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# Coideal subalgebras in quantum affine algebras

## 1 Introduction

For a simple Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ over $``$ consider the corresponding quantized enveloping algebra $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤)`$; see Drinfeld , Jimbo . If $`𝔨`$ is a subalgebra of $`𝔤`$ then $`\mathrm{U}(𝔨)`$ is a Hopf subalgebra of $`\mathrm{U}(𝔤)`$. However, $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔨)`$, even when it is defined, need not be isomorphic to a Hopf subalgebra of $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤)`$. In the case where $`(𝔤,𝔨)`$ is a classical symmetric pair the twisted quantized enveloping algebra $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔨)`$ was introduced by Noumi  (type $`A`$ pairs) and by Noumi and Sugitani  (remaining classical types). This is a subalgebra and a left coideal of the Hopf algebra $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤)`$ which specializes to $`\mathrm{U}(𝔨)`$ as $`q1`$. The algebras $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔨)`$ play an important role in the theory of quantum symmetric spaces developed in  and . In particular, in the type $`A`$, which we are only concerned with in this paper, there are two twisted quantized enveloping algebras $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$ and $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$ corresponding to the symmetric pairs

$`\mathrm{AI}:`$ $`(𝔤𝔩_N,𝔬_N),`$ (1.1)
$`\mathrm{AII}:`$ $`(𝔤𝔩_{2n},𝔰𝔭_{2n}),`$
respectively. It was also shown by Noumi  that the algebra $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$ coincides with the one introduced earlier by Gavrilik and Klimyk . The algebra $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$ also appears as the symmetry algebra for the $`q`$-oscillator representation of the quantized enveloping algebra $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$; see Noumi, Umeda and Wakayama .

In Noumi’s approach, the defining relations for the quantized algebras can be written in the form of a reflection-type equation. A constant solution of the reflection equation provides an embedding of the twisted quantized enveloping algebra into $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤𝔩_N)`$. The quantum homogeneous spaces corresponding to the remaining series of the classical symmetric pairs of type $`A`$

$$\mathrm{AIII}:(𝔤𝔩_N,𝔤𝔩_{Nl}𝔤𝔩_l)$$
(1.2)
were studied by Dijkhuizen, Noumi and Sugitani , . A one-parameter family of the constant solutions of the appropriate reflection equation was produced in , although no reflection-type presentation of the subalgebras of type $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔨)`$ were formally introduced.

A different description of the coideal subalgebras of $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤)`$ associated with an arbitrary irreducible symmetric pair $`(𝔤,𝔨)`$ was given by Letzter . The subalgebras are presented by generators and explicit relations depending on the Cartan matrix of $`𝔤`$; see . In particular, this work demonstrates the importance of the coideal property: it makes the construction of the twisted quantized algebras essentially unique.

Natural infinite-dimensional analogs of the symmetric pairs are provided by involutive subalgebras in the polynomial current Lie algebras $`𝔤[x]=𝔤[x]`$ or loop algebras $`𝔤[\lambda ,\lambda ^1]=𝔤[\lambda ,\lambda ^1]`$. Let $`(𝔤,𝔨)`$ be a symmetric pair and $`𝔤=𝔨𝔭`$ be the decomposition determined by the involution $`\theta `$ of $`𝔤`$. So, $`𝔨`$ and $`𝔭`$ are the eigenspaces of $`\theta `$ with the eigenvalues $`1`$ and $`1`$, respectively. Then the twisted polynomial current Lie algebra $`𝔤[x]^\theta `$ can be defined by

$$𝔤[x]^\theta =𝔨𝔭x𝔨x^2𝔭x^3\mathrm{},$$
(1.3)
or, equivalently, it is the fixed point subalgebra of $`𝔤[x]`$ with respect to the extension of $`\theta `$ given by

$$\theta :Ax^p(1)^p\theta (A)x^p,A𝔤.$$
(1.4)
As it was demonstrated by Drinfeld , the enveloping algebra $`\mathrm{U}(𝔤[x])`$ admits a canonical deformation in the class of Hopf algebras. The corresponding “quantum” algebra is called the Yangian and denoted by $`\mathrm{Y}(𝔤)`$. For the case where $`\theta `$ is an involution of $`𝔤𝔩_N`$ corresponding to the pair of type AI or AII, quantum analogs of the symmetric pairs $`(𝔤𝔩_N[x],𝔤𝔩_N[x]^\theta )`$ are provided by the Olshanski twisted Yangians . These are coideal subalgebras in the Yangian $`\mathrm{Y}(𝔤𝔩_N)`$ and each of them is a deformation of the enveloping algebra $`\mathrm{U}(𝔤𝔩_N[x]^\theta )`$.

In the AIII case, the quantum analogs of the pairs $`(𝔤𝔩_N[x],𝔤𝔩_N[x]^\theta )`$ are provided by the reflection algebras $`B(N,l)`$ which are coideal subalgebras of $`\mathrm{Y}(𝔤𝔩_N)`$ originally introduced by Sklyanin . Recently, these algebras and their representations were studied in connection with the NLS model; see Liguori, Mintchev and Zhao , Mintchev, Ragoucy and Sorba , Molev and Ragoucy .

For the symmetric pairs $`(𝔤[x],𝔤[x]^\theta )`$ of general types the corresponding coideal subalgebras in the Yangian $`\mathrm{Y}(𝔤)`$ were recently introduced by Delius, MacKay and Short  in relation with the principal chiral models with boundaries. These subalgebras are given in terms of the $`Q`$-presentation of the Yangian. A different $`R`$-matrix presentation of coideal subalgebras in the (super) Yangian $`\mathrm{Y}(𝔤)`$ is given by Arnaudon, Avan, Crampé, Frappat and Ragoucy . Field theoretical applications of the coideal subalgebras in the quantum affine algebras have been studied in a recent paper by Delius and MacKay .

In the case of the loop algebra $`\widehat{𝔤}=𝔤[\lambda ,\lambda ^1]`$ there is another natural way (cf. (1.4)) to extend the involution $`\theta `$ of $`𝔤`$,

$$\theta :A\lambda ^p\theta (A)\lambda ^p,A𝔤$$
(1.5)
and thus to define the fixed point subalgebra $`\widehat{𝔤}^\theta `$. In this paper we introduce certain quantizations of the symmetric pairs $`(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N,\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N^\theta )`$ associated with the involution $`\theta `$ corresponding to the pairs AI and AII. We define the twisted $`q`$-Yangians $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$ and $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$ as subalgebras of the quantum affine algebra $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)`$. They are left coideals with respect to the coproduct on $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)`$ and specialize to $`\mathrm{U}(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N^\theta )`$ as $`q1`$.

At this point we consider it necessary to comment on the terminology. Although, as we have mentioned above, the Lie algebra $`\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N^\theta `$ is not a “twisted” quantum affine algebra in the usual meaning, we believe the names we use for the coideal subalgebras can be justified having in mind their analogy with both the twisted Yangians and the $`q`$-Yangian; cf. . The latter is a subalgebra of the quantum affine algebra $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)`$ which can be regarded as a $`q`$-analog of the usual Yangian $`\mathrm{Y}(𝔤𝔩_N)`$; see also Section 3 below.

Our first main result is a construction of the evaluation homomorphisms

$$\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N),\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})$$
(1.6)
to the corresponding twisted quantized enveloping algebras of  and . Note that an evaluation homomorphism $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤})\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤)`$ from the quantum affine algebra to the corresponding quantized enveloping algebra only exists if $`𝔤`$ is of $`A`$ type, and the same holds for the case of the Yangians; see Jimbo , Drinfeld . In both the cases the evaluation homomorphisms play an important role in the representation theory of the quantum algebras; see Chari and Pressley . An evaluation homomorphism from the twisted Yangian to the corresponding enveloping algebra $`\mathrm{U}(𝔬_N)`$ or $`\mathrm{U}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$ does exist (see , ) and has many applications in the classical representation theory; see e.g.  for an overview. Note also that the existence of the homomorphisms (1.6) is not directly related with the corresponding fact for the $`A`$ type algebras but is quite a nontrivial property of the reflection equations satisfied by the generators of the twisted $`q`$-Yangians.

Next we construct an analog of the quantum determinant for each twisted $`q`$-Yangian and show that its coefficients belong to the center of this algebra. The application of the evaluation homomorphism (1.6) yields a family of central elements in $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$ and $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$. In the orthogonal case we also produce a ‘short’ determinant-like formula for this analog which employs a certain map from the symmetric group into itself. This same map was used in the short formulas for the Sklyanin determinants for the twisted Yangians; see . Some other families of Casimir elements were constructed by Noumi, Umeda and Wakayama  and by Gavrilik and Iorgov . It would be interesting to understand the relationship between the families, as well as to investigate possible applications to the study of the quantum Howe dual pairs; cf. .

Another intriguing problem is to construct coideal subalgebras of $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)`$ of type AIII, i.e., to find $`q`$-analogs of the Sklyanin reflection algebras $`B(N,l)`$ mentioned above.

We are grateful to Gustav Delius, Masatoshi Noumi and Tôru Umeda for valuable discussions. The financial support of the Australian Research Council and the Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique Théorique is acknowledged.

## 2 Coideal subalgebras of $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤𝔩_N)`$

We shall use an $`R`$-matrix presentation of the algebra $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤𝔩_N)`$. Our main references are Jimbo  and Reshetikhin, Takhtajan and Faddeev . We fix a complex parameter $`q`$ which is nonzero and not a root of unity. Consider the $`R`$-matrix

$$R=q\underset{i}{}E_{ii}E_{ii}+\underset{ij}{}E_{ii}E_{jj}+(qq^1)\underset{i<j}{}E_{ij}E_{ji}$$
(2.1)
which is an element of $`\mathrm{End}^N\mathrm{End}^N`$, where the $`E_{ij}`$ denote the standard matrix units and the indices run over the set $`\{1,\mathrm{},N\}`$. The $`R`$-matrix satisfies the Yang–Baxter equation

$$R_{12}R_{13}R_{23}=R_{23}R_{13}R_{12},$$
(2.2)
where both sides take values in $`\mathrm{End}^N\mathrm{End}^N\mathrm{End}^N`$ and the subindices indicate the copies of $`\mathrm{End}^N`$, e.g., $`R_{12}=R1`$ etc.

The quantized enveloping algebra $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤𝔩_N)`$ is generated by elements $`t_{ij}`$ and $`\overline{t}_{ij}`$ with $`1i,jN`$ subject to the relations111Our $`T`$ and $`\overline{T}`$ correspond to the $`L`$-operators $`L^{}`$ and $`L^+`$, respectively, in the notation of .

$`t_{ij}`$ $`=\overline{t}_{ji}=0,1i<jN,`$ (2.3)
$`t_{ii}\overline{t}_{ii}`$ $`=\overline{t}_{ii}t_{ii}=1,1iN,`$
$`RT_1T_2`$ $`=T_2T_1R,R\overline{T}_1\overline{T}_2=\overline{T}_2\overline{T}_1R,R\overline{T}_1T_2=T_2\overline{T}_1R.`$
Here $`T`$ and $`\overline{T}`$ are the matrices

$$T=\underset{i,j}{}t_{ij}E_{ij},\overline{T}=\underset{i,j}{}\overline{t}_{ij}E_{ij},$$
(2.4)
which are regarded as elements of the algebra $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤𝔩_N)\mathrm{End}^N`$. Both sides of each of the $`R`$-matrix relations in (2.3) are elements of $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤𝔩_N)\mathrm{End}^N\mathrm{End}^N`$ and the subindices of $`T`$ and $`\overline{T}`$ indicate the copies of $`\mathrm{End}^N`$ where $`T`$ or $`\overline{T}`$ acts; e.g. $`T_1=T1`$. In terms of the generators the defining relations between the $`t_{ij}`$ can be written as

$$q^{\delta _{ij}}t_{ia}t_{jb}q^{\delta _{ab}}t_{jb}t_{ia}=(qq^1)(\delta _{b<a}\delta _{i<j})t_{ja}t_{ib},$$
(2.5)
where $`\delta _{i<j}`$ equals $`1`$ if $`i<j`$ and $`0`$ otherwise. The relations between the $`\overline{t}_{ij}`$ are obtained by replacing $`t_{ij}`$ by $`\overline{t}_{ij}`$ everywhere in (2.5). Finally, the relations involving both $`t_{ij}`$ and $`\overline{t}_{ij}`$ have the form

$$q^{\delta _{ij}}\overline{t}_{ia}t_{jb}q^{\delta _{ab}}t_{jb}\overline{t}_{ia}=(qq^1)(\delta _{b<a}t_{ja}\overline{t}_{ib}\delta _{i<j}\overline{t}_{ja}t_{ib}).$$
(2.6)
We shall also use another $`R`$-matrix $`\stackrel{~}{R}`$ given by

$$\stackrel{~}{R}=q^1\underset{i}{}E_{ii}E_{ii}+\underset{ij}{}E_{ii}E_{jj}+(q^1q)\underset{i>j}{}E_{ij}E_{ji}.$$
(2.7)
We have the relations

$$R\stackrel{~}{R}=(qq^1)P,\stackrel{~}{R}=PR^1P,$$
(2.8)
where

$$P=\underset{i,j}{}E_{ij}E_{ji}$$
(2.9)
is the permutation operator. The following relations are implied by (2.3)

$$\stackrel{~}{R}T_1T_2=T_2T_1\stackrel{~}{R},\stackrel{~}{R}\overline{T}_1\overline{T}_2=\overline{T}_2\overline{T}_1\stackrel{~}{R},\stackrel{~}{R}T_1\overline{T}_2=\overline{T}_2T_1\stackrel{~}{R}.$$
(2.10)
The coproduct $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ on $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤𝔩_N)`$ is defined by the relations

