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# Deformations of 𝑊₁(𝑛)⊗𝐴 and modular semisimple Lie algebras with a solvable maximal subalgebra

## Introduction

The ultimate goal of this paper is to describe semisimple finite-dimensional Lie algebras over an algebraically closed field of characteristic $`p>5`$, having a solvable maximal subalgebra (that is, a maximal subalgebra which is solvable) which determines a “long filtration”, as defined below. We hope, however, that some intermediate results contained here are of independent interest.

Simple Lie algebras with a solvable maximal subalgebra were described by B. Weisfeiler \[W\]. We depend heavily on his results and to a certain extent this paper may be considered as a continuation of the Weisfeiler’s paper. Since its appearance the classification of modular simple Lie algebras has been completed (announced in \[SW\] and elaborated in a series of papers among which \[Str\] is the last one), and recently the approach to the classification problem has been reworked in a series of papers among which \[PS\] is the latest, including the low characteristic cases.

Though the classification provides a powerful tool for solutions of many problems in modular Lie algebras theory, the question considered here remains non-trivial even modulo this classification. Moreover, we hope that the result we obtain here in particular, and the cohomological technique we use to prove it in general, may simplify to certain degree the classification itself.

Let us recall the contents of Weisfeiler’s paper. He considers semisimple modular Lie algebra $`𝔏`$ with a solvable maximal subalgebra $`𝔏_0`$. $`𝔏_0`$ defines a filtration in $`𝔏`$ via $`𝔏_{i+1}=\{x𝔏_i|[x,𝔏]=𝔏_i\}`$ (though in general the filtration can be prolonged also to the negative side, in the case under consideration we can let $`𝔏_1=𝔏`$).

When the term $`𝔏_1`$ of this filtration does not vanish, the filtration is called long, otherwise it is called short. Weisfeiler proved that when the filtration is long, the associated graded algebra is isomorphic to $`SO_m+1𝔇`$, where $`S`$ coincides either with $`sl(2)`$, the three-dimensional simple algebra, or with $`W_1(n)`$, the Zassenhaus algebra, $`O_m`$ is the reduced polynomial ring in $`m`$ variables, and $`𝔇`$ is a derivation algebra of $`O_m`$. The grading is “thick” in the sense that it is completely determined by the standard grading of $`W_1(n)`$ or $`sl(2)`$, containing therefore the whole tensor factor $`O_m`$ in each component. In the short filtration case, Weisfeiler proved that the initial algebra $`𝔏`$ possesses a $`_p`$-grading with very restrictive conditions. Then, considering the case of simple $`𝔏`$, he derived that in the long filtration case, $`𝔏`$ is isomorphic either to $`sl(2)`$ or to $`W_1(n)`$ (in fact, this follows immediately from the results of Kuznetsov \[K\], which are also important for us here), and the short filtration case does not occur.

Here we study the long filtration case. We determine all filtered algebras whose associated graded algebra is $`W_1(n)O_m+1𝔇`$ or $`sl(2)O_m+1𝔇`$ with the above-mentioned “thick” grading. This is done in the framework of the deformation theory due to Gerstenhaber. In this theory the second cohomology group of a Lie algebra with coefficients in the adjoint module plays a significant role (for an excellent account of this subject, see \[GS\]). As it turns out that the “tail” $`1𝔇`$ is not important in these considerations, one needs to compute $`H^2(W_1(n)O_m,W_1(n)O_m)`$. In a (slightly) more general setting, we compute $`H^2(W_1(n)A,W_1(n)A)`$ for an arbitrary associative commutative algebra $`A`$ with unit. ($`H^2(sl(2)A,sl(2)A)`$) was earlier computed by Cathelineau \[C\]). This calculation seems sufficiently interesting for its own sake, as a nontrivial example of the low-dimensional cohomology of current Lie algebras $`LA`$. This also may be considered as a complement to the Cathelineau’s computation of the second cohomology group of the current Lie algebra $`𝔤A`$ extended over a classical simple Lie algebra $`𝔤`$, as well as generalization of Dzhumadil’daev-Kostrikin computations of $`H^2(W_1(n),W_1(n))`$ \[DK\].

The knowledge of $`H^2(W_1(n)O_m,W_1(n)O_m)`$ allows to solve the problem of determining all filtered algebras associated with the graded structure mentioned above. The answer is not very surprising – all such algebras have a socle isomorphic to $`W_1(k)O_l`$ for some $`k`$ and $`l`$.

The contents of this paper are as follows. §1 contains some preliminary material, the most significant of which is a representation of $`W_1(n)`$ as a deformation of $`W_1(1)O_{n1}`$, due to Kuznetsov \[K\]. It turns out that it is much easier to perform cohomological calculations using this representation. Following Kuznetsov, we define a class of Lie algebras $`𝔏(A,D)`$ which are certain deformations of $`W_1(1)A`$ defined by means of a derivation $`D`$ of $`A`$. Then we compute $`H^2(𝔏(A,D),𝔏(A,D))`$ in two steps: first, in §2, we compute $`H^2(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)`$, and then, in §3, we determine $`H^2(𝔏(A,D),𝔏(A,D))`$, using a spectral sequence abutting to $`H^{}(𝔏(A,D),𝔏(A,D))`$ with the $`E_1`$-term isomorphic to $`H^{}(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)`$.

Parallel to the results for the second cohomology group, we state similar results for the first cohomology group, as well as for the second cohomology group with trivial coefficients, which are useful later, in §5.

In §4, using the Kuznetsov’s isomorphism, we transform the results about $`H^2(𝔏(A,D),𝔏(A,D))`$ into those about $`H^2(W_1(n)A,W_1(n)A)`$. This section contains also all necessary computations related to reduced polynomial rings, particularly, of their Harrison cohomology. After that, in §5 we formulate a theorem about filtered deformations of $`W_1(n)A+1𝔇`$ and of $`sl(2)A+1𝔇`$ and derive it almost immediately from preceding results. It turns out that each such deformation strictly related to the class $`𝔏(A,D)`$ (for a different $`A`$), so in §6 we determine all semisimple algebras in this class up to isomorphism, completing therefore the consideration of the long filtration case (Theorem 6.4).

Since the present paper is overloaded with different kinds of computations, we omit some of them which are similar to those already presented, or just too tedious. We believe that this will not cause inconvenience to the reader.

## 1. Preliminaries

In this section we recall all necessary notions, notation, definitions, results and theories, as well as define a class of algebras $`𝔏(A,D)`$ important for further considerations.

The ground field $`K`$ is assumed to be of characteristic $`p>3`$, unless otherwise is stated explicitly. (When appealing to Weisfeiler’s results, we have to assume the ground field is algebraically closed of characteristic $`p>5`$).

As we deal with modular Lie algebras, it is not surprising that the divided powers algebra $`O_1(n)`$ plays a significant role in our considerations. Recall that $`O_1(n)`$ is the commutative associative algebra with basis $`\{x^i|\mathrm{\hspace{0.25em}0}i<p^n\}`$ and multiplication $`x^ix^j=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i+j}{j}\right)x^{i+j}`$. It is isomorphic to the reduced polynomial ring $`O_n=K[x_1,\mathrm{},x_n]/(x_1^p,\mathrm{},x_n^p)`$, the isomorphism is given by

(1.1)
$$x_1^{\alpha _1}x_2^{\alpha _2}\mathrm{}x_n^{\alpha _n}\alpha _1!\alpha _2!\mathrm{}\alpha _n!x^{\alpha _1+p\alpha _2+\mathrm{}+p^{n1}\alpha _n}.$$

The subalgebra $`\{x^i|\mathrm{\hspace{0.25em}1}i<p^n\}`$, denoted as $`O_1(n)^+`$ (or $`O_n^+`$) is the single maximal ideal of $`O_1(n)`$. The invertible elements of $`O_1(n)`$ are exactly those not lying in $`O_1(n)^+`$.

The Zassenhaus algebra $`W_1(n)`$ is the Lie algebra of derivations of $`O_1(n)`$ of the kind $`u`$, where $`uO_1(n)`$ and $`(x^j)=x^{j1}`$. It possesses a basis $`\{e_i=x^{i+1}|1ip^n2\}`$ with bracket

$$[e_i,e_j]=N_{ij}e_{i+j},\text{where }N_{ij}=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i+j+1}{j}\right)\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i+j+1}{i}\right).$$

The grading $`W_1(n)=_{i=1}^{p^n2}Ke_i`$ is called standard. In the case $`n=1`$ it coincides with the root space decomposition relative to the action of the semisimple element $`e_0`$.

Notice the following properties of the coefficients $`N_{ij}`$:

* $`N_{ij}=0\text{ if }1i,jp2,i+jp2`$
* $`N_{ij}=N_{i1,j}+N_{i,j1}`$
* $`N_{i,jp}=N_{ij}\text{ if }1ip2j`$

The first two are obvious, the third may be found, for example, in \[DK\]. Notice also that if $`0ijp`$, then $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{pi}{pj}\right)=(1)^{ji}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{j1}{i1}\right)`$ and if $`i=_{n0}i_np^n`$, $`j=_{n0}j_np^n`$ are $`p`$-adic decompositions, then

$$\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i}{j}\right)=\underset{n0}{}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i_n}{j_n}\right)$$

(the latter is known as Lucas’ theorem).

The derivation algebra $`Der(W_1(n))`$ is generated (linearly) by inner derivations of $`W_1(n)`$ and derivations $`(ade_1)^{p^t},1tn1`$ (so the latters constitute a basis of $`H^1(W_1(n),W_1(n))`$ (cf. \[B1\] or \[D2\]).

The whole derivation algebra of $`O_1(n)O_n`$, known as a general Lie algebra of Cartan type $`W_n`$, is freely generated as $`O_1(n)`$-module by $`\{^{p^i}|\mathrm{\hspace{0.25em}0}in1\}`$ (or, in terms of $`O_n`$, by $`\{/x_i|\mathrm{\hspace{0.25em}1}in\}`$) (cf. \[BIO\], \[K\], or \[W\]).

Let $`L`$ be a Lie algebra and $`A`$ an associative commutative algebra with unit. The Lie structure on the tensor product $`LA`$ is defined via $`[xa,yb]=[x,y]ab`$. If $`𝔇`$ is a subalgebra of $`Der(A)`$, then $`LA+1𝔇`$ is defined as a semidirect product where $`1𝔇`$ acts on $`LA`$ by $`[xa,1d]=xd(a)`$. For $`aA`$, $`R_a`$ stands for the multiplication on $`a`$ in $`A`$.

We will need the following elementary results.

###### Proposition 1.1.

1. $`Z(LA)=Z(L)A`$
2. $`(1Der(A))ad(LA)=0`$.

###### Proof.

(i) Obviously $`Z(L)AZ(LA)`$. Let $`z_ia_iZ(LA)`$. We may assume that all $`a_i`$ are linearly independent. Then

$$[z_ia_i,x1]=[z_i,x]a_i=0$$

for every $`xL`$, which together with our assumption implies $`z_iZ(L)`$ for all $`i`$.

(ii) Let $`1d=adx_ia_i(1Der(A))ad(LA)`$. Applying it to $`y1`$, we get $`[y,x_i]a_i=0`$ whence $`x_iZ(L)`$ for all $`i`$, and $`d=0`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Definition. Let $`DDer(A)`$. Define $`𝔏(A,D)`$ to be a Lie algebra with the underlying vector space $`W_1(1)A`$ and Lie bracket $`\{x,y\}=[x,y]+\mathrm{\Phi }_D(x,y)`$, where $`[,]`$ is the ordinary bracket on $`W_1(1)A`$, and

(1.2)
$$\mathrm{\Phi }_D(e_ia,e_jb)=\{\begin{array}{cc}e_{p2}(aD(b)bD(a)),\hfill & i=j=1\hfill \\ 0,\hfill & \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}$$

for $`a,bA`$.

