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# On the relation between the boson-fermion model and RVB state

## Abstract

We show that the resonating valence bond (RVB) state of the $`t`$$`J`$ Hamiltonian can be described within an effective boson–fermion model. We derive a boson–fermion Hamiltonian which describes the lowest order coupling between holons and spinon waves. The RVB order parameter determines a hybridization between the both types of excitations. The effective Hamiltonian is investigated within the lowest order self-consistent conserving diagrammatic approximation. We compare our approach with the phenomenological boson–fermion model (BFM) that is believed to describe the pseudogap phase.

74.20.Mn, 75.10.Jm

The origin of the pseudogap is one of the most important current problems in high temperature superconductors. This normal state gap is seen by various techniques, including angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy , NMR, infrared , and transport measurements. Although we now possess considerable experimental data, the understanding of this phenomenon is still far from complete. There are a number of microscopic scenarios, but none of them is commonly accepted. The opening of the pseudogap, and its evolution into the true superconducting gap, may, however, be described by a phenomenological boson–fermion model . This BFM is usually understood as a system of localized tightly bound electron pairs (bosons) which hybridize with itinerant electrons. This model customarily neglects the hard core effects of the bound electron pairs  and assumes the standard commutation relations for the boson operators. We may then identify three characteristic temperatures  which correspond to: (i) the opening of the pseudogap in the fermion excitation spectrum, (ii) the appearance of itinerant bosons, (iii) the condensation of these bosons and the concurrent onset of superconductivity. Due to the phenomenological character of the BFM, the microscopic origin of the pair correlations is not specified. Moreover, it is not straightforward to select an appropriate set of model parameters — in particular the total number of fermions and bosons. In order to answer these questions we need to find a relationship between the BFM and a microscopic approach. The aim of this work is to provide such a link by demonstrating a close similarity between the BFM and the $`t`$$`J`$ model with a mean-field RVB state.

As it is known, the RVB state  is characterized by three important features: (i) spin–charge separation, (ii) short range antiferromagnetic (AF) correlations, and (iii) holon condensation. Owing to (i), the RVB pairing amplitude may develop at a much higher temperature than the superconducting transition temperature, at which the phase coherence between the electron pairs is established . In the RVB scenario  there is a phase with the preformed, uncoherent, electron pairs with an amplitude $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{RVB}}`$ that serves as the RVB order parameter. In this phase the RVB electron pairs are to be thought of as spinon singlets which are coupled to holon excitations, this resulting in a boson-fermion (BF) interaction. It is therefore natural to suggest that it is the RVB order parameter that controls the pseudogap. This is our basic assumption.

First we demonstrate that the RVB state can be described by a holon–spinon interaction. Next, application of the linear spinon–wave approximation leads to a boson–fermion model where bosons are doubly charged with respect to spinless fermions.

To begin, we express the $`t`$$`J`$ model in terms of the Hubbard operators $`X_i^{\sigma 0}=c_{i\sigma }^{}(1n_{i,\sigma })`$,

$$H_{tJ}=t\underset{i,j,\sigma }{}X_i^{\sigma 0}X_j^{0\sigma }+\mathrm{H}.\mathrm{c}.+J\underset{i,j}{}\left(\stackrel{}{Q}_i\stackrel{}{Q}_j\frac{n_in_j}{4}\right),$$

where $`c_{i\sigma }`$ annihilates an electron at site $`i`$ with spin projection $`\sigma =\pm ,n_{i\sigma }c_{i\sigma }^{}c_{i\sigma }`$, $`n_i=_\sigma n_{i\sigma }`$ and $`_{i,j}`$ denotes a summation over the nearest neighbor nonrepeated bonds. The electron–spin operator, $`\stackrel{}{Q}_i=\frac{1}{2}_{\sigma \sigma ^{}}X_i^{\sigma 0}\stackrel{}{\tau }_{\sigma \sigma ^{}}X_i^{0\sigma ^{}}`$, enters the magnetic part of $`H_{tJ}`$ and $`\stackrel{}{\tau }=(\tau ^1,\tau ^2,\tau ^3)`$ stand for the Pauli matrices. The operators $`\stackrel{}{Q}`$ fulfil the $`\mathrm{SU}(2)`$ algebra commutation relations, but do not form a true representation, since the second Casimir operator $`\stackrel{}{Q}^2`$ is not a c-number.

Note that the $`X^{\sigma 0}`$ appear as fermionic-like operators, while the $`X^{\sigma \sigma ^{}}=X^{\sigma 0}X^{0\sigma ^{}}`$ correspond to bosonic degrees of freedom. The crucial $`t`$$`J`$ model requirement of no double occupancy $`_\sigma c_{i\sigma }^{}c_{i\sigma }1`$ follows automatically: by definition $`X^{00}+_\sigma X^{\sigma \sigma }=I.`$ Unlike the slave–particle representations, this restriction imposes an additional constraint on dynamical degrees of freedom and seems to pose a severe problem in a mean–field treatment. Note further that the $`t`$$`J`$ Hamiltonian possesses two global $`\mathrm{U}(1)`$ symmetries: $`\mathrm{U}_{N_e}(1)`$ and $`\mathrm{U}_{Q_3}(1)`$. These correspond to the conservation of the total electron number $`N_e=_i(X_i^{++}+X_i^{})=_in_i`$, and to the total spin projection $`Q_3=\frac{1}{2}_i(X_i^{++}X_i^{})`$, respectively.

A conventional Hartree-Fock decoupling is applied to the magnetic part of the $`t`$$`J`$ Hamiltonian

$$H_J:=J\underset{i,j}{}\left(\stackrel{}{Q}_i\stackrel{}{Q}_j\frac{1}{4}n_in_j\right)=J\underset{i,j}{}b_{ij}^{}b_{ij}$$

to yield

$$H_JJ\underset{i,j}{}(\mathrm{\Delta }_{ij}b_{ij}^{}+\mathrm{\Delta }_{ij}^{}b_{ij}|\mathrm{\Delta }_{ij}|^2),$$

where $`b_{ij}^{}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(X_i^{+0}X_j^0X_i^0X_j^{+0}\right)`$, is the valence bond ”singlet” pair creation operator and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{ij}`$ is the RVB order parameter defined on each bond between the nearest neighbor sites. $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{ij}0`$ breaks the global $`\mathrm{U}_{N_e}(1)`$ symmetry, though it does not directly result in superconductivity. It instead indicates the onset of the electron spin-singlet formation. There are many possible mean field states in RVB theory, among which the extended $`s`$–phase is selected here because of its simplicity.

To proceed, we employ the Feynman path–integral representation for the partition function. We use the geometric quantization approach based on the Poisson realization of the $`\mathrm{SU}(2|1)`$ superalgebra on a classical phase space — the supersphere $`CP^{1|1}`$ . In this approach there is an isomorphic map $`XX^{cl}`$ of the $`\mathrm{SU}(2|1)`$ generators into classical functions on the supersphere which preserves the Lie superalgebra structure. This map can be realized explicitly by exhibiting covariant symbols (known as the momentum maps) of the Hubbard operators in terms of the $`\mathrm{SU}(2|1)`$ coherent states, $`|z,\xi `$ : $`X^{cl}=z,\xi |X|z,\xi `$. Then, $`Q_3^{cl}=\frac{1}{2}(1|z|^2)w`$, $`(Q^+)^{cl}=zw`$, $`(Q^{})^{cl}=\overline{z}w`$, $`(X^0)^{cl}=z\overline{\xi }w`$, $`(X^{0+})^{cl}=\overline{\xi }w`$, $`(X^{+0})^{cl}=\xi w`$, $`(X^0)^{cl}=\overline{z}\xi w`$, $`(X^{++})^{cl}+(X^{})^{cl}=(1+\overline{z}z)w`$, $`(X^{00})^{cl}=\overline{\xi }\xi w`$, where $`w:=(1+|z|^2+\overline{\xi }\xi )^1`$. Here the even $`z`$ and odd $`\xi `$ Grassmann variables parameterize superspace $`\mathrm{SU}(2|1)/\mathrm{U}(1|1)=CP^{(1|1)}`$, which is the $`N=1`$ supersymmetric extension of the Riemannian sphere $`CP^1`$. These functions form a $`\mathrm{SU}(2|1)`$ superalgebra under the Poisson superbrackets on $`CP^{1|1}`$. For an arbitrary fermionic Hamiltonian with the requirement of no double occupancy, the relevant Berezin path-integral representation of the partition function is equivalent to the $`\mathrm{SU}(2|1)`$ phase-space path integral

$$Z=_{CP^{1|1}}D\mu _{\mathrm{SU}(2|1)}\mathrm{exp}\left(z,\xi |\frac{d}{dt}H|z,\xi 𝑑t\right),$$

$$D\mu _{\mathrm{SU}(2|1)}=\frac{d\overline{z}dzd\overline{\xi }d\xi }{2\pi i(1+|z|^2+\overline{\xi }\xi )},$$

where the Hamiltonian is expressed in terms of the $`X`$–operators. Despite a rather complicated appearence, the $`\mathrm{SU}(2|1)`$ path-integral representation for the $`t`$$`J`$ model is convenient since (i) it automatically incorporates the requirement of no double occupancy, $`(X^{00})^{cl}+_\sigma (X^{\sigma \sigma })^{cl}I`$, independetly of any approximations being applied to $`z`$ and $`\xi `$ fields; (ii) it furnishes a convenient set of independent dynamical variables $`(z,\xi )CP^{1|1}`$, which can directly be related to the charge and spin degrees of freedom.

The coordinates $`z`$ and $`\xi `$ can be related to the $`\mathrm{SU}(2)`$ spinon and $`\mathrm{U}(1)`$ holon degrees of freedom in the following manner: We make two successive changes of variables $`zz\sqrt{1+\overline{\xi }\xi },\xi \xi \sqrt{1+|z|^2}`$ to decouple the $`\mathrm{SU}(2|1)`$ measure, $`D\mu _{\mathrm{SU}(2|1)}D\mu _{\mathrm{SU}(2)}D\mu _{\mathrm{U}(1)}`$, where $`D\mu _{\mathrm{SU}(2)}=d\overline{z}dz/\pi i(1+|z|^2)^2`$ stands for the $`\mathrm{SU}(2)`$ invariant measure on $`CP^1`$, while $`D\mu _{\mathrm{U}(1)}=d\overline{\xi }d\xi `$ denotes the Berezin integration over odd Grassmann variables.

The $`t`$$`J`$ partition function becomes

$`Z_{tJ}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{CP^1}}{\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}D\mu _{\mathrm{SU}(2)}^{(j)}{\displaystyle \underset{j}{}D\mu _{\mathrm{U}(1)}^{(j)}\mathrm{exp}[𝒜_{tJ}]},`$ (1)
$`𝒜_{tJ}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}{\displaystyle _0^\beta }\left({\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\overline{z}_j}z_j\overline{z}_j\dot{z}_j}{1+|z_j|^2}}+\dot{\overline{\xi }_j}\xi _j\overline{\xi }_j\dot{\xi }_j\right)𝑑t`$ (2)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle _0^\beta }H_{tJ}^{cl}𝑑t,`$ (3)
with $`\xi _i`$ corresponding to the $`\mathrm{U}(1)`$ charged spinless fermion degrees of freedom (holons), and $`z_i`$ representing pure $`\mathrm{SU}(2)`$ spins (spinons).

The classical Hamiltonian now reads

$`H_{tJ}^{cl}`$ $`=`$ $`t{\displaystyle \underset{i,j}{}}\xi _i\overline{\xi }_jz_i|z_j`$ (4)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{J\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{RVB}}}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{i,j}{}}\xi _i\xi _j\mathrm{\Phi }(\overline{z}_j,\overline{z}_i)+\mathrm{H}.\mathrm{c}.`$ (5)
$``$ $`\mu ^{}{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}(1\overline{\xi }_i\xi _i)\lambda {\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}\left[2S_3(\overline{z}_i,z_i)+\overline{\xi }_i\xi _i\right].`$ (6)
We have dropped the constant term. We have also explicitly introduced a chemical potential term, $`\mu ^{}N_e`$, as well as the Langrange multiplier $`\lambda `$ which controls the magnitude of the total electron magnetic moment.

The $`\mathrm{SU}(2)`$ algebra is realized on $`CP^1`$ in terms of the momentum maps $`S_3^{cl}=\frac{1}{2}\frac{1|z|^2}{1+|z|^2},(S^+)^{cl}=\frac{\overline{z}}{1+|z|^2},(S^{})^{cl}=\frac{z}{1+|z|^2},zCP^1`$ and

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(\overline{z}_j,\overline{z}_i)=\frac{(\overline{z}_j\overline{z}_i)}{\sqrt{(1+|z_i|^2)(1+|z_j|^2)}}=:\mathrm{\Phi }_{ij}$$

appears as a spinon–singlet amplitude, $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{ij}=`$ $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{s_3=1/2}(z_i)`$ $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{s_3=1/2}(z_j)`$ $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{s_3=1/2}(z_j)`$ $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{s_3=1/2}(z_i),`$ where $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{s_3=\pm 1/2}(z)`$ is a spinon wave function in the basis of the $`\mathrm{SU}(2)`$ coherent states, $`|z=(1+|z|^2)^{1/2}\mathrm{exp}\{zS_{}\}|s_3=1/2.`$ Namely, $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{s_3=\pm 1/2}(z)=s_3=\pm 1/2|z,S_{(3)}|s_3=s_3|s_3`$ and the $`SU(2)`$ coherent-state inner product is

$$z_i|z_j=\frac{(1+\overline{z}_iz_j)}{\sqrt{(1+|z_i|^2)(1+|z_j|^2)}},$$

so that $`|\mathrm{\Phi }_{ij}|^2=1|z_i|z_j|^2`$.

