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# Diffraction and Palm measure of point processes

## 1 Autocorrelation and Palm measure

Let $`_\sigma (^d)`$ be the set of all locally finite subsets of $`^d`$. With each bounded borel set $`A`$ we associate the application

$$N_A:\{\begin{array}{cc}_\sigma \hfill & \hfill \\ \varphi \hfill & \mathrm{card}(A\varphi ).\hfill \end{array}$$

We endow $`_\sigma `$ with the $`\sigma `$-algebra $`𝒜`$ generated by those applications. A point process  is a measurable application $`\chi `$ from a probability space $`(\mathrm{\Omega },,𝒫)`$ to $`(_\sigma ,𝒜)`$. If we equip $`(_\sigma ,𝒜)`$ with the law of $`\chi `$ we can suppose that $`(\mathrm{\Omega },)=(_\sigma ,𝒜)`$ and that $`\chi `$ if the identity application.

A point process is said to be integrable if the random variables $`N_A`$ are integrable for every compact $`A`$. It’s said to be square integrable if those variables are square integrable.

If $`t^d`$ let $`T_t`$ denote the translation of $`_\sigma `$

$$T_t:\{\begin{array}{cc}_\sigma \hfill & _\sigma \hfill \\ \varphi =\{x_n\}_n\hfill & \varphi t=\{x_nt\}_n.\hfill \end{array}$$

A point process is said to be stationary if its law is invariant under the action of the translations $`(T_t)_{t^d}`$. Let $`\chi `$ be a stationary and integrable point process. The Palm measure of $`\chi `$ is a measure $`\stackrel{~}{P}`$ on $`(_\sigma ,𝒜)`$ defined by

$$\stackrel{~}{P}(F):=\frac{1}{|B|}E\underset{x\varphi B}{}1_F(\varphi x),F𝒜$$

where $`B`$ is a fixed borel subset of $`^d`$ whose Lebesgue measure $`|B|`$ is finite and strictly positive. That definition does not depend on the choice of $`B`$.

With each measure $`m`$ on $`(_\sigma ,𝒜)`$ we associate the intensity measure $`I(m)`$ on $`(^d,(^d))`$ defined by

$$I(m)(A)=\mathrm{card}(\varphi A)𝑑m(\varphi ),A(^d)$$

where $`(^d)`$ is the set of borel subsets of $`^d`$.

###### Theorem 1.1

Let $`\chi `$ be a stationary ergodic and square integrable point process on $`^d`$. Let $`\stackrel{~}{P}`$ be its Palm measure and $`I(\stackrel{~}{P})`$ the intensity of that measure. Then $`I(\stackrel{~}{P})`$ is locally finite and for each bounded borel set $`C`$ of $`^d`$ we have

$$\underset{R\mathrm{}}{lim}\gamma _R(C)=I(\stackrel{~}{P})(C)a.e.$$

In particular, $`\gamma _R`$ converge a.e. to $`I(\stackrel{~}{P})`$ in the vague topology.

Example :  Let $`\chi `$ be a Poisson point process on $`^d`$ whose intensity measure is the canonical Lebesgue measure on $`^d`$ . The conditions of the theorem 1.1 are classicaly fulfilled and we know  that the Palm measure of $`\chi `$ is the law of the process $`\chi _0:=\chi \{0\}`$. We immediately deduce that the process $`\chi `$ admits a.e. an autocorrelation measure $`\gamma `$ which verifies $`\gamma =\widehat{\gamma }=\delta _0+dx`$.

## 2 Stochastic subsets of $`^d`$

### 2.1 Generalities

Let $`X=(X_k)_{k^d}`$ be a stationary and ergodic process with values in $`\{0,1\}`$. Let $`\mu `$ be its spectral measure. We consider the process $`\chi =\{k^d:X_k=1\}`$.

###### Theorem 2.1

1. The process $`\chi `$ admits a.e. an autocorrelation $`\gamma `$. We have

$$\gamma :=\underset{k^d}{}EX_0X_k\delta _k$$
(2)
2. The diffraction measure is $`\widehat{\gamma }=\mu _p`$ where $`\mu _p`$ is the $`^d`$periodic measure associated with $`\mu `$ by

$$\mu _p(A)=\underset{k^d}{}\mu (Ak),A(^d).$$
(3)

Remark :  Let $`U`$ be a uniform random variable on $`[0,1[^d`$. We assume that $`U`$ and $`X`$ are independant. We build a “$`^d`$-stationary” version of $`\chi `$ writing $`\phi =s(U,X)`$ where $`s`$ if the function from $`[0,1[^d\times \{0,1\}^^d`$ to $`_\sigma (^d)`$ defined by

$$s(u,x)=u+\{k^d:x_k=1\}.$$
(4)
The results of the theorem 2.1 are obviously verified by the process $`\phi `$.

### 2.2 An example of a singular diffraction measure

Let $`f`$ be the function defined on $`[1,1]`$ by

$$f(x):=\frac{1}{2\pi }\mathrm{arcsin}(x)+\frac{1}{4}=\underset{k}{}a_kx^k,$$
(5)
where all $`a_k`$ are positive. If $`\nu `$ is a probability measure on $`^d`$ we define the measure $`f(\nu )`$ by $`f(\nu )=_ka_k\nu ^k`$.

###### Proposition 2.2

Let $`\nu `$ be a symetric and continue probability measure on $``$. Write $`\mu =f(\nu )`$ where $`f`$ is defined by (5). There exists a point process which admits a.e. the diffraction measure $`\mu _p`$ ($`\mu _p`$ is associated with $`\mu `$ by (3)).

Example :  Let $`\nu `$ be the law of the random serie $`_{n1}\frac{1}{n^n}X_n`$ where $`(X_n)_n`$ is a sequence of i.i.d. random variables with $`P(X_i=1)=P(X_i=1)=1/2`$. We get a point process which admits a diffraction measure $`\mu `$ which can be decomposed into $`\mu =\frac{1}{4}_k\delta _k+m`$ where $`m=[(f1/4)(\nu )]_p`$ is a purely singular $`1`$-periodic measure.

## 3 Sets built by the “cut-and-project” method

### 3.1 Principle

Let $`E`$ and $`F`$ be two linear subspaces of $`^d`$ such that $`^d=EF`$. If $`x^d`$ we write $`x=x_E+x_F=p_E(x)+p_F(x)`$ with obvious notations. Let $`x_E^{}`$ and $`x_F^{}`$ be the orthogonal projections of $`x`$ on $`E`$ and $`F`$. Let W be a fixed bounded borel subset of $`F`$. Let $`\varphi `$ be a stationary and square integrable point process of $`^d`$. We assume that $`\varphi `$ is ergodic under the action of the translations $`(T_t)_{tE}`$. We define a new point process $`\chi `$ on $`E`$ by $`\chi =\pi (\varphi )`$ where $`\pi `$ is the application from $`_\sigma (^d)`$ to $`_\sigma (E)`$ defined by

$$\pi (\varphi )=p_E\left(\varphi (E\times W)\right).$$
(6)
We make the following assumption :

$$\text{Two different points of }\varphi (E\times W)\text{ have a different image by }p_E\text{ (a.e.).}$$
(7)
###### Theorem 3.1

Let $`\lambda `$ denote the restriction to $`W`$ of the canonical Lebesgue measure on $`F`$. Let $`\stackrel{~}{Q}`$ be the Palm measure of $`\varphi `$. Let $`C_E`$ be a borel subset of $`E`$ such that $`|C_E|_E=1`$ where $`||_E`$ is the canonical Lebesgue measure on $`E`$. We define $`C_F`$ similarly. Let $`\alpha `$ denote the canonical Lebesgue measure (in $`^d`$) of $`C_E+C_F`$. Then

1. The process $`\chi `$ is stationary ergodic and square integrable.
2. The Palm measure of $`\chi `$ is the image of the measure $`\alpha \lambda \stackrel{~}{Q}`$ by the application

$$f:\{\begin{array}{cc}W\times _\sigma (^d)\hfill & _\sigma (E)\hfill \\ (w,\stackrel{~}{\varphi })\hfill & p_E\left((w+\stackrel{~}{\varphi })(E\times W)\right)=\pi (w+\stackrel{~}{\varphi }).\hfill \end{array}$$
(8)
3. The intensity of the Palm measure is the measure $`\gamma `$ on $`E`$ defined by

$$\gamma (C)=\alpha _^dI(\stackrel{~}{Q})(dx)\psi (x_F)1_C(x_E),C(E),$$
(9)
where $`\psi `$ is the function from $`F`$ to $``$ defined by $`\psi (x)=1_W1_W(x)`$.
4. The Fourier transform of $`\gamma `$ is

$$\widehat{\gamma }(C)=\alpha ^2_^d\widehat{I(\stackrel{~}{Q})}(dx)\widehat{\psi }(x_F^{})1_C(x_E^{}),C(E),$$
(10)
where $`\widehat{I(\stackrel{~}{Q})}`$ is the Fourier transform of $`I(\stackrel{~}{Q})`$.

Remark :  With the formalism of marked point processes (which allows the “presence” of several points at the same place) we can avoid the assumption (7). That changes neiher the proof nor the result.
We immediately deduce, with the theorem 1.1, the following result :

###### Theorem 3.2

The process $`\chi `$ admits a.e. the autocorrelation measure described by (9) and the diffraction measure described by (10).

### 3.2 Application to stochastic subsets of $`^d`$

We apply the construction “cut-and-project” to the process $`\phi =s(U,X)`$ introduced in the remark of the section 2. The case where the $`X_k`$ are i.i.d. has been studied in .

In order to apply the theorem 3.1, we have to verify the ergodicity of $`\phi `$ under the action of the translations $`(T_t)_{tE}`$. To that effect, we prove that

###### Proposition 3.3

There exists a negligeable set $`SS^{d1}`$ such that, for all $`vS^{d1}S`$, $`\phi `$ is ergodic under the direction $`v`$. If $`d=2`$ then $`S`$ is countable.

In some particular cases, we can make $`S`$ explicit :

###### Proposition 3.4

Let $`(A_n^i)_n`$, $`1id`$ be $`d`$ independant stationary and ergodic processes taking values in $`\{0,1\}`$. We define a process $`X`$ on $`^d`$ by $`X_{n_1,..,n_d}=A_{n_1}^1..A_{n_d}^d`$. That process is stationary and ergodic. If the processes $`A^i`$ are weak-mixing (which is the case of the processes built in 2.2), then we can take for $`S`$ the set of all vectors of $`S^{d1}`$ whose coordinates are dependant over $``$.

The process $`\phi `$ is ergodic under the action of the translations $`(T_t)_{tE}`$ as soon as $`E`$ contains a vector $`vS^{d1}S`$. We have therefore the following result :

###### Theorem 3.5

Let $`E`$ and $`F`$ be two linear subspaces of $`^d`$ such that $`^d=EF`$. We assume that $`E`$ contains a vector of $`S^{d1}S`$. Let $`\chi =\pi (\phi )`$ where $`\pi `$ is defined by (6). The process $`\chi `$ is then stationary ergodic and square integrable. It admits a.e. (with the notations of theorems 3.1 and 2.1) an autocorrelation measure such that

$$\gamma (C)=\alpha \underset{k^d}{}\widehat{\mu }(k)\psi (k_F)1_C(k_E)$$

and a diffraction measure such that

$$\widehat{\gamma }(C)=\alpha ^2_^d\widehat{\psi }(x_F^{})1_C(x_E^{})\mu _p(dx),C(^d).$$

If we consider $`X1`$ then the point process $`\phi `$ is (modulo a translation) the deterministic lattice $`^d`$. We can take for $`S`$ the set of all vectors of $`S^{d1}`$ whose coordinates are dependant over $``$ and we then get with the theorem 3.5 the classical results about “model-sets” .


