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# The monoidal Eilenberg-Moore construction and bialgebroids

## 1. Introduction

In the classical theory of monads  or triples  one deals with the following construction. If a functor $`U:𝒞`$ has a left adjoint $`F`$ with unit $`\eta :UF`$ and counit $`\epsilon :FU𝒞`$ then there is a monad $`𝚃=UF,U\epsilon F,\eta `$ on $``$ such that $`U`$ factorizes as $`U=U^𝚃K`$ through the forgetful functor $`U^𝚃`$ of the category $`^𝚃`$ of $`𝚃`$-algebras with a unique functor $`K:𝒞^𝚃`$, called the Eilenberg-Moore comparison functor. For example, if $`A`$ is a ring, i.e., a monoid in $`=\mathrm{𝖠𝖻}`$ then the forgetful functor $`U:_A`$ has a left adjoint, the induction functor $`F=A_{}`$ and the Eilenberg-Moore category $`^𝚃`$ is equivalent to the category of left $`A`$-modules via $`K`$. As it is the case in this example so in general, if $`K`$ is an equivalence $`U`$ is called monadic.

Interpreting the category $`^𝚃`$ as the category of $`𝚃`$-modules the above construction appears as a primitive version of Tannaka reconstruction in which adjointable functors are brought into correspondence with monads on their target categories. Monadicity in turn plays the role of the representation theorem. Pursuing this idea one can investigate the extra structure the monad acquires if the forgetful functor is monoidal. What one obtains is that the monad is oplax monoidal (called lax comonoidal in this paper) in the sense of the underlying functor being lax comonoidal and the natural transformations preserve these comonoidal structures. Such monads will be called bimonads. Bimonads are the abstract versions of bialgebras in the same spirit as monads are related to algebras.

Bimonads first appeared in the work of Moerdijk under the name Hopf monads. He was motivated by generalizing the notion of Hopf operad. In our context the name bimonad seems to be the more natural as it rhymes with bialgebra and bialgebroid. Hopf algebroid could then be the name for a bimonad possessing some sort of antipode.

The motivating example of bimonads is associated to a Takeuchi $`\times _R`$-algebra , also called bialgebroid . For a bialgebroid $`A`$ over $`R`$ the algebra $`A`$ is an extension of $`R^e:=RR^{\mathrm{op}}`$, so $`A`$ is an $`R^e`$-$`R^e`$-bimodule. The underlying functor $`T`$ of the bimonad is $`T=A_{R^e}:_R_R_R_R`$ where we identified $`{}_{R}{}^{}_{R}^{}`$ with $`{}_{R^e}{}^{}`$. Such bimonads are obtained by the above mentioned Tannaka recontruction from the strict monoidal forgetful functors $`U:_A_R_R`$. That bialgebroid structures on $`A`$ over $`R`$ are in one-to-one correspondence with the strict monoidal forgetful functors $`U_A`$ was first pointed out by Schauenburg , see also . Of course, the notion of bimonad is much more general than bialgebroids. But there is a simple criterion for a bimonad $`𝚃`$ on $`{}_{R}{}^{}_{R}^{}`$ to be a bialgebroid: The underlying functor $`T`$ must have a right adjoint (see Theorem 5.4).

Tannaka duality for bialgebroids has recently been proven by Phùng Hô Hái  following the tradition of Saavedra , Deligne  and generalizing the results of Ulbrich , Schauenburg  for Hopf algebras and of Hayashi  for weak Hopf algebras. For more about this theory we refer to  and  and the references therein. The approach of the present paper does not fit into this series mathematically but perhaps ‘physically’. The categories we think about are module categories and therefore are not small. This forbids to compute the (quantum) group(oid) object as a coend. Also, we do not use any finiteness condition on the images of the functors. Instead we assume that the functors have left adjoints, and at the end also right ones. The question of when the bialgebroid we construct has an antipode, in either Lu’s  or Schauenburg’s  sense, is not addressed in this paper.

We use the following terminology. A lax monoidal functor is a triple $`F,\tau ,\iota `$ where $`F`$ is a functor between monoidal categories from $`𝒞,\mathrm{},e`$ to $`,,i`$, $`\tau _{c,d}:FcFdF(c\mathrm{}d)`$ is a natural transformation and $`\iota :iFe`$ is an arrow such that the usual hexagonal and the two square diagrams commute . A lax comonoidal functor $`F,\sigma ,\upsilon `$ from $`𝒞`$ to $``$ is a lax monoidal functor from $`𝒞^{\mathrm{op}}`$ to $`^{\mathrm{op}}`$ (no change in the monoidal product). That is to say, $`\sigma _{c,d}:F(c\mathrm{}d)FcFd`$ and $`\upsilon :Fei`$. The commutative diagrams they satisfy are obtained by reversing all the arrows is the usual hexagon and square diagrams of a lax monoidal functor. A monoidal functor is a lax monoidal functor in which the $`\tau _{c,d}`$’s and the $`\iota `$ are isomorphisms. Comonoidal functors are defined analogously. Of course, monoidal and comonoidal functors are essentially the same: $`F,\tau ,\iota `$ is monoidal iff $`F,\tau ^1,\iota ^1`$ is comonoidal. In later sections where there will be a shortage of the Greek alphabet we shall use the notation $`F,F_2,F_0`$ for a lax monoidal and $`F,F^2,F^0`$ for a lax comonoidal functor. There is also a dual analogue of monoidal natural transformations. A monoidal natural transformation between lax comonoidal functors will be called comonoidal. So the monoidal categories, the lax comonoidal functors and the comonoidal natural transformations form a 2-category $`\mathrm{𝖢𝗈𝗆𝗈𝗇𝖢𝖺𝗍}`$ just like the lax monoidal functors are the 1-cells of the 2-category $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗈𝗇𝖢𝖺𝗍}`$.

A bimonad on the monoidal category $`,,i`$ is a quintuple $`T,\gamma ,\pi ,\mu ,\eta `$ where $`T,\mu :T^2T,\eta :T`$ is a monad on $``$, $`T,\gamma :T(T\times T),\pi :Tii`$ is a comonoidal functor and $`\mu `$ and $`\eta `$ satisfy compatibility conditions with $`\gamma `$ and $`\pi `$. The 10 commutative diagrams these natural transformations should satisfy are the simplest possible ones in spite of the fact that they are equivalent, at least if $`T`$ has a right adjoint, to the somewhat unpleasent bialgebroid axioms that either mix algebra and coalgebra structures in a painful way  or use a non-monoidal product in the definition of coalgebras .

At last but not least the bimonad description offers natural ways to define the category of bialgebroids which, even for the special case of weak bialgebras and weak Hopf algebras , has not been investigated in detail yet. Unfortunately, it offers two natural ways. At first, since bimonads are monads, one can take Street’s definition  of the 2-category $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗇𝖽}(\mathrm{𝖢𝗈𝗆𝗈𝗇𝖢𝖺𝗍})`$ of monads in $`\mathrm{𝖢𝗈𝗆𝗈𝗇𝖢𝖺𝗍}`$. In this framework all functors are lax comonoidal so the monad morphisms $`G,\phi `$ involve lax comonoidal functors $`G`$. This approach was chosen by McCrudden in the preprint  many results of which overlap ours. But the present paper uses another method to define the category of bimonads and therefore of bialgebroids. We insist on having lax monoidal functors in monad morphisms since it is more motivated by previous experience with quantum groupoids. So our 2-category $`\mathrm{𝖡𝗆𝖽}`$ of bimonads has objects the bimonads but has lax monoidal functors in the definition of monad morphisms. This choice forces the $`\phi `$ in the monad morphism to be ambimonoidal natural transformation (see Definition 4.7). With this tentative expression we refer to the unique way of compatibility with the (co)monoidal structures which, however, lies between the usual monoidality and comonoidality of natural transformations.

Having a 2-category of bialgebroids one can imagine the 2-category of Hopf algebroids as a subcategory. The equivalence classes of objects in this 2-category may turn out to be the appropriate objects which characterize a class of monoidal categories uniquely, similarly to the Doplicher-Roberts characterization  of certain symmetric monoidal C-categories as representation categories of uniquely determined compact groups.

## 2. Monoidal adjunctions

### 2.1. Lax monoidal functors with left adjoint

The whole content of this paper rests on the following result which can be found in various forms in the categorical literature, in most general form perhaps in . Nevertheless we provide an explicit proof in order for the paper to be selfcontained even for non-specialists.

###### Theorem 2.1.

Let $`U,\tau ,\iota `$ be a lax monoidal functor from $`𝒞,\mathrm{},e`$ to $`,,i`$. If $`U`$ has a left adjoint $`F:𝒞`$ with counit $`\epsilon :FU𝒞`$ and unit $`\eta :UF`$ then the natural transformation

(1)
$$\sigma _{x,y}:=\epsilon _{Fx\mathrm{}Fy}F\tau _{Fx,Fy}F(\eta _x\eta _y)$$

and the arrow

(2)
$$\upsilon :=\epsilon _eF\iota $$

give rise to a lax comonoidal functor $`F,\sigma ,\upsilon `$.

