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# 𝐾-theory of stratified vector bundles

## 1 Families of vector spaces

Let $``$ be the field of real numbers and $`^n=\mathrm{}`$ be the standard $`n`$-dimensional $``$-vector space. Let $`\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}`$ denote the category of finite dimensional $``$-vector spaces and linear maps and $`𝐕`$ a subcategory of $`\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}`$, termed the *structure category*. For example let $`𝐕`$ be the subcategory of the surjective maps in $`\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}`$. Or let $`G`$ be a subgroup of the automorphism group $`GL_n()`$ of $`^n`$. Then $`G`$ yields the subcategory $`G\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}`$ consisting of one object $`^n`$ and morphisms given by elements in $`G`$.

The category $`\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}`$ is a topological category. We say that $`𝐕`$ is a *closed* subcategory if for objects $`V`$, $`W𝐕`$ the inclusion of morphisms sets

$$\mathrm{hom}_𝐕(V,W)\mathrm{hom}_{\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}}(V,W)$$

is a closed subspace. Here $`\mathrm{hom}_{\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}}(V,W)`$ is homeomorphic to $`^N`$ while $`\mathrm{hom}_𝐕(V,W)`$ needs not to be a vector space.

Following Atiyah  a *family of vector spaces* in $`𝐕`$ is a topological space $`X`$ together with a map $`p_X:X\overline{X}`$ and for every $`b\overline{X}`$ a homeomorphism, named *chart*, $`\mathrm{\Phi }_b:p_X^1(b)X_b`$ where $`X_b`$ is a suitable object of $`𝐕`$ depending upon $`b\overline{X}`$. We denote the family $`(p_X:X\overline{X},X_b,\mathrm{\Phi }_b,b\overline{X})`$ simply by $`X`$ (it will be clear from the context whether $`X`$ is the underlying space or the family). The map $`p_X`$ is termed the *projection*, the space $`X`$ the *total space* of the family of vector spaces, the space $`\overline{X}`$ the *base space*, and for every $`b`$ the vector space $`X_b`$ is termed *fiber* over $`b`$. A family $`X`$ is also termed $`𝐕`$-family, to make explicit the choice of $`𝐕`$. The $`𝐕`$-family $`X`$ is *discrete* if $`\overline{X}`$ is a discrete space. In this case $`X`$ is a disjoint union of objects in $`𝐕`$ and we call $`X`$ a *$`𝐕`$-set*.

Given two $`𝐕`$-families $`X`$ and $`Y`$ a *$`𝐕`$-map* from $`X`$ to $`Y`$ (equivalently, a *homomorphism* or an *admissible map controlled by $`𝐕`$*) is a pair of maps $`(f,\overline{f})`$ such that the following diagram commutes

((1.1))
and such that for every $`b\overline{X}`$ the composition given by the dashed arrow of the diagram

is a morphism of $`𝐕`$. A $`𝐕`$-isomorphism $`(f,\overline{f}):XY`$ induces homeomorphisms $`f:XY`$, $`\overline{f}:\overline{X}\overline{Y}`$, and $`f|X_b:X_bY_{\overline{f}b}`$ for every $`b\overline{X}`$.

If $`V`$ is a vector space in $`𝐕`$ and $`\overline{X}`$ is a topological space, then the projection onto the first factor $`p_1:X=\overline{X}\times V\overline{X}`$ is the projection map of the *product family* with fiber $`V`$; the charts $`\mathrm{\Phi }_b:\{b\}\times VV=X_b`$ are given by projection and $`X_b=V`$ for all $`b\overline{X}`$.

If $`Y`$ is a family $`𝐕`$-isomorphic to a product family then $`Y`$ is said to be a *trivial* vector bundle.

Given a family $`Y`$ and a map $`\overline{f}:\overline{X}\overline{Y}`$, the pull-back $`X=\overline{f}^{}Y`$ is defined by the following pull-back diagram.

((1.2))
If $`\overline{f}=i:\overline{X}\overline{Y}`$ is an inclusion, then $`i^{}Y`$ is called the *restriction* of $`Y`$ to $`\overline{X}`$ and is denoted by $`Y|\overline{X}`$.

A *$`𝐕`$-vector bundle* or a $`𝐕`$-bundle is a locally trivial family of vector spaces in $`𝐕`$, i.e. a family $`X`$ over $`\overline{X}`$ such that every $`b\overline{X}`$ admits a neighborhood $`U`$ for which $`X|U`$ is trivial.

If $`X`$ is a $`𝐕`$-family and $`Z`$ is a topological space, then the cartesian product $`X\times Z`$ is a $`𝐕`$-family with projection $`p_{X\times Z}=p\times 1_Z:X\times Z\overline{X}\times Z`$. The fiber over a point $`(b,z)\overline{X}\times Z`$ is equal to $`p_X^1(b)\times \{z\}`$ and the chart $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{(b,z)}`$ is defined by $`(x,z)\mathrm{\Phi }_b(x)X_b`$, where of course we set $`(X\times Z)_{(b,z)}=X_b`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_b`$ is the chart $`\mathrm{\Phi }_b:p_X^1(b)X_b`$.

In particular, if $`Z`$ is the unit interval $`I`$ one obtains the cylinder object $`X\times I`$; this leads to the definition of *homotopy*: two $`𝐕`$-maps $`f_0,f_1:XY`$ are $`𝐕`$-homotopic (in symbols $`f_0f_1`$) if there is a $`𝐕`$-map $`F:X\times IY`$ such that $`f_0=Fi_0`$ and $`f_1=Fi_1`$. Here $`i_0`$ and $`i_1`$ are the inclusions $`XX\times I`$ to $`X\times \{0\}`$ and $`X\times \{1\}`$ respectively.

Let $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ be the category of topological spaces and (continuous) maps. Then $`𝐕`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ is the category of $`𝐕`$-families $`p_X:X\overline{X}`$ in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ and $`𝐕`$-maps. Homotopy of $`𝐕`$-maps yields the homotopy relation $``$ which is a natural equivalence relation on $`𝐕`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ so that the homotopy category $`(𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩})/_{}`$ is defined.

A $`𝐕`$-map $`i:AY`$ is termed a *closed inclusion* if $`\overline{i}:\overline{A}\overline{Y}`$ is an inclusion, $`\overline{i}\overline{A}`$ is closed in $`\overline{Y}`$ and $`\overline{i}^{}Y=A`$. A closed inclusion $`i:AY`$ induces isomorphisms on fibers.

The push-out construction can be extended to the category $`𝐕`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$, provided the push-out is defined by a closed inclusion.

###### (1.3) Lemma.

Given $`𝐕`$-families $`A`$, $`X`$, $`Y`$ and $`𝐕`$-maps $`f:AX`$, $`i:AY`$ with $`i`$ a closed inclusion, the push-out diagram in $`𝐕`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$

((1.4))
exists and $`XZ`$ is a closed inclusion.

###### Proof.

See , lemma (2.5). ∎

## 2 Stratified vector bundles

We introduce the notion of stratified space and stratified vector bundle. They are particular cases of stratified bundles as defined in , definition (4.1). In the next section we describe as an example the stratified tangent bundle.

Let $`A`$ be a closed subset of a space $`X`$. We say that $`(X,A)`$ is a *CW-pair* if there exists a homeomorphism $`(X,A)(X^{},A^{})`$ of pairs where $`X^{}`$ is a CW-complex and $`A^{}`$ a subcomplex of $`X^{}`$. A *CW-space* $`X`$ is a space homeomorphic to a CW-complex.

###### (2.1) Definition.

A *stratified* space is a space $`\overline{X}`$ together with a filtration

$$\overline{X}_0\overline{X}_1\mathrm{}\overline{X}_n\mathrm{}\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}\overline{X}_n=\overline{X}$$

such that for every $`i1`$ there is a CW-pair $`(\overline{M}_i,\overline{A}_i)`$ and an attaching map $`\overline{h}_i:\overline{A}_i\overline{X}_{i1}`$ with the property that the subspace $`\overline{X}_i`$ is obtained by attaching $`\overline{M}_i`$ to $`\overline{X}_{i1}`$ via the attaching map $`\overline{h}_i`$, i.e. $`\overline{X}_i=\overline{M}_i_{\overline{h}_i}\overline{X}_{i1}`$.

The complements $`\overline{X}_i\overline{X}_{i1}`$ are termed *strata*, while the filtration $`\overline{X}_0\overline{X}_1\mathrm{}\overline{X}_n\mathrm{}`$ is called *stratification* of $`\overline{X}`$. In definition (2.1) the strata $`\overline{X}_i\overline{X}_{i1}`$ coincide with the complements $`\overline{M}_i\overline{A}_i`$. The pairs $`(\overline{M}_i,\overline{A}_i)`$ are the *attached spaces* of $`\overline{X}`$. A stratified space $`\overline{X}`$ is Hausdorff and regular and if all the attaching maps $`\overline{h}_i`$ are cellular then $`\overline{X}`$ is a CW-complex. If the number of non-empty strata of $`\overline{X}`$ is finite, then $`\overline{X}`$ is said *finite*. We always assume that a stratified space which is not finite has cellular attaching maps. A finite stratified space $`\overline{X}`$ is *compactly stratified* if all the attached spaces $`\overline{M}_i`$ and $`\overline{X}_0`$ are compact.

A map $`\overline{f}:\overline{X}\overline{X}^{}`$ between stratified spaces is a filtration preserving map $`\overline{f}=\{\overline{f}_n\}_{n0}`$ together with commutative diagrams

such that $`\overline{g}_i\overline{f}_{i1}=\overline{f}_i`$ for $`i1`$. A map is termed *stratum-preserving* if for every $`i`$

$$\overline{f}_i(\overline{X}_i\overline{X}_{i1})\overline{X}_i^{}\overline{X}_{i1}^{}.$$

Let $`\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}`$ be the category of finite stratified spaces and stratum-preserving maps. Two maps $`f_0`$ and $`f_1`$ are homotopic in $`\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}`$ if there exists a homotopy $`f_t`$ such that the map $`f_t`$ is a map in $`\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}`$ for every $`tI`$. With this notion of homotopy the homotopy category $`\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}/_{}`$ is defined.