$$\mathrm{\Delta }(t_{ij})=\underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}t_{ik}t_{kj},\mathrm{\Delta }(\overline{t}_{ij})=\underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}\overline{t}_{ik}\overline{t}_{kj}.$$
(2.11)
It is well known that the algebra $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤𝔩_N)`$ specializes to $`\mathrm{U}(𝔤𝔩_N)`$ as $`q1`$. To make this more precise, regard $`q`$ as a formal variable and $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤𝔩_N)`$ as an algebra over $`(q)`$. Then set $`𝒜=[q,q^1]`$ and consider the $`𝒜`$-subalgebra $`\mathrm{U}_𝒜`$ of $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤𝔩_N)`$ generated by the elements

$$\tau _{ij}=\frac{t_{ij}}{qq^1}\text{for}i>j,\overline{\tau }_{ij}=\frac{\overline{t}_{ij}}{qq^1}\text{for}i<j,$$
(2.12)
and

$$\tau _{ii}=\frac{t_{ii}1}{q1},\overline{\tau }_{ii}=\frac{\overline{t}_{ii}1}{q1},$$
(2.13)
for $`i=1,\mathrm{},N`$. Then we have an isomorphism

$$\mathrm{U}_𝒜_𝒜\mathrm{U}(𝔤𝔩_N)$$
(2.14)
with the action of $`𝒜`$ on $``$ defined via the evaluation $`q=1`$; see e.g. \[2, Section 9.2\]. Note that $`\tau _{ij}`$ and $`\overline{\tau }_{ij}`$ respectively specialize to the elements $`E_{ij}`$ and $`E_{ij}`$ of $`\mathrm{U}(𝔤𝔩_N)`$. More generally, given a subalgebra $`V`$ of $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤𝔩_N)`$, set $`V_𝒜=V\mathrm{U}_𝒜`$. Following Letzter \[22, Section 1\], we shall say that $`V`$ specializes to the subalgebra $`V^{}`$ of $`\mathrm{U}(𝔤𝔩_N)`$ (as $`q`$ goes to $`1`$) if the image of $`V_𝒜`$ in $`\mathrm{U}_𝒜_𝒜`$ is $`V^{}`$.

### 2.1 Orthogonal case

Following Noumi , we introduce the twisted quantized enveloping algebra $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$ as the subalgebra of $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤𝔩_N)`$ generated by the matrix elements of the matrix $`S=T\overline{T}^t`$. It can be easily derived from (2.3) (see ) that the matrix $`S`$ satisfies the relations

$`s_{ij}`$ $`=0,1i<jN,`$ (2.15)
$`s_{ii}`$ $`=1,1iN,`$ (2.16)
$`RS_1`$ $`R^tS_2=S_2R^tS_1R,`$ (2.17)
where $`R^t:=R^{t_1}`$ denotes the element obtained from $`R`$ by the transposition in the first tensor factor:

$$R^t=q\underset{i}{}E_{ii}E_{ii}+\underset{ij}{}E_{ii}E_{jj}+(qq^1)\underset{i<j}{}E_{ji}E_{ji}.$$
(2.18)
Indeed, the only nontrivial part of this derivation is to verify that

$$RT_1\overline{T}_1^tR^tT_2\overline{T}_2^t=T_2\overline{T}_2^tR^tT_1\overline{T}_1^tR.$$
(2.19)
However, this is implied by the relation $`RR^t=R^tR`$ and the following consequences of (2.3):

$$\overline{T}_1^tR^tT_2=T_2R^t\overline{T}_1^t,R\overline{T}_1^t\overline{T}_2^t=\overline{T}_2^t\overline{T}_1^tR.$$
(2.20)
We now prove an auxiliary lemma which establishes a weak form of the Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt theorem for abstract algebras defined by the relation (2.17). It will be used in both the orthogonal and symplectic cases.

###### Lemma 2.1.

Consider the associative algebra with $`N^2`$ generators $`s_{ij}`$, $`i,j=1,\mathrm{},N`$ and the defining relations written in terms of the matrix $`S=(s_{ij})`$ by the relation (2.17). Then the ordered monomials of the form

$$s_{11}^{k_{11}}s_{12}^{k_{12}}\mathrm{}s_{1N}^{k_{1N}}\mathrm{}s_{N1}^{k_{N1}}s_{N2}^{k_{N2}}\mathrm{}s_{NN}^{k_{NN}}$$
(2.21)
with nonnegative powers $`k_{ij}`$ linearly span the algebra.

###### Proof.

Rewriting (2.17) in terms of the generators we get

$`q^{\delta _{aj}+\delta _{ij}}s_{ia}s_{jb}q^{\delta _{ab}+\delta _{ib}}s_{jb}s_{ia}`$ $`=(qq^1)q^{\delta _{ai}}(\delta _{b<a}\delta _{i<j})s_{ja}s_{ib}`$ (2.22)
$`+(qq^1)\left(q^{\delta _{ab}}\delta _{b<i}s_{ji}s_{ba}q^{\delta _{ij}}\delta _{a<j}s_{ij}s_{ab}\right)`$
$`+(qq^1)^2(\delta _{b<a<i}\delta _{a<i<j})s_{ji}s_{ab},`$
where $`\delta _{i<j}`$ or $`\delta _{i<j<k}`$ equals $`1`$ if the subindex inequality is satisfied and $`0`$ otherwise. We shall be proving that any monomial in the generators can be written as a linear combination of monomials of the form (2.21). Given a monomial

$$s_{i_1a_1}\mathrm{}s_{i_pa_p}$$
(2.23)
we introduce its length $`p`$ and weight $`w`$ by $`w=i_1+\mathrm{}+i_p`$. Clearly, for a monomial of length $`p`$ the weight can range between $`p`$ and $`pN`$. We shall use induction on $`w`$. By (2.22) we obtain the following equality modulo products of weight less than $`i+j`$: for $`ij`$

$$q^{\delta _{aj}+\delta _{ij}}s_{ia}s_{jb}q^{\delta _{ab}+\delta _{ib}}s_{jb}s_{ia}+\delta _{b<a}(qq^1)q^{\delta _{ai}}s_{ja}s_{ib}.$$
(2.24)
This allows us to represent (2.23) modulo monomials of weight less than $`w`$ as a linear combination of monomials $`s_{j_1b_1}\mathrm{}s_{j_pb_p}`$ of weight $`w`$ such that $`j_1\mathrm{}j_p`$. Consider a submonomial $`s_{ic_1}\mathrm{}s_{ic_r}`$ containing generators with the same first index. By (2.24) we have for $`a>b`$

$$q^{\delta _{ai}+1}s_{ia}s_{ib}q^{\delta _{ab}+\delta _{ib}}s_{ib}s_{ia}.$$
(2.25)
Using this relation repeatedly we bring the submonomial to the required form. ∎

We shall be proving now that (2.15)–(2.17) are precisely the defining relations of the algebra $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$. In other words, the following theorem takes place.

###### Theorem 2.2.

The abstract algebra $`𝒮`$ generated by elements $`s_{ij}`$, $`i,j=1,\mathrm{},N`$ with the defining relations (2.15)–(2.17) is isomorphic to $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$.

###### Proof.

It was mentioned in \[34, Remark 7.9 (1)\] without a detailed proof that this fact can be established with the use of the Diamond Lemma. We employ a different approach based on a weak Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt theorem for the algebra $`𝒮`$.

For this proof only, denote the matrix $`T\overline{T}^t`$ by $`\stackrel{~}{S}`$ and its matrix elements by $`\stackrel{~}{s}_{ij}`$. As we noted above, the map $`S\stackrel{~}{S}`$ defines an algebra homomorphism $`\phi :𝒮\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$. We only need to show that this homomorphism is injective. By Lemma 2.1 the monomials

$$s_{21}^{k_{21}}s_{31}^{k_{31}}s_{32}^{k_{32}}\mathrm{}s_{N1}^{k_{N1}}s_{N2}^{k_{N2}}\mathrm{}s_{N,N1}^{k_{N,N1}}$$
(2.26)
span the algebra $`𝒮`$. We shall show that the images of these monomials under $`\phi `$ are linearly independent. We prove, in fact, that given any linear ordering on the set of generators $`\stackrel{~}{s}_{ij}`$, $`i>j`$, the ordered monomials in the $`\stackrel{~}{s}_{ij}`$ are linearly independent. Regarding $`q`$ as a formal variable, we keep the notation $`𝒜`$ for the algebra of Laurent polynomials $`[q,q^1]`$; see Section 2. Set $`V=\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$ and note that the subalgebra $`V_𝒜`$ is generated by the elements $`\sigma _{ij}:=\stackrel{~}{s}_{ij}/(qq^1)`$ with $`i>j`$. It is enough to verify that the ordered monomials in the generators $`\sigma _{ij}`$ are linearly independent over $`𝒜`$. We have for $`i>j`$

$$\sigma _{ij}=\tau _{ij}+\overline{\tau }_{ji}+(q1)(\tau _{ii}\overline{\tau }_{ji}+\tau _{ij}\overline{\tau }_{jj})+(qq^1)\underset{j<a<i}{}\tau _{ia}\overline{\tau }_{ja}.$$
(2.27)
Therefore, the image of $`\sigma _{ij}`$ in $`V_𝒜_𝒜`$ is $`F_{ij}:=E_{ij}E_{ji}`$. The elements $`F_{ij}`$ with $`i>j`$ constitute a basis of a subalgebra of $`𝔤𝔩_N`$ isomorphic to the orthogonal Lie algebra $`𝔬_N`$. By the Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt theorem for $`𝔬_N`$ the ordered monomials in the $`F_{ij}`$ are linearly independent. Now suppose, on the contrary, that there exists a nontrivial linear combination of the ordered monomials in the $`\sigma _{ij}`$ equal to zero:

$$\underset{(k)}{}c_{(k)}\underset{i>j}{}\sigma _{ij}^{k_{ij}}=0,$$
(2.28)
summed over the multi-indices $`(k)=(k_{ij}|i>j)`$, where $`c_{(k)}𝒜`$. We may assume that at least one coefficient $`c_{(k)}`$ in (2.28) does not vanish at $`q=1`$. Taking the image of (2.28) in $`V_𝒜_𝒜`$ yields a nontrivial linear combination of the ordered monomials in the $`F_{ij}`$ equal to zero. This makes a contradiction proving the claim. ∎

As a corollary of the above argument we obtain an analog of the Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt theorem for the algebra $`𝒮`$. A different proof was given by N. Iorgov; see .

###### Corollary 2.3.

The monomials (2.26) constitute a basis of the algebra $`𝒮`$. ∎

It follows from the proof of the theorem that the algebra $`V_𝒜_𝒜`$ coincides with the enveloping algebra $`\mathrm{U}(𝔬_N)`$. Thus, $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$ specializes to $`\mathrm{U}(𝔬_N)`$ as $`q1`$; see  and \[31, Section 2.4\]. This result also follows from \[21, Section 6\].

Regarding $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$ as a subalgebra of $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤𝔩_N)`$ we introduce another matrix $`\overline{S}`$ by

$$\overline{S}=\overline{T}T^t.$$
(2.29)
The matrix $`\overline{S}=(\overline{s}_{ij})`$ is upper triangular with 1’s on the diagonal. It is related to $`S`$ by the formula

$$\overline{S}=1q+qS^t,$$
(2.30)
or, in terms of the matrix elements, $`\overline{s}_{ij}=qs_{ji}`$ for $`i<j`$. Indeed, (2.3) implies

$$\overline{t}_{ia}t_{ja}=qt_{ja}\overline{t}_{ia}.$$
(2.31)
Taking the sum over $`a`$ gives the result. So, the elements $`\overline{s}_{ij}`$ belong to the subalgebra $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$.

The next proposition is immediate from (2.11). It shows that the subalgebra $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$ is a left coideal of $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤𝔩_N)`$. This property was mentioned in \[31, Section 2.4\] and proofs can be found in  and \[21, Lemma 6.3\].

###### Proposition 2.4.

The image of the generator $`s_{ij}`$ of $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$ under the coproduct is given by

$$\mathrm{\Delta }(s_{ij})=\underset{k,l=1}{\overset{N}{}}t_{ik}\overline{t}_{jl}s_{kl}.$$
(2.32)
###### Remark 2.5.

It was shown in  that for any nondegenerate diagonal matrix $`D`$ the matrix $`S=TD\overline{T}^t`$ satisfies the reflection equation (2.17). Therefore one can define a family of subalgebras in $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤𝔩_N)`$ parametrized by the matrices $`D`$. However, all of them are isomorphic to each other as abstract algebras which can be seen from the fact that for any diagonal matrix $`C`$ the relation (2.17) is preserved by the transformation $`SCSC`$. Indeed, the entries of $`S`$ are then transformed as $`s_{ij}s_{ij}c_ic_j`$ and the claim is immediate from (2.22). The corresponding remark also applies to the symplectic case considered below.

