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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

Strong magnetic fields are interesting from several perspectives. From a theoretical point of view, an external magnetic field allows one to probe the vacuum structure and correlation functions of a quantum field theory. Strong magnetic fields are also of interest in astrophysics. There may be neutron stars with fields of up to $`10^{14}`$$`10^{15}`$ Gauss , while it has been suggested that much larger fields existed in the early universe .

With increasing magnetic field, the first place one might expect something interesting to happen is at the scale set by the electron mass,

$$B=m_e^2/\sqrt{\alpha }=4.4\times 10^{13}\mathrm{Gauss}.$$
(1)
At this scale an electron’s Landau energy equals its rest energy. Magnetic fields of this strength have a significant effect on atomic and molecular physics, as reviewed in . However the structure of the QED vacuum does not change dramatically in fields of this magnitude. Corrections to the energy of a free electron in the lowest Landau level are small, proportional to the electron’s anomalous magnetic moment, so it is not energetically favorable to produce $`e^+e^{}`$ pairs. The binding energy of positronium is small and does not change this conclusion, so the QED vacuum is stable.444This is discussed in more detail in . Exponentially large magnetic fields, in contrast, have been shown to catalyze chiral symmetry breaking in QED .

The next place one might expect something interesting to happen is at the QCD scale,

$$B=\mathrm{\Lambda }_{QCD}^2/\sqrt{\alpha }10^{19}\mathrm{Gauss}.$$
(2)
This regime will be the main focus of this paper. We will argue that the perturbative QCD vacuum becomes unstable to formation of a quark-antiquark condensate. The basic physics is easy to understand: the strong magnetic field restricts quarks and antiquarks to move in one dimension, and the strongly attractive QCD potential then leads to formation of a bound state with negative energy. We will argue that at sufficiently large magnetic fields the effective coupling becomes weak and perturbative QCD can be used.

The next interesting regime starts at the electroweak scale,

$$B=m_W^2/\sqrt{\alpha }10^{24}\mathrm{Gauss}.$$
(3)
A field of this magnitude has been argued to drive electroweak symmetry restoration . Finally, a grand unified theory with magnetic monopoles of mass $`M_{\mathrm{mon}}`$ could provide an absolute upper bound on a possible magnetic field. Extrapolation of semiclassical calculations  suggests that monopole pair production would become copious and short out any existing magnetic field when

$$B\sqrt{\alpha }M_{\mathrm{mon}}^210^{52}\left(\frac{M_{\mathrm{mon}}}{10^{17}\mathrm{GeV}}\right)^2\mathrm{Gauss}.$$
(4)
Although the approximations underlying the semiclassical calculation break down before such fields are reached, this is probably an overestimate of the maximum possible field. Arguments similar to those leading to Eq. (3) indicate that there should be a local restoration of the GUT symmetry when $`B\alpha ^{3/2}M_{\mathrm{mon}}^2`$. (The resulting regions of symmetric vacuum can be viewed as condensed monopole and antimonopole cores.) With the unbroken symmetry enlarged to a simple non-Abelian group, magnetic flux is not conserved and a coherent long-range magnetic field can no longer be sustained.

There are several approaches one could adopt for studying QCD in a strong magnetic field. At the hadronic level, one can study the effect of a magnetic field on hadron spectra  and the nuclear equation of state , based on the large anomalous magnetic moments of hadrons. Alternatively, one can take a diagrammatic approach, and compute the quark condensate in a large magnetic field by resumming diagrams . The effect of a magnetic field has also been investigated in the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model  and in an instanton-inspired model for chiral symmetry breaking . In contrast, we study the problem using the quark model. The advantages of this approach are simplicity and a clear physical picture of the QCD vacuum.

Throughout this paper we set $`\mathrm{}=c=1`$. The conversion factor is $`1\mathrm{GeV}^2/(\mathrm{}c)^{3/2}=1.44\times 10^{19}\mathrm{Gauss}`$. In the introduction we have used Gaussian units, but in the remainder of this paper we will exclusively use Heaviside-Lorentz units: $`B_{\mathrm{Gaussian}}=\sqrt{4\pi }B_{\mathrm{Heaviside}\mathrm{Lorentz}}`$ and $`q_{\mathrm{Gaussian}}=q_{\mathrm{Heaviside}\mathrm{Lorentz}}/\sqrt{4\pi }`$. Thus, for example, in the remainder of this paper the charge of an up quark is $`q=\frac{2}{3}\sqrt{4\pi \alpha }`$.

An outline of this paper is as follows. In section 2 we study the behavior of a $`q\overline{q}`$ pair in a strong magnetic field, with the help of a potential model for the quark-antiquark interaction. In section 3 we estimate the strength of the $`q\overline{q}`$ condensate in magnetic fields somewhat above the QCD scale. In section 4 we study the condensate in the regime of large fields, where perturbative QCD is applicable. Section 5 contains a summary and some concluding comments. For completeness, in the appendix we compute the response of the QCD vacuum to weak magnetic fields by performing a pion loop calculation.

## 2 Mesons in a strong magnetic field

In a strong magnetic field quarks follow Landau orbits in the directions transverse to the magnetic field. These have a characteristic radius $`R=1/\sqrt{qB}`$, so that for $`B1\mathrm{GeV}^2`$ the quarks can be localized in the two transverse directions to distances shorter than the QCD scale.

Moreover, there is no energy cost associated with this localization. Intuitively, this is because the quark kinetic energy is canceled when the magnetic moment of the quark lines up with the magnetic field. More precisely, the energy levels for a Dirac particle in a background magnetic field are

$$E(n,\sigma ,p_z)=\pm \sqrt{|qB|(2n+\sigma +1)+p_z^2+m^2}.$$
(5)
Here $`n=0,1,2,\mathrm{}`$ labels the Landau levels, $`\sigma =\pm 1`$ specifies the spin orientation, and $`p_z`$ is the momentum in the $`z`$ direction. Thus in the lowest Landau level, with an appropriate spin orientation, the quark behaves just like a relativistic particle in $`1+1`$ dimensions.

One might expect that this localization enhances the attraction between a color-singlet quark and antiquark to the point where the energy of a $`q\overline{q}`$ state becomes negative. This would signal an instability with respect to formation of a spin-polarized $`q\overline{q}`$ condensate.