###### Proof.

The expression for $`\sigma `$ contains three products: the horizontal and vertical composition of natural transformations and the Cartesian product. So the statement requires 3-categorical computations, in the monoidal 2-category $`\mathrm{𝖢𝖺𝗍}`$. Denoting the vertical composition by $``$, the horizontal by juxtaposition and the Cartesian product by $`\times `$ and using the, perhaps strange, precedence of horizontal composition coming first and vertical coming last, we can write

(3)
$$\sigma =\epsilon \mathrm{}(F\times F)F\tau (F\times F)F(\eta \times \eta ).$$

Denoting by $`𝐚`$, $`𝐥`$, $`𝐫`$ the associativity and unit coherence isomorphisms in any one of the monoidal categories, the proof of the hexagon

(4)
$$𝐚(F\times F\times F)\mathrm{}(F\times \sigma )\sigma (\times )=\mathrm{}(\sigma \times F)\sigma (\times )F𝐚$$

goes as follows.

(5) $`\begin{array}{cc}& \mathrm{}(\sigma \times F)\sigma (\times )=\hfill \\ \hfill =& \mathrm{}(\epsilon \mathrm{}(F\times F)\times F)\mathrm{}(F\tau (F\times F)\times F)\mathrm{}(F(\eta \times \eta )\times F)\hfill \\ & \epsilon \mathrm{}(F\times F)(\times )F\tau (F\times F)(\times )F(\eta \times \eta )(\times )\hfill \\ \hfill =& \epsilon \mathrm{}(\mathrm{}\times 𝒞)(F\times F\times F)FU\mathrm{}(\epsilon \mathrm{}(F\times F)\times F)FU\mathrm{}(F\tau (F\times F)\times F)\hfill \\ & FU\mathrm{}(F(\eta \times \eta )\times F)F\tau (F\times F)F(\eta \times \eta )\hfill \\ \hfill =& \epsilon \mathrm{}(\mathrm{}\times 𝒞)(F\times F\times F)FU\mathrm{}(\epsilon \mathrm{}(F\times F)\times F)FU\mathrm{}(F\tau (F\times F)\times F)\hfill \\ & F\tau (F(UF\times UF)\times F)F(UF(\eta \times \eta )\times UF)F(\eta \times \eta )\hfill \\ \hfill =& \epsilon \mathrm{}(\mathrm{}\times 𝒞)(F\times F\times F)FU\mathrm{}(\epsilon \mathrm{}(F\times F)\times F)FU\mathrm{}(F\tau (F\times F)\times F)\hfill \\ & F\tau (F(UF\times UF)\times F)F(\eta (UF\times UF)\times UF)F((\eta \times \eta )\times \eta )\hfill \\ \hfill =& \epsilon \mathrm{}(\mathrm{}\times 𝒞)(F\times F\times F)FU\mathrm{}(\epsilon \mathrm{}(F\times F)\times F)F\tau (FU\mathrm{}(F\times F)\times F)\hfill \\ & F(UF\tau (F\times F)\times UF)F(\eta (UF\times FF)\times UF)F((\eta \times \eta )\times \eta )\hfill \end{array}`$
$`\begin{array}{cc}\hfill =& \epsilon \mathrm{}(\mathrm{}\times 𝒞)(F\times F\times F)F\tau (\mathrm{}(F\times F)\times F)F(U\epsilon \mathrm{}(F\times F)\times UF)\hfill \\ & F(UF\tau (F\times F)\times UF)F(\eta (UF\times UF)\times UF)F((\eta \times \eta )\times \eta )\hfill \\ \hfill =& \epsilon \mathrm{}(\mathrm{}\times 𝒞)(F\times F\times F)F\tau (\mathrm{}(F\times F)\times F)F(U\epsilon \mathrm{}(F\times F)\times UF)\hfill \\ & F(\eta U\mathrm{}(F\times F)\times UF)F(\tau (F\times F)\times UF)F((\eta \times \eta )\times \eta )\hfill \\ \hfill =& \epsilon \mathrm{}(\mathrm{}\times 𝒞)(F\times F\times F)F\tau (\mathrm{}\times 𝒞)(F\times F\times F)\hfill \\ & F(\tau \times U)(F\times F\times F)F((\eta \times \eta )\times \eta )\hfill \end{array}`$
where in the subsequent equations we used the definition of $`\sigma `$, naturality of the $`\epsilon `$ of the 4th term, naturality of the $`\tau `$ of the 5th term, naturality of the first $`\eta `$ of the 6th term, naturality of the $`\tau `$ of the 4th term, naturality of the $`\eta `$ of the 5th term, and at last the adjointness $`FU`$ and some cosmetics. A similarly long calculation, or arguing with $`\times ^{op}`$, yields the formula

(6) $`\begin{array}{cc}& \mathrm{}(F\times \sigma )\sigma (\times )=\hfill \\ \hfill =& \epsilon \mathrm{}(𝒞\times \mathrm{})(F\times F\times F)F\tau (𝒞\times \mathrm{})(F\times F\times F)\hfill \\ & F(U\times \tau )(F\times F\times F)F(\eta \times (\eta \times \eta ))\hfill \end{array}`$
Composing the first with $`F𝐚`$ and the second with $`𝐚(F\times F\times F)`$ and using the hexagon for $`\tau `$

(7)
$$\tau (\mathrm{}\times 𝒞)(\tau \times U)𝐚(U\times U\times U)=U𝐚\tau (𝒞\times \mathrm{})(U\times \tau )$$

one immediately obtains the hexagon for $`\sigma `$.

It remained to show the squares of $`\sigma `$ and $`\upsilon `$

(8) $`𝐥_{Fx}\mathrm{}(\upsilon \mathrm{}Fx)\mathrm{}\sigma _{i,x}`$ $`=`$ $`F𝐥_x`$
(9) $`𝐫_{Fx}\mathrm{}(Fx\mathrm{}\upsilon )\mathrm{}\sigma _{x,i}`$ $`=`$ $`F𝐫_x`$
but we will suffice with proving the first.

(10) $`\begin{array}{cc}& 𝐥_{Fx}\mathrm{}(\upsilon \mathrm{}Fx)\mathrm{}\sigma _{i,x}=\hfill \\ & =𝐥_{Fx}\mathrm{}(\epsilon _e\mathrm{}Fx)\mathrm{}(F\iota \mathrm{}Fx)\mathrm{}\epsilon _{Fi\mathrm{}Fx}\mathrm{}F\tau _{Fi,Fx}\mathrm{}F(\eta _i\eta _x)\hfill \\ & =𝐥_{Fx}\mathrm{}(\epsilon _e\mathrm{}Fx)\mathrm{}\epsilon _{FUe\mathrm{}Fx}\mathrm{}FU(F\iota \mathrm{}Fx)\mathrm{}F\tau _{Fi,Fx}\mathrm{}F(\eta _i\eta _x)\hfill \\ & =𝐥_{Fx}\mathrm{}\epsilon _{e\mathrm{}Fx}\mathrm{}FU(\epsilon _e\mathrm{}Fx)\mathrm{}F\tau _{FUe,Fx}\mathrm{}F(UF\iota UFx)\mathrm{}F(\eta _i\eta _x)\hfill \\ & =\epsilon _{Fx}\mathrm{}FU𝐥_{Fx}\mathrm{}F\tau _{e,Fx}\mathrm{}F(U\epsilon _eUFx)\mathrm{}F(\eta _{Ue}UFx)\mathrm{}F(i\eta _x)\hfill \\ & =\epsilon _{Fx}\mathrm{}F\left(U𝐥_{Fx}\mathrm{}\tau _{e,Fx}\mathrm{}(\iota UFx)\right)\mathrm{}F(i\eta _x)\hfill \\ & =\epsilon _{Fx}\mathrm{}F\eta _x\mathrm{}F𝐥_{Fx}=F𝐥_x\hfill \end{array}`$
where in the last but one equality the square of $`\tau `$ and $`\iota `$ was used. ∎

We remark that the converse of the above Theorem holds, too. If $`F,\sigma ,\upsilon `$ is lax comonoidal then

(11) $`\tau _{a,b}`$ $`:=U(\epsilon _a\mathrm{}\epsilon _b)\mathrm{}U\sigma _{Ua,Ub}\mathrm{}\eta _{UaUb}`$
(12) $`\iota `$ $`:=U\upsilon \mathrm{}\eta _i`$
defines a lax monoidal structure for $`U`$. However, monoidality of $`U`$, i.e., invertiblity of $`\tau `$ and $`\iota `$ does not imply comonoidality of $`F`$, i.e., invertibility of $`\sigma `$ and $`\upsilon `$.

### 2.2. Comonoidality of the unit and counit

We specialize the above Theorem to monoidal $`U`$. Then we get the following.