### 2.2 Symplectic case

Following again  introduce the $`2n\times 2n`$ matrix $`G`$ by

$$G=q\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}E_{2k1,2k}\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}E_{2k,2k1}.$$
(2.33)
It is convenient to introduce the involution of the set of indices $`\{1,\mathrm{},2n\}`$ which we denote by a prime and which acts by the rule: for $`k=1,\mathrm{},n`$

$$(2k1)^{}=2k\text{and}(2k)^{}=2k1.$$
(2.34)
To introduce the twisted quantized enveloping algebra $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$ consider the matrix $`S=TG\overline{T}^t`$ with entries in $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤𝔩_{2n})`$. For each odd $`i=1,3,\mathrm{},2n1`$ the element $`s_{ii^{}}=qt_{ii}\overline{t}_{i^{}i^{}}`$ is invertible in $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤𝔩_{2n})`$. We define $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$ as the subalgebra of $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤𝔩_{2n})`$ generated by the matrix elements of the matrix $`S`$ and by the elements222These additional generators, not considered in , will bring some simplification in the arguments below. $`s_{ii^{}}^1`$, $`i=1,3,\mathrm{},2n1`$. Clearly, the matrix $`S`$ has a block-triangular form with $`n`$ diagonal $`2\times 2`$-blocks so that

$$s_{ij}=0\text{for}i<j\text{with}ji^{}.$$
(2.35)
As in the orthogonal case, the matrix $`S`$ satisfies the relation

$$RS_1R^tS_2=S_2R^tS_1R,$$
(2.36)
with the same definition of $`R`$ and $`R^t`$ (taking $`N=2n`$), cf. (2.15)–(2.17). This follows from the fact that $`G`$ is a solution of the reflection equation

$$RG_1R^tG_2=G_2R^tG_1R.$$
(2.37)
###### Lemma 2.6.

For any odd $`i=1,3,\mathrm{},2n1`$ we have the identity

$$s_{i^{}i^{}}s_{ii}q^2s_{i^{}i}s_{ii^{}}=q^3.$$
(2.38)
###### Proof.

The calculation is the same for each $`i`$ so we take $`i=1`$. We have

$`s_{11}`$ $`=qt_{11}\overline{t}_{12},s_{12}=qt_{11}\overline{t}_{22}`$ (2.39)
$`s_{22}`$ $`=qt_{21}\overline{t}_{22},s_{21}=qt_{21}\overline{t}_{12}t_{22}\overline{t}_{11}.`$
Now the relation is implied by the defining relations (2.3) in $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤𝔩_N)`$. ∎

Next we prove an analog of Theorem 2.2 for the algebra $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$. Introduce the abstract algebra $`𝒮`$ with generators $`s_{ij}`$, $`i,j=1,2,\mathrm{},2n`$ and $`s_{ii^{}}^1`$, $`i=1,3,\mathrm{},2n1`$ with the defining relations given by (2.35), (2.37), (2.38) and

$$s_{ii^{}}s_{ii^{}}^1=s_{ii^{}}^1s_{ii^{}}=1,i=1,3,\mathrm{},2n1.$$
(2.40)
We show first that the relations (2.38) allow us to eliminate the generators $`s_{i^{}i}`$ in the spanning set of monomials.

###### Lemma 2.7.

The algebra $`𝒮`$ is spanned by the ordered monomials of the form

$$\underset{i=1,3,\mathrm{},2n1}{\overset{}{}}s_{i1}^{k_{i1}}s_{i2}^{k_{i2}}\mathrm{}s_{ii^{}}^{k_{ii^{}}}s_{i^{}i^{}}^{k_{i^{}i^{}}}s_{i^{}1}^{k_{i^{}1}}\mathrm{}s_{i^{},i^{}2}^{k_{i^{},i^{}2}},$$
(2.41)
where the $`k_{ii^{}}`$ with $`i=1,3,\mathrm{},2n1`$ are arbitrary integers while the remaining powers $`k_{ij}`$ are nonnegative integers.

###### Proof.

Denote by $`𝒮^{}`$ the algebra with generators $`s_{ij}`$ and $`s_{ii^{}}^1`$ and the defining relations given by (2.35), (2.37) and (2.40). The defining relations imply that for any odd $`i`$ we have

$$q^{\delta _{i^{},k}\delta _{ik}}s_{ii^{}}s_{kl}=q^{\delta _{il}\delta _{i^{},l}}s_{kl}s_{ii^{}}.$$
(2.42)
Therefore, by Lemma 2.1 the algebra $`𝒮^{}`$ is spanned by the monomials

$$\underset{i=1,3,\mathrm{},2n1}{\overset{}{}}s_{i1}^{k_{i1}}s_{i2}^{k_{i2}}\mathrm{}s_{ii^{}}^{k_{ii^{}}}s_{i^{}1}^{k_{i^{}1}}\mathrm{}s_{i^{},i^{}1}^{k_{i^{},i^{}1}}s_{i^{}i^{}}^{k_{i^{}i^{}}},$$
(2.43)
where the integers $`k_{ii^{}}`$ are allowed to be negative. As we noted in the proof of Lemma 2.1, the generators $`s_{ia}`$ and $`s_{ib}`$ can be permuted modulo terms of lower weight; see (2.25). Therefore, rearranging the generators appropriately, we conclude that $`𝒮^{}`$ is also spanned by the monomials

$$\underset{i=1,3,\mathrm{},2n1}{\overset{}{}}s_{i1}^{k_{i1}}s_{i2}^{k_{i2}}\mathrm{}s_{ii^{}}^{k_{ii^{}}}s_{i^{},i^{}1}^{k_{i^{},i^{}1}}s_{i^{}i^{}}^{k_{i^{}i^{}}}s_{i^{}1}^{k_{i^{}1}}\mathrm{}s_{i^{},i^{}2}^{k_{i^{},i^{}2}}.$$
(2.44)
It is a straightforward calculation to derive from the defining relations that the elements $`s_{i^{}i^{}}s_{ii}q^2s_{i^{}i}s_{ii^{}}`$ with $`i=1,3,\mathrm{},2n1`$ are central in the algebra $`𝒮^{}`$. Let $`I`$ be the ideal of $`𝒮^{}`$ generated by the central elements $`s_{i^{}i^{}}s_{ii}q^2s_{i^{}i}s_{ii^{}}q^3`$ for $`i=1,3,\mathrm{},2n1`$. We need to show that the quotient $`𝒮^{}/I`$ is spanned by the monomials (2.41). However, the defining relations between the generators $`s_{ii}`$, $`s_{ii^{}}`$, $`s_{i^{}i}`$ and $`s_{i^{}i^{}}`$ do not involve any other generators. In order to complete the proof it is therefore sufficient to consider the particular case $`n=1`$. We shall show that modulo the ideal $`I`$ generated by the central element $`s_{22}s_{11}q^2s_{21}s_{12}q^3`$ every element of the algebra $`𝒮^{}`$ can be written as a linear combination of monomials of the form $`s_{11}^{k_{11}}s_{12}^{k_{12}}s_{22}^{k_{22}}`$. Let $`s_{11}^{k_{11}}s_{12}^{k_{12}}s_{21}^{k_{21}}s_{22}^{k_{22}}`$ be an arbitrary monomial of the form (2.44). We assume $`k_{21}1`$ and use induction on $`k_{21}`$. Modulo the ideal $`I`$ we have

$$s_{21}q^2s_{22}s_{11}s_{12}^1+qs_{12}^1.$$
(2.45)
Therefore, omitting the ordered monomials with smaller powers $`k_{21}`$ we have the relation modulo the ideal $`I`$:

$$s_{11}^{k_{11}}s_{12}^{k_{12}}s_{21}^{k_{21}}s_{22}^{k_{22}}q^2s_{11}^{k_{11}}s_{12}^{k_{12}1}s_{22}s_{11}s_{21}^{k_{21}1}s_{22}^{k_{22}}.$$
(2.46)
Note that by (2.22) we have the relation

$$s_{22}s_{11}=s_{11}s_{22}+(qq^1)(s_{12}^2+qs_{12}s_{21}).$$
(2.47)
This allows us to bring the right hand side of (2.46) to the form

$$(1q^2)s_{11}^{k_{11}}s_{12}^{k_{12}}s_{21}^{k_{21}}s_{22}^{k_{22}},$$
(2.48)
which completes the proof. ∎

The following is an analog of Theorem 2.2 for the symplectic case.

###### Theorem 2.8.

The algebra $`𝒮`$ is isomorphic to $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$.

###### Proof.

We use the same argument as for the proof of Theorem 2.2. For this proof only, denote the matrix $`TG\overline{T}^t`$ by $`\stackrel{~}{S}`$ and its matrix elements by $`\stackrel{~}{s}_{ij}`$. The map $`S\stackrel{~}{S}`$ defines an algebra homomorphism $`\phi :𝒮\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$. We show that the images of the monomials (2.41) under $`\phi `$ are linearly independent. Note that by (2.42) the product of a monomial of the form (2.41) and $`s_{ii^{}}^k`$ is, up to a nonzero factor, equal to the same monomial with the index $`k_{ii^{}}`$ replaced with $`k_{ii^{}}+k`$. Therefore we may assume without loss of generality that all powers in (2.41) are nonnegative integers.

Set $`V=\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$. The corresponding generators $`\sigma _{ij}V_𝒜`$ can now be given by

$$\sigma _{ij}=\frac{\stackrel{~}{s}_{ij}g_{ij}}{qq^1},$$
(2.49)
where the $`g_{ij}`$ are the matrix elements of $`G`$. We have the relation modulo $`(q1)`$,

$$\sigma _{ij}\stackrel{~}{g}_{j^{}j}\tau _{ij^{}}+\stackrel{~}{g}_{ii^{}}\overline{\tau }_{ji^{}},$$
(2.50)
where $`\stackrel{~}{g}_{ij}`$ is the value of $`g_{ij}`$ at $`q=1`$ so that $`\stackrel{~}{g}_{ii^{}}=(1)^{i1}`$. Therefore, the image of the element $`\sigma _{ij}`$ in $`V_𝒜_𝒜`$ is $`F_{ij}:=\stackrel{~}{g}_{j^{}j}E_{ij^{}}\stackrel{~}{g}_{ii^{}}E_{ji^{}}`$. The elements $`F_{ij}`$ span a subalgebra of $`𝔤𝔩_{2n}`$ isomorphic to the symplectic Lie algebra $`𝔰𝔭_{2n}`$ and this allows us to complete the proof exactly as in the orthogonal case. ∎

The following is an analog of the Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt theorem for the algebra $`𝒮`$ which is immediate from Theorem 2.8.

###### Corollary 2.9.

The monomials (2.41) constitute a basis of the algebra $`𝒮`$. ∎

It follows from the proof of the theorem that the algebra $`V_𝒜_𝒜`$ coincides with the enveloping algebra $`\mathrm{U}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$. Thus, $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$ specializes to $`\mathrm{U}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$ as $`q1`$. The result also follows from \[21, Section 6\].

Regarding $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$ as a subalgebra of $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤𝔩_{2n})`$ we introduce another matrix $`\overline{S}`$ by

$$\overline{S}=\overline{T}GT^t.$$
(2.51)
Using the same argument as in the orthogonal case (see Section 2.1) we derive the following relations between the matrix elements of $`S`$ and $`\overline{S}`$: for any $`i=1,3,\mathrm{}2n1`$

$`\overline{s}_{ii}`$ $`=q^2s_{ii},\overline{s}_{i^{}i^{}}=q^2s_{i^{}i^{}},`$ (2.52)
$`\overline{s}_{i^{}i}`$ $`=q^1s_{ii^{}},\overline{s}_{ii^{}}=q^1s_{i^{}i}+(1q^2)s_{ii^{}},`$
while for the remaining generators we have

$$\overline{s}_{ij}=q^1s_{ji},i<j,ji^{}.$$
(2.53)
Thus, the elements $`\overline{s}_{ij}`$ belong to the subalgebra $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$.

The next proposition is immediate from (2.11); cf. Proposition 2.4. It shows that the subalgebra $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$ is a left coideal of $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤𝔩_{2n})`$; see \[21, Lemma 6.3\].