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# Color superconductivity from magnetic interaction induced by flow equations

## 1 Introduction

Quark matter at sufficiently high density is a color superconductor. It has been known for some time , however the value of the gap was too small to be of any practical interest. Recent revision of the subject brought much larger gap  than previously thought. The consistent numerical value of the gap has been obtained using phenomenological four-fermion interactions  and from QCD one-gluon exchange , though with different parametric dependence on the coupling. Many microscopic calculations of the gap in $`N_f=2`$  and in $`N_f=3`$  have been done after that.

Microscopic studies rely on the fact that due to asymptotic freedom QCD becomes a weakly interacting theory at high densities and perturbation theory can be used. However, high density quark matter cannot be described as a simple Fermi gas. As known from the BSC theory of superconductivity, the Fermi surface is unstable to an arbitrarily weak attractive interaction. In QCD attractive interaction is mediated by one-gluon exchange between quarks in color antitriplet state.

In the language of renormalization group, BCS instability with respect to Cooper pairing is associated with breaking down the conventional perturbation theory in the vicinity of the Fermi surface. This signals formation of a gap which regulates the infrared divergent behavior. It is in full analogy with electron superconductivity in metals. The difference between the two is that the attractive interaction via gluon exchange is already present in QCD rather than being induced by the solid state lattice as in metal. Therefore, properties of a gluon propagating in high density quark matter are essential in calculating the color superconducting gap. It has been suggested by Son (the first reference in ), that the gap is dominated by magnetic long range exchanges, and that the infrared behavior is regulated by dynamic screening in quark plasma. We show that there are two characteristic scales in superconducting medium: the penetration depth of magnetic field inside the superconductor, $`\delta `$, and the coherence length of the bound quarks (or size of the $`qq`$ Cooper pair), $`\xi `$. The prevailing energy $`1/\delta `$ or $`1/\xi `$ regulates the long range behavior of magnetic field in color superconductor.

The purpose of the present work is to obtain an effective microscopic low energy theory of quasiparticles and holes in the vicinity of the Fermi surface. We shall argue that depending on the state of superconductor, there are two different sources of the infrared cutoff in magnetic interaction. At small temperature, the superconductor is of a Pipperd type, $`\delta \xi `$, and magnetic gluon is damped by the quark medium according to Landau damping mechanism. As we increase the temperature, the quark plasma ’dilutes’ and the penetration depth of magnetic field grows. It turns out that usually the superconducting condensate melts slower than the penetration depth grows , corresponding to London type of superconductor, $`\xi \delta `$. In this case magnetic gluon scatters over diquark Cooper pairs and damped by the superconducting medium. Magnetic interaction is regulated by the inverse coherence length, or roughly by the superconducting gap. In these two limiting cases we obtain for the gap the same parametric dependence on coupling constant, though different numerical factors.

We apply flow equations to the Coulomb gauge QCD Hamiltonian with $`N_f=3`$ at nonzero quark density. Flow equation method , which is a synthesis of the perturbative renormalization group and the many-body technique, has been successfully applied to the problem of electron superconductivity in metals . The main idea of the method is to eliminate interactions which mix states with different particle content (or number of particles) and obtain an effective theory which conserves particle number in each (Fock) sector. This procedure is performed in sequence for matrix elements with large energy differences down to more degenerate states. In high density QCD, all nonabelian contributions are suppressed, therefore, the quark-gluon coupling is the only term which mediates hoping between states of high- (away from Fermi surface) and low- (near Fermi surface) energies. Eliminating quark-gluon coupling by flow equations we virtually move towards the Fermi surface, in analogy to perturbative renormalization group scaling. Decoupling different energy scales corresponds to integrating out fast moving modes - quarks in the Dirac sea, and obtaining an effective theory for slow modes - quarks close to Fermi surface. As mentioned above, in this scaling down we encounter two characteristic scales: penetration depth of magnetic field and the coherence length of $`qq`$ bound state. Depending which scale is bigger, we obtain different mechanisms of the infrared cutoff in magnetic interaction and corresponding gaps.

## 2 Effective microscopic Hamiltonian for color superconductivity

We start with the Coulomb gauge QCD Hamiltonian,$`A=0`$, with $`N_f=3`$ at nonzero quark densities given by

$`H`$ $`=`$ $`H_0+H_I=H_0+H_{inst}+H_{dyn},`$ (1)
where $`H_0`$ is the free Hamiltonian, $`H_{inst}`$ is the instantaneous interaction describing static properties, and $`H_{dyn}`$ is the dynamical interaction involving the gluon propagation. The free part is the kinetic energy of quarks and gluons

$`H_0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑𝒙\overline{\psi }(𝒙)\left(i𝜸\mathbf{}\mu \gamma _0+m\right)\psi (𝒙)}`$ (2)
$`+`$ $`\mathrm{Tr}{\displaystyle 𝑑𝒙\left(𝚷^2(𝒙)+𝑩_A^2(𝒙)\right)},`$
where the non-abelian magnetic field is $`𝑩=B_i=_jA_k_kA_j+g[A_j,A_k]`$, and its abelian part is represented by $`𝑩_A`$. The degrees of freedom are the transverse perturbative gluon field $`𝑨=𝑨^aT^a`$ ($`AA^{PT}`$), its conjugate momentum $`𝚷`$, and the quark field in the Coulomb gauge. The instantaneous interaction is given by

$`H_{inst}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle 𝑑𝒙𝑑𝒚\overline{\psi }(𝒙)\gamma _0T^a\psi (𝒙)V_{inst}(|𝒙𝒚|)\overline{\psi }(𝒚)\gamma _0T^a\psi (𝒚)},`$ (3)
where the leading order kernel is a Coulomb potential defined, together with its Fourier transform, by

$`V_{inst}(r)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{r}},V_{inst}(q)={\displaystyle \frac{g^2}{𝒒^2}},`$ (4)
with $`\alpha _s=g^2/4\pi `$. The dynamical interaction includes the minimal quark-gluon coupling, $`V_{qg}`$, and the non-abelian three- and four-gluon interactions, $`V_{gg}`$, i.e. $`H_{dyn}=V_{qg}+V_{gg}`$, where

$`V_{qg}`$ $`=`$ $`g{\displaystyle 𝑑𝒙\overline{\psi }(𝒙)𝜸𝑨(𝒙)\psi (𝒙)}`$
$`V_{gg}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Tr}{\displaystyle 𝑑𝒙\left(𝑩^2(𝒙)𝑩_A^2(𝒙)\right)}.`$ (5)
As mentioned in the introduction, at high quark densities diagrams including the non-abelian interactions are suppressed, henceforth $`V_{gg}`$ is not considered.

Following the work of Alford, Rajagopal and Wilczek, , we assume, due to quark interactions, the diquark condensation in scalar $`<\psi ^TC\gamma _5\psi >`$ and pseudoscalar $`<\psi ^TC\psi >`$ channels, or equivalently $`<bb>0`$ and $`<b^{}b^{}>0`$. In other words, perturbative vacuum $`|0`$ is not a ground state for the system, instead it is the BCS vacuum $`|\mathrm{\Omega }`$ containing condensates of diquarks. The Fock space is constructed from this vacuum using quasiparicle operators $`b^{}`$ and $`d^{}`$

$`\psi (𝒙)={\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{d𝒌}{(2\pi )^3}[u(𝒌,s)b(𝒌,s)+v(𝒌,s)d^{}(𝒌,s)]\mathrm{e}^{i𝒌𝒙}}`$
$`𝑨(𝒙)={\displaystyle \underset{a}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{d𝒌}{(2\pi )^3}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\omega (𝒌)}}[a(𝒌,a)+a^{}(𝒌,a)]\mathrm{e}^{i𝒌𝒙}}`$
$`𝚷(𝒙)=i{\displaystyle \underset{a}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{d𝒌}{(2\pi )^3}\sqrt{\frac{\omega (𝒌)}{2}}[a(𝒌,a)a^{}(𝒌,a)]\mathrm{e}^{i𝒌𝒙}},`$ (6)
where $`b|\mathrm{\Omega }=d|\mathrm{\Omega }=0`$, and the gluon part has trivial vacuum $`a|0=0`$ with $`\omega (𝒌)=|𝒌|`$. All descrete numbers (helicity, color, and flavor for the quarks and color for the gluons) are collectively denoted as $`s`$ and $`a`$, respectively. The gluon operators $`a=a^{IA}(𝒌)=_{\lambda =1,2}\epsilon ^I(𝒌,\lambda )a^A(𝒌,\lambda )`$ are transverse, i.e. $`𝒌a^A(𝒌)=0`$ and the polarization sum is $`D_{IJ}(𝒌)=_{\lambda =1,2}\epsilon _I(𝒌,\lambda )\epsilon _J(𝒌,\lambda )=\delta _{IJ}\widehat{k}_I\widehat{k}_J`$. In the massless basis, $`m=0`$, $`u(𝒌)=v(𝒌)=(L(𝒌),R(𝒌))`$ with the left Weyl spinor $`L(𝒌)=(\mathrm{sin}(\mathrm{\Theta }(𝒌)/2)\mathrm{exp}(i\varphi (𝒌)),\mathrm{cos}(\mathrm{\Theta }(𝒌)/2))`$.

Then, in the mean field approximation, the Hamiltonian Eq. (1) can be written in terms of creation/annihilation operators as

$`H`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d𝒌}{(2\pi )^3}(k\mu )b^{}(𝒌)_\alpha ^ib(𝒌)_\alpha ^i}+{\displaystyle \frac{d𝒌}{(2\pi )^3}(\mu k)b^{}(𝒌)_\alpha ^ib(𝒌)_\alpha ^i}`$ (7)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d𝒌}{(2\pi )^3}(k+\mu )d^{}(𝒌)_\alpha ^id(𝒌)_\alpha ^i}+{\displaystyle \frac{d𝒌}{(2\pi )^3}ka^{}(𝒌)a(𝒌)}`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d𝒑}{(2\pi )^3}\mathrm{\Delta }_{ij}^{\alpha \gamma }(𝒑)T_{\alpha \beta }^AT_{\gamma \delta }^A\mathrm{e}^{i\varphi (𝒑)}\left(b(𝒑)_\beta ^ib(𝒑)_\delta ^j+d^{}(𝒑)_\beta ^id^{}(𝒑)_\delta ^j\right)}+c.c.`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d𝒌}{(2\pi )^3}\frac{d𝒑}{(2\pi )^3}\frac{3}{4}W(𝒌,𝒑)\mathrm{e}^{i\varphi (𝒌)}\mathrm{e}^{i\varphi (𝒑)}}`$
$`\times `$ $`b^{}(𝒌)_\alpha ^iT_{\alpha \beta }^Ab(𝒑)_\beta ^ib^{}(𝒌)_\gamma ^jT_{\gamma \delta }^Ab(𝒑)_\delta ^j+\mathrm{}`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d𝒌}{(2\pi )^3}\frac{d𝒑}{(2\pi )^3}g(𝒌,𝒑,𝒌𝒑)}`$
$`\times `$ $`b^{}(𝒌)_\alpha ^iT_{\alpha \beta }^Ab(𝒑)_\beta ^i{\displaystyle \frac{a^{IA}(𝒌𝒑)}{2|𝒌𝒑|}}(u^{}(𝒌)\alpha ^Iu(𝒑))+\mathrm{},`$
we explicitly display color $`(\alpha ,\beta )`$, flavor $`(i,j)`$ and polarization $`I`$ indices. The first three terms describe kinetic energies of particles, holes and antipaticles, respectively. The diquark condensate $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and the effective quark-quark interaction $`W`$ are unknown parameters, and dots show that there are other possible terms which we ignored.

