text:
# Geodesic completeness for some meromorphic metrics

## 1 Foreword

In this paper we shall be concerned with generalizing the ideas of ’metric’ and geodesic for a complex manifold $`𝑴`$: we emphasize that our curves will be complex ones; a metric will be, informally speaking, a symmetric quadratic form on the holomorphic tangent space at each point $`p𝑴`$, holomorphically depending on the point itself; of course, it couldn’t have any ’signature’, but, by simmetry, it induces a canonical Levi-Civita’s connexion on $`𝑴`$, which in turn allows us to define geodesics to be auto-parallel paths. We illustrate some motivations (see \[DNF\] p.186 ff): consider the space $``$ of antisymmetric covariant tensors of rank two in Minkowski’s space $`\text{R}_{\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}}`$: electromagnetic fields are such ones. Let $`F`$: we can write $`F=_{i<j}F_{ij}dx^idx^j`$ where $`x^0\mathrm{}x^3`$ are the natural coordinate functions on $`\text{R}_{\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}}`$. At each point, the space $`_p`$ of all tensors in $``$ evaluated at $`p`$ is a six- dimensional real vector space; moreover, the adjoint operator $``$ with respect to Minkowski’s metric is such that $`=1`$: all these facts imply that $`_p`$ could be thought of as a complex three dimensional vector space $`𝒢_p`$ by setting $`(a+𝒊b)F=aF+bF`$. Now $``$ is $`SO(1,3)`$invariant, hence $`SO(1,3)`$ is a group of (complex) linear transformations of $`𝒢_p`$, preserving the quadratic form $`F,F=(F(F)+𝒊FF)`$: this means that this ’norm’ is invariant by Lorentz transformations, hence it is of relevant physical interest. If we introduce the following coordinate functions on $`𝒢_p`$: $`z^1=F_{01}iF_{23}`$, $`z^2=F_{02}+iF_{13}`$ and $`z^1=F_{03}iF_{12}`$, we have that $`F,F=(z^1)^2+(z^2)^2+(z^3)^2,`$ hence there naturally arises the so called complex-Euclidean metric on $`\text{C}^{\mathrm{}}`$: on one hand, by changing coordinates we are brought to a generic symmetric bilinear form on $`\text{C}^{\mathrm{}}`$; on the other one there arise ’poles’ if we attempt to extend the above construction e.g. to $`(\text{P}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}`$. Now the idea of generalizing to the curved framework is quite natural: the reader is referred to section 3. Our main concern will be warped products of Riemann surfaces: let $`𝒰_i\text{D}`$ or $`𝒰_i\text{C}`$, with coordinate function $`u^i`$ and metric $`b_1(u^1)du^1du^1`$ or $`f_i(u^i)du^idu^i`$ if $`i2`$; both $`b_1`$ and the $`f_i`$’s are nonzero meromorphic functions. A warped product of the $`\{𝒰_i\}`$’s will be a meromorphic Riemannian manifold (see definition 3.1)

$$(\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}𝒰_i,b_1(u^1)du^idu^i+\underset{i=2}{\overset{N}{}}a_i(u^1)f_i(u^i)du^idu^i),$$

where the $`a_k`$’s ($`k2`$) are nonzero meromorphic functions (called warping functions) defined on $`𝒰_1`$. This construction can be naturally generalized to the case when the $`\{𝒰_i\}`$’s are more general Rieman surfaces. We report that many of the known exact solutions of Einstein’s field equations can be related, by means of ’complexifications’, to such manifolds.

We introduce the concept of coercivity of a warped product: informally speaking, it will amount to the fact that primitives of ’square roots’ of some rational functions of the coefficients involved in the metric can be analitically continued until they take all complex values but at most a finite number of ones.

Geodesics will show various types of ’singularities’: we record, among the other ones, ’logarithmic’ singularities: they will be, more or less, points resembling $`0`$ in connection with $`z\mathrm{log}z`$; rather more formally, a ’logarithmic singularity’ $`\mathrm{}`$ will be a point in a two dimensional real topological manifold, admitting a neighbourhooud $`𝒰`$ such that $`𝒰\{\mathrm{}\}`$ is a Riemann surface, but there is no complex structure ’at’ $`\mathrm{}`$: this type of singularities arises from the fact that geodesic equations admit first integrals whose solutions have poles with nonzero residues.

We introduce the notion of completeness: a path will be essentially a holomorphic function $`F:S𝑴`$, where $`S`$ is a Riemann surface over a region of $`\text{P}^{\mathrm{}}`$, admitting a projection mapping $`\pi :S\text{P}^{\mathrm{}}`$: it will be complete provided that $`\text{P}^{\mathrm{}}\pi \mathrm{}\mathrm{𝕊}\mathrm{}`$ is a finite set: we are now able to attemtp to give a hazy idea of our main result. Theorem: a warped product of Riemann surfaces is complete (i.e. ’almost every’ geodesic is complete) if and only if it is coercive.

The last statement resumes the meaning of theorems 4.4, 4.10 and 4.11, whilst definition of completeness is in 3.10 and of coercivity in 4.2. We end this section with some references: the problem of geodesic singularities arises from semi-Riemannian geometry: see e.g. \[BEH\]; a different approach to holomorphic geometry could be found in \[MAN\]. Finally, we owe \[LEB\] for the definition of a nondegenerate holomorphic metric, of a connexion (see p. 11 ff) and of a complex geodesic (see p.12 ff).

## 2 Analytical continuation

The idea of analytical continuation of a holomorphic mapping element $`f:𝒰𝑴`$ ( $`𝒰`$ is a region in the complex plane, $`𝑴`$, throughout this paper will be a complex manifold) is well known and amounts to a quintuple $`Q_𝑴=(S,\pi ,j,F,𝑴)`$, where $`S`$ is a connected Riemann surface over a region of $`\text{P}^{\mathrm{}}`$, $`\pi :S\text{C}`$ is a nonconstant holomorphic mapping such that $`U\pi (S)`$, $`j:US`$ is a holomorphic immersion such that $`\pi j=id|_U`$ and $`F:S𝑴`$ is a holomorphic mapping such that $`Fj=f`$. Each finite branch point is kept into account by the fact of lying ’under’ some critical point of $`\pi `$; it is a well known (see e.g. \[CAS\], chap. 6) result that there exists a unique maximal analytical continuation, called the Riemann surface, of $`(𝒰,f)`$. In the following we shall abbreviate ’holomorphic function element’ by ’HFE’ and ’holomorphic function germ’ by ’HFG’. For further purposes, we shall consider also ’poles’ and ’logarithmic singularities’: our definitions will axiomatize the behaviour of continuations of complex-valued holomorphic elements.

###### Definition 2.1

A pole of $`Q_𝑴`$ is a decreasing sequence of open sets $`\{V_k\}_{kK}S`$ such that there exist a positive integer $`n`$ and a point $`z_0\text{P}^{\mathrm{}}`$, such that $``$ (P1) for every $`kK`$ $`V_k`$ is a connected component of $`\pi ^1(D(z_0,\frac{1}{k})\{z_0\})`$, $``$ (P2) for every $`kK`$ $`\pi |_{V_k}:V_k(D(z_0,\frac{1}{k})\{z_0\})`$ is a n-sheeted covering and $``$ (P3) $`_{kK}\overline{V_k}=\mathrm{}`$ $``$(P4) there exist: an open set $`\mathrm{\Omega }𝑴`$; complex submanifolds $`𝑵\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and $`𝑷\mathrm{\Omega }`$ ($`dim(𝑷)1`$); such that $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and $`𝑵\times 𝑷`$ are biholomorphic; for every $`k`$, $`F(V_k\{p\})\mathrm{\Omega }`$; $`pr_1F:V_k𝑵`$ has a removable singularity at $`p`$ and $`_{kK}\overline{pr_2F(V_k)}=\mathrm{}`$; a logarithmic singularity (in the following: L-singularity) $`q`$ of $`Q_𝑴`$ is a sequence of decreasing open sets $`\{V_k\}_{KK}`$ of $`S`$ such that there hold (P1), (P3) and $``$ (LS2) for every $`kK`$ and every (real) nonconstant closed path $`\gamma :[0,1]D(z_0,1/k)\{z_0\}`$, with nonzero winding number around $`z_0`$, every lifted path $`\beta :[0,1]\pi ^1(D(z_0,1/k)\{z_0\})`$ with respect to the topological covering $`\pi `$ is not a closed path, i.e. $`\beta (0)\beta (1)`$; $`q`$ is $``$ (RMLS) a removable L-singularity for if there exists $`\eta 𝑴`$ such that $`_k\overline{F(V_k)}=\{\eta \}`$; $``$ (PLS) a polar L-singularity for $`\widehat{F}`$ if there exist: an open set $`\mathrm{\Omega }𝑴`$; complex submanifolds $`𝑵\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and $`𝑷\mathrm{\Omega }`$ ($`dim(𝑷)1`$ ) such that $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and $`𝑵\times 𝑷`$ are biholomorphic; for every $`k`$, $`F(V_k\{p\})\mathrm{\Omega }`$; $`pr_1F:V_k𝑵`$ has a removable singularity at $`p`$; $`_{k=K}\overline{pr_2F(V_k)}=\mathrm{}`$;

It is easily seen that $`\{`$L-singularities$`\}`$ $``$ $`\{`$poles $`\}`$ $`=\mathrm{}`$ and that $`\stackrel{~}{S}:=S`$ $`\{`$poles of $`Q_𝑴`$ $`\}`$ has a canonical structure of a Riemann surface and $`\pi `$ admits a holomorphic extension $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }`$ to $`\stackrel{~}{S}`$, hence an extended analytical continuation of $`(U,f)`$ is a quintuple $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_𝑴=(\stackrel{~}{S},\stackrel{~}{\pi },\stackrel{~}{j},F,𝑴)`$, where $`\stackrel{~}{S}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }`$ are as above and $`\stackrel{~}{j}=id_{S\stackrel{~}{S}}j`$; of course there exists a unique maximal extended continuation of $`(𝒰,f)`$, build up as above, starting from its unique maximal continuation.

Consider now the set $`B`$ of the L-singularities of $`Q_𝑴`$: set $`S^{\mathrm{}}=SB`$ as a set and introduce a topology on $`S^{\mathrm{}}`$: open sets are the open sets in $`S`$ and a fundamental neighbourhood system of the L-singularity $`q=\{V_k\}_{kK}B`$ is yielded by the sets $`V_k^{\mathrm{}}=V_k\{q\}`$.

###### Lemma 2.2

$`S^{\mathrm{}}`$ admits no complex structure at $`q=\{V_k\}_{kK}`$.

Proof: were there one, we could find charts $`(𝒲,\varphi )`$ around $`q`$ and $`(𝒱,\psi )`$ around $`z_0`$ such that $`\psi \pi \varphi ^1(\zeta )=\zeta ^N`$ for some integer $`N>0`$. This fact would imply $`\pi |_{𝒲\{q\}}`$ to be a n-sheeted covering of $`𝒱\{z_0\}`$; it is easily seen tha this fact would contradict (LS2) in definition 2.1.

###### Lemma 2.3

(A): $`\pi `$ admits a unique continuous extension $`\pi ^{\mathrm{}}`$ to $`S^{\mathrm{}}`$; (B): for every removable logarithmic singularity $`r`$ of $`Q_𝑴`$, $`F`$ admits a unique continuous extension $`F^{\mathrm{}}`$ to $`r`$.

Proof: (A): let $`bB`$ and $`\{V_k\}`$ be the sequence spotting $`b`$: define $`\pi ^{\mathrm{}}(q)=\pi (q)`$ if $`qV_k`$ and $`\pi ^{\mathrm{}}(b)=z_0`$, where $`z_0`$ is the common centre of the discs onto which the $`V_k^{}s`$ are projected. Now $`\pi ^{\mathrm{}}`$ is continuous at all points in $`V_k`$; moreover, for every neighbourhood $`G`$ of $`z_0`$, $`\pi ^\mathrm{}1(G)\pi ^\mathrm{}1(z_0)\pi ^1(G\{z_0\})`$, hence, if we set $`H=\{b\}\pi ^1(G\{z_0\})`$, we have that $`H`$ is a neighbourhood of $`b`$ in $`S^{\mathrm{}}`$ such that $`\pi ^{\mathrm{}}(H)G`$, proving continuity at $`b`$. Arguing by density, we conclude that this extension is unique; the proof of (B) is analogous.