In general, the Hamiltonian (6) cannot be thought of as a covariant symbol of a Fermi–Bose type operator, except for a particular case of the linear spinon–wave (LSW) approximation. This approximation amounts to expanding the action (3), as well as a measure factor in the path integral, in powers of $`|z|^2`$ up to the leading order. In the paramagnetic phase $`Q_{3,i}^{LSW}=0`$, and the spinon fluctuations become bounded by the condition $`|z_i|^21/2`$. This, to some extent, justifies the LSW approximation. Within this approximation the partition function, takes on the form

$`Z_{\mathrm{BF}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j}{}d\overline{z}_jdz_jd\overline{\xi }_jd\xi _j\mathrm{exp}[𝒜_{\mathrm{BF}}]},`$ (7)
$`𝒜_{\mathrm{BF}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}{\displaystyle _0^\beta }\left(\dot{\overline{z}_j}z_j\overline{z}_j\dot{z}_j+\dot{\overline{\xi }_j}\xi _j\overline{\xi }_j\dot{\xi }_jH_{\mathrm{BF}}^{cl}\right)𝑑t,`$ (8)
where the classical Hamiltonian reads:

$`H_{\mathrm{BF}}^{cl}`$ $`=`$ $`t{\displaystyle \underset{i,j}{}}\xi _i\overline{\xi }_j{\displaystyle \frac{J\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{RVB}}}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{i,j}{}}\xi _i\xi _j(\overline{z}_j\overline{z}_i)+\mathrm{H}.\mathrm{c}.`$ (9)
$``$ $`\mu ^{}{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}(1\overline{\xi }_i\xi _i)\lambda {\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}\left[1+2\overline{z}_iz_i+\overline{\xi }_i\xi _i\right].`$ (10)
It straightforward to see that the above partion function represents the following boson–fermion system:

$`H_{BF}`$ $`=`$ $`t{\displaystyle \underset{i,j}{}}f_if_j^{}2v{\displaystyle \underset{i,j}{}}f_if_j(b_j^{}b_i^{})+H.c.`$ (11)
$`+`$ $`\mathrm{\Delta }_B{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}b_i^{}b_i\mu {\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}(2b_i^{}b_i+f_i^{}f_i),`$ (13)
$`\{f_i,f_j^{}\}=[b_j,b_j^{}]=\delta _{ij}.`$
The parameters of the boson–fermion system are expressed in terms of the parameters of the original $`t`$$`J`$ Hamiltonian and the RVB state: $`v=J\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{RVB}}/4`$; $`\mathrm{\Delta }_B=2\mu ^{}`$; $`\mu =\mu ^{}+\lambda `$. The $`\mathrm{U}_{Q_3}(1)`$ symmetry of eq. (6) under global gauge transformations $`z_ie^{2i\theta }z_i,\xi _ie^{i\theta }\xi _i`$ leads to conservation of the total charge $`_i(2b_i^{}b_i+f_i^{}f_i)`$. Note, that this global $`\mathrm{U}(1)`$ symmetry characterizes the standard BFM and indicates that bosons are doubly charged with respect to fermions. The BFM discussed in Refs.  is refered to as the standard approach. One should also keep in mind that this symmetry is an intimate feature of the RVB state, and occurs independently of the LSW aproximation.

The standard BFM was investigated with the help of various methods, e.g.: the lowest order self–consistent conserving diagrammatic approximation , the dynamical mean–field approximation  and the continuous unitary transformation . Unlike the standard BFM, the Hamiltonian obtained in the present study involves spinless fermions. Therefore decay and recombination between fermions and bosons involves two neighboring lattice sites. In the present case, bosons with momentum $`\text{q}=0`$ do not participate in these processes, in the standard BFM these bosons are of crucial importance. Because of these differences, we cannot directly adopt the numerical results obtained for the standard BFM. Therefore, we have investigated a one dimensional (1D) case within the lowest order self–consistent conserving diagrammatic approximation and compared our results to those presented in Refs..

In the the lowest order self–consistent conserving diagrammatic approximation one obtains a system of equations for the fermion, $`G_F(\text{k},\omega )`$, and boson, $`G_B(\text{k},\omega )`$, Green’s function. We refer to Ref.  for the details. This set of equations has been solved iteratively slightly above the real axis, i.e. for $`\omega =\mathrm{Re}\omega +i0.01t`$. We have used grids of 501 momenta in the interval $`[0,\pi ]`$, and $`2001`$ frequencies in the interval $`[5t,5t]`$. We have also fixed the bosonic level $`\mathrm{\Delta }_B=2.4t`$.

Fig. 1 shows the fermionic density of states, $`\rho (\omega )`$, calculated for different values of the RVB order parameter. The boson–fermion coupling enhances the density of states just above the Fermi level and reduces $`\rho `$ for much larger energies. Effectively, the local minimum in the density of states occurs at the Fermi level. Modification of the density of states takes place also for a weak boson–fermion coupling, when the local minimum at the Fermi level is almost not visible. Therefore, despite the absence of the gap the system cannot be considered as a composition of noninteracting fermions and bosons. The most important difference between the standard BFM and the present study shows up in the average boson occupation number $`n_B`$ (see the insets in Figs. 1 and 2). Here, the boson–fermion coupling enhances the number of bosons with momentum close to $`\pi `$, whereas in the standard BFM the bosons with momentum $`\text{q}=0`$ play the dominating role. In the present case the momentum dependence of $`n_B`$ can be attributed to the AF short range correlations. However, bosons are uniformly distributed in the real space and there is no antiferromagnetic order (in agreement with the assumption of the RVB state).

In Fig. 2 we compare $`\rho (\omega )`$ and $`n_B`$ obtained within the standard BFM and the present study. In the case of spinless fermions $`n_B(\text{k})`$ is relatively flat, when compared to the standard approach. It suggests that bosons do not condensate at the state with some particular momentum. However, investigation of this problem is not possible within a one–dimensional numerical study. One should also keep in mind, that in our approach (which concerns only the mean field RVB state) condensation of bosons does not represent the superconducting phase transition. Similarly to the standard BFM, the local minimum in $`\rho `$, that occurs at the Fermi level, deepens with the decreasing temperature and disappears when the temperature is sufficiently high (see Fig. 3).

The difference between the present approach and the standard BFM shows also up in the fermionic spectral functions (see Fig. 4). Here, the most important broadening of the spectral functions takes place above and below the Fermi surface. In the standard case  the spectral functions have a three–peaked structures, which are mostly visible at the Fermi surface. It may be attributed to the free-particle–like motion of the bosons with small wave vectors. However, in the present approach these bosons are not involved in the decay and recombination processes.

To conclude, starting from an RVB state for the $`t`$$`J`$ Hamiltonian, we have derived a connection between the $`t`$$`J`$ model and the BFM. We have expressed the parameters of the effective Hamiltonian in terms of those of the $`t`$$`J`$ model and the RVB state. The resulting model differs from the standard one in that the fermionic degrees of freedom correspond to spinless quasiparticles. However, as in the standard BFM, a local minimum in the fermionic density of states occurs close to the Fermi level. The minimum deepens with the decreasing of temperature and vanishes when the temperature is sufficiently high. The present study is restricted only to the mean–field RVB state, and does not attempt to account for the superconducting phase transition. It is, however, free from the ambiguities which occur in the phenomenological BFM when tries to select an appropriate set of model parameters.


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# Diagonal Representation of Open String Star and Moyal Product

## 1 Introduction

Recently it has been a resurgence of interest in string field theory (SFT) . Along with the applications to such problems as the tachyon condensation ,  the intrinsic structure of SFT is also investigated. In particular recently M. Douglas, H. Liu, G. Moore and B. Zwiebach  have shown that open zero-momentum string field algebra can be represented as a continuous product of mutually commuting Moyal algebras. The first attempt to describe the open string star product as a series of Moyal products was made in . The aim of the present paper is to generalize these results to the matter sector including zero modes and to the ghost sector. One hopes that finding such a diagonal representation will lead to a better understanding of string field $``$-algebra structure and finding the solutions of SFT equations of motion.

The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we review the structure of $`3`$-string vertex in the matter and ghost sectors. In Section 3 we find the spectrum of operators $`CU`$ and $`UC`$ defining the Neumann matrices in the matter sector. Subsection 3.3 contains summary on the spectrum of the matter operator $`CU`$. In Section 4 we consider the spectrum of various operators defining the ghost Neumann matrices. In Section 5 we derive the diagonal representation for the matter and ghost $`3`$-string vertices. In Section 6 identify the Moyal structures appearing in the diagonal representation of the vertices.

Appendices contain necessary technical information. In Appendix A we present the normalization conventions for the coordinate and momentum eigenstates. In Appendix B we present a detailed derivation of the spectrum of matter operator $`CU`$.

## 2 Review of the $`3`$-string vertex

Let us remind the expressions for the $`3`$-string vertices in the matter and ghost sectors  in the presence of the constant background metric $`g_{\mu \nu }`$:

$`|V_3^\text{m}_{123}`$ $`=𝒩_m^{26}\mathrm{exp}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{r,s=1}{\overset{3}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{m,n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(CM^{rs})_{nm}(a_n^{(r)},a_m^{(s)})\right]|\mathrm{\Omega }_b_{123},`$ (2.1a)
$`|V_3^{\text{gh}}_{123}`$ $`=\mathrm{exp}\left[{\displaystyle \underset{r,s=1}{\overset{3}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=0,m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}b_n^{(r)}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}}(C\stackrel{~}{M}^{rs})\sqrt{N}\right)_{nm}c_m^{(s)}\right]|+_{123},`$ (2.1b)
where

$`CM^{rs}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}(C+\alpha ^{sr}U+\alpha ^{rs}\overline{U}),U^{}=U,\overline{U}=CUC,U^2=1;`$ (2.2a)
$`C\stackrel{~}{M}^{rs}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}(C+\alpha ^{sr}\stackrel{~}{U}+\alpha ^{rs}\overline{\stackrel{~}{U}}),\stackrel{~}{U}^{}=\stackrel{~}{U},\overline{\stackrel{~}{U}}=C\stackrel{~}{U}C,\stackrel{~}{U}^2=1`$ (2.2b)
and matrices $`N`$ and $`C`$ are given by
$$C_{mn}=(1)^m\delta _{mn}\text{and}N_{nm}=n\delta _{n,m}+\delta _{m,0}\delta _{n,0}.$$
(2.2c)
By the bar over the matrix $`\overline{U}`$ we assume the complex conjugation. The vacuum states are defined as follows

$`a_n`$ $`|\mathrm{\Omega }_b=0,n0;`$ (2.3a)
$`b_n`$ $`|+=c_n|+=0,n1\text{and}c_0|+=0.`$ (2.3b)
The zero mode oscillators $`a_{0,\mu }`$ and $`a_{0,\mu }^{}`$ are related to the coordinate and momentum modes in the open string expansion as

$$x_\mu =i\frac{\sqrt{\alpha ^{}b}}{2}(a_{0,\mu }a_{0,\mu }^{})\text{and}p_\mu =\frac{1}{\sqrt{b\alpha ^{}}}(a_{0,\mu }+a_{0,\mu }^{}).$$

Here $`b`$ is a real parameter introduced in .

In general the normalization factor $`𝒩_m`$ appearing in formula (2.1a) depends on the normalization of the coordinate and momentum eigenstates $`|x`$ and $`|p`$. We will use the normalization of these sates described in Appendix A, for which $`𝒩_m`$ is of the form

$$𝒩_m=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{b}\left(V_{00}+\frac{b}{2}\right)(2\pi \alpha ^{}b)^{\frac{1}{4}}.$$
(2.4)
The operators $`CM`$ and $`C\stackrel{~}{M}`$ are not independent, there is a relation between them. This relation is very much based on the associativity of the Witten’s $``$-product, and can be obtained from the consideration of $`4`$-string vertices in the matter and ghost sectors. The $`4`$-string vertices in matter and ghost sectors are defined by the matrices $`V`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{V}`$ correspondingly. As shown in  these matrices are related to each other by $`\stackrel{~}{V}=\overline{V}`$.

The relation between the matrices $`V`$ and $`U`$, which define $`4`$-string and $`3`$-string vertices correspondingly, is given by

$`V+\overline{V}`$ $`=4(1+C(U+\overline{U}))[U+\overline{U}+4C]^1,`$ (2.5a)
$`V\overline{V}`$ $`=2\sqrt{3}(U\overline{U})C[U+\overline{U}+4C]^1.`$ (2.5b)
The solution of these equations is the following

$`U+\overline{U}`$ $`=4(1C(V+\overline{V}))[4CV\overline{V}]^1,`$ (2.6a)
$`U\overline{U}`$ $`=2\sqrt{3}C(V\overline{V})[4CV\overline{V}]^1.`$ (2.6b)
These expressions define the function $`U=U(V,\overline{V})`$. Similar relations to (2.6) can be obtained for the matrices $`\stackrel{~}{U}`$ and $`\overline{\stackrel{~}{U}}`$, one only needs to change $`V\stackrel{~}{V}=\overline{V}`$ . And therefore $`\stackrel{~}{U}=U(\overline{V},V)`$222Notice that these relation is only true for $`b=2`$. or more precisely

$`\stackrel{~}{U}+\overline{\stackrel{~}{U}}`$ $`=4(1+C(V+\overline{V}))[4C+V+\overline{V}]^1,`$ (2.7a)
$`\stackrel{~}{U}\overline{\stackrel{~}{U}}`$ $`=2\sqrt{3}C(V\overline{V})[4C+V+\overline{V}]^1.`$ (2.7b)
For the spectroscopy problem it is more convenient to consider matrices $`CU`$ and $`UC`$ instead of matrices $`U`$ and $`\overline{U}`$. The reason to do this is that operator $`CU`$ is a unitary operator. The equations (2.6) and (2.7) allow us to express the operators $`C\stackrel{~}{U}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{U}C`$ in terms of the operators $`CU`$ and $`UC`$. This relation is of the form

$$C\stackrel{~}{U}=\frac{2CU+1}{CU+2}\text{and}\stackrel{~}{U}C=\frac{2UC+1}{UC+2}.$$
(2.8)
From these relations it follows that eigenvalues of the operators $`C\stackrel{~}{U}`$ and $`CU`$ are related by the $`PSL(2,)`$ transformation $`P`$

$$P(z)=\frac{2z+1}{z+2}=2+\frac{3}{z+2}.$$
(2.9)
The transformation $`P`$ satisfy the equation $`(PP)(z)=z`$.