###### (2.2) Definition.

A *$`𝐕`$-stratified bundle* is a stratified space $`\overline{X}`$ together with a $`𝐕`$-family

$$X\overline{X}$$

with the following properties. For $`i1`$ the restriction $`X_i=X|\overline{X}_i`$ is the push-out of $`𝐕`$-maps

where $`M_i\overline{M}_i`$ is a $`𝐕`$-vector bundle and $`A_i=M_i|\overline{A}_i`$. Moreover, $`X_0\overline{X}_0`$ is a $`𝐕`$-vector bundle and $`X=lim_i\mathrm{}X_i`$. If $`(\overline{M}_i,\overline{A}_i)`$ is a disjoint union of $`i`$-dimensional cells $`(D^i,S^{i1})`$ then $`\overline{X}`$ is a CW-complex and $`X`$ is termed a *$`𝐕`$-complex*.

A *$`𝐕`$-stratified map* $`f:XX^{}`$ between $`𝐕`$-stratified bundles is given by sequences $`\{f_n\}_{n0}`$ and $`\{g_n\}_{n1}`$ of $`𝐕`$-maps such that given the commutative diagrams

for every $`i`$ we have $`g_if_{i1}=f_i`$ for $`i1`$. The $`𝐕`$-map $`f`$ is termed *stratum-preserving* if for every $`i`$

$$f(X_iX_{i1})X_i^{}X_{i1}^{}.$$

Let $`𝐕`$-$`\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}`$ denote the category of $`𝐕`$-stratified bundles and stratum-preserving $`𝐕`$-stratified maps. Of course a $`𝐕`$-isomorphism in $`𝐕`$-$`\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}`$ is a stratum-preserving $`𝐕`$-stratified map $`f`$ with an inverse $`f^{}`$.

The following theorems are proved in  (theorem (4.7) and theorem (5.1)).

###### (2.3) Pull back theorem.

Let $`\overline{X}`$ and $`\overline{X}^{}`$ be finite stratified spaces with attached spaces which are locally finite and countable CW-complexes. Let $`\overline{f}:\overline{X}\overline{X}^{}`$ be a stratum-preserving map (in $`\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}`$) and $`X^{}\overline{X}^{}`$ a $`𝐕`$-stratified bundle. Then the pull-back $`\overline{f}^{}X^{}\overline{X}`$ is a $`𝐕`$-stratified bundle.

###### (2.4) Bundle theorem.

Let $`𝐕\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}`$ be a subcategory such that all morphisms in $`𝐕`$ are isomorphisms (i.e. $`𝐕`$ is a groupoid). Then a $`𝐕`$-stratified bundle $`X\overline{X}`$ is a $`𝐕`$-bundle over $`\overline{X}`$. Conversely, given a stratified space $`\overline{X}`$ and a $`𝐕`$-bundle $`X`$ over $`\overline{X}`$ then $`X`$ is a $`𝐕`$-stratified bundle.

In particular, a $`𝐕`$-complex $`X\overline{X}`$ is a $`𝐕`$-bundle over $`\overline{X}`$ and, given a CW-complex $`\overline{X}`$ and a $`𝐕`$-bundle $`X`$ over $`\overline{X}`$, then $`X`$ is $`𝐕`$-isomorphic to a $`𝐕`$-complex.

## 3 Stratified manifolds

In this section we describe special families of vector spaces which arise as “stratified tangent bundles“ of stratified manifolds or of manifolds with singularities. Such stratified tangent bundles are motivating examples of stratified vector bundles above. Concerning the general theory of stratification of manifolds we refer the reader for example to . We here introduce stratified manifolds only since they show that stratified vector bundles are natural generalizations of vector bundles in a similar way as manifolds with singularities or stratifolds  generalize manifolds.

If $`M`$ is a manifold with boundary $`M`$, $`N`$ a closed manifold, and $`h:MN`$ a submersion, then the push-out of $`h`$ and the inclusion $`MM`$ is a stratified space $`X=M_hN`$ with stratification

$$X_0=NX_1=X.$$

This is a stratifold in the sense of  and generalizes “manifolds with singularities”. See Rudyak , Baas , Botvinnik , Sullivan , Vershinin . Below we introduce differentiable stratified spaces which we consider as the general form of stratified manifolds

If $`M`$ is a differentiable manifold then the tangent bundle $`TMM`$ restricted to the boundary $`TM_{|M}`$ is isomorphic to the sum of the tangent bundle $`TM`$ of the boundary of $`M`$ and the normal bundle $`\nu M=M\times `$ as in the diagram

((3.1))
The sum decomposition of $`TM|M`$ for example is obtained by a tubular neighborhood $`N`$ of the boundary and an explicit homeomorphism $`NM\times _+`$. The sum decomposition yields the projection

((3.2))
$$p_1:TM_{|M}TM\nu MTM.$$

Now we define a stratified manifold $`X`$ and the stratified tangent bundle $`𝕋X`$ by induction in the number of strata.

###### (3.3) Definition.

A stratified space $`X`$ with finite stratification $`X_0\mathrm{}X_n=X`$ and attached spaces $`(M_i,A_i)`$ is termed *differentiable* if the following conditions hold. The spaces $`M_i`$ are compact differentiable manifolds with boundary $`A_i=M_i`$. Also $`X_0`$ is a compact differentiable manifold with $`X_0=\mathrm{}`$. Moreover for $`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$ the restriction $`f_i^{}`$ as in the diagram

is differentiable and a submersion. In particular, $`f_1:M_1X_0`$ is a submersion. We assume that $`f_i^1(X_{i1}X_{i2})`$ is dense in $`M_i`$ so that the map $`f_i`$ is uniquely determined by $`f_i^{}`$.

We obtain inductively the tangent family $`𝕋X_i`$ in $`\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ together with inclusions

$$T(X_iX_{i1})𝕋X_i$$

as follows. For $`i=0`$ we have $`𝕋X_0=TX_0`$. Assume $`T(X_{i1}X_{i2})𝕋X_{i1}`$ is defined. Then we consider the diagram in $`\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$

((3.4))
Since the inclusion in the first column of the diagram is dense there exists at most one $`\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}`$-map $`df_i`$ for which the diagram commutes. In addition to the differentiability in (3.3) we assume inductively that $`df_i`$ exists for $`i2`$ and that $`df_i`$ is surjective. Then $`𝕋X_i`$ is defined by the following push-out diagram, which exists by lemma (1.3).

A differentiable stratified space is termed a *stratified manifold*.

We call $`𝕋X=𝕋X_n`$ the *stratified tangent bundle* of the differentiable stratified space $`X`$. As a set $`𝕋X`$ is the disjoint union of $`T(X_iX_{i1})`$, that is of the tangent bundles $`T(M_iM_i)`$ for $`i=0,\mathrm{},n`$. Moreover, for every $`i`$, the pull-back of $`𝕋X`$ over the inclusion of the stratum $`X_iX_{i1}X`$ is the tangent bundle of the stratum itself. But the topology of $`𝕋X`$ is not the topology of the disjoint union.

###### (3.5) Lemma.

Different choices of projections $`p_1`$ in the definition of $`𝕋X`$ yield isomorphic tangent families.

###### Proof.

We prove it by induction. For $`n=0`$ it is true, because $`𝕋X_0=TX_0`$. So assume that $`𝕋X_{i1}`$ does not depend upon the choice of $`p_1`$. Let $`p_1`$ and $`p_1^{}`$ be two projections $`p_1,p_1^{}:TM_i|M_iTM_i`$ corresponding to two choices of the normal bundle

$$\nu M_i,\nu ^{}M_iTM_i|M_i.$$

The two normal bundles are equivalent and there is a homotopy of bundles $`H_t:TM_i|M_i`$ covering the identity of $`M_i`$ such that $`H_1`$ is the identity, $`H_t`$ is the identity whenever restricted to $`TM_i`$ and an isomorphism of bundles for every $`tI`$, and $`H_0`$ sends $`\nu M_i`$ to $`\nu ^{}M_i`$. The fat homotopy $`(H_t,t):(TM_i|M_i)\times I(TM_i|M_i)\times I`$ defined by $`(x,t)(H_t(x),t)`$ is therefore an isomorphism of $`𝐕`$-families covering the identity of $`M_i\times I`$ extending the $`𝐕`$-isomorphism $`F=H_0`$. Moreover, there is a tubular neighborhood $`NM_i\times I`$ of $`M`$ in $`M_i`$, where we identify $`M_i`$ with $`M_i\times \{0\}`$ in $`N`$. Because $`TM_i|N=(TM_i|M_i)\times I`$, the fat homotopy $`(H_t,t)`$ induces a $`𝐕`$-isomorphism on $`TM_i|N`$ covering the identity of $`N`$, with the further property that it is the identity on $`TM_i|(M_i\times \{1\})`$. Thus it is possible to extend $`F=H_0`$ to a $`𝐕`$-isomorphism $`\stackrel{~}{F}`$ on $`TM_i`$. By construction, $`p_1^{}F=p_1`$, and therefore the following diagram commutes and the $`𝐕`$-equivalence $`G`$ exists.

Thus the isomorphism type of $`𝕋X_i`$ does not depend on the choice of the projection $`p_i`$, as claimed. ∎

###### (3.6) Remark.

The map $`f_i`$ is proper since $`M_i`$ is compact and $`X_{i1}`$ is Hausdorff. Therefore the restriction map $`f_i^{}`$

$$f_i^{}:f_i^1(X_{i1}X_{i2})X_{i1}X_{i2}=M_{i1}M_{i1}$$

is a proper surjective submersion and hence by Ehresmann’s theorem it is a fiber bundle.