###### Definition 2.4

A quintuple $`Q_𝑴^{\mathrm{}}=(S^{\mathrm{}},\pi ^{\mathrm{}},j^{\mathrm{}},F^{\mathrm{}},𝑴)`$, is an analytical continuation with L-singularities of the function element $`(U,f)`$ if there exists an analytical continuation $`Q_𝑴`$ of $`(U,f)`$ such that $`S^{\mathrm{}}S`$ consists of L-singularities of $`F`$, $`\pi ^{\mathrm{}}`$ is the unique continuous extension of $`\pi `$ to $`S^{\mathrm{}}`$, $`j^{\mathrm{}}=id_{SS^{\mathrm{}}}j`$ and $`F`$ admits a unique continuous extension $`F^{\mathrm{}}`$ to $`S^{\mathrm{}}\{polarlogarithmicsingularitiesofF\}`$. $`Q_𝑴^{\mathrm{}}`$ is: maximal provided that so is $`Q_𝑴`$ and $`Q_𝑴^{\mathrm{}}Q_𝑴`$ contains all L-singularities of $`Q_𝑴`$; extended provided that so is $`Q_𝑴`$.

###### Lemma 2.5

1): let $`𝒇`$ and $`𝒈`$ be two holomorphic germs each one inverse of the other; let $`(R,\pi ,j,F,\text{C}\mathrm{}`$ and $`(S,\rho ,\mathrm{},G,\text{C}\mathrm{}`$ be their respective Riemann surfaces: then $`F(R)=\rho (S)`$; 2): let $`𝒇`$, $`𝒈`$, $`𝒉`$ be three HFG’s such that $`𝒇𝒈=𝒉`$. Let $`(R,\pi ,j,F,\text{C}\mathrm{}`$ be the Riemann surface of $`𝒇`$, $`(S,\rho ,\mathrm{},G,\text{C}\mathrm{}`$ the one of $`𝒈`$ and $`(T,\sigma ,m,H,\text{C}\mathrm{}`$ the Riemann surface with L-singularities of $`𝒉`$: then $`F(R)(\text{P}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}\sigma \mathrm{}\mathrm{𝕋}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\rho \mathrm{}\mathrm{𝕊}\mathrm{}`$.

Proof: we shall prove only 1); 2) is analogous. a) $`F(R)\rho (S)`$: let $`\xi R`$ and $`F(\xi )=\eta `$; there exist: an open neighbourhood $`𝒰_1`$ of $`\xi `$; open subsets $`𝒰_2\pi (𝒰_1)`$ and $`𝒱_2F(𝒰_1)`$ and a biholomorphic function $`g_2:𝒱_2𝒰_2`$, with inverse function $`f_2:𝒰_2𝒱_2`$ such that: $`(𝒰_2,f_2)`$ and $`(𝒰,f)`$ are connectible and so are $`(𝒱_2,g_2)`$ and $`(𝒱,g)`$. By construction there hence exist two holomorphic immersions $`\stackrel{~}{j}:𝒰_2R\text{ and }\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}:𝒱_2S`$ such that $`\pi \stackrel{~}{j}=𝒊𝒅`$ and $`\rho \stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}=𝒊𝒅`$. Let $`𝒱_1=F(U)_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{(x,y)𝒰_1\times 𝒱_2:F(x)=y\}`$; moreover let $`J:𝒱_2\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ be defined by setting $`J(v)=(\stackrel{~}{j}g_2(v),v)`$. Then $`(\mathrm{\Sigma },pr_2,J,\pi pr_1)`$ is an analytical continuation of $`(𝒱_2,g_2)`$; indeed $`\pi pr_1J=\pi \stackrel{~}{j}g_2=g_2`$. But $`(𝒱_\mathcal{2},g_2)`$ is connectible with $`(𝒱,g)`$, hence $`(\mathrm{\Sigma },pr_2,J,\pi pr_1)`$ is an analytical continuation of $`(𝒱,g)`$. There eventually exists a holomorphic function $`h:\mathrm{\Sigma }S`$ such that $`\rho h=pr_2`$: hence $`\eta =pr_2(\xi ,\eta )=\rho h(\xi ,\eta )\rho (S)`$. b) $`\rho (S)F(R)`$: let $`sS`$: there is a neighbourhood $`V`$ of $`s`$ in $`S`$ such that $`V\{s\}`$ consists entirely of regular points both of $`\rho `$ and $`G`$, not excluding that $`s`$ itself be regular for $`\rho `$ or $`G`$ or both. This fact means that for each $`s^{}V\{s\}`$ there exists a HFE $`(\rho (s^{}),𝒱^{},\stackrel{~}{g}_s^{})`$ connectible with $`(𝒱,g)`$ and, besides, a holomorphic immersion $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}:𝒱^{}V`$. By a) already proved, $`G(s)\pi (R)`$, hence there exist $`pR`$ such that $`\pi (p)=G(s)`$ and a neighbourhood $`W`$ of $`p`$ in $`R`$ such that $`\pi ^1(\stackrel{~}{g}(𝒱^{}))W\mathrm{}`$. Set $`W^{}=\pi ^1(\stackrel{~}{g}(𝒱^{}))W`$: we may suppose, without loss of generality, that $`\pi `$ is invertible on $`W^{}`$: hence there exists a (open) holomorphic immersion $`\stackrel{~}{j}:\stackrel{~}{g}(𝒱^{})W`$. Therefore, for each $`\zeta \stackrel{~}{j}(\stackrel{~}{g}(𝒱^{}))`$, there exists $`\eta \stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}(𝒱^{})`$ such that $`F(\zeta )=F(\stackrel{~}{j}\stackrel{~}{g}\rho (\eta ))`$. Now, by definition of analytical continuation there holds $`F\stackrel{~}{j}\stackrel{~}{g}=𝒊𝒅`$, hence we have $`F(\zeta )=\rho (\eta )`$. Consider now the holomorphic function $`\mathrm{\Xi }:W\times V\text{C}`$ defined by setting $`\mathrm{\Xi }(w,v)=F(w)\rho (v)`$: we have $`(\mathrm{\Xi }|_{\stackrel{~}{j}(\stackrel{~}{g}(𝒱^{}))\times \stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}(𝒱^{})}0`$, but $`\stackrel{~}{j}(\stackrel{~}{g}(𝒱^{}))\times \stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}(𝒱^{})`$ is an open set in $`W\times V`$, hence $`\mathrm{\Xi }0`$ on $`W\times V`$, which in turn implies $`F(p)=\rho (s)`$. Therefore we have proved that for each $`sS`$ there exists $`pR`$ such that $`F(p)=\rho (s)`$: this eventually implies that $`\rho (S)F(R)`$.

## 3 Complex-Riemannian metric structures

###### Definition 3.1

Let $``$ be a closed hypersurface in $`𝑴`$: an $``$-meromorphic section of $`𝒯_r^s𝑵`$ is a holomorphic section $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ of $`𝒯_r^s(𝑴)`$ such that for every $`p`$ and every chart $`(𝒰,(z^1\mathrm{}z^n))`$ around $`p`$, there exists a neighbourhood $`U`$ of $`p`$ and $`rs`$ pairs of $`\text{C}\mathrm{}`$valued holomorphic functions $`\varphi _{i_1\mathrm{}i_r},\psi _{l_1\mathrm{}l_s}`$, with $`\psi _{l_1\mathrm{}l_s}0`$ on $`U`$, such that $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(dz^{l_1}\mathrm{}dz^{l_s},\frac{}{z^{i_1}}\mathrm{}\frac{}{z^{i_r}})=\frac{\varphi _{i_1\mathrm{}i_r}}{\psi _{l_1\mathrm{}l_s}}`$. A complex metric on $`𝑴`$ is a symmetric section of $`𝒯_0^2𝑴`$. It will be called holomorphic or $``$-meromorphic  provided that so is as a section; $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is nondegenerate at $`p`$ if $`rk(\mathrm{\Lambda }(p))=dim(𝑴)`$, degenerate otherwise; if $`𝒟`$ is a closed hypersurface in $`𝑴`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is degenerate only on $`𝒟`$, we shall say that $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is $`𝒟`$-degenerate. We say that $`p`$ is a metrically ordinary point in $`𝑴`$ if $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is holomorphic and nondegenerate at $`p`$. A holomorphic (resp. nondegenerate holomorphic, resp. meromorphic) Riemannian manifold is a complex manifold endowed with a holomorphic (resp. nondegenerate holomorphic, resp. meromorphic) metric.

We now turn to introducing the holomorphic Levi-Civita connexion induced by a meromorphic, possibly degenerating metric. First we need to introduce the holomorphic Levi Civita connexion induced by a holomorphic nondegenerate metric: this is done in a quite natural way. Things are different if we allow metrics to be meromorphic behaviour or to lower in their ranks. These metric ’singularities’ will be generally supposed to lie in closed hypersurfaces; Levi Civita connexions may still be defined, but, as one could expect, they will turn out to be themselves ’meromorphic’. Let now $`(𝑵,\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ be a meromorphic Riemannian manifold admitting closed hypersurfaces $`𝒟`$ and $``$ such that $`\mathrm{\Lambda }|_𝑵`$ is holomorphic and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }|_{(𝑵)𝒟}`$ is nondegenerate. Since $`𝑵`$ is connected, we have that $`(𝑵)𝒟,\mathrm{\Lambda }|_{(𝑵)𝒟}`$ is a nondegenerate holomorphic Riemannian manifold admitting, as such, a canonical holomorphic Levi-Civita connexion $`D`$. Now, if $`p𝒟`$ and $`V,W`$ are holomorphic vector fields in a neighbourhood $`𝒱`$ of $`p`$ we can define the vector field $`D_VW`$ on $`𝒱(𝒟)`$, and this will be a $`𝒟`$meromorphic vector field. The Christoffel symbols  of a coordinate system $`Z=(z^1\mathrm{}z^m)`$ on an open set $`𝒰𝑵`$ are those complex valued functions, defined on $`𝒰(𝒟)`$ by setting $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{ij}^k=dz^k(D_{\frac{}{z^i}}(\frac{}{z^j}))`$. Now the representative matrix $`(g_{ij})`$ of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ with respect to the coordinate system $`Z`$ is holomorphic in $`𝒰`$, with nonvanishing determinant function on $`𝒰(𝒟)`$; as such it admits a inverse matrix $`g^{ij}`$, whose coefficients hence result in being $`𝒟`$-meromorphic functions. It is easy to prove that $`D_{\frac{}{z^i}}(_{j=1}^mW^j\frac{}{z^j})=_{k=1}^m(\frac{W^k}{z^i}+_{j=1}^m\mathrm{\Gamma }_{ij}^kW^j)\frac{}{z^k}`$ as meromorphic vector fields and $`2\mathrm{\Gamma }_{ij}^k=_{m=1}^Ng^{km}(g_{ij,m}+g_{im,j}+g_{jm,i})=2\mathrm{\Gamma }_{ij}^k`$ as meromorphic functions; then:

###### Proposition 3.2

For every pair $`V,W`$ of holomorphic vector field on the open set $`𝒰`$ (belonging to a maximal atlas) in the meromorphic Riemannian manifold $`(𝑵,\mathrm{\Lambda })`$, $`D_VW`$ is a well defined vector field, holomorphic on $`𝒰\{n𝑵:\mathrm{\Lambda }\text{ is holomorphic and nondegenerate at }n\}`$ and may be extended to a meromorphic vector field on $`𝒰`$.

Proof: there exist holomorphic functions $`\{V^i\}`$, $`\{W^j\}`$ and a coordinate system $`Z=(z^1\mathrm{}..z^N)`$ on $`𝒰`$ such that $`V=_{i=1}^NV^i\frac{}{z^i}`$ and $`W=_{j=1}^NW^i\frac{}{z^j}`$. The fact that $`D_VW=_{i=1}^NV^iD_{\frac{}{z^i}}(_{j=1}^NW^j\frac{}{z^i})=_{k=1}^N(_{i,j=1}^NV^i(\frac{W^k}{z^i}+\mathrm{\Gamma }_{ij}^kW^j))\frac{}{z^k}`$ ends the proof.

###### Definition 3.3

Given a $`𝒟`$-degenerate and $``$-meromorphic Riemannian manifold $`(𝑵,\mathrm{\Lambda })`$, with $`𝒟`$ and $``$ closed hypersurfaces in $`𝑵`$, the Levi-Civita metric connexion (or meromorphic metric connexion) of $`𝑵`$ is the collection consisting of all metric connexions $`\{D\left[𝒰_i(𝒟)\right]\}_{iI}`$ as $`𝒰\}_i`$ runs over any maximal atlas $`=(\{𝒰\}_i)_{iI}`$ on $`𝑵`$.