To address this issue, we wish to estimate the energy of a $`q\overline{q}`$ state in a strong magnetic field. We do this by adopting a potential model for the $`q\overline{q}`$ interaction . That is, we will take the Hamiltonian for a $`q\overline{q}`$ state to be given by the quasi-relativistic expression

$$H=2\sqrt{𝐩^2+m^2}+V(r).$$
(6)
A wide variety of potentials have been discussed in the literature; we will use the Cornell potential

$$V(r)=Ar\frac{\kappa }{r}+C.$$
(7)
We will be focusing on $`u\overline{u}`$ or $`d\overline{d}`$ states, and so use parameters

$`A`$ $`=`$ $`0.203\mathrm{GeV}^2`$
$`\kappa `$ $`=`$ $`0.437`$ (8)
$`m`$ $`=`$ $`0.150\mathrm{GeV}`$
$`C`$ $`=`$ $`0.599\mathrm{GeV}`$
chosen to fit the the spectrum of light mesons.

In a strong magnetic field this three-dimensional model should reduce to an effective one-dimensional problem. However, at distances shorter than the magnetic length $`R`$ the problem again becomes three-dimensional. We can take this into account by cutting off our one-dimensional potential at short distances. Thus we study the one-dimensional problem

$`H`$ $`=`$ $`2\sqrt{p_z^2+m^2}+V(z)`$ (9)
$`V(z)`$ $`=`$ $`\{\begin{array}{cc}AR{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa }{R}}+C\hfill & |z|<R\hfill \\ & \\ Az{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa }{z}}+C\hfill & |z|>R.\hfill \end{array}`$ (12)
By considering a Gaussian trial wavefunction, one can easily see that as $`R0`$ the spectrum of this Hamiltonian is unbounded from below.

To estimate the energy levels of the Hamiltonian (9) we use a WKB approximation . The classical turning points are at $`z=\pm L`$, where $`V(L)=E2m`$. The WKB quantization condition $`p_z𝑑z=2\pi (n+\frac{1}{2})`$ becomes

$$_0^L𝑑z\sqrt{(V(z)E)^24m^2}=\pi \left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)n=0,1,2,\mathrm{}$$
(13)
The resulting ground state energy is shown in Fig. 1. Note that the energy is negative for $`qB2\mathrm{GeV}^2`$. We expect the WKB approximation to give a reasonable estimate for the ground state energy in this regime.

The semiclassical turning point $`L`$ is shown in Fig. 2. Our reduction to one dimension only makes sense if $`L`$ is large compared to $`R`$. As can be seen in Fig. 3 this condition is reasonably well satisfied in the regime of interest. Note that $`L`$ decreases as the magnetic field gets bigger. This means that at sufficiently large magnetic fields the $`q\overline{q}`$ bound state is driven into a short-distance regime where perturbative QCD can be applied. This regime is discussed in more detail in section 4.

## 3 Meson condensation

When the magnetic field is sufficiently large, $`q\overline{q}`$ pairs will start to condense. We first consider a single flavor, and discuss condensation of $`u\overline{u}`$ pairs. Condensation occurs when $`qB2\mathrm{GeV}^2`$, which for a $`u\overline{u}`$ composite means

$$B>B_{\mathrm{crit}}\frac{2\mathrm{GeV}^2}{\frac{2}{3}\sqrt{4\pi \alpha }}10\mathrm{GeV}^2.$$
(14)
The quark magnetic moments line up with the magnetic field, so $`B`$ is increased by the formation of the condensate. This would seem to make the vacuum unstable, but eventually the $`u\overline{u}`$ pairs will start to interact, and this effect presumably stabilizes the system.

Because the $`u\overline{u}`$ pairs are color singlets, they will not interact strongly until their wavefunctions begin to overlap. Hence, for $`B>B_{\mathrm{crit}}`$ pair production should proceed unimpeded until the density of $`u\overline{u}`$ pairs reaches a value of roughly

$$\rho =\frac{1}{\pi R^2L}=\frac{qB}{\pi L}.$$
(15)
Once this density is attained, QCD interactions between pairs will tend to suppress further growth in the condensate. We will use Eq. (15) as our estimate for $`\rho `$, although the actual value that emerges from the interplay of magnetic and QCD effects will presumably have a somewhat more complicated dependence on $`B`$.

Treating the quark and antiquark as elementary Dirac fermions, the magnetic moment of a pair is $`\mu =q/m`$ and the magnetization is

$$M=\mu \rho =\frac{q^2B}{m\pi L}.$$
(16)
To evaluate this, note that Fig. 2 shows that for $`BB_{\mathrm{crit}}`$ the length $`L`$ is slowly varying, with $`L2\mathrm{GeV}^1`$. The question of what value to use for the mass is a bit more subtle. At zero magnetic field one uses constituent quark masses $`m300\mathrm{MeV}`$ to estimate magnetic moments, although for extremely large magnetic fields, where $`R`$ is very small, a current quark mass may be more appropriate. Using the $`u`$-quark charge in Eq. (16) gives

$$M=0.022\left(\frac{300\mathrm{MeV}}{m}\right)\left(\frac{2\mathrm{GeV}^1}{L}\right)B.$$
(17)
Hence, we expect that in the regime $`BB_{\mathrm{crit}}`$ the magnetization will be small compared to $`B`$, so that we are justified in ignoring the back-reaction of the magnetization on the strength of the condensate.

We now consider the effects of the other quark flavors. If there were no interaction between quarks of different flavors, extension of the above analysis to $`d`$ quarks would predict that a $`d\overline{d}`$ condensate forms at a critical field which is twice as large as for $`u\overline{u}`$ pairs, and with a magnetization that is one quarter as large for a given $`B`$. However, the different condensates will interact with each other, so that an increase in the condensate of one flavor will tend to cause a compensating decrease in the other condensates. Because of the relatively large $`u`$ quark electric charge, a $`u\overline{u}`$ condensate is energetically favored over $`d\overline{d}`$ or $`s\overline{s}`$, while the heavier quarks are suppressed by their mass. Hence we expect the condensate to be dominated by $`u\overline{u}`$ pairs.

## 4 Condensation in the perturbative regime

When the magnetic field is far above the QCD scale the $`q\overline{q}`$ composite is driven into a short-distance regime where perturbative QCD can be applied. In this section we discuss the magnetization in this perturbative regime.

At short distances we should replace the Cornell potential of Eq. (7) with the potential from one-gluon exchange,

$`V(r)={\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s(r)}{r}}{\displaystyle \frac{A}{r\mathrm{log}(1/\mathrm{\Lambda }r)}}`$ (18)
$`A={\displaystyle \frac{8\pi }{3b_0}}={\displaystyle \frac{8\pi }{11N_c2N_f}}.`$
The WKB quantization condition for this potential is still given by Eq. (13).