###### Proposition 2.2.

If $`U,\tau ,\iota `$ is monoidal and $`F`$ is a left adjoint of $`U`$ then the $`F,\sigma ,\upsilon `$ given in Theorem 2.1 is the unique lax comonoidal structure on $`F`$ for which the given adjunction data $`\epsilon `$ and $`\eta `$ are comonoidal natural transformations, i.e., for which

(13) $`\begin{array}{ccc}FU(a\mathrm{}b)& \stackrel{\sigma _{Ua,Ub}\mathrm{}F\tau _{a,b}^1}{}& FUa\mathrm{}FUb\\ \epsilon _{a\mathrm{}b}& & \epsilon _a\mathrm{}\epsilon _b& & \\ a\mathrm{}b& =& a\mathrm{}b\end{array}`$ $`\begin{array}{ccc}FUe& \stackrel{F\iota ^1}{}& Fi\\ \epsilon _e& & \upsilon & & \\ e& =& e\end{array}`$
and
(14) $`\begin{array}{ccc}xy& =& xy\\ \eta _{xy}& & \eta _x\eta _y& & \\ UF(xy)& \stackrel{\tau _{Fx,Fy}^1\mathrm{}U\sigma _{x,y}}{}& UFxUFy\end{array}`$ $`\begin{array}{ccc}i& =& i\\ \eta _i& & \iota ^1& & \\ UFi& \stackrel{U\upsilon }{}& Ue\end{array}`$
are commutative.

###### Proof.

Using invertibility of $`\tau _{a,b}`$ and $`\iota `$ the above diagrams can be read as the equations

(15) $`(\epsilon _a\mathrm{}\epsilon _b)\sigma _{Ua,Ub}`$ $`=\epsilon _{a\mathrm{}b}F\tau _{a,b}`$
(16) $`\upsilon `$ $`=\epsilon _eF\iota `$
(17) $`\tau _{Fx,Fy}(\eta _x\eta _y)`$ $`=U\sigma _{x,y}\eta _{xy}`$
(18) $`\iota `$ $`=U\upsilon \eta _i`$
where $`a,b`$ run over the objects of $`𝒞`$ and $`x,y`$ over those of $``$. Now we are left to show that these equations have a unique solution for $`\sigma `$ and $`\upsilon `$. For $`\upsilon `$ this is obvious from the second equation. In order to obtain $`\sigma `$ apply $`F`$ to the third equation and multiply the result with $`\epsilon _{Fx,Fy}`$.

$`\epsilon _{Fx,Fy}F\tau _{Fx,Fy}F(\eta _x\eta _y)`$ $`=\epsilon _{Fx,Fy}FU\sigma _{x,y}F\eta _{xy}`$
$`=\sigma _{x,y}\epsilon _{F(xy)}F\eta _{xy}=\sigma _{x,y}`$
which is indeed the comonoidal structure of Theorem 2.1. ∎

In the course of the above proof we have seen that equations (15-18) have unique solutions for $`\sigma `$ and $`\upsilon `$ if the $`\epsilon `$, $`\eta `$, $`\tau `$, $`\iota `$ are given. This is true even if $`U`$ is lax monoidal although the comonoidality diagrams (13) and (14) loose their meaning. (The $`\epsilon `$ and $`\eta `$ are ambimonoidal, however, in the sense of Definition 4.7.) Similarly, equations (15-18) can be solved for $`\tau `$ and $`\iota `$ if the others are given. This motivates the

###### Definition 2.3.

A lax monoidal functor $`U`$ and a lax comonoidal functor $`F`$ is called a monoidal adjoint pair, or simply a monoidal adjunction $`FU`$, if $`F`$ is the left adjoint of $`U`$ as ordinary functors and the counit $`\epsilon :FU𝒞`$ and the unit $`\eta :UF`$ can be chosen to satisfy equations (15), (16), (17) and (18).

###### Lemma 2.4.

If $`U`$ is monoidal and $`FU`$, $`F^{}U`$ are two monoidal adjunctions then there exists a comonoidal natural isomorphism $`F\stackrel{}{}F^{}`$.

###### Proof.

As in the case of the proof of uniqueness of left adjoints of functors up to natural isomorphisms one takes the natural isomorphism $`\epsilon F^{}\mathrm{}F\eta ^{}:FF^{}`$ which is made of horizontal and vertical composites of lax comonoidal functors and of comonoidal natural transformations, by Proposition 2.2, so it is itself comonoidal. ∎

## 3. The monoidal Eilenberg-Moore construction

### 3.1. Monoidal functors with left adjoints and bimonads

The continuing assumption is that $`U,\tau ,\iota `$ is a monoidal functor from $`𝒞,\mathrm{},e`$ to $`,,i`$ and that the functor $`U`$ has a left adjoint $`F:𝒞`$ with counit $`\epsilon :FU𝒞`$ and unit $`\eta :UF`$. In this situation Proposition 2.2 has the following

###### Corollary 3.1.

If $`U,\tau ,\iota `$ is a monoidal functor with the underlying functor $`U`$ having a left adjoint then the monad $`T,\mu ,\eta `$ associated to the adjunction data $`\epsilon :FU𝒞`$, $`\eta :UF`$ is such that $`T=UF`$ is a lax comonoidal functor and $`\mu :T^2T`$ and $`\eta :T`$ are comonoidal natural transformations.

###### Proof.

By Theorem 2.1 the left adjoint $`F:𝒞`$ has a comonoidal structure. $`U`$ being monoidal it is also comonoidal and the composition $`T=UF`$ of lax comonoidal functors is again lax comonoidal. In Proposition 2.2 we have seen that $`\epsilon `$ and $`\eta `$ are comonoidal natural transformations w.r.t. this comonoidal structure on $`U`$ and $`F`$. Therefore $`\mu =U\epsilon F`$ is also comonoidal since the monoidal categories, the lax comonoidal functors and the comonoidal natural transformations form a 2-category. ∎

The monad we have obtained in the above Corollary suggests the following

###### Definition 3.2.

Let $``$ be a monoidal category. Then a monoid $`T,\mu ,\eta `$ in the monoidal category of lax comonoidal endofunctors $``$ is called a bimonad in $``$.

That is to say, a bimonad consists of 6 items,

1. a monoidal category $`,,i`$
2. a functor $`T:`$
3. a natural transformation $`\gamma _{x,y}:T(xy)TxTy`$
4. an arrow $`\pi :Tii`$
5. a natural transformation $`\mu _x:T^2xTx`$
6. and a natural transformation $`\eta _x:xTx`$

subjected to satisfy 6 axioms in the form of 10 commutative diagrams:

$`\gamma `$ is coassociative,

(19)
$$\begin{array}{ccccc}T(x(yz))& \stackrel{\gamma _{x,yz}}{}& TxT(yz)& \stackrel{Tx\gamma _{y,z}}{}& Tx(TyTz)\\ T𝐚_{x,y,z}& & & & 𝐚_{Tx,Ty,Tz}& & \\ T((xy)z)& \stackrel{\gamma _{xy,z}}{}& T(xy)Tz& \stackrel{\gamma _{x,y}Tz}{}& (TxTy)Tz\end{array}$$

$`\pi `$ is a counit for $`\gamma `$,

(20)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}T(ix)& \stackrel{\gamma _{i,x}}{}& TiTx\\ & & \pi Tx& & \\ Tx& \stackrel{}{}& iTx\end{array}\text{and}\begin{array}{ccc}T(xi)& \stackrel{\gamma _{x,i}}{}& TxTi\\ & & Tx\pi & & \\ Tx& \stackrel{}{}& Txi\end{array}$$

$`\mu `$ is comonoidal,

(21)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}T^2(xy)& \stackrel{\gamma _{Tx,Ty}\mathrm{}T\gamma _{x,y}}{}& T^2xT^2y\\ \mu _{xy}& & \mu _x\mu _y& & \\ T(xy)& \stackrel{\gamma _{x,y}}{}& TxTy\end{array}\text{and}\begin{array}{ccc}T^2i& \stackrel{\pi \mathrm{}T\pi }{}& i\\ \mu _i& & & & \\ Ti& \stackrel{\pi }{}& i\end{array}$$

$`\eta `$ is comonoidal,

(22)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}xy& =& xy\\ \eta _{xy}& & \eta _x\eta _y& & \\ T(xy)& \stackrel{\gamma _{x,y}}{}& TxTy\end{array}\text{and}\begin{array}{ccc}i& =& i\\ \eta _i& & & & \\ Ti& \stackrel{\pi }{}& i\end{array}$$

$`\mu `$ is associative,

(23)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}T^3x& \stackrel{T\mu _x}{}& T^2x\\ \mu _{Tx}& & \mu _x& & \\ T^2x& \stackrel{\mu _x}{}& Tx\end{array}$$

$`\eta `$ is a unit for $`\mu `$,

(24)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}Tx& \stackrel{\eta _{Tx}}{}& T^2x\\ & & \mu _x& & \\ Tx& =& Tx\end{array}\text{and}\begin{array}{ccc}Tx& \stackrel{T\eta _x}{}& T^2x\\ & & \mu _x& & \\ Tx& =& Tx\end{array}$$

Thus Corollary tells us that every monoidal adjunction $`FU`$, with $`U`$ monoidal, determines a bimonad with underlying monad the classical construction $`T=UF,U\epsilon F,\eta `$. Explicitely, if $`U,\tau ,\iota `$ is a monoidal functor and $`FU`$ is an ordinary adjunction with unit $`\eta `$ and counit $`\epsilon `$ then the associated bimonad is this.

