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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

The quantization of a time-dependent harmonic oscillator has been important in many branches of physics such as the coherent states and the squeezed states , the quantum statistical properties of radiation , the information theory , and the quantum theory out of thermal equilibrium . As a more realistic system anharmonic oscillator has been widely studied for various purposes. In this direction, considerable efforts have been devoted to constructing systematic procedures to improve the variational approximation method of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory . These methods give appropriate effective potentials which are adequate for describing time-independent systems. However, if one is interested in the explicit time evolution of time-dependent systems, above methods are limited in their uses.

The path integral approach  was developed to study several kinds of time-dependent oscillators with perturbative external forces. The LvN approach to the generalized driven oscillator  was developed and its geometric phases and wave functions were discussed . The LvN approach to the time-dependent harmonic  and anharmonic oscillators  have also been developed. A merit of LvN approach is that it can be directly applied to both time-independent and time-dependent quantum systems without any modification.

In the case of a driven harmonic oscillator, it was shown  that, the transition amplitudes between different states are zero in the adiabatic limit of a driving force of the form $`Fe^{t^2/\tau ^2}`$. The adiabatic assumption, that this phenomena holds for a general type of quasi-static potentials is usually accepted but no concrete proof has been given in general situation. In this paper we test this assumption by checking the evolution of a gaussian ground state of the time-dependent driven anharmonic oscillator. We formulate the quantization of a time-dependent driven anharmonic oscillator with general time-dependent mass, frequency, and driving force. The present formulation can also be applicable to the study of phase transition using the inverted mass square .

The organization of this paper is as follows. In Sec. II, the LvN approach is elaborated to be applicable to the driven anharmonic oscillator and we find the Fock space and expectation values of some operators. Sec. III is devoted to study driven anharmonic oscillator system which is appropriate to analyze the adiabatic assumption. We show that the initial gaussian states evolve to final coherent states with its squeezing varies in time by $`O(\lambda )`$. In Sec. IV, we consider the weak coupling limit of the oscillator in Sec. III and we show that the squeezing becomes time-independent in the adiabatic limit. Therefore, the adiabatic assumption is broken minimally. In Sec. V, we summarize our results and give some discussions. We have two appendices which present some calculational details.

## 2  Time-dependent driven anharmonic oscillator

The quantization of a time-dependent anharmonic oscillator using the LvN approach was tried in Ref . It was shown that their approach is equivalent to the variational perturbation method  and the mean-field, Hartree-Fock method. In this section, we extend the LvN method to be applicable to the driven anharmonic oscillator, whose hamiltonian is given by

$`\widehat{H}(t)={\displaystyle \frac{\widehat{p}^2(t)}{2m(t)}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}m(t)\omega ^2(t)\widehat{q}^2(t)\sqrt{m(t)}F(t)\widehat{q}(t)+{\displaystyle \frac{m^2(t)\lambda (t)}{4!}}\widehat{q}^4(t),`$ (1)
where we have introduced the mass $`m(t)`$ in front of the coupling and the external force for simplicity of the later equations. The mass dimensions of $`f`$ and $`\lambda `$ are 3/2 and 3, respectively.

The LvN approach resorts to find a pair of invariant operators

$`\widehat{A}`$ $`=`$ $`i\left[v^{}(t)\widehat{p}(t)m(t)\dot{v}^{}(t)\widehat{q}(t)+x^{}(t)\right],`$ (2)
$`\widehat{A}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`i\left[v(t)\widehat{p}(t)m(t)\dot{v}(t)\widehat{q}(t)+x(t)\right],`$
which satisfy the LvN equation,

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d\widehat{A}}{dt}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\widehat{A}}{t}}i[\widehat{A},\widehat{H}]=0,`$ (3)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{d\widehat{A}^{}}{dt}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\widehat{A}^{}}{t}}i[\widehat{A},\widehat{H}]=0,`$
and the standard commutation relation

$`[\widehat{A},\widehat{A}^{}]=1.`$ (4)
The commutation relation identifies $`\widehat{A}`$ and $`\widehat{A}^{}`$ as annihilation and creation operators respectively and it gives a Wronskian condition for $`v(t)`$:

$`\mathrm{}[\dot{\stackrel{~}{v}}^{}(t)\stackrel{~}{v}(t)\dot{\stackrel{~}{v}}(t)\stackrel{~}{v}^{}(t)]=i,`$ (5)
where $`v(t)=\stackrel{~}{v}(t)/\sqrt{m(t)}`$. Later in this paper, we use the unit which makes $`\mathrm{}=1`$. The ground state is the one annihilated by $`\widehat{A}`$ and the $`n`$ th number state is obtained by applying $`\widehat{A}^{}`$ $`n`$ times to the vacuum state:

$`\widehat{A}|0`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (6)
$`|n`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{[\widehat{A}^{}]^n}{\sqrt{n!}}}|0.`$ (7)
The wave function of the ground state to this order of approximation is given by

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_0(q,t)=\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi v^{}(t)v(t)}}\right]^{1/4}\mathrm{exp}\left[i{\displaystyle \frac{m(t)\dot{v}^{}(t)}{2v^{}(t)}}q^2i{\displaystyle \frac{x^{}(t)}{v^{}(t)}}q\right].`$ (8)
The LvN equation (3) reduces to the following operator equations:

$`\dot{x}(t)=F(t)\stackrel{~}{v}(t),`$ (9)
$`\left[\ddot{\stackrel{~}{v}}(t)+\stackrel{~}{\omega }^2(t)\stackrel{~}{v}(t)\right]\widehat{q}(t)+{\displaystyle \frac{m(t)\lambda (t)\stackrel{~}{v}(t)}{3!}}\widehat{q}^3(t)=0,`$ (10)
with the new frequency $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }^2(t)=\omega ^2(t)\frac{1}{\sqrt{m(t)}}\frac{d^2\sqrt{m(t)}}{dt^2}`$. Differentiating Eq. (10) with respect to $`q(t)`$ and taking the vacuum expectation value, which is equivalent to the variational approximation , one gets

$`\ddot{\stackrel{~}{v}}(t)+\left[\stackrel{~}{\omega }^2(t)+{\displaystyle \frac{m(t)\lambda (t)}{2}}0|\widehat{q}^2(t)|0\right]\stackrel{~}{v}(t)=0.`$ (11)
From the first basic comparison theorem of ordinary differential equation, one can naturally conclude that the solution for $`\stackrel{~}{v}(t)`$ should be oscillatory if $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }^2`$ and $`\frac{m(t)\lambda (t)}{2}0|\widehat{q}^2(t)|0`$ is positive definite. The quantum operators $`\widehat{q}(t)`$ and $`\widehat{p}(t)`$ can be written in terms of the creation and the annihilation operators as

$`\widehat{q}(t)`$ $`=`$ $`v(t)\widehat{A}+v^{}(t)\widehat{A}^{}+2\mathrm{}[v(t)x^{}(t)],`$ (12)
$`\widehat{p}(t)`$ $`=`$ $`m(t)\left\{\dot{v}(t)\widehat{A}+\dot{v}^{}(t)\widehat{A}^{}+2\mathrm{}[\dot{v}(t)x^{}(t)]\right\},`$
where $`\mathrm{}`$ means the imaginary part and

$`x(t)={\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^t}F(t)\stackrel{~}{v}(t)𝑑t.`$ (13)
The vacuum expectation values of operators are then given by

$`0|\widehat{q}(t)|0`$ $`=`$ $`2\mathrm{}[v(t)x^{}(t)],`$ (14)
$`0|\widehat{p}(t)|0`$ $`=`$ $`2m(t)\mathrm{}[\dot{v}(t)x^{}(t)],`$
$`0|\widehat{q}^2(t)|0`$ $`=`$ $`|v(t)|^2+4\left|\mathrm{}[v(t)x^{}(t)]\right|^2,`$
$`0|\widehat{p}^2(t)|0`$ $`=`$ $`m^2(t)|\dot{v}(t)|^2+4m^2(t)\left|\mathrm{}[\dot{v}(t)x^{}(t)]\right|^2.`$
The quantum mechanical dynamics of the forced anharmonic oscillator system are then contained in one classical equation of motion (11), which becomes

$`\ddot{\stackrel{~}{v}}(t)+\omega _{eff}^2(t)\stackrel{~}{v}(t)=0`$ (15)
where

$`\omega _{eff}^2(t)=\stackrel{~}{\omega }^2(t)+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda (t)}{2}}\left[|\stackrel{~}{v}(t)|^2+\left|\stackrel{~}{v}(t)x^{}(t)\stackrel{~}{v}^{}(t)x(t)\right|^2\right].`$ (16)
In summary, we have reduced the problem of quantization of driven anharmonic oscillator into the problem of solving one classical differential equation (15). All information of the dynamics are encoded in a single function $`\stackrel{~}{v}(t)`$. Once the explicit form of $`\stackrel{~}{v}(t)`$ is known, we have time evolution of the quantum operators $`\widehat{p}(t)`$ and $`\widehat{q}(t)`$, and time evolution of any other physical quantities are derived from these operators and the states (6).