If one makes the approximation of neglecting the quark mass, the WKB integral can be evaluated analytically to obtain a relation between the turning point $`L`$ and the radius $`R=1/\sqrt{qB}`$.

$$\frac{A}{\mathrm{log}(1/L\mathrm{\Lambda })}+A\mathrm{log}\mathrm{log}\frac{1}{L\mathrm{\Lambda }}=\frac{A}{\mathrm{log}(1/R\mathrm{\Lambda })}+A\mathrm{log}\mathrm{log}\frac{1}{R\mathrm{\Lambda }}\frac{\pi }{2}.$$
(19)
For $`R0`$ this, together with Eq. (16), gives a magnetization

$$M=\frac{q^2B}{m\pi L}\frac{q^2B\mathrm{\Lambda }}{m\pi }\left(\frac{qB}{\mathrm{\Lambda }^2}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{exp}(\pi /2A)}.$$
(20)
To evaluate the exponent in the last factor we set $`N_c=3`$ and take $`N_f`$ to be the number of quark flavors that are lighter than the mass scale set by $`B`$. The dependence on $`N_f`$ is actually rather weak, with any value between 2 and 6 yielding an exponent of about 0.1.

Of course these calculations are only valid if the turning point $`L`$ is small enough to trust the potential of Eq. (18). This requires magnetic fields that are far larger than those we have considered so far. For example, $`L<\frac{1}{3}\mathrm{\Lambda }^1`$ for a $`u\overline{u}`$ composite requires $`B>5\times 10^{12}\mathrm{\Lambda }^2`$; although several orders of magnitude above the electroweak scale, this is still far below the upper limit of Eq. (4).

We expect that our approximations give the right qualitative behavior of the magnetization at strong fields. However an accurate quantitative calculation calls for more sophisticated techniques than we have employed here. For one thing, the WKB estimate of Eq. (19) gets worse as the magnetic field increases, since the condition for the validity of WKB, $`|p_z^1/z|1`$, is violated near $`z=R`$. (The left hand side grows logarithmically as $`R0`$.) A more serious concern is that as $`R0`$ we should really treat the $`q\overline{q}`$ composite in a fully relativistic manner, e.g., by solving a Bethe-Salpeter equation.

Furthermore, at sufficiently high fields the nonlinearities become important enough that we must take into account the back-reaction of the magnetization on the condensate. These nonlinearities can arise from several sources. First, there is the explicit nonlinearity in Eq. (20), which shows that $`M/B`$ includes a factor that grows as a small power of the magnetic field. Next, we expect the effective mass of the quarks to decrease as $`B`$ grows, also leading to an increase in $`M/B`$. A third possible source is the corrections to our estimate Eq. (15) for the density of condensed pairs; these should also give an increase in $`M/B`$ at stronger fields.

## 5 Conclusions

In this paper we have used a quark model approach to study the behavior of QCD in the presence of a strong magnetic field. In the presence of such a field the quarks can be localized in the two transverse directions with no cost in energy. This enhances the quark-antiquark attraction to such an extent that the binding energy can compensate for the mass, thus making $`u\overline{u}`$ pair production energetically favorable, if $`B`$ is greater than a critical value of about 10 GeV2.

In the language of field theory, this pair production corresponds to the formation of a chiral symmetry breaking $`u\overline{u}`$ condensate. Of course, even in the absence of a magnetic field, nonperturbative QCD dynamics produce a nonzero quark condensate that breaks chiral symmetry. However, the zero-field and the high field condensates differ in some significant aspects.

At zero field the condensate is Lorentz invariant. In particular, $`\overline{q}\sigma ^{\mu \nu }q=0`$. By contrast, the quark pairs produced by a critical magnetic field are polarized along the direction of the magnetic field. For a field directed along the $`z`$-direction, this corresponds to a condensate with $`\overline{q}q\overline{q}\sigma ^{12}q`$.555The possibility of a $`\overline{q}\sigma ^{\mu \nu }q`$ condensate was raised in .

The flavor properties of the two condensates are also quite different. The zero temperature, zero field condensate is, to a good approximation, flavor SU(3) symmetric, with $`\overline{u}u\overline{d}d\overline{s}s`$. This is not the case in the presence of a super-critical magnetic field, since the production of $`u\overline{u}`$ pairs is energetically favored over that of $`d\overline{d}`$ and $`s\overline{s}`$ pairs.

Finally, the zero field and high field condensates differ in magnitude. The former is of the order of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mathrm{QCD}}^3(.25\mathrm{GeV})^3`$. This should be compared with our estimate, Eq. (15), for the density of quark pairs. This density increases faster than linearly with $`B`$, but even at the critical field for $`u\overline{u}`$ production we have $`\rho (0.7\mathrm{GeV})^3`$.

We would like to understand the transition between the zero field and high field regimes. As $`B`$ is increased from zero, its initial effect is to gradually polarize the QCD chiral condensate. For weak fields, the relevant degrees of freedom are the Goldstone modes of the condensate. These can be studied by using a low-energy chiral effective Lagrangian. This leads to a pion-loop calculation, which we review in the appendix, that gives a magnetization

$$M\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{7e^4B^3}{1440\pi ^2m_\pi ^4}\hfill & \text{for }|eB|m_\pi ^2\hfill \\ \multicolumn{2}{c}{}\\ \frac{e^2B}{48\pi ^2}\mathrm{log}\frac{eB}{m_\pi ^2}\hfill & \text{for }|eB|m_\pi ^2.\hfill \end{array}$$
(21)
Using a similar approach and working in the chiral limit, Shushpanov and Smilga  find that the overall magnitude of the quark condensate is enhanced by a factor

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Sigma }(B)}{\mathrm{\Sigma }(0)}=1+\frac{eB\mathrm{ln}2}{16\pi ^2F_\pi ^2}+\mathrm{}.$$
(22)
As the field increases, higher order terms in the chiral Lagrangian become important. In any case, the chiral Lagrangian must be abandoned in favor of a description in terms of quarks for $`eB(4\pi F_\pi )^21\mathrm{GeV}^2`$. It would be desirable to understand this transition region between the weak and strong field regimes.

