeV for variant 1, to $``$ 1.46 GeV for variant 2, and to $``$ 1.5 GeV for variants 3 and 4. Table 1 demonstrates the quality of fits to the experimental data (the number of fitted parameters is 17 for variant 1, 21 for variants 2 and 3, 25 for variant 4). When calculating $`\chi ^2/\text{N}_{DF}`$, we have rejected the experimental points at 0.61, 0.65, and 0.73 GeV for $`\delta _1`$, at 0.99, 1.65, and 1.85 GeV for $`\eta `$, at 1.111, 1.163, and 1.387 GeV for $`\delta _{12}`$, and at 1.002, 1.265, and 1.287 GeV for $`\xi `$ that give an especially large contribution to $`\chi ^2`$. We note that two variants (1 and 3) are the best, both without the $`f_0(1370)`$, and we stress that this analysis uses the parameterless description of the $`\pi \pi `$ background.

Let us indicate the obtained zero positions, on the $`v`$ plane, of the corresponding resonances:
Variant 1:

$`\mathrm{for}f_0(665):`$ $`v_1=1.36964+0.208632i,`$ $`v_2=0.9219620.25348i,`$
$`\mathrm{for}f_0(980):`$ $`v_3=1.04834+0.0478652i,`$ $`v_4=0.8584520.0925771i,`$
$`\mathrm{for}f_0(1500):`$ $`v_5=1.2587+0.0398893i,`$ $`v_6=1.23230.0323298i,`$
$`v_7=0.8098180.019354i,`$ $`v_8=0.7939140.0266319i,`$
Variant 2:

$`\mathrm{for}f_0(665):`$ $`v_1=1.36783+0.212659i,`$ $`v_2=0.9219620.25348i,`$
$`\mathrm{for}f_0(980):`$ $`v_3=1.04462+0.0479703i,`$ $`v_4=0.8584520.0925771i,`$
$`\mathrm{for}f_0(1370):`$ $`v_5=1.227830.0483842i,`$ $`v_6=0.8025950.0379537i,`$
$`\mathrm{for}f_0(1500):`$ $`v_7=1.2587+0.0398893i,`$ $`v_8=1.248370.0358916i,`$
$`v_9=0.8043330.0179899i,`$ $`v_{10}=0.7955790.0253985i,`$
Variant 3:

$`\mathrm{for}f_0(665):`$ $`v_1=1.38633+0.230588i,`$ $`v_2=0.9040850.263033i,`$
$`\mathrm{for}f_0(980):`$ $`v_3=1.05103+0.0487473i,`$ $`v_4=0.8641090.0922272i,`$
$`\mathrm{for}f_0(1500):`$ $`v_5=1.2477+0.0321349i,`$ $`v_6=1.240270.0384191i,`$
$`v_7=0.8043330.0179899i,`$ $`v_8=0.7955790.0253985i,`$
$`\mathrm{for}f_0(1710):`$ $`v_9=1.259280.0115127i,`$ $`v_{10}=0.7954290.00629969i.`$
Variant 4:

$`\mathrm{for}f_0(665):`$ $`v_1=1.37103+0.21659i,`$ $`v_2=0.9177310.256026i,`$
$`\mathrm{for}f_0(980):`$ $`v_3=1.0457+0.0507053i,`$ $`v_4=0.8584520.0925771i,`$
$`\mathrm{for}f_0(1370):`$ $`v_5=1.227810.0496592i,`$ $`v_6=0.8010090.0420258i,`$
$`\mathrm{for}f_0(1500):`$ $`v_7=1.25817+0.0397054i,`$ $`v_8=1.250780.0350769i,`$
$`v_9=0.8093330.0179899i,`$ $`v_{10}=0.7955790.0253985i,`$
$`\mathrm{for}f_0(1710):`$ $`v_{11}=1.26040.00927258i,`$ $`v_{12}=0.7946940.00458088i.`$
Figures 2 demonstrate the comparison of the obtained energy dependence of four analyzed quantities with the experimental data: The short-dashed lines correspond to variant 1; the long-dashed curves, to variant 2; the dot-dashed ones, to variant 4; and the solid lines, to variant 3.

In Tables 2 and 3, the obtained pole clusters of considered resonances are shown on the corresponding sheets on the complex energy plane ($`\sqrt{s_r}=\mathrm{E}_ri\mathrm{\Gamma }_r`$) for the best variant 3 (without the $`f_(1370)`$) and for variant 4 (with all five states).

The coupling constants of obtained states with $`\pi \pi `$ ($`g_1`$) and $`K\overline{K}`$ ($`g_2`$) systems are calculated through the residues of amplitudes at the pole on sheet II – for resonances of types (a) and (c), and on sheet IV – for resonances of type (b). Expressing the $`T`$-matrix via the $`S`$-matrix as

$$S_{ii}=1+2i\rho _iT_{ii},S_{12}=2i\sqrt{\rho _1\rho _2}T_{12},$$
(8)
where $`\rho _i=\sqrt{(s4m_i^2)/s}`$, and taking the resonance part of the amplitude as

$$T_{ij}^{res}=\underset{r}{}g_{ir}g_{rj}D_r^1(s)$$
(9)
with $`D_r(s)`$ being an inverse propagator ($`D_r(s)ss_r`$), we show the results of that calculation in Table 4. We see that the $`f_0(980)`$ and especially the $`f_0(1370)`$ are coupled essentially more strongly to the $`K\overline{K}`$ system than to the $`\pi \pi `$ one, which tells about the dominant $`s\overline{s}`$ component in these states. The $`f_0(1500)`$ has the approximately equal coupling constants with the $`\pi \pi `$ and $`K\overline{K}`$ systems, which apparently could point up to its dominant glueball component . The coupling constant of the $`f_0(1710)`$ with the $`\pi \pi `$ channel cannot be calculated by this method, unless the description of $`\pi \pi K\overline{K}`$ reaction is obtained in the region of this resonance. But this state is represented by the cluster corresponding to the dominant $`s\overline{s}`$ component.

Let us also present the calculated scattering lengths: For the $`K\overline{K}`$ scattering:
$`a_0^0=1.25\pm 0.11+(0.65\pm 0.09)i,[m_{\pi ^+}^1];(\mathrm{variant1}),`$
$`a_0^0=1.548\pm 0.13+(0.634\pm 0.1)i,[m_{\pi ^+}^1];(\mathrm{variant2}),`$
$`a_0^0=1.19\pm 0.08+(0.622\pm 0.07)i,[m_{\pi ^+}^1];(\mathrm{variant3}),`$
$`a_0^0=1.58\pm 0.12+(0.59\pm 0.1)i,[m_{\pi ^+}^1];(\mathrm{variant4}).`$
The presence of the imaginary part in $`a_0^0(K\overline{K})`$ reflects the fact that already at the threshold of the $`K\overline{K}`$, other channels ($`2\pi ,4\pi `$, etc.) are opened. Variants 2 and 4 include the $`f_0(1370)`$ unlike variants 1 and 3. We see that $`\mathrm{Re}a_0^0(K\overline{K})`$ is very sensitive to whether this state exists or not.

In Table 5, we compare our results for the $`\pi \pi `$ scattering length $`a_0^0`$ with results of some other theoretical and experimental works.

At first, let us remark about the result of Ref. for the $`\pi \pi `$ scattering length. We think that such a small value (0.23 $`m_{\pi ^+}^1`$) has been obtained, because there has been used an assumption about the negative $`\pi \pi `$ background in the phase shift. Now, from Table 5 we see that our results correspond to the linear realization of chiral symmetry.

We have here presented model-independent results: the pole positions, coupling constants and scattering lengths. Masses and widths of these states that should be calculated from the obtained pole positions and coupling constants are highly model-dependent. For instance, if we suppose that the $`f_0(665)`$ is the $`\sigma `$-meson, then from the known relation

$$g_{\sigma \pi \pi }=(m_\sigma ^2m_\pi ^2)/\sqrt{2}f_{\pi ^0}$$

(here $`f_{\pi ^0}`$ is the constant of weak decay of the $`\pi ^0`$: $`f_{\pi ^0}=93.1`$ MeV), we obtain $`m_\sigma 342`$ MeV.

If we take the resonance part of amplitude in a non-relativistic form (, p. 214)

$$T^{res}=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{el}/2}{E_\sigma Ei\mathrm{\Gamma }_{tot}/2},$$

then we have $`E_\sigma 570\pm 21`$ MeV and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{tot}1400\pm 30`$ MeV; for the so-called relativistic form

$$T^{res}=\frac{\sqrt{s}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{el}}{m_\sigma ^2si\sqrt{s}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{tot}},$$

the following values are obtained: $`m_\sigma 850\pm 20`$ MeV and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }1240\pm 30`$ MeV.

## 4 Conclusions

On the basis of a simultaneous description of the isoscalar $`s`$-wave channel of the processes $`\pi \pi \pi \pi ,K\overline{K}`$ with a parameterless representation of the $`\pi \pi `$ background, a model-independent confirmation of the $`\sigma `$-meson below 1 GeV is obtained. We emphasize that this is a real evidence of this state, because we have not been enforced to construct the $`\pi \pi `$ background.

A parameterless description of the $`\pi \pi `$ background is given only by allowance for the left-hand branch-point in the proper uniformizing variable. This seems to be related to the fact that the exchanges by nearest $`\sigma `$\- and $`\rho `$-mesons in the crossing channels contribute to the $`\pi \pi `$-scattering amplitude with opposite signs (due to gauge invariance) and compensate each other.

Note also that a light $`\sigma `$-meson is needed, for example, for an explanation of $`K\pi \pi `$ transitions using the Dyson – Schwinger model  and for an explanation of the experimental value of the pion-nucleon $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$-term ($`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{\pi N}4070`$ MeV) in a linear $`\sigma `$-model based on the $`U(3)\times U(3)`$ quark effective Lagrangian .

Since all the fitted parameters in describing the $`\pi \pi `$ scattering are only the positions of poles corresponding to resonances, we conclude that our model-independent approach is a valuable tool for studying the realization schemes of chiral symmetry. The existence of the low-lying state $`f_0(665)`$ with the properties of the $`\sigma `$-meson and the obtained $`\pi \pi `$-scattering length ($`a_0^0(\pi \pi )0.27[m_{\pi ^+}^1]`$) suggest the linear realization of chiral symmetry.

The analysis of the used experimental data gives the evidence that the $`f_0(980)`$ and especially $`f_0(1370)`$ resonance (if exists – variants 2 and 4), have the dominant $`s\overline{s}`$ component. Note that a minimum scenario of the simultaneous description of processes $`\pi \pi \pi \pi ,K\overline{K}`$ goes without the $`f_0(1370)`$ resonance. The best total $`\chi ^2/\text{N}_{DF}`$ for both the analyzed processes is obtained with the set of states: $`f_0(665)`$, $`f_0(980)`$, $`f_0(1500)`$ and $`f_0(1710)`$. The $`K\overline{K}`$ scattering length is very sensitive to whether the $`f_0(1370)`$ state exists or not.

The $`f_0(1500)`$ has the approximately equal coupling constants with the $`\pi \pi `$ and $`K\overline{K}`$ systems, which apparently could point up to its dominant flavour-singlet (e.g., glueball) component .