###### Proposition 2.10.

The images of the generators of $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$ under the coproduct are given by

$$\mathrm{\Delta }(s_{ij})=\underset{k,l=1}{\overset{2n}{}}t_{ik}\overline{t}_{jl}s_{kl}$$
(2.54)
and

$$\mathrm{\Delta }(s_{ii^{}}^1)=t_{i^{}i^{}}\overline{t}_{ii}s_{ii^{}}^1.$$
(2.55)
## 3 Coideal subalgebras of $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)`$

Consider the Lie algebra of Laurent polynomials $`𝔤𝔩_N[\lambda ,\lambda ^1]`$ in an indeterminate $`\lambda `$. We denote it by $`\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N`$ for brevity. The quantum affine algebra $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)`$ is a deformation of the universal enveloping algebra $`\mathrm{U}(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)`$. We use its $`R`$-matrix presentation following Reshetikhin, Takhtajan and Faddeev ; cf. Section 2. Note also a recent work of Frenkel and Mukhin , where different realizations of $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)`$ are collected. By definition, the algebra $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)`$ has countably many generators $`t_{ij}^{(r)}`$ and $`\overline{t}_{ij}^{(r)}`$ where $`1i,jN`$ and $`r`$ runs over nonnegative integers. They are combined into the matrices

$$T(u)=\underset{i,j=1}{\overset{N}{}}t_{ij}(u)E_{ij},\overline{T}(u)=\underset{i,j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\overline{t}_{ij}(u)E_{ij},$$
(3.1)
where $`t_{ij}(u)`$ and $`\overline{t}_{ij}(u)`$ are formal series in $`u^1`$ and $`u`$, respectively:

$$t_{ij}(u)=\underset{r=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}t_{ij}^{(r)}u^r,\overline{t}_{ij}(u)=\underset{r=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\overline{t}_{ij}^{(r)}u^r.$$
(3.2)
The defining relations are

$`t_{ij}^{(0)}`$ $`=\overline{t}_{ji}^{(0)}=0,1i<jN,`$ (3.3)
$`t_{ii}^{(0)}\overline{t}_{ii}^{(0)}`$ $`=\overline{t}_{ii}^{(0)}t_{ii}^{(0)}=1,1iN,`$
$`R(u,v)T_1(u)T_2(v)`$ $`=T_2(v)T_1(u)R(u,v),`$
$`R(u,v)\overline{T}_1(u)\overline{T}_2(v)`$ $`=\overline{T}_2(v)\overline{T}_1(u)R(u,v),`$
$`R(u,v)\overline{T}_1(u)T_2(v)`$ $`=T_2(v)\overline{T}_1(u)R(u,v),`$
where we have used the notation of (2.3) and $`R(u,v)`$ is the trigonometric $`R`$-matrix given by

$`R(u,v)=`$ $`(uv){\displaystyle \underset{ij}{}}E_{ii}E_{jj}+(q^1uqv){\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}E_{ii}E_{ii}`$ (3.4)
$`+`$ $`(q^1q)u{\displaystyle \underset{i>j}{}}E_{ij}E_{ji}+(q^1q)v{\displaystyle \underset{i<j}{}}E_{ij}E_{ji}.`$
It satisfies the Yang–Baxter equation

$$R_{12}(u,v)R_{13}(u,w)R_{23}(v,w)=R_{23}(v,w)R_{13}(u,w)R_{12}(u,v),$$
(3.5)
where both sides take values in $`\mathrm{End}^N\mathrm{End}^N\mathrm{End}^N`$ and the subindices indicate the copies of $`\mathrm{End}^N`$, e.g., $`R_{12}(u,v)=R(u,v)1`$ etc. Note that $`R(u,v)`$ is related with the constant $`R`$-matrices (2.1) and (2.7) by the formula

$$R(u,v)=u\stackrel{~}{R}vR.$$
(3.6)
There is a Hopf algebra structure on $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)`$ with the coproduct defined by

$$\mathrm{\Delta }\left(t_{ij}(u)\right)=\underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}t_{ik}(u)t_{kj}(u),\mathrm{\Delta }\left(\overline{t}_{ij}(u)\right)=\underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}\overline{t}_{ik}(u)\overline{t}_{kj}(u).$$
(3.7)
The algebra $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)`$ specializes to $`\mathrm{U}(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)`$ as $`q1`$. More precisely, as with the case of $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤𝔩_N)`$ (see Section 2), regard $`q`$ as a formal variable and introduce the $`𝒜`$-subalgebra $`\mathrm{U}_𝒜`$ of $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)`$ generated by the elements $`\tau _{ij}^{(r)}`$ and $`\overline{\tau }_{ij}^{(r)}`$ defined by

$$\tau _{ij}^{(r)}=\frac{t_{ij}^{(r)}}{qq^1},\overline{\tau }_{ij}^{(r)}=\frac{\overline{t}_{ij}^{(r)}}{qq^1}$$
(3.8)
for $`r0`$ and all $`i,j`$, except for the case $`r=0`$ and $`i=j`$ where we set

$$\tau _{ii}^{(0)}=\frac{t_{ii}^{(0)}1}{q1},\overline{\tau }_{ii}^{(0)}=\frac{\overline{t}_{ii}^{(0)}1}{q1}.$$
(3.9)
Then we have an isomorphism

$$\mathrm{U}_𝒜_𝒜\mathrm{U}(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N);$$
(3.10)
see \[2, Section 12.2\] and \[11, Section 2\]. The images of the generators of $`\mathrm{U}_𝒜`$ in (3.10) are given by

$$\tau _{ij}^{(r)}E_{ij}\lambda ^r,\overline{\tau }_{ij}^{(r)}E_{ij}\lambda ^r$$
(3.11)
for all $`r0`$ with the exception $`\tau _{ij}^{(0)}=\overline{\tau }_{ji}^{(0)}=0`$ if $`i<j`$. Given a subalgebra $`V`$ of $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)`$ we set $`V_𝒜=V\mathrm{U}_𝒜`$. We shall say that $`V`$ specializes to a subalgebra $`V^{}`$ of $`\mathrm{U}(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)`$ if $`V_𝒜_𝒜V^{}`$.

The quantized enveloping algebra $`\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤𝔩_N)`$ is a natural (Hopf) subalgebra of $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)`$ defined by the embedding

$$t_{ij}t_{ij}^{(0)},\overline{t}_{ij}\overline{t}_{ij}^{(0)}.$$
(3.12)
Moreover, there is an algebra homomorphism $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)\mathrm{U}_q(𝔤𝔩_N)`$ called the evaluation homomorphism defined by

$$T(u)T\overline{T}u^1,\overline{T}(u)\overline{T}Tu.$$
(3.13)
The $`A`$ type quantum affine algebras are exceptional in the sense that only in this case such an evaluation homomorphism does exist; see Chari–Pressley \[2, Chapter 12\].

The subalgebra of $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)`$ generated by the elements $`t_{ij}^{(r)}`$ was studied e.g. in , , . We call it the $`q`$-Yangian. In what follows we construct quantum affine algebras associated with the orthogonal and symplectic Lie algebras for which analogs of the evaluation homomorphism (3.13) do exist; cf. the $`B`$ and $`C`$ type twisted Yangians , . These algebras can be viewed as twisted analogs of the $`q`$-Yangian as well as $`q`$-analogs of the twisted Yangians. Note, however, that contrary to the case of the twisted Yangians, our algebras are not subalgebras of the $`q`$-Yangian; they are generated by certain combinations of both types of elements $`t_{ij}^{(r)}`$ and $`\overline{t}_{ij}^{(r)}`$.

### 3.1 Orthogonal twisted $`q`$-Yangians

###### Definition 3.1.

The twisted $`q`$-Yangian $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$ is the subalgebra of $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)`$ generated by the coefficients $`s_{ij}^{(r)}`$ of the matrix elements of the matrix $`S(u)=T(u)\overline{T}(u^1)^t`$. More precisely, we have

$$s_{ij}(u)=\underset{a=1}{\overset{N}{}}t_{ia}(u)\overline{t}_{ja}(u^1)$$
(3.14)
so that

$$s_{ij}(u)=\underset{r=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}s_{ij}^{(r)}u^r.$$
(3.15)
The subalgebra $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$ is generated by the elements $`s_{ij}^{(r)}`$ with $`1i,jN`$ and $`r`$ running over the set of nonnegative integers.

Next we give a presentation of the algebra $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$ in terms of generators and defining relations by analogy with the finite-dimensional case; see Section 2.1. Consider the element $`R^t(u,v):=R^{t_1}(u,v)`$ obtained from $`R(u,v)`$ by the transposition in the first factor:

$`R^t(u,v)=`$ $`(uv){\displaystyle \underset{ij}{}}E_{ii}E_{jj}+(q^1uqv){\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}E_{ii}E_{ii}`$ (3.16)
$`+`$ $`(q^1q)u{\displaystyle \underset{i>j}{}}E_{ji}E_{ji}+(q^1q)v{\displaystyle \underset{i<j}{}}E_{ji}E_{ji}.`$
The following relations are implied by (3.3):

$`s_{ij}^{(0)}`$ $`=0,1i<jN,`$ (3.17)
$`s_{ii}^{(0)}`$ $`=1,1iN,`$ (3.18)
$`R(u,v)S_1(u)R^t(u^1,v)S_2(v)`$ $`=S_2(v)R^t(u^1,v)S_1(u)R(u,v).`$ (3.19)
We shall be proving that these are precisely the defining relations for the algebra $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$.

###### Lemma 3.2.

Consider the (abstract) associative algebra with generators $`s_{ij}^{(r)}`$ where $`i,j=1,\mathrm{},N`$ and $`r=0,1,`$. The defining relations are written in terms of the matrix $`S(u)=(s_{ij}(u))`$ by the relation (3.19) with $`s_{ij}(u)`$ defined by (3.15). Introduce the ordering on the generators in such a way that $`s_{ij}^{(r)}s_{kl}^{(p)}`$ if and only if $`(r,i,j)(p,k,l)`$ in the lexicographical order. Then the ordered monomials in the generators span the algebra.

###### Proof.

Write the defining relations in terms of the generating series $`s_{ij}(u)`$:

$`(q^{\delta _{ij}}uq^{\delta _{ij}}v)\alpha _{ijab}(u,v)+(q^1q)(u\delta _{j<i}+v\delta _{i<j})`$ $`\alpha _{jiab}(u,v)`$ (3.20)
$`=(q^{\delta _{ab}}uq^{\delta _{ab}}v)\alpha _{jiba}(v,u)+(q^1q)(u\delta _{a<b}+v\delta _{b<a})`$ $`\alpha _{jiab}(v,u),`$
where we have used the notation

$$\alpha _{ijab}(u,v)=(q^{\delta _{aj}}q^{\delta _{aj}}uv)s_{ia}(u)s_{jb}(v)+(q^1q)(\delta _{j<a}+uv\delta _{a<j})s_{ij}(u)s_{ab}(v).$$
(3.21)
We shall show that any monomial

$$s_{i_1a_1}^{(k_1)}s_{i_2a_2}^{(k_2)}\mathrm{}s_{i_pa_p}^{(k_p)}$$
(3.22)
can be written as a linear combination of the ordered monomials. Define the degree of the monomial (3.22) as the sum $`k_1+\mathrm{}+k_p`$ and argue by induction on the degree. The induction base is Lemma 2.1 which takes care of the monomials of degree zero. In other words, we can introduce the filtration on the algebra by setting $`\mathrm{deg}s_{ia}^{(k)}=k`$ and it will be sufficient to prove the lemma for the corresponding graded algebra. We keep the same notation for its generators while the defining relations are given by (3.20) where instead of (3.21) we should take

$$\alpha _{ijab}(u,v)=q^{\delta _{aj}}s_{ia}(u)s_{jb}(v)+(q^1q)\delta _{a<j}s_{ij}(u)s_{ab}(v).$$
(3.23)
Furthermore, we apply the same argument to this new algebra considering the filtration defined by setting the degree of $`s_{ia}^{(k)}`$ to be equal to $`i`$. The corresponding graded algebra is generated by elements $`s_{ia}^{(k)}`$ with the defining relations (3.20) where the expression $`\alpha _{ijab}(u,v)`$ further simplifies to

$$\alpha _{ijab}(u,v)=q^{\delta _{aj}}s_{ia}(u)s_{jb}(v).$$
(3.24)
Working with this algebra we have for $`i>j`$

$`q^{\delta _{aj}}s_{ia}(u)s_{jb}(v)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{q^{\delta _{ab}}uq^{\delta _{ab}}v}{uv}}q^{\delta _{bi}}s_{jb}(v)s_{ia}(u)`$ (3.25)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{qq^1}{uv}}q^{\delta _{ai}}\left(us_{ja}(u)s_{ib}(v)(u\delta _{a<b}+v\delta _{b<a})s_{ja}(v)s_{ib}(u)\right).`$
This implies that the monomials (3.22) with the condition $`i_1\mathrm{}i_p`$ span the algebra. Now we take $`i=j`$ and $`a<b`$ in (3.20) with the assumption (3.24) to get

$`q^{\delta _{bi}}s_{ib}(v)s_{ia}(u)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{q^1uqv}{q^{\delta _{ab}}uq^{\delta _{ab}}v}}q^{\delta _{ai}}s_{ia}(u)s_{ib}(v)`$ (3.26)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{qq^1}{q^{\delta _{ab}}uq^{\delta _{ab}}v}}q^{\delta _{ai}}us_{ia}(v)s_{ib}(u).`$
Therefore, the algebra is spanned by the monomials (3.22) such that $`(i_1,a_1)\mathrm{}(i_p,a_p)`$ in the lexicographical order. Finally, using again (3.20) we note that

$$s_{ia}(u)s_{ia}(v)=s_{ia}(v)s_{ia}(u)$$
(3.27)
which implies $`[s_{ia}^{(k)},s_{ia}^{(r)}]=0`$ for all $`k,r`$. This completes the proof. ∎

###### Theorem 3.3.

The abstract algebra $`𝒮`$ generated by elements $`s_{ij}^{(r)}`$ with $`i,j=1,\mathrm{},N`$ and $`r0`$ with the defining relations (3.17)–(3.19) is isomorphic to $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$.

###### Proof.

We use the argument of the proof of Theorem 2.2 appropriately modified for the affine case. Namely, we check first that the matrix elements of the matrix $`T(u)\overline{T}(u^1)^t`$ satisfy the defining relations of $`𝒮`$ so that we have an algebra homomorphism $`𝒮\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$. To prove its injectivity regard $`q`$ as a formal variable and set $`V=\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$. Note that the algebra $`V_𝒜`$ is generated by the elements

$$\sigma _{ij}^{(r)}=\frac{s_{ij}^{(r)}}{qq^1},$$
(3.28)
where the condition $`i>j`$ must hold if $`r=0`$. The image of $`\sigma _{ij}^{(r)}`$ in $`V_𝒜_𝒜`$ is $`F_{ij}^{(r)}=E_{ij}\lambda ^rE_{ji}\lambda ^r`$. However, the elements $`F_{ij}^{(r)}`$ span the fixed point subalgebra $`\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_{N}^{}{}_{}{}^{\theta }`$ of $`\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N`$ corresponding to the automorphism

$$\theta :E_{ij}\lambda ^pE_{ji}\lambda ^p.$$
(3.29)
Thus, Lemma 3.2 and this observation complete the proof. ∎

Consider the ordering on the generators of $`𝒮`$ defined in Lemma 3.2. We shall assume that for the generators $`s_{ij}^{(0)}`$ the condition $`i>j`$ holds.