###### Remark (Referee).

In \[Re\], Ree considered a class of Lie algebras which are subalgebras of $`Der(B)`$ for a commutative associative algebra $`B`$ (freely) generated over $`B`$. The algebras $`𝔏(A,D)`$ belong to this class. Indeed, let $`DDer(A)`$ and consider $`d=1+x^{p1}DDer(O_1A)`$. One can easily see, by identifying $`O_1`$ and $`W_1(1)`$ as vector spaces via $`x^ie_{i1}`$, $`0i<p`$, that $`𝔏(A,D)`$ is nothing else than the Lie algebra of derivations of $`O_1A`$ of the form $`\{bd|bO_1A\}`$ (i.e. freely generated, as a module over $`O_1A`$, by a single derivation $`d`$).

The following is crucial for our considerations.

###### Proposition 1.2 (Kuznetsov).

$`W_1(n)A𝔏(O_1(n1)A,1)`$.

###### Proof.

This obviously follows from the isomorphism $`W_1(n)𝔏(O_1(n1),)`$, noticed in \[K\]. A direct calculation shows that the mapping

$$e_{pk+i}e_ix^k,1ip2,0k<p^{n1}$$

provides the isomorphism desired. $`\mathrm{}`$

The reason why we prefer to deal with such realization of $`W_1(n)`$ lies in the fact that $`e_01`$ remains a semisimple element in $`𝔏(A,D)`$ with root spaces $`e_iA`$. So we obtain the grading of length $`p`$, and not of length $`p^n`$ as in the case of $`W_1(n)A`$. The significance of the ”good”(=short) root space decomposition follows from the well-known theorem about the invariance of the Lie algebra cohomology under the torus action.

Introduce a filtration

(1.3)
$$𝔏(A,D)=𝔏_1𝔏_0𝔏_1\mathrm{}𝔏_{p2}$$

by $`𝔏_i=_{ji}e_jA`$.

In general, for a given decreasing filtration $`\{𝔏_i\}`$ of a Lie algebra $`𝔏`$, $`gr𝔏=_i𝔏_i/𝔏_{i+1}`$ will denote its associated graded algebra.

The following is evident.

###### Proposition 1.3.

The graded Lie algebra $`gr𝔏(A,D)`$ associated with filtration (1.3), is isomorphic to $`W_1(1)A=_{i=1}^{p2}e_iA`$.

This is the place where deformation theory enters the game. It is known that each filtered algebra can be considered as a deformation of its associated graded algebra $`L=L_i`$ (for this fact as well as for all necessary background in the deformation theory we refer to \[GS\]). One calls such deformations filtered deformations (or $`\{L_i\}`$-deformations in the terminology of \[DK\]). As the space of infinitesimal deformations coincides with the cohomology group $`H^2(L,L)`$, the space of infinitesimal filtered deformations coincides with its subgroup $`H_+^2(L,L)=\{\overline{\varphi }H^2(L,L)|\varphi (L_i,L_j)_{k1}L_{i+j+k}\}`$. To describe all filtered deformations, one needs to investigate prolongations of infinitesimal ones, obstructions to which are described by Massey products $`[\varphi ,\psi ]H^3(L,L)`$ defined as

$$[\varphi ,\psi ](x,y,z)=\varphi (\psi (x,y),z)+\psi (\varphi (x,y),z)+.$$

(this product arises from the graded Lie (super)algebra structure on $`H^{}(L,L)`$).

We formulate just a small part of this broad subject needed for our purposes.

###### Proposition 1.4 (cf. \[GS\] or direct verification).

Let $`L`$ be a finitely graded Lie algebra such that Massey product of any two elements of $`Z_+^2(L,L)`$ is zero. Then any filtered Lie algebra $`𝔏`$ such that $`gr𝔏L`$ (as graded algebras), is isomorphic to a Lie algebra with underlying vector space $`L`$ and Lie bracket $`\{,\}=[,]+\mathrm{\Phi }`$ for some $`\mathrm{\Phi }Z_+^2(L,L)`$.

Note in that connection that $`[\mathrm{\Phi }_D,\mathrm{\Phi }_D]=0`$. We will see later that this holds also for other “positive” 2-cocycles on $`W_1(1)A`$ (and more generally, on $`W_1(n)A`$), so Proposition 1.4 will be applicable in our situation.

Now we formulate the Weisfeiler’s main result \[W\]:

###### Theorem 1.5 (Weisfeiler).

(The ground field $`K`$ is algebraically closed of characteristic $`p>5`$).

Let $`𝔏`$ be a semisimple Lie algebra with a solvable maximal subalgebra $`𝔏_0`$. Suppose that $`𝔏_0`$ defines a long filtration in $`𝔏`$. Then $`𝔏`$ is a filtered deformation of a graded Lie algebra $`L=SO_m+1𝔇`$, where $`S=sl(2)`$ or $`W_1(n)`$ equipped with the standard grading $`_iKe_i`$, $`𝔇Der(O_m)`$, and the graded components are:

$$L_i=\{\begin{array}{cc}e_0O_m+1𝔇,\hfill & i=0\hfill \\ e_iO_m,\hfill & i0.\hfill \end{array}$$

Further, the Harrison cohomology $`Har^{}(A,A)`$ with coefficients in the adjoint module $`A`$ plays a role in our considerations. Note that $`Har^1(A,A)=Der(A)`$ and Harrison 2-cocycles, denoted by $`𝒵^2(A,A)`$, are just symmetrized Hochschild 2-cocycles (cf. \[Ha\] where this cohomology was introduced and \[GS\] for a more modern treatment). $`\delta `$ refers to the Harrison (=Hochschild) coboundary operator, i.e.

$`\delta G(a,b)`$ $`=aG(b)+bG(a)G(ab)`$
$`\delta F(a,b,c)`$ $`=aF(b,c)F(ab,c)+F(a,bc)F(a,b)c`$
for $`GHom(A,A)`$ and $`FHom(AA,A)`$. The action of $`Der(A)`$ on $`Har^2(A,A)`$ is defined via

$$DF(a,b)=F(D(a),b)+F(a,D(b))D(F(a,b)).$$

The same formula defines the action of $`Der(L)`$ on the cohomology $`H^2(L,L)`$ of the Lie algebra $`L`$.

Considering the $`L`$-action on $`H^{}(L,L)`$, the well-known fact says that if $`T`$ is an abelian subalgebra relative to which $`L`$ decomposes into a sum of eigenspaces $`L=L_\alpha `$, then one can decompose the complex into the sum of subcomplexes

$$C_\alpha ^n=\{\varphi C^n(L,L)|\varphi (L_{\alpha _1},\mathrm{},L_{\alpha _n})L_{\alpha _1+\mathrm{}+\alpha _n+\alpha }\}$$

and, moreover, $`H^{}(C_\alpha )=0`$ for $`\alpha 0`$ (cf. \[F\], Theorem 1.5.2).

Similarly, any $``$-grading $`L=L_i`$ induces a $``$-grading on the cohomology group $`H^{}(L,L)`$, as the initial complex $`C^{}(L,L)`$ splits into the sum of subcomplexes $`C_i^{}(L,L)`$, where

(1.4)
$$C_i^n(L,L)=\{\varphi C^n(L,L)|\varphi (L_{i_1},\mathrm{},L_{i_n})L_{i_1+\mathrm{}+i_n+i}\}.$$

The cocycles, coboundaries and cohomology of these subcomplexes form the modules denoted by $`Z_i^n(L,L)`$, $`B_i^n(L,L)`$ and $`H_i^n(L,L)`$ respectively. If there is an element $`eL`$ whose action on $`L_i`$ is multiplication by $`i`$ then $`H^{}(C_i)=0`$ for $`i0modp`$.

The symbol $``$ after an expression refers to the sum of all cyclic permutations (in $`S(3)`$) of letters and indices occuring in that expression.

## 2. Low-dimensional cohomology of $`W_1(1)A`$

The aim of this section is to establish the following isomorphisms.

###### Proposition 2.1.

1. $`H^1(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)Der(A)`$
2. $`H^2(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)`$

Before beginning the proof, let us make several remarks.

Part (i) follows from \[B2\], Theorem 7.1 (formulated in terms of derivation algebras). Alternatively, one may prove it in a similar (and much easier) way as (ii). Perhaps it should be remarked only that the basic 1-cocycles on $`W_1(1)A`$ can be given as $`1D`$ for $`DDer(A)`$.

So we will concentrate our attention on (ii).

The cohomology group $`H^2(W_1(n),W_1(n))`$ was computed in \[DK\]. Particularly,
$`dimH^2(W_1(1),W_1(1))=1`$ and the single basic cocycle can be chosen as:

(2.1)
$$\varphi (e_i,e_j)=\{\begin{array}{cc}N_{ij}/pe_{i+jp},\hfill & i+jp1\hfill \\ 0,\hfill & \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`N_{ij}/p`$ denotes a (well defined) element of the field $`K`$ which is obtained from $`N_{ij}`$ by division by $`p`$ and further reduction modulo $`p`$.

The appearance of the first and last terms in (ii) is evident: the corresponding parts of the cohomology group are spanned by the classes of cocycles

(2.2) $`\mathrm{\Theta }_{\varphi ,u}:xayb`$ $`\varphi (x,y)abu`$
(2.3) $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_F:xayb`$ $`[x,y]F(a,b)`$
respectively, where $`\varphi Hom(LL,L)`$, $`uA`$, and $`FHom(AA,A)`$. We will denote the cochains of type (2.2) with $`u=1`$ as $`\mathrm{\Theta }_\varphi `$ (so actually $`\mathrm{\Theta }_{\varphi ,u}=(1R_u)\mathrm{\Theta }_\varphi `$).

We have the following simple proposition.

###### Proposition 2.2.

Let $`L`$ be a Lie algebra which is not 2-step nilpotent. Then

1. $`(1R_u)\mathrm{\Theta }_\varphi Z^2(LA,LA)`$ if and only if either $`\varphi Z^2(L,L)`$ or $`u=0`$
2. $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_FZ^2(LA,LA)`$ if and only if $`F𝒵^2(A,A)`$.

###### Proof.

We will prove the second part only, the first one is similar. The cocycle equation for $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_F`$ together with Jacobi identity gives

(2.4)
$$[[x,y],z]\delta F(a,c,b)+[[z,x],y]\delta F(a,b,c)=0.$$

Since $`[[L,L],L]0`$ and $`p3`$, one may choose $`x,yL`$ such that $`[[y,x],x]0`$. Setting $`z=x`$, one gets $`F𝒵^2(A,A)`$. Conversely, the last condition implies (2.4). $`\mathrm{}`$

It is possible to prove also that for any Lie algebra $`L`$ these cocycles are cohomologically independent, whence $`H^2(LA,LA)`$ must contain $`H^2(L,L)A`$ and $`Har^2(A,A)`$ as direct summands.

Let us define now explicitly the remaining classes of basic cocycles: $`\mathrm{\Phi }_D`$ is already defined by (1.2), and

(1)
$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Psi }_D(e_ia,e_jb)\hfill \\ \hfill =\{\begin{array}{cc}e_{i+j}(\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i+j+1}{j}\right)bD(a)\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i+j+1}{i}\right)aD(b)),\hfill & 2<i+j<p1\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise}.\hfill \end{array}\end{array}$$

###### Lemma 2.3.

For any $`DDer(A)`$, $`\mathrm{\Psi }_D,\mathrm{\Phi }_DZ^2(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)`$.

###### Proof.

We perform necessary calculations for $`\mathrm{\Psi }_D`$, leaving the easier case of $`\mathrm{\Phi }_D`$ to the reader (in fact, that $`\mathrm{\Phi }_D`$ is a 2-cocycle on $`W_1(1)A`$ follows from the Jacobi identity in $`𝔏(A,D)`$).

Isolating the coefficient of $`e_{i+j+k}abD(c)`$ in the cocycle equation for $`\mathrm{\Psi }_D`$, we get

(2)
$$\begin{array}{c}N_{ij}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i+j+k+1}{i+j}\right)+N_{jk}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i+j+k+1}{i}\right)+N_{ki}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i+j+k+1}{j}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill +N_{i,j+k}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{j+k+1}{j}\right)N_{j,k+i}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k+i+1}{i}\right)=0.\end{array}$$

The last relation can be verified immediately. $`\mathrm{}`$

The element $`e_01`$ acts semisimply on $`W_1(1)A`$, as well as on $`𝔏(A,D)`$. The roots of $`ad(e_01)`$-action lie in the prime subfield and the root spaces are:

(2.6)
$$L_{[i]}=e_iA,[i]_p,1ip2.$$

Thus any cocycle in $`Z^2(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)`$ is cohomologous to a cocycle in

(2.7)
$$Z_{[0]}^2(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)=Z_p^2Z_0^2Z_p^2$$

as noted above.

