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# A Note on the Geometry of Green-Lazarsfeld Sets

## 1 . Introduction.

Let $`M`$ be a compact Kähler manifold and $`H^1(M,C^{}):=Hom(\pi _1(M),C^{})`$. Given a character $`\xi H^1(M,C^{})`$ let $`C_\xi `$ denote the associated $`\pi _1(M)`$-module. Let $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^1(M)`$ be the set of characters $`\xi `$ such that $`H^1(\pi _1(M),C_\xi )`$ is nonzero. The structure of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^1(M)`$ was described in the papers of Beauville \[Be\], Simpson \[S\], and Campana \[Ca\]:

There is a finite number of surjective holomorphic maps with connected fibres $`f_i:MC_i`$ onto smooth compact complex curves of genus $`g1`$ and torsion characters $`\rho _i,\xi _jH^1(M,C^{})`$ such that

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }^1(M)=\underset{i}{}\rho _if_i^{}H^1(C_i,C^{})\underset{j}{}\{\xi _j\}.$$

In this paper we study the components $`f_i^{}H^1(C_i,C^{})`$ corresponding to trivial $`\rho _i`$.

###### Theorem 1.1

Let $`f:MC`$ be a surjective holomorphic map with connected fibres of a compact Kähler manifold $`M`$ onto a smooth complex curve $`C`$ of genus $`g1`$. Assume that $`\xi H^1(C,C^{})`$ is not torsion. Then

$$f^{}:H^1(\pi _1(C),C_\xi )H^1(\pi _1(M),C_{f^{}\xi })$$

is an isomorphism.

## 2 . Proof of Theorem 1.1.

2.1. Let $`T_2(C)GL_2(C)`$ be the Lie subgroup of upper triangular matrices. By $`T_2T_2(C)`$ we denote the Lie group of matrices of the form

$$\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right)(aC^{},bC).$$

Also by $`D_2T_2`$ we denote the subgroup of diagonal matrices and by $`N_2T_2`$ the subgroup of unipotent matrices. Let $`M`$ be a compact Kähler manifold. For a homomorphism $`\rho Hom(\pi _1(M),T_2)`$ we let $`\rho _aHom(\pi _1(M),C^{})`$ denote the upper diagonal character of $`\rho `$. Further, $`N_2`$ acts on $`T_2`$ by conjugation. Any two homomorphisms from $`Hom(\pi _1(M),T_2)`$ belonging to the orbit of this action will be called equivalent. It is well known that the class of equivalence of $`\rho `$ is uniquely defined by an element $`c_\rho H^1(\pi _1(M),C_{\rho _a})`$ (see e.g. \[A, Prop. 2\]). Now our theorem is a consequence of the following result.

###### Theorem 2.1

Assume that $`\rho Hom(\pi _1(M),T_2)`$ satisfies $`Ker(f_{})Ker(\rho _a)`$ but $`Ker(f_{})Ker(\rho )`$. Then $`\rho _a`$ is a torsion character.

The next several sections contain some results used in the proof of Theorem 2.1.
2.2. Let $`f:MC`$ be a holomorphic surjective map with connected fibres of a compact Kähler manifold $`M`$ onto a smooth compact complex curve $`C`$. Consider a flat vector bundle $`L`$ on $`C`$ of complex rank 1 with unitary structure group and let $`E=f^{}L`$ be the pullback of this bundle to $`M`$. Let $`\omega \mathrm{\Omega }^1(E)`$ be a holomorphic 1-form with values in $`E`$ (by the Hodge decomposition $`\omega `$ is $`d`$-closed).

###### Lemma 2.2

Assume that $`\omega |_{V_z}=0`$ for the fibre $`V_z:=f^1(z)`$ over a regular value $`zC`$. Then $`\omega |_V=0`$ for any fibre $`V`$ of $`f`$.

If $`V`$ is not smooth the lemma asserts that $`\omega `$ equals 0 on the smooth part of $`V`$.
Proof. Denote by $`SC`$ the finite set of non-regular values of $`f`$. By Sard’s theorem, $`f:Mf^1(S)CS`$ is a fibre bundle with connected fibres. According to our assumption there is a fibre $`V_z`$ of this bundle such that $`\omega |_{V_z}=0`$. Then $`\omega |_V=0`$ for any fibre $`V`$ of $`f|_{Mf^1(S)}`$. In fact, for any fibre $`V`$ there is an open neighbourhood $`O_V`$ of $`V`$ diffeomorphic to $`R^2\times V`$ such that $`E|_{O_V}(E|_V)`$ is the trivial flat vector bundle (here $`E|_V`$ is trivial as the pullback of a bundle defined over a point). Any $`d`$-closed holomorphic 1-form defined on $`O_V`$ that vanishes on $`V`$ is $`d`$-exact, and so it vanishes on each fibre contained in $`O_V`$. Starting with a tubular neighbourhood $`O_{V_z}`$ and taking into account that $`\omega |_{O_{V_z}}`$ can be considered as a $`d`$-closed holomorphic 1-form (because $`E|_{O_{V_z}}`$ is trivial) we obtain that $`\omega |_V=0`$ for any fibre $`VO_{V_z}`$. Then the required statement follows by induction if we cover $`Mf^1(S)`$ by open tubular neighbourhoods of fibres of $`f`$ and use the fact that $`CS`$ is connected.

Consider now fibres over the singular part $`S`$. Let $`O_xC`$ be the neighbourhood of a point $`xS`$ such that $`O_xS=O_x\{x\}`$ is biholomorphic to $`D\{0\}`$. In particular, $`\pi _1(O_xS)=Z`$. Without loss of generality we may assume that $`V=f^1(x)`$ is a deformation retract of an open neighbourhood $`U_x`$ of $`V`$ and $`W_x:=f^1(O_x)U_x`$ (such $`U_x`$ exists, e.g., by the triangulation theorem of the pair $`(M,V)`$, see \[L, Th.2\]). Since $`E|_V`$ is trivial, the bundle $`E|_{U_x}`$ is also trivial. Therefore we can regard $`\omega `$ as a $`d`$-closed holomorphic 1-form on $`U_x`$. Moreover, we already have proved that $`\omega |_F=0`$ for any fibre $`FW_xf^1(S)`$. So $`\omega `$ equals 0 on each fibre of the fibration $`f:W_xf^1(S)O_xS`$. This implies that there is a $`d`$-closed holomorphic 1-form $`\omega _1`$ on $`O_xS`$ such that $`\omega =f^{}(\omega _1)`$. Assume now that $`\omega |_V0`$. Then integration of $`\omega |_{W_x}`$ along paths determines a non-trivial homomorphism $`h_{\omega ,x}:\pi _1(W_x)C`$ whose image is isomorphic to $`Z`$. Indeed, since embedding $`W_xf^1(S)W_x`$ induces a surjective homomorphism of fundamental groups, we can integrate $`\omega `$ by paths contained in $`W_xf^1(S)`$ obtaining the same image in $`C`$. Further, for any path $`\gamma W_xf^1(S)`$ we have $`_\gamma \omega =_{\gamma _1}\omega _1`$, where $`\gamma _1`$ is a path in $`O_xS`$ representing the element $`f_{}(\gamma )\pi _1(O_xS)`$. But $`\pi _1(O_xS)=Z`$ and therefore $`h_{\omega ,x}(\pi _1(W_x))Z`$. Now, any path in $`W_x`$ is homotopically equivalent inside $`U_x`$ to a path contained in $`V`$ and so we can define $`h_{\omega ,x}`$ integrating $`\omega |_V`$. Thus we obtain a homomorphism $`h`$ of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }:=(\pi _1(V)/D\pi _1(V))/_{torsion}`$ into $`C`$ with the same image as for $`h_{\omega ,x}`$, i.e., $`Z`$. Without loss of generality we may assume that $`V`$ is smooth (for otherwise, we apply the arguments below to each irreducible component of a desingularization of $`V`$). Integrating holomorphic 1-forms on $`V`$ along paths we embed $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ into some $`C^k`$ as a lattice of rank $`2k`$. Then there is a linear holomorphic functional $`f_\omega `$ on $`C^k`$ such that $`h=f_\omega |_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Since $`rk(h(\mathrm{\Gamma }))=1`$, $`f_\omega `$ equals 0 on a subgroup $`H\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ isomorphic to $`Z^{2k1}`$. In particular, $`f_\omega =0`$ on the vector space $`HR`$ of real dimension $`2k1`$. But $`Ker(f_\omega )`$ is a complex vector space. So $`f_\omega =0`$ on $`C^k`$ which implies that $`\omega |_V=0`$. This contradicts our assumption and proves the required statement for fibres over the points of $`S`$.

The lemma is proved. $`\mathrm{}`$
2.3. Next we prove that the character $`\rho _a`$ in Theorem 2.1 cannot be non-unitary.

###### Proposition 2.3

Let $`\rho Hom(\pi _1(M),T_2)`$ be such that $`\rho _a`$ is a non-unitary character. Assume that $`\rho _a|_{Ker(f_{})}`$ is trivial. Then $`\rho |_{Ker(f_{})}`$ is also trivial.

Proof. Let $`p_t:M_tM`$ be the Galois covering with transformation group $`Tor(\pi _1(M)/D\pi _1(M))`$. Then $`\rho |_{\pi _1(M_t)}`$ determines a $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$-trivial complex rank-2 flat vector bundle on $`M_t`$, because $`\rho _a|_{\pi _1(M_t)}=\mathrm{exp}(\rho ^{}|_{\pi _1(M_t)})`$ for some $`\rho ^{}Hom(\pi _1(M),C)`$. In particular, $`\rho |_{\pi _1(M_t)}`$ can be defined by a flat connection

$$\mathrm{\Omega }=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\omega & \eta \\ 0& 0\end{array}\right);d\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Omega }=0$$

on $`M_t\times C^2`$ where $`\omega `$ is a $`d`$-harmonic 1-form on $`M_t`$ lifted from $`M`$. Moreover, since $`\rho _a|_{Ker(f_{})}`$ is trivial, $`\omega `$ is the pullback by $`fp_t`$ of a $`d`$-harmonic 1-form defined on $`C`$. Let $`\omega =\omega _1+\omega _2`$ be the type decomposition of $`\omega `$ into the sum of holomorphic and antiholomorphic 1-forms lifted from $`C`$. Denote by $`E_\rho `$ the rank-1 flat vector bundle on $`M_t`$ with unitary structure group constructed by the flat connection $`\omega _2\overline{\omega _2}`$ and by $`E_0=M_t\times C`$ the trivial flat vector bundle. Observe that $`E_\rho `$ is pullback of a flat bundle on $`C`$. In particular, $`E_\rho |_V`$ is trivial for any fibre $`V`$ of $`fp_t`$. According to \[Br, Th.1.2\] the equivalence class of $`\rho |_{\pi _1(M_t)}`$ is determined by a $`d`$-harmonic 1-form $`\theta `$ with values in $`End(E_\rho E_0)`$ satisfying $`\theta \theta `$ represents 0 in $`H^2(M_t,End(E_\rho E_0))`$. More precisely,

$$\theta =\left(\begin{array}{cc}\omega _1& \eta ^{}\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right)$$

where $`\eta ^{}`$ is a $`d`$-harmonic 1-form with values in $`E_\rho `$ satisfying $`\omega _1\eta ^{}`$ represents 0 in $`H^2(M_t,E_\rho )`$. Let $`M_t\stackrel{g_1}{}M_1\stackrel{g_2}{}C`$ be the Stein factorization of $`fp_t`$. Here $`g_1`$ is a morphism with connected fibres onto a smooth curve $`M_1`$ and $`g_2`$ is a finite morphism. Then for any fibre $`VM_t`$ of $`g_1`$ we have that $`p_t|_V:Vp_t(V)`$ is a regular covering of the fibre $`p_t(V)`$ of $`f`$ with a finite abelian transformation group.

###### Lemma 2.4

$`\eta ^{}|_V=0`$ for fibres over regular values of $`g_1`$.

