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# Homotopy and homology of fibred spaces

## 1 Introduction

A fibred space $`X`$ is a map

$$p:X\overline{X}$$

for which fibres $`p^1x`$, $`x\overline{X}`$, are objects in a structure category $`𝔉`$. For example a $`G`$-space $`X`$ for a topological group $`G`$ which acts properly on $`X`$ yields the fibred space

$$p:XX/G$$

where $`X/G`$ is the orbit space. Here fibres are objects in the orbit category $`𝔉_G`$ consisting of $`G`$-orbits $`G/H`$ and $`G`$-equivariant maps. Moreover fibre bundles  and stratified fibre bundles  are examples of fibred spaces. In this paper we study the homotopy theory of fibred spaces. In particular we show that fundamental results like Whitehead theorems, cohomology, obstructions to the extension of maps, Wall-finiteness obstruction and Whitehead torsion are available for fibred spaces. These results form the bulk of the book  in the case of $`G`$-spaces. As it turns out homotopy theory of $`G`$-spaces to a large extent is just a specialization of the homotopy theory of fibred spaces.

The theory of $`𝔉`$-fibred spaces yields a new flexibility since the structure category $`𝔉`$ is a parameter of the theory. For example all constructions and obstructions are natural in $`𝔉`$ and such naturality is useful similarly as in the case of naturality of coefficients in cohomology. By comparing the orbit category $`𝔉_G`$ with other structure categories $`𝔉`$ one also obtains applications to the theory of transformation groups. On the other hand our theory can be applied to stratified bundles like stratified vector bundles which appear as tangent bundles of stratified manifolds, see . Obstructions to non trivial sections of stratified vector bundles can be studied by use of the obstruction theory of fibred spaces (such problems were treated in ).

A self-contained proof of the results in this paper is highly elaborate and requires a rewriting of the book  (more than 400 pages) for fibred spaces. In this paper, however, we prove the results by use of the axiomatic approach of . For this we only need to show that the Blakers–Massey theorem holds in the category of fibred spaces. This implies that we can use the methods in  leading, in particular, to a new construction of the cellular chain complex $`C_{}(X,A)`$ which is simpler than the construction of Bredon .

Our homotopy theory of fibred spaces with fibres in the (topological enriched) category $`𝔉`$ is closely related to the theory of continuous $`𝔉^{\mathrm{op}}`$-diagrams of spaces (compare with the principal diagram in ). In case $`𝔉`$ is discrete such diagrams are treated in chapter A of . It is easy to transform the results in this paper to the theory of continuous diagrams by use of .

The methods of , in fact, yield further results on fibred spaces not treated in this paper. We leave it to the reader to study the “model lifting property” of the chain complex $`C_{}(X,A)`$, the “obstruction for the realizability” of a chain complex, the “tower of categories” for the classification of homotopy classes of maps between fibred spaces and the associated spectral sequences.

On the other hand we refer to the recent book of Crabb and James  for a different perspective on spaces of fibres and for a detailed account of the areas of fibrewise topology and fibrewise homotopy theory.

## 2 Fibre families

Let $`𝔉`$ be a small category together with a faithful functor $`F:𝔉\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ to the category $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ of compactly generated Hausdorff spaces. Then $`𝔉`$ is termed a *structure category* and $`F`$ is the *fibre functor* on $`𝔉`$. In many examples the functor $`F`$ is actually the inclusion of a subcategory $`𝔉`$ of $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ so that in this case we need not to mention the fibre functor $`F`$.

A *fibre family* with fibres in $`𝔉`$ (or a $`(𝔉,F)`$-family) is a topological space $`X`$, termed *total space*, together with a map $`p_X:X\overline{X}`$, termed *projection* to the *base space* $`\overline{X}`$, and for every $`b\overline{X}`$ a selected homeomorphism $`\mathrm{\Phi }_b:p_X^1bFX_b`$ where $`X_b`$ is an object in $`𝔉`$, called *fibre*, depending on $`b\overline{X}`$. The homeomorphism $`\mathrm{\Phi }_b`$ is termed *chart* at $`b`$. The family $`(p_X:X\overline{X},X_b,\mathrm{\Phi }_b,b\overline{X})`$ is denoted simply by $`X`$. A fibre family is also termed a *fibred space* with fibres in $`𝔉`$.

Given two $`𝔉`$-families $`X`$ and $`Y`$ a *$`𝔉`$-map* from $`X`$ to $`Y`$ is a pair of maps $`(f,\overline{f})`$ such that the following diagram

commutes, and such that for every $`b\overline{X}`$ the composition given by the dotted arrow of the diagram

is a morphism in the image of the functor $`F`$. That is, there exists a morphism $`\varphi :X_bY_{\overline{f}b}`$ in $`𝔉`$ such that the dotted arrow is equal to $`F(\varphi )`$. We will often denote $`FX_b`$ by $`X_b`$ and it will be clear from the context whether $`X_b`$ denotes an object in $`𝔉`$ or a space in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ given by the functor $`F`$. If a $`𝔉`$-map $`f=(f,\overline{f})`$ is a $`𝔉`$-isomorphism then $`f`$ and $`\overline{f}`$ are homeomorphisms but the converse need not be true.

If $`X`$ is a $`𝔉`$-family and $`Z`$ is a topological space, then the product $`X\times Z`$ in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ is a $`𝔉`$-family with projection $`p_{X\times Z}=p\times 1_Z:X\times Z\overline{X}\times Z`$. The fibre over a point $`(b,z)\overline{X}\times Z`$ is equal to $`p_X^1(b)\times \{z\}`$; using the chart $`\mathrm{\Phi }_b:p_X^1(b)X_b`$ the chart $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{(b,z)}`$ is defined by $`(x,z)\mathrm{\Phi }_b(x)X_b`$ where of course we set $`(X\times Z)_{(b,z)}=X_b`$. In particular, by taking $`Z=I`$ the unit interval we obtain the cylinder object $`IX=X\times I`$ and therefore the notion of *homotopy*: two $`𝔉`$-maps $`f_0,f_1:XY`$ are $`𝔉`$-homotopic (in symbols $`f_0f_1`$) if there is a $`𝔉`$-map $`F:IXY`$ such that $`f_0=Fi_0`$ and $`f_1=Fi_1`$. Here $`i_0`$ and $`i_1`$ are the inclusions $`XX\times I`$ at the levels $`0`$ and $`1`$ respectively.

Let $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ be the category consisting of $`𝔉`$-families $`p_X:X\overline{X}`$ in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ and $`𝔉`$-maps. Homotopy of $`𝔉`$-maps yields a natural equivalence relation $``$ on $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ so that the homotopy category $`(𝔉\text{-}\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩})/_{}`$ is defined.

###### (2.1) Definition.

If $`V`$ is a fibre in $`𝔉`$ and $`\overline{X}`$ is a space in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$, then the projection onto the first factor $`p_1:X=\overline{X}\times V\overline{X}`$ yields the *product family* with fibre $`V`$; the charts $`\mathrm{\Phi }_b:\{b\}\times VV=X_b`$ are given by projection and $`X_b=V`$ for all $`b\overline{X}`$. If $`X`$ is a $`𝔉`$-family $`𝔉`$-isomorphic to a product family then $`X`$ is said to be a *trivial $`𝔉`$-bundle*. In general a *$`𝔉`$-bundle* is a locally trivial family of fibres, i.e. a family $`X`$ over $`\overline{X}`$ such that every $`b\overline{X}`$ admits a neighborhood $`U`$ for which $`X|U`$ is trivial. Here $`X|U`$ is the *restriction* of the family $`X`$ defined by $`U\overline{X}`$.

Given a family $`Y`$ with projection $`p_Y:Y\overline{Y}`$ and a map $`\overline{f}:\overline{X}\overline{Y}`$, the pull-back $`X=\overline{f}^{}Y`$ is the total space of a family of fibres given by the vertical dotted arrow of the following pull-back diagram in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$.

((2.2))
The charts are defined as follows: For every $`b\overline{X}`$ let $`X_b=Y_{\overline{f}b}`$, and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_b:p_X^1(b)X_b`$ the composition $`p_X^1(b)p_Y^1(\overline{f}b)Y_{\overline{f}b}=X_b`$ where the map $`p_X^1(b)p_Y^1(\overline{f}b)`$ is a homeomorphism since $`X`$ is a pull-back.

A $`𝔉`$-map $`i:AY`$ is termed a *closed inclusion* if $`\overline{i}:\overline{A}\overline{Y}`$ is an inclusion, $`\overline{i}\overline{A}`$ is closed in $`\overline{Y}`$ and the following diagram is a pull-back:

((2.3))
Hence a closed inclusion $`i:AY`$ induces homeomorphisms on fibres.

The push-out construction can be extended to the category $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$, provided the push-out is defined via a closed inclusion, see  (2.5).

###### (2.4) Lemma.

Given $`𝔉`$-families $`A`$, $`X`$, $`Y`$ and $`𝔉`$-maps $`f:AX`$, $`i:AY`$ with $`i`$ a closed inclusion the push-out diagram in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$

exists and $`XZ`$ is a closed inclusion.

Let $`AY`$ be a closed inclusion then also $`A\times IY\times I`$ is a closed inclusion and the *relative cylinder* $`I_AY`$ is defined by the push-out

in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$. A map $`F:I_AYX`$ is termed a *homotopy* $`f_0f_1\mathrm{rel}A`$ with $`f_0=Fi_0`$ and $`f_1=Fi_1`$. Let $`g:AX`$ given. Then

((2.5))
$$[Y,X]_𝔉^A=[Y,X]_𝔉^g=\{f:YX,f|A=g\}/_{\mathrm{rel}A}$$

denotes the set of homotopy classes relative $`A`$ or under $`A`$. We call a closed inclusion $`(Y,Y^{})`$ a *pair* in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ and maps between pairs are defined as usual. Moreover for a closed inclusion $`AY^{}`$ and a map $`g:AX^{}`$ we obtain the set $`[(Y,Y^{}),(X,X^{})]_𝔉^A`$ of homotopy classes of pair maps under $`A`$.

###### (2.6) Remark.

All results in this paper remain true if $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ is the category of all topological spaces and if the fibre functor $`F`$ satisfies condition $`()`$: For every object $`V`$ in $`𝔉`$ the space $`F(V)`$ is locally compact and Hausdorff. In  we assumed the fibres to be also second countable, in order to deal with metrizable spaces and avoid many unnecessary technicalities, which do not occur in homotopy theory of $`𝔉`$-families.

## 3 $`𝔉`$-complexes

For an object $`V`$ in $`𝔉`$ the family $`FV`$ with base space a singleton is termed a *$`𝔉`$-point* also denoted by $`V`$. A disjoint union of $`𝔉`$-points is called a *$`𝔉`$-set*. This is a $`𝔉`$-family for which the base space has the discrete topology. Let $`D^n`$ be the unit disc in $`^n`$ and $`S^{n1}`$ its boundary with base point $`S^{n1}`$. The complement $`e^n=D^nS^{n1}`$ is the *open cell* in $`D^n`$. A $`𝔉`$-cell is a product family $`V\times e^ne^n`$ with $`V𝔉`$.

We say that a $`𝔉`$-family $`X`$ is obtained from a $`𝔉`$-family $`A`$ by *attaching* $`n`$-cells if a $`𝔉`$-set $`Z`$ together with a $`𝔉`$-map $`f`$ is given, such that the following diagram

((3.1))
is a push-out in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$. The inclusion $`Z\times S^{n1}Z\times D^n`$ is a closed inclusion, therefore the push-out exists and the induced map $`AX`$ is a closed inclusion and $`XA=Z\times e^n`$ is a union of open $`𝔉`$-cells. If $`Z`$ is a $`𝔉`$-point then we say that $`X`$ is obtained from $`A`$ by attaching a $`𝔉`$-cell and $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ is the *characteristic map* of the $`𝔉`$-cell.