### 3.1 Meromorphic parallel translation and geodesics

We now slightly reformulate the notion of path to cope with the complex environment: a path in $`𝑴`$ is a quintuple $`Q_𝑴=(S,\pi ,j,F,𝑴)`$, where $`S`$ is a connected Riemann surface, $`\pi (S,\text{P}^{\mathrm{}})`$, $`F(S,𝑴)`$ and $`j`$ is a holomorphic immersion $`j:US\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ such that $`\pi j=id|_U`$, where $`U`$ is a region in the complex plane; a path is $`z_0`$starting at $`m`$ provided that $`z_0U`$ and $`Fj(z_0)=m`$.

In the continuation, we shall call $`T𝑴`$ (resp.$`T^{}𝑴`$) $`𝑴`$’s holomorphic tangent (resp. cotangent) bundle and, more generally, $`𝒯_r^s𝑴`$ its holomorphic $`r`$covariant and $`s`$contravariant tensor bundle; as usual, $`\mathrm{\Pi }:𝒯_r^s𝑴𝑴`$ will denote their natural projections. We now define the velocity field of a path $`Q_𝑴`$ as a suitable meromorphic section over $`F`$ of the holomorphic tangent bundle $`T𝑴`$: to achieve this purpose, we need to lift the vector field $`d/dz`$ on C with respect to $`\pi `$; of course, in general, contravariant tensor fields couldn’t be lifted, but we may get through this obstruction by keeping into account that C and $`S`$ are one-dimensional and allowing the lifted vector field to be meromorphic. We call $`P`$ the set of branch points of $`\pi `$.

###### Lemma 3.4

there exists a unique $`P`$-meromorphic vector field $`\stackrel{~}{d/dz}`$ on $`S`$ such that, for every $`rSP`$, $`\pi _{}|_r(\stackrel{~}{d/dz}|_r)=(d/dz)|_{\pi (r)}`$.

Proof: consider $`\omega =\pi ^{}dz`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\pi ^{}(dzdz)`$ on $`S`$: the latter establishes an isomorphism between the holomorphic cotangent and tangent bundles of $`SP`$. Call $`V`$ the holomorphic vector field corresponding to $`\omega `$ in the above isomorphism: we claim that $`V=\stackrel{~}{d/dz}`$ on $`SP`$. To show this fact, we explicitely compute the components of $`V`$ with respect to a maximal atlas $`=\left\{(U_\nu ,\zeta _\nu )\right\}`$ for $`SP`$: let $`\omega _{(\nu )1}=\omega (/\zeta _{(\nu )})`$, $`g_{(\nu )11}=\mathrm{\Lambda }(/\zeta _{(\nu )},/\zeta _{(\nu )})`$; then, set $`V_{(\nu )}^1=\omega _{(\nu )1}/g_{(\nu )11}`$ the collection $`\left\{(𝒰_\nu ,V_{(\nu )}^1)\right\}`$ of open sets and holomorphic functions is such that, on overlapping local charts $`(U_a,\zeta _a)`$ and $`(U_b,\zeta _b)`$, we have

$$V_{(a)}^1=\frac{\omega _{(a)1}}{g_{(a)11}}=\frac{\omega _{(b)1}(d\zeta _{(b)}/d\zeta _{(a)})}{g_{(b)11}(d\zeta _{(b)}/d\zeta _{(a)})^2}=V_{(b)}^1\frac{d\zeta _{(a)}}{d\zeta _{(b)}},$$

that is to say that collection defines a holomorphic vector field. Now for every $`rSP`$,

$$dz|_{\pi (r)}(\pi _{}|_r\stackrel{~}{d/dz}|_r)=\pi ^{}dz|_r(\stackrel{~}{d/dz}|_r)=\frac{\pi ^{}dz|_r(/\zeta |_r)}{dz|_{\pi (r)}(\pi _{}/\zeta |_r)}=1,$$

hence $`\pi _{}|_r(\stackrel{~}{d/dz}|_r)=(d/dz)|_{\pi (r)}`$, proving the asserted.

Let’s prove that $`\stackrel{~}{d/dz}`$ may be extended to a meromorphic vector field on $`S`$: if $`pP`$ then we can find local charts $`(U,\psi )`$ around $`p`$, $`(V,\varphi )`$ around $`\pi (p)`$, and an integer $`N>0`$ such that $`\varphi \pi \psi ^1(u)=u^N`$. Now we have

$$(\psi ^1\pi ^{}\varphi ^{}(dw)\frac{d}{du})(u)=dw(\varphi _{}\pi _{}\psi _{}^1\frac{d}{du})|_u)=dw((\varphi \pi \psi ^1)^{}\frac{d}{dw}))=Nu^{N1};$$

but $`\varphi `$ and $`\psi `$ are charts, hence $`\pi ^{}dz`$ itself is vanishing of order $`N1`$ at $`p`$; as already proved, $`\pi _{}|_r(\stackrel{~}{d/dz}|_r)=(d/dz)|_{\pi (r)}`$ on $`U\{p\}`$ and, consequently, $`(\pi ^{}dz)(\stackrel{~}{d/dz})=dz(\pi _{}\stackrel{~}{)}=dz(d/dz)=1`$ on $`U\{p\}`$, hence on $`U`$. Now, in local coordinates, $`(\pi ^{}dz)=\alpha d\varphi `$ and $`\stackrel{~}{d/dz}=y/\varphi `$, where $`\alpha `$ is a holomorphic function on $`U`$, vanishing of order $`N1`$ at $`p`$ and $`y`$ is a holomorphic function on $`U\{p\}`$. By the argument above, $`y\alpha =1`$, hence $`y`$ has a pole of order $`N1`$ at $`p`$: a similar argument holds for each isolated point in $`P`$, proving the meromorphic behaviour of $`\stackrel{~}{d/dz}`$.

###### Lemma 3.5

The mapping $`r(F,F_{}|_r(\stackrel{~}{\frac{d}{dz}}|_r))`$ may be extended to a P-meromorphic section of $`T𝑴`$ over $`F`$.

Proof: let $`pP`$ and $`U`$ be a neighbourhood of $`p`$ such that there exist a local chart $`\zeta :U\text{C}_{\mathrm{}}`$ and holomorphic functions $`f,g`$ on $`\zeta (U)`$ such that $`\stackrel{~}{\frac{d}{dz}}|_{\zeta _1(U)}=\zeta _{}^1(\frac{f}{g}(w)\frac{d}{dw}|_w)`$; for every local chart $`\mathrm{\Psi }=(u^{1\mathrm{}m},du^{1\mathrm{}m})`$ on $`T𝑴`$,

$`\mathrm{\Psi }V\zeta ^1(w)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Psi }(F\zeta ^1(w),F_{}|_{\zeta ^1(w)}\zeta _{}^1({\displaystyle \frac{f}{g}}(w){\displaystyle \frac{d}{dw}}|_w))`$
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Psi }(F\zeta ^1(w),{\displaystyle \frac{f}{g}}(w){\displaystyle \frac{d}{dw}}(F\zeta ^1)(w))`$
$`=`$ $`(u^{1\mathrm{}m}F\zeta ^1(w),{\displaystyle \frac{f}{g}}(w){\displaystyle \frac{d}{dw}}(u^{1\mathrm{}m}F\zeta ^1)(w))`$
###### Definition 3.6

The velocity field  of a path $`Q_𝑴=(S,\pi ,j,F,𝑴)`$ is the meromorphic mapping $`V(Q_𝑴):SPT𝑴`$ defined by $`r(F,F_{}|_r(\stackrel{~}{\frac{d}{dz}}|_r))`$

We turn now to study vector fields on paths: an obvious example is the velocity field, defined in definition 3.6: just as in semi-Riemannian geometry, there is a natural way of defining the rate of change $`X^{}`$ of a meromorphic vector field $`X`$ on a path. We study at first paths with values in a nondegenerate holomorphic Riemannian manifold $`𝑴`$: let $`Q_𝑴=(S,\pi ,j,\gamma ,𝑴)`$ be a path in $`𝑴`$; $`P`$ be the set of branch points of $`\pi `$; $`rSP`$ be such that $`\stackrel{~}{d/dz}`$ is holomorphic at $`r`$, $`𝒱SP`$ be a neighbourhood of $`r`$ such that $`\gamma (𝒱)`$ is contained in a local chart in $`𝑴`$; $`(𝒱)`$ be the ring of holomorphic functions on $`𝒱`$ and $`𝒳_\gamma (𝒱)`$ the Lie algebra of holomorphic vector fields over $`\gamma `$ on $`𝒱`$: it is well known that there exists a unique mapping $`_\gamma ^{}:𝒳_\gamma (𝒱)𝒳_\gamma (𝒱)`$, called induced covariant derivative on $`Q_𝑴`$ such that $`_\gamma ^{}(aZ_1+bZ_2)=a_\gamma ^{}Z_1+b_\gamma ^{}Z_2`$, $`_\gamma ^{}(hZ)=(\stackrel{~}{\frac{d}{dz}}h)Z+h_\gamma ^{}Z,h(𝒱)`$ and $`_\gamma ^{}(V\gamma )(r)=D_{\gamma _{}|_r(\stackrel{~}{\frac{d}{dz}}|_r)}`$, where $`V`$ is a holomorphic vector field in a neighbourhood of $`\gamma (r)`$. Moreover, $`\stackrel{~}{\frac{d}{dz}}X,Y=_\gamma ^{}X,Y+X,_\gamma ^{}YX,Y𝒳_\gamma (𝒱)`$. Now let $`=\{𝒱_k\}_{kK}`$ be a maximal atlas for $`SP`$; we may assume that, for every $`k`$, maybe shrinking $`𝒱_k`$, $`\gamma (𝒱_k)`$ is contained in some local chart $`𝒰_i`$ in the already introduced atlas $`𝒜`$ for $`𝑴`$.

Now, if $`𝒱_1`$ and $`𝒱_2`$ are overlapping open sets in $``$, $`𝒱_1𝒱_2`$ too, and $`_\gamma ^{}\left[𝒱_1\right]|_{𝒱_1{\scriptscriptstyle 𝒱_2}}=_\gamma ^{}\left[𝒱_2\right]|_{𝒱_1{\scriptscriptstyle 𝒱_2}}`$. Now let’s complete $``$ to an atlas $`𝒮`$ for $`S`$: keeping into account that the local coordinate expression of the induced covariant derivative is $`_\gamma ^{}Z=_{k=1}^m(\stackrel{~}{\frac{d}{dz}}Z^k+_{i,j=1}^m\mathrm{\Gamma }_{ij}^k\stackrel{~}{\frac{d}{dz}}(u^i\gamma )Z^j)\frac{}{u^k}`$, hence pairs of holomorphic vector fields on $`\gamma `$ are transormed into $`P`$-meromorphic vector fields on $`\gamma `$.

###### Definition 3.7

The $`P`$-meromorphic induced covariant derivative, or the $`P`$-meromorphic parallel translation on a path $`Q_𝑴=(S,\pi ,j,\gamma ,𝑴)`$ with set of branch points $`P`$ and taking values in a nondegenerate Riemannian manifold $`𝑴`$ is the collection consisting of the induced covariant derivatives $`_\gamma ^{}\left[𝒱_kP\right]`$ as $`𝒱_k`$ runs over a maximal atlas $`𝒮=(\{𝒱_k\})_{kK}`$ on $`S`$.

Let’s turn now to dealing with meromorphic parallel translations induced on a path $`Q_𝑵=(T,\varrho ,j,\delta ,𝑵)`$, in a meromorphic Riemannian manifold $`(𝑵,\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ admitting closed hypersurfaces $`𝒟`$ and $``$ such that $`\mathrm{\Lambda }|_𝑵`$ is holomorphic and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }|_{(𝑵)𝒟}`$ is nondegenerate. We set $`=𝒟`$ and restrict our attention to paths $`z_0`$-starting at metrically ordinary points, supposing, without loss in generality, that $`z_0=0`$.

###### Lemma 3.8

Set $`𝑴=𝑵`$, $`S=\delta ^1(𝑴)`$: then $`TS`$ is discrete, hence $`S`$ is a connected Riemann surface.