The $`f_0(1710)`$ is represented by the cluster corresponding to the state with the dominant $`s\overline{s}`$ component. Although the lattice simulations suggest that the lowest mass state of a pure glue would be the $`0^{++}`$ with a mass of 1670$`\pm `$20 MeV , our result is in accord with Refs. where the $`f_0(1500)`$ has been considered as a candidate for the scalar glueball. Note that QCD sum rules  and the K-matrix method  showed both the $`f_0(1500)`$ and $`f_0(1710)`$ are mixed states with large admixture of the glueball component. Their conclusions about the glueball component concord to our conclusion as to the $`f_0(1500)`$ but not $`f_0(1710)`$. It seems that the complement of the combined consideration by the $`\eta \eta `$ and $`\eta \eta ^{}`$ channels should not change substantially this situation in view of the relative distance of the $`\eta \eta `$ threshold, and because the glueball component is not coupled to the $`\eta \eta ^{}`$ system. Note also that the conclusion of QCD sum rules  about the existence of light glueballs (below 1 GeV) contradicts the lattice calculations and is not confirmed by our method.

We stress that our results are very decisive, because our approach is based only on the first principles (analyticity-microcausality and unitarity), immediately applied to the analysis of experimental data, and it is free from dynamical assumptions, because a way of its realization is based on the mathematical fact that a local behaviour of analytic functions determined on the Riemann surface is governed by the nearest singularities on all corresponding sheets. It is very important that we were able to describe the considered coupled processes without diminishing the number of fitted parameters by some dynamical assumptions.

We think that multichannel states are most adequately represented by clusters, i.e., by the poles on all the corresponding sheets. Pole clusters give a main effect of resonances, and on the uniformization plane they are their good representation. The pole positions are rather stable characteristics for various models, whereas masses and widths are very model-dependent for wide resonances. Earlier one noted that the wide resonance parameters are largely controlled by the nonresonant background (see, e.g. ). In part this problem is removed by the parameterless and natural description of the $`\pi \pi `$ background; there remains only a considerable dependence of resonance masses and widths on the used model. Therefore, for those states it is of a little sense to publish masses and widths. It seems to be more right to publish the pole positions on all corresponding sheets. To specify a pole cluster, we propose to use its centre on the complex-energy plane (the real part of this centre). We have made this for the $`\sigma `$-meson (variant 1) owing to its large definition in the Particle Data Group tables.


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# Torus Chiral 𝑛-Point Functions for Free Boson and Lattice Vertex Operator Algebras

## 1 Introduction

This is the first of several papers devoted to a detailed and mathematically rigorous study of chiral $`n`$-point functions at all genera. Given a vertex operator algebra (VOA) $`V`$ (i.e. a chiral conformal field theory) one may define $`n`$-point functions at genus one following Zhu \[Z\] and use various sewing procedures to define such functions at successively higher genera. In order to implement such a procedure in practice, one needs a detailed description of the genus one functions. This itself is a non-trivial issue, and little seems to be currently rigorously known beyond certain global descriptions for some specific theories \[DMN\], \[DM\]. The purpose of the present paper is to supply the needed information in case $`V`$ is either a free bosonic or lattice VOA. More precisely, if $`V`$ is a free bosonic Heisenberg or lattice VOA, $`N`$ a $`V`$-module, and $`v_1,\mathrm{},v_n`$ states in $`V`$, we establish a closed formula below in Theorem 3.14 for the genus one $`n`$-point function $`F_N(v_1,z_1;\mathrm{};v_n,z_n;\tau )`$. Roughly speaking, in the free boson case the $`n`$-point functions are elliptic functions whose detailed structure depends on certain combinatorial data determined by the states $`v_1,\mathrm{},v_n`$. In the lattice case, the function is naturally the product of two pieces, one determined by the Heisenberg subalgebra and one which may be described in terms of the lattice and the genus one prime form. We note that the role played by elliptic functions and the prime form in calculating genus one $`n`$-point functions in string theory has long been discussed by physicists but a rigorous and complete description of these $`n`$-point functions has been lacking until now e.g. \[D, P\].

The paper is organized as follows. We begin in section 2 with a brief review of relevant aspects of free bosonic Heisenberg and even lattice vertex operator algebras. Section 3 contains the main results of this work. We begin with a discussion of free bosonic and lattice VOAs of rank one and later generalise to the rank $`l`$ case. We firstly use a recursion formula for $`n`$-point functions due to Zhu \[Z\] to demonstrate that every lattice $`n`$-point function is a product of a part determined by the free bosonic Heisenberg sub-VOA and a part dependent on lattice vectors only. We also obtain an explicit expression for every free bosonic $`n`$-point function $`F_N(v_1,z_1;\mathrm{};v_n,z_n;\tau )`$ in terms of a combinatoric sum over specific elliptic functions labelled by data determined by the states $`v_1,\mathrm{},v_n`$. We next describe the $`n`$-point functions for pure lattice states. This involves the identification of such $`n`$-point functions as a sum of appropriate weights over a certain set of graphs. This combinatorial approach then leads to a closed expression for all such $`n`$-point functions in terms of the lattice vectors and the genus one prime form. Finally we conclude the section with Theorem 3.14 which describes the expression for every rank $`l`$ lattice $`n`$-point function. Section 4 concludes the paper with a discussion of these $`n`$-point function from the point of view of their symmetry and elliptic properties. This provides some further insight into the nature of the explicit formulas obtained for $`n`$-point functions in Section 3.

We collect here notation for some of the more frequently occurring functions and symbols that will play a role in our work. $`=\{1,2,3,\mathrm{}.\}`$ is the set of positive integers, $``$ the integers, $``$ the complex numbers, $``$ the complex upper-half plane. We will always take $`\tau `$ to lie in $``$, and $`z`$ will lie in $``$ unless otherwise noted. We set $`q_z=\mathrm{exp}(z)`$ and $`q=q_{2\pi i\tau }=\mathrm{exp}(2\pi i\tau )`$. For $`n`$ symbols $`z_1,\mathrm{},z_n`$we also set $`q_i=\mathrm{exp}(z_i)`$and $`z_{ij}=z_iz_j`$.

We now define some elliptic and modular functions. Let $`\mathrm{}(z,\omega _1,\omega _2)`$ denote the Weierstrass elliptic $`\mathrm{}`$-function with periods $`\omega _1,\omega _2`$ and set

$$\mathrm{}(z,2\pi i,2\pi i\tau )=\frac{1}{z^2}+\underset{k=4,k\text{ even}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(k1)E_k(\tau )z^{k2},$$
(1)
so that

$$E_k(\tau )=\frac{B_k}{k!}+\frac{2}{(k1)!}\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\sigma _{k1}(n)q^n,k,k\text{ even}$$
(2)
is the Eisenstein series of weight $`k`$ normalized as in \[DLM\]; $`B_k`$ is a certain Bernoulli number and $`\sigma _{k1}(n)`$ a power sum over positive divisors of $`n`$. Also set

$$E_k(\tau )=0,k,k\text{ odd.}$$
(3)
We define

$$P_0(z,\tau )=\mathrm{log}z+\underset{k=2}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{k}E_k(\tau )z^k,$$
(4)
related to the genus one prime form $`K(z,\tau )`$ \[Mu\] by

$$K(z,\tau )=\mathrm{exp}(P_0(z,\tau )).$$
(5)
We further define

$$P_n(z,\tau )=\frac{(1)^n}{(n1)!}\frac{d^n}{dz^n}P_0(z,\tau )=\frac{1}{z^n}+\underset{k=2}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k1}{n1}\right)E_k(\tau )z^{kn}$$
(6)
Note that $`P_1(z,\tau )=\varsigma (z,2\pi i,2\pi i\tau )E_2(\tau )z`$, for $`\varsigma `$ the Weierstrass zeta-function and $`P_2(z,\tau )=\mathrm{}(z,2\pi i,2\pi i\tau )+E_2(\tau )`$.

We note two expansions for $`P_2`$:

$`P_2(zw,\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(zw)^2}}+{\displaystyle \underset{r,s}{}}C(r,s,\tau )z^{r1}w^{s1},`$ (7)
$`P_2(z+w_1w_2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{r,s}{}}D(r,s,z,\tau )w_1^{r1}w_2^{s1}.`$ (8)
(expanding the latter in $`w_1,w_2`$) so that for $`r,s`$,

$`C(r,s)`$ $`=`$ $`C(r,s,\tau )=(1)^{r+1}{\displaystyle \frac{(r+s1)!}{(r1)!(s1)!}}E_{r+s}(\tau ),`$ (9)
$`D(r,s,z)`$ $`=`$ $`D(r,s,z,\tau )=(1)^{r+1}{\displaystyle \frac{(r+s1)!}{(r1)!(s1)!}}P_{r+s}(z,\tau ).`$ (10)
We also define for $`r`$,

$`C(r,0)`$ $`=`$ $`C(r,0,\tau )=(1)^{r+1}E_r(\tau ),`$ (11)
$`D(r,0,z)`$ $`=`$ $`D(r,0,z,\tau )=(1)^{r+1}P_r(z,\tau ).`$ (12)
The Dedekind eta-function is defined by

$$\eta (\tau )=q^{1/24}\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(1q^n).$$
(13)
Finally, for a (finite) set $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ we denote by $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ the symmetric group consisting of all permutations of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$. Set

$`\mathrm{Inv}(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ $`=`$ $`\{\sigma \mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Phi })|\sigma ^2=1\},\text{(}\text{involutions}\text{ of }\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Phi })\text{)},`$ (14)
$`\mathrm{Fix}(\sigma )`$ $`=`$ $`\{x\mathrm{\Phi }|\sigma (x)=x\},\text{(}\text{fixed-points}\text{ of }\sigma \text{)},`$ (15)
$`F(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ $`=`$ $`\{\sigma \mathrm{Inv}(\mathrm{\Phi })|\mathrm{Fix}(\sigma )=\mathrm{}\},\text{(}\text{fixed-point-free }\text{involutions}\text{ }\text{of }\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Phi })\text{)}.`$
## 2 Vertex Operator Algebras

We discuss some aspects of VOA theory to establish context and notation. For more details, see \[FHL\], \[FLM\], \[Ka\], \[MN\].

A vertex operator algebra (VOA) is a quadruple $`(V,Y,\mathrm{𝟏},\omega )`$ consisting of a $``$-graded complex vector space $`V=_nV_n`$ , a linear map $`Y:V(\mathrm{End}V)[[z,z^1]]`$ , and a pair of distinguished vectors (states): the vacuum $`\mathrm{𝟏}`$ in $`V_0`$ , and the conformal vector $`\omega `$ in $`V_2`$. We adopt mathematical rather than physical notation for vertex operators, so that for a state $`v`$ in $`V`$, its image under the $`Y`$ map is denoted

$$Y(v,z)=\underset{n}{}v(n)z^{n1},$$
(17)
with component operators (or Fourier modes) $`v(n)\mathrm{End}V`$ and where $`Y(v,z)\mathbf{.1}|_{z=0}=v(1)\mathbf{.1}=v`$. We generally take $`z`$ to be a formal variable. A concession to physics notation is made concerning the vertex operator for the conformal vector $`\omega `$, where we write

$$Y(w,z)=\underset{n}{}L(n)z^{n2}.$$

The modes $`L(n)`$ close on the Virasoro Lie algebra of central charge $`c`$:

$$[L(m),L(n)]=(mn)L(m+n)+(m^3m)\frac{c}{12}\delta _{m,n}.$$

We define the homogeneous space of weight $`k`$ to be $`V_k=\{vV|L(0)v=kv\}`$ where for $`v`$ in $`V_k`$ we write $`wt(v)=k`$. Then as an operator on $`V`$ we have

$$v(n):V_mV_{m+kn1}.$$

In particular, the zero mode $`o(v)=v(wt(v)1)`$ is a linear operator on each homogeneous space of $`V`$.