Based on this statement we, first, finish the proof of the proposition and then will prove the lemma. From the lemma and Lemma 2.2 it follows that $`\eta ^{}|_W=0`$ for any fibre $`i:WM_t`$ of $`g_1`$. Thus $`\rho |_{\pi _1(M_t)}`$ is trivial on $`i_{}(\pi _1(W))\pi _1(M_t)`$. But $`\pi _1(W)`$ is a subgroup of a finite index in $`\pi _1(p_t(W))`$ and the image of $`\rho |_{j_{}(\pi _1(p_t(W)))}`$ consists of unipotent matrices by the assumption of the proposition. (Here $`j:p_t(W)M`$ is embedding.) Therefore $`\rho |_{j_{}(\pi _1(p_t(W)))}`$ is trivial for any $`W`$. Denote by $`E`$ the flat vector bundle on $`M`$ associated to $`\rho `$. Then we have proved that $`E|_W`$ is trivial for any fibre $`W`$ of $`f`$. Further, let $`(U_i)_{iI}`$ be an open cover of $`C`$ such that $`W_i:=f^1(U_i)`$ is an open neighbourhood of a fibre $`V_i=f^1(x_i)`$, $`x_iU_i`$, and $`W_i`$ is deformable onto $`V_i`$. Since $`E|_{V_i}`$ is trivial, $`E|_{W_i}`$ is also trivial. In particular, $`E`$ is defined by a locally constant cocycle $`\{c_{ij}\}`$ defined on the cover $`(W_i)_{iI}`$. But then $`\{c_{ij}\}`$ is the pullback of a cocycle defined on $`(U_i)_{iI}`$ because the fibres of $`f`$ are connected. This cocycle determines a bundle $`E^{}`$ on $`C`$ such that $`f^{}E^{}=E`$. Then $`\rho `$ is the pullback of a homomorphism $`\rho ^{}Hom(\pi _1(C),T_2)`$ constructed by $`E^{}`$.

This completes the proof of the proposition modulo Lemma 2.4.
Proof of Lemma 2.4. Observe that $`\omega _10`$ in the above definition of $`\theta `$ because $`\rho _a`$ is non-unitary. We also regard $`\eta ^{}0`$, for otherwise, the image of $`\rho `$ consists of diagonal matrices and the required statement is trivial. Let $`i:VM_t`$ be a fibre over a regular value of $`g_1`$. For any $`\lambda C^{}`$ consider the form

$$\theta _\lambda =\left(\begin{array}{cc}\lambda \omega _1& \eta ^{}\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right).$$

Clearly, $`\theta _\lambda \theta _\lambda `$ represents 0 in $`H^2(M_t,End(E_\rho E_0))`$ and thus, by \[Br, Prop.2.4\], it determines a representation $`\rho _\lambda Hom(\pi _1(M_t),T_2)`$ with the upper diagonal character $`\rho _{\lambda a}`$ defined by the flat connection $`\lambda \omega _1+\omega _2`$. In particular, the family $`\{\rho _{\lambda a}\}`$ contains infinitely many different characters. Assume that $`\rho |_{i_{}(\pi _1(V))}`$ is not trivial. Then it can be determined by the restriction $`\theta |_{i(V)}`$. But according to our assumption $`\omega _1|_{i(V)}=0`$ and $`E_\rho |_{i(V)}`$ is a trivial flat vector bundle. Thus $`\rho |_{i_{}(\pi _1(V))}`$ is defined by $`\eta ^{}|_{i(V)}H^1(i(V),C)`$. Let $`\psi Hom(i(V),C)`$ be a homomorphism obtained by integration of $`\eta ^{}|_{i(V)}`$ along paths generating $`\pi _1(i(V))`$. Then

$$\rho |_{i_{}(\pi _1(V))}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& \psi \\ 0& 1\end{array}\right).$$

We also obtain that $`\rho _\lambda |_{i_{}(\pi _1(V))}=\rho |_{i_{}(\pi _1(V))}`$ and so it is not trivial for any $`\lambda C^{}`$. We will prove now that the family $`\{\rho _{\lambda a}\}`$ contains finitely many different characters. This contradicts our assumption and shows that $`\rho |_{i_{}(\pi _1(V))}`$ is trivial and so $`\eta ^{}|_V=0`$.

Let $`H:=i_{}(\pi _1(V))`$ be a normal subgroup of $`\pi _1(M_t)`$ (the normality follows from the exact homotopy sequence for the bundle defined over regular values of $`g_1`$). Denote by $`H^{ab}`$ the quotient $`H/DH`$. Then $`H^{ab}`$ is an abelian group of a finite rank. Moreover, $`H^{ab}`$ is a normal subgroup of $`K:=\pi _1(M_t)/DH`$ and the group $`K_1:=K/H^{ab}`$ is finitely generated. Note that $`\rho _\lambda `$ induces a homomorphism $`\widehat{\rho }_\lambda :KT_2`$ for any $`\lambda C^{}`$ with the same image as for $`\rho _\lambda `$ because the image of $`\rho _\lambda |_H`$ is abelian. In particular, $`\widehat{\rho }_\lambda (H^{ab})`$ is a normal subgroup of $`\widehat{\rho }(K)`$. Since by our assumption $`\widehat{\rho }_\lambda (H^{ab})`$ is a non-trivial subgroup of unipotent matrices, from the identity

$$\left(\begin{array}{cc}c& b\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& v\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}c& b\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right)^1=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& cv\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right)(cC^{},b,vC)$$
(2.1)
it follows that the action of $`\widehat{\rho }_\lambda (K)`$ on $`\widehat{\rho }_\lambda (H^{ab})`$ by conjugation is defined by multiplication of non-diagonal elements of $`\widehat{\rho }_\lambda (H^{ab})`$ by elements of $`\rho _{\lambda a}(\pi _1(M_t))`$. Note also that $`Tor(H^{ab})`$ belongs to $`Ker(\widehat{\rho }_\lambda )`$ for any $`\lambda `$. Thus if $`H^{}Z^s`$ is a maximal free abelian subgroup of $`H^{ab}`$ then $`\rho _{\lambda a}(\pi _1(M_t))`$ consists of eigen values of matrices from $`SL_s(Z)`$ obtained by the natural action (by conjugation) of $`K_1`$ on $`H^{}`$. Since $`K_1`$ is finitely generated, the number of different $`\rho _{\lambda a}`$ is finite which is false.

This contradiction completes the proof of the lemma. $`\mathrm{}`$
2.4. Let $`f:MC`$ be a holomorphic map with connected fibres of a compact Kähler manifold $`M`$ onto a smooth compact complex curve $`C`$ of genus $`g1`$. Then $`\pi _1(M)`$ is defined by the exact sequence

$$\{1\}Ker(f_{})\pi _1(M)\pi _1(C)\{1\}.$$

Let $`GKer(f_{})`$ be a normal subgroup of $`\pi _1(M)`$. The quotient $`R:=\pi _1(M)/G`$ is defined by the sequence

$$\{1\}Ker(f_{})/GR\pi _1(C)\{1\}.$$

Assume that

(1) $`H:=Ker(f_{})/G`$ is a free abelian group of finite rank $`k1`$;

(2) the natural action of $`D\pi _1(C)`$ on $`H`$ is trivial.
From (2) it follows that the action $`s`$ of $`\pi _1(C)`$ on $`H`$ determines an action of $`Z^{2g}\pi _1(C)/D\pi _1(C)`$ on $`H`$. Identifying $`H`$ with $`Z^k`$ we can think of $`H`$ as a subgroup (lattice) of $`Z^kC=C^k`$. Then $`s`$ determines a representation $`s^{}:\pi _1(C)GL_k(C)`$ such that $`D\pi _1(C)Ker(s^{})`$ and $`s^{}(g)|_H=s(g)`$ for any $`g\pi _1(C)`$. Since $`s^{}`$ descends to a representation $`Z^{2g}GL_k(C)`$, it admits a decomposition $`s^{}=_{j=1}^ms_j`$ where $`s_j`$ is equivalent to a nilpotent representation $`\pi _1(C)T_{k_i}(C)`$ with a diagonal character $`\rho _j`$. Here $`_{j=1}^mk_j=k`$.

###### Proposition 2.5

All characters $`\rho _j`$ are torsion.

Proof. By definition, $`R`$ is an extension of $`\pi _1(C)`$ by $`H`$. It is well known, see, e.g. \[G, Ch.I, Sec.6\], that the class of extensions equivalent to $`R`$ is uniquely defined by an element $`cH^2(\pi _1(C),H)`$ where the cohomology is defined by the action $`s`$ of $`\pi _1(C)`$ on $`H`$. Let $`fZ^2(\pi _1(C),H)`$ be a cocycle determining $`c`$. Then one can define a representative of the equivalence class of extensions as the direct product $`H\times \pi _1(C)`$ with multiplication

$$\begin{array}{c}(h_1,g_1)(h_2,g_2)=(h_1+s(g_1)(h_2)+f(g_1,g_2),g_1g_2);\\ \\ h_1,h_2H,g_1,g_2\pi _1(C).\end{array}$$

The natural embedding $`HZ^kC(=C^k)`$ determines an embedding $`i`$ of $`R`$ into the group $`R^{}`$ defined as $`C^k\times \pi _1(C)`$ with multiplication

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill (v_1,g_1)(v_2,g_2)=(v_1+s^{}(g_1)(v_2)+f(g_1,g_2),g_1g_2);\\ \\ \hfill fZ^2(\pi _1(C),H),v_1,v_2C^k,g_1,g_2\pi _1(C).\end{array}$$

Here we regard $`f`$ as an element of $`Z^2(\pi _1(C),C^k)`$ defined by the action $`s^{}`$. From the decomposition $`s^{}=_{j=1}^ms_j`$ it follows that there is an invariant $`\pi _1(C)`$-submodule $`V_jC^k`$ of $`dim_CV_j=k1`$ such that $`W_j=C^k/V_j`$ is a one-dimensional $`\pi _1(C)`$-module and the action of $`\pi _1(C)`$ on $`W_j`$ is defined as multiplication by the character $`\rho _j`$. Then, by definition, $`V_j`$ is a normal subgroup of $`R^{}`$ and the the quotient group $`R_j=R^{}/V_j`$ is defined by the sequence

$$\{1\}CR_j\pi _1(C)\{1\}.$$

Here the action of $`\pi _1(C)`$ on $`C`$ is multiplication by the character $`\rho _j`$. Further, the equivalence class of extensions isomorphic to $`R_j`$ is defined by an element $`c_jH^2(\pi _1(C),C)`$ (the cohomology is defined by the above action of $`\pi _1(C)`$ on $`C`$). We will assume that the character $`\rho _j`$ is non-trivial (for otherwise, $`\rho _j`$ is clearly torsion). Let us denote by $`t_j`$ the composite homomorphism $`\pi _1(M)R\stackrel{i}{}R^{}R_j`$.