Color-superconducting condensate $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\alpha \gamma }^{ij}`$ is a $`N_c\times N_c`$ matrix in fundamental color space $`(\alpha ,\gamma =1,\mathrm{},N_c)`$, and a $`N_f\times N_f`$ matrix in flavor space $`(i,j=1,\mathrm{},N_f)`$. It can be parametrized for $`N_f=3`$ as

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\alpha \gamma }^{ij}(𝒑)=3\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\left[\mathrm{\Delta }_8(𝒑)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}\mathrm{\Delta }_1(𝒑)\right]\delta _\alpha ^i\delta _\gamma ^j+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}\mathrm{\Delta }_1(𝒑)\delta _\gamma ^i\delta _\alpha ^j\right),`$ (8)
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_8`$ are the gaps in the singlet and octet channels, respectively. We will also use the parametrization in terms of symmetric, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{(6,6)}`$, and anti-symmetric, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{(\overline{3},\overline{3})}`$, in color and flavor gap funtions, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\alpha \gamma }^{ij}=\mathrm{\Delta }_{(6,6)}(\delta _\alpha ^i\delta _\gamma ^j+\delta _\gamma ^i\delta _\alpha ^j)+\mathrm{\Delta }_{(\overline{3},\overline{3})}(\delta _\alpha ^i\delta _\gamma ^j\delta _\gamma ^i\delta _\alpha ^j)`$.The connection with the eigenvalue gaps is given by $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{(\overline{3},\overline{3})}=1/2(\mathrm{\Delta }_81/4\mathrm{\Delta }_1)`$, and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{(6,6)}=1/2(\mathrm{\Delta }_8+1/2\mathrm{\Delta }_1)`$.

Replacing color $`\alpha `$ and flavor $`i`$ indices with a single color-flavor index $`\rho `$, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\alpha \gamma }^{ij}`$ is diagonal in the CFL basis

$`b(𝒌)_\alpha ^i={\displaystyle \underset{\rho }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda _{i\alpha }^\rho }{\sqrt{2}}}b(𝒌)^\rho ,`$ (9)
where $`\lambda ^\rho `$ are the Gell-Mann matrices for $`\rho =1,\mathrm{},8`$ and $`\lambda _{i\alpha }^9=\sqrt{2/3}\delta _\alpha ^i`$ for $`\rho =9`$, and strictly speaking we should have used different letter notation for the CFL operators $`b^\rho `$. Then, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\alpha \gamma }^{ij}(𝒑)b(𝒑)_\beta ^ib(𝒑)_\delta ^jT_{\alpha \beta }^AT_{\gamma \delta }^A=1/2_\rho \mathrm{\Delta }_\rho (𝒑)b(𝒑)^\rho b(𝒑)^\rho `$, and the Hamiltonian Eq. (7) is given in the CFL basis by

$`H`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{𝒌,\rho }{}}|k\mu |b_\rho ^{}(𝒌)b_\rho (𝒌)+{\displaystyle \underset{𝒌,\rho }{}}(k+\mu )d_\rho ^{}(𝒌)d_\rho (𝒌)+{\displaystyle \underset{𝒌}{}}ka^{}(𝒌)a(𝒌)`$ (10)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{𝒑,\rho }{}}\mathrm{\Delta }_\rho (𝒑)\mathrm{e}^{i\varphi (𝒑)}\left(b_\rho (𝒑)b_\rho (𝒑)+d_\rho ^{}(𝒑)d_\rho ^{}(𝒑)\right)+c.c.`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}{\displaystyle \underset{𝒌,𝒑,\rho ,\rho ^{}}{}}W^{\rho \rho ^{}}(k,p){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\lambda _{i\alpha }^\rho \lambda _{j\gamma }^\rho {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\lambda _{i\beta }^\rho ^{}\lambda _{j\delta }^\rho ^{}T_{\alpha \beta }^AT_{\gamma \delta }^A\mathrm{e}^{i\varphi (𝒌)}\mathrm{e}^{i\varphi (𝒑)}`$
$`\times `$ $`b_\rho ^{}(𝒌)b_\rho ^{}(𝒑)b_\rho ^{}(𝒌)b_\rho ^{}(𝒑)+\mathrm{}`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{𝒌,𝒑,\rho ,\rho ^{}}{}}g^{\rho \rho ^{}}(𝒌,𝒑,𝒌𝒑){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\lambda _{i\alpha }^\rho T_{\alpha \beta }^A\lambda _{i\beta }^\rho ^{}`$
$`\times `$ $`b_\rho ^{}(𝒌)b_\rho ^{}(𝒑){\displaystyle \frac{a^{IA}(𝒌𝒑)}{2|𝒌𝒑|}}(u^{}(𝒌)\alpha ^Iu(𝒑))+\mathrm{}.`$
where we used notation $`_𝒌=𝑑𝒌/(2\pi )^3`$. As in , we change basis to creation/annihilation operators $`y`$ and $`z`$ for quasiparticles (quasiholes) and quasiantiparticles, respectively,

$`y_\rho (𝒌)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{cos}(\mathrm{\Theta }_\rho ^y(𝒌))b^\rho (𝒌)+\mathrm{sin}(\mathrm{\Theta }_\rho ^y(𝒌))\mathrm{exp}(i\xi _\rho ^y(𝒌))b_\rho ^{}(𝒌)`$
$`z_\rho (𝒌)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{cos}(\mathrm{\Theta }_\rho ^z(𝒌))b^\rho (𝒌)+\mathrm{sin}(\mathrm{\Theta }_\rho ^z(𝒌))\mathrm{exp}(i\xi _\rho ^z(𝒌))b_\rho ^{}(𝒌),`$ (11)
with $`y_\rho (𝒌)|0=z_\rho (𝒌)|0=0`$. In order to absorb the condensate term into a new free Hamiltonian, we choose  $`\mathrm{cos}(2\mathrm{\Theta }_\rho ^y(𝒌))=|k\mu |/E_\rho ^{()}(𝒌)`$, $`\mathrm{cos}(2\mathrm{\Theta }_\rho ^z(𝒌))=|k+\mu |/E_\rho ^{(+)}(𝒌)`$, and $`\mathrm{sin}(2\mathrm{\Theta }_\rho ^y(𝒌))=\mathrm{\Delta }_\rho (𝒌)/E_\rho ^{()}(𝒌)`$, $`\mathrm{sin}(2\mathrm{\Theta }_\rho ^z(𝒌))=\mathrm{\Delta }_\rho (𝒌)/E_\rho ^{(+)}(𝒌)`$; $`\xi _\rho ^y(𝒌)=\varphi (𝒌)+\pi `$, $`\xi _\rho ^z(𝒌)=\varphi (𝒌)`$. As the result of this transformation, a new free Hamiltonian is given by

$`\stackrel{~}{H}_0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{𝒌,\rho }{}}E_\rho ^{()}(𝒌)b_\rho ^{}(𝒌)b_\rho (𝒌)+{\displaystyle \underset{𝒌,\rho }{}}E_\rho ^{(+)}(𝒌)d_\rho ^{}(𝒌)d_\rho (𝒌)`$ (12)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{𝒌}{}}\omega (𝒌)a^{}(𝒌)a(𝒌),`$
where $`E_\rho ^{()}=\sqrt{(k\mu )^2+\mathrm{\Delta }_\rho (𝒌)^2}`$, $`E_\rho ^{(+)}=\sqrt{(k+\mu )^2+\mathrm{\Delta }_\rho (𝒌)^2}`$, and $`\omega (𝒌)=k`$. The effective Hamiltonian Eq. (10) is given by

$`H=\stackrel{~}{H}_0+V_{qq}+V_{qg},`$ (13)
with transformations of Eq. (11) made in the diquark interaction $`V_{qq}`$ and the quark-gluon coupling $`V_{qg}`$, which are the final two terms in Eq. (10). In the next section, our aim is to determine the unknown parameters of the effective Hamiltonian Eq. (13) using flow equations.

## 3 Flow equations

Flow equations are written for the unknown functions $`W^{\rho \rho ^{}},g^{\rho \rho ^{}},\mathrm{\Delta }_\rho `$ of the effective Hamiltonian Eq. (13). Calculations are performed using $`y,z`$ variables and the vacuum $`|0`$. Similar calculations have been done in . The first order flow equations $`dV_{qg}/dl=[\eta ,\stackrel{~}{H}_0]`$, $`\eta =[\stackrel{~}{H}_0,V_{qg}]`$ eliminate the quark-gluon coupling $`V_{qg}`$. The generator of the transformation is given by

$`\eta `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{𝒌,𝒑,\rho ,\rho ^{}}{}}\eta ^{\rho \rho ^{}}(𝒌,𝒑,𝒌𝒑){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\lambda _{i\alpha }^\rho T_{\alpha \beta }^A\lambda _{i\beta }^\rho ^{}`$ (14)
$`\times `$ $`b_\rho ^{}(𝒌)b_\rho ^{}(𝒑){\displaystyle \frac{a^{IA}(𝒌𝒑)}{2|𝒌𝒑|}}(u^{}(𝒌)\alpha ^Iu(𝒑)),`$
then for the generator $`\eta ^{\rho \rho ^{}}`$ and coupling $`g^{\rho \rho ^{}}`$ functions flow equations are written as

$`{\displaystyle \frac{dg^{\rho \rho ^{}}}{dl}}`$ $`=`$ $`(E_\rho (𝒌)E_\rho ^{}(𝒑)\omega (𝒌𝒑))^2g^{\rho \rho ^{}}`$
$`\eta ^{\rho \rho ^{}}`$ $`=`$ $`(E_\rho (𝒌)E_\rho ^{}(𝒑)\omega (𝒌𝒑))g^{\rho \rho ^{}}.`$ (15)
The solution of Eq. (15) reads

$`g^{\rho \rho ^{}}(l)`$ $`=`$ $`g(0)\mathrm{exp}\left((E_\rho (𝒌)E_\rho ^{}(𝒑)\omega (𝒌𝒑))^2l\right),`$ (16)
where $`g(0)=g`$ is the bare coupling constant. As $`l\mathrm{}`$ the coupling is eliminated as long as the states in the exponent are not degenerate.