Next we consider some particular VOAs, namely Heisenberg VOAs (or free boson theories), and lattice VOAs. We consider an $`l`$-dimensional complex vector space (i.e., abelian Lie algebra) $``$ equipped with a non-degenerate, symmetric, bilinear form $`(,)`$ and a distinguished orthonormal basis $`a_1,a_2,\mathrm{}a_l`$. The corresponding affine Lie algebra is the Heisenberg Lie algebra $`\widehat{}=[t,t^1]k`$ with brackets $`[k,\widehat{}]=0`$ and

$$[at^m,bt^n]=(a,b)m\delta _{m,n}k.$$
(18)
Corresponding to an element $`\lambda `$ in the dual space $`^{}`$ we consider the Fock space defined by the induced (Verma) module

$$M^\lambda =U(\widehat{})_{U([t]k)},$$

where $``$ is the $`1`$-dimensional space annihilated by $`t[t]`$ and on which $`k`$ acts as the identity and $`t^0`$ via the character $`\lambda `$; $`U`$ denotes the universal enveloping algebra. There is a canonical identification of linear spaces

$$M^\lambda =S(t^1[t^1]),$$

where $`S`$ denotes the (graded) symmetric algebra. The Heisenberg VOA $`M`$ corresponds to the case $`\lambda =0`$ and the Fock states

$$v=a_1(1)^{e_1}.a_1(2)^{e_2}\mathrm{}.a_1(n)^{e_n}.a_l(1)^{f_1}.a_l(2)^{f_2}\mathrm{}a_l(p)^{f_p}\mathbf{.1},$$
(19)
for non-negative integers $`e_i,\mathrm{},f_j`$ form a basis of $`M`$. The vacuum $`\mathrm{𝟏}`$ is canonically identified with the identity of $`M_0=`$, while the weight 1 subspace $`M_1`$ may be naturally identified with $``$. The vertex operator corresponding to $`h`$ in $``$ is given by

$$Y(h,z)=\underset{n}{}h(n)z^{n1},$$
(20)
where $`h(n)`$ is the usual operator on $`M`$. $`M`$ is a simple VOA.

Next we consider the case of lattice VOAs $`V_L`$ associated to a positive-definite, even lattice $`L`$ (\[B\], \[FLM\]). Thus $`L`$ is a free abelian group of rank $`l`$, say, equipped with a positive definite, integral bilinear form $`(,):LL`$ such that $`(\alpha ,\alpha )`$ is even for $`\alpha L`$. Let $``$ be the space $`_{}L`$ equipped with the $``$-linear extension of $`(,)`$ to $``$ and let $`M`$ be the corresponding Heisenberg VOA. The Fock space of the lattice theory may be described by the linear space

$$V_L=M[L]=\underset{\alpha L}{}Me^\alpha ,$$
(21)
where $`[L]`$ denotes the group algebra of $`L`$ with canonical basis $`e^\alpha `$, $`\alpha L`$. $`M`$ may be identified with the subspace $`Me^0`$ of $`V_L`$, in which case $`M`$ is a subVOA of $`V_L`$ and the rightmost equation of (21) then displays the decomposition of $`V_L`$ into irreducible $`M`$-modules. We identify $`e^\alpha `$ with the element $`\mathrm{𝟏}e^\alpha `$ in $`V_L`$; each of the elements $`e^\alpha `$ is a primary state of weight $`(\alpha ,\alpha )/2`$. The vertex operator for $`h`$ in $``$ is again represented in the obvious way by (20). The vertex operator for $`e^\alpha `$ is more complicated (loc. cit.) and is given by

$`Y(e^\alpha ,z)`$ $`=`$ $`Y_{}(e^\alpha ,z)Y_+(e^\alpha ,z)e^\alpha z^\alpha ,`$
$`Y_\pm (e^\alpha ,z)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}({\displaystyle \underset{n>0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha (\pm n)}{n}}z^n).`$ (22)
(The slight inconsistency in notation is more than compensated by its convenience). The operators $`e^\alpha [L]`$ have group commutator

$$e^\alpha e^\beta e^\alpha e^\beta =(1)^{(\alpha ,\beta )},$$
(23)
and $`e^\alpha ,z^\alpha `$ act on any state $`ue^\beta V_L`$ as

$`e^\alpha (ue^\beta )`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ(\alpha ,\beta )ue^{\alpha +\beta },`$ (24)
$`z^\alpha (ue^\beta )`$ $`=`$ $`z^{(\alpha ,\beta )}ue^\beta ,`$ (25)
for cocycle $`ϵ(\alpha ,\beta )=\pm 1`$. This cocycle can be chosen so that \[FLM\]

$`ϵ(\alpha ,\beta +\gamma )`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ(\alpha ,\beta )ϵ(\alpha ,\gamma ),`$ (26)
$`ϵ(\alpha ,\alpha )`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ(\alpha ,\alpha )=1.`$ (27)
In the context of his theory of modular-invariance for $`n`$-point functions at genus 1, Zhu introduced in \[Z\] a second VOA $`(V,Y[,],\mathrm{𝟏},\stackrel{~}{\omega })`$ associated to a given VOA $`(V,Y(,),\mathrm{𝟏},\omega )`$. This will be important in the present paper, and we review some aspects of the construction here. The underlying Fock space of the second VOA is the same space $`V`$ as the first, moreover they share the same vacuum vector $`\mathrm{𝟏}`$ and have the same central charge. The new vertex operators are defined by a change of co-ordinates 111Concerning the co-ordinate change we follow \[DLM\] rather than \[Z\]. The latter has $`z`$ replaced by $`2\pi iz`$ in (28). This leads to minor discrepancies between the notation in \[Z\] and the present paper which should be borne in mind., namely

$$Y[v,z]=\underset{n}{}v[n]z^{n1}=Y(q_z^{L(0)}v,q_z1),$$
(28)
while the new conformal vector $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }`$ is defined to be the state $`\omega \frac{c}{24}\mathrm{𝟏}`$. We set

$$Y[\stackrel{~}{\omega },z]=\underset{n}{}L[n]z^{n2}$$
(29)
and write $`wt[v]=k`$ if $`L[0].v=kv`$, $`V_{[k]}=\{vV|wt[v]=k\}`$. States homogeneous with respect to the first degree operator $`L(0)`$ are not necessarily homogeneous with respect to $`L[0]`$. On the other hand, it transpires (cf. \[Z\], \[DLM\]) that the two Virasoro algebras enjoy the same set of primary states. We have $`L[1]=L(0)+L(1)`$, which leads to the useful relation

$$o(L[1]v)=0,$$
(30)
for any state $`v`$. Inasmuch as the co-ordinate change $`zq_z=\mathrm{exp}(z)`$ maps the complex plane to an infinite cylinder, we sometimes refer to the VOA as being ’on the sphere’, or ’on the cylinder’.

The Heisenberg VOA $`M`$ is a simple example where there is not too much difference between being on the sphere or the cylinder. This is basically because $`M`$ is generated by its weight 1 states which are primary for both Virasoro algebras, and because we have $`u[1]v=u(1)v=(u,v)\mathrm{𝟏}`$ and the commutator formula

$$[u[m],v[n]]=m(u,v)\delta _{m,n},$$
(31)
for weight 1 states $`u,vM`$ (cf. \[Z\], \[DMN\] for more details).

## 3 Torus $`n`$-point Functions

In this section we will consider $`n`$-point functions at genus one. A general reference is Zhu’s paper \[Z\]. Let $`(V,Y,\mathrm{𝟏},\omega )`$ be a vertex operator algebra as discussed in section 2 with $`N`$ a $`V`$-module. Recall (loc. cit.) that for states $`v_1,\mathrm{}v_nV`$ , the $`n`$-point function on the torus determined by $`N`$ is

$$F_N(v_1,z_1;\mathrm{};v_n,z_n;q)=Tr_NY(q_1^{L(0)}v_1,q_1)\mathrm{}Y(q_n^{L(0)}v_n,q_n)q^{L(0)c/24},$$
(32)
where $`q_i=q_{z_i}`$, $`1in`$, for auxiliary variables $`z_1,\mathrm{},z_n`$. (32) incorporates some cosmetic changes compared to \[Z\]: we have adorned our $`n`$-point functions with an extra factor $`q^{c/24}`$ and omitted a factor of $`2\pi i`$ from the variables $`z_i`$ (cf. footnote to (28)). In case $`n=1`$, (32) is the usual trace function which we will often denote by

$$Z_N(v_1,\tau )=Tr_No(v_1)q^{L(0)c/24}$$
(33)
where $`o(v_1)`$ again denotes the zero mode, now for the vertex operator $`Y(v_1,z)`$ acting on $`N`$. Note that this trace is independent of $`z_1`$. Taking all $`v_i=\mathrm{𝟏}`$ in (32) yields the genus one partition function for $`N`$:

$$Z_N(\tau )=Tr_Nq^{L(0)c/24}=q^{c/24}\underset{m0}{}dimN_mq^m.$$
(34)
where $`N_m`$ is the subspace of $`N`$ of homogeneous vectors of conformal weight $`m`$.

The following result, which we use later, holds:

###### Lemma 3.1.

For states $`v_1,v_2,\mathrm{},v_n`$ as above we have

$`F_N(v_1,z_1;\mathrm{};v_n,z_n;q)`$
$`=Z_N(Y[v_1,z_{1n}].Y[v_2,z_{2n}]\mathrm{}Y[v_{n1},z_{n1n}].v_n,\tau )`$ (35)
$`=Z_N(Y[v_1,z_1].Y[v_2,z_2]\mathrm{}Y[v_n,z_n]\mathbf{.1},\tau )`$ (36)
where $`z_{ij}=z_iz_j`$.

Proof: Recall notation from section 2 for vertex operator algebras on the cylinder. Lemma 3.1 is implicit in \[Z\], section 4, especially eqn. (4.4.21). We will give a direct proof in the case $`n=2`$ based on the associativity of vertex operators. The general case follows in similar fashion. Associativity tells us (\[FHL\], Proposition 3.3.2) that

$$Tr_NY(v_1,z_1)Y(v_2,z_2)q^{L(0)}=Tr_NY(Y(v_1,z_{12})v_2),z_2)q^{L(0)}.$$
(37)
We also have (\[FHL\], eqn.(2.6.4))

$$e^{xL(0)}Y(v,y)e^{xL(0)}=Y(e^{xL(0)}v,e^xy).$$
(38)
By (37) and (38) it follows that the left-hand-side of (36) is equal to

$`Tr_NY(Y(q_1^{L(0)}v_1,q_1q_2)q_2^{L(0)}v_2,q_2)q^{L(0)c/24}`$
$`=`$ $`Tr_NY(q_2^{L(0)}Y(q_{z_{12}}^{L(0)}v_1,q_{z_{12}}1).v_2,q_2)q^{L(0)c/24}`$
$`=`$ $`Tr_NY(q_2^{L(0)}Y[v_1,z_{12}].v_2,q_2)q^{L(0)c/24}`$
$`=`$ $`Z_N(Y[v_1,z_{12}].v_2,\tau ),`$
as required.