Proof: suppose that there exists a subset $`𝒱TS`$ admitting an accumulation point $`t𝒱`$ and consider a countable atlas for $`=\{U_n\}_{n\text{N}}`$ for $`𝑵`$ such that, for every $`n`$, there exists $`\mathrm{\Psi }_n𝒪(\{U_n\})`$ such that $`U_n=\{XU_n:\mathrm{\Psi }_n=0\}`$. Set $`\delta ^1(U_n)=T_nT`$ and suppose, without loss of generality, that $`\delta (t)U_0`$. Now $`\mathrm{\Psi }_0\delta |_{𝒱T_0}=0`$ and $`t𝒱T_0`$ is an accumulation point of $`𝒱T_0`$ , hence $`\mathrm{\Psi }_0\delta |_{T_0}=0`$ and $`\delta (T_0)`$. Suppose now that $`T_N\mathrm{}`$ for some $`N`$: we claim that this implies $`\delta (T_N)`$: to prove the asserted, pick two points $`\tau _0T_0`$ and $`\tau _nT_n`$ and two neighbourhoods $`T_0^{}`$, $`T_N^{}`$ of $`\tau _0`$ and $`\tau _n`$ in $`T_0`$ and $`T_n`$ respectively, such that $`\varrho |_{T_0^{}}`$ and $`\varrho |_{T_N^{}}`$ are biholomorphic functions. Now the function elements $`(\varrho (T_0^{}),\delta (\varrho |_{T_0^{}})^1)`$ and $`(\varrho (T_N^{}),\delta (\varrho |_{T_N^{}})^1)`$ are connectible, hence there exists a finite chain $`\{W_\nu \}_{\nu =0\mathrm{}L}`$ such that $`W_0=\varrho (T_0^{})`$, $`W_L=\varrho (T_N^{})`$, $`W_\nu W_{\nu +1}0`$ for every $`\nu `$. Without loss of generality, we may suppose that each $`W_\nu `$ admits a holomorphic, hence open, immersion $`j_\nu T`$, hence, setting $`S_0=T_0`$, $`S_\lambda =j_\lambda (W_\lambda )\text{ for }\lambda =1\mathrm{}L`$, $`S_{L+1}=T_N`$ yields a finite chain of open subsets $`\{S_\lambda \}_{\lambda =0\mathrm{}M}`$ of $`T`$ connecting $`T_0`$ and $`T_N`$. Let’s prove, by induction, that, for every $`\lambda `$, $`\delta (S_\lambda )`$. $``$ At first recall that $`\delta (S_0)U_0`$ as already proved; suppose now that $`\delta (S_{k1})`$. We have $`S_{k1}S_k\mathrm{}`$, hence $`\delta (S_{k1})\delta (S_k)\mathrm{}`$. For every $`m`$ set $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{km}=\delta (S_{k1})\delta (S_k)U_m`$: if $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{km}\mathrm{}`$, then $`\mathrm{\Psi }_m\delta |_{\delta ^1(\mathrm{\Sigma }_{km}){\scriptscriptstyle S_{k1}S_k}}0`$; but $`\delta ^1(\mathrm{\Sigma }_{km})S_{k1}S_k`$ is open in $`\delta ^1(\delta (S_k)U_m)S_k`$, thus $`\mathrm{\Psi }_m\delta |_{\delta ^1(\delta (S_k){\scriptscriptstyle U_m}){\scriptscriptstyle S_k}}0`$, that is to say $`\delta (S_k)U_m`$. $``$ On the other hand, if $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{km}=\mathrm{}`$, but $`\delta (S_k)U_m\mathrm{}`$ we claim that $`\delta (S_k)U_m`$ as well: proving this requires a further induction: pick a $`U_M`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{kM}\mathrm{}`$ and a finite chain of open sets $`^{}=\{U_\mu ^{}\}_{\mu =0\mathrm{}J}`$ (with $`U_\mu ^{}\delta (S_k)\mathrm{}`$ for each $`\mu `$) connecting $`U_M`$ and $`U_m`$. Since $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{kM}\mathrm{}`$, $`\delta (S_k)U_0^{}=\delta (S_k)U_M`$; suppose by induction that $`\delta (S_k)U_{l1}^{}`$: then $`\mathrm{\Psi }_l\delta |_{\delta ^1(\delta (S_k)U_{l1}^{}U_l^{})S_k}0`$, hence $`\mathrm{\Psi }_l\delta |_{\delta ^1(\delta (S_k)U_l^{})S_k}0`$, i.e. $`\delta (S_k)U_l^{}`$: this fact ends the induction and eventually implies $`\delta (S_k)U_m=\delta (S_k)U_J^{}`$. Summing up, $`\delta (S_k)=_m(\delta (S_k)U_m)`$, for each $`k`$; hence $`\delta (T_N)=\delta (S_M)`$ and eventually $`\delta (T)=\delta (_{N\text{N}}T_N)`$, hence $`\delta `$ couldn’t start at a point in $`𝑵`$.

In the following considerations, there will still hold all notations introduced in preceding lemma: given a path $`Q_𝑵=(T,\varrho ,j,\delta ,𝑵)`$, set $`\pi =\varrho |_S`$, $`\gamma =\delta |_S`$ and note that, since $`Q_𝑵`$ is starting from a metrically ordinary point $`m`$, $`j`$ may be supposed to take values in fact in $`S`$; since the preceding lemma shows that $`S`$ is a connected Riemann surface, $`Q_𝑴=(S,\pi ,j,\delta |_S𝑴)`$ is in fact a path in $`𝑴`$, which we call the depolarization of $`Q_𝑵`$. But $`𝑴`$ is a nondegenerate holomorphic Riemannian manifold, hence if $`P`$ is the set of branch points of $`\pi `$, there is a $`P`$-meromorphic induced parallel translation on $`Q_𝑴`$, built up as in definition 3.7. Finally, we introduce a maximal atlas $`𝒯`$ for $`T`$ and yield the following:

###### Definition 3.9

Let $`(𝑵,\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ be a $``$\- meromorphic and $`𝒟`$-degenerate Riemannian manifold, $`𝑴=𝑵(𝒟)`$, $`Q_𝑵=(T,\varrho ,j,\delta ,𝑵)`$ a path: the $`(P\delta ^1(𝒟))`$-meromorphic induced covariant derivative on $`Q_𝑵`$ is the collection consisting of all induced covariant derivatives $`_\gamma ^{}\left[𝒱_kS\right]`$ as $`𝒱_k`$ runs over a maximal atlas $`𝒯=(\{𝒱_k\})_{kK}`$ for $`T`$ and $`Q_𝑴=(S,\pi ,j,\delta |_S𝑴)`$ is the depolarization of $`Q_𝑵`$. A meromorphic (in particular, holomorphic) vector field $`Z`$ on a path is parallel provided that $`Z=0`$ (as a meromorphic vector field). A geodesic in a meromorphic (in particular, holomorphic) Riemannian manifold is a path whose (meormorphic) velocity field is parallel.

The local equations $`\stackrel{}{𝛽}{}_{}{}^{k}+_{i,j=1}^N\mathrm{\Gamma }_{ij}^k(\beta )\stackrel{}{𝛽}{}_{}{}^{i}\stackrel{}{𝛽}{}_{}{}^{j}=0,k=1\mathrm{}..N`$ of elements of geodesics $`(U,\beta )`$ are a system of $`N`$ second-order o.d.e.’s in the complex domain, with meromorphic coefficients, in turn equivalent to an autonomous system of $`2N`$ first-order equations; as a consequence of general theory (see e.g. \[HIL\], th. 2.2.2) for every metrically ordinary point $`p𝑴`$, every holomorphic tangent vector $`V_pT_p𝑴`$ and every $`z_0\text{C}`$, there exists a unique germ $`𝜷_{𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}}`$ of geodesic such that $`𝜷_{𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}}`$$`\mathbf{(}𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{=}𝒑`$ and $`𝜷_{𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{}}`$$`\mathbf{(}𝒅\mathbf{/}𝒅𝒛\mathbf{)}\mathbf{|}_{𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}}\mathbf{=}𝑽_𝒑`$; moreover any continuation of $`𝜷_{𝒛_\mathrm{𝟎}}`$ is a geodesic.

###### Definition 3.10

A meromorphic Riemannian manifold is complete provided that the Riemann surface, with L-singularities, of each geodesic starting at a metrically ordinary point is complete

## 4 Completeness theorems

In this section we shall be concerned with warped products of Riemann surfaces, each one endowed with some meromorphic metric: in this framework we shall prove a geodesic completeness criterion. Consider at first, like in foreword, a warped product of unit discs or complex planes $`(_{i=1}^N𝒰_i,b_1(u^1)du^idu^i+_{i=2}^Na_i(u^1)f_i(u^i)du^idu^i)`$: in the following we shall denote it by

$$𝒰=𝒰_1\times _{a_2(u^1)}𝒰_2\times _{a_3(u^1)}𝒰_3\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}..\times _{a_N(u^1)}𝒰_N,$$

and call it a direct manifold. We recall that $`b`$, the $`a_k`$’s and the $`f_k`$’s are nonzero meromorphic functions, with $`b`$ and the $`a_k`$’s defined on $`𝒰_1`$. Each element of geodesic of $`(𝒰,\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ satisfies the following system of $`N`$ o.d.e.’s in the complex domain:

$$\{\begin{array}{cc}\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{1}(z)+\frac{b_1^{}(u^1(z))}{2b_1(u^1(z))}(\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{1}(z))^2_{l=2}^N\frac{a_l^{}(u^1(z))f_l(u^l(z))}{2b_1(u^1(z))}(\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{l}(z))^2=0\hfill & \\ & \\ \stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{k}(z)+\frac{f_k^{}(u^k(z))}{2f_k(u^k(z))}(\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{k}(z))^2+\frac{a_k^{}(u^1(z))}{a_k(u^1(z))}(\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{k}(z))(\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{1}(z))=0,k=2\mathrm{}N,\hfill & \end{array}$$
(1)
provided that it starts at a metrically ordinary point.

###### Lemma 4.1

The equations (1) admit the following first integrals:

$$\{\begin{array}{cc}(A)ifu^1const\{\begin{array}{cc}(\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{1}(z))^2(b_1(u^1(z)))=A_1_{l=2}^N\frac{A_l}{a_l(u^1(z))}\mathrm{}\hfill & \\ (\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{k}(z))^2f_k(u^k(z))\left[a_k(u^1(z))\right]^2=A_kk=2\mathrm{}N\mathrm{}.\hfill & \end{array}\hfill & \\ (B)ifu^1=const\{\begin{array}{cc}u^1(z)=A_1\mathrm{}\hfill & \\ (\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{k}(z))^2f_k(u^k(z))=A_kk=2\mathrm{}N\mathrm{},\hfill & \end{array}\hfill & \end{array}$$
(2)
where the $`A_k`$’s are suitable complex constants.

Proof: we prove only $`(A)`$; $`(B)`$ is analogous. Divide the k-th equation in (1) by $`u^k`$ and integrate once: then

$$(\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{k}(z)){}_{}{}^{2}f_{k}^{}(u^k(z))\left[a_k(u^1(z))\right]^2=(\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{k}(z_0))^2f_k(u^k(z_0))\left[a_k(u^1(z_0))\right]^2:=A_k.$$

As to $`\mathrm{}`$, by the first equation of (1) there holds $`2b_1(u^1(z))\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{1}(z)\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{1}(z)+b_1^{}(u^1(z))(\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{1}(z))^3_{l=2}^Na_l^{}(u^1(z))f_l(u^l(z))(\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{l}(z))^2\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{1}(z)=0`$; by $`\mathrm{}`$, already proved, $`(\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{l}(z))^2f_l(u^l(z))\left[a_l(u^1(z))\right]^2=A_l`$, hence

$$b_1(u^1(z))\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{1}(z)\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{1}(z)+b_1^{}(u^1(z))(\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{1}(z))^3\underset{l=2}{\overset{N}{}}A_l\frac{a_l^{}(u^1(z))}{\left[a_l(u^1(z))\right]^2}\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{1}(z)=0;$$

integrating once, dividing by $`b_1(u^1(z))`$ and setting $`A_1=K/b_1(u^1(z_0))`$ ends the proof.

