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# 𝐴_∞-structures, Brill-Noether loci and the Fourier-Mukai transform

## 1. $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures

In this section we present some $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-formalism (for the most part, well-known).

### 1.1. $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-categories and functors

For more details concerning most of the following definitions the reader can consult .

Let $`k`$ be a field. All the categories (and $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-categories) considered below are going to be $`k`$-linear. This means that all morphism spaces are $`k`$-vector spaces and all operations are $`k`$-linear. By the Koszul sign rule we mean the appearance of $`(1)^{\stackrel{~}{a}\stackrel{~}{b}}`$ when switching graded symbols $`a`$ and $`b`$, where we use the notation $`\stackrel{~}{a}=\mathrm{deg}(a)`$.

Definition. (i) An $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-category $`𝒞`$ consists of a class of objects and a collection of graded morphism spaces $`\mathrm{Hom}^{}(O_1,O_2)=\mathrm{Hom}_𝒞^{}(O_1,O_2)`$ for every pair of objects $`O_1`$, $`O_2`$ equipped with the operations

$$m_n:\mathrm{Hom}^{}(O_2,O_1)_k\mathrm{Hom}^{}(O_3,O_2)_k\mathrm{}_k\mathrm{Hom}^{}(O_{n+1},O_n)\mathrm{Hom}^{}(O_{n+1},O_1),$$

where $`n=1,2,3,\mathrm{}`$, homogeneous of degree $`2n`$. These operations satisfy the following $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-constraint:

$$\underset{k+l=n+1}{}\underset{j=1}{\overset{k}{}}(1)^{j+l(kj)+ϵ}m_k(a_1,\mathrm{},a_{j1},m_l(a_j,\mathrm{},a_{j+l1}),a_{j+l},\mathrm{},a_n)=0,$$

where $`n=1,2,3\mathrm{}`$, $`(1)^ϵ`$ comes from the Koszul sign rule ($`m_l`$ gets exchanged with $`a_1,\mathrm{},a_{j1}`$).

(ii) An $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-category $`𝒞`$ is called minimal if $`m_1=0`$.

Below by a non-unital category we mean a version of the notion of a category in which the existence of identity morphisms is not required.

Examples. 1. A (non-unital) dg-category is an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-category with $`m_n=0`$ for $`n>2`$. It can be considered as a non-unital category, such that all morphism spaces are equipped with the structure of complexes and the composition satisfies the Leibnitz rule. On the other hand, every minimal $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-category can be considered as a non-unital category with an additional structure given by higher products.

The most important example of a dg-category is the dg-category of complexes $`\mathrm{Com}(𝒜)`$ over some $`k`$-linear category $`𝒜`$. It is defined as follows (see ). For every pair of complexes $`K^{}`$, $`L^{}`$ we set

$$\mathrm{Hom}^n(K^{},L^{})=\underset{ji=n}{}\mathrm{Hom}_𝒜(K^i,L^j).$$

The differential is given by $`m_1(f)=df(1)^{\stackrel{~}{f}}fd`$ and the composition by $`m_2(f,g)=fg`$.

2. Let $`A`$ be a dg-algebra (resp. dg-coalgebra). Then we can consider left dg-modules (resp. dg-comodules) over $`A`$ as objects of a dg-category. Namely, for a pair of dg-modules (resp. dg-comodules) $`M`$, $`M^{}`$ we set $`\mathrm{Hom}^n(M,M^{})`$ to be the space of maps $`f:MM^{}`$ such that $`f(M_i)M_{i+n}`$ and $`f`$ commutes with the $`A`$-action (resp. coaction) in the graded sense. The differential $`m_1`$ on these spaces and the composition $`m_2`$ are defined by the same formulas as in the previous example. We will denote the dg-category of dg-modules (resp. dg-comodules) over $`A`$ by $`Adg\mathrm{mod}`$ (resp. $`Adg\mathrm{comod}`$). Similarly, one can define the dg-category of right dg-modules $`dg\mathrm{mod}A`$ (resp. $`dg\mathrm{comod}A`$).

Definition. Let $`𝒞`$ be an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-category. The opposite $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-category $`𝒞^{op}`$ has the same objects as $`𝒞`$, the morphism spaces $`\mathrm{Hom}_{𝒞^{op}}^{}(O_1,O_2)=\mathrm{Hom}_𝒞^{}(O_2,O_1)`$, and the operations

$$m_n^{op}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)=(1)^{\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n+1}{2}\right)+1+ϵ}m_n(a_n,\mathrm{},a_1),$$

where $`ϵ`$ is determined by the Koszul sign rule: $`ϵ=_{i<j}\stackrel{~}{a_i}\stackrel{~}{a_j}`$.

It is easy to check that the $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-constraint is indeed satisfied for $`(m_n^{op})`$. The linear and the constant term in the quadratic function defining the sign in $`m_n^{op}`$ are chosen in such a way that $`m_1^{op}=m_1`$ and the sign $`m_2^{op}`$ comes only from the Koszul sign rule.

Definition. An $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functor $`F:𝒞𝒞^{}`$ between $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-categories associates to every object $`O`$ of $`𝒞`$ an object $`F(O)`$ of $`𝒞^{}`$ and to every collection of objects $`O_1,\mathrm{},O_{n+1}`$ in $`𝒞`$, where $`n1`$, a $`k`$-linear map

$$F_n:\mathrm{Hom}_𝒞^{}(O_2,O_1)_k\mathrm{Hom}_𝒞^{}(O_3,O_2)_k\mathrm{}_k\mathrm{Hom}_𝒞^{}(O_{n+1},O_n)\mathrm{Hom}_𝒞^{}^{}(F(O_{n+1}),F(O_1))$$

of degree $`1n`$. These maps are compatible with the operations in $`𝒞`$ and $`𝒞^{}`$ in the following way:

$`{\displaystyle (1)^{ϵ+d(k_{})}m_i(F_{k_1}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_{k_1}),F_{k_2k_1}(a_{k_1+1},\mathrm{},a_{k_2}),\mathrm{},F_{nk_{i1}}(a_{k_{i1}+1},\mathrm{},a_n))}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{k+l=n+1}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{k}{}}}(1)^{ϵ^{}+j1+l(kj)}F_k(a_1,\mathrm{},a_{j1},m_l(a_j,\mathrm{},a_{j+l1}),a_{j+l},\mathrm{},a_n),`$
where in the LHS the summation is taken over all sequences $`0=k_0<k_1<k_2<\mathrm{}<k_{i1}<n`$, $`d(k_{})=_{j=1}^{i1}(ij)(k_jk_{j1}1)`$, $`ϵ`$ and $`ϵ^{}`$ come from the Koszul sign rule.

Definition. Every $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functor $`F:𝒞𝒞^{}`$ defines the opposite $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functor $`F^{op}:𝒞^{op}(𝒞^{})^{op}`$ between the opposite $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-categories by the rule

$$F_n^{op}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)=(1)^{\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n+1}{2}\right)+1+ϵ}F_n(a_n,\mathrm{},a_1),$$

where $`ϵ`$ comes from the Koszul sign rule.

One can define a contravariant $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functor from $`𝒞`$ to $`𝒞^{}`$ as an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functor from $`𝒞`$ to $`(𝒞^{})^{op}`$. By the above example this is equivalent to giving an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functor from $`𝒞^{op}`$ to $`𝒞^{}`$. To avoid confusion in signs we will consider only covariant $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functors, replacing the target by the opposite $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-category when necessary.

Example. Every object $`O`$ of an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-category $`𝒞`$ defines the representable $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functor $`h_O:𝒞\mathrm{Com}(k\mathrm{mod})`$, where $`\mathrm{Com}(k\mathrm{mod})`$ is the dg-category of complexes of $`k`$-vector spaces. Namely, $`h_O(O^{})=\mathrm{Hom}^{}(O,O^{})`$ with the differential $`m_1`$ and

$$h_{O,n}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)(a)=(1)^{(n+1)}m_{n+1}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_n,a).$$

Similarly, we have the representable $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functor $`h_A^{}:𝒞\mathrm{Com}(k\mathrm{mod})^{op}`$ defined by $`h_O^{}(O^{})=(\mathrm{Hom}^{}(O^{},O),m_1)`$,

$$h_{A,n}^{}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)(a)=(1)^{\stackrel{~}{a}(\stackrel{~}{a_1}+\mathrm{}+\stackrel{~}{a_n})}m_{n+1}(a,a_1,\mathrm{},a_n).$$

One can define the composition of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functors (see  3.4, or section 1.3 below) and the notion of a homotopy between two $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functors with the same source and target (for $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-algebras this reduces to the notion of a homotopy between $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-morphisms defined in , 3.7; see also 1.3 below). Using this one can define the notion of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-equivalence between $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-categories. It is known that an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functor $`F:𝒞𝒞^{}`$ is an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-equivalence if and only if $`H^{}F`$ is an equivalence (see ,  for the case of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-algebras).

Definition. (i) Let $`𝒞`$ be an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-category. Then we define the graded non-unital category $`H^{}𝒞`$ and the non-unital category $`H^0𝒞`$ having the same objects as $`𝒞`$ by setting

$$\mathrm{Hom}_{H^{}𝒞}(O,O^{})=H^{}(\mathrm{Hom}_𝒞(O,O^{}),m_1),\mathrm{Hom}_{H^0𝒞}(O,O^{})=H^0(\mathrm{Hom}_𝒞(O,O^{}),m_1)$$

and by considering the composition law induced by $`m_2`$ for these spaces.

(ii) The component $`F_1`$ of an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functor $`F:𝒞𝒞^{}`$ between $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-categories induces the graded non-unital functor $`H^{}F:H^{}𝒞H^{}𝒞^{}`$ and the non-unital functor $`H^0:H^0𝒞H^0𝒞^{}`$.

The following theorem is essentially due to T. V. Kadeishvili (in  only the case of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-algebras is considered, however, the generalization to $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-categories is straightforward). It was rediscovered several times in different contexts, see  and references therein.

###### Theorem 1.1.

Let $`𝒞`$ be an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-category. Then there exists an extension of the structure of graded non-unital category on $`H^{}𝒞`$ to that of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-category, such that $`H^{}𝒞`$ with this structure is $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-equivalent to $`𝒞`$. More precisely, there exists an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functor $`F:𝒞H^{}𝒞`$ such that $`H^{}F`$ is the identity functor on $`H^{}𝒞`$.

Note that an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure on $`H^{}𝒞`$ constructed in the above theorem is not unique. However, all these structures are homotopic in the sense of the following definition.