Within the strong field regime, our quark model calculations give an estimate for the magnetization, given in Eqs. (17) and (20). One would like a clearer understanding of how the interplay of electromagnetic and QCD effects determines the density of quark pairs, thus leading to an improvement upon these estimates. The development of improved techniques for performing precise calculations in this regime is clearly needed. Finally, the relation between our methods and the more field theoretic approaches to strong field chiral symmetry breaking of  should be better understood.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Al Mueller, D. T. Son and Mal Ruderman for valuable discussions. This work is supported in part by the US DOE under contract DE-FG02-92ER40699 and in part by KOSEF 1998 Interdisciplinary Research Grant 98-07-02-07-02-5 (K.L.).

## Appendix A Weak-field results

The response of the QCD vacuum to a weak magnetic field can be computed by using a chiral effective Lagrangian . One can integrate out the matter fields to obtain an effective electromagnetic action $`S_{\mathrm{eff}}(𝐁)`$. At leading order the matter contribution to this effective action, $`S_{\mathrm{eff}}^{\mathrm{matter}}(𝐁)`$, arises from a single pion loop. Thus, we consider a complex scalar field coupled to electromagnetism with action

$$S=d^4x\left[\frac{1}{4}F_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }|(_\mu ieA_\mu )\varphi |^2m^2|\varphi |^2\right].$$
(23)
Schwinger’s classic calculation  for a uniform magnetic field then gives

$`S_{\mathrm{eff}}^{\mathrm{matter}}`$ $`=`$ $`i\mathrm{log}det\left(𝒟_\mu 𝒟^\mu +m^2\right)`$ (24)
$`=`$ $`i{\displaystyle _{ϵ^2}^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{ds}{s}}\mathrm{Tr}e^{is\left(𝒟_\mu 𝒟^\mu +m^2\right)}`$ (25)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{16\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle d^4x_{ϵ^2}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{ds}{s^3}e^{sm^2}\frac{esB}{\mathrm{sinh}esB}}.`$ (26)
Expanding this in powers of $`B`$, one finds both a quartic and a logarithmic divergence. The former is a contribution to the vacuum energy, while the latter is the one pion loop contribution to the renormalization of the electric charge. Subtracting these divergences gives the renormalized matter effective action

$$S_{\mathrm{eff}}^{\mathrm{matter}}=\frac{1}{16\pi ^2}d^4x_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{ds}{s^3}e^{sm^2}\left(\frac{esB}{\mathrm{sinh}esB}1+\frac{1}{6}e^2s^2B^2\right)$$
(27)
where $`e`$ is the renormalized electric charge.

The magnetization $`𝐌=𝐁𝐇`$ is given by

$$𝐌=𝐁+\frac{\delta S_{\mathrm{eff}}}{\delta 𝐁}=\frac{\delta S_{\mathrm{eff}}^{\mathrm{matter}}}{\delta 𝐁}.$$
(28)
Substituting the result from Eq. (27) then leads to

$$M=\frac{_{\mathrm{eff}}^{\mathrm{matter}}}{B}\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{e^2B}{16\pi ^2}\left(\frac{7e^2B^2}{90m^4}+𝒪\left((eB/m^2)^4\right)\right)\hfill & \text{for }|eB|m^2\hfill \\ \multicolumn{2}{c}{}\\ \frac{e^2B}{48\pi ^2}\mathrm{log}\frac{eB}{m^2}\hfill & \text{for }|eB|m^2.\hfill \end{array}$$
(29)
Since $`M>0`$, the QCD vacuum is paramagnetic.

The effects of higher order terms in the chiral Lagrangian have been studied . These become large for $`eB(4\pi F_\pi )^21\mathrm{GeV}^2`$, at which point the chiral Lagrangian approximation breaks down. For such fields the effective photon coupling

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{e_{\mathrm{eff}}^2}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{e^2}}\left[1{\displaystyle \frac{^2_{\mathrm{eff}}^{\mathrm{matter}}}{B^2}}\right]`$ (30)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{e^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{48\pi ^2}}\mathrm{log}{\displaystyle \frac{eB}{m^2}}\text{for }|eB|m^2`$ (31)
is still small, thus justifying our neglect of the quantum fluctuations in the electromagnetic field.


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# New Darboux Transformation for Hirota-Satsuma coupled KdV System

## 1 Introduction

Hirota and Satsuma  proposed the very first coupled KdV system, which describes interactions of two long waves with different dispersion relations. They then constructed the three-soliton solutions and five conserved quantities for this system. In a following paper , these authors shown that the coupled KdV system is the four-reduction of the celebrated KP hierarchy and its soliton solutions can be derived from those of the KP equation.

It is known that a solitonic equation normally possesses a Lax pair. Using the Wahlquist-Estabrook prolongation procedure, Dodd and Fordy  found a Lax representation for the Hirota-Satsuma coupled KdV (HS-KdV) system. Meanwhile, Wilson  observed that the HS-KdV system is just an example of many integrable systems arose from the Drinfeld-Sokolov theory. A Bäcklund transformation is constructed for this system by Levi . Very recently, some new solutions for HS-KdV system are presented .

Most integrable equations have Darboux Transformations (DT), which are very effective to construct solutions. We notice that Leble and Ustinov  found a DT for the HS-KdV system. They started with an elementary DT for a more general spectral problem, then they found that a proper reduction led to a DT for HS-KdV system. In general, an integrable system may possess more than one DT. For example, the KdV equation has classical DT and binary DT as well. We are interested in finding a new DT for the HS-KdV system. We will show that this new DT appears in two ways, from Painlevé analysis and from reduction of the binary DT for a more general spectral problem (we refer to - and the references there for Painlevé analysis approach to DT).

The paper is set out as follows. In section 2 we construct a new DT for the HS-KdV system within the framework of Painlevé analysis. In section 3, we show that a DT can be obtained from the reduction of a general DT, then we prove that this DT is equivalent to the one found in section 2. In section 4 we discuss the iteration of the DT and show that the solutions for the HS-KdV system can be represented as Grammians. Final section presents our conclusion.

## 2 DT from Painlevé analysis

The HS-KdV system reads

$$u_t=\frac{1}{2}u_{xxx}+3uu_x6vv_x,v_t=v_{xxx}3uv_x.$$
(1)
where the subscripts denote partial derivatives.