## 3 Anharmonic oscillator with a linearly growing external force

In this section, we present the evolution of the driven anharmonic oscillators with constant and linearly increasing forces. Let us first analyze the case of time-independent driven oscillator. We assume $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }(t)`$ and $`F(t)`$ to be time-independent. The mass $`m(t)`$ and the frequency $`\omega (t)`$ may be dependent on time, whose time dependency leads to no trouble as long as they are determined to give time-independent $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }`$.

An exact solution of Eq. (15) can be found by assuming

$`x(t)=Fr\mathrm{exp}(i\mathrm{\Omega }t),\stackrel{~}{v}_0(t)=i\mathrm{\Omega }r\mathrm{exp}(i\mathrm{\Omega }t),`$ (17)
where $`F`$ and $`r`$ are constants. The value of $`r`$ should be given from the Wronskian formula (5), and the resulting solution is

$`v_0(t)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\mathrm{\Omega }}}}e^{i\mathrm{\Omega }t}.`$ (18)
Substituting (18) to (15) one gets the gap equation

$`\mathrm{\Omega }^2=\stackrel{~}{\omega }^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{4\mathrm{\Omega }}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda F^2}{2\mathrm{\Omega }^4}},`$ (19)
which has only one positive root for $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. Note that this gap equation exactly reproduces the result of Ref.  if one turns off the external force ($`F=0`$).

The expectation values of operators with respect to the ground states defined by (6)are

$`0|\widehat{q}(t)|0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{F}{\sqrt{m(t)}\mathrm{\Omega }^2}},`$
$`0|\widehat{p}(t)|0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{m}(t)F}{2\mathrm{\Omega }^2\sqrt{m(t)}}},`$
$`0|\widehat{q}^2(t)|0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2m(t)\mathrm{\Omega }}}+{\displaystyle \frac{F^2}{m(t)\mathrm{\Omega }^4}},`$ (20)
$`0|\widehat{p}^2(t)|0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{m(t)\mathrm{\Omega }}{2}}\left[1+{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{m}^2(t)}{4\mathrm{\Omega }^2m^2(t)}}\right]+{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{m}^2(t)F^2}{4\mathrm{\Omega }^4m(t)}},`$
$`0|(\mathrm{\Delta }\widehat{q})^2(\mathrm{\Delta }\widehat{p})^2|0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left[1+{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{m}^2(t)}{4\mathrm{\Omega }^2m^2(t)}}\right].`$
Note that the state $`|0`$ satisfies the minimal uncertainty relation. In fact, $`|0`$ is the minimum energy state of the Fock space. The force dependence on the uncertainty enter only through the frequency indirectly.

Now let us go into the main problem in this section: a time-dependent anharmonic oscillator with the driving force linearly increasing to a maximum value $`f`$. For simplicity of the problem, we remove the time-dependence of the parameters except for the force.

As a typical type of linear driving force, we consider the force of the form,

F(t)={
0,
<t0 ,ftΔ,0t<Δ ,f,tΔ.\displaystyle F(t)=\left\{\begin{tabular}[]{lll}0,&$t<0$ ,\\
$\displaystyle\frac{ft}{\Delta}$,&$0\leq t<\Delta$ ,\\
$f$,&$t\geq\Delta$.\\
\end{tabular}\right. (24)
For notational simplicity, we use $`t_{}(=0)`$ and $`t_+(=\mathrm{\Delta })`$ when it is convenient. The $`x(t)`$ in Eq. (13) then becomes

x(t)=tF(t)v~(t)dt={
0,
<t0 ,ftΔ0tv~(t)dt+fΔt0dtt0dt′′v~(t′′),0t<Δ,f0tv~(t)dt+fΔΔ0dtt0dt′′v~(t′′),tΔ.\displaystyle x(t)=-\int^{t}_{-\infty}F(t^{\prime})\tilde{v}(t^{\prime})dt^{\prime}=\left\{\begin{tabular}[]{lll}0,&$t<0$ ,\\
$\displaystyle-\frac{ft}{\Delta}\int_{0}^{t}\tilde{v}(t^{\prime})dt^{\prime}+\frac{f}{\Delta}\int^{t}_{0}dt^{\prime}\int^{t^{\prime}}_{0}dt^{\prime\prime}\tilde{v}(t^{\prime\prime})$,&$0\leq t<\Delta$,\\
$\displaystyle-f\int_{0}^{t}\tilde{v}(t^{\prime})dt^{\prime}+\frac{f}{\Delta}\int^{\Delta}_{0}dt^{\prime}\int^{t^{\prime}}_{0}dt^{\prime\prime}\tilde{v}(t^{\prime\prime})$,&$t\geq\Delta$.\\
\end{tabular}\right. (28)
Now let us solve Eq. (15) at each regions of time. For $`t<0`$, the external force vanishes, and we find an exact solution of Eq. (15) which describes the evolution of the ground state of the oscillator:

$`\stackrel{~}{v}_{}(t)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\mathrm{\Omega }_{}}}}e^{i\mathrm{\Omega }_{}t},`$ (29)
where $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{}`$ denotes the value of $`\mathrm{\Omega }(t)`$ in Eq. (19) with no external force, $`F=0`$.

For $`t>0`$, we cannot find exact solution of the full equation Eq. (15). Instead, we try to find approximate solution based on the WKB-type solution. $`x(t)`$ is proportional to $`f`$ and the $`|vx^{}v^{}x|^2`$ term in Eq. (16) would be $`O(\lambda f^2/\omega ^6\omega ^2)`$. Therefore, we introduce the approximation for $`f^2\lambda \mathrm{\Omega }^6`$ and find the solution for $`\stackrel{~}{v}(t)`$ up to linear order in $`\lambda f^2/\mathrm{\Omega }^6`$. Any types of forces can be treated approximately if it satisfies $`\lambda f^28\stackrel{~}{\omega }^6`$. Note that since it restricts only the product of the coupling and the driving force squared, the driving force need not be small. The present method used in this paper can cover any time-dependent external forces which approaches to a finite value at $`t\mathrm{}`$ if the coupling is small enough, which is usually required even in the absence of driving force. One may try to find an approximate solution of Eq. (15) by considering linearized equation for $`\stackrel{~}{v}(t)\stackrel{~}{v}_{}(t)`$ and by using $`\stackrel{~}{v}_{}(t)`$ as a zeroth order solution. But this approach based on $`\stackrel{~}{v}_{}(t)`$ fails to give appropriate description of the system because the size of the perturbation linearly increases as $`\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Delta }`$ at $`t=\mathrm{\Delta }`$, which gives divergent result in the adiabatic limit ($`\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{}`$). In fact, more appropriate zeroth order solution is the WKB type:

$`v_0(t)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\mathrm{\Omega }(t)}}}e^{i\psi (t)},`$ (30)
where $`\psi (t)=_0^t\mathrm{\Omega }(t^{})𝑑t^{}`$, and the frequency $`\mathrm{\Omega }(t)`$ is determined by the gap equation (19), in which the driving force $`F(t)`$ is now time-dependent. Let us set the two values of frequencies, $`\mathrm{\Omega }(0)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }(\mathrm{\Delta })`$ as $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{}`$, which are determined by