Definition. Let $`𝒞`$ and $`𝒞^{}`$ be two minimal $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-categories. An $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functor $`F:𝒞𝒞^{}`$ is called a homotopy if the functor $`H^{}F`$ is the identity.

In other words, if there is a homotopy $`F:𝒞𝒞^{}`$ then $`𝒞`$ and $`𝒞^{}`$ should have the same objects and the same spaces of morphisms but possibly different sets of operations $`m=(m_n)`$ and $`m^{}=(m_n^{})`$. The fact that $`F_1`$ is the identity together with the minimality assumption implies that $`m_2=m_2^{}`$, i.e. $`𝒞`$ and $`𝒞^{}`$ coincide as usual (non-unital) categories. Changing the point of view, we can consider $`m`$ and $`m^{}`$ as two minimal $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures on a non-unital category $`𝒞`$ and say that $`F`$ is a homotopy from the $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure $`m`$ to $`m^{}`$. In fact, it is easy to see that for every $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-category $`𝒞`$ and every collection of morphisms

$$F_n:\mathrm{Hom}_𝒞^{}(O_2,O_1)_k\mathrm{Hom}_𝒞^{}(O_3,O_2)_k\mathrm{}_k\mathrm{Hom}_𝒞^{}(O_{n+1},O_n)\mathrm{Hom}_𝒞^{}(F(O_{n+1}),F(O_1))$$

of degree $`1n`$, where $`n=2,3,\mathrm{}`$, there exists a unique $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure $`m^{}=(m_n^{})`$ on $`𝒞`$, such that $`F`$ defines a homotopy from $`m`$ to $`m^{}`$ (see ). We will use the notation $`m^{}=m+\delta (F)`$ for this new $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure.

Note that composition of two homotopies is again a homotopy. It is easy to see that with respect to this composition the set of all homotopies for a given non-unital category $`𝒞`$ forms a group acting on the set of all minimal $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures on $`𝒞`$ with $`m_2`$ given by the composition in $`𝒞`$.

### 1.2. $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures on derived categories

Let $`𝒜`$ be a $`k`$-linear abelian category with enough injective objects. Then one can equip the derived category $`D^+(𝒜)`$ of bounded below complexes with a canonical structure (up to a homotopy) of minimal $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-category such that $`m_2`$ is the standard composition in $`D^+(𝒜)`$. More precisely, first, one has to make a graded category out of $`D^+(𝒜)`$ by taking

$$\mathrm{Hom}^{}(K,K^{})=_i\mathrm{Hom}_{D(𝒜)}^i(K,K^{})$$

as morphism spaces, where $`\mathrm{Hom}_{D(𝒜)}^i(K,K^{})=\mathrm{Hom}_{D(𝒜)}(K,K^{}[i])`$. Let us denote this graded category by $`D_{}^+(𝒜)`$. Then there is a canonical homotopy class of minimal $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures on $`D_{}^+(𝒜)`$ with $`m_2`$ equal to the standard composition. It is constructed as follows. As is well-known (see , III, 5.20), the category $`D^+(𝒜)`$ is equivalent to the homotopy category $`H^0\mathrm{Com}^+()`$ of complexes of injective objects in $`𝒜`$ bounded below (here $``$ denotes the subcategory of injective objects in $`𝒜`$). This category is obtained by taking $`H^0`$ from the dg-category $`\mathrm{Com}^+()`$ of complexes. Similarly, the $``$-graded category $`D_{}^+(𝒜)`$ is equivalent to $`H^{}\mathrm{Com}^+()`$. Now applying Theorem 1.1 we get a canonical homotopy class of minimal $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures on $`H^{}\mathrm{Com}^+()`$.

We can restrict the above $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure on $`D_{}^+(𝒜)`$ to the subcategory $`D_{}^b(𝒜)`$.

It is natural to ask whether the canonical homotopy class of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures on $`D_{}^b(𝒜)`$ constructed above, contains the trivial one (with $`m_n=0`$ for $`n>2`$). The examples of computations of Massey products (see ) show that for derived categories of coherent sheaves on projective curves this is not the case—otherwise all these Massey products would vanish. This implies that similar non-triviality holds for an arbitrary projective variety of dimension $`1`$. However, in Theorem 0.1 we assert that in some cases the part of the $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure on $`D_{}^b(C)`$ (where $`C`$ is a curve) responsible for the variation of cohomology near given stable vector bundle, is homotopically trivial in the above sense.

### 1.3. Bar construction and $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-modules

Bar construction is a convenient tool to record the $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-data. In particular, it explains the signs arising in $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-definitions and allows to define $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-morphisms and homotopies between them in a concise way.

Definition. Let $`A`$ be an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-algebra over $`k`$. Its bar construction is the space

$$\mathrm{Bar}(A)=T(A[1])=_{n0}(A[1])^n$$

considered as a cofree (coassociative) coalgebra (with counit) with the coderivation $`b_A:\mathrm{Bar}(A)\mathrm{Bar}(A)`$ of degree $`1`$ whose components $`b_n:(A[n])^nA[1]`$, $`n1`$, are defined by the products $`m_n`$ via the following commutative diagram

(1.3.1)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}A^n& \text{}& A\\ \text{}& & \text{}\\ (A[1])^n& \text{}& A[1]\end{array}$$

where $`s:AA[1]`$ is the canonical map of degree $`1`$.

Note that when the map $`b_n`$ applied to elements of $`(A[n])^n`$ is expressed in terms of $`m_n`$, some signs will arise because of the Koszul sign rule:

$$b_n(s(a_1)\mathrm{}s(a_n))=(1)^{(n1)\stackrel{~}{a_1}+(n2)\stackrel{~}{a_2}+\mathrm{}+\stackrel{~}{a_{n1}}}s(m_n(a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)).$$

The $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-constraint is equivalent to the statement that $`b_A^2=0`$ (see ), thus we can consider $`(\mathrm{Bar}(A),b_A)`$ as a dg-coalgebra.

The importance of the bar construction ia due to the fact that an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-morphism between $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-algebras $`f:AA^{}`$ is the same as a morphism of dg-coalgebras $`F:\mathrm{Bar}(A)\mathrm{Bar}(A^{})`$: one should just take the components $`f_n:A^nA^{}`$ and make the map $`\mathrm{Bar}(A)A^{}[1]`$ out of them as above. This interpretation leads to a natural definition of the composition of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-morphisms between $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-algebras.

Definition. A homotopy between a pair of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-morphisms $`f,g:AA^{}`$ of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-algebras is the morphism $`H:\mathrm{Bar}(A)\mathrm{Bar}(A^{})`$ of degree $`1`$ such that

$$\mathrm{\Delta }H=(FH+HG)\mathrm{\Delta },$$

$$FG=bH+Hb,$$

where $`F,G:\mathrm{Bar}(A)\mathrm{Bar}(A^{})`$ are morphisms of coalgebras corresponding to $`f`$ and $`g`$.

The first condition in this definition allows to recover a homotopy $`H`$ from its component $`\mathrm{Bar}(A)A^{}`$, so $`H`$ corresponds to a collection of maps $`h_n:A^nA^{}`$ of degree $`n`$, $`n1`$, satisfying some equations. It turns out that for $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-algebras over a field $`k`$ the homotopy between $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-morphisms is an equivalence relation (see ). One can also consider the corresponding notion of homotopy equivalence between $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-algebras. The following important theorem was proven by Kadeishvili (see ,) and independently by Prouté (see ). An $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-morphism $`f=(f_n):AB`$ between $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-algebras is called a quasiisomorphism if the corresponding map $`H^{}f_1:H^{}AH^{}B`$ is an isomorphism.

###### Theorem 1.2.

Every quasiisomorphism of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-algebras is a homotopy equivalence.

We leave to the reader to define the bar construction of an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-category and the notion of homotopy between $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functors imitating the above definitions for $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-categories. The analogue of the above theorem holds also for $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-categories.

Definition. A (left) $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-module $`M`$ over an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-algebra $`A`$ is a graded vector space over $`k`$ equipped with $`k`$-linear operations

$$m_n^M:A^{(n1)}_kMM$$

of degree $`2n`$, where $`n1`$, satisfying the $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-constraint. Equivalently, one can say that an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-module $`M`$ over $`A`$ is the same as an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-category $`𝒞_M`$ with two objects $`X,Y`$ such that $`\mathrm{Hom}^{}(Y,Y)=A`$, $`\mathrm{Hom}(X,Y)=M`$, $`\mathrm{Hom}(Y,X)=0`$, $`\mathrm{Hom}(X,X)=0`$.

It is easy to see that the structure of an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-module over $`A`$ on a graded $`k`$-vector space $`M`$ is equivalent to the datum of a differential $`b_M`$ of degree $`1`$ on a cofree $`\mathrm{Bar}(A)`$-comodule

$$\mathrm{Bar}(M):=\mathrm{Bar}(A)_kM[1]$$

such that $`(\mathrm{Bar}(M),b_M)`$ is a dg-comodule over $`(\mathrm{Bar}(A),b_A)`$, i.e. $`b_M^2=0`$ and the pair $`(b_M,b_A)`$ satisfies the co-Leibnitz rule. The explicit formula for the cogenerating components of $`b=b_M`$ is

$$b_n(s(a_1)\mathrm{}s(a_{n1})s(x))=(1)^{(n1)\stackrel{~}{a_1}+(n2)\stackrel{~}{a_2}+\mathrm{}+\stackrel{~}{a_{n1}}}s(m_n(a_1,\mathrm{},a_{n1},x)),$$

where $`xM`$, $`a_1,\mathrm{},a_{n1}A`$.

Definition. A closed morphism of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-modules $`f:MM^{}`$ over an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-algebra $`A`$ is defined as a sequence of maps $`f_n:A^{(n1)}_kMM^{}`$ of degree $`1n`$ (where $`n1`$), such that the data $`(f:MM^{},\mathrm{id}:AA)`$ defines an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functor $`𝒞_M𝒞_M^{}`$ identical on objects.

Again we can interpret this notion in terms of the bar constructions: an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-morphism $`MM^{}`$ is the same as a closed morphism of dg-comodules $`\mathrm{Bar}(M)\mathrm{Bar}(M^{})`$ over $`\mathrm{Bar}(A)`$. Here we equip dg-comodules over $`\mathrm{Bar}(A)`$ with the structure of a dg-category as in section 1.1. More generally, using the correspondence between $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-modules over $`A`$ and dg-comodules over $`\mathrm{Bar}(A)`$, we will consider $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-modules over $`A`$ as objects of a dg-category denoted by $`A\mathrm{mod}_{\mathrm{}}`$. By the definition, the map $`M\mathrm{Bar}(M)`$ defines a dg-functor $`A\mathrm{mod}_{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{Bar}(A)dg\mathrm{comod}`$.