Finally using \[FHL\], eqn.(2.3.17) we have in general that

$$e^{xL(1)}Y(v,y)e^{xL(1)}=Y(v,y+x).$$
(39)
Hence (36) follows from

$`o(Y[v_1,z_{12}].v_2)`$ $`=`$ $`o(Y[v_1,z_{12}].e^{z_2L[1]}.Y[v_2,z_2]\mathbf{.1})`$
$`=`$ $`o(e^{z_2L[1]}.Y[v_1,z_1].Y[v_2,z_2]\mathbf{.1})`$
$`=`$ $`o(Y[v_1,z_2].Y[v_2,z_2]\mathbf{.1}),`$
and using (30).

Recall from the previous section the notation for states and modules for Heisenberg and lattice vertex operator algebras. We are going to develop explicit formulas for $`n`$-point functions in these cases. The final answer is quite elaborate, so we begin with the rank $`1`$ case. The general case will proceed in exactly the same manner. We fix the following notation: $`L`$ is a rank $`l=1`$ even lattice with inner product $`(,)`$, $`M`$ the corresponding Heisenberg vertex operator algebra based on the complex space $`=_{}L`$, $`a`$ satisfies $`(a,a)=1`$, $`N=Me^\beta `$ is a simple $`M`$-module with $`\beta L`$, $`h=(\beta ,\beta )/2`$ the conformal weight of the highest weight vector of $`N`$. We will establish a closed formula for $`n`$-point expressions of the form

$$F_N(v_1e^{\alpha _1},z_1;\mathrm{};v_ne^{\alpha _n},z_n;q),$$
(40)
where $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _nL`$ and $`v_1,\mathrm{},v_n`$ are elements in the canonical Fock basis (19) of $`M`$ on the cylinder. Thus, $`v_1=a[1]^{e_1}a[2]^{e_2}\mathrm{}`$, etc. Note that the individual vertex operators $`Y(v_ie^{\alpha _i},z_i)`$, $`1in`$ do not generally act on the module $`N`$, however their composite does as long as $`\alpha _1+\mathrm{}+\alpha _n=0`$. We will always assume that this is the case. It transpires that (40) factors as

$$Q_N.F_N(\mathrm{𝟏}e^{\alpha _1},z_1;\mathrm{};\mathrm{𝟏}e^{\alpha _n},z_n;q),$$
(41)
where $`Q_N`$ is independent of the $`\alpha _i`$, and our main task will be to elucidate the structure of the two factors $`Q_N`$ and $`F_N`$. Our results generalize the calculations in \[DMN\], which dealt with the case $`n=1,\alpha _1=0`$.

We turn to the precise description of $`Q_N`$. Consider first a Fock state $`vM`$ given by

$$v=a[1]^{e_1}\mathrm{}a[p]^{e_p}\mathbf{.1}$$
(42)
where $`e_1,\mathrm{},e_{p\text{ }}`$are non-negative integers . The state $`v`$ is determined by a multi-set or labelled set, which consists of $`e_1+e_2+\mathrm{}+e_p`$ elements, the first $`e_1`$ of which are labelled $`1`$, the next $`e_2`$ labelled $`2`$, etc. In this way, each of the states $`v_i`$ in (40) is associated with a labelled set $`\mathrm{\Phi }_i`$, and we let $`\mathrm{\Phi }=\mathrm{\Phi }_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Phi }_n`$ denote the disjoint union of the $`\mathrm{\Phi }_i`$, itself a labelled set. For convenience we often specify an element of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ by its label: the reader should bear in mind that this expedient can be misleading because there are generally several distinct elements with the same label.

An element $`\phi \mathrm{Inv}(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ (cf. (14)) considered as a permutation of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$, may be represented as a product of cycles, each of length $`1`$ or $`2`$:

$$\phi =(r_1s_1)\mathrm{}(r_bs_b)(t_1)\mathrm{}(t_c).$$
(43)
(43) tells us that $`\mathrm{\Phi }=\{r_1,s_1,\mathrm{},r_b,s_b,t_1,\mathrm{},t_c\}`$, while $`\phi `$ exchanges elements with labels $`r_i`$ and $`s_i`$, and fixes elements with labels $`t_1,\mathrm{},t_c`$. Notice that involutions may produce the same permutation of labels yet correspond to distinct permutations of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$. We will always consider such involutions to be distinct, regardless of labels.

Recall the definitions (9) to (12). Let $`\mathrm{\Xi }`$ be a subset of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ with $`|\mathrm{\Xi }|2`$. If $`\mathrm{\Xi }=\{r,s\}`$ has size $`2`$ with $`r\mathrm{\Phi }_i,s\mathrm{\Phi }_j`$, we define

$$\gamma (\mathrm{\Xi })=\{\begin{array}{c}D(r,s,z_{ij},\tau ),ij\\ C(r,s,\tau ),i=j.\end{array}$$
(44)
Note that $`D(r,s,z,\tau )=D(s,r,z,\tau )`$, so that the order in which the arguments $`r,s`$ appear is of no relevance. If $`\mathrm{\Xi }=\{r\}\mathrm{\Phi }_k`$ we define

$$\gamma (\mathrm{\Xi })=(a,\delta _{r,1}\beta +C(r,0,\tau )\alpha _k+\underset{l>k}{}D(r,0,z_{kl},\tau )\alpha _l).$$
(45)
For $`\phi \mathrm{Inv}(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ set

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(\phi )=\underset{\mathrm{\Xi }}{}\gamma (\mathrm{\Xi })$$
(46)
where the product ranges over all orbits (cycles) of $`\phi `$ in its action on $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$. Finally, set

$$Q_N(v_1,z_1;\mathrm{};v_n,z_n;q)=\underset{\phi \mathrm{Inv}(\mathrm{\Phi })}{}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\phi )$$
(47)
We can now formally state our first main result about $`n`$-point functions.

###### Proposition 3.2.

Let $`v_1,\mathrm{},v_n`$ be states of the form (42) in the rank $`1`$ free boson theory $`M`$ and let $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ be the labelled set determined (as above) by these states. Then the following holds for lattice elements $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _n`$ satisfying $`\alpha _1+\mathrm{}+\alpha _n`$ $`=0`$:

$`F_N(v_1e^{\alpha _1},z_1;\mathrm{};v_ne^{\alpha _n},z_n;q)`$ (48)
$`=`$ $`Q_N(v_1,z_1;\mathrm{};v_n,z_n;q)F_N(\mathrm{𝟏}e^{\alpha _1},z_1;\mathrm{};\mathrm{𝟏}e^{\alpha _n},z_n;q).`$
Proof: The idea is to carefully examine a recursion formula for $`n`$-point functions due to Zhu (\[Z\], Proposition 4.3.3). Bearing in mind the differences in notation between the present paper and \[Z\], we quote the following:

###### Lemma 3.3 (Zhu).

Assume that $`u_1,\mathrm{},u_n,b`$ are states in a vertex operator algebra $`V`$, that $`N`$ is a $`V`$-module, and that $`o(b)`$ acts as a scalar on $`N`$. Then

$`F_N(b[1]u_1,z_1;\mathrm{};u_n,z_n;q)`$
$`=Tr_No(b)Y(q_1^{L(0)}u_1,q_1)\mathrm{}Y(q_n^{L(0)}u_n,q_n)q^{L(0)c/24}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{k1}{}}E_{2k}(\tau )F_N(b[2k1]u_1,z_1;u_2,z_2;\mathrm{};u_n,z_n;q)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{m0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=2}{\overset{n}{}}}(1)^{m+1}P_{m+1}(z_{k1},\tau )F_N(u_1,z_1;\mathrm{};b[m]u_k,z_k;\mathrm{};u_n,z_n;q)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}}F_N(u_1,z_1;\mathrm{};b[0]u_k,z_k;\mathrm{};u_n,z_n;q).`$ (49)
We apply this result in the case that $`N`$ and $`u_i=v_ie^{\alpha _i}`$ are as discussed in (40) - (47), with $`b=a`$. The zero mode of $`a`$ acts on $`N`$ as multiplication by the scalar $`(a,\beta )`$ and $`a[0].v_ie^{\alpha _i}=(a,\alpha _i)v_ie^{\alpha _i}`$. As a result of $`\alpha _1+\mathrm{}+\alpha _n`$ $`=0`$ it follows that the last summand in (49) vanishes, and (49) then reads

$`F_N(a[1]v_1e^{\alpha _1},z_1;\mathrm{};v_ne^{\alpha _n},z_n;q)`$
$`=(a,\beta +{\displaystyle \underset{k=2}{\overset{n}{}}}D(1,0,z_{1k})\alpha _k)F_N(v_1e^{\alpha _1},z_1;\mathrm{};v_ne^{\alpha _n},z_n;q)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{k1}{}}C(2k1,1)F_N(\widehat{v}_1e^{\alpha _1},z_1;\mathrm{};v_ne^{\alpha _n},z_n;q)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{m1}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=2}{\overset{n}{}}}D(m,1,z_{k1})F_N(v_1e^{\alpha _1},z_1;\mathrm{}\widehat{v}_ke^{\alpha _k},z_k;\mathrm{};v_ne^{\alpha _n},z_n;q).`$
(50)
Here, we have used the (admittedly uninformative) notation $`\widehat{v}_1`$ in the second summand to indicate that a factor $`a[2k+1]`$ should be removed from the expression of $`v_1`$ as a product (42), and indeed that this should be implemented as often as $`a[2k+1]`$ occurs in the expression. If $`a[2k+1]`$ does not occur in the expression for $`v_1`$ then $`\widehat{v}_1`$ is defined to be zero. Similar notation $`\widehat{v}_k`$ occurs in the third summand, where it indicates removal of a factor $`a[m]`$.

Next we develop the analog of (50) in which $`a[1]`$ is replaced by $`a[p]`$ for any positive integer $`p`$. To this end we take $`b=L[1]^{p1}.a`$. We easily calculate that $`b[m]=(1)^{p1}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{m}{p1}\right)a[mp+1]`$, in particular $`b[1]=a[p]`$ and $`b[0]=0`$ if $`p2`$. Note also that $`o(b)=0`$ if $`p2`$, thanks to (30). With this choice of $`b`$ and $`p`$, and after some calculation, (49) reduces to the next equation. In fact, we can combine the resulting equality (for $`p2`$) with the case $`p=1`$. What obtains is the basic recursive relation satisfied by our $`n`$-point functions, namely

$`F_N(a[p]v_1e^{\alpha _1},z_1;\mathrm{};v_ne^{\alpha _n},z_n;q)`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{k>p/2}{}}C(2kp,p)F_N(\widehat{v}_1e^{\alpha _1},z_1;\mathrm{};v_ne^{\alpha _n},z_n;q)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{m>p1}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=2}{\overset{n}{}}}D(mp+1,p,z_{k1}).`$
$`F_N(v_1e^{\alpha _1},z_1;\mathrm{};\widehat{v}_ke^{\alpha _k},z_k;\mathrm{};v_ne^{\alpha _n},z_n;q)`$
$`+(a,\delta _{p,1}\beta +C(p,0)\alpha _1+{\displaystyle \underset{k=2}{\overset{n}{}}}D(p,0,z_{1k})\alpha _k).`$
$`F_N(v_1e^{\alpha _1},z_1;\mathrm{};v_ne^{\alpha _n},z_n;q),`$ (51)
where we have used a similar convention to the case $`p=1`$ regarding symbols $`\widehat{v}_1,\widehat{v}_k`$.