###### (3.7) Example.

Let $`M`$ be a differentiable manifold with boundary; let $`N=M`$ and $`h=1_M:MM=N`$. Then, the stratified space $`M_hM`$ coincides with $`M`$. The tangent family $`p:𝕋MM`$ defined above is *not* isomorphic to the tangent bundle $`TMM`$ (the fibers over $`M`$ in $`𝕋M`$ are vector spaces of dimension $`dimM`$ and not $`dimM`$). Actually the stratified tangent bundle $`𝕋M`$ has the quotient topology under the map $`\varphi :TM𝕋M`$ induced by the push-out. For example let $`M=D^n`$ the closed $`n`$-dimensional unit disc in $`^n`$, and $`N`$ its boundary $`M=S^{n1}`$. $`M`$ is a smooth manifold and the rays through the origin give rise to a normal bundle of $`M`$ in $`M`$. The identity map $`h=1:MS^{n1}`$ is of course differentiable, and the map $`dhp_1`$ is nothing but the projection $`TM_{|M}=S^{n1}\times ^nTS^{n1}`$ defined by $`(x,v)(x,v\frac{vx}{xx}x)`$, where $`(x,v)`$, with $`xS^{n1}`$ and $`v^n`$, orthogonal to $`x`$, are the usual coordinates for the tangent bundle of a sphere. Thus the stratified tangent bundle $`𝕋M`$ is defined by the quotient map $`\varphi :TM𝕋M`$ which is the inclusion on $`TM|(MM)`$. Moreover two points $`(x,v)`$ and $`(y,w)`$ of $`TM|M=S^n\times ^n`$ have the same image in $`𝕋M`$ if and only if $`v\frac{vx}{xx}x=w\frac{wy}{yy}y`$.

###### (3.8) Example.

Let $`X`$ be the standard cube in $`^3`$. Let $`X_0`$ be the set of vertices of $`X`$, $`X_1`$ the union of the edges, $`X_2`$ the faces and $`X_3=X`$. Thus the filtration

$$X_0X_1X_2X_3=X$$

yields a decomposition into strata of dimension $`0`$,$`1`$, $`2`$ and $`3`$ respectively. It is not difficult to see that for every $`i=1\mathrm{}3`$ there is a disjoint union of discs $`M_i=D^i`$ and a surjective map $`f_i:M_i=S^{i1}X_{i1}`$ such that $`X_i`$ is obtained as attachment of $`M_i`$ to $`X_{i1}`$ via $`f_i`$. The stratum $`X_0`$ consists of the 8 vertices, the attaching manifold $`M_1`$ of 12 edges (and the boundary of $`M_1`$ consists of 24 disjoint points); in a similar way, $`M_2`$ is the union of 6 discs, with boundary 6 circles $`S^1`$, and $`M_3`$ is a unique disc with boundary $`S^2`$. The cube $`X`$ is a differentiable stratified space.

## 4 $`𝐕`$-function spaces

Let $`Y`$ be a $`𝐕`$-family. For $`V𝐕`$ we denote by $`Y^V`$ the space of all the $`𝐕`$-maps $`VY`$, endowed with the compact-open topology. A sub-basis of the topology in $`V^Y`$ is given by all the sets of the form $`N_{K,U}=\{fY^V:fKU\}`$ with $`KV`$ compact and $`UY`$ open. For every $`𝐕`$-family $`Y`$ there is a standard projection $`Y^V\overline{Y}`$ sending a $`𝐕`$-map $`a:VY`$ to the point $`p_Ya(0)\overline{Y}`$, where $`0V`$ is the zero of the vector space. The pre-image of a point $`b\overline{Y}`$ under this projection is homeomorphic to $`\mathrm{hom}_𝐕(V,Y_b)`$.

Given a $`𝐕`$-map $`f:XY`$, let $`f^V`$ denote the map $`f^V:X^VY^V`$ defined by composing with $`f`$ the $`𝐕`$-maps $`VX`$. Moreover for $`\phi :VW`$ let $`X^\phi :X^WX^V`$ be the map induced by $`\phi `$. Given a $`𝐕`$-map $`f:Z\times VX`$, its adjoint $`\widehat{f}`$ is the function $`\widehat{f}:ZX^V`$ defined by $`\widehat{f}(z)(v)=f(z,v)`$ for every $`zZ`$ and $`vV`$. Lemma (6.10) of  states that for every space $`Z`$ a $`𝐕`$-function $`f:Z\times VX`$ is continuous if and only if the adjoint $`\widehat{f}:ZX^V`$ is continuous. As a consequence, the evaluation map $`X^V\times VX`$ which sends $`(g,v)`$ to $`g(v)`$ is continuous and hence if $`f:XY`$ is continuous then the induced function $`f^V:X^VY^V`$ is continuous, and in the same way given $`\phi :VW`$ the induced map $`X^\phi :X^WX^V`$ is continuous.

###### (4.1) Theorem.

Let $`(X,D)`$ be a relative $`𝐕`$-complex, where $`𝐕`$ is a closed subcategory of $`\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Phi }:Z_n\times D^nX`$ be its characteristic map of $`n`$-cells and let $`h_n`$ denote the $`n`$-attaching map of $`X`$, i.e. the restriction of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ to $`Z_n\times S^{n1}`$. For every $`n0`$ and every $`V𝐕`$ the diagram

is a push-out (in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$) with $`X_1=D`$. Moreover, $`X^V=lim_n\mathrm{}X_n^V`$.

###### Proof.

See corollary (10.16) of . For this we need the following lemma. ∎

A family $`𝒦`$ of compact sets of $`V`$ is termed *generating* if for every $`𝐕`$-family $`Y`$ the subsets

$$N_{K,U}=\{fY^V,f(K)U\}$$

with $`K𝒦`$ and $`U`$ open in $`Y`$ are a sub-basis for the topology of the function space $`Y^V`$.

We say that a structure category $`𝐕`$ has the **NKC*-property* (see , definition (6.5)) if for every object $`V𝐕`$ there is a generating family of compact sets $`𝒦`$ such that for every $`K𝒦`$, every $`W𝐕`$ and every compact subset $`CW`$ the subspace

$$N_{K,C}\mathrm{hom}_𝐕(V,W)=W^V$$

is compact.

###### (4.2) Lemma.

Let $`𝐕`$ be a closed subcategory of $`\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}`$. Then $`𝐕`$ is a NKC category.

Since a closed subcategory of a NKC category is again a NKC category, it suffices to consider the case $`𝐕=\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}`$. Thus lemma (4.2) is a consequence of lemma (4.7) below.

###### (4.3) Definition.

A compact $`KV`$ containing a linear basis of the vector space $`V`$ is termed *spanning* compact subset.

###### (4.4) Lemma.

Let $`Y`$ be a $`𝐕`$-family, $`f:VY`$ a $`𝐕`$-map, $`UY`$ an open subset, $`KV`$ a compact subset of $`V`$ and $`fN_{K,U}`$. Then there is a spanning compact set $`K^{}V`$ such that $`K^{}K`$, $`K^{}`$ and $`fN_{K^{},U}N_{K,U}`$. Thus the family $`𝒦`$ of spanning compact subsets of $`V`$ is generating.

###### Proof.

Being $`f`$ continuous, $`f^1U`$ is open in $`V`$, and therefore there exists a basis $`B=\{b_1,b_2,\mathrm{},b_d\}`$ of $`V`$ contained in $`f^1U`$. Then take $`K^{}=KB`$. By definition $`fBU`$ and hence $`fN_{K^{},U}`$. Because $`K^{}K`$, $`N_{K^{},U}N_{K,U}`$. ∎

###### (4.5) Lemma.

Let $`V`$ and $`W`$ be finitely dimensional normed vector spaces, $`B=\{b_1,b_2,\mathrm{},b_d\}`$ a basis of $`V`$ and $`R`$ a constant. Let $`\beta :^dV`$ be an isomorphism sending the standard basis of $`^d`$ to the basis $`B`$ of $`V`$, and $`|\beta ^1|`$ the norm of its inverse. If $`f:VW`$ is a linear map such that $`|f(b_i)|R`$ for $`i=1,\mathrm{},d`$, then $`|f|\sqrt{d}R|\beta ^1|`$.

###### Proof.

The composition $`f\beta :^dW`$ has norm

$$|f\beta |=\underset{x^d}{sup}\frac{|f\beta (x)|}{|x|}.$$

Write $`x^d`$ as $`_jx_je_j`$, where $`e_j`$ are the elements of the standard basis of $`^d`$; by assumption $`\beta (e_j)=b_j`$ for every $`j=1,\mathrm{},d`$. Now consider the inequalities

$$\frac{|_jx_jf(b_j)|}{|x|}\frac{_j|x_j||f(b_j)|}{\sqrt{_jx_j^2}}\sqrt{d}R.$$

This implies that $`|f\beta |\sqrt{d}R`$, and hence $`|f||f\beta \beta ^1|\sqrt{d}R|\beta ^1|`$, as claimed. ∎

###### (4.6) Lemma.

If $`X`$ is a trivial $`\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}`$-family $`X=W\times Y`$ over an Hausdorff space $`Y`$ then $`X^V`$ is a closed subspace of $`\mathrm{Map}(V,X)`$. In particular, by taking $`Y=`$, we obtain that for every $`V`$, $`W𝐕`$, the function space $`W^V=\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}(V,W)`$ is a closed subspace of $`\mathrm{Map}(V,W)`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`p_X`$ be the projection $`W\times YY`$ and $`\{b_1,\mathrm{},b_n\}`$ a basis of the vector space $`V`$. First, assume that $`f_0\mathrm{Map}(V,X)`$ is a map not in $`X^V`$ such that $`p_Xf(V)p_Xf(0)=y_0`$. Then there is $`yY`$ such that $`yy_0`$ and $`p_Xf(V)y`$. Since $`Y`$ is Hausdorff, there are neighborhoods $`\overline{U}_0`$ and $`\overline{U}_1`$ in $`Y`$ such that $`y_0\overline{U}_0`$, $`y\overline{U}_1`$ and $`\overline{U}_0\overline{U}_1=\mathrm{}`$. Let use define $`U_i=W\times \overline{U}_iX`$, $`K_0=\{0\}V`$ and $`K_1=\{v\}`$, with some $`v(p_Xf)^1y`$. We have $`fK_iU_i`$ and

$$N_{K_0,U_0}N_{K_1,U_1}X^V=\mathrm{},$$

hence $`N_{K_0,U_0}N_{K_1,U_1}`$ is an open neighborhood of $`f`$ contained in $`\mathrm{Map}(V,X)X^V`$.