A detailed Painlevé analysis of this system was performed by Weiss . He found that this system has the Painlevé property. Indeed, there are two branches and one of them, principal branch, is

$$u=\tau ^2\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}u_j\tau ^j,v=\tau ^1\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}v_j\tau ^j,$$
(2)
and the resonances are

$$j=1,0,1,4,5,6$$

By truncating the expansions (2) on the constant level, one has a transformation

$$u=u_2+2(\mathrm{ln}\tau )_{xx},v=v_1+\frac{v_0}{\tau }$$
(3)
where $`u_2`$ and $`v_1`$ solve the HS-KdV system (1) and $`\tau `$, $`u_2`$, $`v_0`$, $`v_1`$ have to satisfy the following overdetermined system

$`\tau _t+\tau _{xxx}+3\tau _xu_2=2\tau _x\vartheta ,`$
$`v_0=\tau _xH,`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\tau _t}{\tau _x}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\{\tau ;x\}={\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}H^2+\vartheta ,`$
$`\vartheta _x^2=(\lambda ^2+\vartheta ^2)H^2,`$
$`v_1={\displaystyle \frac{v_{0x}}{2\tau _x}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}(\lambda ^2+\vartheta ^2)^{\frac{1}{2}},`$
$`H_t=\left[H_{xx}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}H^3+\vartheta H+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\{\tau ;x\}H\right]_x,`$
where $`\{\tau ;x\}=\left(\frac{\tau _{xx}}{\tau _x}\right)_x\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\tau _{xx}}{\tau _x}\right)^2`$ is the Schwarzian derivative.

To obtain a Lax pair for the HS-KdV system (1), Weiss introduced a new variable

$$W=\frac{\tau _{xx}}{\tau _x}$$
(4)
and derived the equations for $`H`$ and $`W`$, which are modified Hirota-Satsuma system. The Miura map between HS-KdV system and its modification is

$`u_2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left[W_x+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}W^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}H^2{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\vartheta \right],`$
$`v_1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left[H_x+WH+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}(\lambda ^2+\vartheta ^2)^{1/2}\right].`$
Taking

$$W+H=2\frac{\eta _{1x}}{\eta _1},WH=2\frac{\eta _{2x}}{\eta _2},$$
(5)
$$\vartheta =\lambda \mathrm{sinh}\alpha ,\alpha =\mathrm{ln}(\frac{\eta _1}{\eta _2}),$$
(6)
one arrives at the linear problem

$`\eta _{1xx}+(u_2+v_1)\eta _1`$ $`=`$ $`\lambda \eta _2,`$ (7)
$`\eta _{2xx}+(u_2v_1)\eta _2`$ $`=`$ $`\lambda \eta _1,`$ (8)
and

$`\eta _{1t}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(u_{2x}2v_{1x})\eta _1+(u_22v_1)\eta _{1x}2\lambda \eta _{2x},`$ (9)
$`\eta _{2t}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(u_{2x}+2v_{1x})\eta _2+(u_2+2v_1)\eta _{2x}+2\lambda \eta _{1x},`$ (10)
where the parameter $`\lambda `$ is scaled for convenience. This is the linear problem found by Dodd and Fordy via the prolongation approach .

We intend to construct a DT for the HS-KdV systems (1). As a first step, we rewrite the transformation (3) between two solutions of the system (1) in terms of the solutions of linear problem (7-10). Using (4) and (5), we obtain

$$uu_2=2(\mathrm{ln}\tau )_{xx},vv_1=\frac{\eta _2\eta _{1x}\eta _{2x}\eta _1}{\tau },$$
(11)
where $`(\eta _1,\eta _2)`$ is a solution of the linear system (7-10). The $`x`$-derivative of function $`\tau `$ is defined in terms of $`\eta _1`$ and $`\eta _2`$ as follows

$$\tau _x=\eta _1\eta _2.$$
(12)
The transformation (11) is the Darboux transformation on the potential level. Next, we need to find the transformations for the wave function. Let us suppose that $`(\varphi _1,\varphi _2)`$ solves the linear systems (7-10) with $`\lambda =\mu `$. For the new wave function, we make the following Ansätz

$$\widehat{\varphi }_1=\varphi _1+\frac{f}{\tau },\widehat{\varphi }_2=\varphi _2+\frac{g}{\tau },$$
(13)
where $`f=f(x,t)`$ and $`g=g(x,t)`$ are the functions to be determined. By requiring the new wave function $`(\widehat{\varphi }_1,\widehat{\varphi }_2)`$ solves the linear problem (7-10) with replacement $`u_2u`$, $`v_1v`$ and $`\lambda \mu `$, we are led to two equations

$`\varphi _{1xx}+(u_2+v_1)\varphi _1+\mu \varphi _2+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\tau }}\left[f_{xx}+(u_2+v_1)f+2\tau _{xx}\varphi _1+(\eta _{1x}\eta _2\eta _1\eta _{2x})\varphi _1+\mu g\right]+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\tau ^2}}\left[2f_x\tau _x+f\tau _{xx}2\tau _x^2\varphi _1+(\eta _{1x}\eta _2\eta _1\eta _{2x})f\right]=0,`$ (14)
and

$`\varphi _{2xx}+(u_2v_1)\varphi _2\mu \varphi _1+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\tau }}\left[g_{xx}+(u_2v_1)g+2\tau _{xx}\varphi _2(\eta _{1x}\eta _2\eta _1\eta _{2x})\varphi _2\mu f\right]+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\tau ^2}}\left[2g_x\tau _x+g\tau _{xx}2\tau _x^2\varphi _2(\eta _{1x}\eta _2\eta _1\eta _{2x})g\right]=0.`$ (15)
Let us consider the equation (14) first. The first part of this equation, the coefficient of $`\tau ^0`$, is identically zero. Equating the coefficients of $`\tau ^1`$ and $`\tau ^2`$ to zero respectively, we have

$`f_{xx}+(u_2+v_1)f+2\tau _{xx}\varphi _1+(\eta _1\eta _2\eta _1\eta _{2x})\varphi _1+\mu g`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (16)
$`2f_x\tau _x+f\tau _{xx}2\tau _x^2\varphi _1+(\eta _{1x}\eta _2\eta _1\eta _{2x})f`$ $`=`$ $`0.`$ (17)
From (17), we obtain

$$f_xf\frac{\eta _{1x}}{\eta _1}+\eta _1\eta _2\varphi _1=0.$$
(18)
Now, using (16) and (18), we have

$$\lambda \eta _2f\mu \eta _1g=\eta _1\eta _2(\varphi _1\eta _{1x}\varphi _{1x}\eta _1).$$
(19)
A similar consideration for the other equation (15) provides us

$$\mu \eta _2f+\lambda \eta _1g=\eta _1\eta _2(\eta _2\varphi _{2x}\eta _{2x}\varphi _2).$$
(20)
In this way, we obtain a system of linear equations for $`f`$ and $`g`$, namely, (19) and (20). Solving this linear system, we get the expressions for $`f`$ and $`g`$ as follows