###### Lemma 2.4.

Let $`\{u_i\}`$ be linearly independent elements of A, $`\{D_i\}`$ be linearly independent derivations of $`A`$, $`\{F_i\}`$ be cohomologically independent cocycles in $`𝒵^2(A,A)`$.

Then cocycles $`(1R_{u_i})\mathrm{\Theta }_\varphi `$, $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{D_i}`$, $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_{F_i}`$, $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{D_i}`$ (defined in (2.2), (2.5), (2.3) and (1.2) respectively), are cohomologically independent.

###### Proof.

As the cocycles of the first type belong to the ($`p`$)th component of $`Z^2(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)`$, the cocycles of the second and third type – to the zero component, the cocycles of the fourth type – to the $`p`$th component, and the degree of any coboundary is in the range between $`1p`$ and $`p1`$, one needs only to show the independence of cocycles of the form $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{D_i}`$ and $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_{F_i}`$.

Suppose that there is a linear combination of the above-mentioned cocycles equal to a coboundary $`d\omega `$. Clearly this condition can be written as

(2.8)
$$\mathrm{\Psi }_D+\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_F=d\omega $$

where $`D`$, $`F`$ are some linear combinations of $`D_i`$’s and $`F_i`$’s, respectively.

Due to the $`e_01`$-action on $`𝔏(A,D)`$, we may assume that $`\omega `$ preserves the root space decomposition (2.6), i.e.

$$\omega (e_ia)=e_iX_i(a)$$

for some $`X_iHom(A,A)`$.

Evaluating the left and right sides of (2.8) for the pair $`e_0a`$, $`e_01`$, one gets $`D=0`$. Then (2.8) reduces to

(2.9)
$$F(a,b)=aX_j(b)+bX_i(a)X_{i+j}(ab)$$

for all $`i,j`$ such that $`N_{ij}0`$.

Substituting in (2.9) $`j=0`$ and using the symmetry of $`F`$, we get $`F=\delta X_0`$. Since $`F`$ is a linear combination of cohomologically independent Harrison cocycles, $`F=0`$. We see that all elements entering (2.8) vanish, whence all coefficients in the initial linear combinations of cocycles are equal to zero. $`\mathrm{}`$

Now, to prove Proposition 2.1(ii), one merely needs to show that each cocycle $`\varphi Z_{[0]}^2(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)`$ is cohomologous to the sum of the previous cocycles.

Let

(2.10)
$$\varphi =\varphi _p+\varphi _0+\varphi _p,\varphi _k(e_iA,e_jA)e_{i+j+k}A,k=p,0,p$$

be a decomposition corresponding to (2.7). It is immediate that $`d\varphi =0d\varphi _p=d\varphi _0=d\varphi _p=0`$.

The next three lemmas elucidate the form of cocycles $`\varphi _p,\varphi _0,\varphi _p`$ respectively. Two of them are formulated in a slightly more general setting which will be used later, in §3.

###### Lemma 2.5.

$`\varphi _p=(1R_u)\mathrm{\Theta }_\varphi `$ for some $`uA`$.

###### Proof.

Write

$$\varphi _p(e_ia,e_jb)=\{\begin{array}{cc}e_{i+jp}X_{ij}(a,b),\hfill & i+jp1\hfill \\ 0,\hfill & \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}$$

for certain $`X_{ij}Hom(AA,A)`$. Writing the cocycle equation for triples $`e_ia,e_jb,e_11`$ and $`e_ia,e_j1,e_0c`$, one obtains respectively:

(2.11) $`X_{ij}(a,b)`$ $`=X_{i1,j}(a,b)+X_{i,j1}(a,b),i+j>p1`$
(2.12) $`X_{ij}(a,c)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{i+j}{j}}cX_{ij}(a,1){\displaystyle \frac{i}{j}}X_{ij}(ac,1),i+jp1`$
The last equality in the case $`i+j=p`$ entails

$$X_{ij}(a,c)=X_{ij}(ac,1),i+j=p.$$

Now the cocycle equation for the triple $`e_ia,e_jb,e_11,i+j=p1,i,j1`$ implies

$$X_{ij}(a,b)=N_{1,i}(X_{i+1,j}(a,b)+X_{i,j+1}(a,b)),i+j=p1.$$

Substitution of the last but one equality into the last one yields

(2.13)
$$X_{ij}(a,b)=Y_{ij}(ab),i+j=p1,i,j1$$

where $`Y_{ij}=N_{1,i}(X_{i+1,j}(a,1)+X_{i,j+1}(a,1))`$. Substituting this in its turn, in (2.12) (with $`i+j=p1`$), one gets

$$Y_{ij}(ac)=cY_{ij}(a)$$

which implies $`Y_{ij}(a)=au_{ij}`$ for some $`u_{ij}A`$. Hence

$$X_{ij}(a,b)=abu_{ij},i+j=p1,i,j1.$$

Writing the cocycle equation for the triple $`e_1a,e_11,e_{p2}1`$, one obtains

$$X_{1,p2}(a,1)=aX_{1,p2}(1,1).$$

Substituting this in (2.12) under the particular case $`i=1,j=p2`$, one deduces (2.13) also in this case, with $`u_{1,p2}=X_{1,p2}(1,1)`$. Then writing the cocycle equation for triple $`e_i1,e_j1,e_11,i+j=p2,i,j0`$, and taking into account (2.13), one obtains

$$N_{1,i}u_{i+1,j}+N_{1,j}u_{i,j+1}N_{ij}u_{1,p2}=0,i+j=p2,i,j0.$$

The last relation for $`i=2,3,\mathrm{},p4`$ ($`i=1`$ and $`p3`$ give trivial relations) together with the equality $`u_{\frac{p1}{2},\frac{p1}{2}}=0`$ (which follows from (2.13)) gives $`p5`$ equations for $`p5`$ unknowns $`u_{2,p3},\mathrm{},u_{p3,2}`$. One easily checks that

$$u_{ij}=N_{ij}/pu,i+j=p1$$

for a certain $`uA`$ (actually, $`u=\frac{2}{3}u_{1,p2}`$), provides a unique solution.

With the aid of (2.11) this equality can be extended to all $`i,j,i+jp1`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 2.6.

Let $`d\varphi _0=\xi `$, where $`\varphi _0C_0^2(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)`$ and $`\xi C_0^3(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)`$ such that $`\xi (e_ia,e_jb,e_kc)`$ is (possibly) nonzero only when one of the indices $`i,j,k`$ is equal to $`1`$ and the sum of two others is equal to $`p1`$.

Then $`\xi =0`$ and $`\varphi _0`$ is a cocycle which is cohomologous to $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_F+\mathrm{\Psi }_D`$ for some $`F𝒵^2(A,A)`$ and $`DDer(A)`$.

###### Proof.

Write

$$\varphi _0(e_ia,e_jb)=\{\begin{array}{cc}e_{i+j}X_{ij}(a,b),\hfill & 2<i+j<p1\hfill \\ 0,\hfill & \text{otherwise}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Define $`\omega C^1(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)`$ as follows:

$$\omega (e_1a)=0,\omega (e_ia)=e_i\underset{j=0}{\overset{i}{}}X_{1,j}(1,a),i0.$$

Then $`d\omega (e_11,e_ia)=e_{i1}X_{1,i}(1,a)=\varphi _0(e_11,e_ia)`$ and replacing $`\varphi _0`$ by $`\varphi _0d\omega `$ (without changing the notation), one can assume that

(2.14)
$$X_{1,j}(1,a)=0.$$

Writing the equation $`d\varphi _0=\xi `$ for the triple $`e_1a,e_1b,e_ic`$, one obtains

(2.15)
$$X_{1,i1}(b,ac)X_{1,i1}(a,bc)=aX_{1,i}(b,c)bX_{1,i}(a,c).$$

Setting here $`b=1`$ and using (2.14), one gets $`X_{1,i1}(b,c)=X_{1,i}(b,c)`$, which implies

(2.16)
$$X_{1,i}(a,b)=X_{1,0}(a,b).$$

Together with (2.15) this gives

(2.17)
$$X_{1,0}(b,ac)X_{1,0}(a,bc)aX_{1,0}(b,c)+bX_{1,0}(a,c)=0.$$

Writing the equation $`d\varphi _0=\xi `$ for the triple $`e_ia,e_jb,e_1c,i+jp2`$, one obtains

(3)
$$\begin{array}{c}N_{ij}X_{1,i+j}(c,ab)X_{i1,j}(ac,b)X_{i,j1}(a,bc)+cX_{ij}(a,b)\hfill \\ \hfill N_{i,j1}aX_{1,j}(c,b)N_{i1,j}bX_{1,i}(c,a)=0,i+jp2,i,j0.\end{array}$$

Setting in the last equality $`c=1`$, one gets

$$X_{ij}(a,b)=X_{i1,j}(a,b)+X_{i,j1}(a,b).$$

The last relation together with (2.16) permits to prove, by induction on $`i+j`$, the following equality:

(2.19)
$$X_{ij}(a,b)=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i+j+1}{j}\right)X_{1,0}(a,b)\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i+j+1}{i}\right)X_{1,0}(b,a)$$

Setting in (2.18) $`i=j=0`$ and using the fact that $`X_{00}(a,b)=X_{1,0}(a,b)X_{1,0}(b,a)`$ (which follows from (2.19)), one obtains

(4)
$$\begin{array}{c}X_{1,0}(bc,a)X_{1,0}(ac,b)bX_{1,0}(c,a)cX_{1,0}(b,a)\hfill \\ \hfill +cX_{1,0}(a,b)+aX_{1,0}(c,b)=0.\end{array}$$

Set

$`F(a,b)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(X_{1,0}(a,b)+X_{1,0}(b,a)X_{1,0}(ab,1))=X_{1,0}(b,a)aX_{1,0}(b,1)`$
$`D(a)`$ $`=X_{1,0}(a,1).`$
Using (2.17) and (2.20) it is easy to see that $`F𝒵^2(A,A)`$ and $`DDer(A)`$, and hence (2.19) implies

$$X_{ij}(a,b)=N_{ij}F(a,b)+\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i+j+1}{j}\right)bD(a)\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i+j+1}{i}\right)aD(b).$$

Thus $`\varphi _0`$ is a cocycle, whence $`\xi =0`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 2.7.

Let $`d\varphi _p=\xi `$, where $`\varphi _pC_p^2(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)`$ and $`\xi C_p^3(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)`$ such that the only possibly nonzero values of $`\xi `$ are given by

$$\xi (e_1a,e_1b,e_0c)=e_{p2}(aG(b,c)bG(a,c))$$

for some $`GHom(AA,A)`$.

Then $`G`$ is a Harrison 2-coboundary and $`\varphi _p=\mathrm{\Phi }_D`$ for some $`DEnd(A)`$. If $`G=0`$, then $`DDer(A)`$.

###### Proof.

Write

$$\varphi _p(e_ia,e_jb)=\{\begin{array}{cc}e_{p2}X(a,b),\hfill & i=j=1\hfill \\ 0,\hfill & \text{otherwise}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Obviously $`X`$ is skew-symmetric. Writing the equation $`d\varphi _p=\xi `$ for the triples $`e_1a,e_1b,e_11`$ and $`e_1a,e_11,e_0b`$, one gets respectively:

(2.21)
$$X(a,b)=aX(b,1)bX(a,1)$$

and

(2.22)
$$X(ab,1)+X(b,a)+2bX(a,1)=aG(1,b)G(a,b).$$

Setting $`D(a)=X(1,a)`$, we obtain $`\varphi _p=\mathrm{\Phi }_D`$. Substitution of (2.21) into (2.22) gives

$$G(a,b)aG(1,b)=\delta D(a,b).$$

Symmetrizing the last equality, one gets

$$G(a,b)=\delta D(a,b)+abG(1,1)=\delta (D+R_{G(1,1)})(a,b).$$

If $`G=0`$ then $`\delta D=0`$, i.e. $`DDer(A)`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

This completes the proof of Proposition 2.1(ii).