On the other hand, assume that $`p_Xf(V)=p_Xf(0)=y_0`$. Thus $`f:Vp_X^1y_0=W`$. Since $`fX^V`$, $`f`$ is not linear, there exist a vector $`vV`$ and $`n`$ scalars $`\lambda _i`$ in the field $`𝕂`$ such that

$$f(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\lambda _ib_i)\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\lambda _if(b_i).$$

Since $`W\times Y`$ is Hausdorff, there are disjoint open sets $`U_0`$ and $`U_1`$ in $`W\times Y`$ such that $`f(v)U_0`$ and $`_{i=1}^n\lambda _if(b_i)U_1`$. Now, the map $`W^nW`$ with sends $`n`$ vectors $`v_i^{}`$ to the linear combination $`_{i=1}^n\lambda _iv_i^{}`$ is continuous, hence there are $`n`$ open sets $`U_i^{}X`$, neighborhoods of $`f(b_i)`$, such that if $`x_iU_i^{}`$ for every $`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$ and $`p_X(x_i)=p_X(x_j)`$ for every $`i,j`$ then $`_{i=1}^n\lambda _ix_iU_1`$. Consider the compact set $`K_0=\{v\}`$, $`K_i=\{b_i\}V`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$. Consider the open subset $`A\mathrm{𝐌𝐚𝐩}(V,X)`$ defined by

$$A=N_{K_0,U_0}N_{K_1,U_1^{}}\mathrm{}N_{K_n,U_n^{}}.$$

It consists of all maps $`g:VX`$ such that $`g(v)U_0`$ and $`g(b_i)U_i^{}`$. By construction $`fA`$. Moreover, assume that $`gAX^V`$. Then

$$g(v)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\lambda _ig(b_i).$$

But the left hand side of the equation belongs to $`U_0`$, while the right hand side belongs to $`U_1`$, hence $`g`$ cannot belong to $`AX^V`$. Thus $`AX^V=\mathrm{}`$. ∎

###### (4.7) Lemma.

If $`K`$ is a spanning compact subset of $`V`$, $`W`$ is an object of $`𝐕=\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}`$ and $`C`$ a compact subset of $`W`$ then $`N_{K,C}`$ is compact.

###### Proof.

As in the proof of lemma (10.6) of  it is easy to see that $`N_{K,C}`$ is closed. Now we prove that it is equicontinuous. By assumption $`C`$ is compact and therefore bounded, and by assumption $`K`$ contains a basis $`B=\{b_1,\mathrm{},b_d\}`$; so there exists a constant $`R0`$, $`R=|C|`$, such that if $`fN_{K,C}`$ then $`|f(b_j)|R`$ for every $`j=1,\mathrm{},d`$. But because of lemma (4.5) this implies that there exists a constant $`R^{}`$ (depending only on $`B`$ and $`R`$) such that $`|f|R^{}`$. This implies that for each $`v_0V`$ there is a constant $`\alpha `$ such that for every $`fN_{K,C}`$ and for every $`vV`$

$$|f(v)f(v_0)|\alpha |vv_0|,$$

hence $`N_{K,C}`$ is equicontinuous. Now consider for every $`v_0V`$ the space $`\omega _{v_0}=\{f(v_0)\}`$. By the same reason it is bounded in $`W`$, hence it has compact closure in $`W`$. Thus, by the Ascoli-Arzelà theorem, the closure of $`N_{K,C}`$ in $`\mathrm{𝐌𝐚𝐩}(V,W)`$ is compact. But since $`N_{K,C}`$ is a closed subset of $`\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}(V,W)`$ which in turn is closed in $`\mathrm{𝐌𝐚𝐩}(V,W)`$ by lemma (4.6), it coincides with its closure in $`\mathrm{𝐌𝐚𝐩}(V,W)`$ and therefore is compact. ∎

With lemma (4.7) we have actually proved lemma (4.2).

###### (4.8) Remark.

The principal bundle theorem (6.17) in  shows that if $`𝐕`$ is a NKC category then the diagram $`X^{}:𝐕^{\mathrm{op}}\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ given by $`X^{}(V)=X^V`$ is the “stratified principal bundle” associated to $`X`$. Moreover $`X`$ is determined by $`X^{}`$ since $`X=X^{}_𝐕F`$ where $`F:𝐕\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ is the inclusion functor.

## 5 Algebraic constructions

In the following we will apply theorem (4.1).

Let $`𝐕`$ and $`𝐖`$ be two closed subcategories of $`\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}`$ and let $`\psi :𝐕𝐖`$ be a continuous functor (that is, for every $`V_1,V_2𝐕`$ the induced map on hom-spaces $`\psi :\mathrm{hom}_𝐕(V_1,V_2)\mathrm{hom}_𝐖(\psi V_1,\psi V_2)`$ is continuous). Given a $`𝐕`$-complex $`X`$ we want to build an associated $`𝐖`$-complex $`\psi X`$ over $`\overline{X}`$ with fibers given by the images $`\psi X_b`$ of the fibers of $`X`$ under $`\psi `$. At a set level, we know that $`X`$ is the disjoint union

$$X=(Z_n\times e^n),$$

where $`e^n=D^nS^{n1}`$ is the open cell and $`Z_n`$ is the discrete $`𝐕`$-family of $`n`$-cells of $`X`$. Therefore it is possible to define $`\psi X`$ as a set by

$$\psi X=(\psi (Z_n)\times e^n).$$

We now define the topology of $`\psi X`$ inductively. Furthermore, we show that for every $`V𝐕`$ the map $`\psi ^V:X^V(\psi X)^{\psi V}`$ defined by sending $`a:VX_bX`$ in $`X^V`$ to $`\psi (a)\mathrm{hom}(\psi (V),\psi (X_b))`$, $`\psi (a):\psi (V)\psi (X_b)=\psi (X)_b`$, is continuous. The topology of $`\psi X_0`$ is the topology of the $`𝐖`$-set $`\psi X_0=\psi Z_0`$. Moreover, since $`\psi `$ is a continuous functor we see that for every $`V𝐕`$ the induced map $`\psi _0^V:X_0^V(\psi X_0)^{\psi V}`$ is continuous. Now, assume that the topology of $`\psi X_{n1}`$ is defined and that the map $`\psi _{n1}^V:X_{n1}^V(\psi X_{n1})^{\psi V}`$ is continuous. The adjoint of the attaching map $`h_n:Z_n\times S^{n1}X_{n1}`$ is a continuous function

$$\widehat{h}_n:S^{n1}X_{n1}^{Z_n}=\underset{VZ_n}{}X_{n1}^V$$

where the right hand side is the product space. By inductive assumption $`\psi _{n1}^{Z_n}:X_{n1}^{Z_n}(\psi X_{n1})^{\psi Z_n}`$ is continuous because it is continuous on the factors of $`X_{n1}^{Z_n}=_{VZ_n}X_{n1}^V`$. Therefore the composition

is continuous and yields a $`𝐖`$-map $`\psi (h_n):\psi Z_n\times S^{n1}\psi X_{n1}`$. We can therefore endow $`\psi X_n`$ with the topology of the push-out

Now we need to show that $`\psi _n^V:X_n^V(\psi X_n)^{\psi V}`$ is continuous for every $`V𝐕`$. Consider the diagram (5.1).

((5.1))
Because of theorem (4.1) the two square diagrams are push-out diagrams and therefore the induced map $`\widehat{\psi }_n^V`$ is continuous.

This inductive process yields a topology for every $`\psi X_n`$. Let $`\psi X=lim_{n0}\psi X_n`$. Because $`\widehat{\psi }_n^V:X_n^V(\psi X_n)^{\psi V}(\psi X)^{\psi X}`$ is continuous for every $`V`$, the induced map $`\widehat{\psi }:X^V(\psi X)^{\psi V}`$ is continuous for every $`V𝐕`$; here we use again theorem (4.1). Let $`𝐕`$-CW be the full subcategory of $`𝐕`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ consisting of $`𝐕`$-complexes.

###### (5.2) Lemma.

Let $`\psi `$ be a continuous functor $`𝐕𝐖`$ where $`𝐕`$ and $`𝐖`$ are closed subcategories of $`\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}`$. The operation that sends each $`𝐕`$-complex $`X`$ to the $`𝐖`$-complex $`\psi X`$ defined above yields a well-defined functor $`\psi :𝐕\text{-CW}𝐖\text{-CW}`$.

This, in fact, is an example of the functor $`\phi _\mathrm{\#}`$ in  which carries a stratified bundle to an associated stratified bundle.

###### Proof.

We only need to define the image $`\psi (f):\psi X\psi Y`$ under $`\psi `$ of a $`𝐕`$-map $`f:XY`$. We define $`\psi (f)`$ inductively on the skeleta of $`\psi X`$. Let $`f_n:X_nY`$ denote the restriction of $`f`$ to the $`n`$-skeleton of $`X`$. On the zero-skeleton $`\psi X_0`$, $`\psi (f)=\psi (f_0)`$ is defined. Assume that $`\psi (f_{n1})`$ is defined. Let $`\mathrm{\Phi }_n:Z_n\times D^nX_n`$ be the $`n`$-characteristic map of $`X`$ and consider the adjoint of the composition

$$(f_n\mathrm{\Phi }_n):Z_n\times D^nXY$$

$$\widehat{(f_n\mathrm{\Phi }_n)}:D^nY^{Z_n}.$$

By construction the map $`\widehat{\psi }:Y^{Z_n}(\psi Y)^{\psi Z_n}`$ is continuous. Therefore the composition $`\widehat{\psi }\widehat{(f_n\mathrm{\Phi }_n)}`$ is the adjoint of a continuous $`𝐖`$-map $`\psi Z_n\times D^n\psi Y`$. Furthermore, it is possible to check that this map fits into the outside square of the following diagram making it commutative.