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_{}^2=\stackrel{~}{\omega }^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{4\mathrm{\Omega }_{}}},\mathrm{\Omega }_+^2=\stackrel{~}{\omega }^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{4\mathrm{\Omega }_+}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda f^2}{2\mathrm{\Omega }_+^4}}.`$ (31)
For later uses let us define two dimensionless constants:

$`\nu ={\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{16\mathrm{\Omega }_{}^3}},ϵ={\displaystyle \frac{\lambda f^2}{8\mathrm{\Omega }_{}^6(1+2\nu )}}.`$ (32)
The phase in the intermediate time between $`0t<\mathrm{\Delta }`$ can be calculated up to $`O(ϵ)`$ as:

$`\psi (t)={\displaystyle _0^t}\mathrm{\Omega }(t^{})𝑑t^{}=\mathrm{\Omega }_{}t+{\displaystyle \frac{2ϵ\mathrm{\Omega }_{}\mathrm{\Delta }}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{t^3}{\mathrm{\Delta }^3}},0t\mathrm{\Delta }.`$ (33)
Now we replace $`\stackrel{~}{v}(t)`$ in $`\left|\stackrel{~}{v}(t)x^{}(t)v^{}(t)x(t)\right|^2`$ term of Eq. (16) by its zeroth order solution $`v_0(t)`$. Note that we do not replace $`|\stackrel{~}{v}(t)|^2`$ term by its zeroth order solution, since we now expand the solution in $`ϵ=\lambda f^2/(8\mathrm{\Omega }^6)`$. Therefore $`|\stackrel{~}{v}(t)|^2`$ term is zeroth order in this parameter. We calculate all physical quantities up to this order. The equation of motion (15) then becomes

$`\ddot{\stackrel{~}{v}}(t)+\stackrel{~}{\omega }^2(t)\stackrel{~}{v}(t)+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{2}}\left\{|\stackrel{~}{v}(t)|^2+{\displaystyle \frac{f^2}{\mathrm{\Omega }^4(t)}}\overline{f}^2(t)\right\}\stackrel{~}{v}(t)=0,`$ (34)
where $`\overline{f}(t)`$ is a dimensionless function defined by

$`\overline{f}(t)`$ $`=`$ $`i{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Omega }^2(t)}{f}}[\stackrel{~}{v}(t)x^{}(t)\stackrel{~}{v}^{}(t)x(t)]`$ (35)
$``$ $`i{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Omega }^2(t)}{f}}[\stackrel{~}{v}(t)x^{}(t)\stackrel{~}{v}^{}(t)x(t)]_{\stackrel{~}{v}(t)=v_0(t)}`$
$``$ {
0,
<t0 ,1ΔΩ(t)[ψ(t)sinψ(t)],0t<Δ,1sin(Ω+Δ/2)Ω+Δ/2cosΩ+(tΔ2),tΔ.\displaystyle\left\{\begin{tabular}[]{ll}0,&$t<0$ ,\\
$\displaystyle\frac{1}{\Delta\Omega(t)}\left[\psi(t)-\sin\psi(t)\right],$&$0\leq t<\Delta$,\\
$\displaystyle 1-\frac{\sin(\Omega_{+}\Delta/2)}{\Omega_{+}\Delta/2}\cos\Omega_{+}\left(t-\frac{\Delta}{2}\right),$&$t\geq\Delta$.\\
\end{tabular}\right. (39)
During the calculation, one may find the following term,

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}\left[(\psi (\mathrm{\Delta })\mathrm{\Omega }_+\mathrm{\Delta })/2\right]}{\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Omega }/2}}\mathrm{cos}\left[\mathrm{\Omega }_+t+\mathrm{\Omega }_+\mathrm{\Delta }/2\psi (\mathrm{\Delta })/2\right],`$ (40)
added to the last line of Eq. (35). This term can be removed by the following arguments: First, consider the case $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Omega }_{}1/ϵ`$. Then, the argument of the sine function, $`{\displaystyle \frac{\psi (\mathrm{\Delta })\mathrm{\Omega }_+\mathrm{\Delta }}{2}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}ϵ\mathrm{\Omega }_{}\mathrm{\Delta }`$ in Eq. (40) is $`O(ϵ)`$, which makes above terms to be $`O(ϵ)`$. On the other hand, if $`\mathrm{\Delta }1`$, the denominator in Eq. (40) diverges. Therefore, this term can be set to zero safely to $`O(ϵ^0)`$. There appears many similar terms in the calculations, which we simply omit without explicitly referring to it.

Because the driving term in Eq. (34) is linear in $`\stackrel{~}{v}(t)`$, the driving term in the potential which gives Eq. (34) is quadratic in $`\stackrel{~}{v}(t)`$. If there is no higher power of $`\stackrel{~}{v}(t)`$ in the potential one cannot prevent the solution resonating to the driving source and becoming divergent, which is unwanted result. Therefore, the higher power term in the potential is necessarily needed, which is the $`\lambda |\stackrel{~}{v}(t)|^2`$ term in Eq. (34). Even though we cannot solve this non-linear time-dependent differential equation exactly, it is possible to obtain the general properties of the solution by separating $`\stackrel{~}{v}(t)`$ into its size $`r(t)`$ and phase $`\varphi (t)`$:

$`\stackrel{~}{v}(t)=r(t)e^{i\varphi (t)}.`$ (41)
Then the equation of motion (34) is reduced to the following two equations:

$`\ddot{r}(t){\displaystyle \frac{L^2}{r^3(t)}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{2}}r^3(t)+\left\{\stackrel{~}{\omega }^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda f^2}{2\mathrm{\Omega }^4}}\overline{f}^2(t)\right\}r(t)=0,`$ (42)
$`r^2(t)\dot{\varphi }(t)=L^2,`$ (43)
where $`L`$ is a constant of motion determined by

$`L`$ $`=`$ $`r^2(t)\dot{\varphi }(t)=r^2(\mathrm{\Delta })\dot{\varphi }(\mathrm{\Delta })=r^2(0)\dot{\varphi }(0)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}.`$ (44)
Note that Eq. (44) is very similar to the conservation law of the angular momentum. Moreover, Eq. (42) is very similar to the radial equation of 2-dimensional rotating particle, except that the $`r`$ dependence on Eq. (42) is $`1/r^3`$ rather than $`1/r^2`$. The effective potential, which gives Eq. (42), can be written as

$`V(r,t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{L^2}{2r^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{8}}r^4+\left\{\stackrel{~}{\omega }^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda f^2}{2\mathrm{\Omega }^4}}\overline{f}^2(t)\right\}{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{2}}`$
$`=`$ $`V_\pm (r)+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda f^2}{2\mathrm{\Omega }^4}}\left[\overline{f}^2(t)f_\pm \right]{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{2}},`$
where $`f_+=1`$, $`f_{}=0`$, and $`V_{}(r)=\frac{L^2}{2r^2}+\frac{\lambda }{8}r^4+\left[\stackrel{~}{\omega }^2+\frac{\lambda f^2}{2\mathrm{\Omega }^4}f_\pm \right]\frac{r^2}{2}`$ are the adiabatic ($`\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{}`$) potential at $`t<0`$, and $`t>\mathrm{\Delta }`$ respectively. If the system is quasi-static ($`\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Delta }1`$), the function $`\overline{f}(t)`$ in the potential (3) monotonically increases from $`0`$ ($`t=0`$) to $`1`$ ($`t=\mathrm{\Delta }`$) in time, which define $`V_\pm (r)`$. The two stable circular orbit $`r=r_{}`$ (at $`t<0`$) and $`r_+`$ (at $`t>\mathrm{\Delta }`$) are determined by the formula $`V_\pm ^{}(r)=0`$, where prime denotes the derivative with respect to $`r`$, and are given by

$`r_{}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\mathrm{\Omega }_{}}}},r_+={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\mathrm{\Omega }_+}}}.`$ (46)
The evolution of $`(r(t),\varphi (t))`$, therefore, can be seen as an orbit change of a circulating particle by a varying frequency with somewhat odd angular momentum dependence.