Similar but more elementary computations can be utilized to prove

###### Proposition 2.8.

1. $`H^1(sl(2)A,sl(2)A)Der(A)`$
2. $`H^2(sl(2)A,sl(2)A)Har^2(A,A)`$.

###### Proof.

We refer to the paper of Cathelineau \[C\]. Though formally it contains a slightly different result – namely, the computation of $`H_2(𝔤A,𝔤A)`$ for classical simple Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ over a field of characteristic zero, the methods employed there can be easily adapted to our case. Alternatively, one may go along the lines of our proof for the case $`W_1(1)A`$. All basic cocycles turn out to be of the type (2.3). $`\mathrm{}`$

## 3. Low-dimensional cohomology of $`𝔏(A,D)`$

###### Theorem 3.1.

1. $`H^2(𝔏(A,D),K)(A^{})^D`$
2. $`H^1(𝔏(A,D),𝔏(A,D))Der(A)^D`$
3. $`H^2(𝔏(A,D),𝔏(A,D))A^DDer(A)_DDer(A)^DHar^2(A,A)^D`$.

All super- and subscripts here denote the kernel and cokernel respectively of the corresponding action of $`D`$ (which is, for (i), given by $`Df(a)f(D(a))`$ for $`fA^{}`$, and for (ii) and (iii) is the standard action on Harrison (=Hochschild) cocycles described in §1).

Part (i) borrowed from \[Z\], where it is proved along the lines of the present paper (though the computations are easier).

We will give also an explicit basis of $`H^1(𝔏(A,D),𝔏(A,D))`$ and $`H^2(𝔏(A,D),𝔏(A,D))`$.

There are at least three ways to compute the cohomology of deformed algebra knowing the cohomology of an initial one. The first way is the Coffee-Gerstenhaber lifting theory (cf. \[GS\]) which tells how to determine obstructions to lifting of cocycles on a Lie algebra $`L`$ to its deformation $`𝔏`$.

The second way is applicable when $`𝔏`$ is a filtered deformation of $`L`$, i.e. $`𝔏`$ is a filtered Lie algebra with descending filtration $`\{𝔏_i\}`$ and $`L=gr𝔏`$. One can define a descending filtration in the Chevalley-Eilenberg complex $`C^{}(𝔏,𝔏)`$:

$$C_i^n(𝔏,𝔏)=\{\varphi C^n(𝔏,𝔏)|\varphi (𝔏_{i_1},\mathrm{},𝔏_{i_n})𝔏_{i_1+\mathrm{}i_n+i}\}.$$

Then the associated graded complex will be $`C^{}(L,L)`$ with the grading defined by (1.4), and the general theory about filtered complexes says that there is a spectral sequence abutting to $`H^{}(𝔏,𝔏)`$ whose $`E_1`$-term is $`H^{}(L,L)`$.

The third way is applicable in a special situation when $`𝔏`$ is a ”1-step” deformation of $`L`$, i.e. multiplication in $`𝔏`$ is given by

$$\{x,y\}=[x,y]+\varphi (x,y)t$$

where $`[,]`$ is a multiplication in $`L`$ and $`\varphi Z^2(L,L)`$. Then we have three complexes defined on the underlying module $`C^{}(L,L)`$: the first one responsible for the cohomology of $`L`$ with differential $`d`$, the second one – with differential $`b=[,\varphi ]`$ (Massey bracket), and the third one is responsible for the cohomology of $`𝔏`$ with differential $`b+d`$. Moreover, the Jacobi identity for $`\{,\}`$ implies $`bd+db=0`$. In this situation it is possible to define a double complex on $`C^{}(L,L)`$ whose horizontal arrows are $`d`$ and vertical ones are $`b`$. The total complex $`𝒯`$ of this double complex is closely related to the Chevalley–Eilenberg complex $`𝒞=C^{}(𝔏,𝔏)`$ responsible for the cohomology of $`𝔏`$. Namely, there is a surjection

$$𝒯^n=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}C^n(L,L)C^n(𝔏,𝔏)$$

defined by the summation of all coordinates, whose kernel $`𝒦`$ is closely related to the shifted complex $`𝒯[1]`$. So one can determine the cohomology $`H^n(𝔏,𝔏)`$ from the long exact sequence associated with the short exact sequence of complexes $`0𝒦𝒯𝒞0`$.

However, in our even more specific situation we will use the fourth method employing the special $``$-grading. Its advantage is that we will be able not only to determine $`H^1(𝔏(A,D),𝔏(A,D))`$ and $`H^2(𝔏(A,D),𝔏(A,D))`$ as modules, but also to find explicit expressions for cocycles.

As noted in §1, when considering the cohomology both of $`W_1(1)A`$ and $`𝔏(A,D)`$, we may restrict our attention to a subcomplex preserving the $`_p`$-grading of $`W_1(1)A`$:

$$C_{[0]}^n(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)=\underset{i}{}C_{ip}^n(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A).$$

Let $`d`$ and $`d_D`$ be the differentials in the Chevalley-Eilenberg complexes $`C^{}(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)`$ and $`C^{}(𝔏(A,D),𝔏(A,D)`$, respectively. We obviously have

(3.1)
$$d_D=d+[,\mathrm{\Phi }_D]$$

where $`[,]`$ denotes the graded Lie (super)algebra structure (Massey brackets) on $`H^{}(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)`$.

Since $`\mathrm{\Phi }_DC_p^2(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)`$, the bracket $`b=[,\mathrm{\Phi }_D]`$ acts as a differential of bidegree $`(1,p)`$ on the bigraded module $`C_{}^{}(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)`$ (the first grading is the usual cohomology grading, the second one comes from the $``$-grading on $`W_1(1)A`$). Denoting for convenience the module $`C_{ip}^n(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)`$ as $`\widehat{C}_i^n`$, we have a double complex

$$\begin{array}{ccccccc}\mathrm{}& & \mathrm{}& & \mathrm{}& & \mathrm{}\\ & & & & & & & & \\ \widehat{C}_1^0& \stackrel{d}{}& \widehat{C}_1^1& \stackrel{d}{}& \widehat{C}_1^2& \stackrel{d}{}& \widehat{C}_1^3& & \mathrm{}\\ & & b& & b& & b& & \\ & & \widehat{C}_0^0& \stackrel{d}{}& \widehat{C}_0^1& \stackrel{d}{}& \widehat{C}_0^2& & \mathrm{}\\ & & & & b& & b& & \\ & & & & \widehat{C}_1^0& \stackrel{d}{}& \widehat{C}_1^1& & \mathrm{}\\ & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & \mathrm{}\end{array}$$

In view of (3.1), the total complex of this double complex is exactly the Chevalley-Eilenberg complex computing the cohomology $`H^{}(𝔏(A,D),𝔏(A,D))`$. Therefore the first spectral sequence $`\{E_r^{st}\}`$ associated with it has the $`E_1`$-term

$$E_1^{st}H_{ps}^{s+t}(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A).$$

A necessary condition for $`\widehat{C}_i^n0`$ is that there exists a solution to $`1i_1+\mathrm{}+i_n+ipp2`$ for $`1i_kp2`$. This implies the inequalities $`n+\frac{2n1}{p}i1+\frac{n2}{p}`$ (so for $`n=1`$, $`i=0`$, for $`n=2`$, $`1i1`$, for $`n=3`$, $`2i1`$). Thus in each degree there is finite number of nonvanishing components and the spectral sequence converges to $`H^{s+t}(𝔏(A,D),𝔏(A,D))`$.

The only possibly nonzero terms responsible for the cohomology of low degree are:

$$E_r^{01},E_r^{1,3},E_r^{02},E_r^{11},E_r^{2,5},E_r^{1,4},E_r^{03},E_r^{12}.$$

Hence the only possibly nonzero differentials affecting the values of $`H^1(𝔏(A,D),𝔏(A,D))`$ and $`H^2(𝔏(A,D),𝔏(A,D))`$ are:

$`d_1^{01}`$ $`:E_1^{01}E_1^{11}`$
$`d_1^{1,3}`$ $`:E_1^{1,3}E_1^{03}`$
$`d_1^{02}`$ $`:E_1^{02}E_1^{12}`$
$`d_2^{1,3}`$ $`:E_2^{1,3}E_2^{12}.`$
Consequently,

$`E_{\mathrm{}}^{01}=E_1^{01}=Kerd_1^{01}`$
$`E_{\mathrm{}}^{1,3}=E_3^{1,3}=Kerd_2^{1,3};E_2^{1,3}=Kerd_1^{1,3}`$
(3.2) $`E_{\mathrm{}}^{02}=E_2^{02}=Kerd_1^{02}`$
$`E_{\mathrm{}}^{11}=E_2^{11}=E_1^{11}/Imd_1^{01}`$
and $`H^1(𝔏(A,D),𝔏(A,D))E_{\mathrm{}}^{01}`$, $`H^2(𝔏(A,D),𝔏(A,D))E_{\mathrm{}}^{1,3}E_{\mathrm{}}^{02}E_{\mathrm{}}^{11}`$. Proposition 2.1 (strictly speaking, the explicit basic cocycles provided in its proof) yields

$`E_1^{01}`$ $`H_0^1(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)Der(A)`$
$`E_1^{1,3}`$ $`H_p^2(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)H^2(W_1(1),W_1(1))AA`$
$`E_1^{02}`$ $`H_0^2(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)Der(A)Har^2(A,A)`$
$`E_1^{11}`$ $`H_p^2(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)Der(A).`$
In the next lemmas we will determine all necessary kernels and images in (3.2).

###### Lemma 3.2.

$`E_{\mathrm{}}^{1,3}A^D`$.

###### Proof.

In order to determine $`Kerd_1^{1,3}`$, one needs to consider the equation

(3.3)
$$[(1R_u)\mathrm{\Theta }_\varphi ,\mathrm{\Phi }_D]=d\mathrm{\Lambda }_u$$

for some $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_uC_0^2(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)`$. The terms of $`E_2^{1,3}`$ will be of the form $`(1R_u)\mathrm{\Theta }_\varphi \mathrm{\Lambda }_u`$ for appropriate solutions of (3.3).

Direct computations show

(3.4)
$$[(1R_u)\mathrm{\Theta }_\varphi ,\mathrm{\Phi }_D]=(1R_u)[\mathrm{\Theta }_\varphi ,\mathrm{\Phi }_D]+(1R_{D(u)})\mathrm{\Gamma }$$

where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }C^3(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)`$ defined as (assuming $`ijk`$)

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(e_ia,e_jb,e_kc)=\{\begin{array}{cc}e_{p2}N_{jk}/pabc,\hfill & i=1,j+k=p1\hfill \\ 0,\hfill & \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}$$

and

(5)
$$\begin{array}{c}[\mathrm{\Theta }_\varphi ,\mathrm{\Phi }_D](e_ia,e_jb,e_kc)\hfill \\ \hfill =\{\begin{array}{cc}e_{p2}N_{jk}/p(bcD(a)aD(bc)),\hfill & i=1,j+k=p1\hfill \\ 0,\hfill & \text{otherwise}.\hfill \end{array}\end{array}$$

(Notice that $`N_{jk}/p=(1)^k\frac{2k+1}{k(k+1)}`$ if $`j+k=p1`$).

Define

$$\mathrm{\Theta }^{}(e_ia,e_jb)=\{\begin{array}{cc}e_{i+j}(\lambda _{ij}aD(b)\lambda _{ji}bD(a)),\hfill & 2<i+j<p1\hfill \\ 0,\hfill & \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}$$

for some $`\lambda _{ij}K`$.