###### Corollary 3.4.

The ordered monomials in the generators constitute a basis of the algebra $`𝒮`$. ∎

###### Corollary 3.5.

The subalgebra $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$ of $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)`$ specializes to the universal enveloping algebra $`\mathrm{U}(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N^\theta )`$ as $`q1`$. ∎

The following proposition is immediate from (3.7).

###### Proposition 3.6.

The subalgebra $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$ of $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)`$ is a left coideal so that

$$\mathrm{\Delta }(s_{ij}(u))=\underset{k,l=1}{\overset{N}{}}t_{ik}(u)\overline{t}_{jl}(u^1)s_{kl}(u).$$
(3.30)
The next proposition allows us to regard $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$ as a subalgebra of $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$.

###### Proposition 3.7.

The map $`s_{ij}s_{ij}^{(0)}`$ defines an embedding $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$.

###### Proof.

It is clear from (3.17)–(3.19) that the elements $`s_{ij}^{(0)}`$ satisfy the defining relations for the $`s_{ij}`$; see (2.15)–(2.17). Corollary 3.4 ensures that the homomorphism is injective. ∎

The following theorem establishes the existence of the evaluation homomorphisms for the twisted $`q`$-Yangians. We use notation (2.29). As before, we combine the formal series $`s_{ij}(u)`$ into the matrix $`S(u)`$ so that $`S(u)`$ is a formal power series in $`u^1`$ with matrix coefficients.

###### Theorem 3.8.

The mapping

$$S(u)S+q^1u^1\overline{S}$$
(3.31)
defines an algebra homomorphism $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$.

###### Proof.

Regarding $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$ as an abstract algebra we need to verify that the relation (3.19) holds when we substitute the right hand side of (3.31) for $`S(u)`$. That is, we need to verify

$$\begin{array}{c}(u\stackrel{~}{R}vR)(quS_1+\overline{S}_1)(\stackrel{~}{R}^tuvR^t)(qvS_2+\overline{S}_2)\hfill \\ \hfill =(qvS_2+\overline{S}_2)(\stackrel{~}{R}^tuvR^t)(quS_1+\overline{S}_1)(u\stackrel{~}{R}vR).\end{array}$$
(3.32)
Applying (2.3) and (2.10) we derive the relations

$`RS_1R^tS_2=S_2R^tS_1R,\stackrel{~}{R}S_1R^tS_2=S_2R^tS_1\stackrel{~}{R},`$ (3.33)
$`R\overline{S}_1R^tS_2=S_2R^t\overline{S}_1R,\stackrel{~}{R}\overline{S}_1\stackrel{~}{R}^t\overline{S}_2=\overline{S}_2\stackrel{~}{R}^t\overline{S}_1\stackrel{~}{R},`$
$`R\overline{S}_1\stackrel{~}{R}^tS_2=S_2\stackrel{~}{R}^t\overline{S}_1R,\stackrel{~}{R}S_1\stackrel{~}{R}^t\overline{S}_2=\overline{S}_2\stackrel{~}{R}^tS_1\stackrel{~}{R},`$
$`R\overline{S}_1\stackrel{~}{R}^t\overline{S}_2=\overline{S}_2\stackrel{~}{R}^t\overline{S}_1R,\stackrel{~}{R}S_1R^t\overline{S}_2=\overline{S}_2R^tS_1\stackrel{~}{R}.`$
Expanding the products on the left and right hand sides of (3.32) we see that in order to complete the proof, it suffices to verify the following four relations

$`RS_1R^t\overline{S}_2\stackrel{~}{R}\overline{S}_1R^tS_2`$ $`=\overline{S}_2R^tS_1RS_2R^t\overline{S}_1\stackrel{~}{R},`$ (3.34)
$`RS_1\stackrel{~}{R}^t\overline{S}_2\stackrel{~}{R}\overline{S}_1\stackrel{~}{R}^tS_2`$ $`=\overline{S}_2\stackrel{~}{R}^tS_1RS_2\stackrel{~}{R}^t\overline{S}_1\stackrel{~}{R},`$
$`\stackrel{~}{R}S_1\stackrel{~}{R}^tS_2q^2\stackrel{~}{R}\overline{S}_1R^t\overline{S}_2`$ $`=S_2\stackrel{~}{R}^tS_1\stackrel{~}{R}q^2\overline{S}_2R^t\overline{S}_1\stackrel{~}{R},`$
$`RS_1\stackrel{~}{R}^tS_2q^2R\overline{S}_1R^t\overline{S}_2`$ $`=S_2\stackrel{~}{R}^tS_1Rq^2\overline{S}_2R^t\overline{S}_1R.`$
Let us prove the first of them. Using (2.8) replace $`R`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{R}`$, respectively, with $`\stackrel{~}{R}+(qq^1)P`$ and $`R(qq^1)P`$. Due to (3.33), we now have to check that

$$PS_1R^t\overline{S}_2+P\overline{S}_1R^tS_2=\overline{S}_2R^tS_1P+S_2R^t\overline{S}_1P.$$
(3.35)
However, this is obvious if we observe that $`PS_1=S_2P`$, $`P\overline{S}_1=\overline{S}_2P`$ and $`PR^t=R^tP`$. The proof of the second relation in (3.34) is the same. The third and forth relations are also verified in a way similar to each other so we only consider the third one. Note that by (2.8),

$$R^t=\stackrel{~}{R}^t+(qq^1)Q,Q=P^t=\underset{i,j=1}{\overset{N}{}}E_{ij}E_{ij}.$$
(3.36)
Replacing $`R^t`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{R}^t`$, respectively, with $`\stackrel{~}{R}^t+(qq^1)Q`$ and $`R^t(qq^1)Q`$ in the third relation and using again (3.33) we conclude that it is now sufficient to verify that

$$\stackrel{~}{R}S_1QS_2+q^2\stackrel{~}{R}\overline{S}_1Q\overline{S}_2=S_2QS_1\stackrel{~}{R}+q^2\overline{S}_2Q\overline{S}_1\stackrel{~}{R}.$$
(3.37)
Since $`PQ=QP=Q`$ and

$$PA_1=A_2P$$
(3.38)
for any matrix $`A`$, we have $`P\overline{S}_1Q\overline{S}_2=\overline{S}_2Q\overline{S}_1P`$. Therefore, by (2.8) we may replace (3.37) with

$$\stackrel{~}{R}S_1QS_2+q^2R\overline{S}_1Q\overline{S}_2=S_2QS_1\stackrel{~}{R}+q^2\overline{S}_2Q\overline{S}_1R.$$
(3.39)
Finally, we have the chain of equalities

$$\stackrel{~}{R}S_1Q=\stackrel{~}{R}T_1\overline{T}_1^tQ=\stackrel{~}{R}T_1\overline{T}_2Q=\overline{T}_2T_1\stackrel{~}{R}Q=q^1\overline{T}_2T_1Q=q^1\overline{T}_2T_2^tQ=q^1\overline{S}_2Q,$$
(3.40)
where we have used (2.10) and the relations $`\stackrel{~}{R}Q=Q\stackrel{~}{R}=q^1Q`$ together with the observation that $`A_1^tQ=A_2Q`$ implied by (3.38). Thus, $`\stackrel{~}{R}S_1QS_2=q^1\overline{S}_2QS_2`$. A similar argument shows that

$$R\overline{S}_1Q\overline{S}_2=qS_2Q\overline{S}_2,S_2QS_1\stackrel{~}{R}=q^1S_2Q\overline{S}_2,\overline{S}_2Q\overline{S}_1R=q\overline{S}_2QS_2$$
(3.41)
proving (3.39) and the theorem. ∎

### 3.2 Symplectic twisted $`q`$-Yangians

As in Section 2.2, we use the matrix $`G=(g_{ij})`$ given by (2.33).

###### Definition 3.9.

The twisted $`q`$-Yangian $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$ is defined as the subalgebra of $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_{2n})`$ generated by the coefficients $`s_{ij}^{(r)}`$ of the matrix elements of the matrix $`S(u)=T(u)G\overline{T}(u^1)^t`$ and the elements $`(s_{ii^{}}^{(0)})^1`$ with $`i=1,3,\mathrm{},2n1`$. More precisely, the matrix elements are given by

$$s_{ij}(u)=q\underset{a=1}{\overset{n}{}}t_{i,2a1}(u)\overline{t}_{j,2a}(u^1)\underset{a=1}{\overset{n}{}}t_{i,2a}(u)\overline{t}_{j,2a1}(u^1)$$
(3.42)
so that

$$s_{ij}(u)=\underset{r=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}s_{ij}^{(r)}u^r.$$
(3.43)
Now we give a presentation of the algebra $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$ in terms of generators and defining relations. We shall use the notation (3.16). Denote by $`𝒮`$ the associative algebra with (abstract) generators $`s_{ij}^{(r)}`$ with $`1i,j2n`$ and $`r0`$, $`(s_{ii^{}}^{(0)})^1`$ with $`i=1,3,\mathrm{},2n1`$ and the following defining relations written with the use of the generating series (3.43) and the matrix $`S(u)=(s_{ij}(u))`$:

$$s_{ij}^{(0)}=0\text{for}i<j\text{with}ji^{};$$
(3.44)
also, for any odd $`i=1,3,\mathrm{},2n1`$

$`s_{i^{}i^{}}^{(0)}s_{ii}^{(0)}q^2s_{i^{}i}^{(0)}s_{ii^{}}^{(0)}=q^3,`$ (3.45)
$`s_{ii^{}}^{(0)}(s_{ii^{}}^{(0)})^1=(s_{ii^{}}^{(0)})^1s_{ii^{}}^{(0)}=1;`$
and

$$R(u,v)S_1(u)R^t(u^1,v)S_2(v)=S_2(v)R^t(u^1,v)S_1(u)R(u,v).$$
(3.46)
###### Theorem 3.10.

The algebra $`𝒮`$ is isomorphic to the twisted $`q`$-Yangian $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$.

###### Proof.

Let us verify first that the matrix $`G`$ satisfies

$$R(u,v)G_1R^t(u^1,v)G_2=G_2R^t(u^1,v)G_1R(u,v).$$
(3.47)
We have to check the four relations

$`RG_1R^tG_2`$ $`=G_2R^tG_1R,\stackrel{~}{R}G_1R^tG_2=G_2R^tG_1\stackrel{~}{R},`$ (3.48)
$`RG_1\stackrel{~}{R}^tG_2`$ $`=G_2\stackrel{~}{R}^tG_1R,\stackrel{~}{R}G_1\stackrel{~}{R}^tG_2=G_2\stackrel{~}{R}^tG_1\stackrel{~}{R}.`$
Applying (2.37) together with (2.8) and (3.36) we see that it is sufficient to check that $`RG_1QG_2=G_2QG_1R`$ which can be done by a direct calculation.

Further, repeating the arguments of the proof of Theorem 3.3 we construct the algebra homomorphism $`𝒮\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$. Next we verify directly that the elements $`s_{i^{}i^{}}^{(0)}s_{ii}^{(0)}q^2s_{i^{}i}^{(0)}s_{ii^{}}^{(0)}`$ with odd $`i`$ are central in the algebra $`𝒮`$.

Now Lemma 2.7 and Lemma 3.2 imply that the algebra $`𝒮`$ is spanned by the ordered monomials in the generators $`s_{ij}^{(r)}`$. Here the triples $`(r,i,j)`$ are ordered lexicographically except for the submonomials in the generators $`s_{ij}^{(0)}`$. These submonomials should have the form (2.41) with the $`s_{ij}`$ replaced by $`s_{ij}^{(0)}`$, respectively.

Finally, the linear independence of the ordered monomials is proved in the same way as in Theorem 3.3. Namely, setting $`V=\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$ we consider the corresponding elements of the algebra $`V_𝒜`$ given by

$$\sigma _{ij}^{(0)}=\frac{s_{ij}^{(0)}g_{ij}}{qq^1},\text{and}\sigma _{ij}^{(r)}=\frac{s_{ij}^{(r)}}{qq^1}\text{for}r1,$$
(3.49)
cf. (2.49). Then we have modulo $`(q1)`$

$$\sigma _{ij}^{(r)}\stackrel{~}{g}_{j^{}j}\tau _{ij^{}}^{(r)}+\stackrel{~}{g}_{ii^{}}\overline{\tau }_{ji^{}}^{(r)},$$
(3.50)
where $`\stackrel{~}{g}_{ii^{}}=(1)^{i1}`$; see (2.50). Hence, the image of $`\sigma _{ij}^{(r)}`$ in $`V_𝒜_𝒜`$ is

$$F_{ij}^{(r)}:=\stackrel{~}{g}_{j^{}j}E_{ij^{}}\lambda ^r\stackrel{~}{g}_{ii^{}}E_{ji^{}}\lambda ^r.$$
(3.51)
The elements $`F_{ij}^{(r)}`$ span a fixed point subalgebra $`\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_{2n}^{}{}_{}{}^{\theta }`$ of $`\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_{2n}`$ with respect to the automorphism

$$\theta :E_{ij}\lambda ^r(1)^{i+j1}E_{j^{}i^{}}\lambda ^r.$$
(3.52)
The application of the Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt theorem to the Lie algebra $`\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_{2n}^{}{}_{}{}^{\theta }`$ completes the proof. ∎

Consider the ordering on the generators of $`𝒮`$ defined in the proof of Theorem 3.10.