## 3 Spectrum of the operators $`CU`$ and $`UC`$ (matter)

### 3.1 Notations

We have the followings matrices $`C_{mn}^{},C_{ab},U_{mn}^{}`$ and $`U_{ab}`$, where $`a,b0`$ and $`m,n1`$. The operators $`C`$ and $`C^{}`$ define BPZ conjugation and are given by $`C_{ab}=(1)^a\delta _{ab}`$ and $`C_{mn}^{}=(1)^m\delta _{mn}`$. There operators $`U`$ and $`U^{}`$ have the following properties:

$$U^{}=U^{},\overline{U^{}}=C^{}U^{}C^{},U^2=1\text{and}U^{}=U,\overline{U}=CUC,U^2=1,$$
(3.1)
where by $`\overline{U}`$ we denote complex conjugated operator to $`U`$. The operators $`U`$ and $`U^{}`$ are related by

$$U_{mn}^{}=U_{mn}+\frac{1}{1U_{00}}U_{m0}U_{0n}\text{and}U_{00}=1\frac{b}{V_{00}+\frac{b}{2}}.$$
(3.2)
The vector $`U_{m0}`$ is an eigenvector of the matrix $`U^{}`$ with eigenvalue $`+1`$:

$$\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}U_{mn}^{}U_{n0}=U_{m0},\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}U_{0m}U_{m0}=1U_{00}^2.$$
(3.3)
The vectors $`U_{m0}`$ and $`U_{0m}`$ are $`b`$-dependent, therefore it is convenient to introduce $`b`$-independent vectors $`W_n`$ and $`\overline{W}_n`$  as

$$W_n=\frac{\sqrt{b}}{1U_{00}}U_{0n}\text{and}\overline{W}_n(1)^nW_n=\frac{\sqrt{b}}{1U_{00}}U_{n0}.$$
(3.4)
We also introduce the scalar product (notice that our definition involves complex conjugation):

$$(W,W)\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\overline{W}_nW_n\stackrel{\text{3.3}}{=}2V_{00}.$$
(3.5)
The expression (3.2) takes the following form in terms of $`W`$’s:

$$U_{mn}^{}=U_{mn}+\frac{\overline{W}_mW_n}{V_{00}+\frac{b}{2}}.$$
(3.6)
The matrices $`(C^{}U^{})_{mn}`$ and $`(U^{}C^{})_{mn}`$ have common eigenvectors $`v_n^{(\kappa )}`$:

$$\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(C^{}U^{})_{mn}v_n^{(\kappa )}=\nu (\kappa )v_m^{(\kappa )}\text{and}\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(U^{}C^{})_{mn}v_n^{(\kappa )}=\overline{\nu }(\kappa )v_m^{(\kappa )},$$
(3.7)
where the components of the vectors $`v_m^{(\kappa )}`$ are explicitly given by the following generating function

$$f^{(\kappa )}(z)=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}v_m^{(\kappa )}\frac{z^m}{\sqrt{m}}=\frac{1}{\kappa }(1e^{\kappa \mathrm{arctan}z}).$$
(3.8)
Note that since $`(C^{}U^{})(U^{}C^{})=1`$ we get that $`|\nu (\kappa )|^2=1`$. To get an explicit expression for the eigenvalues $`\nu (\kappa )`$ we will use the eigenvalues $`\mu ^{rs}(\kappa )`$ of the operators $`M^{rs}`$

$`\mu ^{rs}(\kappa )`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+2\mathrm{cosh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}}}\left[12\delta _{r,s}+e^{\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}}\delta _{r+1,s}+e^{\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}}\delta _{r,s+1}\right],`$ (3.9a)
$`M^{rs}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\left[1+\alpha ^{sr}C^{}U^{}+\alpha ^{rs}U^{}C^{}\right].`$ (3.9b)
From the formulae (3.9) one can obtain the following expression for the eigenvalue $`\nu (\kappa )`$

$$\nu (\kappa )=\frac{1}{1+2\mathrm{cosh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}}\left[2+\mathrm{cosh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}+i\sqrt{3}\mathrm{sinh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}\right].$$
(3.10)
The analysis of this formula shows that $`\frac{2\pi }{3}<\mathrm{arg}\nu (\kappa )<\frac{4\pi }{3}`$ (see Figure 1).

The eigenvectors $`v^{(\kappa )}`$ belong to the continuous spectrum. As it follows from the expression (3.10) the spectrum of operators $`C^{}U^{}`$ and $`U^{}C^{}`$ is non-degenerate.

The normalization of the vectors $`v^{(\kappa )}`$ is given by

$$(v^{(\kappa )},v^{(\kappa ^{})})=𝒩(\kappa )\delta (\kappa \kappa ^{}),\text{where}𝒩(\kappa )=\frac{2}{\kappa }\mathrm{sinh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}.$$
(3.11)
Since the operator $`M^{11}`$ (3.9b) is a hermitian operator and $`v^{(\kappa )}`$ are its only eigenvectors  we conclude that the vectors $`v^{(\kappa )}`$ form a complete set:

$$\delta _{mn}=𝑑\kappa \frac{1}{𝒩(\kappa )}v_m^{(\kappa )}v_n^{(\kappa )}.$$
(3.12)
The scalar products among $`W_n`$ and $`v_n^{(\kappa )}`$ can be obtained from the paper333To this end one have to use expression (3.11) from  and the following relation between $`v_e,v_o`$ and $`W`$:
$$W=\sqrt{2}(v_eiv_o)\text{and}\overline{W}=\sqrt{2}(v_e+iv_o).$$
Notice that this relation is different from the one presented in . The origin of these difference is explained in the end of Appendix A of .   and are given by

$`(v^{(\kappa )},W)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\kappa }}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{cosh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}1i\sqrt{3}\mathrm{sinh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}}{2\mathrm{cosh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}+1}}{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\kappa }}[1+\nu (\kappa )].`$ (3.13a)
$`(v^{(\kappa )},\overline{W})`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\kappa }}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{cosh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}1+i\sqrt{3}\mathrm{sinh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}}{2\mathrm{cosh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}+1}}{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\kappa }}[1+\overline{\nu }(\kappa )],`$ (3.13b)
### 3.2 Eigenvectors of the operators $`CU`$ and $`UC`$.

We want to find a spectrum of the operators $`CU`$ and $`UC`$. Since $`UC=(CU)^{}`$ it is enough to find the spectrum of the operator $`CU`$. To this end we have to solve the equation

$$\underset{b=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(CU)_{ab}V_b^{(\xi )}=\xi V_a^{(\xi )}.$$
(3.14)
Notice that since $`CU`$ is a unitary operator all of its eigenvalues $`\xi `$ belong to the unit circle. Consideration of the two cases $`a0`$ and $`a=0`$ yields the equations:

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(CU)_{mn}V_n^{(\xi )}+{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}C_{mn}U_{n0}V_0^{(\xi )}=\xi V_m^{(\xi )},`$ (3.15a)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}U_{0n}V_n^{(\xi )}+U_{00}V_0^{(\xi )}=\xi V_0^{(\xi )}.`$ (3.15b)
Using the expression (3.6) one (3.4) one can rewrite the equation (3.15a) in the following form:

$$\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left[(C^{}U^{})_{mn}\xi \delta _{mn}\right]V_n^{(\xi )}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{b}}W_m\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}U_{0n}V_n^{(\xi )}\frac{1U_{00}}{\sqrt{b}}W_mV_0^{(\xi )}.$$

Further simplification can be achieved by use of equation (3.15b). Finally the equations we have to solve get the following simple form

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\left[(C^{}U^{})_{mn}\xi \delta _{mn}\right]V_n^{(\xi )}=W_m{\displaystyle \frac{V_0^{(\xi )}}{\sqrt{b}}}(\xi 1),`$ (3.16a)
$`(\overline{W},V^{(\xi )})={\displaystyle \frac{V_0^{(\xi )}}{\sqrt{b}}}\left[\left(V_{00}+{\displaystyle \frac{b}{2}}\right)\xi \left(V_{00}{\displaystyle \frac{b}{2}}\right)\right].`$ (3.16b)
To solve these equations it is very important to notice that the operator $`C^{}U^{}`$ has only continuous spectrum. In this case one can easily write the solution to the equation (3.16a). We have to distinguish two different cases:

1. The number $`\xi `$ is in the spectrum of $`C^{}U^{}`$. This means that there is a real number $`\kappa `$ such that $`\xi =\nu (\kappa )`$. In this case the solution of the (3.16a) is given by

$$V_m^{(\kappa )}=A^{(\kappa )}v_m^{(\kappa )}[1\nu (\kappa )]\frac{V_0^{(\kappa )}}{\sqrt{b}}\left(𝒫\frac{1}{C^{}U^{}\nu (\kappa )}\right)_{mn}W_n,$$
(3.17a)
where $`A^{(\kappa )}`$ is an arbitrary number and $`𝒫\frac{1}{x}`$ means principal value. The only reason why we have chosen the principal value instead of for example $`\frac{1}{x+i0}`$ is that the formulaes will be a bit simpler for this case. Substitution of this solution into (3.16b) allows us to determine $`A^{(\kappa )}`$ in terms of $`V_0^{(\kappa )}`$:
$$A^{(\kappa )}=\frac{V_0^{(\kappa )}}{\sqrt{b}}\frac{\nu (\kappa )1}{(\overline{W},v^{(\kappa )})}\left[V_{00}+\frac{b}{2}\frac{\nu (\kappa )+1}{\nu (\kappa )1}(\overline{W},𝒫\frac{1}{C^{}U^{}\nu (\kappa )}W)\right]$$
(3.17b)
As we will see equations (3.17b) define a continuous spectrum of the operator $`CU`$. This continuous spectrum is non-degenerate and consists of the vectors $`V^{(\kappa )}`$ with eigenvalues $`\nu (\kappa )`$.
2. If $`\xi `$ is not in the spectrum of $`C^{}U^{}`$, the solution of the equation (3.16a) is given by

$$V_m^{(\xi )}=\frac{V_0^{(\xi )}}{\sqrt{b}}(\xi 1)\left(\frac{1}{C^{}U^{}\xi }\right)_{mn}W_n.$$
(3.18a)
Substitution of this solution into (3.16b) yields the equation on the eigenvalue $`\xi `$ (discrete spectrum):
$$(\overline{W},\frac{1}{C^{}U^{}\xi }W)=V_{00}+\frac{b}{2}\frac{\xi +1}{\xi 1}.$$
(3.18b)
This equation in general has two complex conjugated solutions belonging to the unit circle (see Figure 1). One can easily check that the vector $`CV^{(\xi )}`$ is also an eigenvector of the operator $`CU`$ with the eigenvalue $`\overline{\xi }`$.

The details of solving of these equations are presented in Appendix B. The results are collected in the next subsection.

### 3.3 Summary

The spectrum of the operators $`CU`$ and $`UC`$ consist of two branches: continuous and discrete.

* Discrete spectrum
The discrete spectrum of the operator $`CU`$ consist of two points $`\xi `$ and $`\overline{\xi }`$ (see Figure 1). They are given as the solutions of the equation

$$\mathrm{}F(\eta )=\frac{b}{4},$$
(3.19)
where

$$F(\eta )=\psi (\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\eta }{2\pi i})\psi (\frac{1}{2})$$

and $`\xi `$ is related to $`\eta `$ by

$$\xi =\frac{1}{12\mathrm{cosh}\eta }\left[2\mathrm{cosh}\eta i\sqrt{3}\mathrm{sinh}\eta \right].$$
(3.20)
For $`b>0`$ equation (3.19) has two real solutions. On the Figure 4 we presented the $`\mathrm{arg}\overline{\xi }(b)`$ for this solution.