(25) $`T`$ $`:=UF`$
(26) $`\gamma _{x,y}`$ $`:=\tau _{Fx,Fy}^1\mathrm{}U\epsilon _{Fx\mathrm{}Fy}\mathrm{}UF\tau _{Fx,Fy}\mathrm{}UF(\eta _x\eta _y)`$
(27) $`\pi `$ $`:=\iota ^1\mathrm{}U\epsilon _e\mathrm{}UF\iota `$
(28) $`\mu _x`$ $`:=U\epsilon _{Fx}`$
(29) $`\eta _x`$ $`:=\eta _x.`$
### 3.2. The monoidal Eilenberg-Moore category

In this subsection $``$ is a monoidal category and $`T,\mu ,\eta `$ is a bimonad on $``$.

The Eilenberg-Moore category $`^T`$ has as objects the $`T`$-algebras, i.e., pairs $`x,\alpha `$ where $`x`$ is an object in $``$ and $`\alpha :Txx`$ satisfies

(30)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}T^2x& \stackrel{T\alpha }{}& Tx\\ \mu _x& & \alpha & & \\ Tx& \stackrel{\alpha }{}& x\end{array}\begin{array}{ccc}x& \stackrel{\eta _x}{}& Tx\\ & & \alpha & & \\ x& =& x\end{array}$$

The arrows from $`x,\alpha `$ to $`y,\beta `$ are the arrows $`t:xy`$ in $``$ such that

(31)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}Tx& \stackrel{Tt}{}& Ty\\ \alpha & & \beta & & \\ x& \stackrel{t}{}& y\end{array}$$

is commutative. The functor

(32)
$$U^T:^T,x,\alpha x$$

is called the Eilenberg-Moore forgetful functor.

###### Proposition 3.3.

Let $`T,\gamma ,\pi ,\mu ,\eta `$ be a bimonad. Then its Eilenberg-Moore category $`^T`$ has the following monoidal structure. For $`T`$-algebras $`x,\alpha `$ and $`y,\beta `$ let their tensor product be

(33)
$$x,\alpha \mathrm{}y,\beta :=xy,(\alpha \beta )\gamma _{x,y}$$

The tensor product of $`T`$-algebra arrows coincides with their tensor product as arrows in $``$. Then $`\mathrm{}`$ gives rise to a monoidal structure on $`^T`$ such that the forgetful functor $`U^T:^T`$ becomes strictly monoidal.

###### Proof.

In order to show that (33) is really a $`T`$-algebra we need to verify the two defining diagrams of (30). The first of these follow from

$`(\alpha \beta )\gamma _{x,y}T(\alpha \beta )T\gamma _{x,y}=`$
$`=`$ $`(\alpha \beta )(T\alpha T\beta )\gamma _{Tx,Ty}T\gamma _{x,y}=`$
$`=`$ $`(\alpha \beta )(\mu _x\mu _y)\gamma _{Tx,Ty}T\gamma _{x,y}=`$
$`=`$ $`(\alpha \beta )\gamma _{x,y}\mu _{xy}`$
where in the last equation we used comonoidality of $`\mu `$. The second diagram follows from

$`(\alpha \beta )\gamma _{x,y}\eta _{xy}=`$
$`=`$ $`(\alpha \beta )(\eta _x\eta _y)=xy`$
where comonoidality of $`\eta `$ had to be used.

For $`T`$-algebra arrows $`t:x,\alpha x^{},\alpha ^{}`$ and $`s:y,\beta y^{},\beta ^{}`$ we defined

(34)
$$t\mathrm{}s:=ts$$

which is indeed a $`T`$-algebra arrow because

$`(\alpha ^{}\beta ^{})\gamma _{x^{},y^{}}T(ts)=`$
$`=`$ $`(\alpha ^{}\beta ^{})(TtTs)\gamma _{x,y}=`$
$`=`$ $`(ts)(\alpha \beta )\gamma _{x,y}`$
This finishes the definition of the functor $`\mathrm{}`$. As for the monoidal unit we set

(35)
$$i^T:=i,\pi $$

Now we are going to show that the coherence isomorphism $`𝐚`$, $`𝐥`$, and $`𝐫`$ of $`,,i`$, when considered as arrows in $`^T`$, serve as coherence isomorphisms of $`^T,\mathrm{},i^T`$. For three $`T`$-algebras $`x^T=x,\alpha _x`$, $`y^T=y,\alpha _y`$ and $`z^T=z,\alpha _z`$ we have

$`x^T\mathrm{}(y^T\mathrm{}z^T)`$ $`=x(yz),(\alpha _x(\alpha _y\alpha _z))(Tx\gamma _{y,z})\gamma _{x,yz}`$
$`(x^T\mathrm{}y^T)\mathrm{}z^T`$ $`=(xy)z,((\alpha _x\alpha _y)\alpha _z)(\gamma _{x,y}Tz)\gamma _{xy,z}`$
and the calculation

$`𝐚_{x,y,z}(\alpha _x(\alpha _y\alpha _z))(Tx\gamma _{y,z})\gamma _{x,yz}=`$
$`=`$ $`((\alpha _x\alpha _y)\alpha _z)𝐚_{Tx,Ty,Tz}(Tx\gamma _{y,z})\gamma _{x,yz}=`$
$`=`$ $`((\alpha _x\alpha _y)\alpha _z)(\gamma _{x,y}Tz)\gamma _{xy,z}T𝐚_{x,y,z}`$
proves that $`𝐚_{x,y,z}`$ is an isomorphism

(36)
$$x^T\mathrm{}(y^T\mathrm{}z^T)\stackrel{𝐚_{x,y,z}}{}(x^T\mathrm{}y^T)\mathrm{}z^T$$

of $`^T`$, indeed. In order to show that $`i^T`$ is a left unit notice that

(37)
$$i^T\mathrm{}x^T=ix,(\pi \alpha _x)\gamma _{i,x}$$

and therefore

$`𝐥_x(\pi \alpha _x)\gamma _{i,x}=`$
$`=`$ $`𝐥_x(i\alpha _x)(\pi Tx)\gamma _{i,x}=`$
$`=`$ $`𝐥_{Tx}(\pi Tx)\gamma _{i,x}=`$
$`=`$ $`T𝐥_x\alpha _x`$
proves that $`𝐥_x`$ is an isomorphism

(38)
$$i^T\mathrm{}x^T\stackrel{𝐥_x}{}x^T$$

of $`^T`$. Similarly, $`𝐫_x:x^T\mathrm{}i^T\stackrel{}{}x^T`$ for all objects $`x^T`$ of $`^T`$. This finishes the construction of a monoidal structure $`^T,\mathrm{},i^T`$ on the Eilenberg-Moore category. It is clear from the construction that the forgetful functor $`U^T`$ is strictly monoidal. ∎

###### Proposition 3.4.

Let $`T`$ be a bimonad. Then the strict monoidal $`U^𝐓`$ has a lax comonoidal left adjoint, the free $`T`$-algebra functor

(39)
$$F^𝐓:^𝐓,xTx,T^2x\stackrel{\mu _x}{}Tx.$$

such that $`U^𝐓F^𝐓=T`$, as lax comonoidal functors.

###### Proof.

Left adjointness is proven as in the textbooks. As for the lax comonoidal structure notice that $`\gamma _{x,y}`$ provides a $`T`$-algebra arrow from $`F^𝐓(xy)`$ to

$$F^𝐓x\mathrm{}F^𝐓y=TxTy,(\mu _x\mu _y)\mathrm{}\gamma _{Tx,Ty}$$

because $`\gamma _{x,y}\mathrm{}\mu _{xy}=(\mu _x\mu _y)\mathrm{}\gamma _{Tx,Ty}\mathrm{}T\gamma _{x,y}`$ which is precisely the first diagram in (21). Similarly, the second diagram of (21) is the condition for

$$\widehat{\pi }:F^𝐓=Ti,\mu _i\stackrel{\pi }{}i,\pi =i^𝐓$$

to be a $`T`$-algebra arrow. Now (19-20) imply that the triple $`F^𝐓,\widehat{\gamma },\widehat{\pi }`$ is a lax comonoidal functor. The relations $`U^𝐓F^𝐓=T`$, $`U^𝐓\widehat{\gamma }=\gamma `$ and $`U^𝐓\widehat{\pi }=\pi `$ are obvious. ∎

### 3.3. The Tannakian reconstruction

Recall that the Eilenberg-Moore comparison functor $`K:𝒞^T`$ maps the objects $`c`$ of $`𝒞`$ into the $`T`$-algebras

(40)
$$Kc:=Uc,U\epsilon _c:TUcUc$$

and the arrows $`\psi :cd`$ to the $`T`$-algebra morphisms

(41)
$$K\psi :=Uc,U\epsilon _c\stackrel{U\psi }{}Ud,U\epsilon _d.$$

This functor allows to factorize the given $`U`$ through the category of $`T`$-algebras as $`U^TK=U`$.