###### Corollary 3.11.

The ordered monomials in the generators constitute a basis of the algebra $`𝒮`$. ∎

###### Corollary 3.12.

The subalgebra $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$ of $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_{2n})`$ specializes to the universal enveloping algebra $`\mathrm{U}(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_{2n}^\theta )`$ as $`q1`$. ∎

The following proposition is immediate from (3.7).

###### Proposition 3.13.

The subalgebra $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$ of $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_{2n})`$ is a left coideal so that

$$\mathrm{\Delta }(s_{ij}(u))=\underset{k,l=1}{\overset{2n}{}}t_{ik}(u)\overline{t}_{jl}(u^1)s_{kl}(u).$$
(3.53)
The next proposition allows us to regard $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$ as a subalgebra of $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$.

###### Proposition 3.14.

The map

$$s_{ij}s_{ij}^{(0)},s_{ii^{}}^1(s_{ii^{}}^{(0)})^1$$
(3.54)
defines an embedding $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$.

###### Proof.

By the defining relations in $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$ and $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$ the mapping is clearly an algebra homomorphism. Corollary 3.11 ensures that the homomorphism is injective. ∎

The following is an analog of Theorem 3.8 for the symplectic case. We use notation (2.51).

###### Theorem 3.15.

The mapping

$$S(u)S+qu^1\overline{S},(s_{ii^{}}^{(0)})^1s_{ii^{}}^1$$
(3.55)
defines an algebra homomorphism $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$.

###### Proof.

By analogy with the orthogonal case (see Theorem 3.8), we need to verify

$$\begin{array}{c}(u\stackrel{~}{R}vR)(uS_1+q\overline{S}_1)(\stackrel{~}{R}^tuvR^t)(vS_2+q\overline{S}_2)\hfill \\ \hfill =(vS_2+q\overline{S}_2)(\stackrel{~}{R}^tuvR^t)(uS_1+q\overline{S}_1)(u\stackrel{~}{R}vR).\end{array}$$
(3.56)
Note that (3.33) and the first two relations in (3.34) still hold in the same form for the symplectic case. To prove the theorem we shall verify that the third and fourth relations in (3.34) are respectively replaced by

$`\stackrel{~}{R}S_1\stackrel{~}{R}^tS_2q^2\stackrel{~}{R}\overline{S}_1R^t\overline{S}_2`$ $`=S_2\stackrel{~}{R}^tS_1\stackrel{~}{R}q^2\overline{S}_2R^t\overline{S}_1\stackrel{~}{R},`$ (3.57)
$`RS_1\stackrel{~}{R}^tS_2q^2R\overline{S}_1R^t\overline{S}_2`$ $`=S_2\stackrel{~}{R}^tS_1Rq^2\overline{S}_2R^t\overline{S}_1R.`$
The chain of equalities (3.40) is replaced with

$$\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{R}S_1Q=\stackrel{~}{R}T_1G_1\overline{T}_1^tQ=\stackrel{~}{R}T_1\overline{T}_2G_1Q=\overline{T}_2T_1\stackrel{~}{R}G_1Q\hfill \\ \hfill =q\overline{T}_2T_1G_2Q=q\overline{T}_2G_2T_2^tQ=q\overline{S}_2Q,\end{array}$$
(3.58)
where we have used (2.10) and the relation $`\stackrel{~}{R}G_1Q=qG_2Q`$ which is verified directly. Thus, $`\stackrel{~}{R}S_1QS_2=q\overline{S}_2QS_2`$. A similar argument shows that

$$R\overline{S}_1Q\overline{S}_2=q^1S_2Q\overline{S}_2,S_2QS_1\stackrel{~}{R}=qS_2Q\overline{S}_2,\overline{S}_2Q\overline{S}_1R=q^1\overline{S}_2QS_2$$
(3.59)
completing the proof. ∎

### 3.3 Comments on possible variations of the definitions

$``$ By analogy with the algebras $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$ and $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$ we can introduce the matrices $`\overline{S}(u)=\left(\overline{s}_{ij}(u)\right)`$ by

$$\overline{S}(u)=\overline{T}(u)T(u^1)^t\text{and}\overline{S}(u)=\overline{T}(u)GT(u^1)^t$$
(3.60)
in the orthogonal and symplectic case, respectively; cf. Definitions 3.1 and 3.9. Then one can derive the following relations form (3.3):

$$\begin{array}{c}(uqu^1q^1)\overline{s}_{ij}(u)=\hfill \\ \hfill (uq^{\delta _{ij}}u^1q^{\delta _{ij}})s_{ji}(u^1)+(qq^1)(u\delta _{j<i}+u^1\delta _{i<j})s_{ij}(u^1)\end{array}$$
(3.61)
in the orthogonal case, and

$$\begin{array}{c}(u^1quq^1)\overline{s}_{ij}(u)=\hfill \\ \hfill (uq^{\delta _{ij}}u^1q^{\delta _{ij}})s_{ji}(u^1)+(qq^1)(u\delta _{i<j}+u^1\delta _{j<i})s_{ij}(u^1)\end{array}$$
(3.62)
in the symplectic case. This implies that the coefficients of the series $`\overline{s}_{ij}(u)`$ generate the same subalgebra $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$ or $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$ of $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)`$.

$``$ The construction of the coideal subalgebras $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$ and $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$ can be generalized to the case of the centrally extended quantum affine algebra $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)_c`$. We use its presentation given in . The $`R`$-matrix $`R(u)`$ we employ here is related to $`R(u,v)`$ by

$$(uq^1q)R(u)=R(u,1).$$
(3.63)
The defining relations (3.3) are then replaced by

$`R(u/v)T_1(u)T_2(v)`$ $`=T_2(v)T_1(u)R(u/v),`$ (3.64)
$`R(u/v)\overline{T}_1(u)\overline{T}_2(v)`$ $`=\overline{T}_2(v)\overline{T}_1(u)R(u/v),`$
$`R(uq^c/v)\overline{T}_1(u)T_2(v)`$ $`=T_2(v)\overline{T}_1(u)R(uq^c/v).`$
The definition of the matrix $`S(u)`$ is modified to

$$S(u)=T(uq^c)\overline{T}(u^1)^t\text{and}S(u)=T(uq^c)G\overline{T}(u^1)^t$$
(3.65)
in the orthogonal and symplectic case, respectively. However, one can demonstrate that $`S(u)`$ still satisfies the same reflection equation (3.19) or (3.46) which does not involve the central charge $`c`$. The corresponding subalgebra is therefore isomorphic to the twisted $`q`$-Yangian, as an abstract algebra.

## 4 Centers of the twisted $`q`$-Yangians

In this section we construct a formal series whose coefficients belong to the center of the twisted $`q`$-Yangian.

We start by recalling the well-known construction of the quantum determinants for the quantum affine algebra $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)`$; see e.g. , , . We use an approach analogous to the case of the Yangian $`\mathrm{Y}(𝔤𝔩_N)`$ , ; see also  for a detailed exposition.

Let us consider the multiple tensor product $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)(\mathrm{End}^N)^r`$ and use the notation of (3.3). Then we have the following corollary of (3.5) and (3.3):

$$R(u_1,\mathrm{},u_r)T_1(u_1)\mathrm{}T_r(u_r)=T_r(u_r)\mathrm{}T_1(u_1)R(u_1,\mathrm{},u_r),$$
(4.1)
where

$$R(u_1,\mathrm{},u_r)=\underset{i<j}{}R_{ij}(u_i,u_j),$$
(4.2)
with the product taken in the lexicographical order on the pairs $`(i,j)`$. The proof of (4.1) is exactly the same as for the Yangians; see e.g. . Furthermore, consider the $`q`$-permutation operator $`P^q\mathrm{End}(^N^N)`$ defined by

$$P^q=\underset{i}{}E_{ii}E_{ii}+q\underset{i>j}{}E_{ij}E_{ji}+q^1\underset{i<j}{}E_{ij}E_{ji}.$$
(4.3)
The action of symmetric group $`𝔖_r`$ on the space $`(^N)^r`$ can be defined by setting $`s_iP_{s_i}^q:=P_{i,i+1}^q`$ for $`i=1,\mathrm{},r1`$, where $`s_i`$ denotes the transposition $`(i,i+1)`$. If $`\sigma =s_{i_1}\mathrm{}s_{i_l}`$ is a reduced decomposition of an element $`\sigma 𝔖_r`$ we set $`P_\sigma ^q=P_{s_{i_1}}^q\mathrm{}P_{s_{i_l}}^q`$. We denote by $`A_r^q`$ the $`q`$-antisymmetrizer

$$A_r^q=\underset{\sigma 𝔖_r}{}\mathrm{sgn}\sigma P_\sigma ^q.$$
(4.4)
The following proposition is proved by induction on $`r`$ in the same way as for the Yangians  with the use of a property of the reduced decompositions \[16, p. 50\].

###### Proposition 4.1.

We have the relation in $`\mathrm{End}(^N)^r`$:

$$R(1,q^2,\mathrm{},q^{2r+2})=\underset{0i<jr1}{}(q^{2i}q^{2j})A_r^q.$$
(4.5)
Now (4.1) implies

$$A_r^qT_1(u)\mathrm{}T_r(q^{2r+2}u)=T_r(q^{2r+2}u)\mathrm{}T_1(u)A_r^q$$
(4.6)
which equals

$$\underset{a_i,b_i}{}t_{b_1\mathrm{}b_r}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_r}(u)E_{a_1b_1}\mathrm{}E_{a_rb_r}$$
(4.7)
for some elements $`t_{b_1\mathrm{}b_r}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_r}(u)`$ of $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)[[u^1]]`$ which we call the quantum minors. They can be given by the following formulas which are immediate from the definition. If $`a_1<\mathrm{}<a_r`$ then

$$t_{b_1\mathrm{}b_r}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_r}(u)=\underset{\sigma 𝔖_r}{}(q)^{l(\sigma )}t_{a_{\sigma (1)}b_1}(u)\mathrm{}t_{a_{\sigma (r)}b_r}(q^{2r+2}u),$$
(4.8)
and for any $`\tau 𝔖_r`$ we have

$$t_{b_1\mathrm{}b_r}^{a_{\tau (1)}\mathrm{}a_{\tau (r)}}(u)=(q)^{l(\tau )}t_{b_1\mathrm{}b_r}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_r}(u),$$
(4.9)
where $`l(\sigma )`$ denotes the length of the permutation $`\sigma `$. If $`b_1<\mathrm{}<b_r`$ (and the $`a_i`$ are arbitrary) then

$$t_{b_1\mathrm{}b_r}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_r}(u)=\underset{\sigma 𝔖_r}{}(q)^{l(\sigma )}t_{a_rb_{\sigma (r)}}(q^{2r+2}u)\mathrm{}t_{a_1b_{\sigma (1)}}(u),$$
(4.10)
and for any $`\tau 𝔖_r`$ we have

$$t_{b_{\tau (1)}\mathrm{}b_{\tau (r)}}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_r}(u)=(q)^{l(\tau )}t_{b_1\mathrm{}b_r}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_r}(u).$$
(4.11)
Moreover, the quantum minor is zero if two top or two bottom indices are equal. Note also that the standard row and column expansion formulas can be easily derived from (4.8) or (4.10). In particular, we have

$$t_{b_1\mathrm{}b_r}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_r}(u)=\underset{l=1}{\overset{r}{}}(q)^{l+1}t_{a_lb_1}(u)t_{b_2\mathrm{}b_r}^{a_1\mathrm{}\widehat{a}_l\mathrm{}a_r}(q^2u),$$
(4.12)
where the hat indicates the index to be omitted.

The quantum minors $`\overline{t}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_r}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_r}(u)`$ of the matrix $`\overline{T}(u)`$ are given by the same formulas where the $`t_{ij}(u)`$ are respectively replaced with $`\overline{t}_{ij}(u)`$. Furthermore, for any indices $`i,j`$ we have the well known relations which are deduced from (4.1):

$$[t_{c_id_j}(u),t_{d_1\mathrm{}d_r}^{c_1\mathrm{}c_r}(v)]=0,[t_{c_id_j}(u),\overline{t}_{d_1\mathrm{}d_r}^{c_1\mathrm{}c_r}(v)]=0,$$
(4.13)
and the same holds with $`t_{c_id_j}(u)`$ replaced by $`\overline{t}_{c_id_j}(u)`$. For their proof introduce an extra copy of $`\mathrm{End}^N`$ as a tensor factor which will be enumerated by the index $`0`$. Now we specialize the parameters $`u_i`$ in (4.1) as follows:

$$u_0=v,u_i=q^{2i+2}u\text{for}i=1,\mathrm{},r.$$
(4.14)
Then by Proposition 4.1 the element (4.2) will take the form

$$R(v,u,\mathrm{},q^{2r+2}u)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}R_{0i}(v,q^{2i+2}u)A_r^q.$$
(4.15)
Using the definition of the quantum minors and equating the matrix elements on both sides of (4.1) we get the first relation in (4.13); cf. . The proof of the second is similar.

The quantum determinants of the matrices $`T(u)`$ and $`\overline{T}(u)`$ are respectively defined by the relations

$$\mathrm{qdet}T(u)=t_{1\mathrm{}N}^{1\mathrm{}N}(u),\mathrm{qdet}\overline{T}(u)=\overline{t}_{1\mathrm{}N}^{1\mathrm{}N}(u).$$
(4.16)
Write

$$\mathrm{qdet}T(u)=\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}d_ku^k,\mathrm{qdet}\overline{T}(u)=\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\overline{d}_ku^k,d_k,\overline{d}_k\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N).$$
(4.17)
Due to the property (4.13), the coefficients $`d_k`$ and $`\overline{d}_k`$ belong to the center of the algebra $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)`$. Note also the relation $`d_0\overline{d}_0=1`$ which is implied by (3.3).