Finally, let us quote the following important theorem (see , 4.2).

###### Theorem 1.3.

Let $`f:MM^{}`$ be a closed $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-morphism of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-modules. If $`f`$ is a quasiisomorphism (i.e., induces an isomorphism $`H^{}(M,m_1)H^{}(M^{},m_1)`$), then $`f`$ is a homotopy equivalence.

## 2. $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structures and formal deformations

### 2.1. Completed cobar construction and the canonical deformation of an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-module

Let $`B`$ be a dg-coalgebra over $`k`$, $`d:BB`$ be the corresponding differential of degree $`1`$. Then there is a natural structure of dg-algebra on the dual graded vector space $`B^{}`$. Namely, we define the differential $`d:B^{}B^{}`$ such that for an element $`b^{}B^{}`$ one has $`(db^{})(b)=(1)^{\stackrel{~}{b}}b^{}(db)`$. The multiplication on $`B^{}`$ is given by the following composition

$$B^{}B^{}(BB)^{}\stackrel{\mathrm{\Delta }^{}}{}B^{},$$

where $`\mathrm{\Delta }:BBB`$ is the comultiplication. Thus, for $`b_1^{},b_2^{}B^{}`$ one has

$$(b_1^{}b_2^{})(b)=\underset{i}{}(1)^{\stackrel{~}{b_i}\stackrel{~}{b_i^{}}}b_1^{}(b_i)b_2^{}(b_i^{}),$$

where $`\mathrm{\Delta }(b)=_ib_ib_i^{}`$. In the case $`B`$ has a counit $`ϵ:Bk`$, the dual map $`ϵ^{}:kB^{}`$ will be a unit for $`B^{}`$.

Let $`A`$ be an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-algebra. Applying the above construction to the dg-coalgebra structure on $`\mathrm{Bar}(A)`$ we obtain a dg-algebra structure on the dual space $`C(A):=\mathrm{Bar}(A)^{}`$ with the differential $`c_A`$ induced by $`b_A`$ as above. We will call $`C(A)`$ the completed cobar construction of $`A`$. In particular, we obtain the associative algebra structure (with a unit) on

$$A^!=H^0(C(A),c_A)H^0(\mathrm{Bar}(A),b_A)^{}.$$

Our notation is motivated by the non-homogeneous quadratic duality: if $`A=kA_+`$ is a quadratic dg-algebra (i.e. $`A`$ is generated by $`A_1`$ as a $`k`$-algebra and the defining relations are quadratic), then $`(A_+)^!`$ is a completion of the quadratic-linear algebra dual to $`A`$ (see ).

###### Proposition 2.1.

An $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-morphism $`f:AB`$ between $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-algebras induces a homomorphism $`f^!:B^!A^!`$ of associative algebras. This correspondence extends to a contravariant functor from the homotopy category of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-algebras to the category of associative algebras.

Proof. By the definition, homotopy classes of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-maps $`f:AB`$ are in bijection with homotopy classes of homomorphisms of dg-coalgebras $`\mathrm{Bar}(A)\mathrm{Bar}(B)`$. It remains to use the natural functor $`CH^0(C)^{}`$ from the homotopy category of coalgebras to the category of associative algebras. ∎

For a pair of graded $`k`$-vector spaces $`V`$ and $`W`$ we set

$$\mathrm{Hom}_{gr}(V,W)=_n\mathrm{Hom}(V,W)_n$$

where $`\mathrm{Hom}(V,W)_n=_i\mathrm{Hom}(V_i,V_{i+n})`$.

Let $`M`$ be an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-module over $`A`$. Then we can define a canonical differential $`c_M`$ on

$$C(M)=\mathrm{Hom}_{gr}(\mathrm{Bar}(A),M)$$

which makes $`(C(M),c_M)`$ into a right dg-module over the dg-algebra $`C(A)`$ via some natural right action of $`C(A)`$ on $`C(M)`$. Let us state this construction in slightly more general terms.

###### Proposition 2.2.

Let $`(B,d)`$ be a dg-coalgebra with a counit, $`M`$ be a vector space. Consider the dual dg-algebra $`(B^{},d)`$. Then every dg-comodule differential $`d_M:BMBM`$ on a free $`B`$-comodule $`BM`$ induces naturally a dg-module differential $`d_M^{}:\mathrm{Hom}_{gr}(B,M)\mathrm{Hom}_{gr}(B,M)`$, where $`\mathrm{Hom}_{gr}(B,M)`$ is considered as a right $`B^{}`$-module via the action

$$(\varphi b^{})=(\varphi b^{})\mathrm{\Delta },$$

where $`\varphi \mathrm{Hom}_{gr}(B,M)`$, $`b^{}B^{}`$, $`\varphi b^{}`$ is considered as map from $`BB`$ to $`Mk=M`$. This construction extends to a dg-functor from the dg-category of dg-comodules over $`B`$ that are free as $`B`$-comodules to $`dg\mathrm{mod}B^{}`$.

Proof. The differential $`d_M`$ is uniquely determined by its component $`\overline{d}_M:BMM`$. Namely, we have

$$d_M(bm)=(\mathrm{id}_B\overline{d}_M)(\mathrm{\Delta }(b)m)+dbm.$$

The condition $`d_M^2=0`$ is equivalent to $`\overline{d}d_M=0`$, i.e.

(2.1.1)
$$\underset{i}{}(1)^{\stackrel{~}{b_i}}\overline{d}_M(b_i\overline{d}_M(b_i^{}m))+\overline{d}_M(dbm),$$

where $`\mathrm{\Delta }(b)=_ib_ib_i^{}`$, $`mM`$. Now we define $`d_M^{}`$ by the formula

$$d_M^{}(\varphi )(b)=\underset{i}{}(1)^{\stackrel{~}{b_i}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}\overline{d}_M(b_i\varphi (b_i^{}))(1)^{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}\varphi (db)$$

where $`\varphi \mathrm{Hom}_{gr}(B,M)`$ is a homogeneous element. It is easy to see that $`c`$ is a derivation of $`\mathrm{Hom}_{gr}(B,M)`$ as a right dg-module over $`C(B)`$. The condition $`(d_M^{})^2=0`$ follows easily from the equation (2.1.1) using coassociativity of $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$.

Every morphism of $`B`$-comodules $`f:BMBM^{}`$ is uniquely determined by its component $`\overline{f}:BMM^{}`$. We define the corresponding morphism of right $`B^{}`$-modules $`f^{}:\mathrm{Hom}_{gr}(B,M)\mathrm{Hom}_{gr}(B,M^{})`$ by

$$f^{}(\varphi )(b)=\underset{i}{}(1)^{\stackrel{~}{\beta _i}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}\overline{f}(b_i\varphi (b_i^{})).$$

This gives the required dg-functor. ∎

We apply this construction to $`B=\mathrm{Bar}(A)`$ and the differential $`d_M=b_M`$ on $`BM`$ corresponding to the $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-module structure on $`M`$, and call the obtained right dg-module $`(C(M),c_M)`$ over the dg-algebra $`C(A)`$ the completed cobar construction of $`M`$.

Now let us assume that an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-algebra $`A`$ is concentrated in positive degrees: $`A=_{n1}A_n`$. Then $`\mathrm{Bar}(A)`$ is concentrated in nonnegative degrees, while $`C(A)`$ is concentrated in nonpositive degrees. Hence, in this case we have a surjective homomorphism of algebras

$$C(A)H^0(C(A))=A^!.$$

In fact, in this case the algebra $`C(A)_0`$

$$C(A)_0=\underset{n0}{}(A_1^n)^{}$$

is a completion of the tensor algebra and $`A^!`$ is the quotient of $`C(A)_0`$ by the two-sided ideal generated by the image of the map

$$A_2^{}\underset{n0}{}(A_1^n)^{}$$

with components dual to the maps

$$(1)^{\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{2}\right)}m_n:A_1^nA_2,n1.$$

Let $`M=_nM_n`$ be an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-module over $`A`$ such that all the spaces $`M_n`$ are finite-dimensional (in this case we say that $`M`$ is locally finite-dimensional). We are going to define a natural $`A^!`$-linear differential of degree $`1`$ on the free right $`A^!`$-module $`MA^!`$. In the case when $`M`$ is finite-dimensional this differential can be immediately obtained from the completed cobar construction of $`M`$. Namely, in this case $`C(M)MC(A)`$, so we get a dg-module structure on the free right $`C(A)`$-module $`MC(A)`$. Tensoring with $`A^!=H_0(C(A))`$ over $`C(A)`$ we obtain an $`A^!`$-linear differential on $`MA^!`$. In the general case when only graded components of $`M_n`$ are finite-dimensional we have to take the dual route. First, we claim that the embedding $`H^0\mathrm{Bar}(A)\mathrm{Bar}(A)`$ is a morphism of dg-coalgebras. Let us set $`B=\mathrm{Bar}(A)`$ for brevity. Then we have $`H^0B=\mathrm{ker}(b:B_0B_1)`$, hence $`\mathrm{\Delta }(H^0B)`$ is contained in

$$\mathrm{ker}(B_0B_0\text{}B_1B_0B_0B_1)=H^0BH^0B$$

which proves our claim. This implies that the subspace $`H^0BMBM`$ is preserved by the differential $`b_M`$. Applying the construction of Proposition 2.2 to the coalgebra $`H^0B`$ (with zero differential) we obtain the $`A^!`$-linear differential on

$$\mathrm{Hom}_{gr}(H^0B,M)=_n\mathrm{Hom}(H^0B,M_n)=MA^!$$

(the last equality follows from the fact that $`M_n`$ are finite-dimensional). We will denote this differential by $`c_M`$ and the complex of $`A^!`$-modules $`(MA^!,c_M)`$ by $`M_{A^!}`$. Note that $`A^!`$ has a natural augmentation $`A^!k`$ and tensoring $`M_{A^!}`$ with $`k`$ over $`A^!`$ we obtain the complex $`(M,m_1)`$. So the differential $`c_M`$ can be considered as a deformation of the differential $`m_1`$ on $`M`$.