Let $`E_{\rho _j}`$ be a complex rank-1 flat vector bundle on $`C`$ constructed by $`\rho _jHom(\pi _1(C),C^{})`$. Since $`C`$ is a $`K(\pi _1(C),1)`$-space, there is a natural isomorphism of the above group $`H^2(\pi _1(C),C)`$ and the Čech cohomology group $`H^2(C,𝐄_{\rho _𝐣})`$ of the sheaf of locally constant sections of $`E_{\rho _j}`$, see e.g. \[M, Ch.1, Complement to Sec.2\]. But each flat vector bundle on $`C`$ is $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$-trivial and each homomorphism from $`Hom(\pi _1(C),C^{})`$ can be continuously deformed inside of $`Hom(\pi _1(C),C^{})`$ to the trivial homomorphism. Therefore by the index theorem

$$dim_CH^0(C,𝐄_{\rho _𝐣})dim_CH^1(C,𝐄_{\rho _𝐣})+dim_CH^2(C,𝐄_{\rho _𝐣})=\chi (\pi _1(C))=22g.$$

Note that $`H^0(C,𝐄_{\rho _𝐣})=0`$ because $`\rho _j`$ is non-trivial. Furthermore, $`H^1(C,𝐄_{\rho _𝐣})`$ is in a one-to-one correspondence with the set of non-equivalent representations $`\rho :\pi _1(C)T_2T_2(C)`$ with the upper diagonal character $`\rho _j`$. Using the identity $`_{i=1}^g[e_i,e_{g+i}]=e`$ for generators $`e_1,..,e_{2g}\pi _1(C)`$ we easily obtain that $`dim_CH^1(C,𝐄_{\rho _𝐣})=2g2`$. Thus we have $`H^2(C,𝐄_{\rho _𝐣})=0`$. This shows that $`H^2(\pi _1(C),C)=0`$ and $`R_j`$ is isomorphic to the semidirect product of $`C`$ and $`\pi _1(C)`$, i.e., $`R_j=C\times \pi _1(C)`$ with multiplication

$$(v_1,g_1)(v_2,g_2)=(v_1+\rho _j(g_1)v_2,g_1g_2),v_1,v_2C,g_1,g_2\pi _1(C).$$

Let us determine a map $`\varphi _j`$ of $`R_j`$ to $`T_2`$ by the formula

$$\varphi _j(v,g)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\rho _j(g)& v\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right)$$

Obviously, $`\varphi _j`$ is a correctly defined homomorphism with upper diagonal character $`\rho _j`$. Hence $`\varphi _jt_j:\pi _1(M)T_2`$ is a homomorphism which is non-trivial on $`Ker(f_{})`$ by its definition. Now Proposition 2.3 implies that $`\rho _j`$ is a unitary character. Therefore we have proved that all characters of the action of $`\pi _1(C)`$ on $`H`$ are unitary. This means that each element of the above action is defined by a matrix from $`SL_k(Z)`$ with unitary eigen values. Applying to these eigen values the Kronecker theorem asserting that an algebraic integer is a root of unity if and only if all its Galois conjugates are unitary (see, e.g. \[BS, p.105,Th.2\]) we obtain that each $`\rho _j`$ is a torsion character. $`\mathrm{}`$
2.5. In this section we will prove a result about the structure of $`Ker(f_{})`$ where $`f:MC`$ is a surjective holomorphic map with connected fibres of a compact Kähler manifold $`M`$ onto a curve $`C`$.

Using the Lojasiewicz triangulation theorem \[L, Th.2\], compactness of $`M`$ and the fact that all fibres of $`f`$ are connected, we can find an open finite cover $`(U_i)_{1is}`$ of $`C`$ such that $`W_i:=f^1(U_i)`$ is an open neighbourhood of a fibre $`V_i=f^1(x_i)`$, $`x_iU_i`$, and $`V_i`$ is a deformation retract of some open $`\stackrel{~}{W}_iW_i`$. Let us fix some points $`x_iV_i`$ and paths $`\gamma _i`$ connecting $`x_1`$ with $`x_i`$, $`1is`$. By $`G_i`$ we denote the image of $`\gamma _i\pi _1(V_i,x_i)\gamma _i^1`$ in $`\pi _1(M,x_1)`$. (Clearly, each $`G_i`$ is finitely generated.)

###### Lemma 2.6

$`Ker(f_{})`$ is the minimal normal subgroup of $`\pi _1(M,x_1)`$ containing all $`G_i`$ $`(1is)`$.

Proof. Let $`R\pi _1(M,x_1)`$ be the minimal normal subgroup containing all $`G_i`$. Clearly, $`RKer(f_{})`$. We will prove the reverse inclusion. Let $`p:M_1M`$ be the regular covering over $`M`$ with the transformation group $`R_1:=\pi _1(M)/R`$. It is a principle bundle over $`M`$ with discrete fibre $`R_1`$. We will prove that the restriction of $`M_1`$ to each $`\stackrel{~}{W}_i`$ is the trivial bundle. Since $`V_i`$ is a deformation retract of $`\stackrel{~}{W}_i`$, it suffices to prove that for any closed path $`\gamma V_i`$ passing through $`x_i`$ and any point $`yp^1(x_i)`$ the unique covering path $`\gamma ^{}M_1`$ of $`\gamma `$ passing through $`y`$ is closed. To prove this let us consider the path $`s:=\gamma _i\gamma \gamma _i^1`$. Let $`s_1M_1`$ be any path which covers $`s`$. Then $`s_1`$ is closed, because $`s`$ represents an element of the normal subgroup  $`R\pi _1(M)`$. Let $`\gamma ^{}`$ be the covering of $`\gamma `$ with endpoints $`y`$ and $`y^{}`$. Then there is an element $`gR_1`$ such that $`y^{}=g(y)`$. Let $`h`$ and $`h^{}`$ be the unique covering paths of $`\gamma _i`$ and $`\gamma _i^1`$ passing through $`y`$ and $`y^{}`$, respectively. Clearly $`h^{}=g(h^1)`$. Now $`s^{}=h\gamma ^{}h^{}`$ covers $`s`$ and so it is closed. Then we have $`h^{}=h^1`$ implying $`g=1`$ and $`y=y^{}`$. So we proved that $`M_1`$ is trivial over each $`\stackrel{~}{W}_i`$ and, in particular, it is trivial over each $`W_i`$. This means that $`M_1`$ is defined by a locally constant cocycle $`\{c_{ij}\}`$ (with values in $`R_1`$) defined on the cover $`(W_i)_{iI}`$ of $`M`$. But then $`\{c_{ij}\}`$ is the pullback of a cocycle defined on $`(U_i)_{iI}`$ because the fibres of $`f`$ are connected. This cocycle determines a principle bundle $`C_1`$ on $`C`$ with the fibre $`R_1`$ such that $`f^{}C_1=M_1`$. In particular, $`C_1`$ determines a homomorphism $`q:\pi _1(C)R_1`$ such that $`qf_{}`$ is the quotient homomorphism $`\pi _1(M)R_1`$. This implies that $`Ker(f_{})R`$. $`\mathrm{}`$
2.6. We use use Lemma 2.6 to prove the following result.

###### Lemma 2.7

Let $`\rho Hom(\pi _1(M),T_2)`$ be such that $`Ker(f_{})Ker(\rho _a)`$ where $`\rho _a`$ is unitary. Then $`\rho (Ker(f_{}))N_2`$ is a free abelian group of finite rank.

Proof. Without loss of generality we will assume that $`Ker(f_{})Ker(\rho )`$. Let $`i:V\pi _1(M)`$ be the fibre over a regular value of $`f`$ and $`H=i_{}(\pi _1(V))\pi _1(M)`$ be the corresponding normal subgroup. First, we prove that $`\rho |_H`$ is not trivial. Indeed, let $`E`$ be the flat vector bundle associated to $`\rho _a`$. By our assumptions $`E=f^{}L`$ where $`L`$ is a flat vector bundle on $`C`$ with unitary structure group. It is well known that the equivalence class of $`\rho `$ is defined by a harmonic 1-form $`\eta `$ with values in $`E`$. Since the structure group of $`E`$ is unitary, the Hodge decomposition implies that $`\eta =\omega _1+\omega _2`$, where $`\omega _1`$ is holomorphic and $`\omega _2`$ is antiholomorphic. From the proof of Lemma 2.4 we know that $`\rho _H`$ is defined by integration of $`\eta `$ along closed paths of $`i(V)`$. Assume to the contrary that $`\rho |_H`$ is trivial. This means that $`\eta |_{i(V)}`$ represents 0 in $`H^1(i(V),C)`$ and so $`\omega _1|_{i(V)}=\omega _2|_{i(V)}=0`$. But then Lemma 2.2 implies that $`\omega _i|_V=0`$ $`(i=1,2)`$ for any fibre $`V`$ of $`f`$. Let us consider a path $`\gamma `$ which represents an element of $`\pi _1(V_i,x_i)`$ (the notation is as in Lemma 2.6). Let $`\gamma ^{}=\gamma _i\gamma \gamma _i^1`$. Then the monodromy argument shows that $`\rho (\gamma ^{})=CAC^1`$ where $`CT_2`$, $`AN_2`$ and $`A`$ is defined by integration of $`\eta `$ along $`\gamma `$. Therefore $`\rho (\gamma ^{})=1N_2`$. Let $`[\gamma ^{}]\pi _1(M)`$ be the element defined by $`\gamma ^{}`$. According to Lemma 2.6, $`Ker(f_{})`$ is the minimal normal subgroup containing all such $`[\gamma ^{}]`$ (for any $`i`$). The above argument then shows that $`\rho |_{Ker(f_{})}`$ is trivial which contradicts to our assumption.

Next, we will prove that $`\rho _a(\pi _1(M))`$ consists of algebraic integers. Let $`H_fZ^k`$ be the free part of $`H^{ab}=H/DH`$. In what follows we identify $`H_f`$ with $`Z^k`$. Let $`s:\pi _1(M)SL_k(Z)`$ be the representation induced by the action of $`\pi _1(M)`$ on $`H`$ by conjugation. Since $`\rho (H_f)=\rho (H)`$ is non-trivial and consists of unipotent matrices, $`k1`$ and identity (2.1) implies that the action of $`\rho (\pi _1(M))`$ on $`\rho (Z^k)`$ by conjugation is defined by multiplication of non-diagonal elements of $`\rho (Z^k)`$ by elements of $`\rho _a(\pi _1(M))`$. Let $`e_1,\mathrm{},e_k`$ be the standard basis in $`Z^k`$. Identifying $`N_2`$ with $`C`$ we obtain a nonzero vector $`v=(\rho (e_1),\mathrm{},\rho (e_k))C^k`$. Then a simple calculation shows that $`v`$ is a nonzero eigen vector of $`s(g)`$ with the eigen value $`\rho _a(g)`$, $`g\pi _1(M)`$. This completes the proof.

Now let us finish the proof of the lemma. Let $`\{g_j\}`$, $`1jl`$, be the finite family which consits of all generators of all $`G_i`$ (as in Lemma 2.6). Then according to Lemma 2.6, $`\rho (Ker(f_{}))\rho (\pi _1(M))`$ is the minimal normal subgroup containing all $`h_j:=\rho (g_j)`$. Since $`N_2`$ is abelian, identity (2.1) shows that $`\rho (Ker(f_{}))`$ is a discrete abelian group generated by all elements $`\rho _a(g)g_j`$$`gH_1(M,Z)`$, $`1jl`$. Let $`t_1,\mathrm{},t_p`$ be the family of generators of $`H_1(M,Z)`$. Then the above arguments imply that each $`\rho _a(t_i),\rho _a(t_i)`$ $`(i=1,\mathrm{},p)`$ are roots of polynomials of degree $`k`$ with integer coefficients and leading coefficients $`1`$. Since any $`gH_1(M,Z)`$ can be written as $`_{i=1}^pa_it_i+_{i=1}^pb_i(t_i)`$ with $`a_i,b_iZ_+`$, the previous shows that the abelian group $`\rho (Ker(f_{}))`$ is generated (over $`Z`$) by the elements

$$\rho _a(t_1)^{a_1}\mathrm{}\rho _a(t_p)^{a_p}\rho _a(t_1)^{b_1}\mathrm{}\rho _a(t_p)^{b_p}g_j$$

where $`a_i,b_i`$ are nonnegative integers satisfying $`0a_ik1`$, $`0b_ik1`$, and $`1jl`$. Since the number of such generators is finite, $`\rho (Ker(f_{}))`$ is finitely generated. It is also free as a subgroup of the free group $`N_2`$.

The proof of the lemma is complete. $`\mathrm{}`$
2.7. Proof of Theorem 2.1. Let $`\rho Hom(\pi _1(M),T_2)`$ be such that $`Ker(f_{})Ker(\rho _a)`$ but $`Ker(f_{})Ker(\rho )`$. According to Proposition 2.3, $`\rho _a`$ is unitary. Then according to Lemma 2.7, $`\rho (Ker(f_{}))N_2`$ is isomorphic to $`Z^r`$, $`r1`$. We set $`G=Ker(f_{})Ker(\rho )`$ and $`R:=\pi _1(M)/G`$. Then $`R`$ is defined by the sequence

$$\{1\}Ker(f_{})/GR\pi _1(C)\{1\}.$$

where $`Ker(f_{})/G\rho (Ker(f_{}))=Z^r`$. Since $`\rho (Ker(f_{}))N_2`$, the above definition implies that the natural action of $`D\pi _1(C)`$ on $`Ker(f_{})/G`$ is trivial. Thus according to Proposition 2.5, all characters of the induced representation $`\pi _1(C)GL_r(C)`$ are torsion. In particular, $`\rho _a`$ is torsion as one of such characters.