Hence the $`𝐖`$-map $`\psi (f_n)`$ exists for every $`n0`$. By taking the limit, we obtain the desired $`𝐖`$-map $`\psi (f):\psi X\psi Y`$. ∎

Now consider a continuous bifunctor $`\psi :𝐕\times 𝐕^{}𝐖`$, a $`𝐕`$-complex $`X`$ over $`\overline{X}=B`$ and a $`𝐕^{}`$-complex $`X^{}`$ over the same base space $`\overline{X}^{}=B`$; assume that the cellular decompositions on $`B`$ induced by $`X`$ and $`X^{}`$ are the same and that $`𝐕`$, $`𝐕^{}`$ and $`𝐖`$ are closed. We are now going to define a $`𝐖`$-complex $`\psi (X,X^{})`$ with base space $`B`$. If $`X=X_0`$ and $`X^{}=X_0^{}`$ are a $`𝐕`$-set and a $`𝐕^{}`$-set respectively over the same base set $`B`$, then $`\psi (X,X^{})`$ is defined pointwise as $`\psi (V,V^{})`$, whenever $`V`$ and $`V^{}`$ are fibers over the same point in $`B`$. In general, let $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}`$ be the characteristic maps of $`X`$ and $`X^{}`$. Using the decomposition into open cells of $`X`$ and $`X^{}`$ it is possible to define $`\psi (X,X^{})`$ as a set as follows:

$$X=\underset{n0}{}Z_n\times e^n,X^{}=\underset{n0}{}Z_n^{}\times e^n,$$

((5.3))
$$\psi (X,X^{})=\underset{n0}{}\psi (Z_n,Z_n^{})\times e^n.$$

We need to endow $`\psi (X,X^{})`$ with a suitable topology.

Consider a space $`Y`$ and a space $`Y^{}`$ which are sources of maps to the space $`B`$. We denote by $`Y\times _BY^{}`$ the pull-back

For every $`V𝐕`$ and $`V^{}𝐕^{}`$, consider the pull-back $`X^V\times _BX_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{V^{}}`$ with respect to the maps $`X^V\overline{X}`$ and $`X_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{V^{}}\overline{X}`$. The pre-image of a point $`b\overline{X}=\overline{X}^{}`$ under the natural projection $`X^V\times _BX_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{V^{}}\overline{X}`$ is equal to $`\mathrm{hom}(V,X_b)\times \mathrm{hom}(V^{},X_b^{})`$. Therefore we obtain a function

$$\widehat{\psi }:X^V\times _BX_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{V^{}}\psi (X,X^{})^{\psi (V,V^{})}$$

which is continuous on fibers (by continuity of $`\psi `$) defined by

$$\widehat{\psi }:\mathrm{hom}(V,X_b)\times \mathrm{hom}(V^{},X_b^{})\mathrm{hom}(\psi (V,V^{}),\psi (X_b,X_b^{})).$$

We want to give a topology to $`\psi (X,X^{})`$ so that $`\widehat{\psi }`$ is continuous. We can do it inductively on the skeleta of $`X`$ and $`X^{}`$. If $`n=0`$, then $`\psi (X_0,X_0^{})`$ is defined as above, and it is trivial to see that $`\widehat{\psi }_0:X_0^VX_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{V^{}}\psi (X_0,X_0^{})^{\psi (V,V^{})}`$ is continuous. More directly, we can obtain $`\psi (X,X^{})`$ by

$$\psi (X,X^{})=\psi _\mathrm{\#}(X\times _BX^{})$$

where the right hand side is defined by the associated bundle in .

###### (5.4) Remark.

If $`X`$ and $`X^{}`$ are $`𝐕`$-vector bundles over a CW-complex $`\overline{X}`$, then by the bundle theorem (5.1) of  $`X`$ and $`X^{}`$ have a structure of $`𝐕`$-complexes. In this case it is not difficult to show that the bundles $`\psi (X)`$, $`\psi (X,X^{})`$ coincide with the corresponding constructions on vector bundles (see e.g. Atiyah , page 6).

## 6 Algebraic constructions on stratified vector bundles

Consider the closure $`\overline{𝐕}`$ in $`\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}`$ of a subcategory $`𝐕\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}`$. Since composition maps are continuous, the closure $`\overline{𝐕}`$ is a closed subcategory of $`\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}`$. We say that a continuous functor $`\psi :𝐕𝐖`$ is *regular* if there is a continuous functor $`\overline{\psi }:\overline{𝐕}\overline{𝐖}`$ such that $`\psi `$ is the restriction of $`\overline{\psi }`$. A similar definition holds for continuous bifunctors. As a slight generalization of lemma (5.2) we get.

###### (6.1) Lemma.

Let $`\psi `$ be a regular continuous functor $`𝐕𝐖`$ where $`𝐕`$ and $`𝐖`$ are subcategories of $`\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}`$. Then the operation that sends each $`𝐕`$-complex $`X`$ to the $`𝐖`$-complex $`\psi X`$ defined above yields a well-defined functor $`\psi :𝐕\text{-CW}𝐖\text{-CW}`$.

###### Proof.

The embeddings of categories $`𝐕\overline{𝐕}`$ and $`𝐖\overline{𝐖}`$ induce embeddings $`i_𝐕:𝐕\text{-CW}\overline{𝐕}\text{-CW}`$ and $`i_𝐖:𝐖\text{-CW}\overline{𝐖}\text{-CW}`$ By lemma (5.2), the continuous functor $`\overline{\psi }`$ yields a functor $`\overline{\psi }:\overline{𝐕}\text{-CW}\overline{𝐖}\text{-CW}`$. Since the image of the composition of functors $`\overline{\psi }i_𝐕`$ is actually in $`𝐖`$-CW, we obtain a functor $`\psi :𝐕\text{-CW}𝐖\text{-CW}`$ as claimed. ∎

Let $`𝐕\text{-CW}𝐕^{}\text{-CW}`$ denote the category with as objects pairs $`(X,X^{})`$ where $`X`$ is a $`𝐕`$-complex and $`X^{}`$ a $`V^{}`$-complex, such that $`\overline{X}`$ and $`\overline{X}^{}`$ coincide. A morphism in $`𝐕\text{-CW}𝐕^{}\text{-CW}`$ from $`(X,X^{})`$ to $`(Y,Y^{})`$ is a pair of maps $`(f,f^{})`$, where $`f:XY`$ is a $`𝐕`$-map and $`f^{}:X^{}Y^{}`$ is a $`𝐕^{}`$-map, such that the induced maps on the base spaces coincide: $`\overline{f}=\overline{f}^{}:\overline{X}\overline{Y}`$. Given an object $`(X,X^{})`$ in $`𝐕\text{-CW}𝐕^{}\text{-CW}`$ the $`𝐖`$-complex $`\psi (X,X^{})`$ has been defined above. Consider a morphism $`(f,f^{}):(X,X^{})(Y,Y^{})`$. This yields a map $`ff^{}:XX^{}YY^{}`$.

More generally than (5.3) we get:

###### (6.2) Lemma.

Let $`𝐕`$, $`𝐕^{}`$ and $`𝐖`$ be subcategories of $`\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}`$. For every regular continuous bifunctor $`\psi `$ $`\psi :𝐕\times 𝐕^{}𝐖`$ the operation that sends $`(X,X^{})`$ to $`\psi (X,X^{})`$ and $`(f,f^{}):(X,X^{})(Y,Y^{})`$ to $`\psi (f,f^{})`$ is a well-defined functor

$$\psi :𝐕\text{-CW}𝐕^{}\text{-CW}𝐖\text{-CW}.$$

###### Proof.

The proof is identical as the proof of lemma (6.1). ∎

###### (6.3) Theorem.

Let $`\psi :𝐕𝐖`$ be a regular continuous functor, where $`𝐕`$ and $`𝐖`$ are subcategories of $`\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}`$. There is an induced functor $`\psi :𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}𝐖\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}`$ which sends a $`𝐕`$-stratified vector bundle $`X`$ to the space $`\psi X`$ over $`\overline{X}`$ with fibers $`\psi X_b`$, for $`b\overline{X}`$.

###### Proof.

By lemma (6.1) such functor is already defined for $`𝐕`$-complexes. Using the same argument as in the proof of lemma (6.1), it suffices to consider the case of closed (and hence NKC) subcategories of $`\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}`$. Consider the subcategories $`𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_n`$ and $`𝐖\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_n`$ of $`𝐕`$-stratified (resp. $`𝐖`$-stratified) vector bundles of length at most $`n`$ (i.e. with at most $`n`$ strata). If $`X`$ is an object in $`𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_1`$ then it is a vector bundle over a CW-complex, hence it is a $`𝐕`$-complex by remark (5.4). Thus the objects of $`𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_1`$ and $`𝐖\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_1`$ are in $`𝐕`$-CW and $`𝐖`$-CW respectively, and the maps are of course $`𝐕`$-maps and $`𝐖`$-maps. This implies that

$$\psi :𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_1𝐖\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_1$$

is well-defined. Assume by induction that $`\psi `$ is defined on $`𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_n`$, for some $`n2`$. Let $`X`$ be an object in $`𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_{n+1}`$. Thus there are CW-pairs $`(\overline{M}_n,\overline{A}_n)`$ a $`𝐕`$-vector bundle $`M_n`$ and a $`𝐕`$-map $`h_n:A_n=M_n|\overline{A}_nX_{n1}`$ such that $`X=X_{n1}_{h_n}M_n`$. Since $`X_{n1}`$ and $`A_n`$ are both objects of $`𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_n`$ we have that $`\psi (h_n):\psi A_n\psi X_{n1}`$ is a well-defined $`𝐖`$-map. Thus we can define $`\psi X`$ as the push-out $`\psi X=\psi X_{n1}_{\psi (h_n)}M_n`$. The same argument can be applied to a stratified map $`f:XX^{}`$, where $`X`$ and $`X^{}`$ are objects in $`𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_n`$. Hence $`\psi `$ is well-defined on every $`𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_n`$. Now, since every object in $`𝐕`$-$`\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}`$ belongs to $`𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_n`$ for some $`n`$, this implies that $`\psi `$ is a well-defined functor from $`𝐕`$-$`\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}`$ to $`𝐖`$-$`\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}`$. ∎

Consider now a regular continuous bifunctor $`\psi :𝐕\times 𝐕^{}𝐖`$. Let $`𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}𝐕^{}\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}`$ denote the category of pairs $`(X,X^{})`$, where $`X`$ is an object in $`𝐕`$-$`\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}`$ and $`X^{}`$ an object in $`𝐕^{}`$-$`\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}`$ with the same base space $`\overline{X}=\overline{X}^{}`$. A morphism in $`𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}𝐕^{}\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}`$ is a pair of maps $`(f,f^{})`$ such that $`f`$ is a morphism in $`𝐕`$-$`\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}`$ and $`f^{}`$ a morphism in $`𝐕^{}`$-$`\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}`$ which induce the same map on the base space $`\overline{f}=\overline{f}^{}:\overline{X}\overline{X}`$.