Let us write the explicit formula for the differential $`c_M`$ assuming for simplicity that $`A_1`$ has countable dimension. Let $`(e_1,e_2,\mathrm{})`$ be a basis of $`A_1`$, $`(e_1^{},e_2^{},\mathrm{})`$ be the dual vectors in $`A_1^{}`$, so that elements of $`A_1^{}`$ are infinite series $`_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}c_ne_n^{}`$. Then we have

(2.1.2)
$$c_M(xr)=\underset{n0;i_1,\mathrm{},i_n}{}(1)^{\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n+1}{2}\right)}m_{n+1}(e_{i_1},\mathrm{},e_{i_n},x)e_{i_1}^{}\mathrm{}e_{i_n}^{}r$$

where $`xM`$, $`rA^!`$. This infinite series makes sense as an element of $`MA^!`$ since $`M`$ is locally finite-dimensional. Note that using this notation we can write the defining relation in $`A^!`$ as follows:

(2.1.3)
$$\underset{n1;i_1,\mathrm{},i_n}{}(1)^{\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{2}\right)}m_n(e_{i_1},\mathrm{},e_{i_n})e_{i_1}^{}\mathrm{}e_{i_n}^{}=0$$

in $`A_2A^!`$.

###### Proposition 2.3.

The map $`MM_{A^!}`$ extends to a dg-functor $`A\mathrm{mod}_{\mathrm{}}^{lf}\mathrm{Com}(\mathrm{mod}A^!)`$, where $`A\mathrm{mod}_{\mathrm{}}^{lf}`$ is the category of locally finite-dimensional $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-modules.

Proof. Let $`M`$ and $`M^{}`$ be $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-modules over $`A`$. A degree $`n`$ morphism of $`\mathrm{Bar}(A)`$-comodules $`f:\mathrm{Bar}(A)M\mathrm{Bar}(A)M^{}`$ is determined by its component $`\overline{f}:\mathrm{Bar}(A)MM^{}`$. It induces a degree $`n`$ map

$$f^{}:M\mathrm{Hom}_{gr}(H^0\mathrm{Bar}(A),M^{})M^{}A^!$$

such that $`f^{}(m)(b)=\overline{f}(bm)`$ for $`mM`$, $`bH^0\mathrm{Bar}(A)`$. We define the value of our functor on $`f`$ to be the corresponding morphism of free $`A^!`$-modules $`MA^!M^{}A^!`$. It is easy to check that this is indeed a dg-functor. ∎

Definition. Let $`(A,M)`$ and $`(A^{},M^{})`$ be two pairs each consisting of an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-algebra and an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-module over it. We define an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-map $`f:(A,M)(A^{},M^{})`$ as an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functor between the corresponding $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-categories with two objects. A homotopy between two such $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-maps is defined as a homotopy between the corresponding $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functors.

Thus, we can consider the homotopy category of pairs $`(A,M)`$. Let us also consider pairs of the form $`(C,K)`$ where $`C`$ is an associative algebra, $`K`$ is a complex of right $`C`$-modules. We define a morphism $`(C,K)(C^{},K^{})`$ between such pairs as a pair $`(\alpha ,\beta )`$, where $`\alpha :CC^{}`$ is a homomorphism of algebras, $`\beta :K^{}K_CC^{}`$ is a morphism in the homotopy category of complexes of $`C^{}`$-modules. The Proposition 2.1 can be extended to pairs $`(A,M)`$ as follows.

###### Proposition 2.4.

The map $`(A,M)(A^!,M_{A^!})`$ extends to a contravariant functor from the homotopy category of pairs $`(A,M)`$, such that $`A`$ is a positively graded $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-algebra and $`M`$ is a locally finite-dimensional $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-module over it, to the category of homotopy category of pairs consisting of an associative algebra and a complex of right modules over it.

Proof. A homotopy class of maps $`(A,M)(A^{},M^{})`$ defines a coalgebra homomorphism $`H^0\mathrm{Bar}(A)H^0\mathrm{Bar}(A^{})`$ and a homotopy class of compatible comodule morphisms

$$H^0\mathrm{Bar}(A)MH^0\mathrm{Bar}(B)M^{}.$$

The former map induces a homomorphism of algebras $`(A^{})^!A^!`$. We can use the component $`H^0\mathrm{Bar}(A)MM^{}`$ of the latter map to define a map $`MM^{}A^!`$ as in the proof of Proposition 2.3. The corresponding map of free $`A^!`$-modules $`MA^!M^{}A^!`$ is the required chain map $`M_{A^!}M_{(A^{})^!}^{}_{(A^{})^!}A^!`$. ∎

### 2.2. The canonical deformation of a representable $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functor

###### Proposition 2.5.

Let $`𝒞`$ be an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-category, $`O`$ be an object of $`𝒞`$. Then $`A=\mathrm{Hom}_𝒞^{}(O,O)`$ has a natural structure of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-algebra and the representable $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functor $`h_O^{}:𝒞\mathrm{Com}(k\mathrm{mod})^{op}`$ factors as the composition of an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functor $`H_O^{}:𝒞A\mathrm{mod}_{\mathrm{}}^{op}`$ with the forgetting dg-functor $`A\mathrm{mod}_{\mathrm{}}^{op}\mathrm{Com}(k\mathrm{mod})^{op}`$.

Proof. The structure of an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-algebra on $`A`$ and of an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-module on $`\mathrm{Hom}_𝒞^{}(X,O)`$ is simply given by the operations in $`𝒞`$. To define an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functor $`H_O^{}`$ extending $`h_O^{}`$ we have to define for every sequence $`(x_1:X_1X_0,\mathrm{},x_p:X_pX_{p1})`$ of morphisms in $`𝒞`$ a morphism

$$H_{O,p}^{}(x_1,\mathrm{},x_p):\mathrm{Hom}_𝒞^{}(X_0,O)\mathrm{Hom}_𝒞^{}(X_p,O)$$

in the dg-category of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-modules over $`A`$. Such a morphism corresponds to a morphism of $`\mathrm{Bar}(A)`$-comodules

$$\mathrm{Bar}(A)\mathrm{Hom}_𝒞^{}(X_0,O)[1]\mathrm{Bar}(A)\mathrm{Hom}_𝒞^{}(X_p,O)[1].$$

By the definition, this morphism is obtained by substituting $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_p`$ in the component

$$\mathrm{Bar}(A)\mathrm{Hom}_𝒞^{}(X_0,O)[1]\mathrm{Hom}_𝒞^{}(X_1,X_0)[1]\mathrm{}\mathrm{Hom}_𝒞^{}(X_p,X_{p1})[1]\mathrm{Bar}(A)\mathrm{Hom}_𝒞^{}(X_p,O)[1]$$

of the differential in the bar construction of $`𝒞`$. Thus, the components of $`H_{O,p}^{}(x_1,\mathrm{},x_p)`$ have form

$$H_{O,p}^{}(x_1,\mathrm{},x_p)_n(a_1,\mathrm{},a_{n1},x)=\pm m_{n+p}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_{n1},x,x_1,\mathrm{},x_p),$$

where $`x\mathrm{Hom}_𝒞^{}(X_0,O)`$, $`a_1,\mathrm{},a_{n1}A=\mathrm{Hom}_𝒞^{}(O,O)`$. It is not difficult to check that the axioms of an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functor are satisfied. ∎

Let $`O`$ be an object of an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-category $`𝒞`$.

Definition. Let us define the associative $`k`$-algebra $`R(O)`$ (with a unit) by setting $`R(O)=(\mathrm{Hom}^{}(O,O)_+)^!`$, where $`\mathrm{Hom}^{}(O,O)_+=_{n1}\mathrm{Hom}^n(O,O)`$.

As we have seen above, $`R(O)`$ actually depends only on $`\mathrm{Hom}^1(O,O)`$, $`\mathrm{Hom}^2(O,O)`$ and the operations $`m_n:T^n\mathrm{Hom}^1(O,O)\mathrm{Hom}^2(O,O)`$.

Composing the representable $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functor $`h_O^{}:𝒞Hom^{}(O,O)_+\mathrm{mod}_{\mathrm{}}^{op}`$ with the dg-functor $`M(M_kR(O),c_M)`$ defined in Proposition 2.3, we obtain the $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functor

$$F_O:𝒞\mathrm{Com}(\mathrm{mod}R(O))^{op}.$$

By the definition we have

$$F_O(O^{})=\mathrm{Hom}^{}(O^{},O)R(O)$$

with the differential given by (2.1.2). The formula for the structure of an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functor has form

$$F_{O,p}(x_1,\mathrm{},x_p)(xr)=\underset{n0;i_1,\mathrm{},i_n}{}\pm m_{p+n+1}(e_{i_1},\mathrm{},e_{i_n},x,x_1,\mathrm{},x_p)e_{i_1}^{}\mathrm{}e_{i_n}^{}r.$$

Note that the composition of $`F_O`$ with the dg-functor $`\mathrm{Com}(\mathrm{mod}R(O))^{op}\mathrm{Com}(\mathrm{mod}k)^{op}`$ given by $`MM_{R(O)}k`$ is exactly the representable $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functor $`h_O^{}`$. Also, the terms of all the complexes $`F_O(O^{})`$ are free $`R(O)`$-modules. Thus, we can consider $`F_O`$ as a formal deformation of the functor $`h_O^{}`$.

In particular, for every object $`O^{}`$ such that $`\mathrm{Hom}^{}(O^{},O^{})`$ and $`\mathrm{Hom}^{}(O^{},O)`$ are concentrated in degree $`0`$, we get a formal deformation of the structure of right $`\mathrm{Hom}^0(O^{},O^{})`$-module on $`\mathrm{Hom}^0(O^{},O)_kR(O)`$: the deformed action of $`a\mathrm{Hom}^0(O^{},O^{})`$ is given by $`F_{O,1}(a)`$.

Proposition 2.1 easily implies that under a homotopy of the $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure the algebra $`R(O)`$ gets replaced to an isomorphic one. Moreover, one can check that under this isomorphism the functor $`F_O`$ gets replaced by a homotopic one.

Example. Let $`A`$ be a complete local Noetherian commutative $`k`$-algebra with the residue field $`k`$. Consider the derived category $`D_{}^b(R\mathrm{mod})`$ and equip it with $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure as in 1.2. Let $`{}_{A}{}^{}k`$ denote $`k`$ considered as an $`A`$-module. Then there is an isomorphism of $`k`$-algebras $`R({}_{A}{}^{}k)A`$.