$`f={\displaystyle \frac{\eta _1}{\lambda ^2\mu ^2}}\left[\mu (\eta _2\varphi _{2x}\eta _{2x}\varphi _2)+\lambda (\varphi _1\eta _{1x}\varphi _{1x}\eta _1)\right],`$ (21)
$`g={\displaystyle \frac{\eta _2}{\lambda ^2\mu ^2}}\left[\mu (\varphi _1\eta _{1x}\varphi _{1x}\eta _1)+\lambda (\eta _2\varphi _{2x}\eta _{2x}\varphi _2)\right].`$ (22)
Thus, we obtain the explicit expressions for the transformations for the wave functions, that is, the equations (13) with $`f`$ and $`g`$ given by (21-22). However, this is not the end of story: we have to make sure that the transformed wave functions and fields also satisfy the temporal part of the linear problem. But first we need to obtain the time evolution of $`\tau `$, which is

$$\tau _t=2\lambda (\eta _1^2\eta _2^2)2\eta _{1x}\eta _{2x}u_2\eta _1\eta _2.$$
(23)
Verifying that the new wave functions and new fields obtained under the transformation are indeed the solutions for transformed linear systems is too tedious to perform by pen and paper, but we do check its validity by means of MAPLE. Thus, we obtain a new DT for the HS-KdV system (1). We summarize our results as

Proposition Let $`(\eta _1,\eta _2)`$ be the solutions of the linear systems (7-10) and $`(\varphi _1,\varphi _2)`$ be the solutions of the same linear systems with the spectral parameter $`\mu `$. Let the function $`\tau `$ be defined by equations (12) and (23). Then the new field variables and the new wave functions defined via (11) and (13) with $`f`$ and $`g`$ given by (21) and (22) solve the linear system (7-10) with $`\mu `$ as the spectral parameter.

## 3 DT from reduction

Our DT constructed above is different from the known DT obtained by Leble and Ustinov . Indeed, their DT is of kind classical DT while our one is of kind binary DT: we used both the wave functions and the adjoint wave functions in our construction. Furthermore, our approach is based on Painlevé analysis while they obtain their DT by means of reductions. Noticing these differences, we are interested in constructing a DT for (1) by reducing the binary DT for a general linear problem.

As in , we consider the following linear problem

$$(^2+F+U)\mathrm{\Psi }=\mu \sigma _3\mathrm{\Psi },$$
(24)
where $`\mu `$ is the spectral parameter and

$$F=\left(\begin{array}{cc}f_{11}& f_{12}\\ f_{21}& f_{22}\end{array}\right),U=\left(\begin{array}{cc}u_{11}& u_{12}\\ u_{21}& u_{22}\end{array}\right),\sigma _3=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right).$$
(25)
If

$$F=0,u_{11}=u_{22}=u,u_{12}=u_{21}=v,$$
(26)
above linear problem is equivalent to the spatial part of the linear problem for the HS-KdV system given in last section.

The binary Darboux transformation has been constructed in general case, for example,  contains a detailed discussion on this issue. In the present case, we consider

$$L\mathrm{\Theta }\left[_y\sigma _3(^2+F+U)\right]\mathrm{\Theta }=0,$$
(27)
where $`y`$ is a new independent variable, $`F`$ and $`U`$ are those matrices given by (25). It is easy to see that (24) is a dimension reduction of (27).

What we will do next is to study reduction of the general binary DT and construct a proper DT for HS-KdV system (1). To construct a binary DT. we also need to consider the adjoint linear problem

$$\left[_y(^2F^t+U^t)\sigma _3\right]\mathrm{\Phi }=0.$$
(28)
Now we take $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ as a matrix solution of the linear system (27) and $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ as a matrix solution of the adjoint linear system (28). Then we define a potential matrix by

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_x=\mathrm{\Phi }^t\mathrm{\Theta },$$

here and in the sequel superscript t denotes matrix transposition.

It is known that

$$G=1\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{\Omega }^1^1\mathrm{\Phi }^t$$

satisfies the following equation

$$(_y\sigma _3(^2+\widehat{F}+\widehat{U}))G=G(_y\sigma _3(^2+F+U)),$$

where the hatted matrices $`\widehat{F}`$ and $`\widehat{U}`$ are the $`2\times 2`$ matrices with the new transformed variables. Therefore, one has a binary DT (for wave functions)

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}=G\mathrm{\Psi }$$

in this general case. As argued in , this general DT preserves certain properties of the operator. Therefore, we choose in the sequel the adjoint wave function as

$$\mathrm{\Phi }=A\mathrm{\Theta },A=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ 1& 0\end{array}\right).$$

This reduction is consistent with the DT. Furthermore, a simple calculation shows that under this reduction $`F`$ is not alerted

$$\widehat{F}F=\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{\Omega }^1\mathrm{\Phi }^t\sigma _3\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{\Omega }^1\mathrm{\Phi }^t\sigma _3=0,$$

and the potential matrix $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is found to satisfy

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_x=det(\mathrm{\Theta })A.$$
(29)
We now have a DT for the linear problem (27) with $`F=0`$. Since the HS-KdV system (1) is a $`1+1`$-dimensional system, we have to make further reduction. That is, we need to do dimensional reduction. Furthermore, $`U`$ has to be symmetric and its diagonal entries have to be identical, namely, $`U`$ need to take the form (26). To this end, we take

$$\mathrm{\Theta }=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\theta _1& \theta _2\\ \theta _2& \theta _1\end{array}\right),$$

where $`(\theta _1,\theta _2)`$ is the solution of the following system with $`\mu =\lambda `$