###### (6.4) Theorem.

Every regular continuous bifunctor $`\psi :𝐕\times 𝐕^{}𝐖`$ induces a well-defined functor

$$\psi :𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}𝐕^{}\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}𝐖\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚},$$

which sends a pair of $`𝐕`$-stratified vector bundles $`X`$, $`X^{}`$ over $`\overline{X}`$ to the space $`\psi (X,X^{})`$ over $`\overline{X}`$ with fibers $`\psi (p_X^1b,p_X^{}^1b)`$, for $`b\overline{X}`$.

###### Proof.

First, assume that the structure categories are closed in $`\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}`$. As in the proof of theorem (6.3), let $`𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_n𝐕^{}\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_n`$ denote the subcategory of pairs of $`𝐕`$-stratified vector bundles of length at most $`n`$. The same for $`𝐖\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_n`$. We are going to show that $`\psi `$ is defined on $`𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_n𝐕^{}\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_n`$ for every $`n1`$. If $`n=1`$ this is true as a consequence of lemma (6.2). So, assume that $`\psi `$ is well-defined on $`𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_{n1}𝐕^{}\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_{n1}`$. Let $`(M_n,A_n)`$ be the attached pair for $`X`$, with attaching map $`h:A_nX_{n1}`$. Let $`(M_n^{},A_n^{})`$ and $`h_n^{}`$ the corresponding for $`X^{}`$. Since $`\overline{X}=\overline{X}^{}`$, without loss of generality we can assume that $`\overline{M}_n=\overline{M}_n^{}`$, $`\overline{A}_n=\overline{A}_n^{}`$ and that the induced maps $`\overline{h}_n=\overline{h}_n^{}`$ coincide. Thus the induced map

$$\psi (h_n,h_n^{}):\psi (A_n,A_n^{})\psi (X_{n1},X_{n1}^{})$$

is well-defined, since $`(X_{n1},X_{n1}^{})`$ and $`(A_n,A_m^{})`$ belong to $`𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_{n1}𝐕^{}\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_{n1}`$. The same for the inclusions $`(i,i^{}):(A_n,A_n^{})(M_n,M_n^{})`$. Thus it is possible to define $`\psi (X,X^{})`$ as the push-out

$$\psi (X,X^{})=\psi (X_{n1},X_{n1}^{})_{\psi (h_n,h_n^{})}\psi (M_n,M_n^{}).$$

In the same way, given a pair of stratified maps $`(f,f^{}):(X,X^{})(Y,Y^{})`$ in $`𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_n𝐕^{}\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_n`$, it is possible to define a $`𝐖`$-map

$$\psi (f,f^{}):\psi (X,X^{})\psi (Y,Y^{}).$$

Now, if the categories are not close, it suffices to follow the same argument as in the proof of lemma (6.1). ∎

## 7 $`K`$-theory of stratified spaces

Assume that the structure category $`𝐕`$ is closed under direct sum $``$ of vector spaces. Then, if $`\overline{X}`$ is any space, the set $`𝐕(\overline{X})`$ of isomorphism classes of $`𝐕`$-vector bundles over $`\overline{X}`$ is an abelian semigroup where the sum is the sum induced as in lemma (6.2) by the bifunctor $``$. Let $`K_0^𝐕(\overline{X})=K_0(𝐕(\overline{X}))`$ be the Grothendieck group of the abelian semigroup ($`𝐕(\overline{X})`$,$``$). If $`𝐕`$ is also closed under tensor product $``$ then $`K_0^𝐕(\overline{X})`$ is a ring. This is the Atiyah-Hirzebruch $`K`$-theory of a space $`\overline{X}`$.

We can do the same for the category $`𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}(\overline{X})`$ of $`𝐕`$-stratified bundles over the stratified base space $`\overline{X}`$. Let $`\overline{X}`$ be a stratified space in $`\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}`$. Then by theorem (6.4) the category $`𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}(\overline{X})`$ of $`𝐕`$-stratified vector bundles over $`\overline{X}`$ and stratified $`𝐕`$-maps over $`1_{\overline{X}}`$ is an additive category with sum $``$.

###### (7.1) Definition.

Let $`𝒦_0^𝐕(\overline{X})`$ denote the Grothendieck group $`K_0(𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}(\overline{X}))`$.

If $`𝐕`$ is closed under the tensor product $``$ then $`𝒦_0^𝐕(\overline{X})`$ is a ring. Now consider the full subcategory $`\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_0\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}`$ of finite stratified spaces with attached spaces which are locally finite and countable CW-complexes.

###### (7.2) Theorem.

For every subcategory $`𝐕`$ of $`\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}`$ which is closed under direct sum $``$ there is a functor

$$𝒦_0^𝐕:\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_0^{\mathrm{op}}\mathrm{𝐀𝐛},$$

where $`\mathrm{𝐀𝐛}`$ denotes the category of Abelian groups. If $`𝐕`$ is closed under the tensor product $``$ then the functor has its image in the category of rings. Moreover there are natural homomorphisms

where $`\overline{M}_i`$, $`\overline{X}_0`$ are the attached spaces of $`\overline{X}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_0`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`\overline{X}`$, $`\overline{X}^{}`$ be two stratified spaces in $`\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_0`$ and $`X^{}\overline{X}^{}`$ an object of $`𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}(\overline{X}^{})`$. By theorem (2.3), given a stratum-preserving map $`\overline{f}:\overline{X}\overline{X}^{}`$ in $`\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_0`$, the pull-back $`X=\overline{f}^{}X^{}`$ is a well-defined object of $`𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}(\overline{X})`$. Moreover, a morphism $`\alpha `$ in $`𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}(\overline{X}^{})`$ (that is, a self-map $`\alpha :X^{}X^{}`$ over the identity of $`\overline{X}^{}`$) induces a morphism $`\alpha ^{}:XX`$ over the identity of $`\overline{X}`$. Hence $`\overline{f}^{}:𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}(\overline{X}^{})𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}(\overline{X})`$ is a functor. To show that this construction yields a homomorphism $`𝒦_0^𝐕(\overline{f}):𝒦_0^𝐕(\overline{X}^{})𝒦_0^𝐕(\overline{X})`$ is sufficient to show that $`\overline{f}^{}`$, as a functor, preserves the sum $``$, i.e. that $`Y`$ and $`Y^{}`$ are in $`𝐕\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}(\overline{X}^{})`$ then

((7.3))
$$\overline{f}^{}(YY^{})=\overline{f}^{}Y\overline{f}^{}Y^{}.$$

Let $`Y_0Y_1\mathrm{}`$ and $`Y_0^{}Y_1^{}\mathrm{}`$ be the filtrations of $`Y`$ and $`Y^{}`$. We prove by induction that equation (7.3) holds for every stratified space $`\overline{X}^{}`$ with at most $`n`$ strata. If $`n=1`$ then it is true, since in this case the $`𝐕`$-stratified bundles are $`𝐕`$-vector bundles. So assume that (7.3) is true for spaces with at most $`n1`$ strata. Let $`(\overline{M}_n^{},\overline{A}_n^{})`$ be the pair attached via the map $`\overline{h}^{}`$ to $`\overline{X}_{n1}^{}`$ to obtain $`\overline{X}^{}`$, where $`\overline{X}^{}`$ has $`n`$ exactly strata; in the same way, let $`(\overline{M}_n,\overline{A}_n)`$ the corresponding CW-pair for $`\overline{X}`$ and $`\overline{h}:\overline{A}_n\overline{X}_{n1}`$ the attaching map. Let $`(M_n^{},A_n^{})`$, $`(M_n^{\prime \prime },A_n^{\prime \prime })`$ be the attached bundles to $`Y_{n1}`$ and $`Y_{n1}^{}`$. Since $`\overline{f}`$ is a map in $`\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_0`$, there is a map $`\overline{g}:\overline{M}\overline{M}^{}`$ such that $`\overline{f}=\overline{f}_{n1}\overline{g}`$. By proposition (7.4) of  we have the equality

((7.4))
$$\overline{f}^{}(YY^{})=\overline{f}^{}(Y_{n1}Y_{n1})_h\overline{g}^{}(M_nM_n^{}),$$

where $`h:\overline{g}^{}(A_nA_n^{})\overline{f}^{}(Y_{n1}Y_{n1}^{})`$ is induced by the pull-back. Now, by induction

$$\overline{f}^{}(Y_{n1}Y_{n1})=\overline{f}^{}Y_{n1}\overline{f}^{}Y_{n1}$$

$$\overline{g}^{}(M_nM_n^{})=\overline{g}^{}M_n\overline{g}^{}M_n^{},$$

$$\overline{g}^{}(A_nA_n^{})=\overline{g}^{}A_n\overline{g}^{}A_n^{}.$$

But by definition the sum of the pull-backs $`\overline{f}^{}Y\overline{f}^{}Y^{}`$ is equal to the push-out

((7.5))
$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \overline{f}^{}Y\overline{f}^{}Y^{}& =\overline{f}^{}Y_{n1}\overline{f}^{}Y_{n1}_h\overline{g}^{}M_n\overline{g}^{}M_n^{}\hfill \\ & =\overline{f}^{}(Y_{n1}Y_{n1})_h\overline{g}^{}(M_nM_n^{}).\hfill \end{array}$$