Now let us approximate the potential up to quadratic order in $`ϵ`$ near $`r=r_\pm `$:

$`V(r,t)V_{eff}(r,t)`$ $`=`$ $`V_\pm (r_\pm )+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}V_\pm ^{\prime \prime }(r_\pm )(rr_\pm )^2{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda f^2r_\pm }{2\mathrm{\Omega }^4(t)}}J(t)(rr_\pm ),`$
where we have written the time-dependent term up to the first order in $`rr_\pm `$ since it is of $`O(ϵ)`$ already and the source

$`J(t)=\theta (t)[\theta (\mathrm{\Delta }t)\overline{f}^2(t)],`$ (47)
is dimensionless.

Let the orbit difference be

$`\rho _I(t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{ϵ_{}r_{}}}[r(t)r_{}],0t<\mathrm{\Delta },`$ (48)
$`\rho _{I+}(t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{ϵ_+r_+}}[r(t)r_+],t\mathrm{\Delta },`$
where $`ϵ_\pm ={\displaystyle \frac{\lambda f^2}{2\mathrm{\Omega }_\pm ^4\overline{\omega }_\pm ^2}}`$ is a dimensionless expansion parameter, and $`\overline{\omega }_\pm ^2=V_\pm ^{\prime \prime }(r_\pm )`$. The equation of motion for $`\rho (t)`$ is given by

$`\ddot{\rho }_{I\pm }(t)+\overline{\omega }_\pm ^2\rho _{I\pm }(t)=\overline{\omega }_\pm ^2J(t),`$ (49)
where the subscripts $`\pm `$ are used for $`t\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and $`0t<\mathrm{\Delta }`$, respectively. This is just the equation of motion of a harmonic oscillator with a driving force, and its inhomogeneous solution can be written explicitly using the Green’s function method:

$`\rho _{I\pm }(t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{t_\pm }^t}\overline{\omega }_\pm 𝑑t^{}J(t^{})\mathrm{sin}\overline{\omega }_\pm (tt^{}).`$ (50)
Note that this inhomogeneous solution satisfies $`\rho _{I\pm }(t_\pm )=0=\dot{\rho }_{I\pm }(t_\pm )`$. We present the explicit form of $`\rho _{I\pm }(t)`$ in Appendix A.

With this $`\rho _{I\pm }(t)`$ in hand, it is easy to write the solution for $`r(t)`$ which satisfies the appropriate boundary condition at $`t=t_\pm `$:

$`r(t)`$ $`=`$ $`r_\pm +ϵr_\pm \rho _{I\pm }(t)+[r(t_\pm )r_\pm ]\mathrm{cos}\overline{\omega }_\pm (tt_\pm )+{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{r}(t_\pm )}{\overline{\omega }_\pm }}\mathrm{sin}\overline{\omega }_\pm (tt_\pm )`$
$`=`$ $`r_\pm +s_\pm (t),`$
where $`s_\pm (t)`$ denotes the time-dependent parts of $`r(t)`$ in the region $`t\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and $`0t<\mathrm{\Delta }`$, respectively. We have omitted the sign $`\pm `$ in $`ϵ`$ here and later since $`ϵ_\pm `$ are the same to this order. Usually, the homogeneous terms are first order in the expansion coefficient ($`ϵ`$ here).

The boundary condition at $`t=0`$ is

$`r(0)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\mathrm{\Omega }_{}}}},\dot{r}(0)=0,\varphi (0)=0,\dot{\varphi }(0)=\mathrm{\Omega }_{},`$ (52)
where $`r(0)`$ was determined by Eq. (5). After matching these boundary conditions we get

$`L={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}},r_{}=r(0),\overline{\omega }_{}^2=4\stackrel{~}{\omega }^2+{\displaystyle \frac{3\lambda }{2\mathrm{\Omega }_{}}}=4\mathrm{\Omega }_{}^2(1+2\nu ),`$ (53)
and

$`r(t)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\mathrm{\Omega }_{}}}}\left[1+ϵ\rho _I(t)\right].`$ (54)
The solution for $`r(t)`$ in the region $`t\mathrm{\Delta }`$, which matches the boundary condition at $`t=\mathrm{\Delta }`$, is given by

$`r(t)`$ $`=`$ $`r_++s_+(t)`$
$`=`$ $`r_++ϵr_+\rho _{I+}(t)+{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{\sqrt{2\mathrm{\Omega }_{}}}}\left[\rho _I(\mathrm{\Delta })+1\right]\mathrm{cos}\overline{\omega }_+(t\mathrm{\Delta })`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{\sqrt{2\mathrm{\Omega }_{}}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\rho }_I(\mathrm{\Delta })}{\overline{\omega }_+}}\mathrm{sin}\overline{\omega }_+(t\mathrm{\Delta }),`$
where $`\overline{\omega }_+^2=V_+^{\prime \prime }(r_+)=4\mathrm{\Omega }_+^2(1+2\nu )`$.

In the region $`0t<\mathrm{\Delta }`$, the phase function can be written (See Appendix B for details.) as

$`\varphi (t)`$ $`=`$ $`\psi (t)+ϵ\delta \varphi _{}(t).`$ (56)
where $`\psi (t)`$ is given by (33) and $`\delta \varphi _{}(t)`$ is a finite oscillating function defined in Eq. (5). With these results we obtain $`\stackrel{~}{v}(t)`$ in the region, $`0t<\mathrm{\Delta }`$,

$`\stackrel{~}{v}(t)=v_{}(t)+ϵv_{}(t)w_{}(t),`$ (57)
where

$`v_{}(t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\mathrm{\Omega }(t)}}}e^{i\psi (t)},`$ (58)
and $`w(t)`$ is a function of $`O(1)`$. Then $`x(t)`$ in Eq. (13) is given by

$`x(t)={\displaystyle \frac{fv_{}(t)}{\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Omega }_{}^2}}\left[1+i\mathrm{\Omega }_{}te^{i\psi (t)}\right]\left(1+ϵ{\displaystyle \frac{t^2}{\mathrm{\Delta }^2}}\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{fv_{}(t)}{\mathrm{\Delta }}}ϵx_1(t),`$ (59)
where $`x_1(t)`$ is defined in Eq. (5) in Appendix B. Now we compute the expectation value of operators:

$`0|\widehat{q}(t)|0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{f}{\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Omega }^3}}\left\{[\mathrm{\Omega }t\mathrm{sin}\psi (t)]\left\{1+ϵ\mathrm{}[w(t)]\right\}ϵ\left[1\mathrm{cos}\psi (t)\right]\mathrm{}[w(t)]ϵ\mathrm{}(x_1)\right\},`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{0|\widehat{p}(t)|0}{m}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{f}{\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Omega }^2}}\{[1\mathrm{cos}\psi (t)][1+{\displaystyle \frac{2ϵt^2}{\mathrm{\Delta }^2}}+ϵ\mathrm{}(w(t)+i{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{w}(t)}{\mathrm{\Omega }}})]`$
$``$ $`ϵ\mathrm{}[x_1(t)]+ϵ[\mathrm{\Omega }t\mathrm{sin}\psi (t)]\mathrm{}(w(t)+i{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{w}(t)}{\mathrm{\Omega }}})\}.`$
In the region $`t>\mathrm{\Delta }`$ we get quite good approximation of the phase up to $`O(ϵ)`$:

$`\varphi (t)`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{tt_1}{2\overline{r}^2}}+ϵ\delta \varphi _+(t),`$ (61)
where $`\delta \varphi (t)`$ is an oscillating function of $`O(1)`$, and $`\overline{r}=r_+\left[1+ϵ\frac{\mathrm{sin}^2\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Delta }/2}{(\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Delta }/2)^2}\right]`$ is given in Eq. (103). Then $`\stackrel{~}{v}(t)`$ and $`x(t)`$ can be written to this order,