Let us verify first that there are $`\lambda _{ij}`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Theta }_\varphi +\mathrm{\Theta }^{}E_2^{1,3}`$. Writing the equation (3.3) under conditions $`u=1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_u=\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$ for the triple $`e_1a,e_jb,e_kc,j+k=p1`$ and for all remaining cases, we obtain respectively:

(3.6) $`\lambda _{j1,k}+\lambda _{j,k1}`$ $`=(1)^k{\displaystyle \frac{2k+1}{k(k+1)}}`$
(3.7) $`\lambda _{j,k1}\lambda _{k,j1}`$ $`=2(1)^k\lambda _{j,1}+2(1)^{k+1}\lambda _{k,1}+(1)^{k+1}{\displaystyle \frac{2k+1}{k(k+1)}}`$
where $`j+k=p1`$, and

(6)
$$\begin{array}{c}N_{ij}\lambda _{i+j,k}N_{jk}\lambda _{i,j+k}+N_{ik}\lambda _{j,i+k}+N_{j+k,i}\lambda _{jk}N_{i+k,j}\lambda _{ik}\hfill \\ \hfill =0,i,j,k0,i+j+k<p1.\end{array}$$

(the left-hand side in the latter is a basic expression for the coefficient of $`abD(c)`$ in $`d\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$).

###### Lemma 3.3.

$$\lambda _{ij}=\underset{k=1}{\overset{i}{}}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i+j+1k}{j+1}\right)\frac{k+2}{k(k+1)},1i,jp2$$

provides solution for (3.6)–(3.8).

###### Proof.

Note the following properties of the just defined coefficients $`\lambda _{ij}`$:

1. $`\lambda _{1,j}=\lambda _{0j}=0;\lambda _{1,j}=\frac{3}{2}`$
2. $`\lambda _{i,1}=_{k=1}^i\frac{k+2}{k(k+1)}`$
3. $`\lambda _{ij}=\lambda _{i1,j}+\lambda _{i,j1}`$.

Now, (3.6) may be reformulated as

$$\lambda _{ij}=(1)^j\frac{2j+1}{j(j+1)},i+j=p1,i,j1$$

which can be proved with the help of simple transformations of binomial coefficients in the spirit of the first few pages of \[Ri\].

(3.7) is proved by induction on $`j`$, using (3.6) in the induction step.

Finally, (3.8) is proved by induction on $`i+j+k`$. The induction step is:

(7)
$$\begin{array}{c}N_{ij}\lambda _{i+j,k}N_{jk}\lambda _{i,j+k}+N_{ik}\lambda _{j,i+k}+N_{j+k,i}\lambda _{jk}N_{i+k,j}\lambda _{ik}\hfill \\ \hfill =N_{ij}\lambda _{i+j1,k}+N_{ij}\lambda _{i+j,k1}N_{jk}\lambda _{i1,j+k}N_{jk}\lambda _{i,j+k1}+N_{ik}\lambda _{j1,i+k}\\ \hfill +N_{ik}\lambda _{j,i+k1}+N_{j+k,i1}\lambda _{jk}+N_{j+k1,i}\lambda _{jk}N_{i+k,j1}\lambda _{ik}N_{i+k1,j}\lambda _{ik}\\ \hfill =(N_{i1,j}\lambda _{i+j1,k}N_{jk}\lambda _{i1,j+k}+N_{i1,k}\lambda _{j,i+k1}+N_{j+k,i1}\lambda _{jk}N_{i+k1,j}\lambda _{i1,k})\\ \hfill +(N_{i,j1}\lambda _{i+j1,k}N_{j1,k}\lambda _{i,j+k1}+N_{ik}\lambda _{j1,i+k}+N_{j+k1,i}\lambda _{j1,k}N_{i+k,j1}\lambda _{ik})\\ \hfill +(N_{ij}\lambda _{i+j,k1}N_{j,k1}\lambda _{i,j+k1}+N_{i,k1}\lambda _{j,i+k1}+N_{j+k1,i}\lambda _{j,k1}N_{i+k1,j}\lambda _{i,k1})\\ \hfill =0\end{array}$$

where the first equality follows from recurrent relations for $`\lambda _{ij}`$, the second one from those for $`N_{ij}`$, and the third one from the induction assumption for triples $`(i1,j,k)`$, $`(i,j1,k)`$ and $`(i,j,k1)`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Continuation of the proof of Lemma 3.2. Now consider a general solution of (3.3). Taking into account (3.4), the partial solution $`[\mathrm{\Theta }_\varphi ,\mathrm{\Phi }_D]=d\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$, and the commutativity of operators $`d`$ and $`R_u`$, (3.3) can be rewritten as

$$d(\mathrm{\Lambda }_u+(1R_u)\mathrm{\Theta }^{})=(1R_{D(u)})\mathrm{\Gamma }.$$

By Lemma 2.6, $`D(u)=0`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_u=(1R_u)\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$ up to elements from $`Z_0^2(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)`$. Hence $`E_2^{1,3}`$ consists of elements of the form

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}_u=(1R_u)(\mathrm{\Theta }_\varphi +\mathrm{\Theta }^{}),uA^D$$

and $`E_2^{1,3}A^D`$.

To compute $`Kerd_2^{1,3}`$, take a look at $`Imd_2^{1,3}`$, i.e. on elements of the form $`[(1R_u)(\mathrm{\Theta }_\varphi +\mathrm{\Theta }^{}),\mathrm{\Phi }_D],uA^D`$. The latter expression is equal to $`(1R_u)[\mathrm{\Theta }^{},\mathrm{\Phi }_D]`$ up to elements from $`B^3(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)`$. Direct computations show

(8)
$$\begin{array}{c}[\mathrm{\Theta }^{},\mathrm{\Phi }_D](e_ia,e_jb,e_kc)\hfill \\ \hfill =\{\begin{array}{cc}e_{p2}\lambda _{p2,0}(aD(b)bD(a))D(c),\hfill & i=j=1,k=0\hfill \\ 0,\hfill & \text{otherwise}.\hfill \end{array}\end{array}$$

But

$$\lambda _{p2,0}=\underset{k=1}{\overset{p2}{}}(1+\frac{2}{k})=(p2)2\underset{k=1}{\overset{p1}{}}k+\frac{2}{p1}=0.$$

Consequently, $`d_2^{1,3}`$ is zero and $`E_{\mathrm{}}^{1,3}=E_3^{1,3}=E_2^{1,3}A^D`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 3.4.

$`E_{\mathrm{}}^{02}Der(A)^DHar^2(A,A)^D`$.

###### Proof.

To determine $`Kerd_p^{02}`$, one needs to solve two equations

(3.9) $`[\mathrm{\Psi }_E,\mathrm{\Phi }_D]`$ $`=d\mathrm{\Lambda }_E`$
(3.10) $`[\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_F,\mathrm{\Phi }_D]`$ $`=d\mathrm{\Lambda }_F`$
for some $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_E,\mathrm{\Lambda }_FC_p^2(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)`$. Let

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_E^{}(e_ia,e_jb)=\{\begin{array}{cc}e_{p2}(D(a)E(b)E(a)D(b)),\hfill & i=j=1\hfill \\ 0,\hfill & \text{otherwise}.\hfill \end{array}$$

By means of direct computations one gets

$$[\mathrm{\Psi }_E,\mathrm{\Phi }_D]=d\mathrm{\Psi }_E^{}+\mathrm{\Gamma }_E$$

where the only possibly nonzero values of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_E`$ are given by

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_E(e_1a,e_1b,e_1c)=e_{p2}(a[E,D](b)b[E,D](a))c.$$

But (3.9) implies that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_E`$ is a coboundary $`d(\mathrm{\Lambda }_E\mathrm{\Psi }_E^{})`$. One easily checks that each coboundary vanishes on the triple $`e_1a,e_11,e_01`$, which implies $`[E,D]=0`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_E=0`$. Consequently, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_E=\mathrm{\Psi }_E^{}`$ up to elements from $`Z_p^2(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)`$ and the set of elements $`\{\mathrm{\Psi }_E\mathrm{\Psi }_E^{}|EDer(A)^D\}`$ embeds into $`E_2^{02}`$.

To solve equation (3.10), define

$$\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_F^{}(e_ia,e_jb)=\{\begin{array}{cc}e_{p2}(F(D(a),b)F(a,D(b))),\hfill & i=j=1\hfill \\ 0,\hfill & \text{otherwise}.\hfill \end{array}$$

By means of direct computations one gets

(3.11)
$$[\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_F,\mathrm{\Phi }_D]=d\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_F^{}+\mathrm{\Gamma }_F$$

where the only possibly nonzero values of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_F`$ are given by

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_F(e_1a,e_1b,e_0c)=e_{p2}(aDF(b,c)bDF(a,c)).$$

By (3.11), $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_F=d(\mathrm{\Lambda }_F\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_F^{})`$. According to Lemma 2.7, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_F\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_F^{}=\mathrm{\Phi }_H`$ for some $`HEnd(A)`$ and moreover, $`DF=\delta H`$ (we may suppose that $`DF(1,1)=0`$).

Conversely, if $`DF=\delta H`$, then $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_F=d\mathrm{\Phi }_H`$, which in view of (3.11) leads to the solution $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_F=\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_F^{}+\mathrm{\Phi }_H`$ of (3.10).

So, $`E_{\mathrm{}}^{02}=E_2^{02}`$ is the direct sum of two subspaces consisting of elements of the form $`\mathrm{\Psi }_E\mathrm{\Psi }_E^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_F\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_F^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_H`$ for appropriate $`E`$, $`F`$ and $`H`$, and isomorphic to $`Der(A)^D`$ and $`Har^2(A,A)^D`$ respectively. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 3.5.

1. $`E_{\mathrm{}}^{01}Der(A)^D`$
2. $`E_{\mathrm{}}^{11}Der(A)_D`$.

###### Proof.

$`d_1^{01}`$ acts on the space $`E_1^{01}Der(A)`$ as $`1E[1E,\mathrm{\Phi }_D]=\mathrm{\Phi }_{[D,E]}`$, $`EDer(A)`$. Hence $`Kerd_1^{01}Der(A)^D`$, proving (i).

$`Imd_1^{01}[D,Der(A)]`$, $`E_{\mathrm{}}^{11}=E_2^{11}Der(A)_D`$ and $`E_{\mathrm{}}^{11}`$ consists of elements $`\mathrm{\Phi }_E`$ for $`EDer(A)`$ which are independent modulo $`[D,Der(A)]`$, proving (ii). $`\mathrm{}`$

Putting all these calculations together, we get statements (ii) and (iii) of Theorem 3.1. (Lemma 3.5(i) is used to get a formula for cohomology of degree 1, while all the rest is used to get a formula for cohomology of degree 2).

For convenience we summarize here the cocycles whose cohomology classes constitute a basis of $`H^1(𝔏(A,D),𝔏(A,D))`$ and $`H^2(𝔏(A,D),𝔏(A,D))`$.

Basic cocycles of degree 1 are just mappings of the form $`1E`$, $`EDer(A)^D`$.

All cocycles of degree 2 constructed here have their counterparts in $`Z^2(W_1(1)A,W_1(1)A)`$ (in fact, they are liftings, in the Gerstenhaber’s terminology \[GS\], of 2-cocycles on $`W_1(1)A`$). Each class of cocycles denoted by overlined capital Greek letter is lifted from the corresponding class of §2 denoted by the same letter.

So, let $`\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}_u`$, $`\overline{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}_{F,H}`$, $`\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_E`$ and $`\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}_E`$ be 2-cochains on $`𝔏(A,D)`$ defined by the following formulas, where the top line comes from the appropriate cocycle of §2 (the “regular” components), and the second line represent a new component coming from the deformation:

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}_u(e_ia,e_jb)=\{\begin{array}{cc}e_{i+jp}N_{ij}/pabu,\hfill & i+jp1\hfill \\ e_{i+j}(\lambda _{ij}aD(b)\lambda _{ji}bD(a))u,\hfill & 2<i+j<p1\hfill \\ 0,\hfill & \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`uA^D`$ and the coefficients $`\lambda _{ij}`$ defined as in Lemma 3.3 (the regular component is (2.2)),

(9)
$$\begin{array}{c}\overline{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}_{F,H}(e_ia,e_jb)\hfill \\ \hfill =\{\begin{array}{cc}e_{i+j}N_{ij}F(a,b),\hfill & 2<i+j<p1\hfill \\ e_{p2}(bH(a)aH(b)F(D(a),b)+F(a,D(b))),\hfill & i=j=1\hfill \\ 0,\hfill & i+jp1\hfill \end{array}\end{array}$$

where $`F𝒵^2(A,A)^D`$ and $`HEnd(A)`$ such that $`DF=\delta H`$ (the regular component is (2.3)),

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_E(e_ia,e_jb)=\{\begin{array}{cc}e_{p2}(E(a)D(b)E(b)D(a)),\hfill & i=j=1\hfill \\ e_{i+j}(\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i+j+1}{j}\right)bE(a)\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i+j+1}{i}\right)aE(b)),\hfill & 2<i+j<p1\hfill \\ 0,\hfill & i+jp1\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`EDer(A)^D`$ (the regular component is (2.5)), and, finally, $`\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}_E=\mathrm{\Phi }_E`$ (the regular component is (1.2); there is no deformation component).