Close scrutiny of relation (51) reveals how to complete the proof of Proposition 3.2, which at this point is a matter of interpreting the recursion formula. We choose an element with label $`p`$ from the first labelled set $`\mathrm{\Phi }_1`$ determined by $`v_1`$. The first sum on the r.h.s of (51) then corresponds to certain terms in the representation (42) of $`v_1`$. Indeed, as long as $`2k>p`$, a factor $`a[p2k]`$ will give rise to a term $`C(2kp,p,\tau )F_N(\mathrm{})`$, and via (44) we identify $`C(2kp,p,\tau )`$ with $`\gamma (\mathrm{\Xi })`$ where $`\mathrm{\Xi }=\{2kp,p\}`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{\Phi }_1`$ and $`(2kp,p)`$ is the initial transposition of a putative involution that is to be constructed inductively. Terms in the second (double) summation in (51) are treated similarly - they correspond to expressions $`\gamma (\mathrm{\Xi })F_N(\mathrm{})`$ where $`\mathrm{\Xi }=\{mp+1,p\}`$ and $`mp+1,p`$ are labels of elements in $`\mathrm{\Phi }_k,\mathrm{\Phi }_1`$ respectively (for $`k1`$). The third term in (51) is similarly seen to coincide with $`\gamma (\mathrm{\Xi })F_N(\mathrm{})`$, now with $`\mathrm{\Xi }=\{p\}`$ $`\mathrm{\Phi }_1`$. We repeat this process in an inductive manner. It is easy to see that in this way we construct every element of $`\mathrm{Inv}(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ exactly once, and what emerges is the formula (48). This completes our discussion of the proof of Proposition 3.2.

In order to complete our discussion of the rank one $`n`$-point functions we must of course evaluate the term $`F_N(\mathrm{𝟏}e^{\alpha _1},z_1;\mathrm{};\mathrm{𝟏}e^{\alpha _n},z_n;q)`$. Before we do that, however, it will be useful to draw some initial conclusions from Proposition 3.2. Taking all lattice elements $`\alpha _1=\mathrm{}=\alpha _n=\beta =0`$ corresponds to the case of $`n`$-point functions in the rank $`1`$ free bosonic theory $`M`$. In this case all contributions from orbits of length $`1`$ vanish and hence the sum over $`\mathrm{Inv}(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ reduces to one over $`F(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ of (LABEL:FPhi) only. Furthermore we know that $`F_M(\mathrm{𝟏},z_1;\mathrm{};\mathrm{𝟏},z_n;q)`$ is just the partition function for $`M`$ i.e. $`1/\eta (\tau )`$. Thus we arrive at a formula for $`n`$-point functions for a single free boson:

###### Corollary 3.4.

Let $`M`$ be the VOA for a single free boson. For Fock states $`v_1,\mathrm{},v_n`$ as in (42) with corresponding labelled set $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ we have

$$F_M(v_1,z_1;\mathrm{};v_n,z_n;q)=\frac{1}{\eta (\tau )}\underset{\phi F(\mathrm{\Phi })}{}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\phi ).$$
(52)
The case $`n=1`$ of Corollary 3.4 was established in \[DMN\], where it was shown that

$$Z_M(v;\tau )=\frac{1}{\eta (\tau )}\underset{\phi F(\mathrm{\Phi })}{}C(r,s,\tau ),$$
(53)
for fixed point free involutions $`\phi =\mathrm{}(rs)\mathrm{}`$ of the labelled set $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ labelling $`v`$ of (42) where the product is taken over all the transpositions $`(rs)`$ in $`\phi `$.

An even more special, yet interesting, case arises if in Corollary 3.4 we take each state $`v_i`$ to coincide with the conformal weight one state $`a`$. Thus $`v_i=a[1]\mathbf{.1}`$, $`1in`$, $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ consists of $`n`$ elements each carrying the label $`1`$, and elements of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ may be considered as mappings on the set $`\{1,2,\mathrm{},n\}`$ in the usual way. If $`n`$ is odd then there are no fixed-point-free involutions acting on $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$, so (52) is zero in this case. If $`n`$ is even then $`\gamma (\mathrm{\Xi })=P_2(z_{ij},\tau )`$ if $`\mathrm{\Xi }`$ = $`\mathrm{\Phi }_i\mathrm{\Phi }_j`$ for $`ij`$. Thus we obtain

###### Corollary 3.5.

Let $`M`$ be the VOA for a single free boson. Then for $`n`$ even,

$$F_M(a,z_1;\mathrm{};a,z_n;q)=\frac{1}{\eta (\tau )}\underset{\phi F(\mathrm{\Phi })}{}P_2(z_{ij},\tau ),$$
(54)
where the product ranges over the cycles of $`\phi =\mathrm{}(ij)\mathrm{}\mathit{}`$

We next consider the case of an $`M`$-module $`N`$ $`=Me^\beta `$. If $`n=1`$ we necessarily have $`\alpha _1=0`$, $`Z_N=q^{(\beta ,\beta )/2}/\eta (\tau )`$, and the labelled set $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ coincides with $`\mathrm{\Phi }_1`$. If $`\phi \mathrm{Inv}(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ and $`\mathrm{\Xi }=\{r\}`$ is an orbit of $`\phi `$ of length $`1`$ then from (45) we get $`\gamma (\mathrm{\Xi })=\delta _{r,1}(a,\beta )`$. So $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\phi )`$ vanishes unless all labels of the set of fixed-points $`\mathrm{Fix}(\phi )`$ are equal to $`1`$. In this case we may write $`\phi =1^{|\mathrm{\Delta }|}\phi _0`$ to indicate that $`\phi `$ fixes a set $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ of elements with label $`1`$, and that $`\phi _0`$is the fixed-point-free involution induced by $`\phi `$ on the complement $`\mathrm{\Phi }\backslash \mathrm{\Delta }`$. We thus obtain

###### Corollary 3.6.

Let $`M`$ be as in (40) and let $`N`$ be the $`M`$-module $`Me^\beta `$. Take $`v`$ to be the state (42) and let $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ denote the elements in $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ with label $`1`$. Then

$`Z_N(v,\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q^{(\beta ,\beta )/2}}{\eta (\tau )}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Lambda }}{}}(a,\beta )^{|\mathrm{\Delta }|}{\displaystyle \underset{\phi _0F(\mathrm{\Phi }\backslash \mathrm{\Delta })}{}}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\phi _0),`$
$`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\phi _0)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle C(r,s,\tau )},`$ (55)
where $`\phi _0=\mathrm{}(rs)\mathrm{}`$ acting on $`\mathrm{\Phi }\backslash \mathrm{\Delta }`$.

Similarly to Corollary 3.5 we can consider again the special case with each $`v_i=a`$, generalising (54). In the above notation we therefore have $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\mathrm{\Phi }`$ so that

###### Corollary 3.7.

Let $`M`$ be the VOA for a single free boson with module $`N=Me^\beta `$. Then

$$F_N(a,z_1;\mathrm{};a,z_n;q)=\frac{q^{(\beta ,\beta )/2}}{\eta (\tau )}\underset{\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Phi }}{}(a,\beta )^{|\mathrm{\Delta }|}\underset{\phi _0F(\mathrm{\Phi }\backslash \mathrm{\Delta })}{}P_2(z_{ij},\tau ),$$
(56)
where the product ranges over the cycles of $`\phi _0=\mathrm{}(ij)\mathrm{}\mathit{}`$

We now show how (56) can be interpreted as the generator of all free bosonic $`n`$-point functions for Fock states (19). This provides a useful insight into the structure found for these $`n`$-point functions in terms of the elliptic function $`P_2(z,\tau )`$ and the scalar $`(a,\beta )`$.

###### Proposition 3.8.

$`F_N(a,z_1;\mathrm{};a,z_n;q)`$ is a generating function for the $`n`$-point functions for all Fock states $`v_1,\mathrm{},v_n`$.

Proof. This follows from Lemma 3.1 and the expansions of $`P_2`$ of (7) and (8). We will illustrate the result for $`n=1`$ and $`n=2`$. A general proof can be given along the same lines.

From (36) we obtain

$`F_N(a,z_1;\mathrm{};a,z_n;q)`$ $`=`$ $`Z_N(Y[a,z_1]\mathrm{}Y[a,z_n]\mathbf{.1},q)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{l_1,\mathrm{}l_n}{}}Z_N(a[l_1]\mathrm{}a[l_n]\mathbf{.1},q)z_1^{l_11}\mathrm{}z_n^{l_n1}.`$
The 1-point function for the bosonic Fock state $`v=a[l_1]\mathrm{}a[l_n]\mathbf{.1}`$ is clearly the coefficient of $`z_1^{l_11}\mathrm{}z_n^{l_n1}`$ for $`l_1,\mathrm{},l_n>0`$. We then recover (55) from the expansion for each $`P_2(z_{ij},\tau )`$ using (7).

For $`n=2`$ consider the $`1`$-point function

$$Z_N(Y[Y[a,w_1]\mathrm{}Y[a,w_m]\mathbf{.1},w].Y[Y[a,z_1]\mathrm{}Y[a,z_n]\mathbf{.1},z]\mathbf{.1},q).$$
(58)
The 2-point function $`F_N(v_1,q_1;v_2,q_2;q)`$ for $`v_1=a[l_1]\mathrm{}a[l_m]\mathbf{.1}`$ and $`v_2=a[k_1]\mathrm{}a[k_n]\mathbf{.1}`$ is the coefficient of $`_{i=1}^m_{j=1}^nw_i^{l_i1}z_j^{m_j1}`$ in (58). By associativity (37) and using $`Y[\mathrm{𝟏},z]=\mathrm{Id}`$ eqn. (58) can be expressed as

$$Z_N(Y[a,w_1+w]\mathrm{}Y[a,w_m+w].Y[a,z_1+z]\mathrm{}Y[a,z_n+z]\mathbf{.1},q).$$

Using (56) this becomes (suppressing the $`\tau `$ dependence for clarity)

$$\frac{q^{(\beta ,\beta )/2}}{\eta (\tau )}\underset{\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Phi }}{}(a,\beta )^{|\mathrm{\Delta }|}\underset{\phi _0F(\mathrm{\Phi }\backslash \mathrm{\Delta })}{}P_2(w_{ab})\mathrm{}P_2(z_{cd})\mathrm{}P_2(wz+w_ez_f)\mathrm{}$$

where $`\phi _0=(ab)\mathrm{}(cd)\mathrm{}(ef)\mathrm{}F(\mathrm{\Phi }\backslash \mathrm{\Delta })`$ with $`a,b,e\mathrm{}\{1,2,\mathrm{}m\}`$ and $`c,d,f\mathrm{}\{1,2,\mathrm{}n\}`$. Then the coefficient of $`w_a^{l_a1}w_b^{l_b1}`$ in $`P_2(w_{ab})`$ is $`C(l_a,l_b)`$, the coefficient of $`z_c^{m_c1}z_d^{m_d1}`$ in $`P_2(z_{cd})`$ is $`C(m_c,m_d)`$ from (7) and the coefficient of $`w_e^{l_e1}z_f^{m_f1}`$ in $`P_2(wz+w_ez_f)`$ is $`D(l_e,m_f,wz)`$ from (8) leading to the result (52) in this case.