Comparing equations (7.4) and (7.5) yields the desired result. ∎

###### (7.6) Theorem.

Consider a $`𝐕`$-stratified vector bundle $`X^{}`$, a compactly stratified space $`\overline{X}`$ and a homotopy of (stratum-preserving) maps $`\overline{f}_t:\overline{X}\overline{X}^{}`$, $`tI`$. Then

$$\overline{f}_0^{}X^{}\overline{f}_1^{}X^{}.$$

###### Proof.

We prove it by induction on the number of strata of $`\overline{X}^{}`$. If $`n=1`$ then $`X^{}`$ is a $`𝐕`$-vector bundle and hence the result is classical. Assume that it is true for $`\overline{X}^{}`$ with at most $`n1`$ strata. Then if $`\overline{X}`$ has less than $`n`$ strata the claim is true. So let $`(\overline{M}_n,\overline{A}_n)`$ be the CW-pair attached to $`\overline{X}_{n1}`$, $`(M_n^{},A_n^{})`$ the CW-pair attached to $`\overline{X}_{n1}^{}`$ and $`\overline{g}_t:(\overline{M}_n,\overline{A}_n)(\overline{M}_n^{},\overline{A}_n^{})`$ the homotopy such that $`\overline{f}_t=\overline{f}_{n1,t}\overline{g}_t`$, with $`tI`$. Since $`\overline{X}_0`$ and $`\overline{M}_i`$ are compact for every $`i1`$, we know that $`\overline{X}_i`$ is compact for every $`i`$. This implies that, by induction, $`\overline{f}_{0,n1}^{}X_{n1}^{}f_{1,n1}^{}X_{n1}^{}`$, $`\overline{g}_0^{}A_n^{}g_1^{}A_n^{}`$ and $`\overline{g}_0^{}M_n^{}g_1^{}M_n^{}`$. But by proposition (7.4) of

$$\overline{f}_0^{}X^{}=\overline{f}_{0,n1}^{}X_{n1}^{}\overline{g}_0^{}M_n^{},$$

$$\overline{f}_1^{}X^{}=\overline{f}_{1,n1}^{}X_{n1}^{}\overline{g}_1^{}M_n^{},$$

and as a consequence $`f_0^{}X^{}f_1^{}X^{}`$. ∎

###### (7.7) Corollary.

If $`\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_c^{\mathrm{op}}`$ denotes the full subcategory of $`\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}^{\mathrm{op}}`$ consisting of compactly stratified spaces and stratum-preserving maps, the functor

$$𝒦_0^𝐕:\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_c^{\mathrm{op}}\mathrm{𝐀𝐛}$$

induces a functor on the homotopy category

$$𝒦_0^𝐕:\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_c^{\mathrm{op}}/{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{𝐀𝐛}.$$

Hence if $`\overline{X}`$ is homotopy equivalent (in $`\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_c`$) to $`\overline{Y}`$, then

$$𝒦_0^𝐕(\overline{X})=𝒦_0^𝐕(\overline{Y}).$$


format: text

text:
# Production of the neutral toppion at the 𝑒𝛾 colliders

## Abstract

In the framework of topcolor-assisted technicolor(TC2) model, we study a neutral toppion production process $`e^{}\gamma e^{}\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0`$ in this paper. Our results show that the production cross section of $`e^{}\gamma e^{}\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0`$ can reach the level of several tens fb, and over $`10^3`$ neutral toppion events can be produced in the planned $`e^+e^{}`$ linear colliders each year. Therefore, such a toppion production process provides us a unique chance to detect toppion events and test the TC2 model. On the other hand, the cross section of $`e^{}\gamma e^{}\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0`$ is about one order of magnitude larger than those of some similar processes in SM and MSSM(i.e., $`e^{}\gamma e^{}H`$ in SM and $`e^{}\gamma e^{}H^0(A^0,h^0)`$ in MSSM). So, we can easily distinguish the neutral toppion from other neutral Higgs bosons in SM and MSSM.

PACS number(s): 12.60Nz, 14.80.Mz, 12.15.LK, 14.65.Ha

I. Introduction
Although the Glashow-Weinberg-Salam(GWS)theory which bases on the gauge group $`SU_L(2)U_Y(1)`$ have made a great success to describe the weak and electromagnetic interactions, the mechanism of the electroweak symmetry breaking(EWSB) is still unknown. So probing the mechanism of the EWSB will not only be one of the main subjects of theoretical research but also be the most important task at future high energy colliders.

Dynamical EWSB, such as technicolor(TC) theory , is an attractive idea that avoids the shortcoming of triviality and unnaturalness arising from the elementary Higgs field in the standard model(SM). The simplest QCD-like TC models leads to a large oblique correction to the electroweak parameter S and is already ruled out by the CERN $`e^+e^{}`$ collider LEP precision electroweak measurement data. Various improvements have been made to make the predictions consistent with the LEP precision measurement data. Among all these improved TC models, topcolor-assisted technicolor(TC2) model  is a more realistic one, which provides an additional source of EWSB and also solves heavy top quark problem. In TC2 theory, the new strong dynamics topcolor is assumed to be chiral critically strong at the scale 1 TeV, and it is coupled preferentially to the third generation. In this model, the EWSB is driven mainly by TC interactions and extended technicolor gives the contributions to all ordinary quark and lepton masses including a very small portion of the top quark masses :$`m_t^{^{}}=\epsilon m_t(0.03\epsilon 0.1)`$ . The topcolor interactions also make small contributions to the EWSB and give rise to the main part of the top mass $`(1\epsilon )m_t`$. Three Pseudo-Goldstone bosons (PGB’s) called toppions $`\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0,\mathrm{\Pi }_t^\pm `$ are predicted by TC2 model in the few hundred GeV region. The physical particle toppions can be regarded as the typical feature of TC2 model. Thus, the studies of some toppion production processes at present and future high energy colliders can help the experiment to search for toppion and test TC2 theory, furthermore, to probe EWSB mechanism. A comprehensive review on the phenomenological studies in TC2 model has been given in Ref..

Over the last decade, several laboratories in the world have been working on linear $`e^+e^{}`$ collider projects with an energy from several hundreds GeV up to several TeV and the luminosity over 100 $`fb^1`$/year, these are NLC(USA) ,JLC(Japan), TESLA(Europe). The search for Higgs particle in SM or some new particles predicted in the models beyond the SM(such as Higgs bosons $`A^0,H^0,h^0,H^\pm `$ in MSSM and PGB’s in TC model) is one of the most important goals of future high energy $`e^+e^{}`$ colliders. Some Higgs bosons production processes in SM and MSSM in $`e^+e^{}`$ collision have been studied in many literatures. To search for the toppions in TC2 model, the literatures have studied the neutral toppion production processes in high energy $`e^+e^{}`$ collision. Ref. has calculated the production cross sections of the processes $`e^+e^{}\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0\gamma ,\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0Z`$ and the results show that the cross sections are about several fb. Recently, we have studied a flavor-changing neutral toppion production process $`e^+e^{}t\overline{c}\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0`$. We find that the resonance effect can enhance the cross section significantly when toppion mass is small. The above studies provide the feasible ways to detect toppion events and test TC2 model. The future $`e^+e^{}`$ colliders can also operate in the $`e\gamma `$ or $`\gamma \gamma `$ modes. High energy photons for $`\gamma \gamma ,e\gamma `$ collisions can be obtained using compton backscattering of laser light off the high energy electrons. In this case, the energy and luminosity of the photon beam would be the same order of magnitude of the parent electron beam and the set of final states at a photon collider is much richer than that at in an $`e^+e^{}`$ mode. At the same time, the high energy photons polarizations can relatively easily vary, which is advantageous for experiments. All the virtues of the photon colliders will provide us a good chance to pursuit new physics particles. The production of Higgs bosons in SM and MSSM at $`e\gamma `$ colliders have been studied in Ref..

In this paper, in the framework of TC2, we will study a neutral toppion production process $`e^{}\gamma e^{}\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0`$. The results show that the cross section can be up to the level of several tens fb due to strong coupling of $`\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0`$ to $`t\overline{t}`$ and t-channel effect. The signals of toppion can be easily detected at $`e\gamma `$ colliders. On the other hand, we find that we can distinguish toppion from other toppion-like particles(such as Higgs bosons in SM and MSSM).

II. The cross section of the process
As it is known, the couplings of toppions to the three family fermions are non-universal and the toppions have large Yukawa couplings to the third generation. The coupling of the neutral toppion $`\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0`$ to a pair of top quarks is proportion to the mass of top quark and the explicit form can be written as:

$`i{\displaystyle \frac{m_t}{\upsilon _w}}\mathrm{tan}\beta K_{UR}^{tt}K_{UL}^{tt}\overline{t}\gamma _5t\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0`$ (1)
where $`\mathrm{tan}\beta =\sqrt{(\frac{\upsilon _\omega }{\upsilon _t})^21}`$ $`\upsilon _\omega =246`$ GeV is electroweak symmetry-breaking scale, and $`\upsilon _t60100`$ GeV is the toppion decay constant. $`K_{UL}^{tt}`$ is the matrix element of the unitary matrix $`K_{UL}`$ which the CKM matrix can be derived as $`V=K_{UL}^1K_{DL}`$ and $`K_{UR}^{ij}`$ are the matrix elements of right-handed rotation matrix $`K_{UR}`$. Their values can be taken as:

$`K_{UL}^{tt}1K_{UR}^{tt}=1\epsilon `$
Here we take the parameter $`\epsilon `$ as a free parameter changing from 0.03 to 0.1.

With $`\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0t\overline{t}`$ coupling, the neutral toppion $`\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0`$, as an isospin-triplet, can couple to a pair of gauge bosons through the top quark triangle loop in an isospin violating way. Calculating the top quark triangle loop, we can explicitly obtain the couplings of $`\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0\gamma \gamma `$ and $`\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0\gamma Z`$

$`\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0\gamma \gamma iN_c{\displaystyle \frac{8}{9\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{tan\beta }{\upsilon _w}}m_t^2(1\epsilon )\alpha _e\epsilon _{\mu \nu \rho \delta }p_2^\rho p_4^\delta C_0`$ (2)
$`\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0\gamma ZiN_c{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _e}{3\pi c_ws_w}}{\displaystyle \frac{tan\beta }{\upsilon _w}}m_t^2(1\epsilon )\epsilon _{\mu \nu \rho \delta }(1{\displaystyle \frac{8}{3}}s_w^2)p_2^\rho p_4^\delta C_0`$ (3)
where $`N_c`$ is the color index with $`N_c=3`$, $`s_w=\mathrm{sin}\theta _w`$, $`c_w=\mathrm{cos}\theta _w`$($`\theta _w`$ is the Weinberg angle), $`C_0=C_0(p_2,p_4,m_t,m_t,m_t)`$ is standard three-point scalar integral with $`p_2`$ and $`p_4`$ denoting the momenta of the incoming photon and the outcoming toppion, respectively.