###### (3.2) Definition.

A *relative $`𝔉`$-complex* $`(X,A)`$ is a family $`X`$ and a filtration

$$A=X_1X_0X_1\mathrm{}X_nX_{n+1}\mathrm{}X$$

of $`𝔉`$-families $`X_n`$, $`n1`$, such that for every $`n0`$ the $`𝔉`$-family $`X_n`$ is obtained from $`X_{n1}`$ by attaching $`n`$-cells and

$$X=\underset{n0}{lim}X_n.$$

The spaces $`X_n`$ are termed *$`n`$-skeleta* of $`(X,A)`$. If $`A`$ is empty we call $`X`$ a *$`𝔉`$-complex*. Then $`X`$ is a union of $`𝔉`$-cells, that is, there are the $`𝔉`$-sets $`Z_n`$ of $`n`$-cells in $`XA`$ such that $`XA`$ is the union of $`Z_n\times e^n`$ for $`n0`$.

###### (3.3) Example.

Let $`G`$ be a compact Lie group and let $`𝔉`$ be the *category of orbits* of $`G`$, that is, $`𝔉`$ is the subcategory of $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ consisting of spaces $`G/H`$, where $`H`$ is a closed subgroup of $`G`$, and $`G`$-equivariant maps $`G/HG/H^{}`$. Then each $`G`$-CW-complex (see ) is a $`𝔉`$-complex.

###### (3.4) Example.

Each $`𝔉`$-stratified fibre bundle with finitely many strata is $`𝔉`$-homotopy equivalent to a $`𝔉`$-complex .

A map $`f:(K,A)(X,A)`$ under $`A`$ between relative $`𝔉`$-complexes is termed *cellular* if $`f(K_n)X_n`$ for $`n0`$.

###### (3.5) Theorem (Cellular approximation).

Let $`(K,A)`$ and $`(X,A)`$ be relative $`𝔉`$-complexes; let $`L`$ be a subcomplex of $`K`$ and $`g:KX`$ a $`𝔉`$-map under $`A`$ such that the restriction to $`LK`$ is cellular. Then there is a cellular map $`f:KX`$ extending $`g|L`$ and a homotopy $`fg\mathrm{rel}L`$.

###### Proof.

The proof is identical to the classical case of CW-complexes, once lemma (5.1) is proved. Alternatively one can use IV.5.8 Baues  to obtain the result by use of the Blakers-Massey theorem (5.3) below. ∎

###### (3.6) Remark.

In  we have seen that $`𝔉`$-complexes are stratified bundles which generalize the classical notion of bundle. The bundle theorem of  shows: Let $`𝔉`$ be a structure category which is a groupoid. Then a $`𝔉`$-complex $`X\overline{X}`$ is a $`𝔉`$-bundle over $`\overline{X}`$. Conversely, each $`𝔉`$-bundle $`X\overline{X}`$ over a CW-complex $`\overline{X}`$ is $`𝔉`$-isomorphic to a $`𝔉`$-complex.

###### (3.7) Remark.

The definition of $`𝔉`$-complex follows the lines of  (page 194). After Whitehead, Bredon defined $`G`$-complexes for $`G`$ finite , independently Matumoto  and Illmann  extended the definition to the case $`G`$ a compact Lie group. See  for a general approach of $`G`$-CW complexes and  for its consequences in $`K`$-theory of $`G`$-complexes. A notion of fibrewise CW-complex was presented by James in  (see also the decomposition of Bredon $`O(n)`$-manifolds $`W_k^{2n1}`$ there) in the framework of fibrewise topology . While in the case of $`G`$-CW-complexes the structure category is evidently the orbit category of $`G`$, the structure category of a fibrewise complex  is the full subcategory of $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ containing the fibres and the fibres are assumed to be compact.

## 4 Homotopy groups

A $`𝔉`$-family $`X`$ in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ is *pointed* if a $`𝔉`$-map $`_V:VX`$ is given, where $`V`$ denotes the $`𝔉`$-point given by the object $`V`$ in $`𝔉`$. Such a map is termed a *base point* of $`X`$. A *pointed pair* $`(X,Y,_V)`$ of $`𝔉`$-families is given by a closed inclusion $`YX`$ and a base point $`_V:VY`$. As usual a base point is chosen in the sphere $`S^{n1}`$ so that the pair $`(D^n,S^{n1},)`$ is pointed in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$. For every $`n0`$ and $`𝔉`$-point $`V`$ let $`S_V^n`$ and $`D_V^{n+1}`$ denote the pointed $`𝔉`$-family $`S_V^n=V\times S^n`$ over $`S^n`$ and $`D_V^{n+1}=V\times D^{n+1}`$ over $`D^{n+1}`$ with $`S_V^nD_V^{n+1}`$.

###### (4.1) Definition.

For every pointed $`𝔉`$-family $`(X,_V)`$ the *homotopy group*

((4.2))
$$\pi _n^𝔉(X;_V)=[S_V^n,X]_𝔉^V$$

is the set of homotopy classes relative $`V`$ of $`𝔉`$-maps $`f:S_V^nX`$ as in the commutative diagram (4.3) in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$.

((4.3))
Moreover the *relative homotopy group*

((4.4))
$$\pi _{n+1}^𝔉(X,Y;_V)=[(D_V^{n+1},S_V^n),(X,Y)]_𝔉^V$$

is the set of homotopy classes relative $`V`$ of pair maps $`f:(D_V^{n+1},S_V^n)(X,Y)`$.

The homotopy groups above can also be described as ordinary homotopy groups of function spaces. For a fibre family $`X`$ and $`V`$ in $`𝔉`$ let $`X^V`$ be the space of all $`𝔉`$-maps $`VX`$ with the compact-open topology in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$. For example the faithful fibre functor $`F`$ yields the identification

$$W^V=\mathrm{hom}_𝔉(V,W)$$

so that $`𝔉`$ is a topological enriched category. Function spaces yield the functor

((4.5))
$$X^{}:𝔉^{\mathrm{op}}\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}$$

which carries $`V`$ to $`X^V`$ and $`\alpha :VW`$ to the induced map $`\alpha ^{}:X^WX^V`$ with $`\alpha ^{}(x)=xF(\alpha )`$.

We have canonical isomorphisms

((4.6))
$$\pi _n^𝔉(X;_V)=\pi _n(X^V;_V)$$

$$\pi _n^𝔉(X,Y;_V)=\pi _n(X^V,Y^V;_V)$$

where the right hand side denotes the homotopy groups in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$.

We will prove in section 8 the following Whitehead theorem in $`(𝔉\text{-}\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩})^A`$.

###### (4.7) Theorem.

A map $`f:(X,A)(Y,A)`$ under $`A`$ between relative $`𝔉`$-complexes is a $`𝔉`$-homotopy equivalence under $`A`$ if and only if $`f`$ induces isomorphisms

$$f_{}:\text{}$$

for all $`n0`$, basepoints $`_V:VX`$, and objects $`V`$ in $`𝔉`$.

###### (4.8) Corollary.

Let $`f`$ be a $`𝔉`$-map $`f:(X,A)(Y,A)`$ under $`A`$ between relative $`𝔉`$-complexes. Then the following statements are equivalent.

1. The $`𝔉`$-map $`f`$ is a $`𝔉`$-homotopy equivalence under $`A`$;
2. For every $`V`$ in $`𝔉`$ the induced map $`f^V:X^VY^V`$ is a weak homotopy equivalence in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$.

###### Proof.

It is clear that *(i)* $``$ *(ii)*. But if $`f^V`$ is a weak equivalence in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ for every $`V`$, then by (4.7) *(i)* holds. ∎

###### (4.9) Remark.

It is clear that in (4.8) we can replace *(ii)* with the following: For every $`V`$ in $`𝔉`$ the induced map $`f^V:X^VY^V`$ is a homotopy equivalence in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$. Thus we obtain a generalization to $`𝔉`$-complexes of James–Segal theorem  for $`G`$-ANR’s. See also .

## 5 The Blakers-Massey theorem

We say that a pair $`(X,Y)`$ is *$`n`$-connected* if for all basepoints $`_V:VY`$, $`V𝔉`$ and $`1rn`$ the homotopy group $`\pi _r^𝔉(X,Y;_V)=0`$ are trivial and $`\pi _0^𝔉(Y;_V)\pi _0^𝔉(X;_V)`$ is surjective.

###### (5.1) Lemma.

For a relative $`𝔉`$-complex $`(X,A)`$ the pair $`(X,X_n)`$ is $`n`$-connected, $`n0`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`V𝔉`$. As in the classical case it suffices to prove that for an attachment $`X=A_\alpha (V\times D^n)`$ as in (3.1) the pair $`(X,A)`$ is $`(n1)`$-connected. For this we use similar arguments and notations as in the proof of 13.5 of . Let $`g:v\times (B^r,S^{r1})(X,A)`$ be a map which represents an element in $`\pi _r^𝔉(X,A;_V)`$, with $`r<n`$. Using the classical map $`\chi :(I^r,I^r,J^{r1})(B^r,S^{r1},)`$ we obtain the composite $`f^{}=g\chi `$ which plays the role of $`f`$ in the proof of $`13.5`$ of . The map $`f^{}`$ induces the commutative diagram

Here $`\overline{A}`$ is determined by $`_V`$ and $`A_{}𝔉`$ is the fibre of $`A`$ over $``$. As in 13.5 of  we obtain for $`f`$ the subspace $`\overline{U}I^r`$ with $`f(\overline{U})e^n`$ and the homotopy $`h_t:\overline{U}e^n`$ ($`t[0,1]`$) relative $`\overline{U}`$ with $`h_0=f|\overline{U}`$. Hence we obtain by $`f^{}`$ the commutative diagram

The map $`f^{}|(V\times \overline{U})`$ is a $`𝔉`$-map which is determined by $`(f|\overline{U})_q`$ and the coordinate $`f^{\prime \prime }:V\times \overline{U}V`$. We define a $`𝔉`$-homotopy

$$h_t^{}:V\times \overline{U}V\times e^n$$

by $`h_t^{}=(h_tp,f^{\prime \prime })`$. We have $`h_0=f^{}|(V\times \overline{U})`$ and $`h_t^{}`$ us a $`𝔉`$-homotopy relative $`V\times \overline{U}`$. Hence we can define a $`𝔉`$-homotopy

$$H_t^{}:V\times I^rA(V\times e^n)\text{ with }H_0^{}=f^{}$$

which induces $`H_t:I^r\overline{A}e^n`$ in the proof of 13.5 of . We obtain $`H_t^{}`$ by

$$H_t^{}(x,u)=\{\begin{array}{cc}h_t^{}(x,u)\hfill & \text{for }u\overline{U}\text{}xV\hfill \\ f^{}(x,u)\hfill & \text{ for }uI^rU\text{}xV\hfill \end{array}$$

Now we can choose $`pe^n(1/2)e^n`$ with $`p\mathrm{image}(\mathrm{H}_1)`$; see 13.5 . Hence the map $`H_1^{}`$ has a factorization

$$H_1^{}:V\times I^rA(V\times (e^np))A(V\times e^n).$$

Here the inclusion $`AA(V\times (e^np))`$ is an $`𝔉`$-homotopy equivalence. This completes the proof. ∎

###### (5.2) Lemma.

Let $`(X,A)`$ be a relative $`𝔉`$-complex and let $`(X,A)`$ be $`n`$-connected, with $`n0`$. Then there exists a relative $`𝔉`$-complex $`(Y,A)`$ with $`Y_0=Y_1=\mathrm{}=Y_n=A`$ and a $`𝔉`$-homotopy equivalence $`YX`$ under $`A`$.