###### Proposition 3.5.

Let $`U:𝒞`$ be a monoidal functor with left adjoint and $`T`$ be the associated bimonad. Then the Eilenberg-Moore comparison functor $`K:𝒞^T`$ has a unique (lax) monoidal structure such that the factorization $`U=U^TK`$ is a factorization of monoidal functors.

###### Proof.

Since $`U^T`$ is strict monoidal, if $`K,\widehat{\tau },\widehat{\iota }`$ is a lax monoidal functor such that $`U=U^TK`$ then $`U\widehat{\tau }=\tau `$ and $`U\widehat{\iota }=\iota `$. That is to say, the unique lax monoidal structure, if exists, is monoidal and it is obtained by lifting the arrows $`\tau _{c,d}`$ and $`\iota `$ to $`T`$-algebra arrows. Taking into account formula (26) the action in the tensor product

$$Kc\mathrm{}Kd=UcUd,(U\epsilon _cU\epsilon _d)\mathrm{}\gamma _{Uc,Ud}$$

can be writen as

$`(U\epsilon _cU\epsilon _d)\mathrm{}\gamma _{Uc,Ud}`$ $`=\tau _{c,d}^1\mathrm{}U(\epsilon _c\mathrm{}\epsilon _d)\mathrm{}U\sigma _{Uc,Ud}`$
$`=\tau _{c,d}^1\mathrm{}U\epsilon _{c\mathrm{}d}\mathrm{}T\tau _{c,d}`$
where in the last equation the monoidal adjunction (15) has been used. This result, up to multiplying with $`\tau _{c,d}`$, is precisely the lifting condition for $`\tau _{c,d}`$ to be $`T`$-algebra morphism $`Kc\mathrm{}KdK(c\mathrm{}d)`$. As for the unit map $`\iota :iUe`$, it has a lift to a $`T`$-algebra morphism

$$i,\pi Ue,U\epsilon _e=Ke$$

if and only if $`\iota \mathrm{}\pi =U\epsilon _e\mathrm{}T\iota `$. The right hand side is equal to $`U\upsilon `$ by (16) and the left hand side is equal to $`U\upsilon `$ by (27). ∎

Our main theorem of the Tannakian type relates adjointable monoidal functors to bimonads in the following way.

###### Theorem 3.6.

Let $`U:𝒞`$ be a monoidal functor possessing a left adjoint. Then there exists a bimonad $`𝐓`$ on $``$ and a monoidal functor $`K:𝒞^𝐓`$ such that

1. $`U`$ has the monoidal factorization $`U=U^𝐓K`$ where $`U^𝐓:^𝐓`$ is the monoidal Eilenberg-Moore forgetful functor,
2. the pair $`T,K`$ is universal with respect to property (1). That is to say, if $`𝐒`$ is a bimonad on $``$ and $`L:𝒜^𝐒`$ is a lax monoidal functor such that $`U=U^𝐒L`$, as lax monoidal functors, then there exists a unique natural transformation $`\phi :ST`$ such that

1. $`U^\phi K=L`$ where $`U^\phi `$ is the functor mapping a $`T`$-algebra $`x,\alpha `$ to the $`S`$-algebra $`x,\alpha \mathrm{}\phi _x`$,
    2. $`\phi `$ is comonoidal,
    3. $`\phi `$ is a monad morphism.

###### Proof.

As for the existence of $`T`$ and $`K`$ with property (1) one takes for $`T`$ the bimonad associated to $`U`$ and to one of its left adjoints $`F`$ by Corollary 3.1 and for $`K`$ the Eilenberg-Moore comparison functor. In order to show the universal property (2) we need to prove existence and uniqueness of $`\phi `$. Notice that the functors $`L`$ with property $`U^𝐒L=U`$ can be written as $`Lc=Uc,\beta _c`$ where functoriality implies that $`\beta _c:SUcUc`$ is natural in $`c𝒞`$. Furthermore, lax monoidality of $`L`$, strict monoidality of $`U^𝐒`$ and monoidality of the factorization $`U=U^𝐒L`$ implies that $`L`$ is monoidal and $`L_2:\mathrm{}(L\times L)\stackrel{}{}L\mathrm{}`$ is the lift of $`U_2:(U\times U)\stackrel{}{}U\mathrm{}`$. Similarly $`L_0:i,S^0\stackrel{}{}Le=Ue,\beta _e`$ is the lift of $`U_0:i\stackrel{}{}Ue`$. Since

$`Lc\mathrm{}Ld`$ $`=UcUd,(\beta _c\beta _d)\mathrm{}S_{Uc,Ud}`$
$`Le`$ $`=U_e,\beta _e,`$
the lifting conditions for $`U_{c,d}`$ and $`U_0`$, respectively take the form

(42) $`U_{c,d}\mathrm{}(\beta _c\beta _d)\mathrm{}S_{Uc,Ud}`$ $`=\beta _{c\mathrm{}d}\mathrm{}SU_{c,d}`$
(43) $`U_0\mathrm{}S^0`$ $`=\beta _e\mathrm{}SU_0`$
and these are precisely the conditions for $`\beta `$ to be comonoidal. Let $`(U)`$ be the category with objects the pairs $`S,\beta `$ where $`S:`$ is a lax comonoidal functor $`S,S^2,S^0`$ and $`\beta :SUU`$ is a comonoidal natural transformation. The arrows from $`R,\alpha `$ to $`S,\beta `$ are the comonoidal natural transformations $`\phi :RS`$ satisfying $`\beta \mathrm{}\phi U=\alpha `$. Now it is standard universal algebra to show that if $`U`$ has a left adjoint then $`(U)`$ has terminal objects. Moreover, in a terminal object $`T,\omega `$ the $`T`$ is a monad and $`\omega `$ is an action of $`T`$. If $`S,\beta `$ is an object in which $`S`$ is a monad and $`\beta `$ is an action of $`S`$ on $`U`$ then the unique arrow $`\phi :S,\beta T,\omega `$ is a monad morphism, i.e., satisfies

$`\mu ^𝐓\mathrm{}T\phi \mathrm{}\phi S`$ $`=\mu ^𝐒`$
$`\phi \mathrm{}\eta ^𝐒`$ $`=\eta ^𝐓.`$
Now it is easy to see that condition (2) is just the expression of the fact that the pair $`T,\omega `$, in which $`\omega `$ correponds to the comparison functor $`K`$, is a terminal object in $`(U)`$. We omit the details because we shall prove in Theorem 4.19 a more general universality property involving bimonads $`S`$ on any other monoidal category $`𝒩`$. (Cf. also the proof of Lemma 4.4 or the literature .) ∎

The next theorem serves as a characterization of the forgetful functors of bimonads.

###### Theorem 3.7.

Let $`𝒞`$ and $``$ be monoidal categories. For a functor $`U:𝒞`$ the following conditions are equivalent:

1. There exists a bimonad $`T`$ on $``$ and a monoidal equivalence $`K:𝒞^𝐓`$ such that – via this equivalence – $`U`$ is isomorphic to the forgetful functor $`U^T`$.
2. $`U`$ is monadic and monoidal.

###### Proof.

$`(2)(1)`$ Monadicity of $`U`$ is by definition the requirement that $`U`$ has a left adjoint and the comparison functor $`K`$ is a category equivalence. A category equivalence is always part of an adjoint equivalence \[14, Theorem IV. 4. 1\] so there exists a right adjoint of $`K`$ with invertible unit and counit. Now $`K`$ is monoidal, hence comonoidal, therefore the converse of Theorem 2.1 provides a lax monoidal structure on the right adjoint which, by invertibility of the unit and counit, is actually monoidal. This proves that $`K`$ is a monoidal equivalence and the rest, $`U=U^𝐓K`$, is obvious.

$`(1)(2)`$ The Eilenberg-Moore forgetful functor $`U^𝐓`$ is always monadic because $`F^𝐓`$ is its left adjoint, $`U^𝐓F^𝐓=T`$, and the corresponding comparison functor $`^𝐓^𝐓`$ sends the object $`x,\alpha `$ to

$$U^𝐓x,\alpha ,U^𝐓\epsilon _{x,\alpha }^𝐓=x,\alpha .$$

Therefore the comparison functor is the identity functor. Now we have an equivalence $`K:𝒞^𝐓`$ and it is easy to see that monadicity of $`U^𝐓`$ is inherited to $`U`$ via this $`K`$. Since $`U=U^𝐓K`$, this defines a monoidal structure for $`U`$. ∎

For structural assumptions on $`U`$ and $`𝒞`$ that imply monadicity we refer to the literature . Here we give only a crude consequence of the above Theorem which is still sufficiently general to include as special cases the forgetful functors of bialgebroids, to be discussed in Section 5. Therefore it covers also the cases of forgetful functors $`U:_A_kM`$ where $`A`$ is either a weak bialgebra or bialgebra or weak Hopf algebra or Hopf algebra over $`k`$.