We complete our discussion of bosonic $`n`$-point functions with two global formulas for $`1`$-point functions. The first shows how to write certain $`1`$-point functions with respect to $`N`$ in terms of $`1`$-point functions with respect to $`M`$:

###### Proposition 3.9.

Let notation be as in Corollary 3.4. Then if $`\varsigma `$ is an indeterminate,

$`Z_N(\mathrm{exp}({\displaystyle \underset{m1}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{m}}a[m]\varsigma ^m)\mathbf{.1},\tau )`$
$`=q^{(\beta ,\beta )/2}\mathrm{exp}((a,\beta )\varsigma )Z_M(\mathrm{exp}({\displaystyle \underset{m1}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{m}}a[m]\varsigma ^m)\mathbf{.1},\tau ).`$ (59)
###### Proposition 3.10.

Let $`\lambda _1,\mathrm{}\lambda _n`$be $`n`$ scalars obeying $`_{i=1}^n\lambda _i=0`$. Then the following holds:

$$Z_M(\mathrm{exp}(\underset{m1}{}\frac{a[m]}{m}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\lambda _iz_i^m)\mathbf{.1},\tau )=\frac{1}{\eta (\tau )}\underset{1i<jn}{}(\frac{K(z_{ij},\tau )}{z_{ij}})^{\lambda _i\lambda _j},$$
(60)
where $`K(z,\tau )`$ is the prime form of (5).

We divide the proof of Proposition 3.9 into several steps.

###### Lemma 3.11.

Let $`uM`$ be a state such that $`a[1].u=0`$. For an integer $`p0`$,

$$Z_N(a[1]^p.u,q)=q^{(\beta ,\beta )/2}Z_M((a,\beta )+a[1])^p.u,q).$$
(61)
Proof: Suppose first that $`p=0`$. In this case, the lemma says that for a state $`v`$ as in (42) which satisfies also $`e_1=0`$, the traces of $`o(v)`$ over $`N`$ and $`M`$ differ only by an overall factor of $`q^{(\beta ,\beta )/2}`$. A moment’s thought shows that this follows from Corollary 3.4 because the set $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is empty in this case. This proves the case $`p=0`$ of the lemma.

We prove the general case by induction on $`p`$. Using lemma 3.3 with $`n=1`$ we calculate

$`Z_N(a[1]^{p+1}.u,\tau )`$
$`=(a,\beta )Z_N(a[1]^p.u,\tau )+{\displaystyle \underset{k1}{}}E_{2k}(\tau )Z_N(a[2k1].a[1]^p.u,\tau )`$
$`=q^{(\beta ,\beta )/2}(a,\beta )Z_M((a,\beta )+a[1])^p.u,\tau )`$
$`+pE_2(\tau )q^{(\beta ,\beta )/2}Z_M(((a,\beta )+a[1])^{p1}.u,\tau )`$
$`+q^{(\beta ,\beta )/2}{\displaystyle \underset{k2}{}}E_{2k}(\tau )Z_M(a[2k1].(a,\beta )+a[1])^p.u,\tau ),`$
from which the result follows by using lemma 3.3 again.

If we multiply (61) by $`\varsigma ^p`$, rearrange the constants and sum over $`p`$ we find

###### Lemma 3.12.

Let notation be as above. Then

$$Z_N(\mathrm{exp}(a[1]\varsigma ).u,\tau )=q^{(\beta ,\beta )/2}\mathrm{exp}((a,\beta )\varsigma )Z_M(\mathrm{exp}a[1]\varsigma ).u,\tau ).$$
(62)
Choosing $`u=\mathrm{exp}(_{m2}\frac{a[m]}{m}\varsigma ^m)\mathbf{.1}`$we note that Proposition 3.9 is a special case of lemma 3.12.

Proof of Proposition 3.10: When expanded as a sum, the left-hand-side of (60) can be written in the form

$$\underset{v}{}\underset{k=1}{\overset{p}{}}\frac{1}{e_k!}(\frac{1}{k}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\lambda _iz_i^k)^{e_k}Z_M(v,\tau ),$$
(63)
where $`v`$ ranges over the basis elements (42). In this regard one should note that as a consequence of Corollary 3.4, $`Z_M(v,\tau )=0`$ whenever $`_{k=1}^pke_k`$ is odd. The argument that we use to establish the equality (60) involves the use of a combinatorial technique that proliferates in other work on genus two and higher VOAs \[MT\].

Use the case $`N=M`$ of (55) and use Corollary 3.4 to write (63) as

$$\frac{1}{\eta (\tau )}\underset{v}{}\underset{k=1}{\overset{p}{}}\frac{1}{e_k!}\underset{\phi F(\mathrm{\Phi }_v)}{}\underset{k=1}{\overset{p}{}}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\phi )(\frac{1}{k}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\lambda _iz_i^k)^{e_k}$$
(64)
where $`\mathrm{\Phi }_v`$ is the labelled set determined by $`v`$. Fix for a moment an element $`\phi `$, considered as a product of transpositions. We can represent $`\phi `$ by a graph with nodes labelled by positive integers corresponding to the elements of $`\mathrm{\Phi }_v`$, two nodes being connected precisely when $`\phi `$ interchanges the nodes in question. Such a graph masquerades under various names in combinatorics: bipartite graph, or a complete matching (cf. \[LW\], for example), and is nothing more than another way to think about fixed-point-free involutions. Pictorially the complete matching looks like

$$\begin{array}{c}r_1\text{—–}s_1\\ r_2\text{—–}s_2\\ \mathrm{}\\ r_b\text{—–}s_b\\ \mathrm{Fig}.1\end{array}$$

We denote the complete matching determined by $`\phi `$ by the symbol $`\mu _\phi `$. Any complete matching on a set labelled by positive integers corresponds to a fixed-point-free involution and a state $`v`$. Let us agree that two complete matchings $`\mu _1,\mu _2`$ are isomorphic if there is a bijection from the node set of $`\mu _1`$ to the node set of $`\mu _2`$ that preserves labels. We may identify the node sets of the two matchings, call it $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$, in which case an isomorphism may be realized by an element in the symmetric group $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Phi })`$. More precisely, let us define the label subgroup of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ to be the subgroup $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ consisting of all permutations of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ that preserve labels. Then it is the case that an isomorphism between $`\mu _1`$ and $`\mu _2`$ may be realized by an element in the label subgroup. Note that our notation implies that $`|\mathrm{\Lambda }(\mathrm{\Phi })|=e_k!`$.

Now consider (64). The expression to the right of the second summation, which we denote by

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}(\mu _\phi )=\underset{k=1}{\overset{p}{}}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\phi )(\frac{1}{k}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\lambda _iz_i^k)^{e_k}$$
(65)
is determined by the complete matching $`\mu _\phi `$. By what we have said, every complete matching on a set labelled by positive integers occurs in this way as $`v`$ ranges over the preferred Fock basis of $`M`$ (on the cylinder) and $`\phi `$ ranges over $`F(\mathrm{\Phi }_v)`$, while the factor $`\frac{1}{e_k!}`$ may be interpreted as averaging over all complete matchings with a given set of labels. The only duplication that occurs is due to automorphisms of the complete matching. The upshot is that expression (64) is equal to

$$\frac{1}{\eta (\tau )}\underset{\mu }{}\frac{\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}(\mu )}{|\mathrm{Aut}(\mu )|}$$
(66)
where $`\mu `$ ranges over all isomorphism classes of complete matchings labelled by positive integers.

For a given complete matching $`\mu `$ as in Fig. 1, let $`E=E(r,s)`$ denote an edge with labels $`r,s`$, and let $`m(E)`$ denote the multiplicity of $`E`$ in $`\mu `$. Thus we may represent $`\mu `$ symbolically by its decomposition $`\mu =m(E)E`$ into isomorphism classes of labelled edges. Now it is evident that there is an isomorphism of groups

$$\mathrm{Aut}(\mu )\underset{E}{}\mathrm{Aut}(E)\mathrm{\Sigma }_{m(E)},$$

a direct product, indexed by isomorphism classes of labelled edges, of groups which are themselves the (regular) wreathed product of $`\mathrm{Aut}(E)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{m(E)}`$. In particular, we have

$$|\mathrm{Aut}(\mu )|=\underset{E}{}m(E)!|\mathrm{Aut}(E)|^{m(E)}.$$
(67)
Note that $`|\mathrm{Aut}(E)|2`$, with equality only if the two node labels of $`E`$ are equal. Next it is easy to see that the expression $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}(\mu )`$ is multiplicative over edges. In other words, we have

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}(\mu )=\underset{E}{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}(E)^{m(E)},$$
(68)
and for an edge $`E(r,s)`$ we have

$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}(E)`$ $`=`$ $`C(r,s,\tau )({\displaystyle \frac{1}{r}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\lambda _iz_i^r)({\displaystyle \frac{1}{s}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\lambda _jz_j^s)`$ (69)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^{r+1}}{r+s}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{r+s}{s}}\right)E_{r+s}(\tau ){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\lambda _iz_i^r{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\lambda _jz_j^s.`$
Substitute (67) and (68) in (66) to obtain the expression

$$\frac{1}{\eta (\tau )}\underset{E}{}\mathrm{exp}(\frac{\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}(E)}{|\mathrm{Aut}(E)|})=\frac{1}{\eta (\tau )}\mathrm{exp}(\underset{E_{or}}{}\frac{\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}(E_{or})}{2}),$$
(70)
where $`E`$ ranges over all labelled edges $`r`$——$`s`$ and $`E_{or}`$ ranges over all oriented edges $`r`$—¿—$`s`$ (which have trivial automorphism group). Using (69), the expression (70) is in turn equal to

$$\frac{1}{\eta (\tau )}\mathrm{exp}(\frac{1}{2}\underset{k1}{}E_{2k}(\tau )\frac{1}{2k}\underset{r=0}{\overset{2k}{}}(1)^{r+1}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2k}{r}\right)\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\lambda _iz_i^r\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}\lambda _jz_j^{2kr}).$$
(71)
But,

$$\frac{1}{2}\underset{r=0}{\overset{2k}{}}(1)^{r+1}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2k}{r}\right)\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\lambda _iz_i^r\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}\lambda _jz_j^{2kr}=\underset{1i<jn}{}\lambda _i\lambda _jz_{ij}^{2k}.$$

and hence using (4), (5) we find (71) becomes

$$\frac{1}{\eta (\tau )}\underset{1i<jn}{}\mathrm{exp}(\lambda _i\lambda _j(P_0(z_{ij},\tau )+\mathrm{log}z_{ij}))=\frac{1}{\eta (\tau )}\underset{1i<jn}{}[\frac{K(z_{ij},\tau )}{z_{ij}}]^{\lambda _i\lambda _j}.$$

This completes the proof of Proposition 3.10.

We now turn our attention on the second factor $`F_N`$ of (41) where we abbreviate $`\mathrm{𝟏}e^{\alpha _i}`$ by $`e^{\alpha _i}`$ again.