The proof of the theorem is complete. $`\mathrm{}`$


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# Polarization and Distribution Function of Λ_𝑏 Baryon

## I Introduction

The polarization of bottom baryons $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$’s has been measured by ALEPH ALEPH , OPAL OPAL  and DELPHI DELPHI . The ALEPH data showed that the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ polarization has value $`\mathrm{P}=0.23_{0.20}^{+0.24}(\text{stat.})\pm 0.08(\text{syst.})`$. The OPAL data indicated the polarization $`\mathrm{P}=0.56_{0.13}^{+0.20}(\text{stat.})\pm 0.09(\text{syst.})`$. The DELPHI experiment gave $`\mathrm{P}=0.49_{0.30}^{+0.32}(\text{stat.})\pm 0.17(\text{syst.})`$. Although these three measurements are compatible with each other, the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ polarization still has a wide range of value from $`+0.01`$ to $`0.79`$. To improve the situation, it is better to find out a sensitive measurable quantity on the polarization. However, this is very difficult before we can have a more qualitative understanding on the spin properties of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ baryons. This paper is intended to understand the behind mechanisms by constructing physical models based on perturbative QCD formalism.

Measurement of a large longitudinal polarization of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ may indicate the polarization of primary $`b`$ quark produced from a $`Z^0`$ decay. The $`b`$ quarks produced in the reaction $`e^+e^{}Z^0b\overline{b}`$ are highly polarized with polarization $`\mathrm{P}=0.94`$ CLOSE ; Mannel-Schular ; KPTung . The corrections from hard gluon emissions and mass effects can change the polarization of the final state $`b`$ quarks by only $`3\%`$ KRZ ; JW . The $`b`$ quark can fragment into mesons and baryons. The decays of b mesons into spin zero pseudoscalar states do not retain any polarization information. The hadronization to $`b`$ baryons might preserve a large fraction of the initial $`b`$ quark polarization. In the heavy quark mass limit, the spin degrees of freedom of $`b`$ quark are decoupled from a spin-zero light diquark. The initial polarization of $`b`$ quark can therefore be preserved until the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ decays. The higher mass $`b`$ baryon states can decay into the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ baryon but transfer little spin degrees of freedom. These effects have been estimated from different scenarios as about $`30\%`$. This leads to that the final $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ polarization could be $`\mathrm{P}=0.60.70`$ FP ; JK .

The ALEPH Collaboration measured the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ polarization by employing the method suggested by Bovicini and Randall BR . In the ratio $`y(\mathrm{P})=E_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{P})/E_{\overline{\nu }}(\mathrm{P})`$ with $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ and $`E_{\overline{\nu }}`$ the averaged lepton and antineutrino energies in the laboratory reference frame, the fragmentation effects are largely cancelled out. Also, the spectra of the electrons and anti-neutrinos produced from the inclusive semileptonic decays of polarized $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ baryons are harder relative to the spectra of unpolarized decays. The ALEPH Collaboration proposed to measure the ratio $`\mathrm{R}(\mathrm{P})=y(\mathrm{P})/y(0)`$, which is a Lorentz invariant quantity. The $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ polarization is then extracted from a comparison between the measured ratio $`\mathrm{R}^{\text{ALEPH}}=1.12\pm 0.10`$ and a Monte Carlo simulation ratio $`\mathrm{R}^{\mathrm{MC}}(\mathrm{P})`$ with varying $`\mathrm{P}`$. Because the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ polarization is best defined in the rest frame of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ baryons, one can rewrite the ratio $`\mathrm{R}`$ in terms of the averaged variables in the rest frame to determine the polarization

$`\mathrm{P}={\displaystyle \frac{E_{\mathrm{}}^{}E_{\overline{\nu }}^{}(1\mathrm{R})}{E_{\mathrm{}}^{}P_{\overline{\nu }}^{}\mathrm{R}E_{\overline{\nu }}^{}P_{\mathrm{}}^{}}},`$ (1)
where the star variables denote the averaged quantities in the rest frame and are calculated with $`\mathrm{P}=1`$. The above equation can be investigated by different theoretical models. For example, if we apply the free quark model to calculate the star variables, we can obtain the polarization $`\mathrm{P}=0.23`$, which is closed to the ALEPH’s result ALEPH . The situation will become interesting as we apply the same model for the DELPHI experiment. The DELPHI experiment measured the same ratio $`\mathrm{R}^{\text{DELPHI}}=1.21_{0.14}^{+0.16}`$ and obtained $`\mathrm{P}^{\text{DELPHI}}=0.49_{0.30}^{+0.32}`$. In the same way, it is easy to check that substituting DELPHI’s ratio $`\mathrm{R}^{\text{DELPHI}}`$ into Eq. (1) can derive a different value $`\mathrm{P}=0.38`$ in free quark model. On the other hand, in the same model, if we employ the OPAL’s polarization $`\mathrm{P}^{\text{OPAL}}=0.56`$ into the ALEPH’s and DELPHI’s Monte Carlo simulation ratios $`\mathrm{R}^{\text{MC}}`$, we can extract the central value of corresponding $`\mathrm{R}`$ as $`\mathrm{R}_1=1.30`$ and $`\mathrm{R}_2=1.27`$, respectively. This seems to imply that there requires more investigations to find a consistent picture for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ polarization. That is we need to find a model which can explain the experiments self-consistently. The model dependence in the equation for $`\mathrm{P}`$, such as Eq. (1), arises from the $`z`$ variable $`z_{\mathrm{}(\overline{\nu })}=P_{\mathrm{}(\overline{\nu })}^{}/E_{\mathrm{}(\overline{\nu })}^{}`$. Using the $`z`$ variables, Eq. (1) can be recast as

$`\mathrm{P}={\displaystyle \frac{(1\mathrm{R})}{z_{\overline{\nu }}\mathrm{R}z_{\mathrm{}}}}.`$ (2)
It will become clear in the following sections that different models would give different values of ratio $`z_{\mathrm{}}`$ but almost the same $`z_{\overline{\nu }}`$ due to the characteristics of the lepton and anti-neutrino spectra.

In order to explore the mechanisms controlling the spin properties of polarized $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ baryons, we shall investigate four models. They are the (free) quark model (QM), the modified quark model (MQM), the parton model (PM), and the modified parton model (MPM). The parton model describes the probability of finding the $`b`$ quark carrying a momentum fraction of the momentum of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ baryon by a parton distribution function. The quark model assumes that the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ baryon contains only one $`b`$ quark and two light quarks and the corresponding parton distribution function is just a delta function of the momentum fraction. This means that the $`b`$ quark carries almost all the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ baryon momentum. The modified quark model and the modified parton model mean that the quark model and the parton model contain additional Sudakov form factor and transverse momentum. The Sudakov form factor arises from a resummation over radiative corrections of soft gluons and have the effects to enhance the perturbative QCD contributions.

We emphasize the importance of transverse degrees of freedom of partons inside a $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ baryon in our analysis. First, the transverse momenta regularize the divergences when the outgoing $`c`$ quark in the process $`bcW`$ is approaching the end point. Second, the transverse momenta also enhance the contributions from the spin vector along the polarization direction. For completeness, we also introduce the intrinsic transverse momentum for the distribution function. We assume that the form of the intrinsic transverse momentum part of the parton distribution function can be parameterized as $`\mathrm{exp}[tM^2b^2]`$ with an impact parameter $`b`$, which is the conjugate variable of the transverse momentum. The other factors are the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ baryon mass $`M`$ and a dimensionless parameter $`t`$. The impact parameter $`b`$ will be integrated out in our PQCD formalism. The $`z`$ variables are functions of $`t`$. To determine the parameter $`t`$ we rely on the experiments. The OPAL Collaboration determined the polarization by comparing the measured distribution of the ratio $`E_{\overline{\nu }}/E_{\mathrm{}}`$ against a simulation of this ratio using the JETSET Monte Carlo event generator. The polarization $`\mathrm{P}^{\text{OPAL}}`$ of OPAL experiment and results of the ALEPH and DELPHI experiments will determine the range of parameter $`t`$.

The arrangement of our paper is as follows. In the next section, we shall demonstrate the factorization formula for the inclusive semileptonic decay of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ baryon. In this formula, the hard scattering amplitude, describing the short distance subprocess $`bc\mathrm{}\overline{\nu }`$, convolutes with a jet function and an universal soft function. For simplicity, we shall assume that the charm quark mass can be ignored. That is we shall neglect the corrections like $`m_c^2/M^2`$ with $`m_c`$ the charm quark mass. This approximation is less than $`10\%`$ and is safe as compared with the accuracy of the experiments. However, it requires to consider the collinear divergences due to our ignorance of the charm quark mass. The jet function is then necessary for absorbing the collinear divergences. The universal soft function involves the $`b`$ quark matrix element. The matrix element contains a large scale factor, the $`b`$ quark mass $`M_b`$. To have a well established matrix element, we need to employ heavy quark effective theory (HQET) to scale out this large scale. We also need to separate the leading order matrix elements in $`1/M_b`$ expansion from the higher order ones. We shall develop a description for separating the leading order from the higher order mass corrections. This description is equivalent to the OPE approach. In Section 3, we shall construct four models based on the factorization formula. Section 4 gives the numerical result. The conclusion is given in Section 5.

## II Factorization Formula

We shall investigate the quadruple differential decay rate for polarized $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ baryons, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_bX_c\mathrm{}\overline{\nu }`$,

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d^4\mathrm{\Gamma }}{dE_{\mathrm{}}dq^2dq_0d\mathrm{cos}\theta _{\mathrm{}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{|V_{cb}|^2G_F^2}{256\pi ^4M}}L^{\mu \nu }W_{\mu \nu },`$ (3)
where $`M`$ denotes the mass of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ baryon, $`L^{\mu \nu }`$ represents the leptonic tensor

$`L^{\mu \nu }=Tr[\overline{)}P_{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu \overline{)}P_{\overline{\nu }}\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu ],`$ (4)
and $`W_{\mu \nu }`$ means the hadronic tensor

$`W_{\mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`(2\pi )^3\delta ^{(4)}(P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b}qP_{X_c}){\displaystyle \underset{X}{}}\mathrm{\Lambda }_b|\overline{c}\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu ^{}b|X_cX_c|\overline{c}\mathrm{\Gamma }_\nu b|\mathrm{\Lambda }_b{\displaystyle \frac{d^3𝐏_{𝐗_𝐜}}{(2\pi )^32E_{X_c}}}`$ (5)
where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu `$ denotes the $`VA`$ operator $`\gamma _\mu (1\gamma _5)`$, $`|X_c`$ means the hadronic states containing a charm quark and $`q`$ is total momentum carried by the lepton and anti-neutrino. We choose the normalization for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ state $`|\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ as $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b(P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b}^{},S)|\mathrm{\Lambda }_b(P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b},S)=(2\pi )^3(2P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b}^0)\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{S}\stackrel{}{S}^{})\delta ^3(\stackrel{}{P}_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b}\stackrel{}{P}_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b}^{})`$. The kinematical variables $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$, $`q`$, $`q_0`$ and $`\mathrm{cos}\theta _{\mathrm{}}`$ are expressed as follows. We choose the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ baryon rest frame such that the initial $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ baryon momentum, $`P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b}`$, and the final state lepton and anti-neutrino momenta, $`p_{\mathrm{}}`$ and $`p_{\overline{\nu }}`$, can be defined as

$`P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b}={\displaystyle \frac{M}{\sqrt{2}}}(1,1,\mathrm{𝟎}),p_{\mathrm{}}=(p_{\mathrm{}}^+,0,\mathrm{𝟎}),p_{\overline{\nu }}=(p_{\overline{\nu }}^+,p_{\overline{\nu }}^{},𝐩_{\overline{\nu }}).`$ (6)
The variables $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$, $`q`$, and $`q_0`$ are related to $`p_{\mathrm{}}^+,p_{\overline{\nu }}^+,p_{\overline{\nu }}^{}`$ as $`E_{\mathrm{}}=p_{\mathrm{}}^+/\sqrt{2}`$, $`q^2=2p_{\mathrm{}}^+p_{\overline{\nu }}^{}`$, and $`q_0=(p_{\mathrm{}}^++p_{\overline{\nu }}^++p_{\overline{\nu }}^{})/\sqrt{2}`$. We let $`P_b=P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b}l`$ represent the $`b`$ quark momentum whose square is set as $`P_b^2M_b^2`$ with $`M_b`$ the $`b`$ quark mass. The momentum $`l`$ of the light degree of freedom of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ baryon can have a large plus component and small transverse components $`𝐥_{}`$. The final state charm quark momentum is equal to $`P_c=P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b}lq`$. The angle $`\theta _{\mathrm{}}`$ is defined as the angle between the third component of $`p_{\mathrm{}}`$ and that of the $`b`$ quark polarization vector, $`S_b`$. The differential decay rate can also be rewritten in terms of $`E_{\overline{\nu }},y,y_0`$ and $`\theta _{\overline{\nu }}`$ with $`E_{\overline{\nu }}`$ the anti-neutrino energy and corresponding angle $`\theta _{\overline{\nu }}`$. Because the right hand side of Eq. (3) is independent of which parameterization for the leptonic variables, we shall use both parameterizations for the differential decay rate.