### 2.3. Computation for derived categories

Now we consider the derived category $`𝒞=D_{}^+(𝒜)`$, where $`𝒜`$ is an abelian category with enough injectives, so that $`𝒞`$ has a minimal $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure introduced in section 1.2. Let $`O`$ be an object of $`D^+(𝒜)`$. We want to compute the value of the corresponding functor $`F_O`$ on an object $`QD^b(𝒜)`$ using certain adapted resolution. Namely, let us assume that there exists a bounded above complex

$$P^{}:\mathrm{}P^{n1}P^n$$

which is quasiisomorphic to $`Q`$, such that for every $`i`$ the space $`\mathrm{Hom}_{D(𝒜)}^{}(P^i,O)`$ is concentrated in degree $`0`$ (for example, below we will consider the situation where $`O`$ is a coherent sheaf on a projective scheme and $`P^i`$ are sufficiently negative vector bundles). Then $`F_O(P^i)=\mathrm{Hom}_{D(𝒜)}^0(P^i,O)R(O)`$ and we have a complex of $`R(O)`$-modules

(2.3.1)
$$F_O(P^n)F_O(P^{n1})\mathrm{}$$

with the differentials induced by the morphisms $`P^iP^{i+1}`$.

###### Theorem 2.6.

In the above situation the complex of $`R(O)`$-modules $`F_O(Q)`$ is quasiisomorphic to the complex (2.3.1).

Proof. Let $`OI^{}`$, $`P^{}J^{}`$ be quasiisomorphisms with the complexes of injective objects bounded below. We have a homotopy equivalence of pairs

$$(\mathrm{Hom}_{D(𝒜)}^{}(O,O),\mathrm{Hom}_{D(𝒜)}^{}(Q,O))(A,\stackrel{~}{M})$$

with $`A:=\mathrm{tot}\mathrm{Hom}_𝒜(I^{},I^{})`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{M}:=\mathrm{tot}\mathrm{Hom}_𝒜(J^{},I^{})`$, where $`\mathrm{tot}`$ denotes the convolution of a bicomplex. Therefore, by Proposition 2.4 we get an isomorphism $`R(O)A^!`$ and the homotopy equivalence of complexes $`F_O(Q)\stackrel{~}{M}_{A^!}`$. The morphism of complexes $`P^{}J^{}`$ induces a quasiisomorphism of dg-modules over $`A`$:

$$\stackrel{~}{M}M:=\mathrm{tot}\mathrm{Hom}_𝒜(P^{},I^{}).$$

It follows that $`\stackrel{~}{M}_{A^!}`$ and $`M_{A^!}`$ are homotopically equivalent as $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-modules over $`A`$ (see Theorem 1.3).

Now we observe that $`M_{A^!}`$ is the total complex associated with the bicomplex of $`A^!`$-modules

$$(:=_{i,j}M^{i,j}A^!,_1,_2)$$

where $`M^{i,j}=\mathrm{Hom}_𝒜(J^i,I^j)`$, the differential $`_1`$ is the $`A^!`$-linear map induced by the standard map $`M^{i,j}M^{i+1,j}`$, while the differential $`_2`$ is induced by the structures of dg-modules over $`A`$ on the complexes $`M^{i,}`$. Thus, the rows of this bicomplex are exactly the complexes $`M_{A^!}^{i,}`$. Our assumption that $`\mathrm{Hom}_{D(𝒜)}^{}(P^i,O)=\mathrm{Hom}_{D(𝒜)}^0(P^i,O)`$ implies that the cohomology of $`M_{A^!}^{i,}`$ is concentrated in degree $`0`$. Therefore, the embedding of complexes of $`A^!`$-modules

$$(H^0(,_2),_1)\mathrm{tot}=(,_1+_2)$$

is a quasiisomorphism. Finally, we note that for every $`i`$ there is an isomorphism $`H^0(M_{A^!}^{i,})\mathrm{Hom}_{D(𝒜)}(P^i,O)R(O)=F(P^i)`$ and the morphisms $`H^0(M_{A^!}^{i,})H^0(M_{A^!}^{i+1,})`$ induced by $`_1`$ are identified with the differentials in the complex (2.3.1). ∎

### 2.4. The deformation of a coherent sheaf

Now let us specialize to the case when $`𝒞`$ is the derived category $`D_{}^b(X)`$ of coherent sheaves on a a projective scheme $`X`$ over $`k`$. Let $``$ be a coherent sheaf on $`X`$, and let $`𝒪_X(1)`$ be an ample line bundle on $`X`$. We can consider the associative algebra $`R()`$ and the $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-functor $`F_{}:D_{}^b(X)\mathrm{Com}(\mathrm{mod}R())^{op}`$ constructed above. Note that $`R()`$ is a quotient of the completed tensor algebra of the space $`\mathrm{Ext}^1(,)^{}`$. Assume that for $`n>0`$ the cohomology spaces $`H^{}(X,𝒪_X(n))`$ and $`H^{}(X,(n))`$ are concentrated in degree $`0`$. Then the formula

$$(sr)a=F_{,1}(a)(sr)=\underset{n0;i_1,\mathrm{},i_n}{}(1)^{\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{2}\right)}m_{n+2}(e_{i_1},\mathrm{},e_{i_n},s,a)e_{i_1}^{}\mathrm{}e_{i_n}^{}r,$$

where $`aH^0(X,𝒪_X(m))`$, $`m>0`$, $`sH^0(X,(m^{}))`$, $`m^{}>0`$, $`rR()`$, defines the structure of a graded $`_{n>0}H^0(X,𝒪_X(n))`$-module on

$$M_{}=_{n>0}H^0(X,(n))_kR().$$

Clearly, this structure commutes with the $`R()`$-module structure on $`M_{}`$.

If we replace $`R()`$ by its abelianization $`R=R()^{ab}`$, the above construction still works, so we get a structure of a graded $`_{n>0}H^0(X,𝒪_X(n))R`$-module on $`M=_{n>0}H^0(X,(n))R.`$ Then the localization $`\stackrel{~}{M}`$ of $`M`$ will be a coherent sheaf $`_R`$ on $`X\times \mathrm{Spec}(R)`$, flat over $`R`$. Let us consider the natural homomorphism $`Rk`$ given by the augmentation of $`R`$. The natural isomorphism

$$M_RkH^0(X,(n))$$

compatible with the $`_{n>0}H^0(X,𝒪_X(n))`$-action, induces an isomorphism of $`_R|_{X\times \mathrm{Spec}(k)}`$ with $``$. Thus, the family $`_R`$ is a deformation of $``$.

###### Theorem 2.7.

Let $`𝒢D^b(X)`$ be an object. Then for every $`n>0`$ one has an isomorphism

(2.4.1)
$$F_{}(𝒢)Rp_2R\underset{¯}{\mathrm{Hom}}(p_1^{}𝒢,_R)$$

in the derived category of complexes of $`R`$-modules, where $`p_1`$ and $`p_2`$ are the projections of the product $`X\times \mathrm{Spec}(R)`$ to its factors.

Proof. This follows easily from Theorem 2.6. Indeed, let $`N`$ be an integer such that $`H^i(X,(n))=0`$ for $`i>0`$, $`n>N`$. We can choose a quasiisomorphism $`P^{}𝒢`$, where $`P^{}`$ is a bounded above complex, such that each $`P^i`$ is a direct sum of line bundles $`𝒪_X(n)`$ with $`n>N`$. Then $`Rp_2R\underset{¯}{\mathrm{Hom}}(p_1^{}𝒢,_R)`$ is represented by the complex of $`R`$-modules

$$\mathrm{}H^0(X\times \mathrm{Spec}(R),(P^n)^{}_R)H^0(X\times \mathrm{Spec}(R),(P^{n1})^{}_R)\mathrm{}$$

But this complex coincides with the complex $`\mathrm{}F_{}(P^n)F_{}(P^{n1})\mathrm{}`$

Remark. The above theorem is a generalization of the formal analogue of Theorem 3.2 in . The latter theorem states that in the context of Kähler geometry the variation of cohomology groups in a family of topologically trivial line bundles can be described locally by a complex similar to $`F_{}(𝒪)`$ but with the differential depending only on $`m_2`$. The reason for the absence of higher corrections to this differential is that in this situation there is a natural choice of the $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure for which the relevant higher products vanish (this $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure is constructed using Dolbeault complexes and harmonic projectors, see ).

###### Corollary 2.8.

For every $`\xi \mathrm{Ext}^1(,)`$ consider the family $`_\xi `$ over $`X\times \mathrm{Spec}(k[ϵ]/(ϵ^2))`$ induced by $`_R`$ via the natural homomorphism of $`k`$-algebras $`\pi _\xi :Rk[ϵ]/(ϵ^2)`$ defined by $`\pi _\xi (e)=e(\xi )ϵ`$ for $`e\mathrm{Ext}^1(,)^{}`$. If $`\xi 0`$ then the family $`_\xi `$ is non-constant.

Proof. Let $`p_1,p_2`$ be the projections of the product $`X\times \mathrm{Spec}(k[ϵ]/(ϵ^2))`$ to its factors. The above theorem implies that the object

$$Rp_2R\underset{¯}{\mathrm{Hom}}(p_1^{},_\xi )D^+(k[ϵ]/(ϵ^2)\mathrm{mod})$$

is represented by the complex $`\mathrm{Hom}^{}(,)_kk[ϵ]/(ϵ^2)`$ with the differential

$$d(ar)=m_2(a,\xi )rϵ,$$

where $`a\mathrm{Ext}^i(,)`$, $`rk[ϵ]/(ϵ^2)`$. Thus, $`d(\mathrm{id}_{})=\xi ϵ0`$, hence the $`0`$-th cohomology of this complex is a proper subspace of $`\mathrm{Hom}(,)_kk[ϵ]/(ϵ^2)`$. It follows that the dimension of $`R^0p_2R\underset{¯}{\mathrm{Hom}}(p_1^{},_\xi )`$ over $`k`$ is $`<2dim_k\mathrm{Hom}(,)`$. On the other hand, for the constant family $`p_1^{}`$ we have

$$R^0p_2R\underset{¯}{\mathrm{Hom}}(p_1^{},p_1^{})\mathrm{Hom}(,)_kk[ϵ]/(ϵ^2)$$

which has dimension $`2dim_k\mathrm{Hom}(,)`$. Hence $`_\xi `$ cannot be isomorphic to $`p_1^{}`$. ∎

Remark. It seems plausible that in the above situation the family $`_R`$ is the miniversal formal (commutative) deformation of $``$. In the case of deformations of modules the similar statement follows from the work of O. A. Laudal . However, it seems that $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-techniques allows to simplify calculations of loc. cit. We plan to return to this question and its non-commutative analogue in a future paper.

## 3. Applications

### 3.1. Brill-Noether loci

Now let $`C`$ be a projective curve over a field $`k`$. Below we assume that $`C`$ is smooth although most probably this condition can be relaxed. Let $`U(n,d)`$ be the moduli space of stable bundles of rank $`n`$ and degree $`d`$ on a curve $`C`$. Then for every vector bundle $`E`$ on $`C`$ and every $`i0`$ one can define a subscheme $`W_{n,d}^r(E)U(n,d)`$ corresponding to stable bundles $`V`$ such that $`dim\mathrm{Hom}(VF)>r`$.