The generating functions for the eigenvectors from the discrete spectrum is given by

$$\begin{array}{c}F^{(\xi )}(z)\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}V_n^{(\xi )}\frac{z^n}{\sqrt{n}}=\sqrt{\frac{2}{b}}V_0^{(\xi )}[\frac{b}{4}+\frac{\pi }{2\sqrt{3}}\frac{\xi 1}{\xi +1}+\mathrm{log}iz\hfill \\ \hfill +e^{2i(1+\frac{\eta }{\pi i})\mathrm{arctan}z}\mathrm{LerchPhi}(e^{4i\mathrm{arctan}z},1,\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\eta }{2\pi i})],\end{array}$$
(3.21a)
where
$$x\mathrm{LerchPhi}(w,1,x)={}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(1,x;x+1;w).$$

The action of the operator $`C`$ on the eigenvectors can be read from the formulae
$$F^{(\overline{\xi })}(z)F^{(\xi )}(z)CV^{(\xi )}=V^{(\overline{\xi })}.$$
(3.21b)
The norm of the vectors from the discrete spectrum is given by
$$((V^{(\xi )},V^{(\xi )}))=|V_0^{(\xi )}|^2\mathrm{sinh}\eta \frac{}{\eta }\left[\mathrm{log}\mathrm{}F(\eta )\right].$$
(3.21c)
Further we will assume that $`V_0^{(\xi )}`$ is chosen in such way (see (B.17)) that the norm (3.21c) is equal to one.
* Continuous spectrum
The continuous spectrum of the operator $`CU`$ is given by the function $`\nu (\kappa )`$, $`\kappa `$ (see Figure 1)

$$\nu (\kappa )=\frac{1}{1+2\mathrm{cosh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}}\left[2+\mathrm{cosh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}+i\sqrt{3}\mathrm{sinh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}\right].$$
(3.22)
The generating function for the eigenvector corresponding to eigenvalue $`\nu (\kappa )`$ is given by

$$\begin{array}{c}F^{(\kappa )}(z)\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}V_n^{(\kappa )}\frac{z^n}{\sqrt{n}}=V_0^{(\kappa )}\left[\frac{2}{b}\right]^{\frac{1}{2}}[\frac{b}{4}(\mathrm{}F_c(\kappa )\frac{b}{4})e^{\kappa \mathrm{arctan}z}\hfill \\ \hfill \left(\frac{\pi }{2\sqrt{3}}\frac{\nu 1}{\nu +1}+\frac{2i}{\kappa }\right)\mathrm{log}iz+2if^{(\kappa )}(z)\\ \hfill \mathrm{LerchPhi}(e^{4i\mathrm{arctan}z},1,1+\frac{\kappa }{4i})e^{4i\mathrm{arctan}z}e^{\kappa \mathrm{arctan}z}].\end{array}$$
(3.23a)
The action of the operator $`C^{}`$ on the eigenvectors can be obtained from the identity on generating functions
$$F^{(\kappa )}(z)=F^{(\kappa )}(z)CV^{(\kappa )}=V^{(\kappa )}.$$
(3.23b)
The norm of the vectors from continuous spectrum is given by
$$((V^{(\kappa )},V^{(\kappa ^{})}))=\frac{2}{b}|V_0^{(\kappa )}|^2𝒩(\kappa )\left[4+\kappa ^2\left(\mathrm{}F_c(\kappa )\frac{b}{4}\right)^2\right]\delta (\kappa \kappa ^{}).$$
(3.23c)
Further we will assume that $`V_0^{(\kappa )}`$ is real and chosen in such way (see (B.33)) that the vectors from continuous spectrum (3.23c) are normalized to $`\delta `$-function without any additional factors.

Partition of the unity.
Since the operator $`CM=\frac{1}{3}(1+CU+UC)`$ is a hermitian operator and vectors $`V^{(\kappa )}`$, $`V^{(\xi )}`$ and $`V^{(\overline{\xi })}`$ are the only its eigenvectors we conclude that these vectors form a complete set. Therefore we can write the following partition of the unit operator $`\mathrm{Id}`$

$$\mathrm{Id}=_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\kappa V^{(\kappa )}V^{(\kappa )}+V^{(\xi )}V^{(\xi )}+V^{(\overline{\xi })}V^{(\overline{\xi })},$$
(3.24)
where we assume that all vectors are normalized to $`1`$, i.e. their zero components have been chosen as in equations (B.33) and (B.17).

## 4 Spectrum of the operators defining ghost vertex

### 4.1 Spectrum of the operators $`C\stackrel{~}{U}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{U}C`$ (ghosts)

In the section 2 we have shown that the operator $`C\stackrel{~}{U}`$ for ghost sector and the operator $`CU`$ for the matter sector are related by $`PSL(2,)`$ transformation $`P`$ (2.9). From this it follows that the eigenvectors of the operator $`C\stackrel{~}{U}`$ are the same as of those $`CU`$, and the eigenvalues are related buy the transformation $`P`$. The resulting spectrum of the operator $`C\stackrel{~}{U}`$ is presented on Figure 2b).

So the spectrum of $`C\stackrel{~}{U}`$ consists of two branches: continuous and discrete.

* Discrete spectrum
The discrete spectrum of operator $`C\stackrel{~}{U}`$ consist of two points $`\stackrel{~}{\xi }`$ and $`\overline{\stackrel{~}{\xi }}`$, which are defined as

$$\stackrel{~}{\xi }P(\xi )=\frac{2+\mathrm{cosh}\eta i\sqrt{3}\mathrm{sinh}\eta }{1+2\mathrm{cosh}\eta }.$$
(4.1)
The eigenvectors corresponding to these eigenvalues are $`V^{(\stackrel{~}{\xi })}V^{(\xi )}`$ and $`V^{(\overline{\stackrel{~}{\xi }})}V^{(\overline{\xi })}`$, and their generating functions are given by equation (3.21a).
* Continuous spectrum The discrete spectrum of operator $`C\stackrel{~}{U}`$ consists of an arc shown on the Figure 2. The parametrization of this arc is given by function $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }(\kappa )`$

$$\stackrel{~}{\nu }(\kappa )P(\nu (\kappa ))=\frac{2\mathrm{cosh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}+i\sqrt{3}\mathrm{sinh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}}{12\mathrm{cosh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}}.$$
(4.2)
The eigenvectors corresponding to these eigenvalues are $`V^{(\kappa )}`$, and their generating functions are given by equation (3.23a).

Partition of the unity.
Partition of the unit operator is the same as in (3.24).

### 4.2 Spectrum of the operators $`C^{}\stackrel{~}{U}^{}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{U}^{}C^{}`$ (ghosts)

By analogy to the matter sector the operators $`C\stackrel{~}{U}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{U}C`$ can be presented in the following block from

$$C\stackrel{~}{U}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\stackrel{~}{U}_{00}& K^t\\ K& C^{}\stackrel{~}{U}^{}+\lambda KK^t\end{array}\right),$$
(4.3)
where $`\lambda `$ is fixed by the condition that $`C\stackrel{~}{U}`$ is unitary operator, i.e.

$$\lambda =\frac{1}{\stackrel{~}{U}_{00}\pm 1},\stackrel{~}{U^{}}\overline{K}=\overline{K}\text{and}\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\overline{K}_nK_n=1\stackrel{~}{U}_{00}^2.$$
(4.4)
Using the fact that operators $`C\stackrel{~}{U}`$ and $`CU`$ (for $`b=2`$) are related by the transformation (2.9) we can easily obtain the expressions for $`\stackrel{~}{U}_{00}`$, $`\lambda `$, $`K`$ and $`C^{}\stackrel{~}{U}^{}`$

$`\stackrel{~}{U}_{00}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1\stackrel{~}{V}_{00}}{1+\stackrel{~}{V}_{00}}},\stackrel{~}{V}_{00}=3\mathrm{log}3`$ $`\lambda `$ $`=(1+\stackrel{~}{U}_{00})^1;`$ (4.5a)
$`K`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{3}{\sqrt{2}}}(\stackrel{~}{U}_{00}+1)(C^{}U^{}+2)^1W,`$ $`C^{}\stackrel{~}{U}^{}`$ $`=P(C^{}U^{}).`$ (4.5b)
Now we can conclude that the spectrum of the operator $`C^{}\stackrel{~}{U}^{}`$ is only continuous and consists of the eigenvectors defined by generating function (3.8) and corresponding eigenvalues are given by equation (4.2).

Basically only the right column of the operator (4.3) is appeared in the ghost vertex (2.1b). Therefore we need to know how represent this column in the diagonal form. In principal it is possible to diagonilize the matrix $`(CU)_{mn}`$, $`m,n1`$. To this end notice that the matrix $`(CU)_{mn}`$ is not a unitary one, i.e.

$$\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(UC)_{mn}(CU)_{nk}=\delta _{nk}\overline{K}_nK_k.$$

The spectrum of this operator consists of two branches continuous and discrete. The eigenvalues from the continuous spectrum are represented by the function $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }(\kappa )`$, and the corresponding eigenvectors are complex (this is very different from the cases we had before). There are two points in the discrete spectrum, one eigenvalue is inside the unite circle and another one is outside. The corresponding eigenvectors are also complex. Since all the eigenvectors are complex it looks impossible to apply them to diagonalize the vertex (4.3).

So will diagonalize only the operator $`C^{}\stackrel{~}{U}^{}`$ and express the vector $`K`$ in terms of $`v^{(\kappa )}`$. The scalar product of $`K`$ and $`\overline{K}`$ with $`v^{(\kappa )}`$ is given by

$$(v^{(\kappa )},K)=(1+\stackrel{~}{U}_{00})\frac{1\stackrel{~}{\nu }(\kappa )}{\kappa }\text{and}(v^{(\kappa )},\overline{K})=(1+\stackrel{~}{U}_{00})\frac{1\overline{\stackrel{~}{\nu }}(\kappa )}{\kappa }.$$
(4.6)
## 5 Diagonal representation of the open string star

In this section we will rewrite the $`3`$-string vertex in the matter and ghost sectors in the oscillator basis related to the eigenvectors of operators $`CU`$ and $`UC`$ ($`C\stackrel{~}{U}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{U}C`$) found in the previous section.

### 5.1 Matter $`3`$-vertex

Let us introduce new oscillators

$$a_\kappa =\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}V_n^{(\kappa )}a_n,a_\xi =\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}V_n^{(\xi )}a_n\text{and}a_{\overline{\xi }}=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}V_n^{(\overline{\xi })}a_n.$$
(5.1a)
Using the completeness of the basis (3.24) we can express old oscillators as
$$a_n=_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\kappa V_n^{(\kappa )}a_\kappa +V_n^{(\xi )}a_\xi +V_n^{(\overline{\xi })}a_{\overline{\xi }}.$$
(5.1b)
The commutation relations for oscillators $`a_\kappa `$ are of the form
$$[a_{\kappa ,\mu },a_{\kappa ^{},\nu }^{}]=g_{\mu \nu }\delta (\kappa \kappa ^{})\text{and}[a_{\kappa ,\mu },a_{\kappa ^{},\nu }]=0.$$
(5.1c)
The operator $`C`$ acts on the on the new oscillators in the following way
$$Ca_\kappa =a_\kappa \text{and}Ca_\xi =a_{\overline{\xi }}.$$
(5.1d)
Substitution of the expression (5.1b) into (2.1a) yields the following representation for the matter $`3`$-string vertex

$$|V_3^m_{123}=𝒩_m^{26}\mathrm{exp}\left[\frac{1}{2}\underset{r,s}{}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\kappa \mu ^{rs}(\kappa )(Ca_\kappa ^{(r)},a_\kappa ^{(s)})\underset{r,s}{}\mu _\xi ^{rs}(Ca_\xi ^{(r)},a_\xi ^{(s)})\right]|\mathrm{\Omega }_b_{123},$$
(5.2)
where

$`\mu ^{rs}(\kappa )`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\left[1+\alpha ^{sr}\nu (\kappa )+\alpha ^{rs}\overline{\nu }(\kappa )\right]={\displaystyle \frac{12\delta _{r,s}+e^{\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}}\delta _{r+1,s}+e^{\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}}\delta _{r,s+1}}{1+2\mathrm{cosh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}}},`$ (5.3a)
$`\mu _\xi ^{rs}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\left[1+\alpha ^{sr}\xi +\alpha ^{rs}\overline{\xi }\right]={\displaystyle \frac{12\delta _{r,s}e^\eta \delta _{r+1,s}e^\eta \delta _{r,s+1}}{12\mathrm{cosh}\eta }}.`$ (5.3b)
Equation (5.2) gives almost diagonal representation of the interaction vertex. To write it in diagonal form we need to introduce oscillator basis which has definite parity with respect to the operator $`C`$. To this end let us introduce even and odd oscillator modes

$`e_\kappa `$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{a_\kappa +Ca_\kappa }{\sqrt{2}}},`$ $`o_\kappa `$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{a_\kappa Ca_\kappa }{i\sqrt{2}}},`$ $`e_\xi `$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{a_\xi +Ca_\xi }{\sqrt{2}}},`$ $`o_\xi `$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{a_\xi Ca_\xi }{i\sqrt{2}}};`$ (5.4a)
$`a_\kappa `$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{e_\kappa +io_\kappa }{\sqrt{2}}},`$ $`Ca_\kappa `$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{e_\kappa io_\kappa }{\sqrt{2}}},`$ $`a_\xi `$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{e_\xi +io_\xi }{\sqrt{2}}},`$ $`Ca_\xi `$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{e_\xi io_\xi }{\sqrt{2}}}.`$ (5.4b)
We have introduced a factor $`i`$ in the definition of the odd oscillators so that along with the even ones they satisfy the same BPZ conjugation property

$$\mathrm{bpz}o_\kappa =o_\kappa ^{}\text{and}\mathrm{bpz}e_\kappa =e_\kappa ^{}.$$
(5.5)
Substitution of (5.4b) into the expression for $`3`$-string vertex (5.2) yields

$$\begin{array}{c}|V_3=𝒩_m^{26}\mathrm{exp}[\frac{1}{4}\underset{r,s}{}_0^{\mathrm{}}d\kappa (\mu ^{rs}+\mu ^{sr})\{(e_\kappa ^{(r)},e_\kappa ^{(s)})+(o_\kappa ^{(r)},o_\kappa ^{(s)})\}\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{i}{4}\underset{r,s}{}_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\kappa (\mu ^{rs}\mu ^{sr})\left\{(e_\kappa ^{(r)},o_\kappa ^{(s)})(o_\kappa ^{(r)},e_\kappa ^{(s)})\right\}\\ \hfill \frac{1}{4}\underset{r,s}{}(\mu _\xi ^{rs}+\mu _\xi ^{sr})\left\{(e_\xi ^{(r)},e_\xi ^{(s)})+(o_\xi ^{(r)},o_\xi ^{(s)})\right\}\\ \hfill \frac{i}{4}\underset{r,s}{}(\mu _\xi ^{rs}\mu _\xi ^{sr})\{(e_\xi ^{(r)},o_\xi ^{(s)})(o_\xi ^{(r)},e_\xi ^{(s)})\}]|\mathrm{\Omega }_b_{123}.\end{array}$$
(5.6)
So this expression gives the diagonal representation of the full $`3`$-string interaction vertex in the matter sector. Using this representation in the next section we will show that it is encodes a family of even Moyal algebras .