###### Proposition 3.13.

Let $`M`$ and $`N`$ be as above, and let $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _n`$ be lattice elements in the rank one even lattice $`L`$ satisfying $`\alpha _1+\mathrm{}+\alpha _n=0`$. Then

$`F_N(e^{\alpha _1},z_1;\mathrm{};e^{\alpha _n},z_n;q)`$ (72)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q^{(\beta ,\beta )/2}}{\eta (\tau )}}{\displaystyle \underset{1rn}{}}\mathrm{exp}((\beta ,\alpha _r)z_r){\displaystyle \underset{1i<jn}{}}ϵ(\alpha _i,\alpha _j)K(z_{ij},\tau )^{(\alpha _i,\alpha _j)}.`$
Proof: Use (36) of Lemma 3.1 to rewrite the LHS of (72) as

$$Z_N(o(Y[e^{\alpha _1},z_1]\mathrm{}Y[e^{\alpha _n},z_n]\mathbf{.1});q)$$
(73)
Referring to (22), by repeated use of the identity

$$Y_+(e^\alpha ,z)Y_{}(e^\beta ,w)=(\frac{zw}{z})^{(\alpha ,\beta )}Y_{}(e^\beta ,w)Y_+(e^\alpha ,z)$$

(for $`|z|>|w|`$ ) and using (24) to (26) we find (73) is

$$\underset{1r<sn}{}z_{rs}{}_{}{}^{(\alpha _r,\alpha _s)}ϵ(\alpha _r,\alpha _s)Z_N(\mathrm{exp}(\underset{m>0}{}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{\alpha _i[m]}{m}z_i^m)\mathbf{.1},\tau ).$$
(74)
The operator corresponding to $`m=1`$ in the exponential in (74) may be written in the form $`a[1]\varsigma `$ where $`\varsigma =`$ $`_{k=1}^n(a,\alpha _k)z_k`$ so that, from Lemma 3.12,

$`Z_N(\mathrm{exp}({\displaystyle \underset{m>0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _i[m]}{m}}z_i^m)\mathbf{.1},\tau )`$
$`=`$ $`q^{(\beta ,\beta )/2}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\mathrm{exp}((\beta ,\alpha _i)z_i)Z_M(\mathrm{exp}({\displaystyle \underset{m>0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _i[m]}{m}}z_i^m)\mathbf{.1},\tau )`$
Now use Proposition 3.10 with $`\lambda _i=(a,\alpha _i)`$ so that we find

$$Z_M(\mathrm{exp}(\underset{m>0}{}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{\alpha _i[m]}{m}z_i^m)\mathbf{.1},\tau )=\frac{1}{\eta (\tau )}\underset{1i<jn}{}[\frac{K(z_{ij},\tau )}{z_{ij}}]^{(\alpha _i,\alpha _j)}.$$

This completes the proof of the Proposition.

We now consider the lattice VOA $`V_L`$ constructed from a rank $`l`$ even lattice $`L`$ as described in section 2. We recall that $`a_1,a_2,\mathrm{}a_l`$ is an orthonormal basis for $``$ with respect to the non-degenerate symmetric bilinear form $`(,)`$. We let $`M`$ be the rank $`l`$ Heisenberg vertex operator algebra and let $`N=Me^\beta `$ be a simple $`M`$-module with $`\beta L`$, $`h=(\beta ,\beta )/2`$ the conformal weight of the highest weight vector of $`N`$. Then $`MM^1\mathrm{}M^l`$, the tensor product of $`l`$ copies of the rank $`1`$ Heisenberg VOA, and is spanned by the Fock states

$$v=a_1[1]^{e_1}\mathrm{}a_1[p]^{e_p}\mathrm{}a_l[1]^{f_1}\mathrm{}a_l[q]^{f_q}\mathbf{.1}$$
(75)
where $`e_1,\mathrm{},f_q`$are non-negative integers.

We now give a general closed formula for all rank $`l`$ lattice $`n`$-point functions (40) where $`v_1,\mathrm{},v_n`$ are Fock states of the form (75). Viewing each vector $`v_i`$ as an element of $`M^1\mathrm{}M^l`$ we define $`\mathrm{\Phi }_i^r`$as the labelled set for the $`r^{\mathrm{th}}`$ tensored vector of $`v_i`$ e.g. $`\mathrm{\Phi }_i^1`$ contains $`\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}`$ with multiplicity $`e_1`$, $`2`$ with multiplicity $`e_2`$ etc. Therefore, $`v_i`$ is determined by the labelled set $`\mathrm{\Phi }_i=\mathrm{\Phi }_i^1\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Phi }_i^l`$, the disjoint union of $`l`$ sets. We also define $`\mathrm{\Phi }^r=_{1in}\mathrm{\Phi }_i^r`$ to be the labelled set for the $`r^{\mathrm{th}}`$ tensored vectors of the $`n`$ vectors $`v_1,\mathrm{},v_n`$. Then we have:

###### Theorem 3.14.

Let $`v_1,\mathrm{},v_n`$ be states of the form (75) in the rank $`l`$ free boson theory $`M`$ and let $`\mathrm{\Phi }^1,\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Phi }^l`$ be the labelled sets defined as above by these states. Then the following holds for lattice elements $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _nL`$ satisfying $`\alpha _1+\mathrm{}+\alpha _n`$ $`=0`$:

$`F_N(v_1e^{\alpha _1},z_1;\mathrm{};v_ne^{\alpha _n},z_n;q)`$ (76)
$`=`$ $`Q_N(v_1,z_1;\mathrm{};v_n,z_n;q)F_N(e^{\alpha _1},z_1;\mathrm{};e^{\alpha _n},z_n;q),`$
where

$$Q_N(v_1,z_1;\mathrm{};v_n,z_n;q)=\underset{1rl}{}\underset{\phi ^r\mathrm{Inv}(\mathrm{\Phi }^r)}{}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\phi ^r),$$
(77)
and

$`F_N(e^{\alpha _1},z_1;\mathrm{};e^{\alpha _n},z_n;q)`$ (78)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q^{(\beta ,\beta )/2}}{\eta (\tau )^l}}{\displaystyle \underset{1rn}{}}\mathrm{exp}((\beta ,\alpha _r)z_r){\displaystyle \underset{1i<jn}{}}ϵ(\alpha _i,\alpha _j)K(z_{ij},\tau )^{(\alpha _i,\alpha _j)}.`$
Proof. We sketch the proof which follows along the same lines as the rank one case described above. We firstly apply Lemma 3.3 to the $`r^{\mathrm{th}}`$ tensored vectors labelled by $`\mathrm{\Phi }^r`$. Following the same argument for the rank one case in Proposition 3.2, this results in (76) and (77). We secondly evaluate the LHS of (78) as in Proposition 3.13 using Proposition 3.10 with $`\lambda _i^r=(a_r,\alpha _i)`$ for $`r=1,\mathrm{},l`$ to obtain (78).

We conclude this section with the first non-trivial examples of lattice $`n`$-point functions which occur for $`n=2`$. From Theorem 3.14 and recalling (27) we have:

###### Corollary 3.15.

For a rank $`l`$ lattice theory with $`N`$ as above and with states $`e^\alpha `$ and $`e^\alpha `$ we have:

$$F_N(e^\alpha ,z_1;e^\alpha ,z_2;q)=\frac{q^{(\beta ,\beta )/2}}{\eta ^l(\tau )}\frac{\mathrm{exp}((\beta ,\alpha )z_{12})}{K(z_{12},\tau )^{(\alpha ,\alpha )}}.$$
(79)
Taking the sum over all $`\beta L`$ we immediately obtain:

###### Corollary 3.16.

For $`V=V_L`$, the lattice vertex operator algebra for a rank $`l`$ even lattice $`L`$, and for states $`e^\alpha `$ and $`e^\alpha `$ we have:

$$F_{V_L}(e^\alpha ,z_1;e^\alpha ,z_2;q)=\frac{1}{\eta ^l(\tau )}\frac{\mathrm{\Theta }_{\alpha ,L}(\tau ,z_{12}/2\pi i)}{K(z_{12},\tau )^{(\alpha ,\alpha )}},$$
(80)
where

$$\mathrm{\Theta }_{\alpha ,L}(\tau ,z)=\underset{\beta L}{}\mathrm{exp}(2\pi i[\frac{(\beta ,\beta )}{2}\tau +(\beta ,\alpha )z]),$$
(81)
is a Jacobi form of weight $`l`$ and index $`(\alpha ,\alpha )/2`$ \[EZ\].

## 4 The Elliptic Properties of $`n`$-point Functions

In this section we will consider the elliptic properties of the $`n`$-point functions described in the previous section. For vertex operator algebras satisfying the so-called $`C_2`$ condition, Zhu has shown that every $`n`$-point function is meromorphic and periodic in each parameter $`z_i`$and is therefore elliptic \[Z\]. The $`C_2`$ condition does not hold for simple modules of free bosonic theories but nevertheless all $`n`$-point functions (76) are found to be meromorphic and either elliptic for the free bosonic $`n`$-point functions or quasi-elliptic for the lattice $`n`$-point functions. In this section we will consider these $`n`$-point functions from first principles where our aim is to provide further insight into the structure found for these functions. In particular, we will show how (56), the generating function for free bosonic $`n`$-point functions and the lattice $`n`$-point function (72) are the unique elliptic or quasi-elliptic functions determined by permutation symmetry, periodicity and certain natural singularity and normalisation properties.

We begin with a general statement about $`n`$-point functions:

###### Lemma 4.1.

The $`n`$-point function $`F_N=F_N(v_1e^{\alpha _1},z_1;\mathrm{};v_ne^{\alpha _n},z_n;q)`$ for $`\alpha _1+\mathrm{}+\alpha _n`$ $`=0`$ obeys the following:

$`F_N`$ is symmetric under all permutations of its indices.

$`F_N`$ is a function of $`z_{ij}=`$ $`z_iz_j`$.

$`F_N`$ is non-singular at $`z_{ij}`$ $`0`$ for all $`ij`$.

$`F_N`$ is periodic in $`z_i`$ with period $`2\pi i`$.

$`F_N`$ is quasi-periodic in $`z_i`$ with period $`2\pi i\tau `$ and multiplier

$$q^{(\alpha _i,\alpha _i)/2+(\alpha _i,\beta )}q_i^{(\alpha _i,\alpha _i)}.$$
(82)
Proof. (i) Apply the general locality property for vertex operators e.g. \[Ka\]

$$(zw)^NY(u,z).Y(v,w)=(zw)^NY(v,w).Y(u,z),$$

for $`N`$ sufficiently large, to all adjacent pairs of operators in (36) of Lemma 3.1.

(ii) This follows from (i) and (35) of Lemma 3.1.

(iii) Suppose that $`F_N`$ is singular at $`z_n=z_0`$ for some $`z_0`$ $`z_j`$ for all $`j=1,\mathrm{},n1`$. Using (ii) we may assume that $`z_0=0`$ by redefining $`z_i`$ to be $`z_iz_0`$ for all $`i`$. But $`F_N`$ cannot be singular at $`z_n=0`$ from (36) of Lemma 3.1 since $`Y[v_ne^{\alpha _n},z_n]\mathbf{.1}|_{z_n=0}=v_n`$ and hence the result follows.

(iv) This follows from the integrality of conformal weights.