It is convenient to use the scaled variables $`x_{\mathrm{}(\overline{\nu })}=2E_{\mathrm{}(\overline{\nu })}/M`$, $`y=q^2/M^2`$, and $`y_0=2q_0/M`$. The integration regions for $`x_{\mathrm{}(\overline{\nu })}`$, $`y`$ and $`y_0`$ are

$`0x_{\mathrm{}(\overline{\nu })}1,0yx_{\mathrm{}(\overline{\nu })},{\displaystyle \frac{y}{x_{\mathrm{}(\overline{\nu })}}}+x_{\mathrm{}(\overline{\nu })}y_01+y.`$ (7)
Note that we have chosen $`M`$ as the scale factor. For simplicity, we have chosen $`m_c=0`$ and left $`m_c0`$ to other work. This approximation is safe as compared with the accuracy of available experiments. The leading corrections to this approximation is of order $`O(m_c^2/M_b^2)`$ being less than $`10\%`$.

By optical theorem, the hadronic tensor $`W^{\mu \nu }`$ can be related to the forward matrix element $`T^{\mu \nu }`$ through the formula

$`W^{\mu \nu }={\displaystyle \frac{\text{Im}(T^{\mu \nu })}{\pi }}.`$ (8)
The lowest order of $`T^{\mu \nu }`$ is defined as

$`T^{\mu \nu }(P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b},q,S)`$ $`=`$ $`i{\displaystyle d^4ye^{iqy}\mathrm{\Lambda }_b(P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b},S)|𝒯[J^\mu (0),J^\nu (y)]|\mathrm{\Lambda }_b(P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b},S)}`$ (9)
with $`J^\mu =\overline{q}\gamma ^\mu (1\gamma _5)b`$ the V $``$ A current. The forward matrix element can be expressed in the momentum space

$`T^{\mu \nu }(P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b},q,S)`$ $`=`$ $`i{\displaystyle \frac{d^4P_b}{(2\pi )^4}\text{Tr}[S^{\mu \nu }(P_bq)T(P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b},S,P_b)]},`$ (10)
where the trace is taken over the fermion indices and color indices, the hard function $`S^{\mu \nu }(P_bq)`$ describes the short distance decay subprocess, $`bWc`$, and the soft function $`T(P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b},S,P_b)`$ denotes the long distance matrix element

$`T(P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b},S,P_b)={\displaystyle d^4ye^{iP_by}\mathrm{\Lambda }_b(P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b},S)|\overline{b}(0)b(y)|\mathrm{\Lambda }_b(P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b},S)}.`$ (11)
Because we are only interested in the leading contributions in this note, we are required to separate the leading contributions from subleading contributions. To specify the leading contributions, we also need to consider correction terms. The correction contributions may come from radiative correction terms like $`\alpha _s^n`$ and power correction terms like $`1/M^m`$ for $`n,m1`$. Among the radiative corrections, the contributions from soft gluons have logarithms $`\alpha _s\mathrm{log}(m^2/Q^2)`$ will become dominate at the end points, at which the final state quark is approaching on-shell. As discussed in the Introduction, the hard gluon emissions can only contribution about $`3\%`$. Therefore, we shall retain the soft gluon contributions at the end points. To discuss the power correction terms, we need to be more careful. As investigated in the OPE and HQET approach, the power corrections can have two sources one from the short distance expansion for the forward matrix element and the other one from the heavy quark mass expansion for the expanded matrix elements. Here, we shall present a different approach in which the leading order matrix elements are in terms of nonlocal heavy quark currents composed of heavy quark effective fields in HQET.

We now demonstrate this description. To start up, we express the forward matrix element

$`iT^{\mu \nu }(P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b},q,S)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d^4P_b}{(2\pi )^4}\text{Tr}[S^{\mu \nu }(P_bq)T(P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b},S,P_b)]}`$ (12)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d^4P_b}{(2\pi )^4}\frac{d^4k^{}}{(2\pi )^4}\text{Tr}[S_\alpha ^{\mu \nu }(P_bq,k^{})T^\alpha (P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b},S,P_b,k^{})]}+\mathrm{}`$
by including a higher order term from triple parton matrix elements containing gluon fields

$`T^\alpha (P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b},S,P_b,k^{})`$ (13)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle d^4yd^4ze^{iP_by}e^{i(P_bk^{})z}\mathrm{\Lambda }_b(P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b},S)|\overline{b}(0)(igA^\alpha (z))b(y)|\mathrm{\Lambda }_b(P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b},S)}`$
with $`A^\alpha (z)`$ the gluon fields. We shall employ the light-cone gauge $`A^+=nA=0`$. To continue, it is useful to introduce the light-cone vectors $`p`$ and $`n`$ in the $`+`$ and $``$ directions, respectively. These two vectors satisfy properties $`p^2=n^2=0`$ and $`pn=P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b}n`$. The $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ baryon momentum $`P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b}`$ is then recast as

$`P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b}^\mu `$ $`=`$ $`p^\mu +{\displaystyle \frac{M^2}{2pn}}n^\mu .`$ (14)
For the $`b`$ quark inside the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ baryon, we parameterize its momentum $`P_b`$ as

$`P_b^\mu `$ $`=`$ $`zp^\mu +{\displaystyle \frac{P_b^2+P_b^2}{2P_bn}}n^\mu +P_b^\mu `$ (15)
$`=`$ $`\widehat{P}_b^\mu +{\displaystyle \frac{P_b^2M_b^2}{2P_bn}}n^\mu ,`$ (16)
where $`\widehat{P}_b^2=M_b^2`$ is the on-shell part of $`P_b`$ and the momentum fraction $`z`$ defined by $`z=P_b^+/P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b}^+=1l^+/P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b}^+`$. By the parameterization of $`P_b`$, the $`b`$ quark propagator is then expressed as

$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\overline{)}P_bM_b+iϵ}}={\displaystyle \frac{i(\widehat{\overline{)}P}_b+M_b)}{P_b^2M_b^2+iϵ}}+{\displaystyle \frac{i\overline{)}n}{2P_bn+iϵ}}.`$ (17)
Since we allow $`l^+P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b}^+`$, therefore we have $`z\mathrm{\Lambda }/M`$ with $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ about $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\text{QCD}}`$ and $`M_bM`$. The second term of Eq. (17) having power like $`\frac{1}{zM}\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ is as large as the first term. We thus do not need to take into account the power correction from the collinear part of the $`b`$ quark propagator. This demonstration can be better understood from the fact that the $`b`$ quark is almost on shell and has a large quark mass. Therefore, there is no collinear divergences associated with the $`b`$ quark. The remaining work is to separate the leading terms of the hard function $`S^{\mu \nu }`$ from the higher order terms. The hard function $`S^{\mu \nu }`$ is a function of $`l`$. We can make Taylor expansion for $`S^{\mu \nu }`$ with respect to $`l^+`$. This is because the momentum $`l`$ has a large plus component $`l^+=\xi p`$ with $`\xi =1z`$. By performing Taylor expansions for $`S^{\mu \nu }(l)`$ and $`S_\alpha ^{\mu \nu }(l,k^{})`$ around $`S^{\mu \nu }(\xi p)`$ and $`S_\alpha ^{\mu \nu }(\xi p,\xi ^{}p)`$, we then obtain

$`S^{\mu \nu }(l)`$ $`=`$ $`S^{\mu \nu }(\xi p)+{\displaystyle \frac{S^{\mu \nu }}{l^\alpha }}|_{l=\xi p}(l\xi p)^\alpha +\mathrm{},`$
$`S_\alpha ^{\mu \nu }(l,k^{})`$ $`=`$ $`S_\alpha ^{\mu \nu }(\xi p,\xi ^{}p)+{\displaystyle \frac{S_\alpha ^{\mu \nu }}{l^\alpha }}|_{l=\xi p,k^{}=\xi ^{}p}(l\xi p)^\alpha +{\displaystyle \frac{S_\alpha ^{\mu \nu }}{k^\alpha }}|_{l=\xi p,k^{}=\xi ^{}p}(k^{}\xi ^{}p)^\alpha \mathrm{}.`$ (18)
The Ward identity ensures the following equation to hold

$`{\displaystyle \frac{S^{\mu \nu }}{l^\alpha }}(\xi p)=S_\alpha ^{\mu \nu }(\xi p,\xi p).`$ (19)
The contributions from $`S_\alpha ^{\mu \nu }`$ terms are power suppressed than $`S^{\mu \nu }(\xi p)`$ by at least $`O(1/M^2)`$. The effects of the second terms in Eq. (II) are to replace the gluonic field operators in the second term in Eq. (12) by covariant derivative operators. Let’s explain this. By adding the second terms from Eqs. (II) and (12), respectively, we have

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d^4l}{(2\pi )^4}S_\alpha ^{\mu \nu }(\xi p,\xi p)(l\xi p)^\alpha T(l)}+{\displaystyle \frac{d^4l}{(2\pi )^4}\frac{d^4k^{}}{(2\pi )^4}S_\alpha ^{\mu \nu }(\xi p,\xi ^{}p)T^\alpha (l,k^{})}.`$ (20)
In light cone gauge $`nA=0`$, we can rewrite the above equation as

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d^4l}{(2\pi )^4}\frac{d^4k^{}}{(2\pi )^4}S_\alpha ^{\mu \nu }(\xi p,\xi ^{}p)w_\alpha ^{}^\alpha [l^\alpha T(l)(2\pi )^4\delta ^4(k^{})+T^\alpha ^{}(l,k^{})]}`$ (21)
where the projection tensor $`w_\alpha ^{}^\alpha =g_\alpha ^{}^\alpha p^\alpha n_\alpha ^{}`$ has been employed. Using the identity

$`(2\pi )^4\delta ^4(k^{})={\displaystyle d^4ze^{ik^{}(yz)}},`$ (22)
the bracket in Eq. (21) can be recast as

$`{\displaystyle 𝑑y^4d^4ze^{ily}e^{ik^{}(yz)}\mathrm{\Lambda }_b(P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b},S)|\overline{b}(0)D^\alpha (z)b(y)|\mathrm{\Lambda }_b(P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b},S)}`$ (23)
with $`D^\alpha =i^\alpha igA^\alpha `$.