###### Corollary 3.8.

Let $`𝒞`$ be a monoidal category having coequalizers and let $`U:𝒞`$ be a monoidal functor such that its underlying functor reflects isomorphisms and has a left adjoint and a right adjoint. Then $`𝒞`$ is monoidally equivalent to the Eilenberg-Moore category $`^𝐓`$ of a bimonad.

Necessary and sufficient conditions for a bimonad to be the bimonad of the forgetful functor of a bialgebroid will be given in Section 5.

## 4. 2-functoriality of the construction of bimonads

The functors $`U`$ for which a bimonad can be constructed are the objects of a 2-category $`𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖬𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}`$. We extend the bimonad construction of the previous Section to a 2-functor $`:𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖬𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}\mathrm{𝖡𝗆𝖽}`$ from which a sensible definition for the 2-category $`\mathrm{𝖡𝗆𝖽}`$ of bimonads emerges. We show that $`𝖰`$ is the left adjoint of a 2-functor $`𝔼𝕄`$ which incorporates the Eilenberg-Moore construction. This adjunction explains and extends the universality result of Theorem 3.6. Finally, the fact that bimonads form a 2-category will enable us to speak about isomorphisms and equivalences of bialgebroids which, in turn, in Section 5, will be shown to be objects of $`\mathrm{𝖡𝗆𝖽}`$.

### 4.1. The 2-category of arrows

Let $`𝒦,\mathrm{},\mathrm{}`$ be a 2-category. As before in case of $`𝒦=\mathrm{𝖢𝖺𝗍}`$ we omit the symbol $`\mathrm{}`$ for horizontal composition. We define the 2-category of arrows in $`𝒦`$ as the 2-category $`\mathrm{𝖠𝗋𝗋}(𝒦)`$ having

* objects $`(𝐀,U,𝐌)`$ where $`U:𝐀𝐌`$ is a 1-cell of $`𝒦`$,
* 1-cells $`F,\kappa ,G:(𝐀,U,𝐌)(𝐁,V,𝐍)`$ where $`F:𝐀𝐁`$ and $`G:𝐌𝐍`$ are 1-cells of $`𝒦`$ and $`\kappa :GUVF`$ is a 2-cell of $`𝒦`$,
* 2-cells $`[\vartheta ,\nu ]:F,\kappa ,GF^{},\kappa ^{},G^{}:(𝐀,U,𝐌)(𝐁,V,𝐍)`$ where
$`\vartheta :FF^{}`$ and $`\nu :GG^{}`$ are 2-cells of $`𝒦`$ such that

(44)
$$V\vartheta \mathrm{}\kappa =\kappa ^{}\mathrm{}\nu U$$

The horizontal composition of 1-cells is

(45)
$$F,\kappa ,G\mathrm{}H,\lambda ,I=FH,\kappa H\mathrm{}G\lambda ,GI$$

the horizontal composition of 2-cells is

(46)
$$[\vartheta ,\nu ]\mathrm{}[\vartheta ^{},\nu ^{}]=[\vartheta \vartheta ^{},\nu \nu ^{}]$$

and the vertical composition of 2-cells is

(47)
$$[\vartheta ,\nu ]\mathrm{}[\vartheta ^{},\nu ^{}]=[\vartheta \mathrm{}\vartheta ^{},\nu \mathrm{}\nu ^{}]$$

whenever they are defined.

Thus we have two 2-functors

$$\begin{array}{ccccc}𝒦& \stackrel{\mathrm{𝖽𝗈𝗆}}{}& \mathrm{𝖠𝗋𝗋}(𝒦)& \stackrel{\mathrm{𝖼𝗈𝖽}}{}& 𝒦\end{array}$$

given respectively by

$`𝐀|`$ $`(𝐀,U,𝐌)`$ $`𝐌`$
$`F|`$ $`F,\kappa ,G`$ $`G`$
$`\vartheta |`$ $`[\vartheta ,\nu ]`$ $`\nu `$
We want to single out a sub-2-category in $`\mathrm{𝖠𝗋𝗋}(𝒦)`$ the objects $`(𝐀,U,𝐌)`$ of which carry a universal action of a monoid $`T,\mu ,\eta `$ at $`𝐌`$. Such actions $`\alpha :TUU`$ will be called left actions as they act on the codomain side of $`(𝐀,U,𝐌)`$. As it is well known in universal algebra  such monoids are readily obtained by universality from a much simpler structure, a 1-cell $`T:𝐌𝐌`$ and a 2-cell $`\alpha :TUU`$, no condition whatsoever. Existence of universal monoids is guaranteed for example if $`U`$ has a left adjoint in $`𝒦`$. In the next Definition the usual universality is replaced by a slightly stronger ”2-universality” property which we need later but which is also a property of left adjointable $`U`$-s. In the sequel we denote by $`\mathrm{𝖠𝗋𝗋}^{}(𝒦)`$ the sub-2-category in which the $`\kappa `$-s are invertible.

###### Definition 4.1.

A left action on a 1-cell $`(𝐀,U,𝐌)`$ in $`𝒦`$ is a 2-cell in $`\mathrm{𝖠𝗋𝗋}(𝒦)`$ of the form $`𝐀,\alpha ,R:(𝐀,U,𝐌)(𝐀,U,𝐌)`$. That is to say a left action on $`U`$ consists of a 1-cell $`R:𝐌𝐌`$ and a 2-cell $`\alpha :RUU`$ in $`𝒦`$. The left action $`𝜶=𝐀,\alpha ,R`$ is called universal if for any left action $`𝜷=𝐁,\beta ,S`$ on $`(𝐁,V,𝐍)`$ and any 1-cells $`𝜿=F,\kappa ,G`$ and $`𝜿^{}=F^{},\kappa ^{},G^{}`$ from $`(𝐀,U,𝐌)`$ to $`(𝐁,V,𝐍)`$ in $`\mathrm{𝖠𝗋𝗋}^{}(𝒦)`$ the domain functor gives rise to a bijection of 2-cells

(48)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{𝖠𝗋𝗋}(𝜷𝜿,𝜿^{}𝜶)& \stackrel{\mathrm{𝖽𝗈𝗆}}{}& 𝒦(F,F^{}).\end{array}$$

That is to say, a left action $`\alpha :RUU`$ is universal if for every left action $`\beta :SVV`$, 1-cells $`F,F^{}:𝐀𝐁`$, $`G,G^{}:𝐌𝐍`$, 2-cell $`\vartheta :FF^{}`$ and invertible 2-cells $`\kappa :GU\stackrel{}{}VF`$ and $`\kappa ^{}:G^{}U\stackrel{}{}VF^{}`$ there exists a unique 2-cell $`\psi :SGG^{}R`$ such that

(49)
$$V\vartheta \mathrm{}\beta F\mathrm{}S\kappa =\kappa ^{}\mathrm{}G^{}\alpha \mathrm{}\psi U.$$

###### Remark 4.2.

Taking into account the explicit form of the horizontal composites

(50) $`𝐁,\beta ,S\mathrm{}F,\kappa ,G`$ $`=F,\beta F\mathrm{}S\kappa ,SG`$
(51) $`F^{},\kappa ^{},G^{}\mathrm{}𝐀,\alpha ,R`$ $`=F^{},\kappa ^{}\mathrm{}G^{}\alpha ,G^{}R`$
the above equation (49) for $`\psi `$ is precisely the condition for the pair $`[\vartheta ,\psi ]`$ to be a 2-cell

(52)
$$[\vartheta ,\psi ]:𝐁,\beta ,S\mathrm{}F,\kappa ,GF^{},\kappa ^{},G^{}\mathrm{}𝐀,\alpha ,R.$$

Therefore, as sets

(53)
$$\{\psi \}=\mathrm{𝖼𝗈𝖽}_{𝜷\mathrm{}𝜿,𝜿^{}\mathrm{}𝜶}\mathrm{}\mathrm{𝖽𝗈𝗆}_{𝜷\mathrm{}𝜿,𝜿^{}\mathrm{}𝜶}^1(\{\vartheta \}).$$

The next Lemma secures a familiar class of 1-cells on which universal actions exist.

###### Lemma 4.3.

If $`U`$ is a 1-cell in $`𝒦`$ which has a left adjoint $`\overline{U}`$ then there is a universal left action on $`U`$, namely $`\alpha =U\epsilon :TUU`$ where $`T=U\overline{U}`$ and $`\epsilon :\overline{U}U𝐀`$ is the counit of the adjunction.