Consider first the case $`n=1`$. Then $`U(1,d)=J^d`$ is the Jacobian of line bundles of degree $`d`$ on $`C`$. Let $`𝒫`$ be the universal family on $`C\times J^d`$ and let $`p_1,p_2`$ be the projections of the product $`C\times J^d`$ to its factors. Then the derived push-forward $`Rp_2(p_1^{}E𝒫)`$ can be represented by a complex $`V_0\stackrel{\delta }{}V_1`$ of vector bundles on $`J^d`$. By the definition, the ideal sheaf of the subscheme $`W_{1,d}^r(E)J^d`$ is generated locally by the $`(v_0r)\times (v_0r)`$ minors of the matrix representing $`\delta `$ in some local bases of $`V_0`$ and $`V_1`$ (here $`v_0=\mathrm{rk}V_0`$).

In the case $`n>1`$ the definition is similar. The situation is complicated a little bit by the fact that in general there is no universal family on $`C\times U(n,d)`$ (even Zariski locally over $`U(n,d)`$). However, one can get around this difficulty by working with stacks of vector bundles (essentially this boils down to considering the universal family over the relevant Quot-scheme). The reader can consult  and  for details.

Proof of Theorem 0.1. Applying the construction of section 2.4 to $`=V`$ (and using the $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure on $`D_{}^b(C)`$), we obtain the family $`V_R`$ on $`C\times \mathrm{Spec}(R)`$, where $`R=\widehat{S}(\mathrm{Ext}^1(V,V)^{})`$ is the completed symmetric algebra of the space $`\mathrm{Ext}^1(V,V)^{}`$. Let $`\iota :\mathrm{Spec}(R)U(n,d)`$ be the corresponding morphism to the moduli space. Then according to Corollary 2.8, the tangent map to $`\iota `$ at the closed point of $`\mathrm{Spec}(R)`$ is an isomorphism. Therefore, $`\iota `$ induces an isomorphism of $`\mathrm{Spec}(R)`$ with the formal neighborhood of $`V`$ in $`U(n,d)`$.

Now applying Theorem 2.7 to $`=V`$ and $`𝒢=E^{}`$, we obtain that the object $`Rp_2(p_1^{}EV_R)D(R\mathrm{mod})`$ is represented by the complex

$$F_V(E^{}):H^0(C,VE)_kR\stackrel{d}{}H^1(C,VE)_kR,$$

where the differential $`d`$ is given by (2.1.2). Let us choose some bases in $`H^0(C,VE)`$ and $`H^1(C,VE)`$ and view $`d`$ as an $`R`$-valued matrix, Note that the condition of injectivity of $`\mu _{V,E}`$ is equivalent to surjectivity of the map

$$\mathrm{Ext}^1(V,V)\mathrm{Hom}(H^0(C,VE),H^1(C,VE))$$

obtained from $`\mu _{V,E}`$ via Serre duality. It follows that the leading terms of the entries of $`d`$ are linearly independent elements of $`\mathrm{Ext}^1(V,V)^{}`$. Therefore, we can choose a formal coordinate system on $`U(n,d)`$ at $`V`$, such that the entries of $`d`$ will be some of the coordinate functions. This immediately implies the result. ∎

Remarks. 1. In the case when $`n=1`$, $`E=𝒪_C`$ and $`k`$ is algebraically closed, the assertion of Theorem 0.1 follows easily from the fact that for every special line bundle $`L`$ on $`C`$ there exists an effective divisor $`D`$ such that the natural map $`H^0(C,L)H^0(C,L(D))`$ is an isomorphism and $`h^1(L(D))=0`$ (this trick is considered in details in ). Indeed, one just have to use the resolution $`(D)(D)|_D`$ for line bundles $``$ in a neighborhood of $`L`$ and apply the definition of the Brill-Noether loci to the corresponding complex $`H^0((D))H^0((D)|_D)`$.

2. It seems that the condition of injectivity of $`\mu _{V,E}`$ in Theorem 0.1 can be relaxed. For example, we checked that the conclusion of the theorem is satisfied for double points of theta divisors in hyperelliptic curves, even though the corresponding Petri map has one-dimensional kernel (the details will appear elsewhere).

The moduli spaces of stable vector bundles admit canonical noncommutative thickenings (see ). Note that in section 2.4 we obtained naturally noncommutative deformations of coherent sheaves and then passed to abelianization. In particular, an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure gives rise to formal coordinates on the above noncommutative thickenings of the moduli spaces of vector bundles. We believe that there is a way to define naturally some noncommutative thickenings of the Brill-Noether loci, so that the analogue of Theorem 0.1 still holds for them. This should be a consequence of the following result.

###### Theorem 3.1.

Let $`V`$ and $`E`$ be vector bundles on $`C`$, such that $`V`$ is stable and the Gieseker-Petri map $`\mu _{V,E}`$ is injective. Then one can choose an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure on $`D_{}^b(C)`$ from the canonical homotopy class in such a way that all the products

$$m_n:\mathrm{Ext}^1(V,V)^{(n1)}H^0(C,VE)H^1(C,VE)$$

vanish for $`n>2`$.

Proof. Let us start with some $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure on $`D^b(C)`$ from the canonical homotopy class. We want to change it to a homotopic one, so that for the new structure the only non-zero term in the sum defining $`d`$ would be the first term (involving $`m_2`$). We construct the required homotopy as the infinite composition of homotopies $`(f^{(n)})`$, $`n=2,3,\mathrm{},`$ where the only non-zero component of $`f^{(n)}`$ is

$$f_n^{(n)}:\mathrm{Ext}^1(V,V)^n\mathrm{Ext}^1(V,V).$$

It is easy to see that such an infinite composition necessarily converges. We want to choose the first map $`f_2^{(2)}`$ in such a way that the following diagram would be commutative:

(3.1.1)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{Ext}^1(V,V)\mathrm{Ext}^1(V,V)& & \\ \text{}& \text{}& \\ \mathrm{Ext}^1(V,V)& \text{}& \mathrm{Hom}(H^0(VE),H^1(VE))\end{array}$$

where the horizontal and the diagonal arrows are partial dualizations of the maps given by $`m_2`$ and $`m_3`$, respectively. In fact, by Serre duality the bottom arrow can be identified with the dual of $`\mu _{V,W}`$. Hence, it is surjective, so there exists a map $`f_2^{(2)}`$ making the above diagram commutative. Let us replace the $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure on $`D^b(C)`$ by the homotopic one: $`mm+\delta (f^{(2)})`$. For this new structure the map

$$m_3:\mathrm{Ext}^1(V,V)\mathrm{Ext}^1(V,V)H^0(VE)H^1(VE)$$

will be zero. Now we can choose a map $`f_3^{(3)}`$ which makes the following diagram commutative:

(3.1.2)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{Ext}^1(V,V)^3& & \\ \text{}& \text{}& \\ \mathrm{Ext}^1(V,V)& \text{}& \mathrm{Hom}(H^0(VE),H^1(VE))\end{array}$$

where the horizontal arrow is the same as before, while the diagonal arrow is given by the partial dualization of $`m_4`$. Then we again replace the $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure by the homotopic one: $`mm+\delta (f^{(3)})`$. For this new $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-structure the maps

$$m_n:\mathrm{Ext}^1(V,V)^{(n1)}H^0(VE)H^1(VE)$$

will be zero for $`n=3,4`$. Continuing in this way we will eventually kill all of these maps for $`n3`$. ∎

### 3.2. Computation of the Fourier-Mukai transform

Let $`C`$ be a smooth projective curve, $`J^d`$ the Jacobian of line bundles of degree $`d`$, $`\sigma ^d:\mathrm{Sym}^dCJ^d`$ the natural morphism sending $`p_1+\mathrm{}+p_d`$ to $`𝒪_C(p_1+\mathrm{}+p_d)`$. For a line bundle $`L`$ of degree $`n`$ we set $`F_d(L)=R\sigma _{}^dL^{(d)}`$, where $`L^{(d)}`$ is the $`d`$-th symmetric power of $`L`$, which is a line bundle on $`\mathrm{Sym}^dC`$. Below we identify $`J^d`$ with $`J`$ as before using the fixed point $`p`$. In particular, we consider the Brill-Noether loci $`W_d^r`$ as subschemes of $`J`$.

We need to recall some facts about the Picard group of $`\mathrm{Sym}^dC`$. For every $`d2`$ there is an exact sequence

$$0\mathrm{Pic}(J)\mathrm{Pic}(\mathrm{Sym}^dC)\stackrel{\mathrm{deg}}{}0,$$

where the embedding of $`\mathrm{Pic}(J)`$ is given by the pull-back with respect to $`\sigma ^d`$, while the map $`\mathrm{deg}`$ to $``$ is normalized by the condition $`\mathrm{deg}(L^{(d)})=\mathrm{deg}(L)`$ for $`L\mathrm{Pic}(C)`$ (see , ). In particular, $`\mathrm{Pic}^0(\mathrm{Sym}^dC)`$ is naturally identified with $`\mathrm{Pic}^0(J)`$. Also, for every line bundle $`M`$ on $`\mathrm{Pic}(\mathrm{Sym}^dC)`$ and for every linear system $`\mathrm{Sym}^dC`$ of positive dimension, the degree of $`M`$ is equal to the usual degree of $`M|_{}`$.

###### Lemma 3.2.

Let $`E`$ be a vector bundle on a projective space $`^n`$ such that there is an exact sequence

$$0V𝒪(1)W𝒪E0.$$

Then $`H^i(^n,S^jE(m))=0`$ for $`i>0`$, $`j0`$, $`mi`$.

Proof. We have the following Koszul resolution for $`S^jE`$:

$`0{\displaystyle ^j}V𝒪(j){\displaystyle ^{j1}}VW𝒪(j+1)\mathrm{}VS^{j1}W𝒪(1)S^jW𝒪`$
$`S^jE0.`$
Using this resolution to compute the cohomology of $`S^jE(m)`$ we immediately derive the result from the vanishing of $`H^i(^n,𝒪(m))`$ for $`i>0`$, $`mi`$. ∎

###### Lemma 3.3.

(a) For every line bundle $`\xi `$ of degree $`0`$ on $`C`$ one has

$$F_d(L\xi )F_d(L)𝒫_\xi ^1$$

where $`𝒫_\xi `$ is the line bundle on $`J`$ corresponding to $`\xi J`$ via the self-duality of $`J`$.