Using the generator Eq. (14) and the quark-gluon coupling Eq. (10), we write the second order flow equations for the effective quark-quark interaction, $`dV_{qq}/dl=[\eta ,V_{qg}]_{twobody}`$, and for the diquark self-energy, $`d\mathrm{\Sigma }_q/dl=[\eta ,V_{qg}]_{onebody}`$. Flow equation for the diquark interaction is given by

$`{\displaystyle \frac{dV_{qq}}{dl}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{𝒌,𝒑,\rho rho^{}}{}}b_\rho ^{}(𝒌)b_\rho ^{}(𝒌)b_\rho ^{}(𝒑)b_\rho ^{}(𝒑){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\lambda _{i\alpha }^\rho \lambda _{j\gamma }^\rho {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\lambda _{i\beta }^\rho ^{}\lambda _{j\delta }^\rho ^{}T_{\alpha \beta }^AT_{\gamma \delta }^A`$
$`(u^{}(𝒌)\alpha ^Iu(𝒑))(u^{}(𝒌)\alpha ^Ju(\mathbf{}𝒑)){\displaystyle \frac{D_{IJ}(𝒌𝒑)}{2\omega (𝒌𝒑)}}`$
$`\left(\eta ^{\rho \rho ^{}}(𝒌,𝒑,𝒌𝒑)g^{\rho ^{}\rho }(𝒑,𝒌,𝒌𝒑)+\eta ^{\rho ^{}\rho }(𝒑,𝒌,𝒌𝒑)g^{\rho \rho ^{}}(𝒌,𝒑,𝒌𝒑)\right).`$
Integrating the flow equation Eq. (3) over $`l=[0,\mathrm{})`$, with the final value $`V_{qq}=V_{qq}(l=\mathrm{})`$, and adding the instantaneous interaction Eq. (3), we get

$`V_{qq}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{𝒌,𝒑,\rho ,\rho ^{}}{}}b_\rho ^{}(𝒌)b_\rho ^{}(𝒌)b_\rho ^{}(𝒑)b_\rho ^{}(𝒑){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\lambda _{i\alpha }^\rho \lambda _{j\gamma }^\rho {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\lambda _{i\beta }^\rho ^{}\lambda _{j\delta }^\rho ^{}T_{\alpha \beta }^AT_{\gamma \delta }^A`$ (18)
$`(V^{\rho \rho ^{}}(𝒌,𝒑)(u^{}(𝒌)\alpha ^Iu(𝒑))(u^{}(𝒌)\alpha ^Ju(\mathbf{}𝒑))D_{IJ}(𝒌𝒑)`$
$`+V^{}(𝒌,𝒑)(u^{}(𝒌)u(𝒑))(u^{}(𝒌)u(\mathbf{}𝒑))),`$
with

$`V^{\rho \rho ^{}}(𝒌,𝒑)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g^2}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(E^\rho (𝒌)E^\rho ^{}(𝒑))^2+\omega _M(𝒌𝒑)^2}}`$
$`V(𝒌,𝒑)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g^2}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega _E(𝒌𝒑)^2}},`$ (19)
where we have used solutions for $`\eta ^{\rho \rho ^{}}`$ and $`g^{\rho \rho ^{}}`$, Eqs. (15,16). Energies for magnetic and electric gluons, $`\omega _M`$ and $`\omega _E`$ respectively, are specified further. Keeping only left-left components, matrix elements are given by

$`(u^{}(𝒌)\alpha ^Iu(𝒑))(u^{}(𝒌)\alpha ^Ju(\mathbf{}𝒑))D_{IJ}(𝒌𝒑)=`$
$`(1)\mathrm{e}^{i\varphi (𝒑)}\mathrm{e}^{i\varphi (𝒌)}\left({\displaystyle \frac{3\widehat{k}\widehat{p}}{2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1\widehat{k}\widehat{p}}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(k+p)^2}{(𝒌𝒑)^2}}\right)`$
$`(u^{}(𝒌)u(𝒑))(u^{}(𝒌)u(\mathbf{}𝒑))=(1)\mathrm{e}^{i\varphi (𝒑)}\mathrm{e}^{i\varphi (𝒌)}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1+\widehat{k}\widehat{p}}{2}}\right),`$ (20)
where we used Fierz transform $`(\overline{u}(𝒌)O^Au(𝒑))(\overline{u}(𝒌)O^Bu(𝒑))=ϵ_{CD}f_{CD}^{AB}(\overline{u}_C(𝒑)O^Cu(𝒑))(\overline{u}(𝒌)O^Du_C(𝒌))`$, where $`ϵ=1`$ for $`O^A,O^B=\gamma ^\mu `$, and $`C\overline{u}^T=u_C`$, $`u^TC=\overline{u}_C`$. For the above matrix elements the coefficients $`f`$ in Fierz transform $`O^A\times O^BO^C\times O^D`$ are given by $`\gamma _0\times \gamma _01/4(1\times 1\gamma _5\times \gamma _5)+1/4\sigma _{\mu \nu }\times \sigma ^{\mu \nu }`$, and $`\gamma _i\times \gamma ^j\delta _i^j1/4(1\times 1\gamma _5\times \gamma _5)+\delta _i^j1/4\sigma _{\mu \nu }\times \sigma ^{\mu \nu }+1/4(\sigma _{i\mu }\times \sigma ^{j\mu }+\sigma _{\mu i}\times \sigma ^{\mu j}\sigma _{i\mu }\times \sigma ^{\mu j}\sigma _{\mu i}\times \sigma ^{j\mu })`$, where $`\mu ,\nu =(0,i=1,2,3)`$, $`\sigma _{\mu \nu }=1/2[\gamma _\mu ,\gamma _\nu ]`$. The diquark condensates are $`1\times 1`$-pseudoscalar $`(\overline{u}_Cu)`$, $`\gamma _5\times \gamma _5`$-scalar $`(\overline{u}_C\gamma u)`$, and $`\sigma _{\mu \nu }\times \sigma ^{\mu \nu }`$-vector $`(\overline{u}_C\sigma _{\mu \nu }u)`$. Performing algebra with $`\lambda `$-matrices in Eq. (18), we get

$`V_{qq}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{𝒌,𝒑}{}}(1)\mathrm{e}^{i\varphi (𝒑)}\mathrm{e}^{i\varphi (𝒌)}`$ (21)
$`(b_8^{}(𝒌)b_8^{}(𝒌)b_1(𝒑)b_1(𝒑)F^{81}(𝒌,𝒑)+b_1^{}(𝒌)b_1^{}(𝒌)b_8(𝒑)b_8(𝒑)F^{18}(𝒌,𝒑)`$
$``$ $`b_8^{}(𝒌)b_8^{}(𝒌)b_8(𝒑)b_8(𝒑)2F^{88}(𝒌,𝒑)),`$
where we introduced

$`F^{\rho \rho ^{}}=V_{dyn}^{\rho \rho ^{}}(𝒌,𝒑)\left({\displaystyle \frac{3\widehat{k}\widehat{p}}{2}}\right)+V_{inst}(𝒌,𝒑)\left({\displaystyle \frac{1+\widehat{k}\widehat{p}}{2}}\right),`$ (22)
and

$`V_{dyn}^{\rho \rho ^{}}(𝒌,𝒑)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2g^2}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(E^\rho (𝒌)E^\rho ^{}(𝒑))^2+\omega _M(𝒌𝒑)^2}}`$
$`V_{inst}(𝒌,𝒑)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2g^2}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega _E(𝒌𝒑)^2}}.`$ (23)
Dynamically generated by flow equations interaction describes magnetic gluon exchange, and the instantaneous interaction -electric gluon exchange. Comparing Eq. (21) with Eq. (10) for $`V_{qq}`$, the effective quark-quark interaction is given by

$`W^{\rho \rho ^{}}(𝒌,𝒑)`$ $`=`$ $`F^{\rho \rho ^{}}(𝒌,𝒑)=V_{dyn}^{\rho \rho ^{}}(𝒌,𝒑)V_{inst}^{\rho \rho ^{}}(𝒌,𝒑),`$ (24)
in the collinear limit $`\widehat{k}\widehat{p}=1`$. This interaction is attractive in the singlet and octet channels. Note that $`W^{11}=0`$, and condensation in singlet channel is driven by $`W^{81}`$.

Dynamical magnetic interaction, Eq. (23), has the form $`1/(𝒒^2+\delta E^2)`$ instead of $`1/(𝒒^2\delta E^2)`$, that is produced by the equal time perturbation theory, where $`\delta E`$ is the enegry difference of in- and out-going quarks. The latter has the pole,therefore usually $`\delta E`$ is neglected near the Fermi surface. Our interaction is regular, and $`\delta E`$ will play an important role.

In order to incorporate effects of the dense quark medium, we include polarization operators for electric and magnetic gluons, modifying the gluon single energy as done in the work of Pisarski and Rischke

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega _M(𝒌𝒑)^2}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}({\displaystyle \frac{(𝒌𝒑)^4}{(𝒌𝒑)^6+M^4(E(𝒌)+E(𝒑))^2)}}`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(𝒌𝒑)^4}{(𝒌𝒑)^6+M^4(E(𝒌)E(𝒑))^2)}})`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega _E(𝒌𝒑)^2}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(𝒌𝒑)^2+3m_g^2}},`$ (25)
where $`M^2=(3\pi /4)m_g^2`$, $`m_g^2=N_fg^2\mu ^2/(6\pi )^2`$. Eq. (25) is used in the complete diquark interaction Eq. (23).

Quark self-energy has $`b^{}b`$ and $`bb+b^{}b^{}`$ components associated with normal and anomalous propagation, respectively. For the anomalous propagation self-energy the flow equation is given by

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d\mathrm{\Sigma }_{qq}}{dl}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{𝒌,𝒑,\rho ,\rho ^{}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\lambda _{i\alpha }^\rho \lambda _{j\gamma }^\rho {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\lambda _{i\beta }^\rho ^{}\lambda _{j\delta }^\rho ^{}T_{\alpha \beta }^AT_{\gamma \delta }^A`$ (26)
$`\left(<b_\rho ^{}(𝒌)b_\rho ^{}(𝒌)>b_\rho ^{}(𝒑)b_\rho ^{}(𝒑)+<b_\rho ^{}(𝒑)b_\rho ^{}(𝒑)>b_\rho ^{}(𝒌)b_\rho ^{}(𝒌)\right)`$
$`(u^{}(𝒌)\alpha ^Iu(𝒑))(u^{}(𝒌)\alpha ^Ju(\mathbf{}𝒑)){\displaystyle \frac{D_{IJ}(𝒌𝒑)}{2\omega (𝒌𝒑)}}`$
$`\left(\eta ^{\rho \rho ^{}}(𝒌,𝒑,𝒌𝒑)g^{\rho ^{}\rho }(𝒑,𝒌,𝒌𝒑)+\eta ^{\rho ^{}\rho }(𝒑,𝒌,𝒌𝒑)g^{\rho \rho ^{}}(𝒌,𝒑,𝒌𝒑)\right)`$
$`+`$ $`(Terms<dd>,<d^{}d^{}>).`$
We neglect the contribution of antiparticles, since it is regular near the Fermi surface, $`<dd>\mathrm{sin}(2\mathrm{\Theta }^z)\mathrm{\Delta }/2\mu `$, and does not change much the condensate of particles. The anomalous propagator for particles is given by

$`<b_\rho ^{}(𝒌)b_\rho ^{}^{}(𝒌)>`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{sin}(2\mathrm{\Theta }_\rho (𝒌))\mathrm{exp}(i\xi _\rho (𝒌)),`$ (27)
where the average is calculated in $`|0`$ vacuum.