###### Proof.

The map $`YX`$ is obtained inductively by attaching “ball pairs” and collapsing the non-attached part of the boundary of the ball pair; compare the proof of (6.14) in . ∎

###### (5.3) Theorem.

Let $`(X,A)`$ a relative $`𝔉`$-complex with subcomplexes $`X_1`$,$`X_2`$, such that $`X=X_1X_2`$. Let $`A`$ be the intersection $`A=X_1X_2`$. If $`(X_1,A)`$ is $`n_1`$-connected and $`(X_2,A)`$ is $`n_2`$-connected, with $`n_1,n_20`$, then for each basepoint $`_V:VA`$ with $`V𝔉`$ the induced map

$$i_{}:\pi _r^𝔉(X_1,A;_V)\pi _r^𝔉(X,X_2;_V)$$

is an isomorphism if $`r<n_1+n_2`$ and is a surjection if $`r=n_1+n_2`$.

###### (5.4) Remark.

Using the spaces $`(X^V,X_1^V,X_2^V,A^V)`$ and the fact that $`A^V`$ is a $`(𝔉,F^V)`$-neighborhood deformation retract in $`X_1^V`$ and $`X_2^V`$ it is possible to prove theorem (5.3) also by using the adjoints of maps and the homotopy excision theorem of Spanier .

###### Proof.

As in the proof of 16.27 of  it suffices to consider the case when $`A=X_1X_2`$ and $`X_1`$ and $`X_2`$ are obtained from $`A`$ by attaching a single cell, namely $`X=X_1_AX_2`$ with

$$X_1=A_\beta (S\times D^m)$$

$$X_2=A_\alpha (R\times D^n)$$

with $`n=n_1+1`$ and $`m=n_2+1`$ and $`R`$, $`S𝔉`$. In this case we generalize the proof of 13.6 of  as follows.

Let $`pe^n`$ and $`qe^m`$ and let $`R_p=R`$ and $`S_q=S`$ be the fibres of $`X`$ over $`p`$ and $`q`$ respectively. Then we obtain the commutative diagram

((5.5))
in which the vertical arrows are isomorphisms. This is readily seen by applying (2.4). The diagram is the analogue of 13.7 of .

Next we consider an $`𝔉`$-map

which induces the map $`h`$ in 13.9 of . Using $`H_t`$ in the proof of 13.9 of  we obtain a $`𝔉`$-homotopy

by defining for $`(x_1,\mathrm{},x_r)I^r`$, $`vV`$

$$H_t^{}(x_1,\mathrm{},x_3,v)=h^{}(x_1,\mathrm{},x_{r1},\lambda ,v)$$

with

$$\lambda =1(1x_r)(1t\phi (x_1,\mathrm{},x_{r1}))$$

where $`\phi `$ is the map in the proof of 13.9 of . One readily checks that $`(H_t^{},H_t)`$ is a well-defined $`𝔉`$-homotopy.

We can now apply the arguments in the proof of 13.6 of . We first show that if $`rm+n2`$, $`i_{}`$ is surjective. Let

$$f^{}:V\times (I^r,I^r,J^{r1})(X,X_2,X_{})$$

which represents an element $`\{f^{}\}`$ in $`\pi _r^𝔉(X,X_2;_V)`$ as in the proof of (5.1) above. Hence $`f^{}`$ induces a map

$$f:(I^r,I^r,J^{r1})(\overline{X},\overline{X}_2,)$$

with $`\overline{X}=\overline{A}e^ne^m`$. We obtain for $`f`$ the homotopy $`f_t`$ as in the proof of 13.6 of  and we define the $`𝔉`$-homotopy

$$f_t^{}:V\times (I^r,I^r,J^{r1})(X,X_2,X_{})$$

which induces $`f_t`$ by

$$f_t^{}(v,u)=\{\begin{array}{cc}h_t^{}(v,u)\hfill & \text{ for }u\overline{U}\text{}vV\hfill \\ k_t^{}(v,u)\hfill & \text{ for }u\overline{V}\text{}vV\hfill \\ f^{}(v,u)\hfill & \text{ for }uI^r\overline{U}\overline{V}\text{}vV.\hfill \end{array}$$

Here $`h_t^{}`$ is defined already in the proof of (5.1) and $`k_t^{}`$ is defined in the same way as $`h_t^{}`$. Hence $`f_t^{}:ff_t^{}`$ is a $`𝔉`$-homotopy and $`f_1^{}`$ represents $`\{f^{}\}`$. Moreover since $`H_1(I^r)\overline{X}p`$ we see that $`\{f^{}\}=\{H_1^{}\}`$ is in the image of $`j_{}`$ in (5.5). This shows that $`j_{}`$, and hence $`i_{}`$, is onto. In a similar way one follows the argument in the proof of 13.6 of  to show that $`i_{}`$ is injective for $`n<n_1+n_2`$. ∎

## 6 The category $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)`$-modules

Let $`X`$ be a $`𝔉`$-family and let $`x,y:VX`$ be $`𝔉`$-points in $`X`$. Then we can consider homotopies $`F:xy`$ with $`F:IVX`$. Such a homotopy is termed a *$`𝔉`$-path* in $`X`$. Homotopy classes of such $`𝔉`$-paths relative the boundary $`VV`$ of the cylinder $`IV`$ are termed *$`𝔉`$-tracks* $`\{F\}:xy`$. Hence a $`𝔉`$-track is an element

$$\{F\}[IV,X]^{V{\scriptscriptstyle V}}=[IV,X]^{(x,y)}.$$

Addition of homotopies yields the composite of tracks $`H`$, $`G`$ denoted by $`H\mathrm{}G`$. Accordingly let $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉^V(X)`$ be the following groupoid. Objects are $`𝔉`$-maps $`VX`$ and morphisms are $`𝔉`$-tracks. For a closed inclusion $`AX`$ let

((6.1))
$$\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉^V(X,A)\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉^V(X)$$

be the full subgroupoid consisting of objects $`x:VAX`$.

The following category $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)`$ plays the role of the fundamental groupoid of a space $`X`$ in classical homotopy theory.

###### (6.2) Definition.

Let $`X`$ be a $`𝔉`$-family. First we define the category $`𝐏_𝔉(X)`$ as follows. Objects are pairs $`(V,x)`$ where $`V`$ is an object in $`𝔉`$ and

$$x:VX$$

is a $`𝔉`$-point in $`X`$. A morphism $`(V,x)(W,y)`$ is a pair $`(a,\alpha )`$ where $`\alpha :VW`$ is a morphism in $`𝔉`$ and $`a:xy\alpha `$ is a track. We associate to the morphism $`(a,\alpha )`$ the diagram

The composition of such morphisms according to the diagram

is defined by

$$(a,\alpha )(b,\beta )=((a\beta )\mathrm{}b,\alpha \beta ).$$

Two morphisms $`(a,\alpha )`$ and $`(a^{},\alpha ^{}):(V,x)(W,y)`$ are *equivalent* if there is a track

$$h:\alpha \alpha ^{}\text{ in }W^V$$

such that $`(yh)\mathrm{}a=a^{}`$. This is a natural equivalence relation on $`𝐏_𝔉(X)`$ so that we obtain the quotient category

((6.3))
$$\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)=𝐏_𝔉(X)/_{}$$

which is termed the (discrete) *fundamental category* of $`X`$.

For a closed inclusion $`AX`$ in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ let

((6.4))
$$\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X,A)\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)$$

be the full subcategory consisting of all objects $`(V,x)`$ with $`x:VAX`$.

The cellular approximation theorem shows for a $`0`$-connected relative $`𝔉`$-complex $`(X,A)`$ that the inclusion $`X_2X`$ induces an isomorphism

((6.5))
$$\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X_2,A)=\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X,A).$$

###### (6.6) Remark.

For a space $`X`$ in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ let $`\mathrm{\Pi }(X)`$ be the fundamental groupoid of $`X`$. Then we get the functor

$$\mathrm{\Pi }(X^{}):𝔉^{\mathrm{op}}\mathrm{𝐆𝐫𝐝}$$

which carries $`V`$ to the fundamental groupoid $`\mathrm{\Pi }(X^V)`$ of the function space $`X^V`$. We have $`\mathrm{\Pi }(X^V)=\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉^V(X)`$. Now the category $`𝐏_𝔉(X)`$ above coincides with the “integration category” $`_𝔉\mathrm{\Pi }(X^{})`$, see  and compare with .

A left (resp. right) *$`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)`$-module* is a covariant (resp. contravariant) functor

$$M:\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)\mathrm{𝐀𝐛}$$

where $`\mathrm{𝐀𝐛}`$ is the category of abelian groups. Let $`\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}(\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)^{\mathrm{op}})`$ be the category of right modules. Morphisms are natural transformations.

###### (6.7) Proposition.

For $`n2`$ the homotopy group yields a right module

$$\pi _n^𝔉(X):\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)^{\mathrm{op}}\mathrm{𝐀𝐛}.$$

Moreover for $`n3`$ relative homotopy groups of a pair $`(Y,X)`$ yield the right module

$$\pi _n^𝔉(Y,X):\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)^{\mathrm{op}}\mathrm{𝐀𝐛}.$$

###### Proof.

An object $`(V,x)`$ of $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)`$ yields a basepoint $`x:VX`$, hence the abelian group $`\pi _n^𝔉(X;x)`$ is defined for $`n2`$. If $`(a,\alpha ):(V,x)(W,y)`$ is a morphism in $`𝐏_𝔉(X)`$ and $`n2`$ then there is a canonical induced homomorphism of abelian groups defined by the composition

((6.8))
where

$$\alpha ^{}(y)=y\alpha :\text{}$$

and $`a^\mathrm{\#}`$ is the isomorphism of homotopy groups induced by the track $`a`$. It is not difficult to check that the structure of $`𝐏_𝔉(X)`$-module induces a structure of $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)`$-module, since the homomorphism in (6.8) does not depend on the representative $`(a,\alpha )`$ in $`𝐏_𝔉(X)`$ of a morphism in $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)`$. If $`n3`$ the same argument can be applied to the relative group $`\pi _n^𝔉(Y,X;x).`$

Let $`Z`$ be a $`𝔉`$-set and let $`\alpha :ZX`$ be a $`𝔉`$-map. Hence $`(Z,\alpha )`$ is given by a family of $`𝔉`$-maps $`\alpha |V:VX`$ with $`VZ`$. We define the *free right $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)`$-module* in $`\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}(\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)^{\mathrm{op}})`$

((6.9))
$$M[Z,\alpha ]:\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)^{\mathrm{op}}\mathrm{𝐀𝐛}$$

by the direct sum

$$M[Z,\alpha ]=\underset{VZ}{}\mathrm{hom}(,(V,\alpha |V)).$$

Here $`\mathrm{hom}(,(V,\alpha |V))`$ denotes the module which carries $`(W,y)`$ to the free abelian group generated by the hom-set $`\mathrm{hom}((W,y),(V,\alpha |V))`$ of all morphisms $`(W,y)(V,\alpha |V)`$ in $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)`$. A morphism

((6.10))
$$\phi :M[Z,\alpha ]M$$

in $`\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}(\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)^{\mathrm{op}})`$ is uniquely determined by a family of elements

$$\phi _VM(V,\alpha |V)\text{ for }VZ$$

such that $`\phi (1_{(V,\alpha |V)})=\phi _V`$. Here $`1_{(V,\alpha |V)}`$ denotes the identity of the object $`(V,\alpha |V)`$ in $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)`$.