The $`b`$ quark field in the leading matrix element $`T`$ still contains a large phase $`\mathrm{exp}(iM_bvx)`$ with $`v`$ the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ velocity. This is unsuitable to define a matrix element at low energies. To solve this, we can employ the heavy quark effective theory (HQET). In HQET, We can rescale the $`b`$ quark field, $`b(x)`$, into $`b_v(x)=\mathrm{exp}(iM_bvx)\frac{1+\overline{)}v}{2}b(x)`$. The rescaled $`b_v`$ field is a small fluctuation quantity of coordinate, since the remaining scale in its phase factor is only about $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{QCD}`$ scale. In HQET, $`P_b`$ is parameterized as $`P_b=M_bv+k`$, with $`k`$ the residual momentum. The rescaled $`b`$ quark field, $`b_v(x)`$, carries the residual momentum $`k`$ and has a small effective mass $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$, with $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}MM_b`$. Under the heavy quark mass expansion

$`b_v(x)=h_v(x)+O({\displaystyle \frac{1}{M}})+\mathrm{},`$ (24)
the matrix element $`T`$ in terms of $`b_v`$ can be expanded as

$`T=T_0+O({\displaystyle \frac{1}{M^2}})+\mathrm{}.`$ (25)
The $`T_0`$ is in terms of an universal effective heavy field $`h_v`$, which is defined as the $`b_v`$ field in the infinite mass limit $`M_b\mathrm{}`$. The missing of $`O(\frac{1}{M})`$ term is due to the equation of motion. The expression for $`T_0`$ is easily written down as

$`T_0={\displaystyle d^4ye^{iky}\mathrm{\Lambda }_b(v,S)|\overline{h}_v(0)h_v(y)|\mathrm{\Lambda }_b(v,S)}.`$ (26)
Note that we have replaced the hadronic state vector $`|\mathrm{\Lambda }_b(P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b},S)`$ by its equivalent representation $`|\mathrm{\Lambda }_b(v,S)`$. The normalization of $`|\mathrm{\Lambda }_b(v,S)`$ is large than the usual normalization by a factor $`M^{\frac{1}{2}}`$. We shall skip the derivation on how to derive the above equation. To derive leading order contributions, we still need to extract the leading spin structure of $`T_0`$. This can be achieved by means of Fierz identity. As a result, the leading order forward matrix element $`T^{\mu \nu }`$ takes the form

$`T^{\mu \nu }(P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b},q,S)`$ $``$ $`i{\displaystyle }{\displaystyle \frac{d^4k}{(2\pi )^4}}\{[S^{\mu \nu }(k=\xi p,q)\overline{)}P_b][T_0(P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b},S,k=\xi p){\displaystyle \frac{\overline{)}n}{4P_bn}}]`$ (27)
$`[S^{\mu \nu }(k=\xi p,q)\overline{)}S_b\gamma _5][T_0(P_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b},S,k=\xi p){\displaystyle \frac{\overline{)}n\gamma _5}{4S_bn}}]\}+O({\displaystyle \frac{1}{M^2}}),`$
where we have inserted the Fierz identity

$`I_{ij}I_{mn}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(\gamma ^\mu )_{im}(\gamma _\mu )_{jn}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(\gamma ^\mu \gamma _5)_{im}(\gamma _5\gamma _\mu )_{jn}+\mathrm{}`$ (28)
where $`i,j,m,n`$ denote the fermion indices and the dots represent the other gamma matrix would result in higher order terms.

We now briefly describe how to derive the factorization formula for the inclusive semileptonic decay $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_bX_q\mathrm{}\nu `$. The details about the derivation of the following factorization formula can be found in LIYU1 . We shall only demonstrate the main ideas and not try to give a repeated proof. The formula for the quadruple differential decay rate can be expressed as a convolution integral over the soft function $`S`$, the jet function $`J`$ and a hard function $`H`$

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(0)}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d^3\mathrm{\Gamma }}{dxdydy_0d\mathrm{cos}\theta }}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{M^2}{2}}{\displaystyle _{z_{\mathrm{min}}}^{z_{\mathrm{max}}}}𝑑z{\displaystyle d^2𝐥_{}}`$ (29)
$`\times S(z,𝐥_{},\mu )J(z,P_c^{},𝐥_{},\mu )H(z,P_c^{},\mu ),`$
where $`x=x_{\mathrm{}}(x_{\overline{\nu }})`$ and $`\theta =\theta _{\mathrm{}}(\theta _{\overline{\nu }})`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(0)}=\frac{G_F^2}{16\pi ^3}|V_{qb}|^2M^5`$. The scale $`\mu `$ is introduced as a renormalization and factorization scale. The transverse momentum $`𝐥_{}`$ has been reintroduced for regularization of the end point singularities LIYU1 . The end point singularities arise from the end point region $`x1`$ and $`y,y_00`$. The charm quark (assumed as massless) has a large minus component $`P_c^{}=(1y/x)M/\sqrt{2}`$ and a small plus component $`P_c^+=(1y_0y/x)M/\sqrt{2}`$. This implies there is a very small invariant $`P_c^2=M^2(1y_0+y)`$, which leads to an on-shell jet subprocess. The $`𝐥_{}`$ integrals can be finished only when we know the exact dependence of the jet function on $`𝐥_{}`$. But the jet function is nonperturbative and cannot be determined theoretically, so far. Fortunately, this difficulty for integration over $`𝐥_{}`$ can be removed by means of a Fourier transformation for the jet function into its impact space representation as

$`J(z,P_q^{},𝐥_{},\mu )={\displaystyle \frac{d^2𝐛}{(2\pi )^2}\stackrel{~}{J}(z,P_c^{},𝐛,\mu )e^{i𝐥_{}𝐛}}.`$ (30)
The $`𝐥_{}`$ integrals then decouple from the jet function and the remaining factor $`e^{i𝐥_{}𝐛}`$ is then associated with the soft function. The factorization formula Eq. (29) can also be applied to the case with loop corrections. With the Fourier transformation for $`𝐥_{}`$, the Feynman rule for the radiative gluon cross over the final state cut should be modified with an extra phase factor $`e^{i𝐥_{}𝐛}`$. The upper and lower limits of $`z`$ are chosen as $`z_{\mathrm{max}}=1`$ and $`z_{\mathrm{min}}=x`$. The lower limit $`z_{\mathrm{min}}=x`$ is from the jet function. The upper limit $`z_{\mathrm{max}}=1`$ is chosen to fill the kinematical gap between $`M_b`$ and $`M`$. The Fourier transformation of Eq. (29) into the impact $`𝐛`$ space then takes the form

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(0)}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d^3\mathrm{\Gamma }}{dxdydy_0d\mathrm{cos}\theta _l}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{M^2}{2}}{\displaystyle _x^1}𝑑z{\displaystyle \frac{d^2𝐛}{(2\pi )^2}}`$ (31)
$`\times \stackrel{~}{S}(z,𝐛,\mu )\stackrel{~}{J}(z,P_c^{},𝐛,\mu )H(z,P_c^{},\mu ).`$
To deal with the collinear and soft divergences resulting from the radiative corrections for massless parton inside the jet, the resummation technique is necessary and these divergences could be resummed into a Sudakov form factor LIYU1 . The jet function is then re-expressed into the form

$`\stackrel{~}{J}(z,P_c^{},b,\mu )=\mathrm{exp}[2s(P_c^{},b)]\stackrel{~}{J}(z,b,\mu ),`$ (32)
where $`\mathrm{exp}[2s(P_c^{},b)]`$ is the Sudakov form factor. The RG invariant Sudakov exponent has the expression up to one loop accuracy

$`s(P_c^{},b)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{A^{(1)}}{2\beta _1}}\widehat{q}\mathrm{ln}({\displaystyle \frac{\widehat{q}}{\widehat{b}}})+{\displaystyle \frac{A^{(2)}}{4\beta _1^2}}({\displaystyle \frac{\widehat{q}}{\widehat{b}}}1){\displaystyle \frac{A^{(1)}}{2\beta _1}}(\widehat{q}\widehat{b})`$ (33)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{A^{(1)}\beta _2}{4\beta _1^2}}\widehat{q}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{ln}(2\widehat{b})+1}{\widehat{b}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{ln}(2\widehat{q})+1}{\widehat{q}}}\right]`$
$`\left[{\displaystyle \frac{A^{(2)}}{4\beta _1^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{A^{(1)}}{4\beta _1}}\mathrm{ln}({\displaystyle \frac{e^{2\gamma 1}}{2}})\right]\mathrm{ln}({\displaystyle \frac{\widehat{q}}{\widehat{b}}})`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{A^{(1)}\beta _2}{8\beta _1^3}}[\mathrm{ln}^2(2\widehat{q})\mathrm{ln}^2(2\widehat{b})]`$
with the variables

$`\widehat{q}=\mathrm{ln}({\displaystyle \frac{P_c^{}}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}}),\widehat{b}=\mathrm{ln}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{b\mathrm{\Lambda }}}).`$ (34)
We choose the QCD scale $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\text{QCD}}`$ to have the value $`0.2`$ GeV in the numerical analysis in section 4. The other factors are defined as

$`\beta _1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{332n_f}{12}},`$
$`\beta _2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{15319n_f}{24}},`$
$`A^{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}},`$
$`A^{(2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{67}{9}}{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{10}{27}}n_f+{\displaystyle \frac{8}{3}}\beta _1\mathrm{ln}({\displaystyle \frac{e^\gamma }{2}}).`$ (35)
The scale invariance of the differential decay rate in Eq. (31) and the Sudakov form factor in Eq. (32) requires the functions $`\stackrel{~}{J}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{S}`$, and $`H`$ to obey the following RG equations:

$`𝒟\stackrel{~}{J}(b,\mu )`$ $`=`$ $`2\gamma _q\stackrel{~}{J}(b,\mu ),`$
$`𝒟\stackrel{~}{S}(b,\mu )`$ $`=`$ $`\gamma _S\stackrel{~}{S}(b,\mu ),`$
$`𝒟H(P_c^{},\mu )`$ $`=`$ $`(2\gamma _q+\gamma _S)H(P_c^{},\mu ),`$ (36)
with

$$𝒟=\mu \frac{}{\mu }+\beta (g)\frac{}{g}.$$
(37)
$`\gamma _q=\alpha _s/\pi `$ is the quark anomalous dimension in axial gauge, and $`\gamma _S=(\alpha _s/\pi )C_F`$ is the anomalous dimension of $`\stackrel{~}{S}`$. After solving Eq. (36), we obtain the evolution of all the convolution factors in Eq. (31),

$`\stackrel{~}{J}(z,P_q^{},b,\mu )`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}\left[2s(P_q^{},b)2{\displaystyle _{1/b}^\mu }{\displaystyle \frac{d\overline{\mu }}{\overline{\mu }}}\gamma _q(\alpha _s(\overline{\mu }))\right]\stackrel{~}{J}(z,b,1/b),`$
$`\stackrel{~}{S}(z,b,\mu )`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}\left[{\displaystyle _{1/b}^\mu }{\displaystyle \frac{d\overline{\mu }}{\overline{\mu }}}\gamma _S(\alpha _s(\overline{\mu }))\right]f(z,b,1/b),`$
$`H(z,P_c^{},\mu )`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}\left[{\displaystyle _\mu ^{P_c^{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d\overline{\mu }}{\overline{\mu }}}[2\gamma _q(\alpha _s(\overline{\mu }))+\gamma _S(\alpha _s(\overline{\mu }))]\right]H(z,P_c^{},P_c^{}).`$ (38)
In the above solutions, we set the $`1/b`$ as an IR cut-off for single logarithm evolution.