Integrating over $`l=[0,1/\lambda ^2]`$, where $`\lambda `$ is the UV cut-off, and adding the self-energy instantaneous term comming from normal-ordering Eq. (3) in the $`|0`$ vacuum, we get

$`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{qq}(\lambda )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{𝒌,𝒑,\rho ,\rho ^{}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\lambda _{i\alpha }^\rho \lambda _{j\gamma }^\rho {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\lambda _{i\beta }^\rho ^{}\lambda _{j\delta }^\rho ^{}T_{\alpha \beta }^AT_{\gamma \delta }^A<b_\rho ^{}(𝒌)b_\rho ^{}(𝒌)>b_\rho ^{}(𝒑)b_\rho ^{}(𝒑)`$ (28)
$`(V^{\rho \rho ^{}}(𝒌,𝒑)(u^{}(𝒌)\alpha ^Iu(𝒑))(u^{}(𝒌)\alpha ^Ju(\mathbf{}𝒑))D_{IJ}(𝒌𝒑)`$
$`+V^{}(𝒌,𝒑)(u^{}(𝒌)u(𝒑))(u^{}(𝒌)u(\mathbf{}𝒑)))R^{\rho \rho ^{}}(𝒌,𝒑;\lambda )+c.c.,`$
where $`V^{\rho ,\rho ^{}}`$ and $`V`$ are given in Eq. (19), and the the UV regulator is given by

$`R^{\rho \rho ^{}}(𝒌,𝒑;\lambda )`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}\left([(E^\rho (𝒌)E^\rho ^{}(𝒑))^2+\omega _M(𝒌𝒑)^2]/\lambda ^2\right),`$ (29)
Change in sign appear due to adopting conventional scaling up as in the perturbation theory, instead of scaling down in flow equations. Performing calculations with $`\lambda `$-matrices, we have

$`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{qq}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{𝒌,𝒑}{}}(1)\mathrm{e}^{i\varphi (𝒑)}\mathrm{e}^{i\varphi (𝒌)}(b_1(𝒑)b_1(𝒑)<b_8^{}(𝒌)b_8^{}(𝒌)>F^{81}(𝒌,𝒑)`$ (30)
$`+b_8(𝒑)b_8(𝒑)[<b_1^{}(𝒌)b_1^{}(𝒌)>F^{18}(𝒌,𝒑)<b_8^{}(𝒌)b_8^{}(𝒌)>2F^{88}(𝒌,𝒑)])`$
$`\times `$ $`R^{\rho \rho ^{}}(𝒌,𝒑;\lambda )+c.c..`$
Comparing Eq. (30) with Eq. (10) for the gap functions, we obtain the system of gap equations

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_1(𝒑)`$ $`=`$ $`8G^{81}(𝒑)`$
$`\mathrm{\Delta }_8(𝒑)`$ $`=`$ $`G^{18}(𝒑)2G^{88}(𝒑),`$ (31)
where

$`G^{\rho \rho ^{}}(𝒑)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle \frac{d𝒌}{(2\pi )^3}\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{sin}(2\mathrm{\Theta }_\rho (𝒌))F^{\rho \rho ^{}}(𝒌,𝒑)R^{\rho \rho ^{}}(𝒌,𝒑;\lambda )},`$ (32)
with $`F^{\rho \rho ^{}}`$ is given by Eq. (22), and $`R^{\rho \rho ^{}}`$ by Eq. (29).

## 4 Solving the system of gap equations

We solve approximately the system of gap equations Eq. (31) in two limiting cases of the Pipperd and London type superconductor. Magnetic interaction Eq. (23) is regulated by the term generated by flow equations, with dispersion $`qE`$, and by the magnetic gluon polarization operator, Eq. (25), with dispersion $`qE^{1/3}`$. When the first term dominates, superconductor is of London type, the second term-Pipperd type.

We take instead of the smooth regulator $`R`$, Eq. (29), a sharp cut-off, $`|k\mu |\delta `$. Near the Fermi surface the integration measure is given by $`𝑑𝒌=2\pi \mu ^2_\delta ^\delta d(k\mu )_1^1d\mathrm{cos}\theta `$, and since the integral is even in $`(k\mu )`$ one has $`_\delta ^\delta 2_0^\delta `$. In the denominator of $`F`$, Eq. (22), we approximate $`(𝒌𝒑)^2=2\mu ^2(1\mathrm{cos}\theta )`$.

Performing the $`\theta `$-integration, we get for the Pipperd superconductor:

$`G^{\rho \rho ^{}}(𝒑)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\overline{g}^2{\displaystyle _0^\delta }{\displaystyle \frac{d(k\mu )}{E_\rho (𝒌)}}\mathrm{\Delta }_\rho (𝒌){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{b^2\mu ^2}{|E(𝒌)^2E(𝒑)^2|}}\right),`$ (33)
where

$`\overline{g}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g}{3\sqrt{2}\pi }};b_M=32\pi \left({\displaystyle \frac{2}{N_fg^2}}\right),b_{M+E}=256\pi ^4\left({\displaystyle \frac{2}{N_fg^2}}\right)^{5/2},`$ (34)
and superscript $`M`$ and $`M+E`$ means that only magnetic or magnetic and electric components are taken. For the London superconductor:

$`G^{\rho \rho ^{}}(𝒑)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\overline{g}^2{\displaystyle _0^\delta }{\displaystyle \frac{d(k\mu )}{E_\rho (𝒌)}}\mathrm{\Delta }_\rho (𝒌){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{b^2\mu ^2}{(E_\rho (𝒌)E_\rho ^{}(𝒑))^2}}\right),`$ (35)
where

$`\overline{g}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g}{\sqrt{6}\pi }};b_M=2,b_{M+E}=4\pi \left({\displaystyle \frac{2}{N_fg^2}}\right)^{1/2}.`$ (36)
Substituting $`G^{\rho \rho ^{}}`$ Eqs. (33,35) into Eq. (31), we have the system of Eliashberg type of equations. Different effective coupling $`\overline{g}`$ is obtained because of different dispersion law in the two cases. The coupling $`\overline{g}`$ defines the exponent of the solution for the gap $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and $`b`$ the preexponential factor.

If we are interested only in the correct exponential dependence, we can neglect $`\rho `$ dependence by the quark energies in the anomalous quark propagator ($`\mathrm{sin}`$ factor in G) and in the gluon propagator (under the $`\mathrm{ln}`$). Indeed, when estimating the momentum-independent gap, double logarithm arises from the region $`\mathrm{\Delta }k\mu `$ where the integral reduces to

$`\mathrm{\Delta }\overline{g}^2{\displaystyle _\mathrm{\Delta }^\delta }{\displaystyle \frac{d(k\mu )}{(k\mu )}}\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{b\mu }{|k\mu |}}\right)\mathrm{\Delta },`$ (37)
with the solution $`\mathrm{\Delta }b\mu \mathrm{exp}(\sqrt{2}/\overline{g})`$; i.e. double logarithm responsible for the exponential solution does not depend on the quark energies. To calculate the preexponential factor correctly, one should make the rescaling in the integral as suggested by Schäfer .

In order to convert the integral gap equation into differential one, we split the logarithm in $`G^{\rho \rho ^{}}`$ as suggested by Son

$`\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{b\mu }{E(𝒑)}}\right)\theta (pk)+\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{b\mu }{E(𝒌)}}\right)\theta (kp),`$ (38)
that gives the same expression in two cases, Eq. (33) and Eq. (35). Coupled gap equations Eq. (31) decouple for the antitriplet and sixtet in color and flavor gaps, introduced after Eq. (8),

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{(\overline{3},\overline{3})}(𝒑)`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{g}^2\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{b\mu }{E(𝒑)}}\right){\displaystyle _0^{(p\mu )}}{\displaystyle \frac{d(k\mu )}{E(𝒌)}}\mathrm{\Delta }_{(\overline{3},\overline{3})}(𝒌)`$
$`+`$ $`\overline{g}^2{\displaystyle _{(p\mu )}^\delta }{\displaystyle \frac{d(k\mu )}{E(𝒌)}}\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{b\mu }{E(𝒌)}}\right)\mathrm{\Delta }_{(\overline{3},\overline{3})}(𝒌)`$
$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{(6,6)}(𝒑)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{g}^2}{2}}\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{b\mu }{E(𝒑)}}\right){\displaystyle _0^{(p\mu )}}{\displaystyle \frac{d(k\mu )}{E(𝒌)}}\mathrm{\Delta }_{(6,6)}(𝒌)`$ (39)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{g}^2}{2}}{\displaystyle _{(p\mu )}^\delta }{\displaystyle \frac{d(k\mu )}{E(𝒌)}}\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{b\mu }{E(𝒌)}}\right)\mathrm{\Delta }_{(6,6)}(𝒌).`$
Introducing the variable, as by Pisarski and Rischke ,

$`x`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{2b\mu }{p\mu +E(𝒑)}}\right),`$ (40)
the integratiom measure is given by $`d(k\mu )/E(𝒌)=dx/x`$, and the integral equations, Eq. (39), reduce to differential equations

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d^2}{dx^2}}\mathrm{\Delta }_{(\overline{3},\overline{3})}+\overline{g}^2\mathrm{\Delta }_{(\overline{3},\overline{3})}`$ $`=`$ $`0`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{d^2}{dx^2}}\mathrm{\Delta }_{(6,6)}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{g}^2}{2}}\mathrm{\Delta }_{(6,6)}`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (41)
with initial conditions at the Fermi surface $`d\mathrm{\Delta }/dx(x=x_0)=0`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }(x=x_0)=\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$; also away from the Fermi surface $`\mathrm{\Delta }(x=0)=0`$. The negative sign in the second equation means the repulsion in the sixtet channel. As function of momentum there is a trivial solution in the sixtet channel. In the antitriplet channel, the solution reads

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{(\overline{3},\overline{3})}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{sin}(\overline{g}x),\mathrm{\Delta }_0=2b\mu \mathrm{exp}({\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{2\overline{g}}}),`$ (42)
where $`\overline{g}`$ and $`b`$ are given in Eqs. (34,36).

## 5 Conclusions

Using flow equations, we derived an effective quark-quark interaction and obtained the coupled set of gap equations for the condensates of the CFL phase of massless $`N_f=3`$ dense QCD. Diquark interaction, generated dynamically by flow equations, is a long-range magnetic gluon exchange regulated by two different sources in the infrared region. One term describes the retardation effects of a magnetic gluon caused by Landau damping in dense quark-gluon plasma (normal phase). At small temperature, far below the melting of superconducting condensate $`TT_0`$, Landau damping is the dominant mechanism in the infrared, that corresponds to the Pipperd type of superconductor. The other term describes retardation due to propagating of a magnetic gluon in a superconducting matter, i.e. through the multiple scattering of a gluon at diquark Cooper pairs. This mechanism is dominant at temperatures close to a melting point of superconducting condensate, $`TT_0T_0`$, and corresponds to the London type of superconductor.