Notice that for $`\kappa =0`$ the odd oscillator $`o_{\kappa =0}`$ is equal to zero and we are left only with the even oscillator $`e_{\kappa =0}`$ (see (B.26)). To derive the meaning of this mode it is convenient to introduce coordinate and momentum oscillators

$$x_\kappa =\frac{i}{\sqrt{2}}(a_\kappa a_\kappa ^{})\text{and}p_\kappa =\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(a_\kappa +a_\kappa ^{}).$$

Using formulae (B.26) and (B.33) we can write $`x_{\kappa =0}`$ and $`p_{\kappa =0}`$ in the following way

$`x_{\kappa =0}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\sqrt{\pi \alpha ^{}}}}\left[x_0+2\sqrt{\alpha ^{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(1)^nx_{2n}\right]={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\sqrt{\pi \alpha ^{}}}}X\left({\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{2}}\right);`$ (5.7a)
$`p_{\kappa =0}`$ $`=\sqrt{\pi \alpha ^{}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi }}p_0+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi \sqrt{\alpha ^{}}}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^n}{2n}}p_{2n}\right].`$ (5.7b)
So we get that one of the variables is proportional to $`X(\frac{\pi }{2})`$.

### 5.2 Ghost $`3`$-vertex

Let us first rewrite the ghost vertex (2.1b) using the representation (4.3) for the ghost operators $`CU`$. To this end we notice that

$`(C\stackrel{~}{M}^{rs})_{0m}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\alpha ^{sr}K_m+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\alpha ^{rs}\overline{K}_m,`$ (5.8a)
$`(C\stackrel{~}{M}^{rs})_{nm}`$ $`=(C\stackrel{~}{M}^{{}_{}{}^{}rs})_{nm}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3(1+\stackrel{~}{U}_{00})}}\left[\alpha ^{sr}\overline{K}_nK_m+\alpha ^{rs}K_n\overline{K}_m\right].`$ (5.8b)
Substitution of these expressions into (2.1b) yields

$$\begin{array}{c}|V_3^{\text{gh}}_{123}=\mathrm{exp}[\frac{1}{3}\underset{r,s=1}{\overset{3}{}}\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}b_0^{(r)}[\alpha ^{sr}K_m+\frac{1}{3}\alpha ^{rs}\overline{K}_m]\sqrt{m}c_m^{(s)}\hfill \\ \hfill \underset{r,s=1}{\overset{3}{}}\underset{m,n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}b_n^{(r)}\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}(C\stackrel{~}{M}^{{}_{}{}^{}rs})_{nm}\sqrt{m}c_m^{(s)}\\ \hfill \frac{1}{3(1+\stackrel{~}{U}_{00})}\underset{r,s=1}{\overset{3}{}}\underset{m,n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}b_n^{(r)}\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}[\alpha ^{sr}\overline{K}_nK_m+\alpha ^{rs}K_n\overline{K}_m]\sqrt{m}c_m^{(s)}]|+_{123},\end{array}$$
(5.9)
Now it is obvious that we have to introduce the following oscillators

$`b_\kappa ^{}`$ $`=\frac{1}{\sqrt{𝒩(\kappa )}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{v_n^{(\kappa )}}{\sqrt{n}}}b_n,`$ $`b^{}`$ $`=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1\stackrel{~}{U}_{00}^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{K_n}{\sqrt{n}}}b_n^{},`$ $`\overline{b}^{}`$ $`=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1\stackrel{~}{U}_{00}^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{K}_n}{\sqrt{n}}}b_n;`$ (5.10a)
$`c_\kappa ^{}`$ $`=\frac{1}{\sqrt{𝒩(\kappa )}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}v_n^{(\kappa )}\sqrt{n}c_n,`$ $`c^{}`$ $`=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1\stackrel{~}{U}_{00}^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}K_n\sqrt{n}c_n,`$ $`\overline{c}^{}`$ $`=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1\stackrel{~}{U}_{00}^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\overline{K}_n\sqrt{n}c_n.`$ (5.10b)
Using formulae (4.6) we can easily express the oscillators $`c^{}`$ and $`\overline{c}^{}`$ through $`c_\kappa ^{}`$ (and the same for $`b^{}`$ and $`\overline{b}^{}`$)

$`c^{}={\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\kappa `$ $`\lambda (\kappa )c_\kappa ^{}\text{and}\overline{c}^{}={\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\kappa \overline{\lambda }(\kappa )c_\kappa ^{},`$ (5.11a)
$`\text{where}\lambda (\kappa )=[\stackrel{~}{V}_{00}𝒩(\kappa )]^{\frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1\stackrel{~}{\nu }(\kappa )}{\kappa }}.`$ (5.11b)
Using the completeness (3.12) of the basis $`v^{(\kappa )}`$ we can express old oscillators as

$$c_n=_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\kappa v_n^{(\kappa )}c_\kappa ^{}\text{and}b_n=_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\kappa v_n^{(\kappa )}b_\kappa ^{}.$$
(5.12)
The commutation relations for oscillators $`b_\kappa `$, $`c_\kappa `$ $`b`$ and $`c`$ are of the form

$$\{b_\kappa ,c_\kappa ^{}^{}\}=\delta (\kappa \kappa ^{}),\{b_\kappa ,c^{}\}=\lambda (\kappa )\text{and}\{b_\kappa ,\overline{c}^{}\}=\overline{\lambda }(\kappa ).$$
(5.13)
The operator $`C`$ acts on the on the new oscillators in the following way

$$Cc_\kappa ^{}=c_\kappa ^{}\text{and}Cc^{}=\overline{c}^{}$$
(5.14)
and the same for $`b_\kappa `$, $`b`$ and $`\overline{b}`$. Substitution of the expression (5.12) into (2.1b) yields the following representation for the matter $`3`$-string vertex

$$\begin{array}{c}|V_3^{\text{gh}}_{123}=\mathrm{exp}[\frac{1}{3}(1\stackrel{~}{U}_{00}^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}\underset{r,s}{}b_0^{(r)}(\alpha ^{sr}c^{(s)}+\alpha ^{rs}\overline{c}^{})\hfill \\ \hfill +\underset{r,s}{}_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\kappa \stackrel{~}{\mu }^{rs}(\kappa )\left[b_\kappa ^{(r)}c_\kappa ^{(s)}+b_\kappa ^{(s)}c_\kappa ^{(r)}\right]\\ \hfill \frac{1\stackrel{~}{U}_{00}}{3}\underset{r,s}{}(\alpha ^{sr}\overline{b}^{(r)}c^{(s)}+\alpha ^{rs}b^{(r)}\overline{c}^{(s)})]|+_{123},\end{array}$$
(5.15)
where

$$\stackrel{~}{\mu }^{rs}(\kappa )=\frac{1}{3}\left[1+\alpha ^{sr}\stackrel{~}{\nu }(\kappa )+\alpha ^{rs}\overline{\stackrel{~}{\nu }}(\kappa )\right]=\frac{1+2\delta _{r,s}e^{\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}}\delta _{r+1,s}e^{\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}}\delta _{r,s+1}}{12\mathrm{cosh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}},$$
(5.16)
The equation (5.15) gives almost diagonal representation of the interaction vertex. To write it in the diagonal form one can introduce oscillator basis which has definite parity with respect to the operator $`C`$.

## 6 Moyal structure

The aim of this section is to identify Moyal algebras appeared in the expression for the $`3`$-string vertex in the matter sector.

### 6.1 Oscillator vertex for the Moyal product

Let us remind the expression for the vertex representation of the Moyal product obtained in . To this end we have to introduce the Moyal product on functions and the function-state correspondence.

For our purpose it is sufficient to consider functions on the two-dimensional real space $`^2`$. The Moyal product is given by the following integral operator

$$(fg)(x_1)=_{^2\times ^2}d^2x_2d^2x_3K(x_1,x_2,x_3)f(x_2)g(x_3),$$
(6.1a)
where the kernel $`K(x_1,x_2,x_3)`$ is given by
$$K(x_1,x_2,x_3)=\frac{1}{\pi ^2det\mathrm{\Theta }}\mathrm{exp}\left(2i\left[x_1^\alpha (\mathrm{\Theta }^1)_{\alpha \beta }x_2^\beta +x_2^\alpha (\mathrm{\Theta }^1)_{\alpha \beta }x_3^\beta +x_3^\alpha (\mathrm{\Theta }^1)_{\alpha \beta }x_1^\beta \right]\right),$$
(6.1b)
indexes $`\alpha ,\beta =1,2`$ and we choose the coordinate system in which the antisymmetric tensor $`\mathrm{\Theta }^{\alpha \beta }`$ has the diagonal form
$$\mathrm{\Theta }^{\alpha \beta }=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& \theta \\ \theta & 0\end{array}\right).$$
(6.1c)
The function state correspondence is defined as

$`f|f`$ $`={\displaystyle d^2xf(x)|x}`$ (6.2a)
and conjugated state is given by
$`f|`$ $`={\displaystyle d^2xx|f(x)},`$ (6.2b)
where $`|x`$ are eigenvectors of the coordinate operator and they normalization is given by (A.4b). To be able to introduce the vertex operator we need to rewrite the state $`|x`$ in terms of creation/ annihilation operators. The creation/annihilation operators $`a^{},b^{}`$ and $`a,b`$ are related to coordinate $`x^\alpha `$ and momentum $`p_\alpha `$ operators by formulae

$$x_1=\frac{i}{\sqrt{2}}(aa^{}),p_1=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(a+a^{})\text{and}x_2=\frac{i}{\sqrt{2}}(bb^{}),p_2=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(b+b^{}).$$
(6.3a)
The state $`x|`$ can written trough the operators $`a_\alpha ,a_\alpha ^{}`$ (we assume $`a_\alpha =(a,b)`$) in the following form
$$x|=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }}0|\mathrm{exp}\left[\frac{1}{2}(x,x)i\sqrt{2}(a,x)+\frac{1}{2}(a,a)\right].$$
(6.3b)
Expressions for the conjugated state and eigenstates of momentum operator are presented in Appendix A (for $`b\alpha ^{}=2`$, $`d=2`$).

Now we can write the Moyal product in terms of vertices

$$|fg_1=(_2f|{}_{3}{}^{}g|)|V_3(\theta )_{123},$$
(6.4)
where the vertex $`|V_3(\theta )`$ has the following form444 The other way to obtain this expression is to notice that in the momentum representation the $`3`$-vertex corresponding to the Moyal product is given by
$$\begin{array}{c}|V_3_{123}=\frac{1}{2\pi }𝑑p^{(1)}𝑑p^{(2)}𝑑p^{(3)}\delta ^{(2)}(p^{(1)}+p^{(2)}+p^{(3)})\hfill \\ \hfill \times \mathrm{exp}\left[\frac{i}{6}\mathrm{\Theta }^{\alpha \beta }(p_\alpha ^{(1)}p_\beta ^{(2)}+p_\alpha ^{(2)}p_\beta ^{(3)}+p_\alpha ^{(3)}p_\beta ^{(1)})\right]|p^{(1)}_1|p^{(2)}_2|p^{(3)}_3.\end{array}$$
To obtain the expression (6.5) one needs to substitute states $`|p`$ from (A.1) and integrate over momenta.

$$\begin{array}{c}|V_3(\theta )_{123}=\frac{2}{3\sqrt{\pi }}\frac{1}{1+\frac{\theta ^2}{12}}\mathrm{exp}[\frac{1}{2}\frac{\theta ^24}{\theta ^2+12}(a^{(1)}a^{(1)}+b^{(1)}b^{(1)}+c.p.)\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{8}{\theta ^2+12}(a^{(1)}a^{(2)}+b^{(1)}b^{(2)}+c.p.)\\ \hfill \frac{4i\theta }{\theta ^2+12}(a^{(1)}b^{(2)}b^{(1)}a^{(2)}+c.p.)]|0_{123}.\end{array}$$
(6.5)
Notice that we use a bit different normalization of coordinate and momentum eigenstates as compared to , but the final form of the vertex (6.5) is precisely the same.

### 6.2 Identification of Moyal structures

In this subsection we construct a correspondence of the open string $``$-product to the Moyal product. Basically we will single out two types of Moyal algebra (continuous and discrete) in the expression (5.6) for the $`3`$-string vertex. We show that deformation parameter of the continuous Moyal algebra is parametrized by $`\kappa [0,\mathrm{})`$ and the one of discrete algebra is related to $`\eta `$.