Lemma 2.4 (stating the independence of initial cocycles on $`W_1(1)A`$) together with the spectral sequence construction assure the independence of the corresponding cocycles on $`𝔏(A,D)`$. More precisely, the following is true:

###### Proposition 3.6.

Let $`\{u_i\}`$ be linearly independent elements of $`A`$, $`\{F_i\}`$ be cohomologically independent cocycles in $`𝒵^2(A,A)`$, $`\{H_i\}`$ be elements in $`Hom(A,A)`$ linearly independent modulo $`Der(A)`$ and such that $`DF_i=\delta H_i`$, $`\{E_i\}`$ be linearly independent elements in $`Z_D(Der(A))`$, and $`\{E_i^{}\}`$ be derivations of $`A`$ linearly independent modulo $`[D,Der(A)]`$.

Then the cocycles $`\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}_{u_i}`$, $`\overline{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}_{F_i,H_i}`$, $`\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_{E_i}`$, $`\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}_{E_i^{}}`$ are cohomologically independent.

## 4. Low-dimensional cohomology of $`W_1(n)A`$

Now our objective is to transform the results obtained so far for $`𝔏(A,D)`$ into those for $`W_1(n)A`$.

For this, take $`A=O_1(n1)B`$ and $`D=1`$. By Proposition 1.2, $`𝔏(A,D)`$ in this case isomorphic to $`W_1(n)B`$, and Theorem 3.1 entails

(10)
$$\begin{array}{c}H^2(W_1(n)B,W_1(n)B)\hfill \\ \hfill (O_1(n1)B)^1Der(O_1(n1)B)_1Der(O_1(n1)B)^1\\ \hfill Har^2(O_1(n1)B,O_1(n1)B)^1.\end{array}$$

The next lemmas collect all necessary information for evaluation of four summands appearing on the right side of this isomorphism. (Just for notational convenience, we put $`m=n1`$).

###### Lemma 4.1.

1. $`(O_1(m)B)^1=1B`$
2. $`Der(O_1(m)B)_1x^{p^m1}^{p^k}|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}km1Bx^{p^m1}Der(B)`$
3. $`Der(O_1(m)B)^1^{p^k}|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}km1B\mathrm{\hspace{0.25em}1}Der(B)`$.

###### Proof.

(i) Obvious, as $`Ker_{O_1(m)}=K1`$.

(ii) Since

$$Der(O_1(m)B)Der(O_1(m))B+O_1(m)Der(B)$$

and $`Der(O_1(m))`$ is a free $`O_1(m)`$-module with basis $`\{^{p^k}|\mathrm{\hspace{0.25em}0}km1\}`$,

(11)
$$\begin{array}{c}[1,Der(O_1(m)B)][,Der(O_1(m))]B(O_1(m))Der(B)\hfill \\ \hfill =x^i^{p^k}|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}i<p^m1,0km1Bx^i|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}i<p^m1Der(B).\end{array}$$

As $`x^{p^m1}^{p^k}|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}k<m1`$ is a complement in $`Der(O_1(m))`$ to the tensor factor in the first summand, and $`x^{p^m1}`$ is a complement in $`O_1(m)`$ to those in the second summand, we get the isomorphism desired.

(iii) Analogous to (ii). $`\mathrm{}`$

Further, according to \[Ha\], Theorem 5,

(12)
$$\begin{array}{c}Har^2(O_1(m)B,O_1(m)B)^1\hfill \\ \hfill Har^2(O_1(m),O_1(m))^{}BO_1(m)^{}Har^2(B,B)\end{array}$$

(as $`O_1(m)^{}K`$, the second summand is actually just $`Har^2(B,B)`$).

So we need to compute the second Harrison cohomology of the divided powers algebra $`O_1(m)`$. First we determine its Hochschild cohomology. It is more convenient to work with reduced polynomial ring $`O_m`$.

Note that $`O_m`$ is a factor-algebra of a polynomial algebra as well as the group algebra of an elementary abelian group, and for both class of algebras all sort of cohomological computations have been done. Instead of digging the result we need out of the literature (which will require some additional computations anyway, see e.g. \[L\], §7.4 and \[Ho\] and references therein), we give a direct simple proof suited for our needs.

We use multi-index notations: $`ϝ_m=\{\alpha =(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _m)^m|\mathrm{\hspace{0.25em}0}\alpha _i<p\}`$, $`x^\alpha =x_1^{\alpha _1}\mathrm{}x_m^{\alpha _m}`$, $`\epsilon _i`$ denotes element in $`ϝ_m`$ of the form $`(0,\mathrm{},1,\mathrm{},0)`$ (1 in the $`i`$th position).

###### Proposition 4.2.

$`H^i(O_m,O_m)`$ is a free $`O_m`$-module of dimension $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i+m1}{i}\right)`$.

###### Proof.

Consider first the case $`m=1`$, i.e., an algebra $`O_1=K[x]/(x^p)`$. We use a very simple (and nice) free $`O_1^e`$-resolution of $`O_1`$ presented in \[RS\] (as $`O_1`$ is commutative, $`O_1^eO_1O_1`$):

$$\mathrm{}\stackrel{d_1}{}O_1O_1\stackrel{d_0}{}O_1O_1\stackrel{𝑚}{}O_10$$

where $`m`$ is the multiplication in $`O_1`$ and

$$d_i(ab)=\{\begin{array}{cc}axbaxb,\hfill & i\text{ even}\hfill \\ _{k=0}^{p1}ax^kx^{p1k}b,\hfill & i\text{ odd}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Applying the functor $`Hom_{O_1^e}(,O_1)`$, we get a (deleted) complex whose all but first differentials are zero:

$$0O_1\stackrel{id}{}O_1\stackrel{0}{}O_1\stackrel{0}{}\mathrm{}$$

Therefore, for each $`i`$, $`H^i(O_1,O_1)O_1`$.

Now the general case is proved via induction on $`m`$ by applying the Künneth formula to the decomposition $`O_mO_{m1}O_1`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 4.3.

1. $`Har^2(O_m,O_m)`$ is a free $`O_m`$-module of dimension $`m`$. The basic cocycles (over $`O_m`$) can be chosen as

$$F_i(x^\alpha ,x^\beta )=\{\begin{array}{cc}x^{\alpha +\beta p\epsilon _i},\hfill & \alpha _i+\beta _ip\hfill \\ 0,\hfill & \alpha _i+\beta _i<p\hfill \end{array}$$

for $`1im`$.
2. $`dimHar^2(O_1(m),O_1(m))^{}=m`$. The basic $``$-invariant cocycles can be chosen as

(4.3)
$$F_i(x^\alpha ,x^\beta )=\{\begin{array}{cc}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\alpha +\beta }{\beta }\right)/px^{\alpha +\beta p^i},\hfill & \alpha _i+\beta _ip\hfill \\ 0,\hfill & \alpha _i+\beta _i<p\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`\alpha =_{i1}\alpha _ip^{i1},\beta =_{i1}\beta _ip^{i1}`$ are $`p`$-adic decompositions.

###### Proof.

(i) By Proposition 4.2, $`H^2(O_m,O_m)`$ is a free $`O_m`$-module of dimension $`\frac{m(m+1)}{2}`$. We assert that the two classes of cocycles, $`F_i,1im`$ and $`/x_i/x_j,1i<jm`$, form a basis of this module. Indeed, the cocycle condition is verified immediately. As we have $`m+\frac{m(m1)}{2}=\frac{m(m+1)}{2}`$ cocycles, it remains to check their independence. Since $`F_i`$ are symmetric and $`/x_i/x_j`$ are skew, one suffices to do this only for $`F_i`$ (remember that 2-coboundaries are symmetric). Suppose

(4.4)
$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}u_iF_i=\delta G$$

for some $`GHom(O_m,O_m)`$ and $`u_iO_m`$.

Then $`\delta G(x^\alpha ,x^\beta )=0`$ if $`\alpha _i+\beta _i<p`$ for each $`i`$. This implies that $`G`$ acts as derivation on products $`x^\alpha x^\beta `$ if $`\alpha _i+\beta _i<p`$ for all $`i`$, hence

$$G(x^\alpha )=\underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}\alpha _ix^{\alpha \epsilon _i}G(x^{\epsilon _i})$$

what in its turn entails that $`G`$ is a derivation, and thus $`\delta G(x^\alpha ,x^\beta )=0`$ for all $`\alpha ,\beta `$. Then evaluating the left side of (4.4) for all pairs $`(x^\alpha ,x^\beta )`$ such that $`\alpha _j+\beta _j=\delta _{ji}p`$ for each $`j`$ and a fixed $`i`$, we get $`u_i=0`$. This shows that cocycles $`F_i`$ are independent.

Now picking from the basic cocycles of $`H^2(O_m,O_m)`$ those which are symmetric, we obtain a basis $`\{F_i|\mathrm{\hspace{0.25em}1}im\}`$ of $`Har^2(O_m,O_m)`$ (as a module over $`O_m`$). The freeness of $`Har^2(O_m,O_m)`$ follows either from the previous reasonings or from the fact that the Harrison cohomology is a direct summand of the Hochschild one (cf. \[GS\]).

(ii) Using the isomorphism (1.1), the cocycles of part (i) may be rewritten as (4.3). Direct easy check shows that the cocycles $`F_i`$ are $``$-invariant (in fact, $`F_i=0`$). The identity $`(uF)=uF(u)F`$ shows that the equality $`(u_1F_1+\mathrm{}+u_kF_k)=0`$ implies

$$(u_1)F_1+\mathrm{}+(u_k)F_k=0$$

which due to the freeness of $`Har^2(O_1(m),O_1(m))`$ over $`O_1(m)`$ entails that all $`u_iK1`$, and the assertion desired follows. $`\mathrm{}`$

Now, collecting (4.1), (4.2) and Lemmas 4.1 and 4.3(ii), we get an isomorphism

(4.5)
$$H^2(W_1(n)B,W_1(n)B)BDer(B)Der(B)Har^2(B,B)$$

where $``$ is a vector space with basis $`\{1,x^{p^{n1}1}^{p^k},^{p^k},F_{k+1}|\mathrm{\hspace{0.25em}0}kn2\}`$.

To obtain an explicit basis of this cohomology group, let us regroup the basis of $`H^2(𝔏(A,D),𝔏(A,D))`$, exhibited in §3, according to the direct summands in (4.5) as follows.

The classes of $`3n2`$ cocycles

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}_{1u},\overline{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}_{F_{i+1}R_u,0},\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_{^{p^i}R_u},\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}_{x^{p^{n1}1}^{p^i}R_u},0in2,uB$$

form a module denoted in (4.5) as $`B`$. It is easy to see that all these cocycles are of the form $`(1R_u)\mathrm{\Theta }_\varphi `$ for appropriate $`\varphi Z^2(W_1(n),W_1(n))`$. As by Proposition 3.6 all these cocycles are independent, the corresponding $`3n2`$ cocycles on $`W_1(n)`$ are also independent. But according to \[DK\], $`dimH^2(W_1(n),W_1(n))=3n2`$, whence $`H^2(W_1(n),W_1(n))`$. It should be noted that the 2-cocycles on $`W_1(n)`$ derived here do not wholly coincide with basic cocycles presented in \[DK\].