###### Proof.

Multiply equation (49) from the left by $`\kappa _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}`$, then compose it horizontally from the right with $`\overline{U}`$, and finally multiply it from the right by $`SG\eta `$, where $`\eta `$ is the unit of the adjunction. Thus we obtain

$`\kappa _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\overline{U}\mathrm{}V\vartheta \overline{U}\mathrm{}\beta F\overline{U}\mathrm{}S\kappa \overline{U}\mathrm{}SG\eta `$
$`=`$ $`G^{}U\epsilon \overline{U}\mathrm{}\psi U\overline{U}\mathrm{}SG\eta `$
$`=`$ $`G^{}U\epsilon \overline{U}\mathrm{}G^{}U\overline{U}\eta \mathrm{}\psi `$
$`=`$ $`\psi .`$
Let $`\mathrm{𝖠𝗋𝗋}_u(𝒦)`$ denote the full sub-2-category of $`\mathrm{𝖠𝗋𝗋}(𝒦)`$ having as objects those objects of $`\mathrm{𝖠𝗋𝗋}(𝒦)`$ on which a universal left action exists.

### 4.2. The construction of the 2-functor $`𝖰`$

We define a 2-functor $`𝖰:\mathrm{𝖠𝗋𝗋}_u^{}(𝒦)\mathrm{𝖬𝗇𝖽}(𝒦)`$ as follows. Its object map is provided by the following Lemma.

###### Lemma 4.4.

For an object $`(𝐀,U,𝐌)`$ of $`\mathrm{𝖠𝗋𝗋}_u(𝒦)`$ let $`𝐀,\omega ,T`$ be a universal left action. Then there exist unique 2-cells $`\mu :TTT`$ and $`\eta :𝐌T`$ such that

(54) $`\omega \mathrm{}\mu U`$ $`=\omega \mathrm{}T\omega `$
(55) $`\omega \mathrm{}\eta U`$ $`=U.`$
The triple $`T,\mu ,\eta `$ is a monad in $`𝒦`$ on $`𝐌`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`(U)`$ be the category of left actions on $`U`$ which is the subcategory in $`\mathrm{𝖠𝗋𝗋}(U,U)`$ containing as objects the special 1-cells $`𝐀,\alpha ,R`$ and as arrows the special 2-cells $`[𝐀,\nu ]`$. Then universality of $`𝐀,\omega ,T`$ implies that it is a terminal object in $`(U)`$. As a matter of fact if we specialize the universal property to the choice $`V=U`$, $`F,\kappa ,G=F^{},\kappa ^{},G^{}`$ being the identity cell $`(𝐀,U,𝐌)`$ and $`\vartheta =𝐀`$ then we obtain that for all $`R:𝐌𝐌`$ and all $`\alpha :RUU`$ there exists a unique $`\nu :RT`$ such that $`\alpha =\omega \mathrm{}\nu U`$.

Now it is clear that the solutions for $`\mu `$ and $`\eta `$ of the equations (54-55) provide arrows

(56) $`[𝐀,\mu ]:`$ $`𝐀,\omega \mathrm{}T\omega ,TT𝐀,\omega ,T`$
(57) $`[𝐀,\eta ]:`$ $`𝐀,U,𝐌𝐀,\omega ,T`$
hence they exist and are unique. The rest is standard universal algebra : One checks that both $`\mu \mathrm{}T\mu `$ and $`\mu \mathrm{}\mu T`$ provide arrows from $`𝐀,\omega \mathrm{}T\omega \mathrm{}TT\omega ,TTT`$ to the terminal object, hence $`\mu `$ is associative. Similarly one proves that $`\eta `$ is a unit for $`\mu `$, hence $`T,\mu ,\eta `$ is a monad. ∎

Given a choice of universal left action $`𝐀,\omega ,T`$ for each object $`(𝐀,U,𝐌)`$ of $`\mathrm{𝖠𝗋𝗋}_u(𝒦)`$ we define

(58)
$$𝖰(𝐀,U,𝐌):=T,\mu ,\eta $$

where the monad on the RHS is obtained from Lemma 4.4.

The definition of $`𝖰`$ on 1-cells is provided by the following specialization of the universal property of Definition 4.1. Setting $`F,\kappa ,G=F^{},\kappa ^{},G^{}`$ and $`\vartheta =F`$ we obtain that if $`𝐀,\alpha ,R`$ is a universal left action on $`(𝐀,U,𝐌)`$ then for all object $`(𝐁,V,𝐍)`$, all left action $`𝐁,\beta ,S`$ on $`(𝐁,V,𝐍)`$ and all $`F,\kappa ,G:(𝐀,U,𝐌)(𝐁,V,𝐍)`$ in $`\mathrm{𝖠𝗋𝗋}^{}(𝒦)`$ there exists a unique $`\phi :SGGR`$ such that

(59)
$$\beta F\mathrm{}S\kappa =\kappa \mathrm{}G\alpha \mathrm{}\phi U.$$

###### Lemma 4.5.

Let $`(𝐀,U,𝐌)`$ and $`(𝐁,V,𝐍)`$ be objects of $`\mathrm{𝖠𝗋𝗋}_u(𝒦)`$ and let $`𝖰(𝐀,U,𝐌)`$ $`=R,\mu _𝐑,\eta _𝐑`$ and $`𝖰(𝐁,V,𝐍)=S,\mu _𝐒,\eta _𝐒`$. Then for each 1-cell

$$F,\kappa ,G:(𝐀,U,𝐌)(𝐁,V,𝐍)\mathrm{𝖠𝗋𝗋}^{}(𝒦)$$

the unique solution for $`\phi `$ of equation (59) provides a monad morphism

(60)
$$G,\phi :R,\mu _𝐑,\eta _𝐑S,\mu _𝐒,\eta _𝐒,$$

i.e., a 1-cell in the 2-category $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗇𝖽}(𝒦)`$ of monads in $`𝒦`$ . That is to say $`G:𝐌𝐍`$ is a 1-cell and $`\phi :SGGR`$ is a 2-cell satisfying the commutative diagrams

(61)
###### Proof.

To prove the first diagram it suffices, by the above special universality property, to show that both $`\phi ^{}:=G\mu _𝐑\mathrm{}\phi R\mathrm{}S\phi `$ and $`\phi ^{}:=\phi \mathrm{}\mu _𝐒G`$ are solutions of

(62)
$$\beta ^2F\mathrm{}SS\kappa =\kappa \mathrm{}G\alpha \mathrm{}\mathrm{\Phi }U$$

for $`\mathrm{\Phi }:SSGGR`$ where $`\beta ^2`$ stands for $`\beta \mathrm{}S\beta =\beta \mathrm{}\mu _𝐒S:SSBB`$. As a matter of fact

$`\kappa \mathrm{}G\alpha \mathrm{}\phi ^{}U`$ $`=\kappa \mathrm{}G\alpha \mathrm{}G\mu _RU\mathrm{}\phi RU\mathrm{}S\phi U`$
$`=\kappa \mathrm{}G\alpha \mathrm{}GR\alpha \mathrm{}\phi RU\mathrm{}S\phi U`$
$`=\kappa \mathrm{}G\alpha \mathrm{}\phi U\mathrm{}SG\alpha \mathrm{}S\phi U`$
$`=\beta F\mathrm{}S\kappa \mathrm{}SG\alpha \mathrm{}S\phi U`$
$`=\beta F\mathrm{}S\beta F\mathrm{}SS\kappa =\beta ^2F\mathrm{}SS\kappa `$
and
$`\kappa \mathrm{}G\alpha \mathrm{}\phi ^{}U`$ $`=\kappa \mathrm{}G\alpha \mathrm{}\phi U\mathrm{}\mu _SGU`$
$`=\beta F\mathrm{}S\kappa \mathrm{}\mu _SGA`$
$`=\beta F\mathrm{}\mu _SVF\mathrm{}SS\kappa =\beta ^2F\mathrm{}SS\kappa .`$
Similarly, the proof of the second diagram amounts to showing that both $`G\eta _𝐑`$ and $`\phi \mathrm{}\eta _𝐒G`$ solve the equation

(63)
$$\kappa =\kappa \mathrm{}G\alpha \mathrm{}\mathrm{{\rm Y}}U$$

for $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}:GGR`$. Indeed,

$`\kappa \mathrm{}G\alpha \mathrm{}G\eta _𝐑U`$ $`=\kappa \mathrm{}GU=\kappa `$
and
$`\kappa \mathrm{}G\alpha \mathrm{}\phi U\mathrm{}\eta _𝐒GU`$ $`=\beta F\mathrm{}S\kappa \mathrm{}\eta _𝐒GU`$
$`=\beta F\mathrm{}\eta _𝐒VF\mathrm{}\kappa =\kappa .`$
We can therefore define $`𝖰`$ on 1-cells by

(64)
$$𝖰F,\kappa ,G:=G,\phi $$

where $`\phi `$ is determined by Lemma 4.5.

Before defining $`𝖰`$ on 2-cells we investigate functoriality of $`𝖰`$ on the category of 0-cells and 1-cells. In the following Lemma $`\alpha :RUU`$, $`\beta :SVV`$ and $`\gamma :TWW`$ denote universal actions corresponding to the definition of $`𝖰`$ on the object $`U`$, $`V`$ and $`W`$, respectively.