$`\stackrel{~}{v}(t)`$ $``$ $`\left[1+ϵw_+(t)\right]v_+(t)=\left[1+ϵw_+(t)\right]\overline{r}e^{i(tt_1)/(2\overline{r}^2)},`$ (62)
$`x(t)`$ $``$ $`2i\overline{r}^2fv_+(t)\left[1{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}[\mathrm{\Delta }/(4\overline{r}^2)]}{\mathrm{\Delta }/(4\overline{r}^2)}}e^{i\frac{2t\mathrm{\Delta }}{4\overline{r}^2}}ϵye^{i\frac{t\mathrm{\Delta }}{2\overline{r}^2}}+ϵz(t)\right],`$ (63)
where $`t_1`$, $`w_+(t)`$, $`y`$, and $`z(t)`$ are given in Appendix B. Using these we calculate the expectation values of operators $`\widehat{p}(t)`$ and $`\widehat{q}(t)`$ at $`t>\mathrm{\Delta }`$ which shows the effects of the driving force. The expectation value of $`q(t)`$ and $`p(t)`$ in this order are given by

$`0|\widehat{q}(t)|0`$ (64)
$`=4f\overline{r}^4\{1{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}\mathrm{\Delta }/(4\overline{r}^2)}{\mathrm{\Delta }/(4\overline{r}^2)}}\mathrm{cos}{\displaystyle \frac{t\mathrm{\Delta }/2}{2\overline{r}^2}}ϵ[e^{i\frac{t\mathrm{\Delta }}{2\overline{r}^2}}y^{}+e^{i\frac{t\mathrm{\Delta }}{2\overline{r}^2}}y+z^{}(t)z(t)]\},`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{0|\widehat{p}(t)|0}{m}}=2f\overline{r}^2\{[1+ϵ\mathrm{}(w_+(t)+2i\overline{r}^2\dot{w}_+(t))]{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}\mathrm{\Delta }/(4\overline{r}^2)}{\mathrm{\Delta }/(4\overline{r}^2)}}\mathrm{sin}{\displaystyle \frac{t\mathrm{\Delta }/2}{2\overline{r}^2}}`$
$`+ϵ\mathrm{}(w_+(t)+2i\overline{r}^2\dot{w}_+(t))(1{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}\mathrm{\Delta }/(4\overline{r}^2)}{\mathrm{\Delta }/(4\overline{r}^2)}}\mathrm{cos}{\displaystyle \frac{t\mathrm{\Delta }/2}{2\overline{r}^2}})\}`$ (65)
$`+2ϵf\overline{r}^2\left[ye^{i\frac{t\mathrm{\Delta }}{2\overline{r}^2}}y^{}e^{i\frac{t\mathrm{\Delta }}{2\overline{r}^2}}z(t)+z^{}(t)\right].`$
The fluctuations of $`\widehat{q}(t)`$ and $`\widehat{p}(t)`$ are given by

$`0|[\mathrm{\Delta }\widehat{q}(t)]^2|0`$ $`=`$ $`|\stackrel{~}{v}(t)|^2={\displaystyle \frac{\overline{r}^2}{m}}\left[1+2ϵg(t)\right],`$ (66)
$`0|[\mathrm{\Delta }\widehat{p}(t)]^2|0`$ $`=`$ $`m^2|\dot{\stackrel{~}{v}}(t)|^2={\displaystyle \frac{m}{4\overline{r}^2}}[12ϵg(t)],`$
where $`g(t)`$ is a purely oscillating function of time of order $`O(1)`$ defined in Appendix B (102). Therefore, the uncertainty to order $`ϵ`$ becomes

$`(\mathrm{\Delta }\widehat{p})^2(\mathrm{\Delta }\widehat{q})^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}+O(ϵ^2).`$ (67)
If one compares Eq. (66) with Eq. (3) one can naturally identify that $`1/(2\overline{r}^2)`$ plays the role of frequency of the oscillator.

The main effects of the driving force to the dispersions of $`\widehat{q}(t)`$ and $`\widehat{p}(t)`$ come in two fold: First, driving force makes the dispersions fluctuating $`[s(t)]`$. Secondly, it permanently squeezes the wave-packet by distorting its frequency, $`[1/(2\overline{r}^2)]`$. Note that the adiabatic limit, $`\overline{r}=r_+`$, is the least squeezing state of the system. An interesting point is that there are other systems with $`\mathrm{\Delta }/(4\overline{r}^2)=n\pi `$ which reveals the same least squeezing as the adiabatic limit. The interpretation on this phenomenon is given in the last section.

## 4  Weak coupling limit

In this section we consider the weak coupling limit ($`\nu =\lambda /(16\mathrm{\Omega }^3)1`$) of the time-dependent anharmonic oscillator with driving force given by Eq. (24). One should note that there are terms of $`O(1/\nu )`$ given in $`\rho _{I\pm }(t)`$ in the Appendix A, if the coupling is very small. The inhomogeneous solutions are approximated in the weak coupling limit as

$`\rho _I(t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\nu \mathrm{\Delta }^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{}^2}}\left[\mathrm{cos}\overline{\omega }_{}t\mathrm{cos}2\psi (t)\right]{\displaystyle \frac{\psi ^2(t)}{\mathrm{\Delta }^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{}^2}}+g^{}(t),`$ (68)
$`\rho _{I+}(t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}^2(\mathrm{\Omega }_+\mathrm{\Delta }/2)}{2\nu (\mathrm{\Omega }_+\mathrm{\Delta }/2)^2}}\mathrm{sin}{\displaystyle \frac{(\overline{\omega }_++2\mathrm{\Omega }_+)t\overline{\omega }_+\mathrm{\Delta }}{2}}\mathrm{sin}{\displaystyle \frac{(\overline{\omega }_+2\mathrm{\Omega }_+)(t\mathrm{\Delta })}{2}}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}^2(\mathrm{\Omega }_+\mathrm{\Delta }/2)}{2(\mathrm{\Omega }_+\mathrm{\Delta }/2)^2}}+g^{\prime \prime }(t),`$
where $`g^{}(t)`$ and $`g^{\prime \prime }(t)`$ are functions, whose integrals over time from $`0`$ to $`t`$ are of $`O(ϵ^0)`$. We ignore $`O(\lambda )`$ terms in $`\stackrel{~}{v}(t)`$ and discuss these terms later. To this order, $`\stackrel{~}{v}(t)`$ is given by

$`\stackrel{~}{v}(t)=\{\begin{array}{cc}\stackrel{~}{v}_{}(t)\text{,}\hfill & 0t<\mathrm{\Delta },\hfill \\ \stackrel{~}{v}_+(t)\text{,}\hfill & t\mathrm{\Delta },\hfill \end{array}`$ (72)
where

$`\stackrel{~}{v}_{}(t)`$ $`=`$ $`v_{}(t)\left\{1+i\beta \mathrm{sin}\left[\psi (t){\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\omega }_{}t}{2}}\right]e^{i[\psi (t)+\overline{\omega }_{}t/2]}\right\},`$ (73)
$`\stackrel{~}{v}_+(t)`$ $`=`$ $`\left[1+{\displaystyle \frac{i\dot{s}_{}(\mathrm{\Delta })}{\overline{r}\overline{\omega }_{}}}\right]v_+(t)+\left[s_{}(\mathrm{\Delta }){\displaystyle \frac{i\dot{s}_{}(\mathrm{\Delta })}{\overline{\omega }_+}}\right]e^{i(\overline{\omega }_+\mathrm{\Delta })t}{\displaystyle \frac{v_+(t)}{\overline{r}}}`$
$`+`$ $`2i\alpha v_+(t)e^{i\psi _+(t)}\mathrm{sin}\psi _{}(t),`$
where the functions $`\psi _\pm (t)`$, $`v_+(t)`$, and the coefficients are defined by

$`\psi _+(t)`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\omega }_+}{2}}+\mathrm{\Omega }_+\right)(t\mathrm{\Delta })+\mathrm{\Omega }_+\mathrm{\Delta },\psi _{}(t)=\left({\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\omega }_+}{2}}\mathrm{\Omega }_+\right)(t\mathrm{\Delta }),`$ (75)
$`v_+(t)`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{r}e^{i\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}(tt_1)},\alpha ={\displaystyle \frac{f^2\mathrm{sin}^2(\mathrm{\Omega }_+\mathrm{\Delta }/2)}{2\mathrm{\Omega }_+^3(\mathrm{\Omega }_+\mathrm{\Delta }/2)^2}},\beta ={\displaystyle \frac{f^2}{\mathrm{\Delta }^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{}^5}},\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\overline{r}^2}}.`$
The initial condition (3) at $`t=\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is given by