The classes of cocycles $`\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_{1D}`$ and $`\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}_{x^{p^{n1}1}D},DDer(B)`$, denoted from now for the convenience as $`\psi _D`$ and $`\varphi _D`$ respectively, form two modules isomorphic to $`Der(B)`$. They are just obvious generalizations of cocycles $`\mathrm{\Psi }_D`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_D`$ to arbitrary $`n`$:

(13)
$$\begin{array}{c}\psi _D(e_ia,e_jb)=e_{i+j}(\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i+j+1}{j}\right)bD(a)\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i+j+1}{i}\right)aD(b)),\hfill \\ \hfill 1i,jp^n2\end{array}$$

(4.7)
$$\varphi _D(e_ia,e_jb)=\{\begin{array}{cc}e_{p^n2}(aD(b)bD(a)),\hfill & i=j=1\hfill \\ 0,\hfill & \text{otherwise}.\hfill \end{array}$$

And finally, the classes of cocycles $`\overline{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}_{1F,0}`$ where $`F𝒵^2(B,B)`$, generate a module isomorphic to $`Har^2(B,B)`$. These cocycles are of the form $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_F`$ (cf. Proposition 2.2).

Thus we get a generalization of Proposition 2.1:

###### Theorem 4.4.

For an arbitrary associative commutative unital algebra $`B`$,

(14)
$$\begin{array}{c}H^2(W_1(n)B,W_1(n)B)\hfill \\ \hfill H^2(W_1(n),W_1(n))BDer(B)Der(B)Har^2(B,B).\end{array}$$

The basic cocycles can be chosen among $`(1R_u)\mathrm{\Theta }_\varphi `$ for $`\varphi Z^2(W_1(n),W_1(n))`$, $`\psi _D`$, $`\varphi _D`$ for $`DDer(B)`$, and $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_FforF𝒵^2(B,B)`$, given by formulas (2.2), (4.6), (4.7) and (2.3) respectively.

We conclude this section with formulation of all necessary results needed for our further purposes, which are obtained in a similar (and much simpler) way as Theorem 4.4 and/or can be found elsewhere (cf. \[B2\], \[C\], \[Z\]):

(4.8) $`H^1(W_1(n)B,W_1(n)B)`$ $`H^1(W_1(n),W_1(n))BDer(B)`$
(4.9) $`H^2(W_1(n)B,K)`$ $`H^2(W_1(n),K)B^{}`$
(4.10) $`H^2(sl(2)A,K)`$ $`HC^1(A).`$
## 5. Filtered deformations of $`W_1(n)A+1𝔇`$

As explained in §1, we are interested in filtered Lie algebras whose associated graded algebra is $`SO_m+1𝔇`$ for $`S=W_1(n)`$ or $`sl(2)`$, where $`𝔇`$ is a subalgebra of $`Der(O_m)`$. First, basing on Theorem 4.4, we shall compute the second cohomology group of such algebras.

###### Lemma 5.1.

Let $`L`$ be a Lie algebra which can be written as the semidirect product $`L=IQ`$, where $`I`$ is a centerless perfect ideal of $`L`$, $`Q`$ is a subalgebra, and $`Qad(I)=0`$ (in the last equality, $`Q`$ and $`ad(I)`$ considered as subspaces of $`End(I)`$). Then the terms relevant to the cohomology group $`H^2(L,L)`$ in the Hochschild-Serre spectral sequence of L with respect to I with the general $`E_2`$-term $`E_2^{pq}=H^p(Q,H^q(I,L))`$, are the following:

$`E_{\mathrm{}}^{20}`$ $`=0`$
$`E_{\mathrm{}}^{11}`$ $`=E_2^{11}=H^1(Q,H^1(I,I)/Q)`$
$`E_2^{02}`$ $`=H^2(I,I)^Q(KerF)^Q`$
$`E_{\mathrm{}}^{02}`$ $`=E_3^{02}=Kerd_2^{02}`$
where $`F:H^2(I)QH^3(I,I)`$ is induced by the mapping

$`C^2(I,Q)`$ $`C^3(I,I)`$
$`\varphi `$ $`(xyz[x,\varphi (y,z)]+).`$
###### Proof.

One has $`E_2^{p0}=H^p(Q,L^I)`$. The condition $`Qad(I)=0`$ entails $`L^I=Z(I)=0`$, so $`E_2^{p0}=0`$. Thus $`E_{\mathrm{}}^{20}=0`$ and $`E_{\mathrm{}}^{02}=E_3^{02}`$ follow from standard considerations. As $`d_2`$ maps $`E_2^{11}`$ to $`E_2^{30}=0`$, $`E_{\mathrm{}}^{11}=E_2^{11}`$. We also have

$`E_2^{02}`$ $`=H^0(Q,H^2(I,L))=H^2(I,L)^Q`$
$`E_2^{11}`$ $`=H^1(Q,H^1(I,L))`$
$`E_2^{21}`$ $`=H^2(Q,H^1(I,L)).`$
Consider a piece of the cohomology long exact sequence associated with the short exact sequence $`0ILQ0`$ of $`I`$-modules ($`Q`$ considered as a trivial $`I`$-module):

(15)
$$\begin{array}{c}H^0(I,L)H^0(I,Q)H^1(I,I)H^1(I,L)H^1(I,Q)H^2(I,I)\hfill \\ \hfill H^2(I,L)H^2(I,Q)\stackrel{𝐹}{}H^3(I,I)\end{array}$$

($`F`$ is connecting homomorphism).

We obviously have: $`H^0(I,L)=L^I=0`$, $`H^0(I,Q)=Q^I=Q`$, $`H^1(I,Q)=H^1(I)Q=0`$, $`H^2(I,Q)=H^2(I)Q`$. Hence

$`H^1(I,L)`$ $`H^1(I,I)/Q`$
$`H^2(I,L)`$ $`H^2(I,I)KerF`$
(note that since $`Qad(I)=0`$, $`Q`$ consists of outer derivations of $`I`$, and therefore embeds in $`H^1(I,I)`$).

As $`L=IQ`$ as $`Q`$-modules and differential commutes with each $`adx,xQ`$, the $`Q`$-action commutes with inclusion and projection arrows in (5.1) (but not necessarily with connecting homomorphism), and we get

$$H^2(I,L)^QH^2(I,I)^Q(KerF)^Q.$$

Putting all this together, we obtain the asserted equalities. $`\mathrm{}`$

Passing to our specific case, define a grading on $`L=SB+1𝔇`$ as in Theorem 1.5, i.e.

(5.2)
$$L_i=\{\begin{array}{cc}e_0B+1𝔇,\hfill & i=0\hfill \\ e_iB,\hfill & i0\hfill \end{array}$$

and consider induced grading on $`H^2(L,L)`$. $`H_+^2(L,L)`$ denotes a positive part of that induced grading.

###### Proposition 5.2.

Let $`L=SB+1𝔇,𝔇Der(B)`$. Then:

1. if $`S=W_1(n)`$, then $`H_+^2(L,L)H_+^2(S,S)B^𝔇Der(B)^𝔇`$
2. if $`S=sl(2)`$, then $`H_+^2(L,L)=0`$.

###### Proof.

(i) Proposition 1.1 ensures that Lemma 5.1 is applicable here if we put $`I=SB`$ and $`Q=1𝔇`$. Using Theorem 4.4, (4.8) and (4.9) and considering the action of $`1𝔇`$ on appropriate cohomology groups on the level of explicit cocycles, one gets

$`E_2^{11}`$ $`H^1(S,S)H^1(𝔇,B)H^1(𝔇,Der(B)/𝔇)`$
$`E_2^{02}`$ $`H^2(S,S)B^𝔇Der(B)^𝔇Har^2(B,B)^𝔇(KerF)^𝔇.`$
The grading (5.2) induces a $``$-grading on each term of the spectral sequence (cf. \[F\]).

The knowledge of $`H^1(W_1(n),W_1(n))`$, $`H^2(W_1(n),K)`$ (cf. \[B1\] or \[D2\]) and $`H^2(W_1(n),W_1(n))`$ (cf. \[DK\]), allows to write down all nonzero graded components of $`E_2=E_2^{11}E_2^{02}`$ with respect to grading (5.2):

$`(E_2)_{p^n}H_{p^n}^2(W_1(n),W_1(n))B^𝔇(KerF)^𝔇`$
$`(E_2)_{p^t}H_{p^t}^2(W_1(n),W_1(n))B^𝔇H_{p^t}^1(W_1(n),W_1(n))H^1(𝔇,B)`$
$`(E_2)_0Der(B)^𝔇Har^2(B,B)^𝔇H^1(𝔇,Der(B)/𝔇)`$
$`(E_2)_{p^np^t}H_{p^np^t}^2(W_1(n),W_1(n))B^𝔇`$
$`(E_2)_{p^n}Der(B)^𝔇`$
where $`1tn1`$.

The last two classes constitute $`(E_2)_+`$ and generated by cocycles $`(1R_u)\mathrm{\Theta }_{\psi _t}`$ where $`uB^𝔇`$,

$$\psi _t(e_i,e_j)=\{\begin{array}{cc}e_{p^n2},\hfill & i=1,j=p^t1\hfill \\ 0,\hfill & \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}$$

and $`\varphi _D`$ where $`DDer(B)^𝔇`$, respectively. (Strictly speaking, these cocycles are extended from the corresponding cocycles from $`Z^2(W_1(n)B,W_1(n)B)`$ by letting them vanish on $`W_1(n)B1𝔇`$ and $`1𝔇1𝔇`$).

According to Lemma 5.1, the corresponding $`E_3`$-term is

$$(E_3^{02})_+=Ker((E_2^{02})_+\stackrel{(d_2^{02})_+}{}(E_2^{21})_+).$$

Theorem 4.4 shows that all $`𝔇`$-invariant cohomology classes in $`(E_2^{02})_+H_+^2(S,S)B^𝔇(Der(B))^𝔇`$ can be represented by $`𝔇`$-invariant cocycles, what implies $`(d_2^{02})_+=0`$ and the positive part of the spectral sequence collapses in the relevant range.

(ii) Quite analogous (and simpler). $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark.

In principle, one may compute the whole cohomology group $`H^2(SB+1𝔇,SB+1𝔇)`$ by the following scheme: first, it is possible to evaluate $`(KerF)^𝔇`$ in the spirit of §2 or §3, and, particularly, to show that in this case the $`Q`$-action commutes with $`F`$, what in its turn implies

$$E_2^{02}=H^2(SB,SB)^𝔇(KerF(H^2(SB)𝔇)^𝔇).$$

Then the same reasoning as at the end of the proof of Proposition 5.2 shows that $`d_2^{02}=0`$ in general.

As all cocycles constituting the basis of $`H_+^2(L,L)`$, being of the types $`(1R_u)\mathrm{\Theta }_{\psi _t}`$ and $`\varphi _D`$, are possibly nonzero only on the ($`1`$)st, $`1`$st and ($`p^t1`$)st ($`1tn1`$) graded components of $`L`$, with values in the ($`p^n2`$)th graded component, each Massey product of two such cocycles is obviously zero, and by Proposition 1.4 we have

###### Theorem 5.3.

Let $`L`$ be as in Proposition 5.2 with grading defined by (5.2). Let $`𝔏`$ be a filtered algebra whose associated graded algebra is isomorphic (as graded algebra) to $`L`$. Then

1. if $`S=W_1(n)`$, then $`𝔏`$ is determined by brackets

$$\{,\}=[,]+\underset{t=1}{\overset{n1}{}}(1R_{u_t})\mathrm{\Theta }_{\psi _t}+\varphi _D$$

for some $`u_tB^𝔇`$ and $`DDer(B)^𝔇`$
2. if $`S=sl(2)`$, then $`𝔏L`$.

Note that the basic cocycles in $`H_+^2(L,L)`$ are of the form $`\mathrm{\Phi }_d`$ for appropriate $`dDer(O_1(n1)B)`$: $`\varphi _D=\mathrm{\Phi }_{x^{p^{n1}1}D}`$ and $`(1R_u)\mathrm{\Theta }_{\psi _t}=\mathrm{\Phi }_{x^{p^{n1}1}^{p^{t1}}R_u},1tn1`$. Therefore the algebras appearing in part (i) of Theorem 5.3 are all of the kind $`𝔏(A,D)+1𝔇`$ for $`A=O_1(n1)B`$ and $`𝔇Der(A)`$. (Note that from the Jacobi identity follows $`[D,𝔇]=0`$). Combining this fact (in the particular case $`B=O_m`$) with Theorem 1.5, we conclude:

###### Corollary 5.4.

(The ground field is algebraically closed of characteristic $`p>5`$).