(b) If $`\mathrm{deg}(L)1`$ then $`F_d(L)`$ is a sheaf on $`J^d`$, i.e., $`R^i\sigma _{}^dL^{(d)}=0`$ for $`i>0`$.

(c) Assume that $`dg+1`$. Let $`j:JW_d^1J`$ be the open embedding. If $`1\mathrm{deg}(L)gd`$ then $`F_d(L)j_{}j^{}F_d(L)`$. If $`C`$ is not hyperelliptic then this is true for every $`L`$ such that $`\mathrm{deg}(L)1`$.

Proof. (a) It suffices to prove that

$$(L\xi )^{(d)}L^{(d)}(\sigma ^d)^{}𝒫_\xi ^1.$$

Since the line bundle $`(L\xi )^{(d)}(L^{(d)})^1`$ on $`\mathrm{Sym}^dC`$ is algebraically equivalent to the trivial bundle, it has form $`(\sigma ^d)^{}`$ for some $`\mathrm{Pic}^0(J)`$. Let us embed $`C`$ into $`\mathrm{Sym}^dC`$ by the map $`xx+(d1)p`$. Restricting our line bundles to $`C`$ we obtain an isomorphism $`\xi (\sigma ^d)^{}`$, which precisely means that $`𝒫_\xi ^1`$. Note that the sign appears here because the pull-back map $`\mathrm{Pic}^0(J)\mathrm{Pic}^0(C)J(k)`$ differs from the standard isomorphism of $`\widehat{J}`$ with $`J`$ by $`[1]_J`$.

(b) Recall that the fibers of $`\sigma ^d`$ are projective spaces corresponding to complete linear systems of degree $`d`$. Note that the restriction of $`L^{(d)}`$ to every fiber $`=(\sigma ^d)^1(\xi )`$, where $`\xi J`$, has degree $`\mathrm{deg}(L)`$. Also, it is well-known that the normal bundle $`N`$ to the embedding $`=(\sigma ^d)^1(\xi )\mathrm{Sym}^dC`$ fits into the exact sequence

$$0NH^1(C,𝒪_C)𝒪_{}H^1(C,\xi (dp))𝒪_{}(1)0.$$

Using Lemma 3.2 we deduce that higher cohomology of the bundle $`L^{(d)}|_{}S^j(N^{})`$ on the projective space $``$ vanish. By the formal functions theorem this implies that $`R^i\sigma _{}^dL^{(d)}|_\xi =0`$ for $`i>0`$.

(c) Let $`Q_d\mathrm{Sym}^d`$ be the preimage of $`W_d^1`$ under the morphism $`\sigma ^d`$. Let us denote by $`j^{}`$ the open embedding $`\mathrm{Sym}^dCQ_d\mathrm{Sym}^dC`$. Then it suffices to prove that the natural map

$$\sigma _{}^dL^{(d)}\sigma _{}^dj_{}^{}j^{}L^{(d)}$$

is an isomorphism. If $`C`$ is non-hyperelliptic then $`Q_d`$ has codimension $`2`$ in $`\mathrm{Sym}^dC`$ (this follows from Martens theorem, see ), so in this case $`L^{(d)}j_{}^{}j^{}L^{(d)}`$. Now assume that $`C`$ is hyperelliptic. Then $`Q_d`$ is an irreducible divisor in $`\mathrm{Sym}^dC`$. It is easy to check that $`\mathrm{deg}(Q_d)=dg1`$ (see the proof of Lemma 2.5 in ). Therefore, for every $`n>0`$ we have $`\mathrm{deg}(L^{(d)}(nQ_d))<0`$. Let us consider the open subset $`U=\mathrm{Sym}^dCQ_d^{}\mathrm{Sym}^dC`$, where $`Q_d^{}=(\sigma ^d)^1(W_d^2)`$. Since the morphism $`\pi :Q_dUW_d^1W_d^2`$ induced by $`\sigma ^d`$ is flat, the base change theorem implies that

$$\pi _{}(L^{(d)}(nQ_d)|_{Q_dU})=0$$

for every $`n>0`$. Hence, the natural map

(3.2.1)
$$\sigma _U^d(L^{(d)}|_U)\sigma _U^d(L^{(d)}(Q_d)|_U),$$

is an isomorphism, where $`\sigma _U^d:UW_dW_d^2`$ is the map induced by $`\sigma ^d`$, $`L^{(d)}(Q_d)=_nL^{(d)}(nQ_d)`$. Let $`j_U:U\mathrm{Sym}^dC`$ and $`j^{\prime \prime }:\mathrm{Sym}^dCQ_dU`$ be the open embeddings, so that $`j^{}=j_Uj^{\prime \prime }`$. Since the codimension of $`Q_d^{}`$ in $`\mathrm{Sym}^dC`$ is $`2`$, we have $`L^{(d)}j_U(L^{(d)}|_U)`$ (resp. $`L^{(d)}(Q_d)j_U(L^{(d)}(Q_d)|_U)`$). Therefore, applying the push-forward with respect to the embedding $`W_dW_d^2W_d`$ to the isomorphism (3.2.1) we obtain the isomorphism

$$\sigma _{}^dL^{(d)}\stackrel{~}{}\sigma _{}^dL^{(d)}(Q_d).$$

Note that the morphism $`\sigma ^d`$ induces an isomorphism

$$H^1(J,𝒪_J)H^1(\mathrm{Sym}^dC,𝒪_{\mathrm{Sym}^dC}).$$

Hence, both spaces are naturally isomorphic to $`H^1(C,𝒪_C)`$. This isomorphism is used in the following lemma.

###### Proposition 3.4.

Let $`L`$ be a line bundle on $`C`$. For every $`d1`$, $`i0`$, there is a canonical isomorphism

$$H^i(\mathrm{Sym}^dC,L^{(d)})TS^{di}H^0(C,L)^iH^1(C,L),$$

where for every vector space $`V`$ we denote by $`TS^nVV^n`$ the space of symmetric $`n`$-tensors. Under these isomorphisms the cup-product maps

$$H^1(\mathrm{Sym}^dC,𝒪_{\mathrm{Sym}^dC})H^i(\mathrm{Sym}^dC,L^{(d)})H^{i+1}(\mathrm{Sym}^dC,L^{(d)})$$

get identified with the natural maps

$$H^1(𝒪_C)TS^{di}H^0(L)^iH^1(L)TS^{di1}H^0(L)^{i+1}H^1(L)$$

induced by the cup-product map $`H^1(𝒪_C)H^0(L)H^1(L)`$.

Proof. The first assertion is a consequence of the symmetric Künneth isomorphism constructed by Deligne in , XVII.(5.5.17.2), (5.5.32.1). This is a canonical isomorphism of graded vector spaces

(3.2.2)
$$TS^dR\mathrm{\Gamma }(C,L)R\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{Sym}^dC,L^{(d)})$$

where in the LHS we take the $`d`$-th symmetric power of the graded vector space $`R\mathrm{\Gamma }(C,L)=H^0(C,L)H^1(C,L)[1]`$, so that

$$TS^dR\mathrm{\Gamma }(C,L)_iTS^{di}H^0(C,L)^iH^1(C,L).$$

The compatibility with cup-products can be easily checked by considering pull-backs to the $`d`$-th cartesian power of $`C`$. ∎

###### Corollary 3.5.

Assume that $`\mathrm{deg}(L)gd`$ and $`h^0(L)=0`$. Then $`H^i(\mathrm{Sym}^dC,L^{(d)})=0`$ for all $`i`$.

Let $`\mathrm{\Theta }=W_{g1}J`$ be the theta divisor. The following lemma is probably well-known, however, we could not find the reference in the literature (the case $`d=1`$ is the classical Riemann’s theorem on intersection of $`C`$ with $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$).

###### Lemma 3.6.

For every $`d1`$ one has an isomorphism

$$\omega _{\mathrm{Sym}^dC}(\sigma ^d)^{}(𝒪_J(\mathrm{\Theta }))((gd1)R_p^d),$$

where $`R_p^d\mathrm{Sym}^dC`$ is the image of the natural embedding $`\mathrm{Sym}^{d1}C\mathrm{Sym}^dC:Dp+D`$.

Proof. Assume first that $`d>2g2`$. Then $`\sigma ^d`$ identifies $`\mathrm{Sym}^dC`$ with the projective bundle $`(E_d)`$ of lines in a vector bundle $`E_d`$ over $`J`$ in such a way that the line bundle $`𝒪_{\mathrm{Sym}^dC}(R_p^d)`$ corresponds to $`𝒪(1)`$. Furthermore, it is known that $`detE_d𝒪_J(\mathrm{\Theta })`$ (see ). This easily implies the result in this case. To deduce it for all $`d1`$ one can use the descending induction together with the fact that the normal bundle to the embedding $`\mathrm{Sym}^dC\mathrm{Sym}^{d+1}C:Dp+D`$ is isomorphic to $`𝒪_C(R_p^d)`$. ∎

###### Lemma 3.7.

Let $`A`$ be a local regular ring, $`P_0P_1\mathrm{}P_n`$ be a complex of free $`A`$-modules of finite rank. Assume that all modules $`H^i(P_{})`$ have support of codimension $`n`$. Then $`H^i(P_{})=0`$ for $`i<n`$.