We now consider for $`(Z,\alpha )`$ above the pushout

The projection $`Z\times S^nZ`$ induces the retraction

$$r_X:X_\alpha S_Z^nX$$

which is the identity on $`X`$. For $`n1`$ let

$$\pi _n^𝔉(X_\alpha S_Z^n)_X=\mathrm{ker}\left((r_X)_{}:\pi _n^𝔉(X_\alpha S_Z^n)\pi _n^𝔉(X)\right).$$

We define the *partial suspension*

((6.11))
$$E:\pi _n^𝔉(X_\alpha S_Z^n)_X\pi _{n+1}^𝔉(X_\alpha S_Z^{n+1})_X$$

by the composition $`E=j^1\pi _{}^1`$

Here $`\pi `$ is induced by $`D^{n+1}/S^n=S^{n+1}`$ and the isomorphisms $``$ and $`j`$ are induced by the homotopy exact sequences of pairs. The Blakers-Massey theorem implies:

###### (6.12) Proposition.

$`E`$ is an isomorphism for $`n2`$ and is surjective for $`n=1`$.

###### (6.13) Proposition.

There is an isomorphism of modules $`(n2)`$

$$\phi :M[Z,\alpha ]\pi _n^𝔉(X_\alpha S_Z^n)_X$$

which is given by the family of maps

$$\phi _V:S_V^nS_Z^nX_\alpha S_Z^n$$

with $`VZ`$. Moreover $`\phi `$ is compatible with $`E`$.

###### Proof.

Without loss of generality, by additivity, we can assume that $`Z=W`$; moreover, by considering the mapping cylinder of $`\alpha :WX`$ in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ we can assume that $`\alpha :WX`$ is a closed inclusion (actually, a $`𝔉`$-cofibration). Let $`(V,x)`$ be an arbitrary object in $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)`$. We want to show that $`\phi `$ induces an isomorphism of groups

((6.14))
$$\phi :M[W,\alpha ](V,x)=\mathrm{hom}((V,x),(W,\alpha ))\pi _n^𝔉(X_\alpha S_W^n;x)_X.$$

Let $`X_x^V`$ denote the path-component in $`X^V`$ containing $`xX^V`$ and $`W_x^V=X_x^V\alpha ^V(W^V)`$; let $`\alpha _x:W_x^VX_x^V`$ be the inclusion. Moreover, let $`\stackrel{~}{X_x^V}=E_X`$ be the universal covering space of $`X_x^V`$. We can assume that any space that we are considering in this proof has a universal cover by taking a CW-approximation weakly equivalent to it. The elements of $`\stackrel{~}{X_x^V}`$ correspond bijectively with tracks $`x\xi `$, where $`\xi :VX`$ is any $`𝔉`$-map. The covering projection in this case is the evaluation of the track at $`1`$. We can define $`E_W`$ by the following pull-back diagram.

((6.15))
Then $`E_X_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha _x}}(E_W\times S^n)`$ is the universal covering of $`X_x^V_{\alpha _x}(W_x^V\times S^n)`$.

Consider the morphisms $`(b,\beta )`$ in $`𝐏_𝔉(X)((V,x),(W,\alpha ))`$. Then $`\beta `$ and $`b`$ are elements in $`\stackrel{~}{X_x^V}`$ and $`W_x^V`$ respectively, compatible with the pull-back diagram (6.15). Hence there is a map $`\lambda `$ as in the following diagram.

Here two morphisms $`(b,\beta )`$ and $`(b^{},\beta ^{})`$ in $`𝐏_𝔉(X)((V,x),(W,\alpha ))`$ have images under $`\lambda `$ in the same path-component if and only if there is $`h:IE_W`$ such that $`h(0)=b`$, $`h(1)=b^{}`$. But this happens if and only if $`(b,\beta )`$ and $`(b^{},\beta ^{})`$ belong to the same equivalence class in $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)`$, and thus there is an induced bijection $`\overline{\lambda }`$ as in the diagram.

Now, using the exact homotopy sequence of the pair, the property of universal covering spaces, the homotopy excision, and the isomorphism induced by $`\overline{\lambda }`$ we get the equations:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \pi _n^𝔉(X_\alpha S_W^n;x)_X& =\pi _n^𝔉(X_\alpha S_W^n,X;x)\hfill \\ & =\pi _n(X^V_{\alpha ^V}S_{W^V}^n,X^V;x)\hfill \\ & =\pi _n(X_x^V_{\alpha _x^V}S_{W_x^V}^n,X_x^V;x)\hfill \\ & =\pi _n(E_X_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha _x}}(E_W\times S^n),E_X;x)\hfill \\ & =\pi _n(E_X_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha _x}}(E_W\times S^n),E_X)\hfill \\ & \underset{CE_W}{}\pi _n(S^n\times C,C)\hfill \\ & =\pi _0(E_W)\hfill \\ & =\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)((V,x),(W,\alpha ))\hfill \end{array}$$

where the sum $``$ ranges over the set of path-components $`CE_W`$. We can apply the homotopy excision since $`E_X`$ is simply connected and $`W=W\times `$ is a $`𝔉`$-neighborhood deformation retract in $`S_W^n`$. Therefore we have the isomorphism

$$M[W,\alpha ](V,x)=\mathrm{hom}((V,x),(W,\alpha ))\pi _n^𝔉(X_\alpha S_W^n;x)_X.$$

It is not difficult, by chasing along the chain of equalities above, to see that this is the same homomorphism induced by $`\phi `$ as in (6.14) and that it commutes with the partial suspension $`E`$ as claimed. Since $`\phi `$ is a morphism of $`\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}(\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)^{\mathrm{op}})`$-modules, the proof is complete. ∎

## 7 Homology and cohomology

Let $`(X,A)`$ be a relative $`𝔉`$-complex. We say that $`(X,A)`$ is *normalized* if the attaching maps

((7.1))
$$f_n:S_{Z_n}^{n1}=Z_n\times S^{n1}X_{n1}$$

of $`n`$ cells in $`X`$ ($`n1`$) carry the basepoint $``$ of $`S^{n1}`$ to the $`0`$-skeleton, that is $`f_n(Z_n\times )X_0`$ or equivalently if the attaching maps are cellular. Moreover $`(X,A)`$ is *reduced* if $`X_0=A`$ so that $`X`$ is obtained from $`A`$ by attaching $`𝔉`$-cells of dimension $`1`$.

###### (7.2) Lemma.

Let $`(X,A)`$ be a relative $`𝔉`$-complex which is $`0`$-connected. Then there exists a relative $`𝔉`$-complex $`(Y,A)`$ which is reduced and normalized together with a $`𝔉`$-homotopy equivalence $`YX`$ under $`A`$.

###### Proof.

First we obtain a reduced $`𝔉`$-complex $`(Y^{},A)`$ by (5.2). Using the cellular approximation theorem (3.5) the attaching maps in $`Y^{}`$ are $`𝔉`$-homotopic to normalized attaching maps. This can be used to construct inductively $`Y`$. ∎

If $`(X,A)`$ is reduced and normalized we obtain for $`n1`$ the commutative diagram

((7.3))
where $`\alpha _n`$ is the *basepoint map* associated to the attaching map $`f_n`$. We identify the closed cell $`D^n`$ with the (reduced) cone over the pointed space $`S^{n1}`$ so that we obtain the pinch map under $`S^{n1}`$ ($`n1`$)

This map induces the coaction map

((7.4))
where the bottom row is $`1_{X_{n1}}(Z_n\times \overline{\mu })`$. On the other hand we have for the $`1`$ dimensional disk $`D^1`$ with boundary points $`D^1=\{_0,_1\}`$ and basepoint $`_0=`$ the map

which is defined by composing obvious tracks $`_0_1`$ in $`D^1`$, $``$ in $`S^1`$ and $`_1_0`$ in $`D^1`$. If $`X`$ is a normalized $`𝔉`$-complex we have the $`𝔉`$-set $`X_0=Z_0`$ and the inclusion $`\alpha _0:Z_0X`$. Then $`\overline{\mu }_0`$ induces the map

((7.5))
Here the bottom row is $`Z_1\times \overline{\mu }_0`$ and the right hand side is $`\overline{f}_1(S^1\times \alpha _1^1)`$ where $`\overline{f}_1`$ is the characteristic map of $`1`$-cells and $`\alpha _1^1=f_1|(Z_1\times _1)`$. The map $`\mu _0`$ restricted to $`Z_1\times `$ is given by $`\alpha _1=f_1|(Z_1\times _0)`$.

###### (7.6) Definition.

Let $`(X,A)`$ be a $`𝔉`$-complex which is reduced and normalized. Then we define the *chain complex* $`C_{}(X,A)`$ in $`\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}(\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X,A)^{\mathrm{op}})`$ as follows. For $`n0`$ let $`C_n(X,A)=0`$ and for $`n1`$ let

$$C_n(X,A)=M[Z_n,\alpha _n]$$

be defined as in (6.9) by the $`𝔉`$-set $`Z_n`$ of $`n`$-cells in $`(X,A)`$ and the basepoint map $`\alpha _n:Z_nAX`$. The differential

$$d:C_{n+1}(X,A)C_n(X,A)$$

is defined for $`VZ_{n+1}`$ by elements $`d_V`$ obtained as follows. Let $`_V`$ be the composite ($`n1`$)

$$_V:\text{}$$

which for $`n2`$ represents the element

$$d_V\pi _n^𝔉(X_{\alpha _n}S_{Z_n}^n;\alpha _{n+1}|V)_X=M[Z_n,\alpha _n](V,\alpha _{n+1}|V).$$

Compare (6.6) and (6.9). For $`n=1`$ we have the partial suspension

$$E:\pi _1^𝔉(X_{\alpha _1}S_{Z_1}^1;\alpha _2|V)_X\pi _2^𝔉(X_{\alpha _1}S_{Z_1}^2;\alpha _2|V)_X$$

and we set $`d_V=E(_V)`$.

If $`X`$ is a normalized $`𝔉`$-complex we define the chain complex $`C_{}X`$ in $`\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}(\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X,X_0)^{\mathrm{op}})`$ by

$`C_n(X)`$ $`=`$ $`C_n(X,X_0)\text{ for }n1\text{ and}`$
$`C_0(X)`$ $`=`$ $`M[Z_0,\alpha _0]`$
where $`Z_0=X_0`$ is the $`0`$-skeleton of $`X`$ which is an $`𝔉`$-set and $`\alpha _0:Z_0X`$ is the inclusion. Moreover the differential

$$d:C_{n+1}(X)C_n(X)$$

is defined as above for $`n>1`$. For $`n=1`$ the differential

$$d:C_1(X)C_0(X)$$

is defined by $`d_V=E(\mu _0|S_V^1)`$ for $`VZ_1`$ where $`\mu _0`$ is the map in (7.5) and $`E`$ is the partial suspension. We may consider $`C_{}(X,A)`$ and $`C_{}(X)`$ also as chain complexes in $`\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}(\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)^{\mathrm{op}})`$.

###### (7.7) Proposition.

$`C_{}(X,A)`$ and $`C_{}(X)`$ are well defined chain complexes.

###### Proof.

Since $`(𝔉\text{-}\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩},𝐓)`$ is homological (B.3), the *chain functor* $`C_{}`$ is defined as in V.2.4, page 255 of , and it is easy to see that it coincides with the chain functor $`C_{}`$ defined above. ∎

###### (7.8) Definition.

Let $`(X,A)`$ be a $`0`$-connected relative $`𝔉`$-complex. By lemma (7.2) we can assume that $`(X,A)`$ is reduced and normalized. Given a *right* $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)`$-module $`M`$ we define the cohomology of $`(X,A)`$ with coefficients in $`M`$ by

$$H^{}(X,A;M)=H^{}\left(\mathrm{hom}(C_{}(X,A),M)\right),$$

where $`\mathrm{hom}`$ is defined in the abelian category of right $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)`$-modules.