For the initial soft function $`f(z,b,1/b)`$, we shall keep the intrinsic $`b`$ dependence by $`f(z,b,1/b)f(z,b)`$. The $`b`$ dependence in $`f(z,b)`$ can support us a way to explore its effect in determining the polarization. We assume $`f(z,b)`$ to have the form

$`f(z,b)=f(z)e^{\mathrm{\Sigma }(b)},`$ (39)
and take an ansaze for parameterizing $`\mathrm{exp}[\mathrm{\Sigma }(b)]`$ as

$`e^{\mathrm{\Sigma }(b)}=e^{tM^2b^2}`$ (40)
with an unknown parameter $`t`$. To avoid double counting for the contributions from transverse degrees of freedom, we need some modifications for the factorization formula. For the end point regime where the Sudakov suppression dominates, we employ the approximation

$`f(z,b)=f(z)`$ (41)
, while for other regimes which are not under the control of the Sudakov suppression, we take into account the intrinsic $`b`$ dependence of $`f(z,b)`$

$`f(z,b)=e^{tM^2b^2}f(z).`$ (42)
We make further approximations such that $`\stackrel{~}{J}(z,b,1/b)=\stackrel{~}{J}^{(0)}(z,b)`$, and $`H(z,P_c^{},P_c^{})=H^{(0)}(z,P_c^{})`$.

Combining the above results, we arrive at factorization formula as

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(0)}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d^4\mathrm{\Gamma }}{dxdydy_0d\mathrm{cos}\theta }}`$ $`=`$ $`M^2{\displaystyle _x^1}𝑑z{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{bdb}{4\pi }}\stackrel{~}{J}^{(0)}(z,b)H^{(0)}(z,P_c^{})e^{S(P_c^{},b)}`$ (45)
$`\times \{\begin{array}{cc}f(z)& \text{for }x\text{ in end point regimes},\\ \mathrm{exp}[tM^2b^2]f(z)& \text{for }x\text{ in other regimes},\end{array}`$
where

$`S(P_c^{},b)=2s(P_c^{},b){\displaystyle _{1/b}^{P_c^{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d\overline{\mu }}{\overline{\mu }}}[2\gamma _q(\overline{\mu })+\gamma _S(\overline{\mu })].`$ (46)
The parameter $`t`$ will be determined by experiment. From practical calculations, we find that the above difference between the distribution function with and without intrinsic transverse momentum contributions is very small. Therefore, we shall include the factor $`\mathrm{exp}[tM^2b^2]`$ for entire range of $`x`$ in the numerical analysis.

Let’s now discuss how to parameterize $`T_0(k)`$ defined in Eq. (11). As discussed in previous paragraphs that, at leading order, $`T_0(k)`$ is expanded in the form

$`T_0(k)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}P_bn\overline{)}pf(z){\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}S_bn\overline{)}p\gamma _5g(z).`$ (47)
The unpolarized and polarized distribution functions, $`f(z)`$ and $`g(z)`$, are defined as

$`f(z)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d\lambda }{2\pi }e^{i(1z)\lambda n}v,S|\overline{h}_v(0)\overline{)}nh_v(\frac{\lambda n}{Pn})|v,S}`$ (48)
and

$`g(z)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d\lambda }{2\pi }e^{i(1z)\lambda n}v,S|\overline{h}_v(0)\overline{)}n\gamma _5h_v(\frac{\lambda n}{Pn})|v,S}.`$ (49)
It is easy to show that $`f(z)`$ and $`g(z)`$, in the heavy quark limit, share a common matrix element which could be described by an universal distribution function, $`f_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b}(z)`$. This just reflects the heavy quark spin symmetry. We adopt the distribution function proposed in LIYU1  in the form

$`f_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b}(z)={\displaystyle \frac{Nz^2(1z)^2}{((za)^2+ϵz)^2}}\theta (1z).`$ (50)
The parameters $`N`$, $`a`$ and $`ϵ`$ are fixed by first three moments of $`f_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b}(z)`$

$`{\displaystyle _0^1}f_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b}(z)𝑑z=1,`$
$`{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑z(1z)f_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b}(z)=\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}/M+𝒪(\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mathrm{QCD}}^2/M^2),`$
$`{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑z(1z)^2f_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b}(z)={\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^2}{M^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}K_b+𝒪(\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mathrm{QCD}}^3/M^3),`$ (51)
where $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}=MM_b`$ and $`K_b`$ is to parameterize the matrix elemnet

$`K_b={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2M}}\mathrm{\Lambda }_b|\overline{h}_v(0){\displaystyle \frac{(iD)^2}{2M^2}}h_v(0)|\mathrm{\Lambda }_b.`$ (52)
By substituting the inputs

$`M=5.641\mathrm{GeV},M_b=4.776\mathrm{GeV},K_b=0.012\pm 0.0026,`$ (53)
into Eq. (II), we determine the parameters $`N`$, $`a`$ and $`ϵ`$ to be

$$N=0.10615,a=1,ϵ=0.00413.$$
(54)
For simplicity we shall omit the subscript of $`f_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_b}(z)`$ in the following text.

## III Differential Decay Rates

In this section, we construct four models based on the factorization formula Eq. (45). The models are the quark model (QM), the modified quark model (MQM), the parton model (PM), and the modified parton model (MPM). The charged lepton and anti-neutrino spectra for the decay $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_bX_q\mathrm{}\overline{\nu }`$ in the quark model are expressed as

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(0)}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d^2\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{QM}}^\mathrm{T}}{dxd\mathrm{cos}\theta }}`$ $`=`$ $`\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{x_{\mathrm{}}^2}{6}[(32x_{\mathrm{}})P\mathrm{cos}\theta _{\mathrm{}}(12x_{\mathrm{}})]\hfill & \text{for }\mathrm{}\hfill \\ \frac{x_{\overline{\nu }}^2}{6}x_{\overline{\nu }}(1x_{\overline{\nu }})(1P\mathrm{cos}\theta _{\overline{\nu }})\hfill & \text{for }\overline{\nu }\hfill \end{array}`$ (57)
where $`P`$ and $`\mathrm{cos}\theta _{\mathrm{}(\overline{\nu })}`$ denote the polarization and cosine of the angle $`\theta _{\mathrm{}(\overline{\nu })}`$ between the third components of the lepton (anti-neutrino) momentum and the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ spin vector.

By taking into account Sudakov suppression from the resummation of large radiative corrections, and substituting $`f(z,b)=\delta (1z)\mathrm{exp}[tM^2b^2]`$, $`H^{(0)}=(x_{\mathrm{}}y)[(y_0x_{\mathrm{}})\mathrm{P}\mathrm{cos}\theta _{\mathrm{}}(y_0x_{\mathrm{}}2y/x_{\mathrm{}})]`$ and the Fourier transform of $`J^{(0)}=\delta (P_c^2)`$ with $`P_c^2=M^2(1y_0+yp_{}^2/M_B^2)`$ into Eq. (45), we derive the lepton spectrum in modified quark model . The spectrum is, after integrating Eq. (45) over $`z`$ and $`y_0`$, described by

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(0)}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d^2\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{MQM}}}{dx_{\mathrm{}}d\mathrm{cos}\theta _{\mathrm{}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`M{\displaystyle _0^x}𝑑y{\displaystyle _0^{1/\mathrm{\Lambda }}}𝑑be^{[t^{\mathrm{MQM}}M^2b^2]}e^{S(P_q^{},b)}(x_{\mathrm{}}y)\eta `$ (58)
$`\times [((1+yx_{\mathrm{}})\mathrm{P}\mathrm{cos}\theta _{\mathrm{}}(1+yx_{\mathrm{}}2{\displaystyle \frac{y}{x_{\mathrm{}}}}))J_1(\eta Mb)`$
$`({\displaystyle \frac{2}{Mb}}\eta J_2(\eta Mb)\eta ^2J_3(\eta Mb))(1\mathrm{P}\mathrm{cos}\theta _{\mathrm{}})],`$
where $`P_c^{}=(1y/x_{\mathrm{}})M/\sqrt{2}`$, $`\eta =\sqrt{(x_{\mathrm{}}y)(1/x_{\mathrm{}}1)}`$ and $`J_1`$,$`J_2`$,$`J_3`$ are the Bessel functions of order 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Note that we have made an approximation by substituting $`\mathrm{exp}[tM^2b^2]`$ for the end point regimes. We also need the neutrino spectrum in modified quark model as

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(0)}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d^2\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{MQM}}}{dx_{\overline{\nu }}d\mathrm{cos}\theta _{\overline{\nu }}}}`$ $`=`$ $`M{\displaystyle _0^x}𝑑y{\displaystyle _0^{1/\mathrm{\Lambda }}}𝑑be^{[t^{\mathrm{MQM}}M^2b^2]}e^{S(P_q^{},b)}x_{\overline{\nu }}(1x_{\overline{\nu }})\eta ^{}J_1(\eta ^{}Mb)`$ (59)
$`\times (1\mathrm{P}\mathrm{cos}\theta _{\overline{\nu }})`$
with $`\eta ^{}=\sqrt{(x_{\overline{\nu }}y)(1/x_{\overline{\nu }}1)}`$.

The charged lepton spectrum in parton model is obtained by adopting $`H^{(0)}=(x_{\mathrm{}}y)[(y_0x_{\mathrm{}}(1z)y/x_{\mathrm{}})\mathrm{P}\mathrm{cos}\theta _{\mathrm{}}(y_0x_{\mathrm{}}(1+z)y/x_{\mathrm{}})]`$ and $`P_c^2=M^2[1y_0+y(1z)(1y/x_{\mathrm{}})]`$. After integration over $`y_0`$, we then derive

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(0)}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d^2\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{PM}}}{dx_{\mathrm{}}d\mathrm{cos}\theta _{\mathrm{}}}}=`$
$`{\displaystyle _0^x_{\mathrm{}}}𝑑y{\displaystyle _x_{\mathrm{}}^1}𝑑zf(z)(x_{\mathrm{}}y)[(y+zx_{\mathrm{}})\mathrm{P}\mathrm{cos}\theta _{\mathrm{}}(y+zx_{\mathrm{}}2z{\displaystyle \frac{y}{x_{\mathrm{}}}})].`$ (60)
In the same way, the neutrino spectrum can be written down

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(0)}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d^2\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{PM}}}{dx_{\overline{\nu }}d\mathrm{cos}\theta _{\overline{\nu }}}}={\displaystyle _0^{x_{\overline{\nu }}}}𝑑y{\displaystyle _{x_{\overline{\nu }}}^1}𝑑zf(z)x_{\overline{\nu }}(zx_{\overline{\nu }})(1\mathrm{P}\mathrm{cos}\theta _{\overline{\nu }}).`$ (61)
The charged lepton spectra in the modified parton model takes into account large perturbative corrections and nonperturbative intrinsic contributions with the expression as

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(0)}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d^2\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{MPM}}}{dx_{\mathrm{}}d\mathrm{cos}\theta _{\mathrm{}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`M{\displaystyle _0^x_{\mathrm{}}}𝑑y{\displaystyle _x_{\mathrm{}}^1}𝑑z{\displaystyle _0^{1/\mathrm{\Lambda }}}𝑑be^{[t^{\mathrm{MPM}}M^2b^2]}e^{S(P_q^{},b)}f(z)(x_{\mathrm{}}y)\eta `$ (62)
$`\times [((z+yx_{\mathrm{}})\mathrm{P}\mathrm{cos}\theta _{\mathrm{}}(z+yx_{\mathrm{}}2z{\displaystyle \frac{y}{x_{\mathrm{}}}}))J_1(\eta Mb)`$
$`({\displaystyle \frac{2}{Mb}}\eta J_2(\eta Mb)\eta ^2J_3(\eta Mb))(1\mathrm{P}\mathrm{cos}\theta _{\mathrm{}})],`$
with $`\eta =\sqrt{(xy)(z/x_{\mathrm{}}1)}`$. The neutrino spectrum in modified parton model is also easily derived as

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(0)}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d^2\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{MPM}}}{dx_{\overline{\nu }}d\mathrm{cos}\theta _{\overline{\nu }}}}`$ $`=`$ $`M{\displaystyle _0^{x_{\overline{\nu }}}}𝑑y{\displaystyle _{x_{\overline{\nu }}}^1}𝑑z{\displaystyle _0^{1/\mathrm{\Lambda }}}𝑑be^{S(P_q^{},b)}e^{t^{\mathrm{MPM}}M^2b^2}f(z)x_{\overline{\nu }}(zx_{\overline{\nu }})\eta ^{}J_1(\eta ^{}Mb)`$ (63)
$`\times (1\mathrm{P}\mathrm{cos}\theta _{\overline{\nu }}).`$
with $`\eta ^{}=\sqrt{(x_{\overline{\nu }}y)(z/x_{\overline{\nu }}1)}`$.