###### Definition 4.2

A direct manifold $`𝒰`$ with metric $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(u^1\mathrm{}..u^N)=b_1(u^1)du^idu^i+_{i=2}^Na_i(u^i)f_i(u^i)du^idu^i`$, where $`b_1`$, the $`a_k`$’s and the $`f_k`$’s are nonzero meromorphic functions is coercive provided that, for every metrically ordinary point $`X_0=\left(x_0^1\mathrm{}x_0^N\right)`$ and

$``$ for every n-tuple $`(A_1\mathrm{}A_N)\text{C}^{\mathrm{}}`$ such that $`b_1(x_0^1)0`$, $`A_1_{l=2}^N\frac{A_l}{a_l(x_0^1)}0`$ and, for each one of the two HFG’s $`\mathbf{}_1`$ and $`\mathbf{}_2`$, such that $`(\mathbf{}_i)^2=\left[\frac{1}{b_1}(A_1_{l=2}^N\frac{A_l}{a_l})\right]_0i=1,2`$, the Riemann surface $`(S_1,\pi _1,j_1,\mathrm{\Phi }_1,𝒰)`$ of both the HFG’s $`\left[_{x_0}^{u^1}\frac{d\eta }{\mathbf{}_i(\eta )}\right]_{x_0^1}i=1,2;`$ is such that $`\text{P}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Phi }_{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}\mathrm{𝕊}_{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}`$ is a finite set;

$``$ for each $`k`$, $`2kN`$ and for each one of the two HFG’s $`\varphi _{k1}`$ and $`\varphi _{k2}`$ such that $`(\varphi _{ki})^2=\left[f_k\right]_{x_0^1},i=1,2`$, the Riemann surface $`(S_k,\pi _k,j_k,\mathrm{\Phi }_k,𝒰)`$ of both the HFG’s $`\left[_{x_0^1}^{u^k}\varphi _{ki}(\eta )𝑑\eta \right]_{x_0^1}i=1,2`$ is such that $`\text{P}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Phi }_{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}\mathrm{𝕊}_{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}`$ is a finite set.

Definition 4.2 may be checked for just one metrically ordinary point $`X_0`$: this is proved in lemma 4.3; moreover, we may assume,without loss of generality $`X_0=0`$: were not, we could carry it into $`0`$ by applying an automorphism of $`𝒰`$, that is to say a direct product of automorphisms of the unit ball or of the complex plane, according to the nature of each $`𝒰_i`$. Then a simple pullback procedure would yield back the initial situation: in the following we shall understand this choice.

In the following lemma we shall use the ’square root’ symbol in the meaning of definition 4.2: in other words, given a HFG, which is not vanishing at some point, it should denote any one of the two HFG’s yielding it back when squared.

###### Lemma 4.3

For every metrically ordinary point $`(\xi ^1\mathrm{}\xi ^N)`$ of $`𝒰`$ and every n-tuple $`(A_1\mathrm{}A_N)\text{C}^{\mathrm{}}`$ such that $`b_1(x_0^1)0,A_1_{l=2}^N\frac{A_l}{a_l(x_0^1)}0,b_1(\xi ^1)0,A_1_{l=2}^N\frac{A_l}{a_l(\xi ^1)}0`$, set $`\mathrm{\Psi }(\eta )=A_1_{l=2}^N\frac{A_l}{a_l(\eta )}`$, the Riemann surfaces of the HFG’s $`\left[_{\xi _1}^{u^1}\sqrt{b_1(\eta )/\mathrm{\Psi }(\eta )}d\eta \right]_{\xi _1}`$ and $`\left[_0^{u^1}\sqrt{b_1(\eta )/\mathrm{\Psi }(\eta )}d\eta \right]_0`$ are isomorphic: moreover so are, for each $`k`$, those of $`\left[_{\xi _k}^{u^k}\sqrt{f_k(\eta )d\eta }\right]_{\xi _k}`$ and $`\left[_0^{u^k}\sqrt{f_k(\eta )d\eta }\right]_0`$.

###### Theorem 4.4

A direct manifold $`𝒰`$ with metric $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(u^1\mathrm{}..u^N)=b_1(u^1)du^1du^1+_{i=2}^Na_i(u^1)f_i(u^i)du^idu^i`$ is geodesically complete if and only if it is coercive.

Proof: a) suppose that $`𝒰`$ is coercive and that $`U`$ is an element of geodesic, starting at a metrically ordinary point; moreover, let $`(\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{1}(0)\mathrm{}\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{N}(0))`$ be the initial velocity of $`U`$. Suppose at first that $`zu^1(z)`$ is a constant function (hence $`\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{1}(0)=0`$): then, by lemma 2, the equations of $`U`$ are

$$\{\begin{array}{cc}u^1(z)=A_1\hfill & \\ (\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{k}(z))^2f_k(u^k(z))=A_kk=2\mathrm{}N.\hfill & \end{array}$$
(3)
The Riemann surface of $`zu^1(z)`$ is trivially isomorphic to $`\text{P}^{\mathrm{}}`$; if $`A_k=0`$ so is the one of $`zu^k(z)`$ is isomorphic to $`(\text{P}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}𝒊𝒅\mathrm{}𝒊𝒅\mathrm{}\mathrm{𝔸}\mathrm{}`$ for some complex constant $`A`$; if $`A_k0`$ we could rewrite the k-th equation of (3) in the form:

$$\frac{1}{B_k}_{u^k(0)}^{u^k(z)}\varphi (\eta )𝑑\eta =z,$$
(4)
where $`\varphi _k^2=f_k`$ and $`B_k^2=A_k`$, the choice of $`\varphi _k`$ and $`B_k`$ being made in such a way that $`\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{k}(0)\varphi _k(0)=B_k`$. By hypothesis, the Riemann surface $`(S_k,\pi _k,j_k,\mathrm{\Phi }_k)`$ of the HFG $`\left[_0^{u^k}\varphi _k𝑑\eta \right]_0`$ is such that $`\text{P}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Phi }_{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}\mathrm{𝕊}_{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}`$ is a finite set; by lemma 4.3 1) the Riemann surface of the HFG $`\left[_{u^k(0)}^{u^k}\varphi _k𝑑\eta \right]_{u^k(0)}`$ is isomorphic to $`(S_k,\pi _k,j_k,\mathrm{\Phi }_k)`$; but, by (4), the germs $`𝒖_{z=0}^k`$ and $`\left[_{u^k(0)}^{u^k}\varphi _k𝑑\eta \right]_{u^k(0)}`$ are each one inverse of the other; hence, by lemma 2.5 the Riemann surface of $`𝒖_{z=0}^k`$ is complete; this eventually implies that the Riemann surface of the element $`z(u^1(z)\mathrm{}u^N(z))`$ is complete too: this fact ends the proof of a) in the case that $`u^1`$ is a constant function. Otherwise, by lemma 4.1, the equations of $`U`$ are

$$\{\begin{array}{cc}(\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{1}(z))^2(b_1(u^1(z)))=A_1_{l=2}^N\frac{A_l}{a_l(u^1(z))}\mathrm{}\hfill & \\ (\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{k}(z))^2f_k(u^k(z))\left[a_k(u^1(z))\right]^2=A_kk=2\mathrm{}N\mathrm{}.\hfill & \end{array}$$
(5)
for suitable complex constants $`A_1\mathrm{}A_N.`$ Consider now the germ $`zu^1(z)`$ in $`z=0`$: rewrite the first equation of (5) in the form:

$$_{u^1(0)}^{u^1(z)}\frac{d\eta }{\mathbf{}(\eta )_{u^1(0)}}=z,$$
(6)
where $`(\mathbf{}(\eta )_{u^1(0)})^2=(A_1_{l=2}^NA_l/a_l(\eta ))/b_1(\eta )`$ in a neighbourhood of $`z=0`$, the choice of the square root $`\mathbf{}_k`$ being made in such a way that $`\mathbf{}_{u^1(0)}(u^1(0))=1/\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{1}(0)`$. Denote now by $`\mathbf{}_{u=0}`$ the HFG such that $`(\mathbf{}_0)^2=\left[\frac{1}{b_1}(A_1_{l=2}^N\frac{A_l}{a_l})\right]_0`$, the choice of the ’square root’ $`\mathbf{}_0`$ being arbitrary. By hypothesis, the Riemann surface $`(S_1,\pi _1,j_1,\mathrm{\Phi }_1)`$ of the HFG $`\left[_0^{u^1}1/\mathbf{}_0\right]_0`$ is such that $`\text{P}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Phi }_{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}\mathrm{𝕊}_{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}`$ is a finite set. By lemma 4.3 the Riemann surfaces of $`\left[_0^{u^1}1/\mathbf{}_0\right]_0`$ and of $`\left[_{u_0^1}^{u^1}1/\mathbf{}_0\right]_{u_0^1}`$ are both isomorphic to $`(S_1,\pi _1,j_1,\mathrm{\Phi }_1)`$; but, by (4), the germs $`𝒖_{z=0}^1`$ and $`[_0^{u^1}1/\mathbf{}_0]_{u^1(0)}`$ are each one inverse of the other; hence, by lemma 2.5 the Riemann surface of $`𝒖_{z=0}^1`$ is complete. Let now $`2kN`$: if $`A_k=0`$ the Riemann surface of $`zu^k(z)`$ is isomorphic to $`(\text{P}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}𝒊𝒅\mathrm{}𝒊𝒅\mathrm{}\mathrm{𝔸}\mathrm{}`$ for some complex constant $`A`$; if $`A_k0`$ we could rewrite the k-th equation of (5) in the form:

$$_{u^k(0)}^{u^k(z)}\varphi (\eta )𝑑\eta =_0^z\frac{B_kdz}{a_k(u^1(z))},$$
(7)
where $`\varphi _k^2=f_k`$ and $`B_k^2=A_k`$, the choice of $`\varphi _k`$ and $`B_k`$ being made in such a way that $`\stackrel{}{𝑢}{}_{}{}^{k}(0)\varphi (u^k(0))a_k(u^1(z))=B_k`$. Denote now by $`[\phi _k]_{u^k=0}`$ the HFG defined by setting $`[\phi _k]_{u^k=0}^2=\left[f_k\right]_{u^k=0}`$, the choice of the ”square root” $`[\phi _k]_{u^k=0}`$ being arbitrary. By hypothesis, the Riemann surface $`(S_k,\pi _k,j_k,\mathrm{\Phi }_k)`$ of the HFG $`\left[_0^{u^k}\phi _k\right]_0`$ is such that $`\text{P}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Phi }_{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}\mathrm{𝕊}_{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}`$ is a finite set; moreover, by lemma 4.3 the Riemann surfaces of the HFG $`\left[_{u^k(0)}^{u^k}\varphi _k𝑑\eta \right]_{u^k(0)}`$ is isomorphic to $`(S_k,\pi _k,j_k,\mathrm{\Phi }_k)`$; but, by (7) the germs $`\left[z𝒖^k\right]_{z=0}`$, $`\left[_{u^k(0)}^{u^k}\varphi _k𝑑\eta \right]_{u^k(0)}`$ and $`\left[z_0^z\frac{B_k}{a_k(u^1(\zeta ))}𝑑\zeta \right]_{z=0}`$ satisfy, in the above order, the hypotheses of lemma 2.5 2); moreover, the Riemann surface with L-singularities of $`\left[_{u^k(0)}^{u^k}\varphi _k𝑑\eta \right]_{u^k(0)}`$ is complete, since the one of $`\left[\varphi _k\right]_{u^k(0)}`$ is complete without L-singularities. Therefore the Riemann surface with L-singularities of $`𝒖_{z=0}^k`$ is complete, hence so is the one of $`z(u^1(z)\mathrm{}u^N(z)),`$: this fact ends the proof of a). Vice versa, suppose that $`𝒰`$ is not coercive: then either there exists a complex n-tuple $`(A_1\mathrm{}A_N)\text{C}^{\mathrm{}}`$ such that $`b_1(x_0^1)0`$, $`A_1_{l=2}^N\frac{A_l}{a_l(x_0^1)}0`$ and for each one of the two HFG’s $`\mathbf{}_1`$ and $`\mathbf{}_2`$ such that $`(\mathbf{}_i)^2=\left[\frac{1}{b_1}(A_1_{l=2}^N\frac{A_l}{a_l})\right]_0i=1,2`$, the Riemann surface $`(S_1,\pi _1,j_1,\mathrm{\Phi }_1)`$ of both the HFG’s $`\left[_{x_0}^{u^1}\frac{d\eta }{\mathbf{}_i(\eta )}\right]_{x_0^1}i=1,2;`$ is such that $`\text{P}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Phi }_{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}\mathrm{𝕊}_{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}`$ is an infinite set; or there exists $`k`$, $`2kN`$ such that, for each one of the two HFG’s $`\left[\varphi _{k1}\right]_0`$ and $`\left[\varphi _{k2}\right]_0`$ such that $`\left[\varphi _{ki}\right]_0=\left[f_k\right]_0,i=(1,2)`$, the Riemann surface $`(S_k,\pi _k,j_k,\mathrm{\Phi }_k)`$ of both the HFG’s $`\left[_0^{u^k}\varphi _ki(\eta )𝑑\eta \right]_0i=1,2`$ is such that $`\text{P}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Phi }_{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}\mathrm{𝕊}_{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}`$ is an infinite set. In the first case the geodesic element $`zU(z)=(u^1(z)\mathrm{}u^N(z))`$ starting from $`0`$ with velocity $`(L_1\mathrm{}L_N)`$, such that $`L_1^2=\frac{1}{b_1(0)}(A_1_{l=2}^N\frac{A_l}{a_l(0)}),L_k^2=\frac{A_k}{f_k(0)a_k(0)},k=2\mathrm{}N`$, satisfies the equation $`_0^{u^1(z)}\frac{d\eta }{\mathbf{}_i(\eta )}=z`$, where $`i=1`$ or $`i=2`$; by lemma 2.5, this fact implies that the Riemann surface of $`\left[zu^1(z)\right]_0`$ is incomplete, hence the same holds about $`zU(z)`$. Consider now the second case: first construct a geodesic element $`zU(z)=(0\mathrm{}u^k(z)\mathrm{}0)`$ with all constant components except $`u^k,k2`$. Now recall lemma 2 to conclude that $`zu^k(z)`$ satisfies, in a neighbourhood of $`z=0`$ the equation $`\frac{1}{C_k}_0^{u^k(z)}\varphi _{ki}(\eta )𝑑\eta =`$, for a suitable complex constant $`A_k`$; therefore its Riemann surface is incomplete by lemma 2.5; this fact ends the proof.