### 4.1 Sklyanin determinant

We shall consider the orthogonal and symplectic cases simultaneously unless otherwise stated. The symbol $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}`$ will denote either $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$ or $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_N)`$ (the latter with $`N=2n`$). As before, we denote by $`S(u)`$ the matrix $`T(u)G\overline{T}(u^1)^t`$, where $`G`$ is the identity matrix in the orthogonal case, and $`G`$ is given by (2.33) in the symplectic case. Then $`S(u)`$ satisfies the relations (3.19) and (3.46), respectively, which have the same form. Our arguments are similar to those used in  and  for the construction of the Sklyanin determinant for the twisted Yangians.

The following relation in the algebra $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(\mathrm{End}^N)^r`$ is a corollary of (3.46).

$$\begin{array}{c}R(u_1,\mathrm{},u_r)S_1(u_1)R_{12}^t\mathrm{}R_{1r}^tS_2(u_2)R_{23}^t\mathrm{}R_{2r}^tS_3(u_3)\mathrm{}R_{r1,r}^tS_r(u_r)=\hfill \\ \hfill S_r(u_r)R_{r1,r}^t\mathrm{}S_3(u_3)R_{2r}^t\mathrm{}R_{23}^tS_2(u_2)R_{1r}^t\mathrm{}R_{12}^tS_1(u_1)R(u_1,\mathrm{},u_r),\end{array}$$
(4.18)
where $`R(u_1,\mathrm{},u_r)`$ is given by (4.2) and $`R_{ij}^t=R_{ij}^t(u_i^1,u_j)`$. Now take $`r=N`$ and specify $`u_i=uq^{2i+2}`$. Then Proposition 4.1 implies

$$\begin{array}{c}A_N^qS_1(u)R_{12}^t\mathrm{}R_{1N}^tS_2(uq^2)R_{23}^t\mathrm{}R_{2N}^tS_3(uq^4)\mathrm{}R_{N1,N}^tS_N(uq^{2N+2})=\hfill \\ \hfill S_N(uq^{2N+2})R_{N1,N}^t\mathrm{}S_3(uq^4)R_{2N}^t\mathrm{}R_{23}^tS_2(uq^2)R_{1N}^t\mathrm{}R_{12}^tS_1(u)A_N^q.\end{array}$$
(4.19)
Since the $`q`$-antisymmetrizer $`A_N^q`$ is proportional to an idempotent and maps the space $`(^N)^N`$ into a one-dimensional subspace, both sides must be equal to $`A_N^q`$ times a series $`\mathrm{sdet}S(u)`$ in $`u^1`$ with coefficients in $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}`$. We call this series the Sklyanin determinant.

The following theorem provides an expression of $`\mathrm{sdet}S(u)`$ in terms of the quantum determinants.

###### Theorem 4.2.

We have

$$\mathrm{sdet}S(u)=\gamma _N(u)\mathrm{qdet}T(u)\mathrm{qdet}\overline{T}(q^{2N2}u^1),$$
(4.20)
where

$$\gamma _N(u)=\underset{1i<jN}{}(q^{2i2}u^1q^{2j+2}u)\{\begin{array}{cc}1\hfill & \text{in the case of}𝔬_N,\hfill \\ \frac{q^{n2}q^nu^2}{q^{2n2}q^{2n}u^2}\hfill & \text{in the case of}𝔰𝔭_{2n}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.21)
###### Proof.

We follow the arguments of \[28, Section 4\]. Substitute $`S(u)=T(u)G\overline{T}(u^1)^t`$ into (4.19) and transform the left hand side using the relations

$$\overline{T}_i(u^1)^tR_{ij}^t(u^1,v)T_j(v)=T_j(v)R_{ij}^t(u^1,v)\overline{T}_i(u^1)^t$$
(4.22)
which are implied by (3.3). We then bring it to the form

$$A_N^qT_1(u)\mathrm{}T_N(q^{2N+2}u)\stackrel{~}{R}(u)\overline{T}_1(u^1)^t\mathrm{}\overline{T}_N(q^{2N2}u^1)^t,$$
(4.23)
where

$$\stackrel{~}{R}(u)=G_1R_{12}^t\mathrm{}R_{1N}^tG_2R_{23}^t\mathrm{}R_{2N}^tG_3\mathrm{}R_{N1,N}^tG_N.$$
(4.24)
By the definition of the quantum determinant we have

$$A_N^qT_1(u)\mathrm{}T_N(q^{2N+2}u)=A_N^q\mathrm{qdet}T(u).$$
(4.25)
Further, using the homomorphism $`S(u)G`$ we derive from (4.19)

$$A_N^q\stackrel{~}{R}(u)=G_NR_{N1,N}^t\mathrm{}G_3R_{2N}^t\mathrm{}R_{23}^tG_2R_{1N}^t\mathrm{}R_{12}^tG_1A_N^q.$$
(4.26)
Thus, this expression equals $`A_N^q\gamma _N(u)`$ for a scalar function $`\gamma _N(u)`$. Using the explicit formulas (4.8) one easily derives that

$$A_N^q\overline{T}_1(u^1)^t\mathrm{}\overline{T}_N(q^{2N2}u^1)^t=A_N^q\mathrm{qdet}\overline{T}(q^{2N2}u^1).$$
(4.27)
It remains to calculate the function $`\gamma _N(u)`$. Consider first the orthogonal case. Apply the operator $`A_N^q\stackrel{~}{R}(u)`$ to the basis vector $`e_1\mathrm{}e_N`$, where the $`e_i`$ denote the canonical basis vectors of $`^N`$. By (3.16) the result is clearly $`\gamma _N(u)A_N^q(e_1\mathrm{}e_N)`$ with $`\gamma _N(u)`$ given by (4.21). In the symplectic case apply $`A_{2n}^q\stackrel{~}{R}(u)`$ to the basis vector

$$v=e_{2n1}e_{2n3}\mathrm{}e_1e_2e_4\mathrm{}e_{2n}.$$
(4.28)
Since $`Ge_{2k}=qe_{2k1}`$ the vector $`A_{2n}^q\stackrel{~}{R}(u)v`$ equals

$$q^n\underset{ni<j2n}{}(q^{2i2}u^1q^{2j+2}u)A_{2n}^qG_1R_{12}^t\mathrm{}R_{1,2n}^tG_2\mathrm{}G_nR_{n,n+1}^t\mathrm{}R_{n,2n}^tw,$$
(4.29)
where

$$w=e_{2n1}e_{2n3}\mathrm{}e_1e_1e_3\mathrm{}e_{2n1}.$$
(4.30)
If $`j>n+1`$ then $`R_{n,j}^tw=(q^{2n2}u^1q^{2j+2}u)w`$. Further, we have

$$R_{n,n+1}^t(e_1e_1)=(q^{2n3}u^1q^{2n+1}u)(e_1e_1)+(q^1q)q^{2n}u\underset{k=2}{\overset{2n}{}}(e_ke_k).$$
(4.31)
Next apply the operator $`G_n`$ and note that due to the subsequent application of the $`q`$-antisymmetrizer, we may only keep the linear combination of the tensor products containing $`e_1`$ or $`e_2`$ on the $`n`$-th and $`(n+1)`$-th places (see \[28, Section 4\] for a similar argument in the symplectic twisted Yangian case). That is, we may write

$$\begin{array}{c}A_{2n}^qG_1R_{12}^t\mathrm{}R_{1,2n}^tG_2\mathrm{}G_nR_{n,n+1}^tw=\hfill \\ \hfill (q^{2n4}u^1q^{2n+2}u)A_{2n}^qG_1R_{12}^t\mathrm{}R_{1,2n}^tG_2\mathrm{}G_{n1}R_{n1,n}^t\mathrm{}R_{n1,2n}^tw^{}\end{array}$$
(4.32)
with

$$w^{}=e_{2n1}e_{2n3}\mathrm{}e_3e_1e_2e_3\mathrm{}e_{2n1}.$$
(4.33)
By the skew-symmetry of the antisymmetrizer replace $`w^{}`$ with the vector

$$w^{\prime \prime }=e_{2n1}e_{2n3}\mathrm{}e_3e_3e_2e_1\mathrm{}e_{2n1},$$
(4.34)
taking the sign into account. Continuing the calculation in a similar manner, we conclude that the product of the scalar factors occurring in the procedure will coincide with $`\gamma _{2n}(u)`$ given in (4.21) with $`N=2n`$. ∎

The centrality of $`\mathrm{qdet}T(u)`$ and $`\mathrm{qdet}\overline{T}(u)`$ in $`\mathrm{U}_q(\widehat{𝔤𝔩}_N)`$ immediately implies the corresponding property of the Sklyanin determinant $`\mathrm{sdet}S(u)`$.

###### Corollary 4.3.

The coefficients of the series $`\mathrm{sdet}S(u)`$ belong to the center of the algebra $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}`$. ∎

Introduce the series $`c(u)`$ and the elements $`c_k`$ of the center of the algebra $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}`$ by the formula

$$c(u)=\gamma _N(u)^1\mathrm{sdet}S(u)=1+\underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}c_ku^k.$$
(4.35)
The series begins with $`1`$ due to Theorem 4.2 and the relation $`d_0\overline{d}_0=1`$.

###### Proposition 4.4.

The coefficients $`c_k`$, $`k1`$ are algebraically independent.

###### Proof.

The coefficients $`\{d_k,k0,\overline{d}_k,k1\}`$ of the quantum determinants are algebraically independent. This can be derived by analogy with the case of the Yangian; see e.g. \[28, Section 2\]. The key observation here is the isomorphism (3.10). The statement is now implied by Theorem 4.2. ∎

Since both evaluation homomorphisms (3.31) and (3.55) are surjective, we obtain families of central elements in the algebras $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$ and $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$ as images of the coefficients of $`\mathrm{sdet}S(u)`$. In other words, we have the following result.

###### Proposition 4.5.

The coefficients of the Sklyanin determinants $`\mathrm{sdet}(S+q^1u^1\overline{S})`$ and $`\mathrm{sdet}(S+qu^1\overline{S})`$ are central elements in the algebras $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$ and $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$, respectively.

In what follows we only consider the case of the orthogonal twisted $`q`$-Yangian $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$. In order to produce an explicit formula for the corresponding Sklyanin determinant we introduce a map

$$\pi _N:𝔖_N𝔖_N,pp^{}$$
(4.36)
which was previously used in the ‘short’ formula for the Sklyanin determinant for the twisted Yangians; see . This map is defined by an inductive procedure. Given a set of positive integers $`\omega _1<\mathrm{}<\omega _N`$ we regard $`𝔖_N`$ as the group of their permutations. If $`N=2`$ we define $`\pi _2`$ as the map $`𝔖_2𝔖_2`$ whose image is the identity permutation. For $`N>2`$ define a map from the set of ordered pairs $`(\omega _k,\omega _l)`$ with $`kl`$ into itself by the rule

$`(\omega _k,\omega _l)`$ $`(\omega _l,\omega _k),`$ $`k,l<N,`$ (4.37)
$`(\omega _k,\omega _N)`$ $`(\omega _{N1},\omega _k),`$ $`k<N1,`$
$`(\omega _N,\omega _k)`$ $`(\omega _k,\omega _{N1}),`$ $`k<N1,`$
$`(\omega _{N1},\omega _N)`$ $`(\omega _{N1},\omega _{N2}),`$
$`(\omega _N,\omega _{N1})`$ $`(\omega _{N1},\omega _{N2}).`$
Let $`p=(p_1,\mathrm{},p_N)`$ be a permutation of the indices $`\omega _1,\mathrm{},\omega _N`$. Its image under the map $`\pi _N`$ is the permutation $`p^{}=(p_1^{},\mathrm{},p_{N1}^{},\omega _N)`$, where the pair $`(p_1^{},p_{N1}^{})`$ is the image of the ordered pair $`(p_1,p_N)`$ under the map (4.37). Then the pair $`(p_2^{},p_{N2}^{})`$ is found as the image of $`(p_2,p_{N1})`$ under the map (4.37) which is defined on the set of ordered pairs of elements obtained from $`(\omega _1,\mathrm{},\omega _N)`$ by deleting $`p_1`$ and $`p_N`$; etc. The map $`\pi _N`$ has curious combinatorial properties which were observed by Lascoux; see . In particular, each fiber of this map is an interval in $`𝔖_N`$ with respect to the Bruhat order, isomorphic to a Boolean poset.

###### Example 4.6.

The Bruhat order on $`𝔖_3`$ and the fibers of the map $`\pi _3`$:

Consider the matrix $`\overline{S}(u)`$ introduced in (3.60). By (3.61) the matrix elements of $`\overline{S}(u)`$ are formal series in $`u`$ with coefficients in the subalgebra $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$.

Let $`n`$ denote the rank of the Lie algebra $`𝔬_N`$ so that $`N=2n`$ or $`N=2n+1`$.

###### Theorem 4.7.

We have an explicit formula

$`c(u)={\displaystyle \underset{p𝔖_N}{}}(q)^{l(p)+l(p^{})}\overline{s}_{p_1p_1^{}}^t(u^1)\mathrm{}\overline{s}_{p_np_n^{}}^t(q^{2n2}u^1)`$ (4.38)
$`\times s_{p_{n+1}p_{n+1}^{}}(q^{2n}u)\mathrm{}s_{p_Np_N^{}}(q^{2N+2}u)`$ ,
where the $`\overline{s}_{ij}^t(u)`$ denote the matrix elements of the transposed matrix $`\overline{S}^t(u)`$.