We obtain approximate analytical solutions of the gap equations in these two limiting cases. The dominant contribution to the condensate comes in the color antitriplet, flavor antitriplet channel. The color sextet, flavor sextet contribution is small but non-zero. In the color and flavor antisymmetric channel, we obtain parametric enhacement of the London type condensate

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{exp}(\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{g}}),`$ (43)
versus the Pipperd type condensate

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_0\mathrm{exp}({\displaystyle \frac{3}{\sqrt{2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{g}}).`$ (44)
The same conclusion holds for $`N_f=2`$. Numerically, the $`(\overline{3},\overline{3})`$ codensates are almost the same for the London and Pipperd type 2SC superconductors, $`N_f=2`$. However, the condensate of the London type superconductor is sufficiently larger than of the Pipperd superconductor in the CFL phase, $`N_f=3`$. This has important implications, which regime is energetically favorable and will actually be realized in neutron stars.

Independence of the gap on number of flavors for magnetic field and slow dependence on $`N_f`$ for the sum of magnetic and electric fields in London type superconductors works in favor that the CFL phase will be observed in neutron stars, and that there is no window for the 2SC phase .

Our calculations have been done at zero temperature. Rigorous calculations of the condensates which include calculations of the penetration depth of magnetic field and coherence length at non-zero temperature are necessary. Qualitatively it will not affect our results, since our conclusions rely on similar trends known in metal superconductors, which are derived from Landau-Ginzburg theory and are proven experimentally .

We included all possible condensates, $`<qCq>`$, $`<qC\gamma _5q>`$ and $`<qC\sigma _{\mu \nu }q>`$, which do not mix left and right components, that accounted for the angle dependence in the gap equations. It is interesting to add the instanton-induced ’t Hooft interaction and to consider simultaneously the chiral condensation in $`\overline{q}q`$ channel. Generalization to a non-zero strange quark mass, and adding kaon condensates is important for neutron star phenomenology.


text:
# Introduction

## Introduction

Understanding how the nuclei are react with other nuclei is one of the fundamental goals of nuclear physics. Elastic and inelastic nucleus-nucleus scattering has been studied for years to extract information on the nuclear structure and different aspects of the nuclear reactions. The other interesting topic is a manifestation of the quarks in the reactions. In high energy interactions quarks and gluons received high transverse momentum are observed as jets of hadrons. At lower energies the jet production cross section becomes extraordinary small, and the jets have not been registered at experimental studies until now. At the same time it is known that reactions with participation of the $`{}_{}{}^{4}He`$ nucleus can not be described quite well within the framework of standard nuclear physics. In paper by L.G.Dakno and N.N.Nikolaev  it was assumed and shown that $`12\%`$ admixture of twelve quark bag configuration in the ground state wave function of the $`{}_{}{}^{4}He`$ nucleus allows one to understand the irregularities of proton -$`{}_{}{}^{4}He`$ elastic scattering at high energies. We returned to the hypothesis in our previous paper , and have shown that it really gives an opportunity to describe $`p{}_{}{}^{4}He`$-scattering in a wide energy range. In present paper we continue our study, and consider $`d{}_{}{}^{4}He`$ elastic scattering.

Experimental data on the $`d{}_{}{}^{4}He`$ elastic scattering at the laboratory momentum of 19.8 GeV/c were presented in Ref. . They were analyzed in the framework of the Glauber theory . The key quantities of the theory are characteristics of $`NN`$ elastic scattering amplitude and parametrization of the ground state wave function of the $`{}_{}{}^{4}He`$ nucleus. In Ref.  it was chosen the simplest gaussian parametrization of the wave function. The $`NN`$ characteristics were considered as the fitting parameters. As a result, all of these hid a big discrepancy between the experimental data and calculations with real parameters. We show it in the next Sec. where the main technical details of our calculations are given. Inclusion of the twelve quark bag state of the $`{}_{}{}^{4}He`$ nucleus in the calculation scheme and manifestation of the state in the elastic scattering is considered in Sec. 2. In the last Sec. we summarize our results.

## 1 Calculation of $`d{}_{}{}^{4}He`$ elastic cross section

The Glauber amplitude of nucleus-nucleus scattering has a form :

$$F_{AB}(\stackrel{}{q})=\frac{ip}{2\pi }d^2be^{i\stackrel{}{q}\stackrel{}{b}}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\stackrel{}{b}\right),$$
(1)
$$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\stackrel{}{b}\right)=\psi _A^f\psi _B^f|1\underset{j=1}{\overset{A}{}}\underset{k=1}{\overset{B}{}}\left(1\gamma (\stackrel{}{b}\stackrel{}{s}_j+\stackrel{}{\tau }_k)\right)|\psi _A^i\psi _B^i,$$
(2)
where $`\stackrel{}{b}`$ is the impact parameter, $`p`$ is the momentum of the projectile nucleus, $`\psi _A^i,\psi _B^i`$ and $`\psi _A^f,\psi _B^f`$ are the initial and final states wave functions of the projectile and the target nucleus, respectively, $`\gamma `$ is the $`NN`$ elastic scattering amplitude in the impact parameter representation. In high energy physics it is often parametrized as:

$$\gamma (\stackrel{}{b})=\beta e^{\stackrel{}{b}^2/2B_{NN}},$$
(3)
where $`\beta =\sigma _{NN}^{tot}\left(1i\alpha _{NN}\right)/\left(4\pi B_{NN}\right)`$, $`\sigma _{NN}^{tot}`$ is the $`NN`$ total cross section, $`B_{NN}`$ is the slope parameter of the $`NN`$ differential elastic cross section at zero momentum transfer, $`\alpha _{NN}`$ – the ratio of the real to imaginary parts of the $`NN`$ elastic scattering amplitude at zero momentum transfer.

The elastic nucleus-nucleus differential cross section is determined as

$$\frac{d\sigma }{d\mathrm{\Omega }}=\left|F_{AB}\right|^2.$$
(4)
To take into account all terms of the expansion of the product in Eq. (2), one can represent each term like that shown in the Fig. 1, where the circles correspond to the interacting nuclei, the black and white points – to the nucleons, the solid lines – to the interactions between nucleons.

Using the diagrams, one can calculate how many the diagrams of whatever type are. It is pure combinatorical problem which can be solved with a help of the graph theory. In the graph theory the diagrams of the Fig. 1 are called bi-colored labelled graphs. This graphs can be represented with the help of an adjacency matrix. The adjacency matrix $`\underset{¯}{\underset{¯}{D}}=\left[d_{ij}\right]`$ of a labelled graph $`G`$ is a matrix of order $`A\times B`$ in which $`d_{ij}=1`$ if points $`i`$ and $`j`$ are adjacent (are connected with a line) and $`d_{ij}=0`$ in other case. By the other way, the graph can be represented by the set of crossing points of A horizontal and B vertical lines with dark circles in the places corresponding to the elements $`d_{ij}=1`$. This representation is called net graph representation. We will refer to the net graphs as the scattering diagrams.

Each term in the expansion of Eq. (2) has a form

$$\psi _A^f\psi _B^f|\underset{(j,k)}{}\left(\gamma (\stackrel{}{b}\stackrel{}{s}_j+\stackrel{}{\tau }_k)\right)|\psi _A^i\psi _B^i,$$
(5)
$$(j,k)M\{I_A\}\{I_B\}$$

$$\{I_A\}=(1,2,3,\mathrm{},A),\{I_B\}=(1,2,3,\mathrm{},B).$$

Because it can be represented by a graph $`G`$ or by the corresponding matrix $`\underset{¯}{\underset{¯}{D}}`$ we will consider the term as a graph function $`\text{g}(\underset{¯}{\underset{¯}{D}})`$. The scattering amplitude $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{AB}`$ now can be re-written as

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{}{b})=\underset{\mu }{}H_\mu \text{g}\left(\underset{¯}{\underset{¯}{D_\mu }}\right),$$
(6)
where summation runs on the set of all nonisomorphic graphs. From the graph theory we have that the combinatorial coefficient at the function of graph $`G_\mu `$ with $`l`$components, $`k_1`$belonging to one class of isomorphism, $`k_2`$ to another class, etc., ($`l=k_1+k_2+\mathrm{}+k_j`$) is equal to

$`H_\mu `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{A!}{(m_1!)^{k_1}(m_2!)^{k_2}\mathrm{}(m_j!)^{k_j}(A_{i=1}^jm_ik_i)!}}\times `$ (7)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{B!}{(n_1!)^{k_1}(n_2!)^{k_2}\mathrm{}(n_j!)^{k_j}(B_{i=1}^jn_ik_i)!}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{j}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m_i!n_i!}{\text{s}(G_i)}}\right),`$
where $`m_i`$ and $`n_i`$ are the numbers of the points of the sets $`A`$ and $`B`$, respectively, in the component belonging to the i-th class of isomorphism, and $`\text{s}(G_i)`$ is the number of symmetries of this component.

In the case of the elastic $`d{}_{}{}^{4}He`$ scattering the $`\underset{¯}{\underset{¯}{D}}`$’s matrices will be

$$\begin{array}{ccccc}\left(\begin{array}{cccc}1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)& \left(\begin{array}{cccc}1& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)& \left(\begin{array}{cccc}1& 0& 0& 0\\ 1& 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)& \left(\begin{array}{cccc}1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0\end{array}\right)& \left(\begin{array}{cccc}1& 1& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\\ H_1=8& H_2=12& H_3=4& H_4=12& H_5=8\\ \left(\begin{array}{cccc}1& 1& 0& 0\\ 1& 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)& \left(\begin{array}{cccc}1& 0& 0& 0\\ 1& 0& 1& 0\end{array}\right)& \left(\begin{array}{cccc}1& 1& 1& 1\\ 0& 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)& \left(\begin{array}{cccc}1& 1& 1& 0\\ 1& 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)& \left(\begin{array}{cccc}1& 1& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right)\\ H_6=24& H_7=24& H_8=2& H_9=24& H_{10}=8\\ \left(\begin{array}{cccc}1& 1& 0& 0\\ 1& 1& 0& 0\end{array}\right)& \left(\begin{array}{cccc}1& 1& 0& 0\\ 1& 0& 1& 0\end{array}\right)& \left(\begin{array}{cccc}1& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 1\end{array}\right)& \left(\begin{array}{cccc}0& 0& 0& 1\\ 1& 1& 1& 1\end{array}\right)& \left(\begin{array}{cccc}0& 0& 1& 1\\ 0& 1& 1& 1\end{array}\right)\\ H_{11}=6& H_{12}=24& H_{13}=6& H_{14}=8& H_{15}=24\\ \left(\begin{array}{cccc}0& 0& 1& 1\\ 1& 1& 0& 1\end{array}\right)& \left(\begin{array}{cccc}0& 1& 1& 1\\ 1& 0& 1& 1\end{array}\right)& \left(\begin{array}{cccc}0& 1& 1& 1\\ 0& 1& 1& 1\end{array}\right)& \left(\begin{array}{cccc}0& 0& 1& 1\\ 1& 1& 1& 1\end{array}\right)& \left(\begin{array}{cccc}0& 1& 1& 1\\ 1& 1& 1& 1\end{array}\right)\\ H_{16}=24& H_{17}=12& H_{18}=4& H_{19}=12& H_{20}=8\\ \left(\begin{array}{cccc}1& 1& 1& 1\\ 1& 1& 1& 1\end{array}\right)& & & & \\ H_{21}=1& & & & \end{array}$$