Let us now try to identify the vertex (6.5), which represent the Moyal product, in the diagonal matter $`3`$-string vertex (5.6). To this end we need to identify

$$\{a_\mu ^{},b_\mu ^{}\}\{e_{\kappa ,\mu }^{},o_{\kappa ,\mu }^{}\}\text{or}\{a_\mu ^{},b_\mu ^{}\}\{e_{\xi ,\mu }^{},o_{\xi ,\mu }^{}\}.$$
(6.6)
Here we add indexes $`\mu `$ to the the oscillators $`a^{},b^{}`$ as compared to (6.3a). These just mean that we have $`26`$ copies of isomorphic Moyal algebras555 More precisely the oscillators $`a_{\alpha ,\mu }`$ are in the space $`T(^2)T(^{26})`$. The tensor $`\mathrm{\Theta }^{\alpha \beta }`$ acts on the first index (i.e. $`\alpha `$), while metric in the string target space $`g_{\mu \nu }`$ acts on the second one.. These identifications requires the conditions

$`\mu ^{11}(\kappa )`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\theta _\kappa ^24}{\theta _\kappa ^2+12}},`$ $`\mu ^{12}(\kappa )+\mu ^{21}(\kappa )`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{16}{\theta _\kappa ^2+12}},`$ $`\mu ^{12}(\kappa )\mu ^{21}(\kappa )`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{8\theta _\kappa }{\theta _\kappa ^2+12}};`$ (6.7a)
$`\mu _\xi ^{11}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\theta _\xi ^24}{\theta _\xi ^2+12}},`$ $`\mu _\xi ^{12}+\mu _\xi ^{21}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{16}{\theta _\xi ^2+12}},`$ $`\mu _\xi ^{12}\mu _\xi ^{21}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{8\theta _\xi }{\theta _\xi ^2+12}}.`$ (6.7b)
Using the explicit expressions (5.3) we can easily solve these equations and find that

$$\theta _\kappa =2\mathrm{tanh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{4}\text{and}\theta _\xi =2\mathrm{coth}\frac{\eta (b)}{2},$$
(6.8)
where the function $`\eta (b)`$ is defined a solution of the equation (3.19) (see also Figure 4). $`\theta _\kappa `$ and $`\theta _\xi `$ are non-commutative parameters associated to the continuous and discrete Moyal algebras respectively. Notice that for $`\kappa =0`$ there is only one nonzero oscillator $`e_{\kappa =0}`$, and $`\theta _{\kappa =0}`$ is also zero. Therefore for $`\kappa =0`$ the associated Moyal algebra is actually a commutative one.

For continuous Moyal algebra the non-commutativity parameter $`\theta _\kappa `$ is belongs to the interval $`[0,2)`$. For discrete Moyal algebra the non-commutativity parameter $`\theta _\xi `$ lies in the interval $`(2,\mathrm{})`$. From the equations (6.8) and (3.19) follows that when $`b\mathrm{}`$ (i.e. $`\alpha ^{}0`$) the parameter $`\theta _\xi `$ goes to $`2`$. It seems that in the low energy limit of the SFT action we have some non-commuting variables. The analysis of the generating function for eigenvectors $`V^{(\xi )}`$ shows that it goes to $`0`$ as $`e^{e^b}`$ as $`b\mathrm{}`$ (see also Figure 5). Therefore regardless of the fact that $`\theta _\xi `$ is finite for $`b\mathrm{}`$ actually there are no oscillator modes corresponding to this non-commutativity.

## 7 Discussion

Here I would like to summarize the main results of this paper:

1. We explicitly diagonalize the Neumann matrices defining $`3`$-string vertex in the matter and ghost sectors. The spectrum of these operators is given through the spectrum of the unitary auxiliary operators $`CU`$ and $`C\stackrel{~}{U}`$ respectively.

* Detailed spectrum of the operator $`CU`$ from the matter sector can be found in Section 3.3. The spectrum of the matter Neumann matrices have been also found by Bo Feng, Yang-Hui He and Nicolas Moeller . To compare the results let us remind the spectrum of the operator $`M^{11}`$ (5.3). The spectrum consists of two branches: continuous and discrete. The eigenvalues from continuous spectrum are in the interval $`[1/3,0)`$. Each eigenvalue in the interval $`(1/3,0)`$ is doubly degenerated, while for eigenvalue $`1/3`$ corresponds only one eigenvector. The discrete spectrum is doubly degenerated and consist of one point in the interval $`(0,1)`$. The position of this point depends on the value of parameter $`b`$. Basically, the results presented here and the ones obtained in  are the same, except for the point $`1/3`$ from the continuous spectrum, for which there is one more eigenvector in . The origin of this difference is in improper normalization ,  of the eigenvectors from continuous spectrum used in .
    * The spectrum of operator $`C\stackrel{~}{U}`$ from ghost sector is given in Section 4.
2. Using the diagonal representation of the Neumann matrices in the matter sector we identify the Moyal structures appearing in the matter $`3`$-string vertex (Section 6). There are two types of Moyal algebras appearing here: continuous (found in ) and discrete. The deformation parameter of the continuous Moyal algebra is given by continuous function $`\theta (\kappa )`$ defined in (6.8). The value of the continuous deformation parameter is restricted to the interval $`[0,2)`$. The deformation parameter of the discrete Moyal algebra is given by $`\theta _\xi `$ defined in (6.8). The value of the discrete deformation parameter depends on the parameter $`b`$ and is in the interval $`(2,\mathrm{})`$. As $`b`$ goes to infinity (i.e. $`\alpha ^{}0`$) $`\theta _\xi `$ goes to $`2`$. The corresponding non-commutative modes goes to zero as $`e^{e^b}`$. Despite of the fact that $`\theta _\xi =2`$ for $`\alpha ^{}=0`$ the non-noncommutative modes are equal to zero.
3. Notice that the commuting mode for the full string product is $`X(\frac{\pi }{2})`$ (see (5.7)), while for the product reduced to the zero momentum sector it is left momentum $`P_L`$ .

Below we list some open questions:

1. Identification of ghost vertex algebra with the known ones ;
2. In the framework of  try to establish the exact correspondence between Witten’s string product and Moyal product ;
3. Rewrite the BRST charge in the diagonal basis;
4. Investigate the sliver in the diagonal basis. Classify all projectors of the open string field algebra.

## Acknowledgments

I would like to thank H. Liu, G. Moore and B. Zwiebach for useful discussions, B. Feng for correspondence on the spectrum of operator $`M^{11}`$, A. Konechny for discussion of the ghost vertices and comments on the manuscript. And especially I would like to thank S. Lukyanov for communication at various stages of my work. I would like to acknowledge the hospitality of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, where the final pages of the paper were written. The work was supported in part by RFBR grant 02-01-00695.

## Appendix

## Appendix A Normalization of the coordinate and momentum eigenstates

The momentum and coordinate eigenstates are given by the following formulae

$`|p`$ $`=\left[{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi }{b\alpha ^{}}}\right]^{\frac{d}{4}}\mathrm{exp}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{b\alpha ^{}}{4}}(p,p)+\sqrt{b\alpha ^{}}(a_0^{},p){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(a_0^{},a_0^{})\right]|\mathrm{\Omega }_b,`$ (A.1a)
$`|x`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi b\alpha ^{})^{d/4}}}\mathrm{exp}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{b\alpha ^{}}}(x,x)+{\displaystyle \frac{2i}{\sqrt{b\alpha ^{}}}}(a_0^{},x)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(a_0^{},a_0^{})\right]|\mathrm{\Omega }_b.`$ (A.1b)
The scalar product $`(,)`$ and the vacuum state $`|\mathrm{\Omega }_b`$ are defined by

$$(p,p)g^{\mu \nu }p_\mu p_\nu ,(x,x)g_{\mu \nu }x^\mu x^\nu ,(x,p)x^\mu p_\mu \text{and}a_n|\mathrm{\Omega }_b=0\text{for}n0,$$
(A.2)
where $`g_{\mu \nu }`$ is constant symmetric non-degenerate $`d\times d`$ matrix (constant metric) and $`g^{\mu \nu }`$ is its inverse. The conjugated states to the eigenstates (A.1) are given by

$`p|`$ $`=\left[{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi }{b\alpha ^{}}}\right]^{\frac{d}{4}}\mathrm{\Omega }_b|\mathrm{exp}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{b\alpha ^{}}{4}}(p,p)\sqrt{b\alpha ^{}}(a_0,p){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(a_0,a_0)\right]`$ (A.3a)
$`x|`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi b\alpha ^{})^{d/4}}}\mathrm{\Omega }_b|\mathrm{exp}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{b\alpha ^{}}}(x,x){\displaystyle \frac{2i}{\sqrt{b\alpha ^{}}}}(a_0,x)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(a_0,a_0)\right].`$ (A.3b)
Normalization of the momentum and coordinate eigensates:
$`p|p^{}`$ $`=\sqrt{detg}\delta ^{(d)}(p_\mu +p^{}{}_{\mu }{}^{})\text{and}x|x^{}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{detg}}}\delta ^{(d)}(x^\mu +x^{}{}_{}{}^{\mu });`$ (A.4b)
normalization of the function $`p|x`$:
$`p|x`$ $`=\overline{x|p}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi )^{\frac{d}{2}}}}e^{ip_\mu x^\mu };`$ (A.4c)
string field:
$`|t=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d^dp}{\sqrt{detg}}t(p)|p},t(p)=p|t;`$ (A.4d)
Fourier transform:
$`t(x)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi )^{\frac{d}{2}}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d^dp}{\sqrt{detg}}e^{ip_\mu x^\mu }t(p)}\text{and}t(p)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi )^{\frac{d}{2}}}}{\displaystyle d^dx\sqrt{detg}e^{ip_\mu x^\mu }t(x)}.`$ (A.4e)
## Appendix B Conformal Ghosts

### B.1 Search for the discrete spectrum

#### B.1.1 Parametrization of the eigenvalues

First of all, let us express the parameter $`\kappa `$ appearing in the (3.10) through $`\nu `$. So we want to solve the equation

$$(2\nu +1)\mathrm{cosh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}+2+\nu =i\sqrt{3}\mathrm{sinh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}.$$

This equation has two solutions:

1. $`\nu `$-independent solution

$$\mathrm{cosh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}=\frac{1}{2}\text{and}\mathrm{sinh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}=i\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}=\frac{2\pi i}{3}+2\pi in.$$
(B.1a)
2. $`\nu `$-dependent solution

$$\mathrm{cosh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}=\frac{1}{2}\frac{\nu ^2+4\nu +1}{\nu ^2+\nu +1}\text{and}\mathrm{sinh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}=i\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\frac{\nu ^21}{\nu ^2+\nu +1}.$$
(B.1b)
We will always assume that $`\nu `$ lies on the unit circle (see Figure 1), i.e. $`\nu =e^{i\varphi }`$. It convenient to rewrite the formulae above in the following form

$$\mathrm{cosh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}=\frac{\mathrm{cos}\varphi +2}{2\mathrm{cos}\varphi +1}\text{and}\mathrm{sinh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}=\sqrt{3}\frac{\mathrm{sin}\varphi }{2\mathrm{cos}\varphi +1}.$$
(B.1c)
If $`\frac{2\pi }{3}\varphi \frac{4\pi }{3}`$ then we will assume $`\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}`$, otherwise if $`\frac{2\pi }{3}\varphi \frac{2\pi }{3}`$ we will assume $`\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}+\pi i`$. Moreover it follows from this parametrization that if $`\kappa `$ is a solution for $`\nu `$ then $`\kappa `$ is a solution for $`\overline{\nu }`$.

#### B.1.2 Computation of the integral

Now we are ready to compute the following integral

$$(\overline{W},\frac{1}{C^{}U^{}\xi }W)=_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\kappa \frac{1}{𝒩(\kappa )}\frac{[(v^{(\kappa )},W)]^2}{\nu (\kappa )\xi }\stackrel{\text{3.13b}}{=}2_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\kappa }{\kappa }\frac{[2+\nu (\kappa )+\overline{\nu }(\kappa )]}{\kappa 𝒩(\kappa )}\frac{\nu (\kappa )}{\nu (\kappa )\xi }.$$
(B.2)
Substitution of the expressions (3.10) and (3.11) and some simplification yields

$$(W,\frac{1}{C^{}U^{}\xi }W)=2_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{dx}{x}\frac{\mathrm{sinh}\frac{x}{2}}{\mathrm{cosh}\frac{x}{2}}\frac{1}{(1+2\mathrm{cosh}x)}\frac{2+\mathrm{cosh}x+i\sqrt{3}\mathrm{sinh}x}{(2\xi +1)\mathrm{cosh}x+i\sqrt{3}\mathrm{sinh}x+2+\xi },$$
(B.3)
where $`x=\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}`$. The analysis performed in (B.1.1) yields to the following parametrization of the $`\xi `$:

$$\mathrm{cosh}(\eta +i\pi )=\frac{1}{2}\frac{\xi ^2+4\xi +1}{\xi ^2+\xi +1}\text{and}\mathrm{sinh}(\eta +i\pi )=i\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\frac{\xi ^21}{\xi ^2+\xi +1}.$$
(B.4)
The integral (B.3) has the following poles (see Figure 3):

* $`x=\pi i+2\pi in`$, $`n0`$;
* $`x=\eta +i\pi +2\pi in`$, $`n0`$;
* $`x=\frac{4\pi i}{3}+2\pi in`$, $`n0`$.

One sees that we have two cases $`\eta =0`$ and $`\eta 0`$.