Let $`𝔏`$ be a semisimple Lie algebra with a solvable maximal subalgebra defining in $`𝔏`$ a long filtration. Then either $`𝔏sl(2)O_m+1𝔇`$, or $`𝔏𝔏(O_m,D)+1𝔇`$ for some $`m`$, $`DDer(O_m)`$ and a solvable subalgebra $`𝔇`$ in $`Der(O_m)`$ such that $`[D,𝔇]=0`$ and $`O_m`$ has no $`𝔇,D`$-invariant ideals.

###### Remarks.

(i) The close inspection of Weisfeiler’s results shows that if $`𝔏_0`$ is a solvable maximal subalgebra in Theorem 1.5, then after passing to the associated graded algebra, $`𝔏_0`$ goes to $`e_0,e_1O_m+1𝔇`$ (in the case $`S=sl(2)`$) or to $`W_1(n)_0O_m+1𝔇`$ (in the case $`S=W_1(n)`$). Our computations of filtered deformations show that actually $`𝔏_0`$ coincides with these algebras (as they do not change under deformations).

(ii) Since $`[D,𝔇]=0`$, the algebra $`𝔇,DDer(O_m)`$ either coincides with $`𝔇`$ (if $`D𝔇`$), or is 1-dimensional abelian extension of $`𝔇`$ (if $`D𝔇`$).

So, to classify semisimple Lie algebras with a solvable maximal subalgebra occurring in Theorem 1.5, it remains to describe algebras appearing in Corollary 5.4 up to isomorphism and to identify them with the known semisimple Lie algebras. We accomplish this task in the next section.

## 6. Classification of semisimple algebras $`𝔏(A,D)+1𝔇`$

The object of this section is the class of Lie algebras $`𝔏(A,D)+1𝔇`$, where $`1𝔇`$ acts on $`𝔏(A,D)`$ as on $`W_1(1)A`$ and $`[D,𝔇]=0`$. The case $`A=O_m`$ is of particular importance.

All algebras throughout this section assumed to be finite-dimensional.

Note that consideration of dimensions immediately implies that no algebra of the form $`𝔏(O_n,D)`$ is isomorphic to some $`sl(2)O_m`$.

###### Lemma 6.1.

Each ideal of $`𝔏(A,D)+1𝔇`$ is of the form $`𝔏(I,D)+1𝔈`$ where $`I`$ is a $`𝔇,D`$-invariant ideal of $`A`$, $`𝔈`$ is an ideal of $`𝔇`$, and $`𝔈(A)I`$.

###### Proof.

Let $``$ be an ideal of $`𝔏(A,D)+1𝔇`$, then $`𝔏(A,D)`$ is an ideal of $`𝔏(A,D)`$. Passing to the associated graded algebra (as in Proposition 1.3), we get that $`gr(𝔏(A,D))`$ is an ideal of $`W_1(1)A`$. Either a direct calculation in $`W_1(1)`$, or the general result of \[Ste\], yields that

(6.1)
$$gr(𝔏(A,D))=W_1(1)I$$

for some ideal $`I`$ of $`A`$. Particularly, $`e_{p2}I𝔏(A,D)`$. Multiplying elements from $`e_{p2}I`$ a necessary number of times by $`e_11`$, one gets $`e_iI𝔏(A,D)`$ for each $`1ip2`$, that is, $`W_1(1)I𝔏(A,D)`$. Due to (6.1) this inclusion is actually an equality (of vector spaces): $`𝔏(A,D)=W_1(1)I`$. Particularly, $`W_1(1)I`$ is closed under brackets $`\{,\}`$ (cf. Definition in §1), what is equivalent to $`D(I)I`$.

Now, taking an arbitrary element $`_{i=1}^{p2}e_ia_i+1d`$, and multiplying it by $`e_01`$ and $`e_11`$, we get $`_iie_ia_i𝔏(A,D)`$ and $`_ie_{i1}a_i𝔏(A,D)`$ respectively, showing therefore that all $`a_iI`$. This proves that $`=𝔏(I,D)+1𝔈`$ for some subalgebra $`𝔈𝔇`$. The rest of the conditions in the assertion follow immediately. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 6.2.

Let a Lie algebra $`𝔏=𝔏(A,D)+1𝔇`$ is semisimple. Then the following hold:

1. $`A_iO_{n_i}`$ for some $`n_i`$, each $`O_{n_i}`$ has no $`𝔇,D`$-invariant ideals
2. $`𝔏(A,D)_iS_iO_{m_i}`$ for some $`m_i`$ and simple Lie algebras $`S_i`$
3. $`S_i𝔏(O_{k_i},d_i)`$ for some $`k_i`$ and $`d_iDer(O_{k_i})`$, $`O_{k_i}`$ has no $`d_i`$-invariant ideals.

###### Proof.

The proof merely consists of multiple applications of classical Block’s results \[B2\].

By Lemma 6.1, $`A`$ has no $`𝔇,D`$-invariant nilpotent ideals, i.e., $`A`$ is $`𝔇,D`$-semisimple in the terminology of Block \[B2\]. According to \[B2\], Main Theorem and Corollary 8.3, $`A`$ is isomorphic to the direct sum $`_iO_{n_i}`$ of reduced polynomial rings having no $`𝔇,D`$-invariant ideals. Hence $`D=_iD_i`$, where each $`D_i`$ acts as derivation on $`O_{n_i}`$ and zero on $`O_{n_j},ji`$. Obviously

$$𝔏(\underset{i}{}O_{n_i},\underset{i}{}D_i)\underset{i}{}𝔏(O_{n_i},D_i)$$

and by Lemma 6.1 each minimal ideal of $`𝔏`$ coincides with one of $`𝔏(O_{n_i},D_i)`$. Thus by \[B2\], Theorem 1.3, $`𝔏(O_{n_i},D_i)S_iO_{m_i}`$ for some simple Lie algebra $`S_i`$ and $`m_i`$.

Applying Lemma 6.1 again, we see that each ideal of $`𝔏(O_{n_i},D_i)`$ is of the form $`𝔏(I,D_i)`$ for some $`D_i`$-invariant ideal $`I`$ of $`O_{n_i}`$, and by \[Ste\] each ideal of $`S_iO_{m_i}`$ is of the form $`S_iJ`$ for some ideal $`J`$ of $`O_{m_i}`$. But $`O_{m_i}^+`$ is the greatest ideal of $`O_{m_i}`$ whence there is a greatest $`D_i`$-invariant ideal $`I_i`$ of $`O_{n_i}`$, $`𝔏(I_i,D_i)SO_{m_i}^+`$, and

$$𝔏(O_{n_i},D_i)/𝔏(I_i,D_i)(S_iO_{m_i})/(S_iO_{m_i}^+)S_i.$$

It is easy to see that the left side here is isomorphic to $`𝔏(O_{n_i}/I_i,d_i)`$,
$`d_iDer(O_{n_i}/I_i)`$ being induced from $`D_i`$. Since $`S_i`$ is simple, $`O_{n_i}/I_i`$ has no $`d_i`$-invariant ideals and again by Block’s theorem, $`O_{n_i}/I_iO_{k_i}`$ for some $`k_i`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Now we determine simple Lie algebras in the class $`𝔏(A,D)`$.

###### Lemma 6.3.

(The ground field is perfect of characteristic $`p>3`$).

$`𝔏=𝔏(A,D)`$ is simple if and only if $`𝔏W_1(n)`$ for some $`n`$.

###### Proof.

The “if” part contained in Proposition 1.2. So suppose that $`𝔏(A,D)`$ is simple. According to Lemmas 6.1 and 6.2, $`AO_n`$ for some $`n`$. Hence $`𝔏`$ has a subalgebra $`𝔏_0=e_1O_n^++e_0,\mathrm{},e_{p2}O_n`$ of codimension 1. Then by \[D1\], $`𝔏`$ is isomorphic to either $`sl(2)`$ or $`W_1(n)`$, the first case is impossible by dimension consideration. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remarks.

(i) If the ground field is algebraically closed, one may deduce the assertion of the Lemma from many other results in the literature, e.g. \[Re\] (by utilizing the fact that algebras under consideration are Ree’s algebras, see remark after definition of $`𝔏(A,D)`$ in §1), or \[K\] or \[W\] (by noting that that $`𝔏_0`$ is solvable).

(ii) Combining Theorem 5.3(i) (with remark after it) and Lemma 6.3, we recover the fact that each filtered deformation (with respect to the standard grading) of $`W_1(n)`$ is isomorphic to $`W_1(n)`$. This fact is important in consideration of some classes of Lie algebras with given properties of subalgebras or elements and was proved by Benkart, Isaacs and Osborn in \[BIO\], §3 and Dzhumadil’daev in \[D1\].

Now summarizing all our results, we obtain the final classification of the long filtration case.

###### Theorem 6.4.

(The ground field is algebraically closed of characteristic $`p>5`$).

$`𝔏`$ is a semisimple Lie algebra with a solvable maximal subalgebra defining in it a long filtration, if and only if either $`𝔏sl(2)O_m+1𝔇`$, or $`W_1(n)O_m𝔏Der(W_1(n))O_m+1W_m`$, where $`𝔇`$ in the first case, and $`pr_{W_m}𝔏`$ in the second, are solvable subalgebras of $`W_m`$ such that $`O_m`$ has no $`𝔇`$\- or $`pr_{W_m}𝔏`$-invariant ideals.

###### Proof.

“only if” part. Summarizing results of Lemmas 6.2 and 6.3, we obtain that semisimple Lie algebras of the form $`𝔏(A,D)+1𝔇`$ are exactly those whose socle is a direct sum of algebras $`W_1(n)O_m`$ for some $`n,m`$. By Corollary 5.4, these algebras (with solvable $`𝔇`$), along with $`sl(2)O_m+1𝔇`$, exhaust all possible semisimple Lie algebras with a solvable maximal subalgebra defining in it a long filtration. Obviously a socle of such algebra should consist of only one minimal ideal, and the assertion desired follows.

“if” part. In the $`sl(2)`$ case it is evident that $`𝔏_0=e_0,e_1O_m+1𝔇`$ is a solvable maximal subalgebra.

In the $`W_1(n)`$ case, we have $`W_1(n)O_m𝔏Der(W_1(n)O_m)Der(W_1(n))O_m+1Der(O_m)`$. By Proposition 1.2, identify $`W_1(n)O_m`$ with $`𝔏(O_1(n1)O_m,1)`$. By Theorem 3.1(ii), $`𝔏=𝔏(O_1(n1)O_m,1)+1𝔇`$ for some solvable subalgebra $`𝔇Der(O_1(n1)O_m)`$ (a further elucidation of the structure of $`𝔇`$ is possible due to conditions imposed on $`pr_{Der(O_m)}𝔏`$ and Theorem 4.1(iii), but we don’t need it here).

Consider a maximal subalgebra $`𝔏_0`$ containing a subalgebra $`e_0,e_1,\mathrm{},e_{p2}O_1(n1)O_m+1𝔇`$. Obviously

$$𝔏_0=e_1I+e_0,e_1,\mathrm{},e_{p2}O_1(n1)O_m+1𝔇$$

for some $`I\mathrm{}O_1(n1)O_m`$. Since $`O_1(n1)O_m`$ is a reduced polynomial ring itself, each its ideal is nilpotent, whence $`𝔏_0`$ is solvable. $`\mathrm{}`$

## Acknowledgements

This paper was basically written at 1994 while being a Ph.D. student at Bar-Ilan University under the guidance of Steve Shnider.

Back to those (and earlier) days, my thanks due to Askar Dzhumadil’daev for introducing me to the subject and many useful advices, Steve Shnider for his generous support, attention, and significant conceptual improvements, Giora Dula for sharing his experience in spectral sequences calculations, Malka Schaps for useful comments on a preliminary version of the manuscript, and Baruch Muskat for help with the proof of Lemma 3.3.

I am also indebted to the referee for a very thorough reading of the manuscript and numerous useful comments and corrections.