With the couplings of $`\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0\gamma \gamma `$ and $`\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0Z\gamma `$, the neutral toppion can be produced via the process $`e^{}\gamma e^{}\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0`$, the Feynman diagram of the process is shown in Fig.1. The amplitude of the process can be written directly

$`M=M^\gamma +M^Z`$ (4)
$`M^\gamma `$ $`=`$ $`iN_c{\displaystyle \frac{16\sqrt{\pi }}{9\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{tan}\beta }{\upsilon _w}}m_t^2(1\epsilon )\alpha _e^{3/2}C_0\epsilon ^{\mu \nu \rho \delta }p_{2\rho }p_{4\delta }`$
$`ϵ_\mu (p_2)\overline{u}_e(p_3)\gamma _\nu u_e(p_1)G(p_2p_4,0)`$
$`M^Z`$ $`=`$ $`iN_c{\displaystyle \frac{2\alpha _e^{3/2}}{3\sqrt{\pi }c_w^2s_w^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{tan}\beta }{\upsilon _w}}(1\epsilon )m_t^2(1{\displaystyle \frac{8}{3}}s_w^2)C_0`$
$`\epsilon ^{\mu \nu \rho \delta }p_{2\rho }p_{4\delta }ϵ_\mu (p_2)\overline{u}_e(p_3)[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}L+s_w^2]\gamma _\nu u_e(p_1)`$
$`G(p_2p_4,M_Z)`$
Where, $`L=\frac{1}{2}(1\gamma _5)`$. $`G(p,m)=\frac{1}{p^2m^2}`$ denotes the propagator of the particle. We can see that there exists a t-channel resonance effect for photon, this t-channel resonance effect will enhance the cross section significantly.

The hard photon beam of the $`e\gamma `$ collider can be obtained from laser backscattering at the $`e^+e^{}`$ linear collider. Let $`\widehat{s}`$ and $`s`$ be the center-of-mass energies of the $`e\gamma `$ and $`e^+e^{}`$ systems, respectively. After calculating the cross section $`\sigma (\widehat{s})`$ for the subprocess $`e^{}\gamma e^{}\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0`$, the total cross section at the $`e^+e^{}`$ linear collider can be obtained by folding $`\sigma (\widehat{s})`$ with the photon distribution function which is given in Ref

$`\sigma _{tot}={\displaystyle \underset{M_\mathrm{\Pi }^2/s}{\overset{x_{max}}{}}}𝑑x\widehat{\sigma }(\widehat{s})f_\gamma (x),`$
where

$`f_\gamma (x)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{D(\xi )}}\left[1x+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1x}}{\displaystyle \frac{4x}{\xi (1x)}}+{\displaystyle \frac{4x^2}{\xi ^2(1x)^2}}\right],`$
with

$`D(\xi )=\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{4}{\xi }}{\displaystyle \frac{8}{\xi ^2}}\right)\mathrm{ln}(1+\xi )+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{8}{\xi }}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2(1+\xi )^2}}.`$
In above equation, $`\xi =4E_e\omega _0/m_e^2`$ in which $`m_e`$ and $`E_e`$ stand, respectively, for the incident electron mass and energy, $`\omega _0`$ stands for the laser photon energy, and $`x=\omega /E_e`$ stands for the fraction of energy of the incident electron carried by the back-scattered photon. $`f_\gamma `$ vanishes for $`x>x_{max}=\omega _{max}/E_e=\xi /(1+\xi )`$. In order to avoid the creation of $`e^+e^{}`$ pairs by the interaction of the incident and back-scattered photons, we require $`\omega _0x_{max}m_e^2/E_e`$ which implies that $`\xi 2+2\sqrt{2}4.8`$. For the choice of $`\xi =4.8`$, we obtain

$`x_{max}0.83,D(\xi )1.8.`$
For simplicity, we have ignored the possible polarization for the electron and photon beams. III. The numberal results and conclusions
To obtain numerical results , we take $`m_t=174`$ GeV, $`M_Z=91.187`$ GeV, $`\upsilon _t=60`$ GeV, $`s_w^2=0.23`$. The electromagnetic fine structure constant $`\alpha _e`$ at certain energy scale is calculated from the simple QED one-loop evolution formula with the boundary value $`\alpha _e=1/137.04`$ . There are three free parameters in the cross section, i.e., $`\epsilon ,M_\mathrm{\Pi },s`$. To see the influence of these parameters on the cross section, we take the mass of toppion $`M_\mathrm{\Pi }`$ to vary in certain range 150 GeV$`M_\mathrm{\Pi }450`$ GeV, $`\epsilon =0.03,0.06,0.1`$, respectively. Considering the center-of-mass energies $`\sqrt{s}`$ in planned $`e^+e^{}`$ linear colliders(for example: TESLA), we take $`\sqrt{s}`$=500 GeV, 800 GeV, 1600 GeV, respectively. The final numerical results of the cross section are summarized in Fig.2-4. The Fig.2-4 are the plots of the cross section as the function of $`M_\mathrm{\Pi }`$ for $`\sqrt{s}`$=500 GeV, 800 GeV, 1600 GeV, respectively. We can see that there is a peak in the plot when $`M_\mathrm{\Pi }`$ is about 350 GeV which arises from top quark triangle loop. We can see that the cross section is in the range of a few tens fb. With the luminosity of 100 $`fb^1`$/year, there are over $`10^3`$ events of neutral toppion to be produced via the process $`e^{}\gamma e^{}\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0`$ per year. Such sufficient events can be easily detected experimentally. As have been studied in Ref, the cross sections of neutral toppion in $`e^+e^{}`$ collision are only at the level of a few fb. The t-channel resonance effect can enhance the cross section of the process $`e^{}\gamma e^{}\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0`$ significantly, this makes process $`e^{}\gamma e^{}\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0`$ potentially important for the detecting of toppion. Some Higgs bosons production processes in $`e\gamma `$ collision have been studied in SM and MSSM($`e^{}\gamma e^{}H^0`$ in SM and $`e^{}\gamma e^{}H^0(h^0,A^0)`$ in MSSM), the results show that the cross sections are at the level of a few fb, i.e., the cross section of $`e^{}\gamma e^{}\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0`$ is about one order of magnitude larger than those of some similar processes in SM and MSSM. The reason is that there is a large extra coefficient $`tan\beta `$ in the coupling $`\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0t\overline{t}`$ compared with the coupling $`Ht\overline{t}`$ in SM(MSSM) and $`tan\beta `$ can enhance the cross section about one order of magnitude. With such a large cross section of $`e^{}\gamma e^{}\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0`$, we can easily distinguish neutral toppion in TC2 from Higgs bosons in SM and MSSM. This is another important feature of the process $`e^{}\gamma e^{}\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0`$.

To determine which channel is the best one to search for neutral toppion, we need to know its decay branching ratio of each decay modes. The possible decay modes are: $`t\overline{t}`$(if $`\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0>2m_t`$),$`t\overline{c},b\overline{b},gg,\gamma \gamma ,Z\gamma `$. For $`\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0>2m_t`$, the main decay mode is $`\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0t\overline{t}`$. The decay branching ratio $`Br(\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0t\overline{c})`$ is the largest one when $`t\overline{t}`$ channel is forbidden. Using the FormCalc, we can directly obtain the cross section of the processes: $`e^{}\gamma e^{}t\overline{t},e^{}\gamma e^{}t\overline{c},e^{}\gamma e^{}b\overline{b}`$ in SM, the results are shown in Table 1.

Tbale 1: The cross section of $`e^{}\gamma e^{}t\overline{t},e^{}\gamma e^{}t\overline{c},e^{}\gamma e^{}b\overline{b}`$ in SM.

| $`\sqrt{s}(GeV)`$ | $`\sigma (e^{}\gamma e^{}t\overline{t})`$(pb) | $`\sigma (e^{}\gamma e^{}t\overline{c})(pb)`$ | $`\sigma (e^{}\gamma e^{}b\overline{b})`$(pb) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 500 | $`1.0\times 10^2`$ | $`5.5\times 10^{12}`$ | 10.5 |
| 800 | $`2.7\times 10^2`$ | $`7.2\times 10^{12}`$ | 10.9 |
| 1600 | $`4.2\times 10^2`$ | $`8.6\times 10^{12}`$ | 11.5 |

We can see that, in SM, the cross section of $`e^{}\gamma e^{}t\overline{c}`$ is very small because there is no tree level flavor-changing neutral current(FCNC) in SM. Therefore, $`e^{}\gamma e^{}\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0e^{}t\overline{c}`$ is the most ideal channel to detect neutral toppion. The decay branching ratio of $`\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0t\overline{c}`$ and the signal per year in the $`t\overline{c}`$ channel are shown in table 2

Table 2:The decay branching ratio of $`\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0t\overline{c}`$ and the signal per year in the $`t\overline{c}`$ channel. We take $`\epsilon =0.06`$ and the luminosity $`L=100fb^1/`$year.

| $`M_\mathrm{\Pi }(GeV)`$ | 160 | | | 400 | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $`Br(\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0t\overline{c})`$ | 0.66 | | | 0.08 | | |
| $`\sqrt{s}(GeV)`$ | 500 | 800 | 1600 | 500 | 800 | 1600 |
| Signal/Year in tc channel | 600 | 704 | 741 | 73 | 184 | 269 |

We can conclude that there is about a few hundred signals of neutral toppion produced in $`t\overline{c}`$ channel. With such large numbers of signals and very clean background in SM for this $`t\overline{c}`$ channel(As it is shown in table 2 that the cross section of $`e^{}\gamma e^{}t\overline{c}`$ in SM is only about $`10^{12}`$ pb), the neutral toppion can be easily detected via $`t\overline{c}`$ channel at $`e\gamma `$ collision.

In conclusion, we have studied a neutral toppion production process $`e^{}\gamma e^{}\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0`$ in TC2 model. The numerical results show that the cross section is very large (at the level of several tens fb), and over $`10^3`$ neutral toppion events can be produced in $`e\gamma `$ collision. With the large $`Br(\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0t\overline{c})`$ and small cross section of $`e^{}\gamma e^{}t\overline{c}`$ in SM, $`e^{}\gamma e^{}\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0e^{}t\overline{c}`$ provide us the best channel to search for neutral toppion. On the other hand, the cross section of $`e^{}\gamma e^{}\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0`$ is about one order of magnitude larger than those of the production processes of toppion-like particles in SM and MSSM. Therefore, the process $`e^{}\gamma e^{}\mathrm{\Pi }_t^0`$ provides us a unique way to distinguish TC2 model from other models.