In a similar way, if $`N`$ is a left $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)`$-module we can define the *homology* of $`(X,A)`$ with coefficients in $`N`$ by

$$H_{}(X,A;N)=H_{}(C_{}(X,A)N),$$

where $``$ stands for the tensor product of a right and a left $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)`$-module. Here $`H^{}(X,A;M)`$ and $`H_{}(X,A;M)`$ are abelian groups.

Finally, the *total homology* of $`(X,A)`$ is defined by

$$H_{}(X,A)=H_{}(C_{}(X,A)).$$

The total homology is the homology of a chain complex of right $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)`$-modules, so that $`H_{}(X,A)`$ is again a $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X)`$-module.

###### (7.9) Remark.

This is a generalization of the Bredon–Illman cohomology  for $`G`$-spaces. See Bröcker for the singular Bredon homology . See  for singular Bredon cohomology of discrete diagrams.

## 8 The Whitehead theorem

###### (8.1) Theorem.

Let $`A`$ be a $`𝔉`$-family and let $`f:(X,A)(Y,A)`$ be a cellular map between normalized reduced relative $`𝔉`$-complexes. Then $`f`$ is a $`𝔉`$-homotopy equivalence under $`A`$ if and only if $`f`$ induces an isomorphism

$$\phi =\mathrm{\Pi }(f):\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉^V(X,A)\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉^V(Y,A)$$

of groupoids for all $`V𝔉`$ and any one of the following cases is true:

1. $`f`$ induces a homotopy equivalence of $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X,A)`$-chain complexes

$$f_{}:C_{}(X,A)C_{}(Y,A),$$

where we use the isomorphism $`\phi `$ to identify $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X,A)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(Y,A)`$.
2. The induced map between homology

$$f_{}:H_{}(X,A)\phi ^{}H_{}(Y,A)$$

is an isomorphism.
3. For every $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(Y,A)`$-module $`M`$ the induced map

$$f^{}:H^{}(Y,A;M)H^{}(X,A;\phi ^{}M)$$

is an isomorphism.

###### Proof.

This is a consequence of the general homological Whitehead theorem V.7.1 of . It is only needed to show that any reduced and normalized $`𝔉`$-complex is a $`𝐓`$-complex in the sense of IV.2.2 of , where $`𝐓`$ the theory of $`𝔉`$-graphs (see definition (B.1)). This follows from lemma (B.2) in the appendix. ∎

###### Proof of theorem (4.7).

By (5.1) the $`𝐓`$-complexes in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ are $`𝐓`$-good in the sense of IV.3.7 . Hence by (7.2) and IV.3.11 of  we know that the Whitehead theorem holds for $`0`$-connected relative $`𝔉`$-complexes $`(X^{},A)`$ and $`(Y^{},A)`$. This can be used to prove the general case in (4.7) as follows. Let $`f:(X,A)(Y,A)`$ be a Whitehead equivalence as in (4.7). We may assume that $`f`$ is cellular. Hence $`f`$ yields a restriction $`\alpha :X_0Y_0Y`$ which is surjective in $`\pi _0^𝔉`$. Let $`M_\alpha =IX_0_\alpha Y`$ be the mapping cylinder (in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$) of $`\alpha `$, i.e. the push-out of $`i_0:X_0IX_0`$ and $`\alpha `$ (see (A.6)). Then $`i_1:X_0IX_0`$ yields a pair $`(M_\alpha ,X_0)`$ which is $`0`$-connected. Moreover $`YM_\alpha `$ is a $`𝔉`$-homotopy equivalence and the composite $`XYM_\alpha `$ is by the homotopy extension property of $`X_0X`$ $`𝔉`$-homotopic to a map $`g:XM_\alpha `$ which is the identity on $`X_0`$. Hence $`g:(X,X_0)(M\alpha ,Y_0)`$ is a Whitehead equivalence between $`0`$-connected pairs and hence a $`𝔉`$-homotopy equivalence. ∎

## 9 The Whitehead sequence and obstruction theory

Let $`(X,A)`$ a reduced normalized $`𝔉`$-complex and $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X,A)`$ the (restricted) fundamental category. Then the homotopy groups $`\pi _n^𝔉(X)`$ and the homology groups $`H_n(X,A)`$ are $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X,A)^{\mathrm{op}}`$-modules and it is possible to define a Hurewicz homomorphism

$$h:\pi _n^𝔉(X)H_n(X,A)$$

as follows.

Let $`x:VX`$ be a basepoint and $`\alpha :S_V^nX`$ a representative of the element $`[\alpha ]\pi _n^𝔉(X;x)`$. By (3.5) we can assume that $`\alpha S_V^nX_n`$. Consider the difference $`\mu \alpha i\alpha `$ of the two composites

where $`\mu `$ is the coaction map. Then $`j(\mu \alpha i\alpha )`$ is a cycle in $`C_n(X,A)`$ that represents an element

$$h(\alpha )=\left\{j(\mu \alpha i\alpha )\right\}H_n(X,A).$$

It is not difficult to see that $`h(\alpha )`$ does not depend upon the $`𝔉`$-homotopy class of $`\alpha `$ and that $`h`$ is a $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X,A)`$-homomorphism, termed the *Hurewicz* homomorphism.

The groups $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n(X,A)`$, if $`n3`$, are defined as follows. If $`x:VA`$ is an object of $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X,A)`$ then

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_n(X,A)(x)=\mathrm{Image}\left[\pi _n^𝔉(X_{n1};x)\pi _n^𝔉(X_n;x)\right]$$

For $`n=1,2`$ the definition is more complicate (see section V.5, page 262, of ).

###### (9.1) Theorem.

Let $`(X,A)`$ be a reduced and normalized $`𝔉`$-complex Then the following sequence of $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X,A)^{\mathrm{op}}`$-modules is exact

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \text{}\\ \hfill \text{}\end{array}$$

Furthermore, the sequence is natural in $`(X,A)`$ in the category $`𝔉\text{-}\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}^A`$ of $`𝔉`$-families under $`A`$.

###### Proof.

It is a direct consequence of theorem V.5.4, page 264 . ∎

The cohomology defined above is suitable for obstruction theory as follows.

###### (9.2) Theorem.

Let $`(X,A)`$ a normalized reduced relative $`𝔉`$-complex and $`f:AY`$ a $`𝔉`$-map that admits an extension $`g:X_nY`$, for $`n2`$. Then its restriction $`g|X_{n1}`$ has an extension $`g^{}:X_{n+1}Y`$ to the $`(n+1)`$-skeleton if and only if the obstruction

$$𝒪(g|X_{n1})H^{n+1}(X,A;g^{}\pi _n^𝔉Y)$$

vanishes, where $`g_{}:\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X,A)\mathrm{\Pi }(Y)`$ induces the functor $`g^{}:\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}(\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(Y))\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}(\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X,A))`$.

###### Proof.

The obstruction $`𝒪(g|X_{n1})`$ is defined as in chapter V of . See theorem V.4.4, page 262. ∎

## 10 Wall finiteness obstruction

A $`𝔉`$-complex $`X`$ is *finite* if it has only finitely many cells or equivalently if $`\overline{X}`$ is a finite CW-complex. A *domination* of $`Y`$ in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ is given by $`𝔉`$-maps

and a $`𝔉`$-homotopy $`H:gf1_Y`$. The domination has dimension $`n`$ if the dimension of $`X`$ is $`n`$ and the domination is finite if $`X`$ is a finite $`𝔉`$-complex. For a ringoid $`R`$ let $`K_0(R)`$ denote the reduced projective class group of $`R`$. If $`𝐂`$ is a category let $`𝐂`$ be the ringoid associated to $`𝐂`$ for which

$$\mathrm{hom}_𝐂(X,Y)=[\mathrm{hom}_𝐂(X,Y)]$$

is the free abelian group generated by $`\mathrm{hom}_𝐂(X,Y)`$.

###### (10.1) Theorem.

Let $`Y`$ be a $`𝔉`$-complex which admits a finite domination in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$. Then the finiteness obstruction

$$[Y]=[C_{}(Y)]K_0(\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(Y,Y_0))$$

is defined, with the property that the obstruction $`[Y]=0`$ is trivial if and only if $`Y`$ is $`𝔉`$-homotopy equivalent to a finite $`𝔉`$-complex. Moreover, if the domination of $`Y`$ has dimension $`n`$ and $`[Y]=0`$ then $`Y`$ is $`𝔉`$-homotopy equivalent to a finite $`𝔉`$-complex of dimension $`\mathrm{Max}(3,n)`$.

###### (10.2) Remark.

A result like (10.1) was proved by different methods in the case of $`G`$-spaces in theorem 14.6 of Lück , without the dimension estimate.

###### (10.3) Lemma.

Let $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ be a finite domination of $`Y`$. Then there exists a finite domination $`X`$ of $`Y`$ for which $`f:YX`$ induces an isomorphism $`\pi _0^𝔉(Y;_V)\pi _0^𝔉(X;f_V)`$ for every basepoint $`_V`$.

###### Proof.

We may assume that $`\stackrel{~}{f}:Y\stackrel{~}{X}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{g}:\stackrel{~}{X}Y`$ are cellular maps which yield the composite $`\lambda =i\stackrel{~}{f}_0\stackrel{~}{g}_0:\stackrel{~}{X}_0\stackrel{~}{X}_0\stackrel{~}{X}`$. Let $`X`$ be obtained by attaching $`1`$-cells to $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ as in the push-out diagram

where $`i:\stackrel{~}{X}_0\stackrel{~}{X}`$ is the inclusion. Since $`\stackrel{~}{g}i\stackrel{~}{g}\lambda `$, there exists an extension $`g:XY`$ of $`\stackrel{~}{g}`$ with $`gj=\stackrel{~}{g}`$. Hence for $`f=j\stackrel{~}{f}`$ we obtain the domination

with $`gf=\stackrel{~}{g}\stackrel{~}{f}1_Y`$. This shows that $`f_{}:\pi _0^𝔉(Y;_V)\pi _0^𝔉(X;f_V)`$ is surjective. In fact, $`f`$ is also surjective since an element of $`\pi _0^𝔉(X;f_V)`$ can be represented by a $`𝔉`$-map $`\xi :VX_0=\stackrel{~}{X}_0`$ via the cellular approximation theorem (3.5). For the inclusion $`j_0:X_0X`$ we get the following homotopy

$$j_0=ji\xi j\lambda \xi =jif_0g_0\xi =j_0f_0(\eta )=f_{}(\eta ),$$

where $`\eta =g_0\xi `$. ∎

###### Proof of (10.1).

Let $`X`$ be a finite domination of $`Y`$ as in (10.3). We can choose $`tg`$ to be cellular and we obtain by restriction of $`g`$ the map $`\alpha =ig_0:X_0Y_0Y`$. We use $`\alpha `$ to construct the mapping cylinder $`Y^{}=M_\alpha =Y_\alpha IX_0`$, so that $`(M_\alpha ,X_0)`$ is a $`0`$-connected relative $`𝔉`$-complex and $`M_\alpha Y`$ in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$. The domination $`X`$ of $`Y`$ now yields a domination $`X^{}`$ of $`M_\alpha `$ by the composites

where the composites $`f^{}:Y^{}X^{}`$ and $`g^{}:X^{}Y^{}`$ can be chosen to be maps under $`X_0`$ and where the $`𝔉`$-homotopy $`g^{}f^{}1_Y^{}`$ can be chosen to be a $`𝔉`$-homotopy relative $`X_0`$. Moreover we can assume by the approximation lemma (7.2) that $`(Y^{},X_0)`$ and $`(X^{},X_0)`$ are replaced by normalized and reduced relative $`𝔉`$-complexes $`(Y^{\prime \prime },X_0)`$ and $`(X^{\prime \prime },X_0)`$. Hence we can apply theorem VII.2.5 of  which shows that a finiteness obstruction

$$[Y^{\prime \prime }]=[C_{}(Y^{\prime \prime },X_0)]K_0(\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X,A))$$

is defined and has the property that $`[Y^{\prime \prime }]=0`$ if and only if there exists a finite relative $`𝔉`$-complex $`(Z,X_0)`$ which is reduced and normalized with $`dim(Z)\mathrm{Max}(3,n)`$, where $`n=dim(X^{\prime \prime })`$, and such that $`Z`$ is $`𝔉`$-homotopy equivalent to $`Y^{\prime \prime }`$ relative $`X_0`$. Since we have homotopy equivalences of chain complexes $`C_{}(Y)C_{}(Y^{})C_{}(Y^{},X_0)C_{}(Y^{\prime \prime },X_0)`$, and since by the finiteness of $`X_0`$ we have $`[C_{}(Y^{})]=[C_{}(Y^{},X_0)]`$, we see that $`[C_{}(Y)]=[C_{}(Y^{\prime \prime },X_0)]`$. This yields the results in (10.1). ∎