###### Definition 4.5

Let $`𝒰`$ and $`𝒱`$ be direct manifolds they are directly biholomorphic provided that they are biholomorphic under a direct product of biholomorphic functions between each $`𝒰_i`$ and each $`𝒱_i`$.

###### Remark 4.6

Definition 4.2 is invariant by direct biholomorphism (see definition 4.5 ) : in other words, if $`𝒰`$ and $`𝒱`$ are directly biholomorphic, then $`𝒰`$ is coercive if and only $`𝒱`$ is too: this is a simple consequence of ’changing variable’ in integrals in definition 4.2.

Therefore, we could yield the following

###### Definition 4.7

An equivalence class $`\left[𝒰\right]`$ of direct manifolds, consisting of mutually directly (see definition 4.5 ) biholomorphic elements is coercive provided that any one of its representatives is coercive.

Our goal is now to extend definitions 4.2 and 4.7 to warped products containg some $`\text{P}^{\mathrm{}}`$’s among their factors. Keeping into account remark 4.6, consider a warped product $`(_{i=1}^N𝒰_i,\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ of Riemann spheres, complex planes or one-dimensional unit balls, which we shall call direct manifold too; let $`L\{1\mathrm{}N\}`$ be the set of indices such that $`𝒰_l\text{P}^{\mathrm{}}`$ for each $`lL`$.

###### Definition 4.8

Let $`Y=(y^1\mathrm{}y^N)𝒰`$: then $`(Y,L)`$ is a principal multipole of $`𝒰`$ provided that $`b_1(y^1)=\mathrm{}`$ and $`f_l(y^l)=\mathrm{}`$ for each $`lL\{1\}`$; A direct manifold $`(_{i=1}^N𝒰_i,\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ of Riemann spheres, complex planes or one-dimensional unit balls with metric is partially projective if some one of its factors is biholomorphic to the Riemann sphere $`\text{P}^{\mathrm{}}`$; a partially direct manifold $`𝒰`$ is coercive in opposition to the principal multipole  $`(Y,L)`$ if, set $`𝒲_i=\{\begin{array}{cc}𝒰_i\hfill & \text{if }iL\hfill \\ 𝒰_i\{y^i\}\hfill & \text{if }iL\text{,}\hfill \end{array}`$ then $`_{i=1}^N𝒲_i`$ is coercive in the sense of definition 4.7, that is to say, belongs to a coercive equivalence class with respect to direct biholomorphicity.

### 4.1 Warped product of Riemann surfaces

Consider now the warped product of Riemann surfaces

$$𝒮=𝒮_1\times _{a_2}𝒮_2\times _{a_3}𝒮_3\times \mathrm{}\mathrm{}..\times _{a_N}𝒮_N,$$

where each $`𝒮_i`$ is endowed with meromorphic metric $`\lambda _i`$: $`𝒮`$’ metric $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is defined by setting $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\lambda _1+_{k=2}^Na_k\lambda _k`$, and each $`a_k`$ is a not everywhere vanishing meromorphic function on $`𝒮_i`$: as a simple consequence of Riemann’s uniformization theorem, $`𝒮`$ admits universal covering $`\mathrm{\Psi }:𝒰𝒮`$, where $`𝒰`$ is a direct manifold, endowed with the pull-back meromorphic metric $`\mathrm{\Psi }^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }`$: this universal covering is unique up to direct biholomorphisms.

###### Definition 4.9

$`𝒮`$ is totally unelliptic provided that none of the $`𝒮_i`$ is elliptic; $`L`$-elliptic provided that there exists a nonempty set of indices $`L`$ such that $`𝒮_l`$ is elliptic if and only if $`lL`$.

If $`𝒮`$ is a $`L`$-elliptic warped product with universal covering $`\mathrm{\Psi }:𝒰𝒮`$, then $`(Z,L)`$ is a principal multipole  for $`𝒮`$ provided that $`Z𝒮`$ and each $`Y\mathrm{\Psi }^1(Z)`$ is a principal multipole for $`𝒰`$.

A totally unelliptic warped product of Riemann surfaces is coercive provided that its universal covering is coercive in the sense of definition 4.7; a $`L`$-elliptic warped product of Riemann surfaces is coercive in opposition to the principal multipole $`(Z,L)`$ provided that its universal covering $`𝒰`$ is coercive in opposition to each principal multipole $`(Y,L)`$ as $`Y`$ runs over $`\mathrm{\Psi }^1(Z)`$.

###### Theorem 4.10

A totally unelliptic warped product of Riemann surfaces $`𝒮`$ is geodesically complete if and only if it is coercive.

Proof: let $`\mathrm{\Psi }:𝒰𝒮`$ be the universal covering of $`𝒮`$: by definition 4.9 $`𝒰`$ is coercive, hence geodesically complete by theorem 4.4. Let now $`𝜸`$ be a germ of geodesic in $`𝒮`$, starting at a metrically ordinary point: since $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ is a local isometry, there exists a germ $`𝜷`$ of geodesic in $`𝒰`$, starting at a metrically ordinary point, such that $`𝜸=\mathrm{\Psi }𝜷`$. By definition of completeness, the Riemann surface with L-singularities $`(\mathrm{\Sigma },\pi ,j,B,𝒰)`$ of $`𝜷`$ is such that $`\text{P}^{\mathrm{}}\pi \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }\mathrm{}`$ is a finite set; moreover, $`(\mathrm{\Sigma },\pi ,j,\mathrm{\Psi }B,𝒮)`$ is an analytical continuation, with L-singularities, of $`𝜸`$. This proves that, if $`(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Sigma }},\stackrel{~}{\pi },\stackrel{~}{j},G,𝒮)`$ is the Riemann surface with L-singularities of $`𝜸`$, then $`\text{P}^{\mathrm{}}\stackrel{~}{\pi }\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Sigma }}\mathrm{}`$ is a finite set too, hence $`𝒮`$ is geodesically complete. On the other side, if $`𝒮`$ admits an incomplete germ of geodesic $`𝜸`$, starting at a metrically ordinary point, then there exists an incomplete germ of geodesic $`𝜷`$ in $`𝒰`$, starting at a metrically ordinary point, such that $`𝜸=\mathrm{\Psi }𝜷`$; this means by theorem 4.4, that $`𝒰`$ is not coercive; eventually, by definition 4.9, $`𝒮`$ is not coercive: this fact ends the proof.

###### Theorem 4.11

A $`L`$-elliptic warped product of Riemann surfaces $`𝒮`$ is geodesically complete if and only if it is coercive in opposition to some principal multipole.

Proof: suppose that $`𝒮`$ is coercive in opposition to some principal multipole $`(Z,L)`$: then, by theorem 4.10, $`𝒮`$ is coercive in opposition to $`(Z,L)`$ if and only if $`𝒮Z`$ is geodesically complete; since $`Z`$ is not metrically ordinary, $`𝒮`$ is geodesically complete. On the other hand, suppose that $`𝒮`$ admits an incomplete geodesic $`(\mathrm{\Sigma },\pi ,j,\gamma ,𝒮)`$: let $`(Z,L)`$ be a principal multipole of $`𝒮`$ wich is known to exist; set $`R=\gamma ^1(𝒮Z)\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. Now $`(R,\pi |_R,j,\gamma |_R,𝒮Z)`$ is an incomplete geodesic of $`𝒮Z`$: this fact implies that $`𝒮Z`$ is not geodesically complete, hence it is not coercive, that is to say, $`𝒮`$ is not coercive in opposition to $`(Z,L)`$. The arbitrariness of $`Z`$ allows us to conclude the proof.

### 4.2 Examples

We show a wide class of coercive direct manifolds. To do this, we need some technicalities from integral calculus, hence we state:

###### Proposition 4.12

Set $`\mathrm{\Delta }=b^24ac`$, the germ $`\left[\frac{1}{\sqrt{a\eta ^2+b\eta +c}}\right]_0`$ admits one of the following primitives, depending on $`a,b,c`$:

$`\left[\frac{1}{\sqrt{a}}\mathrm{log}(\eta +\frac{b}{2a}+\sqrt{\eta ^2+\frac{b}{a}\eta +\frac{c}{a}})+cost\right]_0`$ the same branch of $`\sqrt{}`$, any branch of the logarithm, if $`a0`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }0`$;

$`\left[\frac{2}{b}\sqrt{b\eta +c}+cost\right]_0`$ the same branch of $`\sqrt{}`$, if $`a=0`$ and $`b0`$;

$`\left[\eta /\sqrt{c}+cost\right]_0`$ the same branch of $`\sqrt{}`$, if $`a=b=0`$.

Let now $`S_i,i=1..N`$ be Riemann surfaces, which we suppose for simplicity parabolic or hyperbolic, $`p_i:𝒰_iS_i`$ their universal covering, where each $`𝒰_i\text{C}`$ or D; finally, let $`\varphi _i`$ be meromorphic functions such that $`\varphi _1p_1`$ and $`(\varphi _ip_i)^{},i=1..N`$ take all complex values but at most a finite number (the hypothesis on $`phi_ip_i`$ could be weakened; even dropped, if $`S_i`$ is parabolic: see \[HAY\], introduction). Moreover, let $`(a_i,b_i,c_i)\text{C}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}`$, set $`S=_{i=1}^NS_i,𝒰=_{i=1}^N=𝒰_i,p=(p_1\mathrm{}.p_N)`$ and consider the meromorphic metric

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }=d\varphi _1d\varphi _1+\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{d\varphi _id\varphi _i}{a_i\varphi _1^2+b_i\varphi _1+c_i}.$$

###### Theorem 4.13

$`(𝒰,\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ is coercive (hence geodesically complete).

Proof: by pulling back $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ with respect to the universal covering $`p`$ we get

$$p^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }(z^1\mathrm{}z^N)=\left[(\varphi _1p_1)^{}\right]^2dz^1dz^1+\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{\left[(\varphi _ip_i)^{}\right]^2dz^idz^i}{a_i(\varphi _1p_1)^2+b_i\varphi _1p_1+c_i}.$$

We claim that $`(𝒰,p^{}\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ is coercive: indeed, for every n-tuple $`\left(A_1\mathrm{}A_N\right)\text{C}^{\mathrm{}}`$ such that $`(\varphi _1p_1)^{}(0)0`$ and $`A_1_{l=2}^NA_la_i(\varphi _1p_1)^2+b_i\varphi _1p_1+c_i0,`$, set $`\varphi p_1=\psi `$, there holds

$$_0^{u^1}\left(A_1\underset{l=2}{\overset{N}{}}A_l(a_i(\psi )^2+b_i\psi +c_i)(\eta )\right)^{1/2}(\psi )^{}(\eta )𝑑\eta =\mathrm{\Phi }\left(\psi \right),$$

where $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ is one (depending on the constants $`A_1\mathrm{}A_N`$) of the holomorphic function germs on the right hand member of proposition 4.12.