$`s_{}(\mathrm{\Delta })`$ $`=`$ $`r_{}\beta \left\{\mathrm{sin}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\omega }_{}\mathrm{\Delta }}{2}}+\psi (\mathrm{\Delta })\right]\mathrm{sin}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\omega }_{}\mathrm{\Delta }}{2}}\psi (\mathrm{\Delta })\right]\right\},`$ (76)
$`\dot{s}_{}(\mathrm{\Delta })`$ $`=`$ $`\beta \mathrm{\Omega }_{}r_{}\left\{\mathrm{cos}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\omega }_{}\mathrm{\Delta }}{2}}+\psi (\mathrm{\Delta })\right]\mathrm{sin}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\omega }_{}\mathrm{\Delta }}{2}}\psi (\mathrm{\Delta })\right]\right\}.`$ (77)
Note that these terms can be removed by the following arguments: First, consider the case $`\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Delta }1/\nu `$. Then, the argument of the sine function, $`\frac{\overline{\omega }_{}\mathrm{\Delta }}{2}\psi (\mathrm{\Delta })=\mathrm{\Omega }_{}\mathrm{\Delta }\left(\nu \frac{2ϵ}{3}\right)`$ in Eq. (76) is $`O(ϵ)`$ which makes above terms to be $`O(ϵ)`$. On the other hand, if $`\mathrm{\Delta }1`$, $`\beta `$ goes to zero in this case. Therefore, the homogeneous terms in the region $`t>\mathrm{\Delta }`$ can be set to zero safely to this order. There appears many similar terms in the calculations, which we simply omit without explicitly referring to it.

What we want to know is the expectation values of operators at $`t\mathrm{\Delta }`$. Therefore we should calculate $`x(t)`$ in this region of time. At $`t=\mathrm{\Delta }`$, by integrating $`F(t)\stackrel{~}{v}_{}(t)`$ in Eq. (73), we have

$`x(\mathrm{\Delta })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ifv_{}(\mathrm{\Delta })}{\mathrm{\Omega }_{}}}\left[1{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}\psi (\mathrm{\Delta })/2}{\mathrm{\Omega }_{}\mathrm{\Delta }/2}}e^{i\psi (\mathrm{\Delta })/2}\right].`$ (78)
In general, for $`t\mathrm{\Delta }`$,

$`x(t)=x(\mathrm{\Delta })f{\displaystyle _\mathrm{\Delta }^t}\stackrel{~}{v}(t^{})𝑑t^{}=x_+(t)+x(\mathrm{\Delta })x_+(\mathrm{\Delta }),`$ (79)
where

$`x_+(t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _0^t}F(t)\stackrel{~}{v}_+(t^{})𝑑t^{}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ifv_+(t)}{\mathrm{\Omega }_+}}\{1{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}(\mathrm{\Omega }_+\mathrm{\Delta }/2)}{\mathrm{\Omega }_+\mathrm{\Delta }/2}}e^{i\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}(t\mathrm{\Delta }/2)}`$
$``$ $`2i\alpha \mathrm{sin}\psi _{}(t)e^{i\psi _+(t)}\}.`$
At $`t=\mathrm{\Delta }`$ the following equality holds:

$`\stackrel{~}{v}_{}(\mathrm{\Delta })=v_{}(\mathrm{\Delta })=v_+(\mathrm{\Delta })+O(ϵ).`$ (81)
We therefore have,

$`x(t)=x_+(t)+O(ϵ).`$ (82)
The expectation value of $`\widehat{q}(t)`$ is then given by

$`0|\widehat{q}(t)|0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{f}{\sqrt{m}\mathrm{\Omega }_+^2}}\left[1+2\alpha \mathrm{cos}\psi _+(t)\mathrm{sin}\psi _{}(t)\right]`$
$`\left[1{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}(\mathrm{\Omega }_+\mathrm{\Delta }/2)}{\mathrm{\Omega }_+\mathrm{\Delta }/2}}\mathrm{cos}[\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}(t\mathrm{\Delta }/2)]+2\alpha \mathrm{cos}\psi _+(t)\mathrm{sin}\psi _{}(t)\right]`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2\alpha f}{\sqrt{m}\mathrm{\Omega }_+^2}}\mathrm{sin}\psi _+(t)\mathrm{sin}\psi _{}(t)[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}(\mathrm{\Omega }_+\mathrm{\Delta }/2)}{\mathrm{\Omega }_+\mathrm{\Delta }/2}}\mathrm{sin}[\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}(t\mathrm{\Delta }/2)]`$
$`2\alpha \mathrm{sin}\psi _+(t)\mathrm{sin}\psi _{}(t)]+O(ϵ).`$
The solution is composed of the multiplication of two parts: the rapidly oscillating part, $`\psi _+(t)`$, and slowly oscillating part, $`\psi _{}(t)\nu (t\mathrm{\Delta })`$. The Eq. (4) is exact answer to all order in $`\alpha `$ for $`\alpha ϵ`$. The correction to Eq. (4) begins only at the $`O(ϵ)`$. It is not needed to calculate the expectation value of $`\widehat{p}(t)`$, because it is simply given by $`\widehat{p}(t)=m{\displaystyle \frac{d\widehat{q}(t)}{dt}}`$. This proves that the adiabatic theorem holds in the absence of $`O(ϵ)`$ correction. The $`O(ϵ)`$ corrections are given by Eq. (64) with the replacement $`g(t)`$ in Eq. (95) by $`g^{}(t)`$, $`g(t)`$ in Eq. (101) by $`g^{\prime \prime }(t)`$. The adiabatic limit of weak coupling expansion is written explicitly in Eq. (87). The dispersions are given by

$`0|[\mathrm{\Delta }\widehat{q}(t)]^2|0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2m\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}}}\left[14\alpha \mathrm{sin}\psi _+(t)\mathrm{sin}\psi _{}(t)+4\alpha ^2\mathrm{sin}^2\psi _{}^2(t)\right],`$ (84)
$`0|[\mathrm{\Delta }\widehat{p}(t)]^2|0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{m\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}}{2}}\left[1+4\alpha \mathrm{sin}\psi _+(t)\mathrm{sin}\psi _{}(t)+4\alpha ^2\mathrm{sin}^2\psi _{}^2(t)\right].`$
Note that the uncertainty is $`1/4`$ to $`O(\alpha )`$ even though the dispersions are fluctuating in $`O(\alpha )`$. In the adiabatic limit, the uncertainty becomes exactly 1/4, which is the minimal one.

The $`O(ϵ)`$ calculation is not important except for the adiabatic limit and the case $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Omega }_+=n\pi `$. In the adiabatic case we explicitly calculate each functions again up to $`O(ϵ)`$ and we get, in the region $`t\mathrm{\Delta }`$,

$`\stackrel{~}{v}(t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\mathrm{\Omega }_+}}}e^{i\mathrm{\Omega }_+(t\mathrm{\Delta })i\psi (\mathrm{\Delta })},`$ (85)
$`x(t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{if\stackrel{~}{v}(t)}{\mathrm{\Omega }_+}}\left[1+4ϵe^{i\mathrm{\Omega }_+(t\mathrm{\Delta })}\right].`$ (86)
Therefore the expectation values of operators are given by

$`0|\widehat{q}(t)|0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{f}{\mathrm{\Omega }_+^2}}\left\{1+4ϵ\mathrm{cos}[\mathrm{\Omega }_+(t\mathrm{\Delta })]\right\},`$ (87)
$`0|\widehat{p}(t)|0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4ϵf}{\mathrm{\Omega }_+^2}}\mathrm{sin}[\mathrm{\Omega }_+(t\mathrm{\Delta })].`$ (88)
The dispersions are

$`0|[\mathrm{\Delta }\widehat{q}(t)]^2|0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2m\mathrm{\Omega }_+}},`$ (89)
$`0|[\mathrm{\Delta }\widehat{p}(t)]^2|0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{m\mathrm{\Omega }_+}{2}}.`$ (90)
The uncertainty takes the minimal value. Therefore, in the adiabatic limit of weak coupling expansion, the initial ground state becomes a gaussian wave-packet, which is very close to the new ground state except that the center of the packet is oscillating, whose amplitude is of $`O(ϵ)`$.