(v) Using (i) we have

$`F_N`$ $`=`$ $`q^{c/24}Tr_NY(q_2^{L(0)}v_2e^{\alpha _2},q_2).`$
$`\mathrm{}Y(q_n^{L(0)}v_ne^{\alpha _n},q_n).Y(q_1^{L(0)}v_1e^{\alpha _1},q_1)q^{L(0)}.`$
Under $`z_1z_1+2\pi i\tau `$ we have $`F_N\widehat{F}_N`$ where

$`\widehat{F}_N`$ $`=`$ $`q^{c/24}Tr_NY(q_2^{L(0)}v_2e^{\alpha _2},q_2).`$ (83)
$`\mathrm{}Y(q_n^{L(0)}v_ne^{\alpha _n},q_n).q^{L(0)}.Y(q_1^{L(0)}v_1e^{\alpha _1},q_1),`$
using (38). Consider the co-cycle parts of the vertex operators within $`\widehat{F}_N`$. Using (23) to (25) we see that

$`{\displaystyle \underset{2rn}{}}e^{\alpha _r}.q_r^{\alpha _r}.q^{L(0)}.e^{\alpha _1}.q_1^{\alpha _1}.(ve^\beta )`$ (84)
$`=`$ $`q^{(\alpha _1,\alpha _1)/2+(\alpha _1,\beta )}q_1^{(\alpha _1,\alpha _1)}{\displaystyle \underset{1rn}{}}e^{\alpha _r}.q_r^{\alpha _r}.q^{L(0)}.(ve^\beta ).`$
Since $`N=_nM_ne^\beta `$, the graded trace (83) decomposes into finite dimensional traces over $`M_n`$ to which we may apply the standard trace property $`TrAB=TrBA`$ on the remaining parts of the vertex operators within $`\widehat{F}_N`$. Hence we obtain

$$\widehat{F}_N=q^{(\alpha _1,\alpha _1)/2+(\alpha _1,\beta )}q_1^{(\alpha _1,\alpha _1)}F_N,$$

as required. By (i) we obtain the quasi-periodicity (82) for each $`z_i`$.

Let us now consider the generating function, $`F_N(a,z_1;\mathrm{};a,z_n;q)`$, for all Fock state $`n`$-point functions for the rank one case. Note that $`F_N(q)Z_N(q)=q^{(\beta ,\beta )/2}/\eta (\tau )`$ for $`n=0`$. From Lemma 4.1, $`F_N(a,z_1;\mathrm{};a,z_n;q)`$ is periodic in each $`z_i`$ with periods $`2\pi i`$and $`2\pi i\tau `$. The singularity structure at $`z_{ij}=0`$ is determined by

###### Lemma 4.2.

For $`n2`$ and for $`ij`$, $`F_N(a,z_1;\mathrm{};a,z_n;q)`$ has the following leading behaviour in its (formal) Laurent expansion in $`z_{ij}`$

$$F_N(a,z_1;\mathrm{};a,z_n;q)=\frac{1}{z_{ij}^2}F_N(a,z_1;\mathrm{};\widehat{a},\widehat{z}_i\mathrm{};\widehat{a},\widehat{z}_j\mathrm{};a,z_n;q)+\mathrm{},$$
(85)
where $`\widehat{a},\widehat{z}_i`$ and $`\widehat{a},\widehat{z}_j`$ denotes the deletion of the corresponding vertex operators resulting in an $`n2`$ point function.

Proof. Using Lemma 4.1 (i) it suffices to consider the expansion in $`z_{n1n}`$. The result then follows from (35) of Lemma 3.1 and using

$$Y[a,z_{n1n}].a=\frac{1}{z_{n1n}^2}\mathrm{𝟏}+\underset{k1}{}z_{n1n}^{k1}a[k].a.$$

We also have the following integral normalisation:

###### Lemma 4.3.

For each $`i=1,\mathrm{},n1`$

$$\frac{1}{2\pi i}_0^{2\pi i}F_N(a,z_1;\mathrm{};a,z_n;q)𝑑z_i=(a,\beta )F_N(a,z_1;\mathrm{};\widehat{a},\widehat{z}_i;\mathrm{};a,z_n;q),$$
(86)
where $`\widehat{a},\widehat{z}_i`$ denotes the deletion of the corresponding vertex operator giving an $`n1`$ point function.

Proof. Using Lemma 4.1 (i) it suffices to consider $`i=1`$ only. Then the integral is

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi i}}{\displaystyle _0^{2\pi i}}F_N(a,z_1;\mathrm{};a,z_n;q)𝑑z_1`$
$`=`$ $`Tr_N{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi i}}{\displaystyle _{𝒞_1}}Y(a,q_1)𝑑q_1Y(q_2a,q_2)\mathrm{}Y(q_nv_n,q_n)q^{L(0)1/24}`$
$`=`$ $`Tr_No(a)Y(q_2a,q_2)\mathrm{}Y(q_nv_n,q_n)q^{L(0)1/24}`$
$`=`$ $`(a,\beta )Tr_NY(q_2a,q_2)\mathrm{}Y(q_nv_n,q_n)q^{L(0)1/24}.`$
where $`𝒞_1`$denotes a closed contour surrounding $`q_1=0`$.

We now show that $`F_N(a,z_1;\mathrm{};a,z_n;q)`$ is uniquely determined to be given by (56) of Corollary 3.7 as follows:

###### Proposition 4.4.

$`F_N(a,z_1;\mathrm{};a,z_n;q)`$ is the unique meromorphic function in $`z_i/\{2\pi i(m+n\tau )|m,n\}`$ obeying Lemmas 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 and is given by (56).

Proof. If $`F_N(a,z_1;\mathrm{};a,z_n;q)`$ is meromorphic then it is an elliptic function from Lemma 4.1 (iv) and (v). We prove the required result by induction. For $`n=1`$, $`F_N(a,z_1;q)`$ has no poles from Lemma 4.1 (iii) and is therefore constant in $`z_1`$. Then (86) of Lemma 4.3 implies

$$F_N(a,z_1;q)=(a,\beta )\frac{q^{(\beta ,\beta )/2}}{\eta (\tau )},$$

in agreement with the RHS of (56) in this case.

Next consider the elliptic function

$`G(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n)`$ $`=`$ $`F_N(a,z_1;\mathrm{};a,z_n;q)`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=2}{\overset{n}{}}}P_2(z_{1i})F_N(a,z_2;\mathrm{};\widehat{a},\widehat{z}_i;\mathrm{};a,z_n;q),`$
where $`\widehat{a},\widehat{z}_i`$ denotes the deletion of the corresponding vertex operator. From Lemma 4.2, $`G`$ is holomorphic and elliptic in $`z_1`$ and is therefore independent of $`z_1`$. Next note that although not an elliptic function, $`P_1(z,\tau )`$ is periodic with period $`2\pi i`$ and so $`_0^{2\pi i}P_2(z_{1i},\tau )𝑑z_1=0`$. Hence Lemma 4.3 implies

$`F_N(a,z_1;\mathrm{};a,z_n;q)`$ $`=`$ $`(a,\beta )F_N(a,z_2;\mathrm{};a,z_n;q)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{i=2}{\overset{n}{}}}P_2(z_{1i})F_N(a,z_2;\mathrm{};\widehat{a},\widehat{z}_i;\mathrm{};a,z_n;q).`$
But this recurrence relation is precisely (50) with $`v_1=\mathrm{𝟏},v_2=\mathrm{}=v_n=a`$ and $`\alpha _i=0`$. Thus we obtain the RHS of (56) by induction as before.

###### Remark 4.5.

The rank $`l`$ result follows as before by considering the tensor product of $`l`$ rank one Heisenberg VOAs.

We now consider the lattice $`n`$-point function $`F_N(e^{\alpha _1},z_1;\mathrm{};e^{\alpha _n},z_n;q)`$ for a rank $`l`$ lattice. We firstly note the following:

###### Lemma 4.6.

For $`n1`$ and for $`ij`$, the (formal) Laurent expansion in $`z_{ij}`$ of $`F_N(e^{\alpha _1},z_1;\mathrm{};e^{\alpha _n},z_n;q)`$ has leading behaviour

$`F_N(e^{\alpha _1},z_1;\mathrm{};e^{\alpha _n},z_n;q)`$
$`=ϵ(\alpha _i,\alpha _j)z_{ij}^{(\alpha _i,\alpha _j)}F_N(e^{\alpha _1},z_1;\mathrm{}\widehat{e}^{\alpha _i},\widehat{z}_i;\mathrm{}e^{\alpha _i+\alpha _j},z_j;\mathrm{};e^{\alpha _n},z_n;q)+\mathrm{},`$
where $`\widehat{e}^{\alpha _i},\widehat{z}_i`$ denotes the deletion of the corresponding vertex operator resulting in an $`n1`$ point function.

Proof. Using Lemma 4.1 (i) it suffices to consider the expansion in $`z_{n1n}`$. The result then follows from (24), (25) and (35) of Lemma 3.1 to find

$$Y[e^{\alpha _{n1}},z_{n1n}].e^{\alpha _n}=ϵ(\alpha _{n1},\alpha _n)z_{n1n}^{(\alpha _{n1},\alpha _n)}e^{\alpha _n+\alpha _{n1}}+\mathrm{}$$

Next recall the following properties for the prime form $`K(z,\tau )`$ e.g. \[Mu\]

###### Lemma 4.7.

The genus one prime form $`K(z,\tau )`$ is a holomorphic function on $`/\{2\pi i(m+n\tau )|m,n\}`$ given by

$`K(z,\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i\theta _1(z,\tau )}{\eta (\tau )^3}},`$ (89)
$`\theta _1(z,\tau )`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\mathrm{exp}(\pi i\tau (n+1/2)^2+(n+1/2)(z+i\pi )),`$ (90)
where $`K(z,\tau )`$ is quasi-periodic in $`z`$ with period $`2\pi i`$ and multiplier $`1`$ and with period $`2\pi i\tau `$ and multiplier $`q^{1/2}q_z^1`$. Furthermore $`K(z,\tau )`$ has a unique zero at $`z=0`$ on $`/\{2\pi i(m+n\tau )|m,n\}`$.

We finally show that $`F_N(e^{\alpha _1},z_1;\mathrm{};e^{\alpha _n},z_n;q)`$ is uniquely determined to be given by (78) as follows:

###### Proposition 4.8.

$`F_N(e^{\alpha _1},z_1;\mathrm{};e^{\alpha _n},z_n;q)`$ is the unique meromorphic function in $`z_i/\{2\pi i(m+n\tau )|m,n\}`$ obeying Lemmas 4.1 and 4.6.

Proof. If $`F_N(e^{\alpha _1},z_1;\mathrm{};e^{\alpha _n},z_n;q)`$ is meromorphic then consider the meromorphic function

$$G(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n)=\frac{F_N(e^{\alpha _1},z_1;\mathrm{};e^{\alpha _n},z_n;q)}{_{1rn}\mathrm{exp}((\beta ,\alpha _r)z_r)_{1i<jn}ϵ(\alpha _i,\alpha _j)K(z_{ij},\tau )^{(\alpha _i,\alpha _j)}}.$$
(91)
We wish to show that $`G=F_N(q)=\eta (\tau )^l`$. We prove this by induction in $`n`$. It is easy to see that $`G`$ is periodic with periods $`2\pi i`$, $`2\pi i\tau `$ using Lemma 4.1 (iv),(v) and Lemma 4.7 and hence $`G`$ is elliptic in $`z_i.`$ $`G`$ is also a function of $`z_{ij}`$ and considering the Laurent expansion in $`z_{ij}`$ one finds that the leading term is given by

$$G(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n)=F_N(q)+\mathrm{}$$

using Lemma 4.6 and (26) and induction. Hence $`G`$ is regular at $`z_{ij}=0`$. But the denominator of $`G`$ has zeros possible only at $`z_{ij}=0`$ (for $`(\alpha _i,\alpha _j)>0`$) and hence $`G`$ is a holomorphic elliptic function and is therefore constant in $`z_i`$. Thus $`G(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n)=F_N(q)`$ and the result follows.