Proof. Let $`g`$ be the dimension of $`A`$. First of all, note that the cases $`n=1`$ and $`n>g`$ are trivial. On the other hand, the case $`n=g`$ is equivalent to the lemma in , III.13. To deduce the general case we will use the induction in $`g`$. We can assume that $`n<g`$. Let us choose an element $`x`$ in the maximal ideal $`𝔪A`$, such that $`x`$ does not belong to $`𝔪^2`$ and to all associate primes of height $`n`$ of the modules $`(H^i(P_{}))`$ (such an element exists since $`n<g`$). Then the ring $`\overline{A}=A/xA`$ is regular of dimension $`g1`$ and we claim that the assumptions of lemma are satisfied for the complex $`\overline{P}_{}=P_{}/xP_{}`$ of free $`\overline{A}`$-modules. Indeed, from the long exact sequence

$$\mathrm{}H^i(P_{})\stackrel{x}{}H^i(P_{})H^i(\overline{P}_{})H^{i+1}(P_{})\stackrel{x}{}H^{i+1}(P_{})\mathrm{}$$

we immediately obtain that the modules $`H^i(\overline{P}_{})`$ have codimension $`n+1`$ in $`\mathrm{Spec}(A)`$, or equivalently, codimension $`n`$ in $`\mathrm{Spec}(\overline{A})`$. By induction assumption $`H^i(\overline{P}_{})=0`$ for $`i<n`$. Now the above exact sequence implies that the endomorphism of multiplication by $`x`$ on $`H^i(P_{})`$ is surjective for $`i<n`$. By Nakayama lemma this implies that $`H^i(P_{})`$ vanishes for $`i<n`$. ∎

Proof of Theorem 0.2. The fact that $`F_d(𝒪_C((gd)p))`$ is concentrated in degree $`0`$ was already proven in lemma 3.3(b). Let us denote for brevity the functor $`[1]^{}\mathrm{SS}`$ by $`\mathrm{SS}^{}`$. Note that the transform $`\mathrm{SS}^{}(F_d(𝒪_C((gd)p)))`$ is isomorphic to

$$Rp_2^{}(p_1^{}(𝒪_C((gd)p))^{(d)}(\sigma ^d\times \mathrm{id})^{}𝒫^1),$$

where $`p_1`$ and $`p_2`$ are projections of the product $`\mathrm{Sym}^dC\times J`$ to its factors, $`𝒫`$ is the Poincaré line bundle on $`J\times J`$. It follows that $`\mathrm{SS}^{}(F_d(𝒪_C((gd)p)))`$ can be represented locally on $`J`$ by a complex of vector bundles

(3.2.3)
$$V_0V_1\mathrm{}V_d.$$

Now Lemma 3.3(a) and Corollary 3.5 imply that the cohomology sheaves of $`\mathrm{SS}^{}(F_d(𝒪_C((gd)p)))`$ are supported on $`W_{gd}=\sigma ^{gd}(\mathrm{Sym}^dC)J`$. Applying Lemma 3.7 we derive that the cohomology of the complex $`V_{}`$ is concentrated in degree $`d`$. Thus,

$$S_d:=\mathrm{SS}^{}(F_d(𝒪_C((gd)p)))[d]$$

is actually a coherent sheaf (placed in degree $`0`$).

We claim that the sheaf $`S_d`$ is obtained as the (non-derived) push-forward of its restriction to the open subset $`JW_{gd}^1`$ (since $`W_1^1=\mathrm{}`$, we can assume below that $`gd2`$). Indeed, since locally we have a resolution of $`S_d`$ by vector bundles (3.2.3) of length $`d`$, it follows that $`_Y^i(S_d)=0`$ for every closed subset $`YJ`$ of codimension $`>i+d`$ (where $`_Y^i`$ denotes local cohomology with support at $`Y`$). Since $`dimW_{gd}^1gd2`$, we obtain that $`_{W_{gd}^1}^i(S_d)=0`$ for $`i=0,1`$. This implies our claim that

(3.2.4)
$$S_dj_{}j^{}S_d,$$

where $`j:JW_{gd}^1J`$ is the natural embedding.

On the other hand, we can use Theorem 2.7 and Lemma 3.4 to study the sheaf $`S_d`$ near a point $`L((gd)p)`$ of $`W_{gd}W_{gd}^1J`$, where $`\mathrm{deg}(L)=gd`$ (so that $`h^0(L)=1`$ and $`h^1(L)=d`$). More precisely, choosing a non-zero section $`s`$ of $`L`$, we obtain that in a formal neighborhood of this point $`S_d`$ is isomorphic to the $`d`$-th cohomology of the complex

$$RH^1(L)R\mathrm{}^{d1}H^1(L)R^dH^1(L)R,$$

where $`R=\widehat{S}(H^1(𝒪)^{})`$. The differential is the sum of the usual Koszul differential associated with the surjection $`H^1(𝒪_C)H^1(L)`$ (given by the cup-product with $`s`$) and some terms that vanish modulo $`𝔪^2`$, where $`𝔪R`$ is a maximal ideal. Therefore, its $`d`$-th cohomology is isomorphic to $`R/(f_1,\mathrm{},f_d)`$ with $`f_i𝔪`$, where $`(f_1,\mathrm{},f_d)\mathrm{mod}𝔪^2`$ are components of the above map $`H^1(𝒪)H^1(L)`$ with respect to some basis of $`H^1(L)`$. It follows that the ideal $`(f_1,\mathrm{},f_d)`$ is simple and has height $`d`$. Since $`S_d`$ is supported on $`W_{gd}`$ which is smooth at $`L((gd)p)`$ and also has codimension $`d`$, the ideal $`(f_1,\mathrm{},f_d)R`$ coincides with the ideal defining $`W_{gd}`$ near $`L((gd)p)`$. Therefore, $`j^{}S_d`$ is actually a line bundle on $`W_{gd}W_{gd}^1`$.

Next, we want to study the derived pull-back $`L(\sigma ^{gd})^{}S_d`$. First, we need to calculate the pull-back of the Poincaré line bundle $`𝒫`$ on $`J\times J`$ under the morphism

$$\sigma ^d\times \sigma ^{gd}:\mathrm{Sym}^dC\times \mathrm{Sym}^{gd}CJ\times J.$$

For this purpose it is convenient to use the Deligne symbol of a pair of line bundles on a relative curve (see ). Namely, it is well-known that

$$𝒫^1p_{13}^{}𝒫_C,p_{23}^{}𝒫_C$$

where $`p_{ij}`$ are projections from the product $`C\times J\times J`$, $`𝒫_C`$ is the Poincaré line bundle on $`C\times J`$ (which we always take to be normalized at $`p`$). Therefore,

$`(\sigma ^d\times \sigma ^{gd})^{}𝒫^1`$
$`𝒪(𝒟_{12}d[p\times \mathrm{Sym}^dC\times \mathrm{Sym}^{gd}C]),𝒪(𝒟_{13}(gd)[p\times \mathrm{Sym}^dC\times \mathrm{Sym}^{gd}C]),`$
where we consider $`C\times \mathrm{Sym}^dC\times \mathrm{Sym}^{gd}C`$ as a relative curve over $`\mathrm{Sym}^dC\times \mathrm{Sym}^{gd}C`$,

$$𝒟_{12}=\{(x,D,D^{})C\times \mathrm{Sym}^dC\times \mathrm{Sym}^{gd}C:xD\},$$

$$𝒟_{13}=\{(x,D,D^{})C\times \mathrm{Sym}^dC\times \mathrm{Sym}^{gd}C:xD^{}\}.$$

Note that the intersection $`𝒟_{12}𝒟_{13}`$ is irreducible and projects birationally to the divisor $`𝒟\mathrm{Sym}^dC\times \mathrm{Sym}^{gd}C`$ supported on the set of $`(D,D^{})`$ such that $`DD^{}\mathrm{}`$. It follows that

$$𝒪(𝒟_{12}),𝒪(𝒟_{13})𝒪_{\mathrm{Sym}^dC\times \mathrm{Sym}^{gd}C}(𝒟).$$

Similarly, we derive that

$$𝒪(𝒟_{12}),𝒪(p\times \mathrm{Sym}^dC\times \mathrm{Sym}^{gd}C)𝒪_{\mathrm{Sym}^dC\times \mathrm{Sym}^{gd}C}(R_p^d\times \mathrm{Sym}^{gd}C),$$

$$𝒪(𝒟_{13}),𝒪(p\times \mathrm{Sym}^dC\times \mathrm{Sym}^{gd}C)𝒪_{\mathrm{Sym}^dC\times \mathrm{Sym}^{gd}C}(\mathrm{Sym}^dC\times R_p^{gd}),$$

where we use the notation of Lemma 3.6. Thus, we obtain

$$(\sigma ^d\times \sigma ^{gd})^{}𝒫^1𝒪_{\mathrm{Sym}^dC\times \mathrm{Sym}^{gd}C}(𝒟(gd)[R_p^d\times \mathrm{Sym}^{gd}C]d[\mathrm{Sym}^dC\times R_p^{gd}]).$$

Note that $`𝒪_{\mathrm{Sym}^iC}(R_p^i)`$ is isomorphic to the $`i`$-th symmetric power of $`𝒪_C(p)`$. Therefore, we derive that

$`L(\sigma ^{gd})^{}\mathrm{SS}^{}(F_d(𝒪_C((gd)p)))Rp_2((\sigma ^d\times \sigma ^{gd})^{}𝒫^1((gd)[R_p^d\times \mathrm{Sym}^{gd}C]))`$
$`Rp_2(𝒪(𝒟))(dR_p^{gd}),`$
where $`p_1,p_2`$ are the projections of the product $`\mathrm{Sym}^dC\times \mathrm{Sym}^{gd}C`$ onto its factors. It is easy to see that for every $`D\mathrm{Sym}^{gd}C`$, the restriction of the divisor $`𝒟`$ to $`\mathrm{Sym}^dC\times \{D\}`$ is the divisor $`R_D^d\mathrm{Sym}^dC`$ such that $`𝒪_{\mathrm{Sym}^dC}(R_D^p)(𝒪_C(D))^{(d)}`$. It follows that over the complement to $`Q^{gd}\mathrm{Sym}^{gd}(C)`$ the natural map $`𝒪_{\mathrm{Sym}^{gd}C}Rp_2(𝒪(𝒟))`$ is an isomorphism (by the base change theorem). Therefore, we obtain

$$Li^{}j^{}S_d[d]j^{}\sigma _{}^{gd}(𝒪_{\mathrm{Sym}^{gd}C}(dR_p^{gd})),$$

where $`i:W_{gd}^{ns}=W_{gd}W_{gd}^1JW_{gd}^1`$ is the closed embedding, $`j:JW_{gd}^1J`$ is the open embedding. On the other hand, applying the duality theory we get

$$Li^{}j^{}S_d[d]j^{}S_d\omega _{W_{gd}^{ns}}^1.$$

Hence, the above isomorphism can be rewritten as

$$j^{}S_dj^{}\sigma _{}^{gd}(\omega _{\mathrm{Sym}^{gd}C}(dR_p^{gd})).$$

Now Lemma 3.3(c) together with (3.2.4) imply that

$$S_d\sigma _{}^{gd}(\omega _{\mathrm{Sym}^{gd}C})(dR_p^{gd}).$$

Using Lemma 3.6 we obtain that

$$S_d\sigma _{}^{gd}(𝒪_{\mathrm{Sym}^{gd}C})(\mathrm{\Theta })$$

which proves the first isomorphism of the theorem. Finally, the duality for the morphism $`\sigma ^{gd}`$ implies that

$$R\sigma _{}^{gd}(\omega _{\mathrm{Sym}^{gd}C}(dR_p^{gd}))[d]R\underset{¯}{\mathrm{Hom}}(R\sigma _{}^{gd}𝒪_{\mathrm{Sym}^{gd}C}(dR_p^{gd}),𝒪_J)$$

which gives the second isomorphism of the theorem. ∎