## 11 Whitehead torsion

For $`n0`$ let $`_+^{n+1}`$ and $`_{}^{n+1}`$ be the subspaces of $`^{n+1}`$ defined by the elements $`(x_0,\mathrm{},x_n)^{n+1}`$ with $`x_00`$ and $`x_00`$ respectively. Let $`D^{n+1}`$ denote the unit sphere in $`^{n+1}`$ and $`S^n`$ its boundary. A *ball pair* is a tuple $`(\mathrm{}^{n+1},S^n,P^n,Q^n)`$ homeomorphic to the Euclidean ball pair

$$(D^{n+1},S^n,S^n_+^{n+1},S^n_{}^{n+1}).$$

We can assume that the basepoint of $`D^{n+1}`$ is in $`P^nQ^n=S^{n1}`$. For every object $`W`$ in $`𝔉`$ and $`n0`$ a ball pair in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ is defined as

$$(\mathrm{}_W^{n+1},S_W^n,P_W^n,Q_W^n)=W\times (\mathrm{}^{n+1},S^n,P^n,Q^n),$$

and denoted simply by $`(\mathrm{}_W^{n+1},Q_W^n)`$, where $`\mathrm{}_W^{n+1}=D_W^{n+1}`$. If $`Z`$ is a finite $`𝔉`$-set, then we can define $`\mathrm{}_Z^{n+1}`$ as the coproduct in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ of the $`\mathrm{}_W^{n+1}`$ with $`WZ`$. The pair $`(\mathrm{}_Z^{n+1},Q_Z^n)`$ is also termed *ball pair* in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$, and $`P_Z^n`$ is termed the *complement of $`Q_Z^n`$ in the boundary*. It is easy to see that $`\mathrm{}_Z^{n+1}`$ is a $`𝔉`$-complex and $`P_Z^n`$ and $`Q_Z^n`$ are subcomplexes. There are $`𝔉`$-cells only in dimensions $`0`$, $`n1`$, $`n`$ and $`n+1`$: the $`0`$-skeleton is $`Z`$, the $`(n1)`$-skeleton is $`Q_Z^n=P_Z^n=S_Z^{n1}`$, the $`n`$-skeleton is $`\mathrm{}_Z^{n+1}=S_Z^n=P_Z^n_{S_Z^{n1}}Q_Z^n`$, and the $`(n+1)`$-skeleton is $`\mathrm{}_Z^{n+1}`$ itself.

Now consider a ball pair $`(\mathrm{}_Z^{n+1},Q_Z^n)`$ with the complement $`P_Z^n`$ in the boundary, a $`𝔉`$-complex $`L`$ and a $`𝔉`$-map $`f:Q_Z^nL`$ with the property that $`f(Q_Z^n,S_Z^{n1})(L_n,L_{n1})`$. Let $`K`$ be the push-out in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$

It is easy to check that $`K`$ is a $`𝔉`$-complex with subcomplex $`L`$. As in , VIII.6, page 329, if $`K^{}`$ is a complex with $`L`$ as subcomplex and $`𝔉`$-isomorphic to $`K`$ under $`L`$, then $`K^{}`$ is termed an *elementary expansion* of $`L`$; moreover, there is an associated canonical $`𝔉`$-retraction $`r:K^{}L`$ termed *elementary collapse*. If $`S`$ is a subcomplex of $`L`$ then we say that $`i`$ (resp. $`r`$) is an elementary expansion (resp. collapse) *relative* $`S`$.

Now let $`K`$ and $`L`$ two finite $`𝔉`$-complexes both containing a subcomplex $`S`$. If $`j:LK`$ is an *expansion relative $`S`$* we write $`LK\mathrm{rel}S`$; is $`r:KL`$ is a *collapse relative $`S`$*, we write $`KL\mathrm{rel}S`$. A *formal deformation relative $`S`$* (i.e. a finite composition of expansions and collapses relative $`S`$) is denoted by $`LL`$. A $`𝔉`$-map $`f:LK`$ under $`S`$ is a *simple homotopy equivalence $`\mathrm{rel}S`$* if $`f`$ is $`𝔉`$-homotopic $`\mathrm{rel}S`$ to a formal deformation relative $`S`$.

Let $`L`$ be a finite $`𝔉`$-complex. Consider the set of all pairs $`(K,L)`$ such that $`L`$ is a subcomplex of $`K`$, $`K`$ is a finite $`𝔉`$-complex, and the inclusion $`LK`$ is a $`𝔉`$-homotopy equivalence. Two pairs $`(K,L)`$ and $`(K^{},L)`$ are equivalent if and only if $`KK^{}\mathrm{rel}L`$. Let $`[K,L]`$ denote the class of the pair $`(K,L)`$ and let $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐡}(L)`$ denote the set of equivalence classes. It is possible to define an addition in $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐡}(L)`$ by

$$[K,L]+[K^{},L]=[K_LK^{},L]$$

so that $`(\mathrm{𝐖𝐡}(L),+)`$ is an abelian group (lemma VIII.8.7, page 334 of ). Given a cellular $`𝔉`$-map $`f:LL^{}`$ between finite $`𝔉`$-complexes, there is an induced map

$$f_{}:\mathrm{𝐖𝐡}(L)\mathrm{𝐖𝐡}(L^{})$$

defined by

$$f_{}[K,L]=[K_LM_f,L^{}],$$

where $`M_f`$ is the mapping cylinder of $`f`$ in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ (see (A.6) below). Actually $`\mathrm{𝐖𝐡}`$ is a functor from the category of finite $`𝔉`$-complexes and $`𝔉`$-homotopy classes of maps to the category of abelian groups.

Now consider a $`𝔉`$-homotopy equivalence $`f:XL`$ of finite $`𝔉`$-complexes; the *Whitehead torsion* of $`f`$ is defined by

$$\tau (f)=f_{}[M_f,X]=[M_f_XL,L]\mathrm{𝐖𝐡}(L).$$

###### (11.1) Theorem.

A $`𝔉`$-homotopy equivalence $`f:XL`$ between finite $`𝔉`$-complexes is a simple homotopy equivalence if and only if the torsion vanishes $`\tau (f)=0\mathrm{𝐖𝐡}(L)`$. Moreover:

1. For every pair of homotopy equivalences $`f`$ and $`g`$ the derivation property holds:

$$\tau (gf)=\tau (g)+g_{}\tau (f).$$
2. Consider the following double push-out diagram

where $`f_0`$, $`f_1`$ and $`f_2`$ are $`𝔉`$-homotopy equivalences and all the non-diagonal maps are inclusions of subcomplexes. Then the push-out map $`f`$ is a $`𝔉`$-homotopy equivalence and the addition formula holds:

$$\tau (f)=\tau (f_1_{f_0}f_2)=i_1\tau (f_1)+i_2\tau (f_2)i_0\tau (f_0).$$

###### Proof.

Let $`𝒟`$ denote the set of finite $`𝔉`$-sets. Since $`(𝔉\text{-}\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩},𝒟)`$ is a cellular $`I`$-category (see (B.3)), theorem (11.1) is a consequence of VIII.8.3, VIII.8.4 and VIII.8.5 (page 335) of . ∎

Following Ranicki , if $`𝐀`$ is a small additive category with sum denoted by $``$, then the *isomorphism torsion group* $`K_1^{\mathrm{iso}}(𝐀)`$ is the abelian group with one generator $`\tau (f)`$ for each isomorphism $`f:MN`$ in $`𝐀`$, and relations

$$\tau (gf)=\tau (f)+\tau (g)$$

$$\tau (ff^{})=\tau (f)+\tau (f^{})$$

for all isomorphisms $`f:MN`$, $`f^{}:M^{}N^{}`$ and $`g:NP`$ in $`𝐀`$. If $`R`$ is a ringoid, then it is possible to define $`K_1^{\mathrm{iso}}(R)`$ as the isomorphism torsion group of the additive category $`𝐀(R)`$ consisting of finitely generated free $`R`$-modules. A *trivial* unit in $`K_1^{\mathrm{iso}}(\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(K))`$ is represented by an automorphism of the free $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(K)`$-module $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(K)(,(V,x))`$ that can be written as $`\pm f_{}`$ for some automorphism of $`(V,x)`$ in $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(K)`$.

###### (11.2) Theorem.

Let $`K`$ be a finite $`𝔉`$-complex. Then there is an isomorphism

$$\tau :\mathrm{𝐖𝐡}(K)K_1^{\mathrm{𝐢𝐬𝐨}}(\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(K))/T$$

between the Whitehead group of $`K`$ and the quotient of $`K_1^{\mathrm{iso}}(\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(K))`$ by the subgroup $`T`$ generated by all trivial units. It is defined by associating to $`[X,K]\mathrm{𝐖𝐡}(K)`$ the torsion of the contractible $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(K)`$-chain complex $`C_{}(X^{},K)`$, where $`X^{}`$ is a normalization of $`X`$ rel $`K`$.

###### Proof.

It is a consequence of theorem VIII.12.7, page 348, of . ∎

In case of transformation groups this is theorem 14.16, page 286, of  (in the same book the equivariant finiteness obstruction can be found). Compare with the equivariant Whitehead torsion of Hauschild , Dovermann and Rothenberg , Illman  and Anderson .

## Appendix A. Basic homotopy theory in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$

We proved several results above by refering to . We now describe some results that are needed in order to apply the abstract theory of  to $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$.

###### (A.1) Definition.

A $`𝔉`$-map $`i:YX`$ is a $`𝔉`$-cofibration if $`i`$ is a closed inclusion and the following homotopy extension property holds: for every commutative diagram in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$

there is a $`𝔉`$-map $`G:X\times IZ`$ such that $`Gi_0^{}=f`$ and $`G(i\times 1_I)=H`$; in the diagram $`i_0`$ is the map defined by $`y(y,0)`$ for every $`yY`$, $`i_0^{}`$ the same for $`X`$.

Equivalently a closed inclusion $`i:YX`$ in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ is a $`𝔉`$-cofibration if and only if the $`𝔉`$-map $`(Y\times I)_YXX\times I`$ admits a retraction (that is a left inverse). This implies that $`\overline{Y}\overline{X}`$ and $`YX`$ are cofibrations in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$.