Let us first consider the case $`\eta 0`$. The computation of the residues in the upper half plane leads to the following result

$$\begin{array}{c}(\overline{W},\frac{1}{C^{}U^{}\xi }W)=2\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left[\frac{2}{\xi 1}\frac{1}{n+\frac{1}{2}}+\frac{1}{n+\frac{2}{3}}\frac{\xi +1}{\xi 1}\frac{1}{n+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\eta }{2\pi i}}\right]\hfill \\ \hfill =\frac{\xi +1}{\xi 1}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}F(\eta )+2\left[\psi (\frac{1}{2})\psi (\frac{2}{3})\right],\end{array}$$
(B.5)
where $`\psi (x)`$ is the logarithmic derivative of the Euler $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-function

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \psi (x)& =\gamma _E\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left(\frac{1}{n+x}\frac{1}{n+1}\right),\hfill \\ \hfill \psi (\frac{1}{2})& =\gamma _E\mathrm{log}4\text{and}\psi (\frac{2}{3})=\gamma _E+\frac{\pi }{2\sqrt{3}}\mathrm{log}3\sqrt{3}\hfill \end{array}$$

and

$$F(\eta )=\psi (\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\eta }{2\pi i})\psi (\frac{1}{2}).$$
(B.6)
If $`\eta =0`$ we need only to know that the integral (B.3) is finite. It follows from equation (3.18b) that $`\eta =0`$ and $`\xi =1`$ is its solution only for $`b=0`$.

#### B.1.3 Solving of the equation

Let us simplify expression (B.5). To this end we substitute $`\psi (\frac{1}{2})`$ and $`\psi (\frac{2}{3})`$ and notice that666This expression follows from the following formula for the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-function
$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(1z)\mathrm{\Gamma }(z)=\frac{\pi }{\mathrm{sin}\pi z}.$$

$$\mathrm{}F(\eta )=\frac{\pi }{2}\mathrm{tanh}\frac{\eta }{2}\frac{\pi }{2i\sqrt{3}}\frac{\xi 1}{\xi +1}.$$
(B.7)
Therefore (B.5) takes a form

$$(\overline{W},\frac{1}{C^{}U^{}\xi }W)=V_{00}+\frac{\xi +1}{\xi 1}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}\mathrm{}F(\eta ).$$
(B.8)
Substitution of this expression into equation (3.18b) yields the equation

$$\mathrm{}F(\eta )=\frac{b}{4}.$$
(B.9)
$`\mathrm{}F(\eta )`$ is an even function with $`F(0)=0`$ (see Figure 4), therefore for each $`b>0`$ this equation has two solutions $`\pm \eta (b)`$. On Figure 4 we presented the $`\mathrm{arg}\overline{\xi }(b)`$ for this solution.

### B.2 Generating function for discrete spectrum

In this section we will construct the generating function for the vector defined by (3.18a). To this end we rewrite the expression (3.18a) for the components of the vector $`V^{(\xi )}`$ in the following form

$$\begin{array}{c}V_m^{(\xi )}=\frac{V_0^{(\xi )}}{\sqrt{b}}(\xi 1)\left(\frac{1}{C^{}U^{}\xi }\right)_{mn}W_n\stackrel{\text{3.12}}{=}\frac{V_0^{(\xi )}}{\sqrt{b}}(\xi 1)_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\kappa }{𝒩(\kappa )}v_m^{(\kappa )}(v^{(\kappa )},\frac{1}{C^{}U^{}\xi }W)\hfill \\ \hfill \stackrel{\text{3.13b}}{=}\frac{V_0^{(\xi )}}{\sqrt{b}}(\xi 1)_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\kappa }{\kappa 𝒩(\kappa )}v_m^{(\kappa )}\frac{\sqrt{2}[1+\nu (\kappa )]}{\nu (\kappa )\xi }.\end{array}$$

The generating function for the vector $`V_m^{(\xi )}`$ is defined as

$$F^{(\xi )}(z)=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}V_m^{(\xi )}\frac{z^m}{\sqrt{m}}=\sqrt{2}\frac{V_0^{(\xi )}}{\sqrt{b}}(\xi 1)_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\kappa }{\kappa 𝒩(\kappa )}\frac{f^{(\kappa )}(z)[1+\nu (\kappa )]}{\nu (\kappa )\xi }.$$
(B.10)
To get the explicit expression for this generating function we need to compute the integral

$$_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\kappa }{\kappa 𝒩(\kappa )}\frac{f^{(\kappa )}(z)[1+\nu (\kappa )]}{\nu (\kappa )\xi }\stackrel{\text{3.10}}{=}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{dx}{x}\frac{1e^{x\frac{2}{\pi }\mathrm{arctan}z}}{2\mathrm{sinh}x}\frac{1\mathrm{cosh}x+i\sqrt{3}\mathrm{sinh}x}{(2\xi +1)\mathrm{cosh}x+i\sqrt{3}\mathrm{sinh}x+2+\xi }$$

We want to compute this integral by summing residues in the UHP. To this end we add $`+ix\delta `$ ($`\delta >0`$) to the exponent. This integral has the following poles

* $`x=\pi i+2\pi in`$, $`n0`$;
* $`x=\eta +\pi i+2\pi in`$, $`n0`$.

Summing over these residues yields

$$\begin{array}{c}=\frac{1}{\xi 1}\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left[\frac{1}{n+\frac{1}{2}}+\frac{e^{4i(n+\frac{1}{2})(\mathrm{arctan}zi\delta )}}{n+\frac{1}{2}}+\frac{1}{n+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\eta }{2\pi i}}\frac{e^{4i(n+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\eta }{2\pi i})(\mathrm{arctan}zi\delta )}}{n+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\eta }{2\pi i}}\right]\hfill \\ \hfill =\frac{1}{\xi 1}[\psi (\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\eta }{2\pi i})\psi (\frac{1}{2})+e^{2i(1+\frac{\eta }{\pi i})\mathrm{arctan}z}\mathrm{LerchPhi}(e^{4i\mathrm{arctan}z},1,\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\eta }{2\pi i})\\ \hfill e^{2i\mathrm{arctan}z}\mathrm{LerchPhi}(e^{4i\mathrm{arctan}z},1,\frac{1}{2})],\end{array}$$
(B.11)
where

$$\mathrm{LerchPhi}(w,1,x)=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{w^n}{n+x}=\frac{1}{x}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(1,x;x+1;w).$$

Using the fact that

$${}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(1,\frac{1}{2};\frac{3}{2};w)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{w}}arctanh\sqrt{w},arctanhe^{4i\mathrm{arctan}z}=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{log}iz$$

and the expressions (B.7), (B.9) we can write the following formula for the generating function $`F^{(\xi )}(z)`$

$$\begin{array}{c}F^{(\xi )}(z)=\sqrt{\frac{2}{b}}V_0^{(\xi )}[\frac{b}{4}+\frac{\pi }{2\sqrt{3}}\frac{\xi 1}{\xi +1}+\mathrm{log}iz\hfill \\ \hfill +e^{2i(1+\frac{\eta }{\pi i})\mathrm{arctan}z}\mathrm{LerchPhi}(e^{4i\mathrm{arctan}z},1,\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\eta }{2\pi i})],\end{array}$$
(B.12)
where $`F(\eta )`$ is defined by (B.6) and $`\eta `$ is related to $`\xi `$ by formula (B.4).

Having these formulae one can easily calculate how complex conjugation and operator $`C`$ change the eigenvectors:

$$F^{(\xi )}(z)F^{(\overline{\xi })}(z)\text{and}\overline{F^{(\xi )}}(z)F^{(\xi )}(z)\text{iff}V_0^{(\xi )}.$$
(B.13)
### B.3 Normalization of the vectors from the discrete spectrum

In this subsection we will compute the following scalar product

$$((V^{(\xi )},V^{(\xi )})):=|V_0^{(\xi )}|^2+(V^{(\xi )},V^{(\xi )}).$$
(B.14)
The expression (B.14) yields

$$\begin{array}{c}(V^{(\xi )},V^{(\xi )})\stackrel{\text{3.18a}}{=}\frac{|V_0^{(\xi )}|^2}{b}|\xi 1|^2(W,\frac{1}{U^{}C^{}\overline{\xi }}\frac{1}{C^{}U^{}\xi }W)\hfill \\ \hfill \stackrel{\text{3.12},\text{3.13b}}{=}\frac{|V_0^{(\xi )}|^2}{b}|\xi 1|^22_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\kappa }{\kappa }\frac{2+\nu +\overline{\nu }}{\kappa 𝒩(\kappa )}\frac{1}{(\nu \xi )(\overline{\nu }\overline{\xi })}\\ \hfill =\frac{|V_0^{(\xi )}|^2}{b}|\xi 1|^2(\xi )\frac{}{\xi }\left[2_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\kappa }{\kappa }\frac{2+\nu +\overline{\nu }}{\kappa 𝒩(\kappa )}\frac{\nu }{\nu \xi }\right]\\ \hfill \stackrel{\text{B.2},\text{B.8}}{=}\frac{|V_0^{(\xi )}|^2}{b}|\xi 1|^2\left[\frac{b}{|\xi 1|^2}+\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{i}\frac{\xi +1}{\xi 1}\frac{1}{\xi +\overline{\xi }+1}\frac{}{\eta }\mathrm{}F(\eta )\right].\end{array}$$
(B.15)
Substitution of this expression into (B.14) and simplification by use of (B.9) yields

$$((V^{(\xi )},V^{(\xi )}))=|V_0^{(\xi )}|^2\mathrm{sinh}\eta \frac{}{\eta }\left[\mathrm{log}\mathrm{}F(\eta )\right].$$
(B.16)
The function on the rhs is positive and more or equal to $`2`$. So to have the norm equal to one, we have to choose $`V_0^{(\xi )}`$ equal to

$$V_0^{(\xi )}=\left(\mathrm{sinh}\eta \frac{}{\eta }\left[\mathrm{log}\mathrm{}F(\eta )\right]\right)^{1/2}.$$
(B.17)
The graphic of this function is presented on the Figure 5.

Notice that as $`\eta \mathrm{}`$ $`V_0^{(\xi )}`$ goes to zero exponentially fast.

### B.4 Generating function for the continuous spectrum

#### B.4.1 Calculation of $`A^{(\kappa )}`$

First of all we need to obtain the expression for the $`A^{(\kappa )}`$ defined by equation (3.17b). To this end we have to calculate the integral

$$\begin{array}{c}(\overline{W},𝒫\frac{1}{C^{}U^{}\nu (\kappa )}W)=2_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\kappa ^{}}{\kappa ^{}}\frac{2+\nu +\overline{\nu }}{\kappa 𝒩(\kappa ^{})}𝒫\frac{\nu (\kappa ^{})}{\nu (\kappa ^{})\nu (\kappa )}\hfill \\ \hfill =2\frac{dx}{x}\frac{\mathrm{sinh}\frac{x}{2}}{\mathrm{cosh}\frac{x}{2}}\frac{1}{1+2\mathrm{cosh}x}𝒫\frac{2+\mathrm{cosh}x+i\sqrt{3}\mathrm{sinh}x}{(2\nu +1)\mathrm{cosh}x+i\sqrt{3}\mathrm{sinh}x+2+\nu }.\end{array}$$
(B.18)
This integral has the following poles:

* $`x=\pi i+2\pi in`$, $`n0`$;
* $`x=\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}+2\pi i(n+1)`$, $`n0`$;
* $`x=\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}`$, one half of the residue;
* $`x=\frac{4\pi i}{3}i+2\pi in`$, $`n0`$.

Calculation of the residues yields

$$\begin{array}{c}=2\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left[\frac{2}{\nu 1}\frac{1}{n+\frac{1}{2}}\frac{\nu +1}{\nu 1}\frac{1}{n+1+\frac{\kappa }{4i}}+\frac{1}{n+\frac{2}{3}}\right]\frac{\nu +1}{\nu 1}\frac{4i}{\kappa }\hfill \\ \hfill =\frac{\pi }{\sqrt{3}}+V_{00}+2\frac{\nu +1}{\nu 1}\left[\psi (1+\frac{\kappa }{4i})\psi (\frac{1}{2})\frac{2i}{\kappa }\right]\\ \hfill =V_{00}+\frac{\nu +1}{\nu 1}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}\mathrm{}F_c(\kappa ),\end{array}$$
(B.19)
where

$$F_c(\kappa )=\psi (1+\frac{\kappa }{4i})\psi (\frac{1}{2})$$
(B.20)
and to obtain the last line in the (B.19) we have used the fact that

$$\mathrm{}F_c(\kappa )=\frac{2}{\kappa }\frac{\pi }{2}\frac{\mathrm{sinh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}}{\mathrm{cosh}\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}}\frac{2}{\kappa }\frac{\pi i}{2\sqrt{3}}\frac{\nu 1}{\nu +1}.$$

Substitution of (B.19) into (3.17b) yields the following expression for $`A^{(\kappa )}`$:

$$A^{(\kappa )}=V_0^{(\kappa )}\sqrt{\frac{2}{b}}\kappa \left(\mathrm{}F_c(\kappa )\frac{b}{4}\right).$$
(B.21)
#### B.4.2 Generating function

The generating function for the vector $`V_m^{(\kappa )}`$ is defined in the following way

$$\begin{array}{c}F^{(\kappa )}(z)=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}V_m^{(\kappa )}\frac{z^m}{\sqrt{m}}\hfill \\ \hfill \stackrel{\text{3.17a}}{=}A^{(\kappa )}f^{(\kappa )}(z)[1\nu (\kappa )]\frac{V_0^{(\kappa )}}{\sqrt{b}}\frac{d\kappa ^{}}{𝒩(\kappa ^{})}f^{(\kappa ^{})}(z)(v^{(\kappa ^{})},𝒫\frac{1}{CU\nu (\kappa )}W).\end{array}$$
(B.22)
Let us start from the computing the integral in the rhs:

$$\begin{array}{c}\frac{d\kappa ^{}}{𝒩(\kappa ^{})}f^{(\kappa ^{})}(z)𝒫\frac{(v^{(\kappa ^{})},W)}{\nu (\kappa ^{})\nu (\kappa )}=\sqrt{2}\frac{d\kappa ^{}}{\kappa ^{}𝒩(\kappa ^{})}\frac{1}{\kappa ^{}}(1e^{\kappa \mathrm{arctan}z})𝒫\frac{1+\nu (\kappa ^{})}{\nu (\kappa ^{})\nu (\kappa )}\hfill \\ \hfill =\sqrt{2}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{dx}{x}\frac{1e^{x\frac{2}{\pi }\mathrm{arctan}z}}{2\mathrm{sinh}x}𝒫\frac{1\mathrm{cosh}x+i\sqrt{3}\mathrm{sinh}x}{(2\nu +1)\mathrm{cosh}x+i\sqrt{3}\mathrm{sinh}x+2+\nu }.\end{array}$$
(B.23)
This integral has the following poles

* $`x=\pi i+2\pi n`$, $`n0`$;
* $`x=\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}+2\pi (n+1)`$, $`n0`$;
* $`x=\frac{\pi \kappa }{2}`$, half of the pole.