This fact shows that the maximal analytical continuation of $`u^1\mathrm{\Phi }\left(\varphi _1p_1(u^1)\right)`$ takes all $`\text{P}^{\mathrm{}}`$’s values but a finite number, because so does the meromorphic function $`\varphi _1`$ and hence $`\varphi _1p_1`$; moreover, for each $`i`$, $`2iN`$, each one of the two HFG’s $`\pm \left[(\varphi _ip_i)^{}\right]`$ could be continuated to $`\pm \left[(\varphi _ip_i)^{}\right]`$ which, by assumption, takes all values but at most two ones.

In this paper we investigate possible extensions of the idea of geodesic completeness in complex manifolds, following two directions: metrics are somewhere allowed not to be of maximum rank, or to have ’poles’ somewhere else. Geodesics are eventually defined on Riemann surfaces over regions in the Riemann sphere. Completeness theorems are given in the framework of warped products of Riemann surfaces.


format: text

text:
# Untitled Document

Algebraic cycles on Jacobian varieties

Arnaud BEAUVILLE

Introduction

Let $`C`$ be a compact Riemann surface of genus $`g`$. Its Jacobian variety $`J`$ carries a number of natural subvarieties, defined up to translation: first of all the curve $`C`$ embeds into $`J`$, then we can use the group law in $`J`$ to form $`W_2=C+C`$, $`W_3=C+C+C`$, … till $`W_{g1}`$ which is a theta divisor on $`J`$. Then we can intersect these subvarieties, add again, pull back or push down under multiplication by integers, and so on. Thus we get a rather big supply of algebraic subvarieties which live naturally in $`J`$.

If we look at the classes obtained this way in rational cohomology, the result is disappointing: we just find the subalgebra of $`H^{}(J,𝐐)`$ generated by the class $`\theta `$ of the theta divisor – in fact, the polynomials in $`\theta `$ are the only algebraic cohomology classes which live on a generic Jacobian. The situation becomes more interesting if we look at the $`𝐐`$-algebra $`A(J)`$ of algebraic cycles modulo algebraic equivalence on $`J`$; here a result of Ceresa \[C\] implies that for a generic curve $`C`$, the class of $`W_{gp}`$ in $`A^p(J)`$ is not proportional to $`\theta ^p`$ for $`2pg1`$. This leads naturally to investigate the “tautological subring” of $`A(J)`$, that is, the smallest $`𝐐`$-vector subspace $`R`$ of $`A(J)`$ which contains $`C`$ and is stable under the natural operations of $`A(J)`$: intersection and Pontryagin products (see (1.1) below), pull back and push down under multiplication by integers. Our main result states that this space is not too complicated. Let $`w^pA^p(J)`$ be the class of $`W_{gp}`$. Then:Theorem$`.`$ a) $`R`$ is the sub-$`𝐐`$-algebra of $`A(J)`$ generated by $`w^1,\mathrm{},w^{g1}`$.

b) If $`C`$ admits a morphism of degree $`d`$ onto $`𝐏^1`$, $`R`$ is generated by $`w^1,\mathrm{},w^{d1}`$.

In particular we see that $`R`$ is finite-dimensional, a fact which does not seem to be a priori obvious (the space $`A(J)`$ is known to be infinite-dimensional for $`C`$ generic of genus $`3`$, see \[N\]).

The proof rests in an essential way on the properties of the Fourier transform, a $`𝐐`$-linear automorphism of $`A(J)`$ with remarkable properties. We recall these properties in §1; in §2 we look at the case of Jacobian varieties, computing in particular the Fourier transform of the class of $`C`$ in $`A(J)`$. This is the main ingredient in the proof of part a) of the theorem, which we give in §3. Part b) turns out to be an easy consequence of a result of Colombo and van Geemen \[CG\]; this is explained in §4, together with a few examples.

1. Algebraic cycles on abelian varieties

(1.1) Let $`X`$ be an abelian variety over $`𝐂`$. We will denote by $`p`$ and $`q`$ the two projections of $`X\times X`$ onto $`X`$, and by $`m:X\times XX`$ the addition map.

Let $`A(X)`$ be the group of algebraic cycles on $`X`$ modulo algebraic equivalence, tensored with $`𝐐`$. It is a $`𝐐`$-vector space, graded by the codimension of the cycle classes. It carries two natural multiplication laws $`A(J)_𝐐A(J)A(J)`$, which are associative and commutative: the intersection product, which is homogeneous with respect to the graduation, and the Pontryagin product, defined by

$$xy:=m_{}(p^{}xq^{}y),$$

which is homogeneous of degree $`g`$. If $`Y`$ and $`Z`$ are subvarieties of $`X`$, the cycle class $`[Y][Z]`$ is equal to $`(\mathrm{deg}\mu )[Y+Z]`$ if the addition map $`\mu :Y\times ZY+Z`$ is generically finite, and is zero otherwise.

(1.2) For $`k𝐙`$, we will still denote by $`k`$ the endomorphism $`xkx`$ of $`X`$. According to \[B2\], there is a second graduation on $`A(X)`$, leading to a bigraduation

$$A(X)=\underset{s,p}{}A^p(X)_{(s)}$$

such that

$$k^{}x=k^{2ps}x,k_{}x=k^{2g2p+s}x\mathrm{for}xA^p(X)_{(s)}.$$

Both products are homogeneous with respect to the second graduation. We have $`A^p(X)_{(s)}=0`$ for $`s<pg`$ or $`sg`$ (use \[B2\], Prop. 4). It is conjectured that negative degrees actually do not occur; this will not concern us here, as we will only consider cycles in $`A(X)_{(s)}`$ for $`s0`$.

(1.3) A crucial tool in what follows will be the Fourier transform for algebraic cycles, defined in \[B1\]. Let us recall briefly the results we will need – the proofs can be found in \[B1\] and \[B2\]. We will concentrate on the case of a principally polarized abelian variety $`(X,\theta )`$, identifying $`X`$ with its dual abelian variety.

Let $`\mathrm{}:=p^{}\theta +q^{}\theta m^{}\theta A^1(X\times X)`$; it is the class of the Poincaré line bundle $``$ on $`X\times X`$. The Fourier transform $`:A(X)A(X)`$ is defined by $`x=q_{}(p^{}xe^{\mathrm{}})`$. It satisfies the following properties:

(1.4) $`=(1)^g(1)^{}`$

(1.5) $`(xy)=xy`$ and $`(xy)=(1)^gxy`$

(1.6) $`A^p(X)_{(s)}=A^{gp+s}(X)_{(s)}`$

(1.7) Let $`xA(X)`$; put $`\overline{x}=(1)^{}x`$. Then $`x=e^\theta \left((\overline{x}e^\theta )e^\theta \right)`$.

Let us prove (1.7), which is not explicitly stated in \[B1\] or \[B2\]. Replacing $`\mathrm{}`$ by its definition, we get $`x=e^\theta q_{}(p^{}(xe^\theta )e^{m^{}\theta })`$. Let $`\omega `$ be the automorphism of $`A\times A`$ defined by $`\omega (a,b)=(a,a+b)`$. We have $`p\omega =p`$, $`q\omega =m`$, $`m\omega =q`$. Hence

$$x=e^\theta q_{}\omega _{}\omega ^{}(p^{}(xe^\theta )e^{m^{}\theta })=e^\theta m_{}\left(p^{}(\overline{x}e^\theta )q^{}e^\theta \right)=e^\theta \left((\overline{x}e^\theta )e^\theta \right).\text{ }$$

2. The Fourier transform on a Jacobian

(2.1) From now on we take for our abelian variety the Jacobian $`(J,\theta )`$ of a smooth projective curve $`C`$ of genus $`g`$. We choose a base point $`oC`$, which allows us to define an embedding $`\phi :C\mathit{⸦⟶}J`$ by $`\phi (p)=𝒪_C(po)`$. Since we are working modulo algebraic equivalence, all our constructions will be independent of the choice of the base point.

We will denote simply by $`C`$ the class of $`\phi (C)`$ in $`A^{g1}(J)`$. For $`0dg`$, we put $`w^{gd}:=\frac{1}{d!}C^dA^{gd}(J)`$; it is the class of the subvariety $`W_d`$ of $`J`$ parameterizing line bundles of the form $`𝒪_C(E_ddo)`$, where $`E_d`$ is an effective divisor of degree $`d`$. We have $`w^1=\theta `$ by the Riemann theorem, $`w^{g1}=C`$, and $`w^g`$ is the class of a point. We define the Newton polynomials in the classes $`w^i`$ by

$$N^k(w)=\frac{1}{k!}\underset{i=1}{\overset{g}{}}\lambda _i^k$$

in the ring obtained by adjoining to $`A(J)`$ the roots $`\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _g`$ of the equation $`\lambda ^n\lambda ^{n1}w^1+\mathrm{}+(1)^gw^g=0`$. We have $`N^k(w)A^k(J)`$; for instance:

$$N^1(w)=\theta ,N^2(w)=\frac{1}{2}\theta ^2w^2,N^3(w)=\frac{1}{6}\theta ^3\frac{1}{2}\theta w^2\frac{1}{2}w^3,\mathrm{}$$

(2.2) The class $`N^k(w)`$ is a polynomial in $`w^1,\mathrm{},w^k`$; conversely, $`w^k`$ is a polynomial in $`N^1(w),\mathrm{},N^k(w)`$.

Proposition 2.3$`.`$ We have $`C=N^1(w)+N^2(w)+\mathrm{}+N^{g1}(w)`$. Proof : We use the notation of (1.3), and denote moreover by $`\overline{p},\overline{q}`$ the projections of $`C\times J`$ onto $`C`$ and $`J`$. Consider the cartesian diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}C\times J& \stackrel{\mathrm{\Phi }}{}& J\times J\\ \overline{p}& & p\\ C& \underset{\phi }{}& J\end{array}$$

with $`\mathrm{\Phi }=(\phi ,1_J)`$. Put $`\overline{\mathrm{}}:=\mathrm{\Phi }^{}\mathrm{}`$. We have $`p^{}Ce^{\mathrm{}}=\mathrm{\Phi }_{}1e^{\mathrm{}}=\mathrm{\Phi }_{}e^\overline{\mathrm{}}`$, and therefore

$$C=\overline{q}_{}e^\overline{\mathrm{}}.$$

The line bundle $`\overline{}:=\mathrm{\Phi }^{}`$ is the Poincaré line bundle on $`C\times J`$: that is, we have $`\overline{}_{C\times \{\alpha \}}=\alpha `$ for all $`\alpha J`$, and $`\overline{}_{\{o\}\times J}=𝒪_J`$. We will now work exclusively on $`C\times J`$, and suppress the bar above the letters $`p`$, $`q`$, $``$ and $`\mathrm{}`$. We apply the Grothendieck-Riemann-Roch theorem to $`q`$ and $``$. Since we are working modulo algebraic equivalence, the Todd class of $`C`$ is simply $`1+(1g)o`$. Let $`i_o:J\mathit{⸦⟶}C\times J`$ be the map $`\alpha (o,\alpha )`$; we have

$$q_{}(p^{}oe^{\mathrm{}})=q_{}i_oi_o^{}e^{\mathrm{}}=i_o^{}e^{\mathrm{}}=1$$

since $`i_o^{}`$ is trivial. Thus

$$chq_!=q_{}(p^{}Todd(C)ch)=q_{}e^{\mathrm{}}(g1).$$

The Chern classes of $`q_!`$ are computed in \[M\]: we have

$$c(q_!)=1+w^1+\mathrm{}+w^g.$$

Putting things together we obtain

$$C=q_{}e^{\mathrm{}}=g1ch(q_!)=(N^1(w)+N^2(w)+\mathrm{}+N^g(w)).\text{ }$$

Let $`C={\displaystyle \underset{s=0}{\overset{g1}{}}}C_{(s)}`$ be the decomposition of $`C`$ in $`\underset{s}{}A^{g1}(J)_{(s)}`$. From the Proposition, (1.6) and (1.4) we obtain:

Corollary 2.4$`.`$ We have $`N^k(w)=C_{(k1)}A^k(J)_{(k1)}`$ and $`(N^k(w))=`$ $`(1)^{g+k}C_{(k1)}.\text{ }`$

Corollary 2.5$`.`$ The $`𝐐`$-subalgebra $`R`$ of $`A(J)`$ generated by $`w^1,\mathrm{},w^{g1}`$ is bigraded. In particular, it is stable under the operations $`k^{}`$ and $`k_{}`$ for each $`k𝐙`$.