###### (A.2) Lemma.

For a cofibration $`i:AM`$ in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ and a $`𝔉`$-map $`h:AY`$, in the push-out diagram (which exists by (2.4))

the induced $`𝔉`$-map $`\overline{i}`$ is also a cofibration. Moreover, $`I`$ carries this push-out diagram into a push-out diagram (i.e. $`(M_AY)\times I=(M\times I)_{A\times I}(Y\times I)`$).

###### Proof.

The proof is formally identical to the proof for compactly generated spaces with no structure group (see (5.1) and (5.4) of , pages 22–23); or, directly applying the homotopy extension property (A.1) and the assumptions on the fibres, is the same as the proof in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ (see e.g. lemma 2.3.6, page 56 of ). ∎

The next result shows that basic homotopy theory is available in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$. For the axioms and properties of $`I`$-categories and cofibration categories we refer the reader to . As in section 1 the cylinder in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ is given by $`IX=X\times I`$.

###### (A.3) Theorem.

The category $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ with the cylinder $`IX`$ is an $`I`$-category. Moreover, it is a cofibration category, with cofibrations the $`𝔉`$-cofibrations and weak equivalences the $`𝔉`$-homotopy equivalences. All objects are fibrant and cofibrant in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$.

###### Proof.

To show that the axioms of $`I`$-category are fulfilled, since lemma (A.2) holds, it suffices to use the argument of , proposition (8.2), with the same homeomorphism $`\alpha :I^2I^2`$, to prove the relative cylinder axion, see page 222 of . Then we can apply Theorem (7.4) of , page 223. ∎

The theorem implies that the following lemmata are true in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$. Corollaries (A.4), (A.5) and (A.6) are immediate consequences of the first three axioms of a cofibration category.

###### (A.4) Corollary (Composition).

Isomorphisms in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ are $`𝔉`$-homotopy equivalences and also cofibrations. For two maps

if any two of $`f`$, $`g`$ and $`gf`$ are $`𝔉`$-homotopy equivalences then so is the third. The composite of $`𝔉`$-cofibrations is a $`𝔉`$-cofibration.

###### (A.5) Corollary (Pushout).

Let $`i:AM`$ be a $`𝔉`$-cofibration and $`f:AY`$ be a $`𝔉`$-map. Consider the pushout in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$,

where $`\overline{i}`$ is a $`𝔉`$-cofibration by (A.2). If $`f`$ is a $`𝔉`$-homotopy equivalence, then so is $`\overline{f}`$; if $`i`$ is a $`𝔉`$-homotopy equivalence, then so is $`\overline{i}`$.

###### (A.6) Corollary (Factorization).

Every $`𝔉`$-map $`f:XY`$ can be factorized as

where $`g`$ is a $`𝔉`$-homotopy equivalence and $`i`$ a $`𝔉`$-cofibration. The $`𝔉`$-family $`Y^{}`$ is the mapping cylinder (in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$) of $`f`$, i.e. the push-out of $`i_0:XIX`$ and $`f`$.

###### (A.7) Corollary (Gluing lemma).

Consider the following diagram,

where the two squares are push-outs in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$, and $`AM`$ and $`A^{}M^{}`$ are $`𝔉`$-cofibrations. The dotted map exists as a consequence of (A.2). If the arrows $`AA^{}`$, $`MM^{}`$ and $`YY^{}`$ are $`𝔉`$-homotopy equivalences, then so is the push-out map $`Y_AMY^{}_A^{}M^{}`$.

###### Proof.

See lemma (1.2) of , page 84. ∎

###### (A.8) Corollary (Lifting lemma).

Consider a $`𝔉`$-cofibration $`i:AM`$, a $`𝔉`$-homotopy equivalence $`p:XY`$, and two maps $`f:AX`$, $`g:MY`$ such that $`gi=pf`$. Then there is a $`𝔉`$-map $`h:MX`$ such that $`hi=f`$ and $`phg\mathrm{rel}A`$. The map $`h`$ is termed the *lifting* of the following diagram, and is unique up to homotopy $`\mathrm{rel}A`$.

###### Proof.

See lemma (1.11) of , page 90. ∎

The following is Dold’s theorem in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$.

###### (A.9) Corollary.

Consider the commutative diagram.

If $`g`$ is a $`𝔉`$-homotopy equivalence, then $`g`$ is a $`𝔉`$-homotopy equivalence under $`A`$, that is, there is a $`𝔉`$-map $`f:YX`$ such that $`gf1_Y\mathrm{rel}A`$ and $`fg1_X\mathrm{rel}A`$.

###### Proof.

See corollary (2.12) of , page 96. ∎

###### (A.10) Remark.

Let $`𝔉`$ be a structure category with fibre functor $`F`$ and $`i:AX`$ a $`(𝔉,F)`$-cofibration. Then $`\overline{i}:\overline{A}\overline{X}`$ and $`i:AX`$ are (closed) cofibrations in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$. Moreover, since the fibre functor $`F`$ is faithful, the induced map $`i^V`$ on function spaces

$$i^V:A^VX^V$$

is a $`(𝔉,F^V)`$-cofibration for every $`V𝔉`$.

###### Proof.

Since $`i:AX`$ is a $`(𝔉,F)`$-cofibration, there is a $`(𝔉,F)`$-retraction

$$r:X\times IA\times IX\times \{0\}.$$

By definition of $`𝔉`$-map, this implies that $`i`$ and $`\overline{i}`$ are cofibrations in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$, where clearly $`AX`$ and $`\overline{A}\overline{X}`$ are closed. Moreover, assume that $`F`$ is faithful, so that the function spaces $`A^V`$, $`X^V`$ are defined for every $`V𝔉`$. Then there exists the induced map

$$r^V:(X\times I)^V(A\times IX\times \{0\})^V.$$

Since $`(X\times I)^VX^V\times I`$ and

$$(A\times IX\times \{0\})^VA^V\times IX^V\times \{0\},$$

and the homeomorphisms are actually $`(𝔉,F^V)`$-isomorphisms, there is a $`(𝔉,F^V)`$-retraction

$$X^V\times IA^V\times IX^V\times \{0\}.$$

Since $`i^V:A^VX^V`$ is a closed inclusion, it is a $`(𝔉,F^V)`$-cofibration. ∎

We recall now the definition of $`𝔉`$-deformation retract, following Whitehead , page 24. A $`𝔉`$-family $`A`$ is a $`𝔉`$-deformation retract of $`XA`$ if there is a $`𝔉`$-homotopy $`F:X\times IX`$ such that $`F(x,t)=x`$ for each $`(x,t)A\times IX\times \{0\}`$ and $`F(X\times \{1\})A`$.

###### (A.11) Lemma.

Let $`X`$ be a $`(𝔉,F)`$-family and $`AX`$ a closed inclusion. Then for every $`V𝔉`$ the induced map $`A^VX^V`$ is a closed inclusion of $`(𝔉,F^V)`$-families. Moreover, if $`A`$ is a $`(𝔉,F)`$-deformation retract of $`X`$, then $`A^V`$ is a $`(𝔉,F^V)`$-deformation retract of $`X^V`$. $`A`$ is a deformation retract of $`X`$ in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ and $`\overline{A}`$ is a deformation retract of $`\overline{X}`$ in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$.

###### Proof.

The inclusion $`A^VX^V`$ is a closed inclusion since $`A^VX^V`$ is equal to the pre-image of $`\overline{A}`$ under the map $`X^V\overline{X}`$. Furthermore, any $`(𝔉,F)`$-deformation retraction $`F:X\times IX`$ yields a $`(𝔉,F^V)`$-deformation retraction $`F^V:X^V\times IX^V`$. ∎

## Appendix B. The category of coefficients

We here describe the coefficient functor for $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ which is a basic ingredient of the theory in .

###### (B.1) Definition.

Let $`A`$ be a $`𝔉`$-space. Consider pairs of $`𝔉`$-maps $`x,y:ZA`$ where $`Z`$ is a $`𝔉`$-set. We associate with $`x,y`$ the $`𝔉`$-space $`X(x,y)`$ given by the push-out in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$

Hence $`(X(x,y),A)`$ is a reduced $`1`$-dimensional relative $`𝔉`$-complex. We call it a *$`𝔉`$-graph under $`A`$*. Let $`𝐓`$ denote the category *of $`𝔉`$-graphs*: Objects are $`𝔉`$-graphs $`X=(X,A)=(X(x,y),A)`$ and morphisms are $`𝔉`$-homotopy classes rel $`A`$ of $`𝔉`$-maps, so that

$$𝐓(X,Y)=[X,Y]_𝔉^A$$

for $`𝔉`$-graphs $`X`$, $`Y`$ under $`A`$. The coproduct $`X_AY=X_AY`$ in $`𝐓`$ is defined by the push-out of $`XAY`$ in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$. Since finite coproducts exists in $`𝐓`$, $`𝐓`$ is a theory. Let $`𝐓^{\mathrm{}}`$ denote the full subcategory of $`𝐓`$ consisting of $`𝔉`$-graphs $`X(x,y)`$ for which the $`𝔉`$-set $`Z`$ above is finite. Since $`𝔉`$ is a small category, we see that $`𝐓^{\mathrm{}}`$ is a small category. Let $`\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐥}(𝐓^{\mathrm{}})`$ denote the *category of models of $`𝔉`$-graphs*, that is the category of functors $`\left(𝐓^{\mathrm{}}\right)^{\mathrm{op}}\mathrm{𝐒𝐞𝐭}`$ which carry coproducts in $`𝐓^{\mathrm{}}`$ to products in $`\mathrm{𝐒𝐞𝐭}`$.

###### (B.2) Lemma.

A $`𝐓`$-complex in $`𝔉\text{-}\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}^A`$ as defined in  is the same as a relative $`𝔉`$-complex $`(X,A)`$ which is reduced and normalized.

###### Proof.

According to IV.2.2 of  a $`𝐓`$-complex $`X_1`$ in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ is given by a sequence of $`𝔉`$-cofibrations

$$X_1=(X_1X_2\mathrm{})$$

where $`X_1`$ is an object in $`𝐓`$ and $`(X_{n+1},X_n)`$ is a principal cofibration with attaching map $`_{n+1}:\mathrm{\Sigma }^{n1}C_{n+1}X_n`$, $`n1`$, where $`C_{n+1}`$ is a cogroup in $`𝐓`$ (that is, a $`1`$-dimensional spherical object $`S_\alpha ^1`$ under $`A`$). Since $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{n1}S_\alpha ^1=S_\alpha ^n`$, we have the result. ∎

###### (B.3) Remark.

The category $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ is a cofibration category under $`𝐓`$ that satisfies the *Blakers–Massey property* (see , page 245). Hence it follows from proposition 1.2, page 250 of  that $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ is a homological cofibration category under $`𝐓`$. Moreover $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ is a cellular $`I`$-category since the ball pair axiom holds, as a consequence of the ball pair axiom in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ and the cellular approximation theorem (3.5) (see page 327 of ).

We recall that a *track category*, i.e. a *category enriched in groupoids*, is a $`2`$-category all of whose $`2`$-cells are invertible (see  for details). In particular the category of groupoids $`\mathrm{𝐆𝐫𝐝}`$ is a track category. Objects are groupoids, morphisms are functors between groupoids and tracks are natural transformations. A *track functor*, or else a $`2`$-functor, between track categories is a groupoid enriched functor.