Calculation of the residues yields

$$\begin{array}{c}=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{1\nu }\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left[\frac{1e^{(n+\frac{1}{2})4i\mathrm{arctan}z}}{n+\frac{1}{2}}+\frac{1e^{(n+1+\frac{\kappa }{4i})4i\mathrm{arctan}z}}{n+1+\frac{\kappa }{4i}}\right]\frac{\sqrt{2}}{1\nu }\frac{2i}{\kappa }(1e^{\kappa \mathrm{arctan}z})\hfill \\ \hfill =\frac{\sqrt{2}}{1\nu }[\psi (\frac{1}{2})\psi (1+\frac{\kappa }{4i})+\frac{2i}{\kappa }(1e^{\kappa \mathrm{arctan}z})+\mathrm{LerchPhi}(e^{4i\mathrm{arctan}z},1,\frac{1}{2})e^{2i\mathrm{arctan}z}\\ \hfill \mathrm{LerchPhi}(e^{4i\mathrm{arctan}z},1,1+\frac{\kappa }{4i})e^{4i\mathrm{arctan}z}e^{\kappa \mathrm{arctan}z}]\\ \hfill =\frac{\sqrt{2}}{1\nu }[\mathrm{}F_c(\kappa )+(\frac{\pi }{2\sqrt{3}}\frac{\nu 1}{\nu +1}+\frac{2i}{\kappa })+\mathrm{log}iz2if^{(\kappa )}(z)\\ \hfill +\mathrm{LerchPhi}(e^{4i\mathrm{arctan}z},1,1+\frac{\kappa }{4i})e^{4i\mathrm{arctan}z}e^{\kappa \mathrm{arctan}z}].\end{array}$$
(B.24)
Substitution of this expression into (B.22) yields

$$\begin{array}{c}F^{(\kappa )}(z)=V_0^{(\kappa )}\left[\frac{2}{b}\right]^{\frac{1}{2}}[\frac{b}{4}(\mathrm{}F_c(\kappa )\frac{b}{4})e^{\kappa \mathrm{arctan}z}(\frac{\pi }{2\sqrt{3}}\frac{\nu 1}{\nu +1}+\frac{2i}{\kappa })\mathrm{log}iz+2if^{(\kappa )}(z)\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{LerchPhi}(e^{4i\mathrm{arctan}z},1,1+\frac{\kappa }{4i})e^{4i\mathrm{arctan}z}e^{\kappa \mathrm{arctan}z}].\end{array}$$
(B.25)
Now let us consider the generating function for the $`\kappa =0`$. Using the fact that

$$\mathrm{LerchPhi}(w,1,1)={}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(1,1;2;w)=\frac{\mathrm{log}(1w)}{w}$$

one obtains the following expression

$$F^{(0)}(z)=V_0^{(0)}\left[\frac{2}{b}\right]^{\frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{log}(1+z^2).$$
(B.26)
### B.5 Normalization of the vectors from continuous spectrum

The aim of this subsection is to compute the following scalar product

$$((V^{(\kappa )},V^{(\kappa ^{})}))=\overline{V}_0^{(\kappa )}V_0^{(\kappa )}+(V^{(\kappa )},V^{(\kappa ^{})}).$$
(B.27)
Substitution of (3.17a) yields

$$\begin{array}{c}((V^{(\kappa )},V^{(\kappa ^{})}))=\overline{V}_0^{(\kappa )}V_0^{(\kappa )}+\overline{A^{(\kappa )}}A^{(\kappa ^{})}(v^{(\kappa )},v^{(\kappa ^{})})[1\overline{\nu }(\kappa )]\frac{\overline{V}_0^{(\kappa )}A^{(\kappa ^{})}}{\sqrt{b}}(𝒫\frac{1}{C^{}U^{}\nu (\kappa )}W,v^{(\kappa ^{})})\hfill \\ \hfill [1\nu (\kappa ^{})]\frac{V_0^{(\kappa ^{})}\overline{A}^{(\kappa )}}{\sqrt{b}}(v^{(\kappa )},𝒫\frac{1}{C^{}U^{}\nu (\kappa ^{})}W)\\ \hfill +[1\overline{\nu }(\kappa )][1\nu (\kappa ^{})]\frac{V_0^{(\kappa ^{})}\overline{V}^{(\kappa )}}{b}(𝒫\frac{1}{C^{}U^{}\nu (\kappa )}W,𝒫\frac{1}{C^{}U^{}\nu (\kappa ^{})}W).\end{array}$$

Substitution of the expressions (3.11), (3.13b) and (B.21) yields

$$\begin{array}{c}=|V_0^{(\kappa )}|^2𝒩(\kappa )\frac{2}{b}\kappa ^2[\mathrm{}F_c(\kappa )\frac{b}{4}]^2\delta (\kappa \kappa ^{})+\frac{2}{b}\frac{\overline{V}_0^{(\kappa )}V_0^{(\kappa ^{})}}{\nu (\kappa )\nu (\kappa ^{})}[\mathrm{}F_c(\kappa ^{})(\nu (\kappa )1)(\nu (\kappa ^{})+1)(\kappa \kappa ^{})]\hfill \\ \hfill +[1\overline{\nu }(\kappa )][1\nu (\kappa ^{})]\frac{\overline{V}_0^{(\kappa )}V_0^{(\kappa ^{})}}{b}(𝒫\frac{1}{C^{}U^{}\nu (\kappa )}W,𝒫\frac{1}{C^{}U^{}\nu (\kappa ^{})}W).\end{array}$$
(B.28)
Let us now compute the expression

$$\begin{array}{c}(𝒫\frac{1}{C^{}U^{}\nu (\kappa )}W,𝒫\frac{1}{C^{}U^{}\nu (\kappa ^{})}W)\hfill \\ \hfill =2\nu (\kappa )_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\kappa ^{\prime \prime }}{\kappa ^{\prime \prime }}\frac{[1+\nu (\kappa ^{\prime \prime })]^2}{\kappa ^{\prime \prime }𝒩(\kappa ^{\prime \prime })}𝒫\frac{1}{\nu (\kappa ^{\prime \prime })\nu (\kappa ^{})}𝒫\frac{1}{\nu (\kappa ^{\prime \prime })\nu (\kappa )}.\end{array}$$
(B.29)
We have to compute this integral very carefully, because it has a singularity then $`\kappa ^{}=\kappa `$. To extract it we will use the following identity

$$𝒫\frac{1}{x^{\prime \prime }x}=\frac{1}{x^{\prime \prime }x+i0}+\pi i\delta (x^{\prime \prime }x).$$

In our case this relation takes a form

$$𝒫\frac{1}{\nu (\kappa ^{\prime \prime })\nu (\kappa )}=\frac{1}{\nu (\kappa ^{\prime \prime })\nu (\kappa )+i0}+\frac{\pi i}{\frac{d\nu }{d\kappa }}\delta (\kappa ^{\prime \prime }\kappa ).$$

In principal, one has to understand all these relations as a specification of the integration contour in (B.29). Substitution of this relation into (B.29) yields

$$\begin{array}{c}=2\nu (\kappa )_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\kappa ^{\prime \prime }}{\kappa ^{\prime \prime }}\frac{[1+\nu (\kappa ^{\prime \prime })]^2}{\kappa ^{\prime \prime }𝒩(\kappa ^{\prime \prime })}[\frac{1}{\nu (\kappa ^{\prime \prime })\nu (\kappa ^{})+i0}\frac{1}{\nu (\kappa ^{\prime \prime })\nu (\kappa )+i0}\hfill \\ \hfill +\frac{\pi i}{\frac{d\nu }{d\kappa }}\delta (\kappa ^{\prime \prime }\kappa )\frac{1}{\nu (\kappa ^{\prime \prime })\nu (\kappa ^{})+i0}+\frac{\pi i}{\frac{d\nu }{d\kappa ^{}}}\delta (\kappa ^{\prime \prime }\kappa ^{})\frac{1}{\nu (\kappa ^{\prime \prime })\nu (\kappa )+i0}\\ \hfill \frac{\pi ^2}{\frac{d\nu }{d\kappa }\frac{d\nu }{d\kappa ^{}}}\delta (\kappa ^{\prime \prime }\kappa )\delta (\kappa ^{\prime \prime }\kappa ^{})]\end{array}$$

Using the relation

$$\frac{2\kappa }{\pi }𝒩(\kappa )\frac{d\nu (\kappa )}{d\kappa }=[1\nu (\kappa )]^2$$

we can simplify this expression

$$\begin{array}{c}=2\nu (\kappa )_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\kappa ^{\prime \prime }}{\kappa ^{\prime \prime }}\frac{[1+\nu (\kappa ^{\prime \prime })]^2}{\kappa ^{\prime \prime }𝒩(\kappa ^{\prime \prime })}\left[\frac{1}{\nu (\kappa ^{\prime \prime })\nu (\kappa ^{})+i0}\frac{1}{\nu (\kappa ^{\prime \prime })\nu (\kappa )+i0}\right]\hfill \\ \hfill +𝒫\frac{\nu (\kappa )}{\nu (\kappa )\nu (\kappa ^{})}\left[\frac{4i}{\kappa ^{}}\frac{1+\nu (\kappa ^{})}{1\nu (\kappa ^{})}\frac{4i}{\kappa }\frac{1+\nu (\kappa )}{1\nu (\kappa )}\right]+\frac{8𝒩(\kappa )}{[1\nu (\kappa )][1\overline{\nu }(\kappa )]}\delta (\kappa \kappa ^{}).\end{array}$$
(B.30)
The integral in the first line can be rewritten as

$$\begin{array}{c}2_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{dx^{\prime \prime }}{x^{\prime \prime }}\frac{\mathrm{sinh}\frac{x^{\prime \prime }}{2}}{\mathrm{cosh}\frac{x^{\prime \prime }}{2}}\frac{1+2\mathrm{cosh}x^{\prime \prime }}{[(2\nu ^{}+1)\mathrm{cosh}x^{\prime \prime }+i\sqrt{3}\mathrm{sinh}x^{\prime \prime }+2+\nu ^{}+i0]}\hfill \\ \hfill \times \frac{1}{(2\nu +1)\mathrm{cosh}x^{\prime \prime }+i\sqrt{3}\mathrm{sinh}x^{\prime \prime }+2+\nu +i0}.\end{array}$$

This integral has the following poles

* $`x^{\prime \prime }=\pi i+2\pi in`$, for $`n0`$;
* $`x^{\prime \prime }=\frac{\pi \kappa ^{}}{2}+2\pi in`$, for $`n1`$;
* $`x^{\prime \prime }=\frac{\pi \kappa ^{}}{2}+2\pi in`$, for $`n1`$.

Calculation of the residues yields the following expression for (B.30)

$$\begin{array}{c}=2\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left[\frac{1}{n+\frac{1}{2}}\frac{2}{(1\nu ^{})(1\nu )}+𝒫\frac{\nu }{\nu \nu ^{}}\left(\frac{1+\nu ^{}}{1\nu ^{}}\frac{1}{n+1+\frac{\kappa ^{}}{4i}}\frac{1+\nu }{1\nu }\frac{1}{n+1+\frac{\kappa }{4i}}\right)\right]\hfill \\ \hfill +𝒫\frac{\nu }{\nu \nu ^{}}\left(\frac{1+\nu ^{}}{1\nu ^{}}\frac{4i}{\kappa ^{}}\frac{1+\nu }{1\nu }\frac{4i}{\kappa }\right)+\frac{8𝒩(\kappa )}{[1\nu (\kappa )][1\overline{\nu }(\kappa )]}\delta (\kappa \kappa ^{}).\\ \hfill =𝒫\frac{2\nu }{\nu \nu ^{}}\left[\frac{1+\nu }{1\nu }\mathrm{}F_c(\kappa )\frac{1+\nu ^{}}{1\nu ^{}}\mathrm{}F_c(\kappa ^{})\right]+\frac{8𝒩(\kappa )}{(1\nu )(1\overline{\nu })}\delta (\kappa \kappa ^{}).\end{array}$$
(B.31)
Substitution of this expression into (B.28) yields

$$((V^{(\kappa )},V^{(\kappa ^{})}))=\frac{2}{b}|V_0^{(\kappa )}|^2𝒩(\kappa )\left[4+\kappa ^2\left(\mathrm{}F_c(\kappa )\frac{b}{4}\right)^2\right]\delta (\kappa \kappa ^{}).$$
(B.32)
To obtain standard normalization of the continuous spectra one has to put

$$V_0^{(\kappa )}=\left[\frac{b}{2}\right]^{\frac{1}{2}}\left[𝒩(\kappa )\right]^{\frac{1}{2}}\left[4+\kappa ^2\left(\mathrm{}F_c(\kappa )\frac{b}{4}\right)^2\right]^{\frac{1}{2}}.$$
(B.33)