$`\left(\begin{array}{cc}\varphi _1& \\ \varphi _2& \end{array}\right)_{xx}+\left(\begin{array}{cc}u& v\\ v& u\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}\varphi _1& \\ \varphi _2& \end{array}\right)=\mu \sigma _3\left(\begin{array}{cc}\varphi _1& \\ \varphi _2& \end{array}\right),`$
$`\left(\begin{array}{cc}\varphi _1& \\ \varphi _2& \end{array}\right)_t=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{2}u_x& v_x\\ v_x& \frac{1}{2}u_x\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}\varphi _1& \\ \varphi _2& \end{array}\right)+\left(\begin{array}{cc}u+2\mu & 2v\\ 2v& u2\mu \end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}\varphi _1& \\ \varphi _2& \end{array}\right)_x.`$
In this case to show that the general DT is reducible, one has to prove the following identity holds

$$\sigma _3(^2+\widehat{U})(1\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{\Omega }^1^1\mathrm{\Theta }A)=(1\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{\Omega }^1^1\mathrm{\Theta }A)\sigma _3(^2+U),$$

where $`\widehat{U}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\widehat{u}& \widehat{v}\\ \widehat{v}& \widehat{u}\end{array}\right)`$. Above equation yields

$$\widehat{U}U=(\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{\Omega }^1\mathrm{\Theta }A)_x+\sigma _3(\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{\Omega }^1\mathrm{\Theta }A)_x\sigma _3+(\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{\Omega }^1)_x\mathrm{\Theta }A\sigma _3(\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{\Omega }^1)_x\mathrm{\Theta }A\sigma _3,$$
(32)
and

$`\sigma _3(\mathrm{\Theta }_{xx}+U\mathrm{\Theta })\mathrm{\Omega }^1^1\mathrm{\Theta }A\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{\Omega }^1^1(\mathrm{\Theta }_{xx}A\sigma _3+\mathrm{\Theta }A\sigma _3U)+`$
$`+\left[\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{\Omega }^1\mathrm{\Theta }_xA\sigma _3\mathrm{\Theta }\sigma _3\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{\Omega }^1\mathrm{\Theta }A\mathrm{\Theta }_x\right]\mathrm{\Omega }^1^1\mathrm{\Theta }A=0.`$ (33)
The validity of above identity (33) can be checked by straightforward calculation. Thus, we have a DT for the linear problems (24):

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}=(1\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{\Omega }^1^1\mathrm{\Theta }A)\mathrm{\Psi },$$
(34)
and the transformation for $`U`$ is given by (32). This shows that the general Darboux transformation can be reduced to the special case: the HS-KdV case. Of course, we also have to work out the time evolution part of the DT. This can be easily done by means of MAPLE.

To compare this DT with the DT obtained in last section, we rewrite above results in terms of scalars rather than vectors. From the transformation for $`U`$ (32), we readily have

$$\widehat{u}u=2(\mathrm{ln}\rho )_{xx},\widehat{v}v=2\frac{\theta _1\theta _{2x}\theta _{1x}\theta _2}{\rho },$$

where

$$\rho _x=\theta _1^2\theta _2^2,$$

is derived from (29). The transformation (34) for the wave functions is

$$\widehat{\varphi }_1=\varphi _1+\frac{p}{\rho },\widehat{\varphi }_2=\varphi _2+\frac{q}{\rho },$$

where

$`p`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\theta _2}{\lambda +\mu }}(\theta _2\varphi _{1x}\theta _{2x}\varphi _1+\theta _1\varphi _{2x}\theta _{1x}\varphi _2)+{\displaystyle \frac{\theta _1}{\lambda \mu }}(\theta _1\varphi _{1x}\theta _{1x}\varphi _1+\theta _2\varphi _{2x}\theta _{2x}\varphi _2),`$
$`q`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\theta _1}{\lambda +\mu }}(\theta _2\varphi _{1x}\theta _{2x}\varphi _1+\theta _1\varphi _{2x}\theta _{1x}\varphi _2)+{\displaystyle \frac{\theta _2}{\lambda \mu }}(\theta _1\varphi _{1x}\theta _{1x}\varphi _1+\theta _2\varphi _{2x}\theta _{2x}\varphi _2).`$
For the temporal part, we need time evolution for $`\rho `$, which is

$$\rho _t=2\lambda (\theta _1^2+\theta _2^2)+\frac{1}{2}u(\theta _1^2\theta _2^2)+\theta _{1x}^2\theta _{2x}^2.$$

With all these in hand, we can show that the transformed variables and wave functions solve the $`t`$part of the linear problem.

Therefore, we do find a DT for the HS-KdV system. The DT presented in this section seems different from the one obtained in last section, but indeed they are same. To establish the equivalence, we need to do the following transformations

$$\theta _1+\theta _2=f_1,\theta _1\theta _2=f_2,u_2=u,v_1=v,$$

then an easy calculation shows that the DT obtained by reduction is nothing but the one constructed by Painlevé analysis.

## 4 Iterated DT and Exact Solutions

In general, a DT can be iterated and a compact representation of solutions can be derived in terms of some special determinants such as Wronskian, Grammian. We will show that it is also the case for our DT.

We notice that our DT for the wave functions (13) can be written as

$$\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_1=\varphi _1\frac{\eta _1}{\tau }^x\varphi _1\eta _2𝑑x,\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_2=\varphi _2\frac{\eta _2}{\tau }^x\eta _1\varphi _2𝑑x.$$

To do iteration, we take $`N`$ solutions of the linear system (7-10) $`(\eta _1^{[k]},\eta _2^{[k]})`$ with respect to $`\lambda _k`$ $`(k=1,\mathrm{},N)`$. After iterations, we have the new wave functions

$`\varphi _1[N]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\tau [N]}}\left|\begin{array}{cccc}^x\eta _1^{[1]}\eta _2^{[1]}𝑑x& \mathrm{}& ^x\eta _1^{[1]}\eta _2^{[N]}𝑑x& \eta _1^{[1]}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ ^x\eta _1^{[N]}\eta _2^{[1]}𝑑x& \mathrm{}& ^x\eta _1^{[N]}\eta _2^{[N]}𝑑x& \eta _1^{[N]}\\ ^x\varphi _1\eta _2^{[1]}𝑑x& \mathrm{}& ^x\varphi _1\eta _2^{[N]}𝑑x& \varphi _1\end{array}\right|,`$ (39)
$`\varphi _2[N]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\tau [N]}}\left|\begin{array}{cccc}^x\eta _1^{[1]}\eta _2^{[1]}𝑑x& \mathrm{}& ^x\eta _1^{[1]}\eta _2^{[N]}𝑑x& ^x\eta _1^{[1]}\varphi _2𝑑x\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ ^x\eta _1^{[N]}\eta _2^{[1]}𝑑x& \mathrm{}& ^x\eta _1^{[N]}\eta _2^{[N]}𝑑x& ^x\eta _1^{[N]}\varphi _2𝑑x\\ \eta _2^{[1]}& \mathrm{}& \eta _2^{[N]}& \varphi _2\end{array}\right|,`$ (44)
and

$$u[N]=u+2(\mathrm{ln}\tau [N])_{xx}$$

where

$$\tau [N]=det\left(^x\eta _1^{[k]}\eta _2^{[\mathrm{}]}\right).$$

Although after a single DT, the field variable $`v`$ has a very nice representation, we do not have a similar one after iterations. However, if we put $`u=w_x`$, we may solve the first equation of (1) and obtain

$$v^2=\frac{1}{6}(w_{xxx}+3w_x^22w_t).$$

In this way, we can find the transformation for the field $`v`$. Therefore, the solutions for (1) are represented in terms of a Grammian $`\tau [N]`$.