Let $`𝔉`$ be a topological enriched category. Then there is a canonical track category $`𝔉`$ associated to $`𝔉`$ defined as follows. Objects and morphisms are the same as $`𝔉`$ and $`2`$-cells are tracks $`b:\alpha \alpha ^{}`$ in $`W^V=\mathrm{hom}_𝔉(V,W)`$ with $`\alpha ,\alpha ^{}:VW`$ and $`V`$, $`W`$ objects in $`𝔉`$

A $`𝔉^{\mathrm{op}}`$-diagram is a track functor $`𝔉^{\mathrm{op}}\mathrm{𝐆𝐫𝐝}`$. A morphism between $`𝔉^{\mathrm{op}}`$-diagrams is a natural transformation of track functors. An example of a track functor is given by

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X^{},A^{}):𝔉\mathrm{𝐆𝐫𝐝},$$

with $`(X,A)`$ a pair of $`𝔉`$-families. The image of an object $`V𝔉`$ is the groupoid $`\mathrm{\Pi }(X^V,A^V)`$. The image of a morphism $`\lambda :VW`$ in $`𝔉`$ is the morphism of groupoids $`\lambda ^{}:\mathrm{\Pi }(X^W,A^W)\mathrm{\Pi }(X^V,A^V)`$ induced by the map $`X^\lambda :X^WX^V`$. The image of a track $`b:\lambda \lambda ^{}`$ in $`𝔉`$ is given by the natural transformation

in $`\mathrm{𝐆𝐫𝐝}`$.

With the aid of the track category $`𝔉`$ we define the category $`(𝔉,A)\text{-}\mathrm{𝐆𝐫𝐝}`$ as follows. Objects are track functors $`F:𝔉^{\mathrm{op}}\mathrm{𝐆𝐫𝐝}`$ under $`\mathrm{\Pi }(A^{})`$ such that the natural transormation

$$\iota :\mathrm{\Pi }(A^{})F$$

for each $`V𝔉`$ yields a functor

$$\iota :\mathrm{\Pi }(A^V)F^V$$

which is the identity on objects. A morphism in $`(𝔉,A)\text{-}\mathrm{𝐆𝐫𝐝}`$ is a natural transformation of track functors under $`\mathrm{\Pi }(A^{})`$.

###### (B.4) Theorem.

Let $`𝐓^{\mathrm{}}`$ denote the theory of finite $`𝔉`$-graphs under $`A`$. Then there is an equivalence of categories

$$\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐥}(𝐓^{\mathrm{}})(𝔉,A)\text{-}\mathrm{𝐆𝐫𝐝}.$$

###### Proof.

Consider the following functor

$$\xi :\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐥}(𝐓^{\mathrm{}})(𝔉,A)\text{-}\mathrm{𝐆𝐫𝐝}.$$

Let $`M:(𝐓^{\mathrm{}})^{\mathrm{op}}\mathrm{𝐒𝐞𝐭}`$ be a model of $`𝐓^{\mathrm{}}`$. Then $`\xi (M)`$ is the $`𝔉^{\mathrm{op}}`$-diagram of groupoids under $`\mathrm{\Pi }(A^{})`$ defined as follows. Let $`V`$ be an object of $`𝔉`$. Objects of the groupoid $`\xi (M)(V)`$ are the same objects as $`\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉^V(A)=\mathrm{\Pi }(A^V)`$, i.e. $`𝔉`$-points of type $`x_V:VA`$. For every pair of objects $`x_V,y_V`$ in $`\xi (M)(V)`$ the homset is given by the set $`M(X(x_V,y_V))`$. Let $`x_V,y_V`$ and $`z_V`$ be points in $`A^V`$. The natural $`𝔉`$-map

$$X(x_V,z_V)X(x_Vy_V,y_Vz_V)=X(x_V,y_V)X(y_V,z_V)$$

induces under $`M`$ a function

which yields the composition law for morphisms in $`\xi (M)`$. Since there is a natural $`𝔉`$-isomorphism $`X(x_V,y_V)X(y_V,x_V)`$, we obtain that $`\xi (M)(V)`$ is a groupoid.

Now let $`\lambda :VW`$ be a morphism in $`𝔉`$. The induced $`𝔉`$-map $`A^WA^V`$ is a function on objects of $`\xi (M)`$. Given $`x_W`$ and $`y_W`$ in $`A^W`$ the induced $`𝔉`$-map

$$X(x_W\lambda ,y_W\lambda )X(x_W,y_W)$$

has an image under $`M`$

Hence $`\xi (M)(\lambda )`$ is a morphism of groupoids, and $`\xi (M)`$ is a functor $`𝔉^{\mathrm{op}}\mathrm{𝐆𝐫𝐝}`$. It is not difficult to show that it is a functor under $`\mathrm{\Pi }(A^{})`$.

It is left to define the values of $`\xi (M)`$ on the tracks of $`𝔉^{\mathrm{op}}`$. A track $`b:\lambda \lambda ^{}`$ in $`𝔉^{\mathrm{op}}`$ is represented by a $`𝔉`$-map

$$b:V\times IW.$$

Hence for every $`x_W:WA`$ the track $`b`$ induces a $`𝔉`$-map $`x_Wb:V\times IA`$, and hence a $`𝔉`$-map

$$X(x_W\lambda ,x_W\lambda ^{})A.$$

By taking the values of the model $`M`$ we obtain a function

$$=M(A)M(X(x_W\lambda ,x_W\lambda ^{})),$$

hence we obtain an element in $`M(X(x_W\lambda ,x_W\lambda ^{}))`$ which is therefore a morphism in $`\xi (M)(V)(x_W\lambda ,x_W\lambda ^{})`$. This defines the natural transormation induced by $`b`$. By the elementary properties of $`M`$ it is easy to prove that $`\xi `$ is a track functor.

Conversely, let $`𝐂`$ be an object in $`(𝔉,A)\text{-}\mathrm{𝐆𝐫𝐝}`$. Then to each $`𝔉`$-graph $`X(x_Z,y_Z)`$ with $`x_Z,y_Z:ZA`$ we can associate the set

$$\xi ^{}(𝐂)(X(x_Z,y_Z)=\mathrm{Mor}(\mathrm{\Pi }(X(x_Z,y_Z)^{},A^{}),𝐂)$$

of all morphisms in $`(𝔉,A)\text{-}\mathrm{𝐆𝐫𝐝}`$ from $`\mathrm{\Pi }(X(x_Z,y_Z)^{},A^{})`$ to $`𝐂`$. It is clear that $`\xi ^{}(𝐂)`$ is a functor $`\left(𝐓^{\mathrm{}}\right)^{\mathrm{op}}\mathrm{𝐒𝐞𝐭}`$. It is also a model by (B.8) below. It is possible to prove that this construction yields a functor

$$\xi ^{}:(𝔉,A)\text{-}\mathrm{𝐆𝐫𝐝}\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐥}(𝐓^{\mathrm{}}).$$

The functors $`\xi `$ and $`\xi ^{}`$ are equivalences of categories (the details are left to the reader). ∎

We define the *coefficient functors* $`c`$ and $`\pi _𝔉`$

((B.5))
as follows. For every $`𝔉`$-family $`(X,A)`$ under $`A`$ (where $`AX`$ is a $`𝔉`$-cofibration) let $`\pi _𝔉(X,A)=\mathrm{\Pi }(X^{},A^{})`$. Furthermore, let $`c(X,A)`$ be the model in $`\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐥}(𝕋^{\mathrm{}})`$ that associates to the $`𝔉`$-graph $`X(x,y)`$ with $`x,y:ZA`$ the set of $`𝔉`$-homotopy classes $`\mathrm{rel}A`$ of $`𝔉`$-maps extending $`1_A`$

$$X(x,y)[X(x,y),X]_𝔉^A.$$

###### (B.6) Proposition.

The diagram (B.5) is commutative:

$$\xi c=\pi _𝔉.$$

###### Proof.

The object $`\xi c(X,A)`$ in $`(𝔉,A)\text{-}\mathrm{𝐆𝐫𝐝}`$ associates to $`V𝔉^{\mathrm{op}}`$ the groupoid $`\xi c(X,A)^V`$ with objects the points in $`A^V`$; the morphisms are the sets

$$c(X,A)(X(x,y))=[X(x,y),X]_𝔉^A$$

where $`x,y:VA`$ are $`𝔉`$-points. The morphism set $`[X(x,y),X]_𝔉^A`$ is naturally isomorphic to $`\mathrm{\Pi }(X^V,A^V)(x,y)`$. The same argument can be applied to tracks, so that we get $`\xi c=\pi _𝔉`$ as claimed. ∎

Now we define the category $`(𝔉,A)\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐞𝐭}`$. Objects are pairs of $`𝔉`$-maps $`x,y:ZA`$ where $`Z`$ is a $`𝔉`$-set. A morphism $`(x,y)(x^{},y^{})`$ is a $`𝔉`$-map $`u:ZZ^{}`$ such that $`x^{}u=x`$ and $`y^{}u=y`$.

Consider now an object $`F:𝔉^{\mathrm{op}}\mathrm{𝐆𝐫𝐝}`$ in $`(𝔉,A)\text{-}\mathrm{𝐆𝐫𝐝}`$. For every object $`V𝔉`$ we denote by $`F^V`$ the groupoid associated to $`V`$. For every $`V𝔉`$ consider the two maps

from the set of arrows of $`F^V`$ to $`A^V`$ given by the source $`_0`$ and the target $`_1`$ in the groupoid $`F^V`$. This yields an object $`x_V,y_V:Z_V=V\times F_1^VA`$ in $`(𝔉,A)\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐞𝐭}`$. The coproduct of all such objects is an object $`\mathrm{\Phi }(F)=x,y:ZA`$. This defines the forgetful functor

$$\mathrm{\Phi }:(𝔉,A)\text{-}\mathrm{𝐆𝐫𝐝}(𝔉,A)\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐞𝐭}.$$

The left-adjoint of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ denoted by $`<,>`$ sends an object $`x,y:ZA`$ in $`(𝔉,A)\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐞𝐭}`$ to the free object $`<x,y>`$ in $`(𝔉,A)\text{-}\mathrm{𝐆𝐫𝐝}`$.

###### (B.7) Proposition.

For every $`x,y:ZA`$, we have a natural isomorphism

$$<x,y>=\pi _𝔉(X(x,y),A).$$

Moreover a result corresponding to the Seifert–van Kampen theorem holds. The proof is a modification of the Brown’s proof  of the Seifert–van Kampen theorem for groupoids.

###### (B.8) Proposition.

If $`X_1`$ and $`X_2`$ are $`𝔉`$-complexes relative $`A`$ both containing a copy of a relative $`𝔉`$-complex $`(X_0,A)`$ as a subcomplex then

$$\pi _𝔉(X_1_{X_0}X_2)=\pi _𝔉(X_1)_{\pi _𝔉(X_0)}\pi _𝔉(X_2).$$

Here the right hand side denotes the push-out in $`(𝔉,A)\text{-}\mathrm{𝐆𝐫𝐝}`$.

###### (B.9) Remark.

In  the coefficient functor $`c`$ maps to the category $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐨𝐞𝐟}`$ which can be identified with

$$(𝔉,A)\text{-}\mathrm{𝐆𝐫𝐝}\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐥}(𝐓^{\mathrm{}})\mathrm{𝐂𝐨𝐞𝐟}$$

such that the coefficient functor $`c`$ in  mapping to $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐨𝐞𝐟}`$ coincides with $`\pi _𝔉`$ and $`c`$ in (B.5). Moreover the *enveloping functor* $`U`$ of  (pages $`150`$) can be identified with the composite

$$U:\text{}$$

where $`\overline{U}`$ carries $`F`$ to the category $`\left[(_𝔉F)/_{}\right]`$. Here the equivalence relation $``$ for the integration category $`_𝔉F`$ is defined as in (6.3) above. Hence for a reduced relative $`𝔉`$-complex $`(X,A)`$ we get

$$Uc(X,A)=\overline{U}(\pi _𝔉(X,A))=\mathrm{\Pi }_𝔉(X,A)$$

where we use the discrete fundamental category in (6.3).