## IV Numerical Result

The $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$’s produced in ALEPH, DELPHI and OPAL experiments are highly boosted in the laboratory frame. For the relativistic $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$’s, the forward-backward asymmetry of a decay product can be directly expressed in terms of a shift in the average value of its energy. The charged lepton also carried a residual sensitivity to the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ polarization. Because neither the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ four-momentum nor the lepton four-momentum can be fully reconstructed in the experiments, the ALEPH and DELPHI experiments proposed to measure the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ polarization, $`\mathrm{P}`$, through the variable $`y`$ suggested in BR

$`y={\displaystyle \frac{<E_{\mathrm{}}>}{<E_{\overline{\nu }}>}}.`$ (64)
However, there still exist many uncertainties suffered from experimental procedures on extracting the energy spectra. It requires normalizing the measured $`y`$ with an unpolarized simulated $`y^{MC}(0)`$. Therefore, the experimentally measured quantity is the ratio

$`\mathrm{R}={\displaystyle \frac{y(\mathrm{P})}{y^{MC}(0)}}.`$ (65)
ALEPH and DELPHI determined the polarization by comparing the measured value of ratio $`\mathrm{R}`$ from the Monte Carlo simulation $`\mathrm{R}^{\text{MC}}(\mathrm{P})`$ with varying $`\mathrm{P}`$. The experimental results are $`\mathrm{R}=1.12\pm 0.10`$ and $`\mathrm{P}=0.23_{0.20}^{+0.24}(\text{stat.})`$ for ALEPH and $`\mathrm{R}=1.21_{0.14}^{+0.16}`$ and $`\mathrm{P}=0.49_{0.30}^{+0.32}(\text{stat.})`$ for DELPHI, respectively. Theoretically, the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ polarization can be best defined in the rest frame. It is instructive to rewrite $`y`$ in terms of average variables in rest frame

$`y={\displaystyle \frac{E_l^{}+PP_l^{}(\mathrm{P}=1)}{E_\nu ^{}+\mathrm{P}P_\nu ^{}(\mathrm{P}=1)}},`$ (66)
where the star average variables are evaluated with $`\mathrm{P}=1`$. The average variables can be calculated from the formula

$`a={\displaystyle \frac{a\frac{d^2\mathrm{\Gamma }}{dxd\mathrm{cos}\theta }𝑑xd\mathrm{cos}\theta }{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(0)}}}`$ (67)
by employing different models for the differential decay rate. It is much simplified in calculations of these averages, if the charged lepton and anti-neutrino average quantities are evaluated by their corresponding models for the differential decay rate. From these relations we can determine $`\mathrm{P}`$ in terms of $`\mathrm{R}`$ as

$`\mathrm{P}={\displaystyle \frac{E_l^{}E_\nu ^{}(1\mathrm{R})}{E_l^{}P_{\overline{\nu }}^{}\mathrm{R}E_{\overline{\nu }}^{}P_l^{}}}.`$ (68)
We first compare the difference between the experimentally determined polarization $`\mathrm{P}^{\mathrm{EXP}}`$ and the theoretically evaluated polarization $`\mathrm{P}^{\mathrm{TH}}`$ in the four models QM, PM and MQM, MPM with parameter $`t^{\mathrm{MQM}}=t^{\mathrm{MPM}}=0`$. The result is shown in Table. I. We can see that the theoretical polarizations are close to the ALEPH polarization $`\mathrm{P}^{\text{ALEPH}}=0.23`$ but have a large deviation from the DELPHI polarization $`\mathrm{P}^{\text{DELPHI}}=0.49`$. Among different model evaluations with one $`\mathrm{R}`$, their differences are very small. This implies that nonperturbative effects from distribution function over longitudinal momentum fraction and perturbative effects from Sudakov suppression are not important in determining the polarization.

We now turn on the parameters $`t^{\mathrm{MQM}}`$ and $`t^{\mathrm{MPM}}`$ to find out their values from experiments. It is interesting to note that the ratio $`z_l=P_l^{}/E_{\mathrm{}}^{}`$ is model dependent but the ratio $`z_{\overline{\nu }}=P_{\overline{\nu }}^{}/E_{\overline{\nu }}^{}`$ is almost the same for all models. Using these two $`z`$ variables, we can rewrite Eq. (68) as

$`\mathrm{P}={\displaystyle \frac{1\mathrm{R}}{z_{\overline{\nu }}\mathrm{R}z_{\mathrm{}}}}.`$ (69)
Since $`z_{\overline{\nu }}1/3`$ for all models, we can further simplify the above equation into

$`\mathrm{P}={\displaystyle \frac{3(1\mathrm{R})}{\mathrm{R}3z_{\mathrm{}}}}.`$ (70)
We show the behaviors of $`\mathrm{P}`$ with respect to $`z_{\mathrm{}}`$ for $`\mathrm{R}^{\text{ALEPH}}=1.12\pm 0.10`$ (ALEPH) and $`R^{\text{DELPHI}}=1.21_{0.14}^{+0.16}`$ (DELPHI) in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively. By applying the experimental bounds for $`\mathrm{P}`$, we can extract from Fig. 1 the $`z_{\mathrm{}}`$ range of $`\mathrm{}z_{\mathrm{}}0.105`$ for ALEPH and from Fig. 2 the range of $`1.75z_{\mathrm{}}0.02`$ for DELPHI. Theoretically, the $`z_{\mathrm{}}`$ range would be model dependent. Considering MQM and MPM and plotting the $`z_{\mathrm{}}t`$ relation in Fig. 3, we can find that the maximum of $`z_{\mathrm{}}`$ can not be larger than $`0.05`$ with $`t0.3`$. This is because the suppressions from the contributions of intrinsic transverse momentum are modeled by parameter $`t`$. By varying the value of $`t`$, we can easily change $`z_{\mathrm{}}`$. However, the fluctuations from the Bessel function in the differential decay rates would prevent the suppression of $`t`$ from becoming large. In the end, there exist a maximum bound for $`z_{\mathrm{}}`$. We notice that there is also a lower bound for $`z_{\mathrm{}}`$ as $`z_{\mathrm{}}0.18`$ with $`t2`$. We also hope that $`t`$ should be less than unity and close to zero to make the perturbative calculation reliable. Combining the above considerations, we can obtain the range for $`z_{\mathrm{}}`$ as $`0.12z_{\mathrm{}}0.105`$. The lower bound of $`z_{\mathrm{}}`$ comes from $`t=0`$. From Fig. 3, we can employ the $`z_{\mathrm{}}`$ range to derive the $`t`$ range. The $`z_{\mathrm{}}t`$ relation is a bounce with maximum at $`t0.3`$ for both MQM and MPM. The $`z_{\mathrm{}}`$ range implies that $`0t0.1`$. We have taken the convention that $`t`$ is located left to the maximum. This convention for choosing the value of $`t`$ can be further checked after we discuss the OPAL experiment. The $`z_{\mathrm{}}t`$ plots for MQM and MPM are not much different.

We now discuss the possible constraint over $`z_{\mathrm{}}`$ can be obtained from the OPAL experiment. The OPAL Collaboration employed a comparison between the measured $`y3=E_{\overline{\nu }}/E_{\mathrm{}}`$ and the Monte Carlo simulated $`y_3^{\text{MC}}`$ to determine the polarization $`P=0.56_{0.13}^{+0.20}(\text{stat.})`$. Applying the OPAL $`\mathrm{P}`$ to DELPHI and ALEPH experiments, we obtain $`0.6z_{\mathrm{}}0.1`$ for DELPHI and $`0.55z_{\mathrm{}}0.105`$ for ALEPH. The bound of $`z_{\mathrm{}}`$ is $`0.55z_{\mathrm{}}0.105`$. Looking at Fig. 2, one can see that the OPAL experiment give bound on $`z_{\mathrm{}}`$ in consistency with previous investigation. In summary, the ALEPH, OPAL and DELPHI experiments imply the range value of $`0t0.1`$ and the corresponding range of $`0.12z_{\mathrm{}}0.105`$.

As a consistent check, we can write $`\mathrm{R}`$ in terms of $`\mathrm{P}`$ and $`z_{\mathrm{}}`$ as

$`R={\displaystyle \frac{3(1+\mathrm{P}z_{\mathrm{}})}{(3+\mathrm{P})}}.`$ (71)
By this equation, we can parameterize the Monte Carlo simulation ratios $`R^{\text{MC}}(\mathrm{P})`$’s of ALEPH and DELPHI. We find that the value of $`z_{\mathrm{}}0.075`$ can be used for both experiments in a good approximation within $`510\%`$. In Fig. 4, we compare the $`R\mathrm{P}`$ plots for $`z_{\mathrm{}}0.075`$ and $`0.12z_{\mathrm{}}0.105`$. The experimental bounds for ratio $`\mathrm{R}`$ can give constraints over $`\mathrm{P}`$. The combinnation of ALEPH and DELPHI experiments gives bound of $`\mathrm{P}`$ as $`0.79\mathrm{P}0.05`$, while the theoretical bounds are $`0.73\mathrm{P}0.05`$. The theoretical bounds for $`\mathrm{P}`$ being smaller than the experimental ones can be easily understood from the maximum bound of $`z_{\mathrm{}}`$ from theory is smaller than the $`z_{\mathrm{}}`$ employed in the Monte Carlo simulation performed by experiments. The difference between theory and experiment can be compensated by including higher order corrections, such as the mass corrections, etc.

## V Conclusion

In this paper we have constructed four models based on the PQCD factorization formula for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_bX_cl\overline{\nu }`$. We used these models to investigate the physics implied by the ALEPH, OPAL and DELPHI experiments. We found that these experiments can be understood from theoretical models, the modified quark model and modified parton model. These two models contains intrinsic transverse momenta for partons, which are nonperturbative and parameterized by an exponential form with a parameter $`t`$. The parameter $`t`$ relates to the variable $`z_{\mathrm{}}=P_{\mathrm{}}^{}(\mathrm{P}=1)/E_{\mathrm{}}^{}`$ with $`P_{\mathrm{}}^{}(\mathrm{P}=1)`$ and $`E_{\mathrm{}}^{}`$ the average momentum and energy of charge lepton in the rest frame of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ baryon. We found that the ratio $`\mathrm{R}=y(\mathrm{P})/y(0)`$ can be approximately expressed in terms of $`\mathrm{P}`$ and $`z_{\mathrm{}}`$. Using experimental results, we then determined the ranges of $`z_{\mathrm{}}`$ and $`t`$.

Acknowledgments:

This work was supported in part by the National Science Council of R.O.C. under the Grant No. NSC89-2811-M-009-0024.

Table.1 The values of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ polarization are predicted from the quark model, the parton model, the modified quark model and the modified parton model by employing the ALEPH and DELPHI experiments. The ALEPH and DELPHI experimental results are also shown for comparison.

$$\begin{array}{ccccccc}& & & & & & \\ & & & & & & \\ \mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{QM}}\hfill & \mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{PM}}& \mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{MQM}}& \mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{MPM}}& \mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{EXP}}& \mathrm{R}& \mathrm{Experiment}\\ & & & & & & \\ 0.23_{0.17}^{+0.19}\hfill & 0.23_{0.17}^{+0.19}& 0.24_{0.17}^{+0.20}& 0.24_{0.17}^{+0.20}& 0.23_{0.20}^{+0.24}& 1.12\pm 0.1& \mathrm{ALEPH}\\ & & & & & & \\ 0.38_{0.24}^{+0.24}\hfill & 0.38_{0.24}^{+0.24}& 0.39_{0.24}^{+0.25}& 0.39_{0.24}^{+0.25}& 0.49_{0.30}^{+0.32}& 1.21_{0.14}^{+0.16}& \mathrm{DELPHI}\\ & & & & & & \end{array}$$