## 5 Discussions

We have formulated the quantization procedure of a time-dependent driven anharmonic oscillator using the Liouville-von Neumann approach, and then applied it to the case of anharmonic oscillator with linearly varying driving force. We have found a new gap equation for the driven oscillator and examined whether or not the adiabatic conjecture hold for the anharmonic oscillator. We also have calculated the weak coupling limit of the system. It was shown that the adiabatic conjecture breaks down at the first order of the coupling and the gaussian ground state evolves into a coherent state with the $`O(ϵ)`$ correction of squeezing parameter.

The weak coupling expansion is most interesting because there appears a new expansion parameter $`\alpha ϵ`$ (75), which are closely related with the force gradient $`f/\mathrm{\Delta }`$. In the adiabatic limit of weak coupling expansion, all dynamics related to the new parameter $`\alpha `$ disappears and only the very small $`O(ϵ)`$ correction remains. The expectation values of operators in the adiabatic limit of the weak coupling, at $`t>\mathrm{\Delta }`$ are given in Eq. (87). The dispersion (89) implies that the wave-packet has the shape of a ground state of an oscillator with frequency $`\mathrm{\Omega }_+`$. This state of the adiabatic limit is the coherent state with the coherence parameter of $`O(ϵ)`$. Explicitly, the invariant operator can be rewritten as

$`\widehat{A}`$ $`=`$ $`i\stackrel{~}{v}^{}(t)\left\{\widehat{p}(t)im\mathrm{\Omega }_+\left[\widehat{q}(t){\displaystyle \frac{f}{m\mathrm{\Omega }_+^2}}\right]\right\}+{\displaystyle \frac{4ϵf}{\mathrm{\Omega }_+}}e^{i\psi (\mathrm{\Delta })}`$
$`=`$ $`e^{i\mathrm{\Omega }_+(t\mathrm{\Delta })+i\psi (\mathrm{\Delta })}\widehat{B}(t)+{\displaystyle \frac{4ϵf}{\mathrm{\Omega }_+}}e^{i\psi (\mathrm{\Delta })},`$
where $`\widehat{B}(t)`$ is an annihilation operator of the harmonic oscillator whose center of the potential is fixed at $`\frac{f}{\sqrt{m}\mathrm{\Omega }_+^2}`$ with natural frequency $`\mathrm{\Omega }_+`$. This observation naturally shows that all initial states of the anharmonic oscillators are mapped into the corresponding states of the new vacuum except for $`O(ϵ)`$ displacement.

There are infinitely many ways which gives states satisfying Eq. (87). If $`\mathrm{\Delta }/(4\overline{r}^2)=n\pi `$ in Eqs. (64,3), Eq. (87) naturally holds and the corresponding final state is very close to the new ground state. These arguments hold also in the weak coupling limit of the system Eq. (84). The natural interpretation of this phenomena is the following: After turning on the driving force, the center of gaussian wave-packet starts to move. It periodically passes the bottom of the potential, and accidentally, if the driving force stop to increase when the center stays the bottom of the potential, the packet stop to move thereafter.

Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by Korea Research Foundation under Project number 99-005-D00010 (H.-C.K. and J.H.Y.).

Appendix A. Source integration.

The Green’s function in Eq. (50) can be explicitly integrated to

$`\rho _I(t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _0^t}𝑑t^{}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\omega }_{}}{\mathrm{\Delta }^2\mathrm{\Omega }^2(t)}}\left[\psi (t^{})\mathrm{sin}\psi (t^{})\right]^2\mathrm{sin}\overline{\omega }_{}(tt^{})`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\mathrm{\Delta }^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{}^2}}\{(14\xi ^2)(1\mathrm{cos}\overline{\omega }_{}t)+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{14\xi ^2}}\mathrm{sin}[{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\omega }_{}t}{2}}+\psi (t)]\mathrm{sin}[{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\omega }_{}t}{2}}\psi (t)]`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{16\xi ^2}{(1\xi )^2(1+\xi )^2}}\mathrm{sin}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\omega }_{}t+\psi (t)}{2}}\right]\mathrm{sin}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\omega }_{}t\psi (t)}{2}}\right]`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4}{1\xi ^2}}\psi (t)\mathrm{sin}\psi (t)2\psi ^2(t)\},`$
where $`\xi =\mathrm{\Omega }_{}/\overline{\omega }_{}`$. Note that this inhomogeneous solution have a quadratically increasing term in time. There is a term of $`O(1/\lambda )`$ in the $`\lambda 0`$ limit because $`(14\xi ^2)2\nu `$ in this limit.

After integration of the Green’s function $`\rho _{I+}(t)`$ is given by

$`\rho _{I+}(t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _\mathrm{\Delta }^t}𝑑t^{}\overline{\omega }_+J(t^{})\mathrm{sin}\overline{\omega }(tt^{})`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2\mathrm{sin}\mathrm{\Omega }_+\mathrm{\Delta }/2}{\mathrm{\Omega }_+\mathrm{\Delta }/2}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}\frac{(\overline{\omega }+\mathrm{\Omega }_+)t\overline{\omega }\mathrm{\Delta }}{2}\mathrm{sin}\frac{(\overline{\omega }\mathrm{\Omega }_+)(t\mathrm{\Delta })}{2}}{1\chi }}+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}\frac{(\overline{\omega }+\mathrm{\Omega }_+)(t\mathrm{\Delta })}{2}\mathrm{sin}\frac{(\overline{\omega }\mathrm{\Omega }_+)t+\overline{\omega }\mathrm{\Delta }}{2}}{1+\chi }}\right]`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}^2(\mathrm{\Omega }_+\mathrm{\Delta }/2)}{2(\mathrm{\Omega }_+\mathrm{\Delta }/2)^2}}[1\mathrm{cos}\stackrel{~}{\omega }(t\mathrm{\Delta })+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}\frac{(\overline{\omega }+2\mathrm{\Omega }_+)t\overline{\omega }\mathrm{\Delta }}{2}\mathrm{sin}\frac{(\overline{\omega }2\mathrm{\Omega }_+)(t\mathrm{\Delta })}{2}}{12\chi }}`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}\frac{(\overline{\omega }+2\mathrm{\Omega }_+)(t\mathrm{\Delta })}{2}\mathrm{sin}\frac{(\overline{\omega }2\mathrm{\Omega }_+)t+\overline{\omega }\mathrm{\Delta }}{2}}{1+2\chi }}],`$
where $`\chi =\mathrm{\Omega }_+/\overline{\omega }_+`$. The solution (5) vanishes if the adiabatic limit, $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{}`$, is taken. It also vanishes if the time interval of the driving force satisfies $`\mathrm{\Delta }=n\pi /\mathrm{\Omega }`$. Note that there is a term of $`O(1/\lambda )`$, if the coupling strength vanishes, since $`(12\chi )\nu `$.

Appendix B. Calculation of $`\stackrel{~}{v}(t)`$ and $`x(t)`$.

The phase factor $`\varphi (t)`$ is given by

$`\varphi (t)={\displaystyle _0^t}{\displaystyle \frac{dt^{}}{2r^2(t^{})}}.`$ (94)
Because we usually exponentiate this phase with $`i`$, one should be cautious in approximating this integral by separating the indefinitely growing part from the small fluctuations. We calculate this integral for each regions of time separately. To have a good approximation of the integral in (94) one should separate $`r(t)`$ by its frequency and fluctuating parts. The integration of the frequency part continuously increases in time, which gives the phase of $`\stackrel{~}{v}(t)`$, and the integration of fluctuating part should converge to a small value of $`O(ϵ)`$ so that its exponential can be Taylor expanded.