As a final part of this section, we generate solutions for the HS-KdV system (1) by means of our DT. Let consider the simplest case: $`u_2=0`$, $`v_1=c`$ ($`c`$ is an arbitrary constant). Thus we need to solve

$$\begin{array}{cc}\eta _{1xx}=c\eta _1i\lambda \eta _2,\hfill & \eta _{2xx}=c\eta _2+i\lambda \eta _1,\hfill \\ \eta _{1t}=2c\eta _{1x}2i\lambda \eta _{2x},\hfill & \eta _{2t}=2c\eta _{2x}+2i\lambda \eta _{1x},\hfill \end{array}$$

where for convenience we made a scaling for the spectral parameter: $`\lambda i\lambda `$ ($`i^2=1`$). The general solutions of the above system read as

$`\eta _1`$ $`=`$ $`c_1e^{\sqrt{\kappa }(2\kappa t+x)}+c_2e^{\sqrt{\kappa }(2\kappa t+x)}+c_3e^{i\sqrt{\kappa }(2\kappa t+x)}+c_4e^{i\sqrt{\kappa }(2\kappa t+x)},`$ (45)
$`\eta _2`$ $`=`$ $`c_1(c+\kappa )e^{\sqrt{\kappa }(2\kappa t+x)}+c_2(c+\kappa )e^{\sqrt{\kappa }(2\kappa t+x)}`$ (46)
$`+c_3(c\kappa )e^{i\sqrt{\kappa }(2\kappa t+x)}+c_4(c\kappa )e^{i\sqrt{\kappa }(2\kappa t+x)}`$
where $`\kappa ^2=c^2+\lambda ^2`$, $`c_j`$ $`(j=1,\mathrm{},4)`$ are arbitrary constants. Solving

$$\tau _x=\eta _1\eta _2,\tau _t=2i\lambda (\eta _1^2\eta _2^2)2\eta _{1x}\eta _{2x},$$

we find the potential

$`\tau `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\sqrt{\kappa ^2c^2}}}[12\kappa [c_1c_2(c+\kappa )+c_3c_4(\kappa c)]t+2[c_1c_2(c+\kappa )c_3c_4(\kappa c)]x`$ (47)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{c_1^2(c+\kappa )}{2\sqrt{\kappa }}}e^{2\sqrt{\kappa }(2\kappa t+x)}{\displaystyle \frac{c_2^2(c+\kappa )}{2\sqrt{\kappa }}}e^{2\sqrt{\kappa }(2\kappa t+x)}+{\displaystyle \frac{ic_3^2(c\kappa )}{2\sqrt{\kappa }}}e^{2i\sqrt{\kappa }(2\kappa t+x)}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{ic_4^2(c\kappa )}{2\sqrt{\kappa }}}e^{2i\sqrt{\kappa }(2\kappa t+x)}{\displaystyle \frac{(1+i)c_2c_4c}{\sqrt{\kappa }}}e^{\sqrt{\kappa }[2(1+i)\kappa t+(1i)x]}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{(1i)c_2c_3c}{\sqrt{\kappa }}}e^{\sqrt{\kappa }[2(1i)\kappa t+(1+i)x]}+{\displaystyle \frac{(1+i)c_1c_3c}{\sqrt{\kappa }}}e^{\sqrt{\kappa }[2(1+i)\kappa t+(1i)x]}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{(1i)c_1c_4c}{\sqrt{\kappa }}}e^{\sqrt{\kappa }[2(1i)\kappa t+(1+i)x]}]`$
and the solutions for (1) are

$$u=(\mathrm{ln}\tau )_{xx},v=c+\frac{\eta _{1x}\eta _2\eta _1\eta _{2x}}{\tau },$$

where $`\eta _1`$, $`\eta _2`$ and $`\tau `$ are given by (45), (46) and (47) respectively. Our solutions contain the known $`1`$-soliton solutions as special cases. Indeed, by setting $`c_1=c_3=0`$, we arrive at

$`\tau `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ic_2^2}{2}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{(c+\kappa )}{\kappa (\kappa c)}}}e^{2\sqrt{\kappa }(2\kappa t+x)}\left[1+{\displaystyle \frac{2(1+i)cc_4}{c_2(c+\kappa )}}e^\theta +{\displaystyle \frac{ic_4^2(c\kappa )}{c_2^2(c+\kappa )}}e^{2\theta }\right],`$
$`\eta _{1x}\eta _2\eta _1\eta _{2x}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2(i1)\kappa ^{\frac{3}{2}}c_2c_4}{\sqrt{\kappa ^2c^2}}}e^{2\sqrt{\kappa }(2\kappa t+x)}e^\theta `$
where $`\theta =\sqrt{\kappa }[2(1i)\kappa t+(1+i)x]`$. if we further put $`c=0`$, we obtain the $`1`$-soliton solution first found by Hirota and Satsuma . We remark that our DT allows us to construct multi-soliton solutions for HS-KdV system (1).

## 5 Conclusions

In this paper, we constructed a new DT for the HS-KdV system. We notice that our DT is a binary DT while the one constructed by Leble and Ustinov is a classical DT. The situation is similar to the celebrated KdV case. We obtained our DT by using two methods, namely Painlevé analysis and reduction method. In general, one may obtain a Bäcklund transformation if the wave functions involved in a DT are eliminated. Thus, one may ask if it is possible to obtain a Bäcklund transformation from our new DT. We realize that it is not trivial to do this sort of elimination in the present case. On the other hand, we remark that DT is easier to handle than Bäcklund transformation in order to construct explicit solutions.

Acknowledgements. It is our pleasure to thank International Centre for Theoretical Physics for hospitality. The work is supported in part by Ministry of Education of China and National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 1997194).