At $`A=2`$ and $`B=4`$ the amplitude $`F_{AB}`$ given by Eq. (1) is

$$F_{24}(\stackrel{}{q})=\frac{ip}{2\pi }d^2be^{i\stackrel{}{q}\stackrel{}{b}}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\stackrel{}{b}\right),$$
(8)
$$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\stackrel{}{b}\right)=\psi _d^i\psi _{He}^i|1\underset{j=1}{\overset{2}{}}\underset{k=1}{\overset{4}{}}\left(1\gamma (\stackrel{}{b}\stackrel{}{s}_j+\stackrel{}{\tau }_k)\right)|\psi _d^i\psi _{He}^i.$$
(9)
Introducing the distance between the nucleons in the deuteron, $`\stackrel{}{r}=(z,\stackrel{}{s})`$, and $`\stackrel{}{r}_1=\stackrel{}{r}_2=\stackrel{}{r}/2`$ we have

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\stackrel{}{b}\right)=\psi _d^i\psi _{He}^i|1\underset{k=1}{\overset{4}{}}\left(1\gamma (\stackrel{}{b}\frac{\stackrel{}{s}}{2}+\stackrel{}{\tau }_k)\gamma (\stackrel{}{b}+\frac{\stackrel{}{s}}{2}+\stackrel{}{\tau }_k)\right)|\psi _d^i\psi _{He}^i,$$
(10)
and

$`F_{24}(\stackrel{}{q})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ip}{2\pi }}{\displaystyle }d^2be^{i\stackrel{}{q}\stackrel{}{b}}[1{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{4}{}}}(1\gamma (\stackrel{}{b}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{s}}{2}}+\stackrel{}{\tau }_k))(1\gamma (\stackrel{}{b}+{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{s}}{2}}+\stackrel{}{\tau }_k))]`$ (11)
$`\left|\psi _d(\stackrel{}{r})\right|^2\left|\psi _{He}\right|^2d^3r{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{4}{}}}d^3\tau _k`$
For the square module of $`\psi _d`$ we use the following parametrization ,

$$\left|\psi _d(\stackrel{}{r})\right|^2=\underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}W_ie^{\frac{\stackrel{}{r}^2}{4\gamma _i}},$$
(12)
$`\gamma _1=225(GeV/c)^2,`$ $`W_1=0.178/(4\pi \gamma _1)^{3/2},`$
$`\gamma _2=45(GeV/c)^2,`$ $`W_2=0.287/(4\pi \gamma _2)^{3/2},`$
$`\gamma _3=25(GeV/c)^2,`$ $`W_2=0.535/(4\pi \gamma _3)^{3/2}.`$
The square module of $`\psi _{He}`$ was taken as .

$$\left|\psi (\stackrel{}{r}_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{}{r}_4)\right|^2=(2\pi )^3\rho _c\delta \left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}\stackrel{}{r}_i\right)\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}\phi (\stackrel{}{r}_i).$$
(13)
We accept the two following parametrizations of $`\phi (\stackrel{}{r})`$

$`(I)`$ $`\phi (\stackrel{}{r})=exp[\stackrel{}{r}^2/R_1^2],`$
$`(II)`$ $`\phi (\stackrel{}{r})=exp[\stackrel{}{r}^2/R_1^2]+D_1exp[\stackrel{}{r}^2/R_2^2](1+D_1D_2^2)exp[\stackrel{}{r}^2/R_3^2].`$
The parameters are given in Table 1.

We will use a general form for the function $`\phi `$ as

$$\varphi (\stackrel{}{r})=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}C_ie^{\stackrel{}{r}^2/R_i^2}.$$
(14)
In the Eq. (13) $`\rho _c`$ is the normalization constant given in the Ref. . Substituting the Eqs. (12), (13) and (14) in the Eq. (11) we have

$`F_{24}(\stackrel{}{q})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ip}{2\pi }}\rho _c{\displaystyle d^2be^{i\stackrel{}{q}\stackrel{}{b}}\left[1\underset{j=1}{\overset{4}{}}\left(1\gamma (\stackrel{}{b}\frac{\stackrel{}{s}}{2}+\stackrel{}{\tau }_j)\right)\left(1\gamma (\stackrel{}{b}+\frac{\stackrel{}{s}}{2}+\stackrel{}{\tau }_j)\right)\right]}`$ (15)
$`\left({\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{3}{}}}W_je^{\frac{\stackrel{}{r}^2}{4\gamma _j}}\right)d^3r{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{4}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}}C_ke^{\stackrel{}{r}_j^2/R_k^2i\stackrel{}{\alpha }\stackrel{}{r}_j}\right)d^3r_j`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ip\rho _c}{2\pi }}{\displaystyle \underset{i_1=1}{\overset{3}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{i_j,j=25}{\overset{N}{}}}W_{i_1}C_{i_2}C_{i_3}C_{i_4}C_{i_5}{\displaystyle }d^2be^{i\stackrel{}{q}\stackrel{}{b}}[1{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{4}{}}}(1\gamma (\stackrel{}{b}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{s}}{2}}+\stackrel{}{\tau }_k))`$
$`(1\gamma (\stackrel{}{b}+{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{s}}{2}}+\stackrel{}{\tau }_k))]e^{\frac{\stackrel{}{r}^2}{4\gamma _{i_1}}}d^3r{\displaystyle }_{k=2}^5e^{\stackrel{}{r}_k^2/R_{i_j}^2i\stackrel{}{\alpha }\stackrel{}{r}_k}d^3r_k`$
where the integration on $`\stackrel{}{\alpha }`$ is performed in order to account the $`\delta `$ function in the Eq. (13) (see for details the Ref. ).

Using the graph functions, the Eq. (15) can be written in the form

$`F_{24}(\stackrel{}{q})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ip\rho _c}{2\pi }}{\displaystyle \underset{i_1=1}{\overset{3}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{i_j,j=25}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu =1}{\overset{21}{}}}H_\mu W_{i_1}C_{i_2}C_{i_3}C_{i_4}C_{i_5}{\displaystyle d^2be^{i\stackrel{}{q}\stackrel{}{b}}\text{g}\left(\underset{¯}{\underset{¯}{D_\mu }}\right)},`$ (16)
$`e^{\frac{\stackrel{}{r}^2}{4\gamma _{i_1}}}d^3r{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{4}{}}}e^{\stackrel{}{r}_k^2/R_{i_j}^2}d^3\tau _k`$
The result of the complete integration is

$$F_{24}(\stackrel{}{q})=\frac{ip\rho _c}{2\pi }\underset{n=1}{\overset{21}{}}\underset{i_1=1}{\overset{3}{}}\underset{i_j,j=25}{\overset{N}{}}W_{i_1}C_{i_2}C_{i_3}C_{i_4}C_{i_5}(1)^{n+1}\beta ^n\frac{\pi }{det|A|}exp\left[\stackrel{}{q}^2\frac{det|a|}{4det|A|}\right]$$
(17)
where

$$det|\underset{¯}{\underset{¯}{A}}|=\left|\begin{array}{cc}\underset{¯}{\underset{¯}{a}}& \underset{¯}{b^T}\\ \underset{¯}{b}& c\end{array}\right|$$
(18)
$$\underset{¯}{\underset{¯}{a}}=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\frac{1}{R_{i_1}^2}+\frac{d_{11}+d_{21}}{2B_{NN}}& 0& 0& 0& \frac{d_{11}+d_{21}}{2B_{NN}}& 1\\ 0& \frac{1}{R_{i_2}^2}+\frac{d_{12}+d_{22}}{2B_{NN}}& 0& 0& \frac{d_{12}+d_{22}}{2B_{NN}}& 1\\ 0& 0& \frac{1}{R_{i_3}^2}+\frac{d_{13}+d_{23}}{2B_{NN}}& 0& \frac{d_{13}+d_{23}}{2B_{NN}}& 1\\ 0& 0& 0& \frac{1}{R_{i_4}^2}+\frac{d_{14}+d_{24}}{2B_{NN}}& \frac{d_{14}+d_{24}}{2B_{NN}}& 1\\ \frac{d_{11}+d_{21}}{2B_{NN}}& \frac{d_{12}+d_{22}}{2B_{NN}}& \frac{d_{13}+d_{23}}{2B_{NN}}& \frac{d_{14}+d_{24}}{2B_{NN}}& \frac{1}{4\gamma _i}+\frac{n}{8B_{NN}}& 0\\ 1& 1& 1& 1& 0& 0\end{array}\right)$$

$$\underset{¯}{b}=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\frac{d_{11}+d_{21}}{2B_{NN}}& \frac{d_{12}+d_{22}}{2B_{NN}}& \frac{d_{13}+d_{23}}{2B_{NN}}& \frac{d_{14}+d_{24}}{2B_{NN}}& \frac{d_{11}+d_{12}+d_{13}+d_{14}d_{21}d_{22}d_{23}d_{24}}{2B_{NN}}& \frac{n}{2B_{NN}}\end{array}\right)$$

To consider the elastic scattering at small momentum transfer we take into account the Coulomb interaction (see the Ref. ) writing

$$\frac{d\sigma }{dt}=\frac{\pi }{p^2}\left|n\frac{2p}{|\stackrel{}{q}|}G(\stackrel{}{q}^2)e^{i\phi }+F_N(\stackrel{}{q})\right|^2,$$
(19)
where p is the laboratory momentum of the $`{}_{}{}^{4}He`$, $`n=Z_{He}Z_d/137\beta `$, $`Z_{He}`$, $`Z_d`$ are the charge of $`He`$ and $`d`$ respectively, $`\beta =\frac{\nu }{c}`$ is the $`{}_{}{}^{4}He`$ velocity in the laboratory system

$$\varphi =2n\mathrm{ln}(1.06/a|\stackrel{}{q}|);G(\stackrel{}{q}^2)=G_{He}(\stackrel{}{q}^2)G_d(\stackrel{}{\frac{q^2}{4}}).$$
(20)
$`G_{He}(t)`$ is the $`{}_{}{}^{4}He`$ form factor, and $`G_d(t)`$ is the deutron form factor,

$$G_{He}(t)=e^{11.9t},$$

$$G_d(\frac{t}{4})=0.34e^{141.5\frac{t}{4}}+0.58e^{26.1\frac{t}{4}}+0.08e^{15.5\frac{t}{4}}.$$

To perform the calculations one needs the $`NN`$ elastic scattering amplitude parameters. A large number of publications both theoretical and experimental have been devoted to processes the values of the parameters. We take the values of the parameters – $`\sigma _{NN}^{tot}`$, $`\alpha _{NN}`$ and $`B_{NN}`$ as follows: $`\sigma _{NN}^{tot}`$ and $`\alpha _{NN}`$ were taken from the compilations  and , respectively. $`B_{NN}`$ was estimated  using $`\sigma _{NN}^{tot}`$ and $`\sigma _{NN}^{el}`$ taken form the compilation . We call the set of the parameters as set $`A`$. Other set of the values (set $`B`$) was taken from the paper by V.V.Avdeichikov , where the parameters were obtained at fitting the experimental data on $`{}_{}{}^{4}Hed`$ elastic scattering.