Indeed $`R`$ is also generated by the elements $`N^1(w),\mathrm{},N^{g1}(w)`$ (2.2), which are homogeneous for both graduations.

3. Proof of the main result

In order to prove part a) of the theorem, it remains to prove that the $`𝐐`$-subalgebra $`R`$ of $`A(J)`$ generated by $`w^1,\mathrm{},w^{g1}`$ is stable under the Pontryagin product. In view of (1.5) it suffices to prove:

Proposition 3.1$`.`$ $`R`$ is stable under $``$. Proof : Let $`R`$ denote the image of $`R`$ under the Fourier transform; it is a vector space over $`𝐐`$, stable under the Pontryagin product (1.5). We will prove that $`R`$ is stable under $``$, that is, $`RıR`$; since $`R=R`$ (1.4) this implies $`RıR`$, then $`RıR`$ by applying $``$ again.

We observe that is enough to prove that $`R`$ is stable under multiplication by $`\theta `$. Indeed it is then stable under multiplication by $`e^\theta `$, and finally under $``$ in view of the formula $`x=e^\theta \left((\overline{x}e^\theta )e^\theta \right)`$ (1.7).

Since the $`𝐐`$-algebra $`R`$ is generated by the classes $`N^p(w)`$, $`R`$ is spanned as a $`𝐐`$-vector space by the elements

$$(N^{p_1}(w)\mathrm{}N^{p_r}(w))=\pm C_{(p_11)}\mathrm{}C_{(p_r1)}$$

(we are using (1.5) and Corollary 2.4). Actually:

Lemma 3.2$`.`$ $`R`$ is spanned by the classes $`(k_1C)\mathrm{}(k_rC)`$, for all sequences $`(k_1,\mathrm{},k_r)`$ of positive integers. Proof : For $`k𝐙`$ we have $`k_{}C={\displaystyle \underset{s=0}{\overset{g1}{}}}k^{2+s}C_{(s)}`$ (1.2); therefore

$$(k_1C)\mathrm{}(k_rC)=(k_1\mathrm{}k_r)^2\underset{s_1,\mathrm{},s_r}{}k_1^{s_1}\mathrm{}k_r^{s_r}C_{(s_1)}\mathrm{}C_{(s_r)}$$

where $`𝐬=(s_1,\mathrm{},s_r)`$ runs in $`[0,g1]^r`$; this shows in particular that $`(k_1C)\mathrm{}`$ $`(k_rC)`$ belongs to $`R`$. We claim that we can choose $`g^r`$ $`r`$-uples $`𝐤=(k_1,\mathrm{},k_r)`$ so that the matrix $`(a_{𝐤,𝐬})`$ with entries $`a_{𝐤,𝐬}=(k_1^{s_1}\mathrm{}k_r^{s_r})`$ is invertible: if we take for instance the sequence of $`r`$-uples $`𝐤_{\mathrm{}}=(\mathrm{},\mathrm{}^g,\mathrm{},\mathrm{}^{g^{r1}})`$, for $`1\mathrm{}g^r`$, we get for $`det(a_{𝐤,𝐬})`$ a non-zero Vandermonde determinant. Thus each element $`C_{(s_1)}\mathrm{}C_{(s_r)}`$ is a $`𝐐`$-linear combination of classes of the form $`(k_1C)\mathrm{}(k_rC)`$, which proves the lemma.

(3.3) Thus it suffices to prove that each product $`\theta \left((k_1C)\mathrm{}(k_rC)\right)`$ belongs to $`R`$. We observe that $`(k_1C)\mathrm{}(k_rC)`$ is a multiple of the image of the composite map

$$u:C^r\stackrel{\text{}}{}J^r\stackrel{𝐤}{}J^r\stackrel{m}{}J$$

where $`𝐤=(k_1,\mathrm{},k_r)`$, $`\text{}=(\phi ,\mathrm{},\phi )`$ and $`m`$ is the addition morphism. Thus the class $`\theta \left((k_1C)\mathrm{}(k_rC)\right)`$ is proportional to $`u_{}u^{}\theta `$.

Let $`p_i:J^rJ`$ (resp. $`p_{ij}:J^rJ^2`$) denote the projection onto the $`i`$-th factor (resp. the $`i`$-th and $`j`$-th factors). In $`A^1(J^r)`$, we have

$$m^{}\theta =\underset{i}{}p_i^{}\theta \underset{i<j}{}p_{ij}^{}\mathrm{};$$

indeed for $`r=2`$ this is the definition of $`\mathrm{}`$, and the general case follows from the theorem of the cube. We have also $`k_i^{}\theta =k_i^2\theta `$ and $`(k_i,k_j)^{}\mathrm{}=k_ik_j\mathrm{}`$. Thus

$$𝐤^{}m^{}\theta =\underset{i}{}k_i^2p_i^{}\theta \underset{i<j}{}k_ik_jp_{ij}^{}\mathrm{};$$

denoting by $`q_i`$, $`q_{ij}`$ the projections of $`C^r`$ onto $`C`$ and $`C^2`$, we find

$$u^{}\theta =\underset{i}{}k_i^2q_i^{}\phi ^{}\theta \underset{i<j}{}k_ik_jq_{ij}^{}(\phi ,\phi )^{}\mathrm{}.$$

Let $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ be the diagonal in $`C^2`$. The theorem of the square gives

$$(\phi ,\phi )^{}=𝒪_{C^2}(\mathrm{\Delta }C\times oo\times C).$$

Therefore $`u^{}\theta `$ is algebraically equivalent to a linear combination of divisors of the form $`q_i^{}o`$ and $`q_{ij}^{}\mathrm{\Delta }`$. Under $`u_{}`$ each of these divisors is mapped to a multiple of the cycle $`(l_1C)\mathrm{}(l_{r1}C)`$, where the sequence $`(l_1\mathrm{}l_{r1})`$ is $`(k_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{k_i},\mathrm{},k_r)`$ in the first case and $`(k_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{k_i},\mathrm{},\widehat{k_j},\mathrm{},k_r,k_i+k_j)`$ in the second one (as usual the symbol $`\widehat{k_i}`$ means that $`k_i`$ is omitted). This proves our claim, and therefore the Proposition.

4. d-gonal curves

Proposition 4.1$`.`$ Assume that the curve $`C`$ is $`d`$-gonal, that is, admits a degree $`d`$ morphism onto $`𝐏^1`$. We have $`N^k(w)=0`$ for $`kd`$, and the $`𝐐`$-algebra $`R`$ is generated by $`w^1,\mathrm{},w^{d1}`$. Proof : By now this is an immediate consequence of a result of Colombo and van Geemen, which says that for a $`d`$-gonal curve $`C_{(s)}=0`$ for $`sd1`$ (\[CG\], Prop. 3.6)1   Our class $`C_{\left(s\right)}`$ is denoted $`\pi _{2g2s}C`$ in \[CG\] . This implies $`N^k(w)=0`$ for $`kd`$ (Prop. 2.4), so that $`R`$ is a polynomial ring in $`N^1(w),\mathrm{},N^{d1}(w)`$, hence in $`w^1,\mathrm{},w^{d1}`$ (2.2).

The case $`d=2`$ of the Proposition had already been observed by Collino \[Co\]:

Corollary 4.2$`.`$ If $`C`$ is hyperelliptic, $`R=𝐐[\theta ]/(\theta ^{g+1})`$.

Corollary 4.3$`.`$ If $`C`$ is trigonal, $`R`$ is generated by $`\theta `$ and the class $`\eta =N^2(w)`$ in $`A^2(J)`$. There exists an integer $`k\frac{g}{3}`$ such that

$$R=𝐐[\theta ,\eta ]/(\theta ^{g+1},\theta ^{g2}\eta ,\mathrm{},\theta ^{g+13k}\eta ^k,\eta ^{k+1}).$$

Proof : By Proposition (4.1) $`R`$ is generated by $`\theta `$ and $`\eta `$. For $`p,s𝐍`$, the class $`\theta ^{p2s}\eta ^s`$ is the only monomial in $`\theta ,\eta `$ which belongs to $`A^p(J)_{(s)}`$; therefore it spans the $`𝐐`$-vector space $`R_{(s)}^p`$ (in particular, this space is zero for $`p<2s`$). This implies that the relations between $`\theta `$ and $`\eta `$ are monomial, that is, of the form $`\theta ^r\eta ^s=0`$ for some pairs $`(r,s)𝐍^2`$.

Similarly, as a $`𝐐`$-algebra for the Pontryagin product, $`R`$ is generated by $`C_{(0)}`$ and $`C_{(1)}`$. The $`𝐐`$-vector space $`R_{(s)}^p`$ is spanned by $`C_{(0)}^{(gps)}C_{(1)}^s`$, hence is zero for $`p+s>g`$. In particular we see that $`\theta ^r\eta ^s=0`$ as soon as $`r+3s>g`$.

Let $`k`$ be the smallest integer such that $`\eta ^k0`$, $`\eta ^{k+1}=0`$. By what we have just seen the first relation implies $`3kg`$. Suppose we have $`\theta ^r\eta ^s=0`$ for some integers $`r,s`$ with $`r+3sg`$ and $`sk`$. Then we have $`R_{(s)}^{r+2s}=0`$ and $`C_{(0)}^{(gr3s)}C_{(1)}^s=0`$. Taking $``$-product with $`C_{(0)}^r`$ we arrive at $`C_{(0)}^{(g3s)}C_{(1)}^s=0`$, which implies $`\eta ^s=0`$, contradicting the definition of $`k`$.

In the general case, since any curve of genus $`g`$ has a $`g_d^1`$ with $`d\frac{g+3}{2}`$ (\[ACGH\], Ch. V, thm. 1.1), we get:

Corollary 4.4$`.`$ Put $`d:=[\frac{g+1}{2}]`$. The $`𝐐`$-algebra $`R`$ is generated by $`w^1,\mathrm{},w^d`$.

(4.5) On the opposite side, we may ask how many of the classes $`w^i`$ are really needed to generate $`R`$. Here we know nothing except Ceresa’s result \[C\]: for $`C`$ generic of genus $`3`$ the class $`N^2(w)`$ is non-zero. Ceresa uses the intermediate Jacobian of $`J`$, thus his method can only detect non-zero classes in $`A(J)_{(1)}`$. It would be quite interesting to decide for instance whether $`N^3(w)`$ is nonzero for a generic curve of genus $`5`$.

REFERENCES

\[ACGH\]  E. ARBARELLO, M. CORNALBA, P. GRIFFITHS, J. HARRIS: Geometry of algebraic curves I. Grund. der math. Wiss. 267, Springer-Verlag, New York-Berlin-Heidelberg-Tokyo (1985).

\[B1\] A. BEAUVILLE: Quelques remarques sur la transformation de Fourier dans l’anneau de Chow d’une variété abélienne. Algebraic Geometry (Tokyo/Kyoto 1982), LN 1016, 238–260; Springer-Verlag (1983).

\[B2\] A. BEAUVILLE: Sur l’anneau de Chow d’une variété abélienne. Math. Ann. 273 (1986), 647–651.

\[C\] G. CERESA: $`C`$ is not algebraically equivalent to $`C^{}`$ in its Jacobian. Ann. of Math. (2) 117 (1983), 285–291.

\[CG\] E. COLOMBO, B. VAN GEEMEN: Note on curves in a Jacobian. Compositio Math. 88 (1993), 333–353.

\[Co\] A. COLLINO: Poincaré’s formulas and hyperelliptic curves. Atti Accad. Sci. Torino 109 (1975), 89–101.

\[M\] A. MATTUCK: Symmetric products and Jacobians. Amer. J. Math. 83 (1961), 189–206

\[N\] M. NORI: Cycles on the generic abelian threefold. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Math. Sci. 99 (1989), 191–196.

Arnaud BEAUVILLE

Laboratoire J.-A. Dieudonné

UMR 6621 du CNRS

UNIVERSITÉ DE NICE

Parc Valrose

F-06108 NICE Cedex 02