###### Example 4.8.

If $`N=2`$ then

$$c(u)=\overline{s}_{11}^t(u^1)s_{22}(q^2u)q^1\overline{s}_{21}^t(u^1)s_{12}(q^2u).$$
(4.39)
If $`N=3`$ then

$`c(u)`$ $`=\overline{s}_{22}^t(u^1)s_{11}(q^2u)s_{33}(q^4u)+\overline{s}_{12}^t(u^1)s_{31}(q^2u)s_{23}(q^4u)`$
$`+q^2\overline{s}_{21}^t(u^1)s_{32}(q^2u)s_{13}(q^4u)q\overline{s}_{12}^t(u^1)s_{21}(q^2u)s_{33}(q^4u)`$
$`q^1\overline{s}_{32}^t(u^1)s_{11}(q^2u)s_{23}(q^4u)q^3\overline{s}_{31}^t(u^1)s_{22}(q^2u)s_{13}(q^4u).`$
###### Proof of Theorem 4.7.

Our proof is based on the properties of the quantum minors of the matrices $`T(u)`$ and $`\overline{T}(u)`$. Let $`a_1,\mathrm{},a_r`$ and $`b_1,\mathrm{},b_r`$ be indices from the set $`\{1,\mathrm{},N\}`$. Introduce the elements

$$s_{b_1\mathrm{}b_r}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_r}(u)=\underset{c_1<\mathrm{}<c_r}{}t_{c_1\mathrm{}c_r}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_r}(u)\overline{t}_{c_r\mathrm{}c_1}^{b_r\mathrm{}b_1}(q^{2r2}u^1),$$
(4.40)
where the indices $`c_1,\mathrm{},c_r`$ run over the set $`\{1,\mathrm{},N\}`$. In particular, $`s_b^a(u)=s_{ab}(u)`$, and

$$s_{1\mathrm{}N}^{1\mathrm{}N}(u)=c(u)$$
(4.41)
by (4.20). We shall now derive a recurrent formula for the elements (4.40) with the conditions $`b_i=a_i`$ for $`i=1,\mathrm{},r1`$ and $`a_1<\mathrm{}<a_r`$. First, by the formulas (4.8)–(4.13) for the quantum minors we can write

$`r!s_{a_1\mathrm{}a_{r1},b_r}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_r}(u)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{c_1,\mathrm{},c_r}{}}t_{c_1\mathrm{}c_r}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_r}(u)\overline{t}_{c_r\mathrm{}c_1}^{b_r,a_{r1}\mathrm{}a_1}(q^{2r2}u^1)`$ (4.42)
$`=r{\displaystyle \underset{c_1,\mathrm{},c_r}{}}t_{c_1\mathrm{}c_r}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_r}(u)\overline{t}_{c_{r1}\mathrm{}c_1}^{a_{r1}\mathrm{}a_1}(q^{2r4}u^1)\overline{t}_{b_rc_r}(q^{2r2}u^1)`$
$`=r{\displaystyle \underset{c_1,\mathrm{},c_r}{}}\overline{t}_{c_{r1}\mathrm{}c_1}^{a_{r1}\mathrm{}a_1}(q^{2r4}u^1)t_{c_1\mathrm{}c_r}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_r}(u)\overline{t}_{b_rc_r}(q^{2r2}u^1).`$
Next, applying the column expansion to the quantum minor $`t_{c_1\mathrm{}c_r}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_r}(u)`$, we obtain

$`(r1)!s_{a_1\mathrm{}a_{r1},b_r}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_r}(u)`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{c_1,\mathrm{},c_r}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{r}{}}}(q)^{kr}\overline{t}_{c_{r1}\mathrm{}c_1}^{a_{r1}\mathrm{}a_1}(q^{2r4}u^1)t_{c_1\mathrm{}c_{r1}}^{a_1\mathrm{}\widehat{a}_k\mathrm{}a_r}(u)t_{a_kc_r}(q^{2r+2}u)\overline{t}_{b_rc_r}(q^{2r2}u^1)`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{c_1,\mathrm{},c_{r1}}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{r}{}}}(q)^{kr}\overline{t}_{c_{r1}\mathrm{}c_1}^{a_{r1}\mathrm{}a_1}(q^{2r4}u^1)t_{c_1\mathrm{}c_{r1}}^{a_1\mathrm{}\widehat{a}_k\mathrm{}a_r}(u)s_{a_kb_r}(q^{2r+2}u),`$
where the hats indicate the symbols to be omitted. Now for any $`k<r`$ write

$$\overline{t}_{c_{r1}\mathrm{}c_1}^{a_{r1}\mathrm{}a_1}(q^{2r4}u^1)=(q)^{k1}\overline{t}_{c_{r1}\mathrm{}c_1}^{a_{r1}\mathrm{}\widehat{a}_k\mathrm{}a_1,a_k}(q^{2r4}u^1)$$
(4.43)
and apply the column expansion to this minor to bring the previous formula to the form

$`(r2)!s_{a_1\mathrm{}a_{r1},b_r}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_r}(u)`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{c_1,\mathrm{},c_{r1}}{}}\{(q)^{r2}\overline{t}_{a_{r1}c_1}(u^1)\overline{t}_{c_{r1}\mathrm{}c_2}^{a_{r2}\mathrm{}a_1}(q^{2r4}u^1)t_{c_1\mathrm{}c_{r1}}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_{r1}}(u)s_{a_rb_r}(q^{2r+2}u)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{r1}{}}}(q)^{2kr1}\overline{t}_{a_kc_1}(u^1)\overline{t}_{c_{r1}\mathrm{}c_2}^{a_{r1}\mathrm{}\widehat{a}_k\mathrm{}a_1}(q^{2r4}u^1)t_{c_1\mathrm{}c_{r1}}^{a_1\mathrm{}\widehat{a}_k\mathrm{}a_r}(u)s_{a_kb_r}(q^{2r+2}u)\}.`$
Applying again (4.13), we write this as

$`(r2)!s_{a_1\mathrm{}a_{r1},b_r}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_r}(u)`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{c_1,\mathrm{},c_{r1}}{}}\{(q)^{r2}\overline{t}_{a_{r1}c_1}(u^1)t_{c_1\mathrm{}c_{r1}}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_{r1}}(u)\overline{t}_{c_{r1}\mathrm{}c_2}^{a_{r2}\mathrm{}a_1}(q^{2r4}u^1)s_{a_rb_r}(q^{2r+2}u)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{r1}{}}}(q)^{2kr1}\overline{t}_{a_kc_1}(u^1)t_{c_1\mathrm{}c_{r1}}^{a_1\mathrm{}\widehat{a}_k\mathrm{}a_r}(u)\overline{t}_{c_{r1}\mathrm{}c_2}^{a_{r1}\mathrm{}\widehat{a}_k\mathrm{}a_1}(q^{2r4}u^1)s_{a_kb_r}(q^{2r+2}u)\}.`$
Finally, using the column expansion (4.12) and the definition (3.60) of the elements $`\overline{s}_{ij}(u)`$ we get the following recurrence relation

$`s_{a_1\mathrm{}a_{r1},b_r}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_r}(u)`$ $`=\overline{s}_{a_{r1}a_{r1}}^t(u^1)s_{a_1\mathrm{}a_{r2}}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_{r2}}(q^2u)s_{a_rb_r}(q^{2r+2}u)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{r2}{}}}(q)^{2r2l3}\overline{s}_{a_la_{r1}}^t(u^1)s_{a_1\mathrm{}\widehat{a}_l\mathrm{}a_{r2},a_l}^{a_1\mathrm{}\widehat{a}_l\mathrm{}a_{r1}}(q^2u)s_{a_rb_r}(q^{2r+2}u)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{r1}{}}}\{(q)^{2k2r+1}\overline{s}_{a_ra_k}^t(u^1)s_{a_1\mathrm{}\widehat{a}_k\mathrm{}a_{r1}}^{a_1\mathrm{}\widehat{a}_k\mathrm{}a_{r1}}(q^2u)s_{a_kb_r}(q^{2r+2}u)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{k1}{}}}(q)^{2k2l2}\overline{s}_{a_la_k}^t(u^1)s_{a_1\mathrm{}\widehat{a}_l\mathrm{}\widehat{a}_k\mathrm{}a_{r1},a_l}^{a_1\mathrm{}\widehat{a}_l\mathrm{}\widehat{a}_k\mathrm{}a_r}(q^2u)s_{a_kb_r}(q^{2r+2}u)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{l=k+1}{\overset{r1}{}}}(q)^{2k2l}\overline{s}_{a_la_k}^t(u^1)s_{a_1\mathrm{}\widehat{a}_k\mathrm{}\widehat{a}_l\mathrm{}a_{r1},a_l}^{a_1\mathrm{}\widehat{a}_k\mathrm{}\widehat{a}_l\mathrm{}a_r}(q^2u)s_{a_kb_r}(q^{2r+2}u)\}.`$
Using (4.41) and starting with $`s_{1\mathrm{}N}^{1\mathrm{}N}(u)`$ we apply this recurrence relation repeatedly to get an explicit expression for the series $`c(u)`$ in terms of the generators $`s_{ij}(u)`$ and $`\overline{s}_{ij}(u)`$. It follows from the definition of the map $`\pi _N`$ that $`c(u)`$ will be written as a combination of the monomials of the required form, the coefficients being powers of $`q`$. The exact values of the powers are easily found by calculating the number of inversions of the permutations occurring in the recurrence relation. ∎

###### Remark 4.9.

The argument used in the proof of Theorem 4.7 can also be applied to produce a simpler proof for the formula for the Sklyanin determinant given in  in the case of orthogonal and symplectic twisted Yangians. However, the argument does not seem to be directly applicable to the case of the symplectic twisted $`q`$-Yangian $`\mathrm{Y}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔰𝔭_{2n})`$.

The image of the matrix $`\overline{S}(u)`$ under the evaluation homomorphism (3.31) is found from the relation (3.61) so that

$$\overline{S}(u)\frac{1+uq^1}{1+uq}(\overline{S}+quS).$$
(4.44)
Applying the evaluation homomorphism to the Sklyanin determinant $`\mathrm{sdet}S(u)`$ and using (3.31) and (4.44) we derive the following corollary from Theorem 4.7.

###### Corollary 4.10.

The coefficients of the polynomial

$`C(u)={\displaystyle \underset{p𝔖_N}{}}(q)^{l(p)+l(p^{})}\left[u\overline{S}+qS\right]_{p_1^{}p_1}\mathrm{}\left[u\overline{S}+q^{2n1}S\right]`$ $`_{p_n^{}p_n}`$
$`\times \left[uS+q^{2n1}\overline{S}\right]_{p_{n+1}p_{n+1}^{}}\mathrm{}\left[uS+q^{2N3}\overline{S}\right]`$ $`_{p_Np_N^{}}`$
are Casimir elements for the algebra $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$. Moreover, the polynomial $`C(u)`$ is monic of degree $`N`$.

###### Proof.

The polynomial $`C(u)`$ is obtained by the application of the evaluation homomorphism to the series $`c(u)`$ and multiplication by an appropriate rational function in $`u`$. The centrality of its coefficients thus follows from Theorem 4.7. Obviously, the degree of $`C(u)`$ does not exceed $`N`$. The coefficient of $`u^N`$ can only occur in the summands with the property $`p=p^{}`$. However, it follows from the definition of the map (4.36) that this property is satisfied by the only permutation $`p`$

$$p=\{\begin{array}{cc}(N1,N3,\mathrm{},1,2,4,\mathrm{},N)\hfill & \text{if}N\text{is even,}\hfill \\ (N1,N3,\mathrm{},2,1,3,\mathrm{},N)\hfill & \text{if}N\text{is odd.}\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.45)
Since the diagonal entries of $`S`$ and $`\overline{S}`$ are ones, the second statement follows. ∎

The polynomial $`C(u)`$ may be regarded as a $`q`$-analog of the Capelli polynomial for the algebra $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$. It would be interesting to find its eigenvalues in the irreducible representations and to get the corresponding $`q`$-analogs of the Capelli identities; cf. , , , .

###### Example 4.11.

If $`N=3`$ then

$$C(u)=(u+q)\left[(u+q)(u+q^3)q^2uC\right],$$
(4.46)
where

$$C=s_{21}^2+q^2s_{32}^2+s_{31}^2qs_{21}s_{32}s_{31}.$$
(4.47)
The following corollary provides a characteristic identity for the algebra $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)`$; cf. , .

###### Corollary 4.12.

We have the identity

$$C(q^{2N3}\overline{S}S^1)=0.$$
(4.48)
###### Proof.

Introduce the quantum comatrix $`\widehat{S}(u)`$ by the formula

$$\widehat{S}(u)S(uq^{2N+2})=\mathrm{sdet}S(u).$$
(4.49)
Explicit expressions for the matrix elements of the matrix $`\widehat{S}(u)`$ can be found from the recurrence relation for the elements $`s_{a_1\mathrm{}a_{r1},b_r}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_r}(u)`$; see the end of the proof of Theorem 4.7. Using these expressions and applying the evaluation homomorphism to both sides of (4.49) we get

$$C(u)=\widehat{C}(u)(\overline{S}+uq^{2N+3}S),$$
(4.50)
where $`\widehat{C}(u)`$ is a polynomial in $`u`$ with coefficients in the algebra $`\mathrm{U}_q^{\mathrm{tw}}(𝔬_N)\mathrm{End}^N`$. This completes the proof. ∎