At the begining let us study the role of the different parametrizations of the modules of the wave function of $`{}_{}{}^{4}He`$. The top figure 2 gives the $`{}_{}{}^{4}Hed`$ elastic scattering differential cross section calculated with the simplest parametrization I and set A. The bottom figure presents the ratio of two calculations with parametrization II and I. As seen, the difference between the calculations is at the lavel of $`3\%`$. It is much smaller than the difference between the experimental data and the calculations. Thus in the following we will use only the parametrization I for simplicity.

The differential cross sections calculated with two sets of the $`NN`$ amplitude parameters $`A`$ and $`B`$ in a comparison with the experimental data  are shown in figure 3. As one can see, the set $`B`$ reproduces the data quite well. At the same time it is failed to describe the other reactions like $`p{}_{}{}^{4}He`$ scattering. The set $`A`$ leads to a big disagreement with the experimental data especially at large values of the momentum transfer $`t`$. So, the main problem of the analysis is a choice of the $`NN`$ parameters.

In Ref.  the deutron - deutron scattering at momentum 8.9 GeV/$`c`$ was analyzed. The authors used two sets of the NN-parameters presented in the table 2 as C and D sets. Both sets allowed to describe the $`dd`$-scattering quite well (see Ref. ).

As seen from the Fig. 4 both sets give a satisfactory description of the $`{}_{}{}^{4}Hep`$ elastic scattering except the region of large $`t`$.

The differential cross sections of the $`{}_{}{}^{4}Hed`$ elastic scattering calculated with the sets $`C`$ and $`D`$ are shown in Fig. 5 in a comparison with the experimental data . As seen, we have a big disagreement with the data in the region of the diffraction minimum and also in the region of small momentum transfer $`t`$ with the set $`D`$. Inverse situation takes place with the set $`C`$, the calculation are above the experimental data at small $`t`$ and above the data at large $`t`$.

Summing up we conclude that it is impossible to describe simultaneously the $`p{}_{}{}^{4}He`$ and $`d{}_{}{}^{4}He`$ elastic scattering cross sections using the same set of the $`NN`$-amplitude parameters. The parameters what are quite well for understanding $`dd`$-scattering  can not be applied in the case of $`d{}_{}{}^{4}He`$ scattering.

## 2 Manifestation of the twelve quark bag admixture

Let us neglect all transition amplitudes like that $`|4N>|12q>`$, $`|12q>|4N>`$ following papers . In this case the $`d{}_{}{}^{4}He`$ scattering amplitude will be

$$F_{d{}_{}{}^{4}He}=\left(1w_{12q}\right)F_{d,4N}+w_{12q}F_{d,12q}$$
(21)
where $`F_{d,4N}`$ is the Glauber amplitude of the deutron - four nucleon scattering given by the Eq. (11), $`F_{d,12q}`$ is the deutron - $`12q`$ bag scattering amplitude, and $`w_{12q}`$ is the weight of the $`12q`$ bag quark state in the ground state of the $`{}_{}{}^{4}He`$ nucleus. The values of the $`12q`$ bag weight was estimated in our previous paper  as $`w_{12q}=10.5\%`$.

$`F_{d,12q}`$ amplitude can be estimated as $`dp`$ one.

$$F_{d,12q}=\frac{ip}{2\pi }\underset{j=1}{\overset{3}{}}W_jd^2be^{i\stackrel{}{q}\stackrel{}{b}}[\gamma _{N,12q}(\stackrel{}{b}\frac{\stackrel{}{s}}{2})+\gamma _{N,12q}(\stackrel{}{b}+\frac{\stackrel{}{s}}{2})$$

$$\gamma _{N,12q}(\stackrel{}{b}\frac{\stackrel{}{s}}{2})\gamma _{N,12q}(\stackrel{}{b}+\frac{\stackrel{}{s}}{2})]e^{\frac{\stackrel{}{r}^2}{4\gamma _j}}d^3r$$
(22)
Using the gaussian parametrization for the nucleon - 12q bag scattering amplitude

$$\gamma _{N,12q}(\stackrel{}{b})=\frac{\sigma _{12q}^t}{4\pi B_{12q}}e^{\frac{\stackrel{}{b}^2}{2B_{12q}}},$$
(23)
all intergations in the Eq. (22) can be done exactly. In particular,

$`F_{d,12q}^1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle d^2be^{i\stackrel{}{q}\stackrel{}{b}}\gamma _{N,12q}(\stackrel{}{b}\frac{\stackrel{}{s}}{2})e^{\frac{\stackrel{}{r}^2}{4\gamma _j}}d^3r}`$ (24)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sigma _{12q}^t}{4\pi B_{12q}}}{\displaystyle d^2be^{i\stackrel{}{q}\stackrel{}{b}}e^{\frac{\left(\stackrel{}{b}\frac{\stackrel{}{s}}{2}\right)^2}{2B_{12q}}}e^{\frac{\stackrel{}{r}^2}{4\gamma _j}}d^2s𝑑z}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sigma _{12q}^t}{4\pi B_{12q}}}{\displaystyle d^2be^{i\stackrel{}{q}\stackrel{}{b}}exp\left[\left(\frac{2B_{12q}+\gamma _j}{8B_{12q}\gamma _j}\right)\left(s^2\frac{2\gamma _j}{2B_{12q}+\gamma _j}\stackrel{}{b}\right)^2\right]}`$
$`exp\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{b}^2}{2B_{12q}+\gamma _j}}\right]e^{\frac{\stackrel{}{z}^2}{4\gamma _j}}d^2sdz`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sigma _{12q}^t}{4\pi B_{12q}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{8B_{12q}\gamma _j\pi }{2B_{12q}+\gamma _j}}\right)\left(4\gamma _j\pi \right)^{\frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle d^2be^{i\stackrel{}{q}\stackrel{}{b}}exp\left[\frac{\stackrel{}{b}^2}{2B_{12q}+\gamma _j}\right]}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sigma _{12q}^t}{4\pi B_{12q}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{8B_{12q}\gamma _j\pi }{2B_{12q}+\gamma _j}}\right)\left(4\gamma _j\pi \right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\left(2B_{12q}+\gamma _j\right)\pi exp\left[\left({\displaystyle \frac{2B_{12q}+\gamma _j}{4}}\right)\stackrel{}{q}^2\right]`$
$`=`$ $`2\pi \gamma _j\sigma _{12q}^t\left(4\gamma _j\pi \right)^{\frac{1}{2}}exp\left[\left({\displaystyle \frac{2B_{12q}+\gamma _j}{4}}\right)\stackrel{}{q}^2\right].`$
The second is given as

$`F_{d,12q}^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle d^2be^{i\stackrel{}{q}\stackrel{}{b}}\gamma _{N,12q}(\stackrel{}{b}\frac{\stackrel{}{s}}{2})\gamma _{N,12q}(\stackrel{}{b}+\frac{\stackrel{}{s}}{2})e^{\frac{\stackrel{}{r}^2}{4\gamma _j}}d^3r}`$ (25)
$`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\sigma _{12q}^t}{4\pi B_{12q}}}\right)^2{\displaystyle d^2be^{i\stackrel{}{q}\stackrel{}{b}}e^{\frac{\left(\stackrel{}{b}\frac{\stackrel{}{s}}{2}\right)^2}{2B_{12q}}}e^{\frac{\left(\stackrel{}{b}+\frac{\stackrel{}{s}}{2}\right)^2}{2B_{12q}}}e^{\frac{\stackrel{}{r}^2}{4\gamma _j}}d^2s𝑑z}`$
$`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\sigma _{12q}^t}{4\pi B_{12q}}}\right)^2{\displaystyle d^2be^{i\stackrel{}{q}\stackrel{}{b}}e^{\frac{\stackrel{}{b}^2}{B_{12q}}}exp\left[\left(\frac{B_{12q}+\gamma _j}{4B_{12q}\gamma _j}\right)\stackrel{}{s}^2\right]e^{\frac{\stackrel{}{z}^2}{4\gamma _j}}d^2s𝑑z}`$
$`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\sigma _{12q}^t}{4\pi B_{12q}}}\right)^2\left(4\gamma _j\pi \right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{4B_{12q}\gamma _j\pi }{B_{12q}+\gamma _j}}\right)(B_{12q}\pi )e^{\frac{B_{12q}}{4}\stackrel{}{q}^2}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\left(\sigma _{12q}^t\right)^2\gamma _j}{4\pi \left(B_{12q}+\gamma _j\right)}}e^{\frac{B_{12q}}{4}\stackrel{}{q}^2}`$
The $`d12q`$ bag amplitude will be

$$F_{d,12Q}=\frac{ip}{2\pi }\underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}W_i\left(4\pi \gamma _i\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\left[2\pi \gamma _i\sigma _{12q}^te^{\left(\frac{2B_{12q}+\gamma _i}{4}\right)q^2}\frac{(\sigma _{12q}^t)^2\gamma _i}{4(B_{12q}+\gamma _i)}e^{\frac{B_{12q}}{4}q^2}\right].$$
(26)
The values of the nucleon-$`12q`$ bag amplitude parameters were estimated in the Ref. : $`w_{12q}=10.5\%`$, $`\sigma _{12q}^t=34mb`$ and $`B_{12q}=23\left(GeV\right)^2`$. These values have been used with the parameter set $`C`$ for the calculations of the differential cross section with and without the $`12q`$ bag admixture shown in the Fig. 5. One can see that when the $`12q`$ bag admixture is included in the calculations it gives a good description of the data at small and large values of $`t`$. The discrepancy between the calculations and the experimental data in the region 0.09 $`|t|`$ 0.13 $`(GeV/c)^2`$ can be erased at taking into account the D-wave of the deutron .

## Conclusion

1. Within the framework of the Glauber theory it is impossible to describe simultaneously the $`p{}_{}{}^{4}He`$ and $`d{}_{}{}^{4}He`$ elastic scattering cross sections using the same set of the $`NN`$-amplitude parameters.
2. The 12q bag admixture to the ground state of the $`{}_{}{}^{4}He`$ nucleus manifests itself in the $`d{}_{}{}^{4}He`$ elastic scattering in all region of the momentum transfer. At small $`t`$ the effect can be at the level of $``$ 10 %. At large $`t`$ it can be $``$ 30 %.
3. To study the effect at an experiment it is needed to measure the $`d{}_{}{}^{4}He`$ elastic cross section with absolute normalization accuracy better than 10 %.

V.V.Uzhinskii thanks RFBR (grand No 00-01-00307, 01-02-16431) and INTAS (grand No 00-00366) for their financial support. A.M. Mosallem is thankful to Profs. A.B.B. Kalil and K.M. Hanna for support, and JINR officials for hospitality.