In the region $`0t<\mathrm{\Delta }`$, following the above prescription with the explicit form of $`\rho _I(t)`$ of (5), $`r(t)`$ can be written as

$`r(t)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\mathrm{\Omega }_{}}}}\left[\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ\psi ^2(t)}{\mathrm{\Delta }^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{}^2}}\right)+ϵg(t)\right]={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\mathrm{\Omega }(t)}}}\left[1+ϵg(t)\right],`$ (95)
where $`\psi (t)`$ is given in Eq. (33) and the integral of $`g(t)=\rho _I(t)+{\displaystyle \frac{\psi ^2(t)}{\mathrm{\Delta }^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{}^2}}`$ in Eq. (95) converges to a finite number for any value of $`t`$ or $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$. Expanding the right hand side of (95) in $`ϵ`$ the phase integral (94) is approximated as

$`\varphi (t)`$ $``$ $`\psi (t)2ϵ\mathrm{\Omega }_{}{\displaystyle _0^t}g(t^{})𝑑t^{}.`$
With this calculation we obtain $`\stackrel{~}{v}(t)`$ in the region $`0t<\mathrm{\Delta }`$:

$`\stackrel{~}{v}(t)=v_{}(t)+ϵv_{}(t)w(t),`$ (96)
where

$`v_{}(t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\mathrm{\Omega }_{}}}}e^{i\psi (t)},`$ (97)
$`w(t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\psi ^2(t)}{\mathrm{\Delta }^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{}^2}}+g(t)+2i\mathrm{\Omega }_{}{\displaystyle _0^t}𝑑t^{}g(t^{}).`$ (98)
Then $`x(t)`$ in Eq. (13) is given by

$`x(t)={\displaystyle \frac{fv_{}(t)}{\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Omega }_{}^2}}\left[1+i\mathrm{\Omega }_{}te^{i\psi (t)}\right]\left(1+ϵ{\displaystyle \frac{t^2}{\mathrm{\Delta }^2}}\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{fv_{}(t)}{\mathrm{\Delta }}}ϵx_1(t),`$ (99)
where

$`x_1(t)`$ $`=`$ $`3e^{i\psi (t)}\left[\left(t{\displaystyle \frac{2i}{3\mathrm{\Omega }_{}}}\right){\displaystyle ^t}{\displaystyle \frac{t^2}{\mathrm{\Delta }^2}}e^{i\psi (t^{})}𝑑t^{}{\displaystyle _0^t}𝑑t^{}{\displaystyle _0^t^{}}𝑑t^{\prime \prime }{\displaystyle \frac{t^{\prime \prime 2}}{\mathrm{\Delta }^2}}e^{i\psi (t^{\prime \prime })}\right]`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Omega }_{}^2}{v(t)}}\left[t{\displaystyle _0^t}v(t^{})w(t^{})𝑑t^{}+{\displaystyle _0^t}𝑑t^{}{\displaystyle _0^t^{}}𝑑t^{\prime \prime }v(t^{\prime \prime })w(t^{\prime \prime })\right].`$
In the region $`t\mathrm{\Delta }`$, $`r(t)`$ can be written as:

$`r(t)=\overline{r}[1+ϵg(t)],`$ (101)
where

$`ϵg(t)={\displaystyle \frac{r(t)}{\overline{r}}}1`$ (102)
is an oscillating function of $`O(ϵ)`$ with vanishing time average and

$`\overline{r}=r_+\left[1+ϵ{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}^2\mathrm{\Omega }_+\mathrm{\Delta }/2}{(\mathrm{\Omega }_+\mathrm{\Delta }/2)^2}}\right].`$ (103)
In the adiabatic limit, the inhomogeneous solution $`\rho _{I+}(t)`$ vanishes. The phase variable $`\varphi (t)`$ can be exactly integrated in this case:

$`\varphi (t)`$ $`=`$ $`\varphi (\mathrm{\Delta })+{\displaystyle _\mathrm{\Delta }^t}{\displaystyle \frac{L}{r^2(t^{})}}𝑑t^{}`$
$`=`$ $`\varphi _0{\displaystyle \frac{b}{2\overline{\omega }(r_+^2b^2)}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}\frac{\overline{\omega }(tt_0)}{2}}{r_++b\mathrm{cos}\frac{\overline{\omega }(tt_0)}{2}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\overline{\omega }r_+\sqrt{r_+^2b^2}}}\mathrm{tan}^1{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{r_+^2b^2}\mathrm{tan}\frac{\overline{\omega }(tt_0)}{2}}{r_++b}},`$
$``$ $`\varphi _0{\displaystyle \frac{b}{2\overline{\omega }r_1^3}}\mathrm{sin}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\omega }(tt_0)}{2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\overline{\omega }r_+^2}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\omega }(tt_0)}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\frac{b}{r_+}\mathrm{tan}\frac{\overline{\omega }(tt_0)}{2}}{1+\frac{b^2}{r_+^2}\mathrm{tan}^2\frac{\overline{\omega }(tt_0)}{2}}}\right],`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{tt_1}{2r_+^2}}+\text{finite periodic function},`$ (105)
where $`b\mathrm{cos}\overline{\omega }(tt_0)=[s_0(\mathrm{\Delta })(r_1r_0)]\mathrm{cos}\overline{\omega }(t\mathrm{\Delta })+\frac{\dot{s}_0(\mathrm{\Delta })}{\overline{\omega }}\mathrm{sin}\overline{\omega }(t\mathrm{\Delta })`$ and $`\varphi _0`$, $`t_1`$ are constants which are needed to satisfy the boundary condition at $`t=\mathrm{\Delta }`$. In the case of a non-adiabatic change, we cannot integrate Eq. (94) exactly but Taylor’s expansion with Eq. (101) gives a good approximation of Eq. (94)up to $`O(ϵ)`$:

$`\varphi (t)`$ $`=`$ $`\varphi (\mathrm{\Delta })+{\displaystyle _\mathrm{\Delta }^t}{\displaystyle \frac{L}{r^2(t^{})}}𝑑t^{}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{tt_1}{2\overline{r}^2}}ϵ{\displaystyle \frac{_\mathrm{\Delta }^t𝑑t^{}g(t^{})}{\overline{r}^2}},`$
where $`\varphi (\mathrm{\Delta })`$ is the phase at $`t=\mathrm{\Delta }`$. With these $`\stackrel{~}{v}(t)`$ is approximated as

$`\stackrel{~}{v}(t)=\left[1+ϵw_+(t)\right]v_+(t)=\left[1+ϵw_+(t)\right]\overline{r}e^{i(tt_1)/(2\overline{r}^2)},`$ (107)
where

$`v_+(t)`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{r}e^{i(tt_1)/2\overline{r}^2}`$ (108)
$`w_+(t)`$ $`=`$ $`g(t)+i{\displaystyle \frac{_\mathrm{\Delta }^tg(t^{})𝑑t^{}}{\overline{r}^2}}.`$ (109)
Using

$`x(t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _0^t}f(t^{})[v_+(t^{})+ϵv_+(t^{})w_+(t^{})]𝑑t^{}`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle _0^\mathrm{\Delta }}𝑑t^{}f(t^{})[v_+(t^{})+ϵv_+(t^{})w_+(t^{})v_{}(t^{})+ϵv_{}(t^{})w_{}(t^{})],`$
one finally obtains

$`x(t)`$ $`=`$ $`2i\overline{r}^2fv_+(t)\left[1{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}[\mathrm{\Delta }/(4\overline{r}^2)]}{\mathrm{\Delta }/(4\overline{r}^2)}}e^{i\frac{2t\mathrm{\Delta }}{4\overline{r}^2}}ϵye^{i\frac{t\mathrm{\Delta }}{2\overline{r}^2}}+ϵz(t)\right],`$ (111)
where

$`ϵy=1{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}[\mathrm{\Delta }/(4\overline{r}^2)]}{\mathrm{\Delta }/(4\overline{r}^2)}}e^{i\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }}{4\overline{r}^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{e^{i(\mathrm{\Delta }t_1)/2\overline{r}^2i\psi (\mathrm{\Delta })}}{(2\mathrm{\Omega }_+)^{3/2}\overline{r}^3}}\left[1{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}[\psi (\mathrm{\Delta })/2]}{\psi (\mathrm{\Delta })/2}}e^{i\psi (\mathrm{\Delta })/2}\right],`$ (112)
$`2i\overline{r}^2v_+(t)z(t)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Omega }_+^2}}v_{}(\mathrm{\Delta })x_1(\mathrm{\Delta }){\displaystyle _\mathrm{\Delta }^t}v_+(t^{})w_+(t^{})𝑑t^{}.`$