###### Lemma 4.6.

For composable 1-cells in $`\mathrm{𝖠𝗋𝗋}_u(𝒦)`$ as in the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccccc}𝐀& \stackrel{F}{}& 𝐁& \stackrel{H}{}& 𝐂\\ U\kappa & & V\lambda & & W& & \\ 𝐌& \stackrel{G}{}& 𝐍& \stackrel{I}{}& 𝐎\end{array}$$

we have $`𝖰(H,\lambda ,I\mathrm{}F,\kappa ,G)=𝖰H,\lambda ,I𝖰F,\kappa ,G`$.

###### Proof.

Taking into account the formula $`I,\chi G,\phi `$=$`IG,I\phi \mathrm{}\chi G`$ for composition of monad morphisms, we have to show that if $`\phi :SGGR`$ and $`\chi :TIIS`$ are solutions of the equations

$`\beta F\mathrm{}S\kappa `$ $`=\kappa \mathrm{}G\alpha \mathrm{}\phi U`$
$`\gamma H\mathrm{}T\lambda `$ $`=\lambda \mathrm{}I\beta \mathrm{}\chi V`$
then $`\nu =I\phi \mathrm{}\chi G`$ solves the equation

$$\gamma HF\mathrm{}T\lambda F\mathrm{}TI\kappa =\lambda F\mathrm{}I\kappa \mathrm{}IG\alpha \mathrm{}\nu U.$$

As a matter of fact,

$`\lambda F\mathrm{}I\kappa \mathrm{}IG\alpha \mathrm{}I\phi U\mathrm{}\chi GU=\lambda F\mathrm{}I\beta F\mathrm{}IS\kappa \mathrm{}\chi GU=`$
$`=`$ $`\lambda F\mathrm{}I\beta F\mathrm{}\chi VF\mathrm{}TI\kappa =\gamma HF\mathrm{}T\lambda F\mathrm{}TI\kappa .`$
The definition of $`𝖰`$ on 2-cells uses the full strength of Definition 4.1. First of all for a 2-cell

$$[\vartheta ,\nu ]:F,\kappa ,GF^{},\kappa ^{},G^{}:(𝐀,U,𝐌)(𝐁,V,𝐍)$$

we set

(65)
$$𝖰[\vartheta ,\nu ]:=\nu .$$

The statement that $`\nu :G,\phi G^{}\phi ^{}`$ is a transformation of monad morphisms, i.e., a 2-cell in $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗇𝖽}(𝒦)`$ is by definition  the property

(66)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}SG& \stackrel{\phi }{}& GR\\ S\nu & & \nu R& & \\ SG^{}& \stackrel{\phi ^{}}{}& G^{}R\end{array}$$

where $`G,\phi =𝖰F,\kappa ,G`$ and $`G^{},\phi ^{}=𝖰F^{},\kappa ^{},G^{}`$. Commutativity of this diagram follows from universality after noticing that both $`\nu R\mathrm{}\phi `$ and $`\phi ^{}\mathrm{}S\nu `$ are solutions for $`\psi :SGG^{}R`$ of the equation (49). Indeed,

$`\kappa ^{}\mathrm{}G^{}\alpha \mathrm{}\nu RU\mathrm{}\phi U`$ $`=\kappa ^{}\mathrm{}\nu U\mathrm{}G\alpha \mathrm{}\phi U`$
$`=V\vartheta \mathrm{}\kappa \mathrm{}G\alpha \mathrm{}\phi U=V\vartheta \mathrm{}\beta F\mathrm{}S\kappa `$
and
$`\kappa ^{}\mathrm{}G^{}\alpha \mathrm{}\phi ^{}U\mathrm{}S\nu U`$ $`=\beta F^{}\mathrm{}S\kappa ^{}\mathrm{}S\nu U`$
$`=\beta F^{}\mathrm{}SV\vartheta \mathrm{}S\kappa =V\vartheta \mathrm{}\beta F\mathrm{}S\kappa .`$
Since for 2-cells both the horizontal and vertical composition in $`\mathrm{𝖬𝗇𝖽}(𝒦)`$ coincides with those of $`𝒦`$, in view of (46) and (47) the $`𝖰`$ preserves both compositions. This finishes the construction of the 2-functor $`𝖰:\mathrm{𝖠𝗋𝗋}_u^{}(𝒦)\mathrm{𝖬𝗇𝖽}(𝒦)`$.

### 4.3. The monoidal version of $`𝖰`$

In this subsection we are interested in the monoidal properties of the 2-functor $`𝖰=𝖰(𝒦)`$ if the underlying 2-category $`𝒦`$ is monoidal. In order not to drift too far from the main theme of bialgebroids we restrict ourselves to the case $`𝒦=\mathrm{𝖢𝖺𝗍}`$ endowed with the Cartesian product $`\times `$ of categories, functors and natural transformations.

The content of this subsection crucially depends on whether $`\alpha :RUU`$ being a universal action implies $`\alpha \times \alpha :(R\times R)(U\times U)U\times U`$ is universal, too. Since this property does not seem to be automatic, we shall restrict ourselves to functors $`U`$ with left adjoints. In this case $`U\times U`$ also has a left adjoint, therefore $`\alpha \times \alpha `$ is universal indeed (cf. Lemma 4.3). We denote by $`𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}`$ the full sub-2-category of $`\mathrm{𝖠𝗋𝗋}_u^{}(\mathrm{𝖢𝖺𝗍})`$ with objects the left adjointable functors.

If $`𝒜`$ and $``$ are monoidal categories and the left adjointable $`U:𝒜`$ is given a monoidal structure $`U_2:_{}(U\times U)\stackrel{}{}U_𝒜`$, $`U_0:i_{}\stackrel{}{}Ui_𝒜`$ then Corollary 3.1 tells us that the monad $`𝖰𝒜,U,=T,\mu ,\eta `$ has a lax comonoidal structure $`T^2:U_𝒜_{}(U\times U)`$, $`T^0:Ui_𝒜i_{}`$ so that $`T,T^2,T^0,\mu ,\eta `$ is a bimonad. This result is the object map part of a commutative diagram of 2-functors

(67)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖬𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}& \underset{\mathrm{?}}{\overset{}{}}& \mathrm{𝖡𝗆𝖽}\\ & & & & \\ 𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}& \stackrel{𝖰}{}& \mathrm{𝖬𝗇𝖽}\end{array}$$

where the vertical 2-functors forget about (co)monoidal structures, otherwise all items in the first row are yet undefined, including the 2-category $`\mathrm{𝖡𝗆𝖽}`$ of bimonads. Our aim is to define them in such a way that the above diagram commutes.

One solution is obtained by taking $`𝒦`$ to be $`\mathrm{𝖢𝗈𝗆𝗈𝗇𝖢𝖺𝗍}`$ in the first row and $`𝒦=\mathrm{𝖢𝖺𝗍}`$ in the second and then apply the procedure of the previous subsection to construct the $`Q`$. This seems to be the most natural choice since bimonads involve lax comonoidal functors. This choice leads to the diagram

(68)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖢𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}& \stackrel{𝖰(\mathrm{𝖢𝗈𝗆𝗈𝗇𝖢𝖺𝗍})}{}& \mathrm{𝖡𝗆𝖽}^{}\\ & & & & \\ 𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}& \stackrel{𝖰}{}& \mathrm{𝖬𝗇𝖽}\end{array}$$

where $`𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖢𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}`$ is the 2-category with

* objects the comonoidal functors $`U`$ (equivalently: monoidal ones) with left adjoint,
* 1-cells $`F,\kappa ,G:UV`$ where $`F`$, $`G`$ are lax comonoidal functors and $`\kappa :GUVF`$ is a comonoidal natural isomorphism,
* 2-cells $`[\vartheta ,\nu ]:F,\kappa ,GF^{},\kappa ^{},G^{}`$ where both $`\vartheta :FF^{}`$ and $`\nu :GG^{}`$ are comonoidal and satisfy the constraint $`V\vartheta \mathrm{}\kappa =\kappa ^{}\mathrm{}\nu U`$.

Accordingly, the 2-category $`\mathrm{𝖡𝗆𝖽}^{}`$ involves only (lax) comonoidal functors in place of 1-cells. Especially, monad morphisms $`G,\phi `$ involve lax comonoidal functors $`G:𝒩`$. These functors map comonoids into comonoids but does not map monoids to monoids.

If we want arrows that preserve module algebras over bialgebroids instead of module coalgebras, we must insist of having lax monoidal functors in the definition of 1-cells. At first sight this spoils any sensible (co)monoidality of the 2-cell $`\phi :SGGR`$ since $`R`$ and $`S`$ are lax comonoidal functors but $`G`$ is lax monoidal. Fortunately, the situation is not so bad.

###### Definition 4.7.

In the situation of the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}& \stackrel{G}{}& 𝒩\\ R& & S& & \\ ^{}& \stackrel{H}{}& 𝒩^{}\end{array}$$

with four monoidal categories, lax monoidal functors $`G`$ and $`H`$ and lax comonoidal functors $`R`$ and $`S`$ a natural transformation $`\phi :SGHR`$ is called ambimonoidal if the diagrams

(69)
$$\begin{array}{ccccc}S_𝒩(G\times G)& \stackrel{S^2(G\times G)}{}& _𝒩^{}(SG\times SG)& \stackrel{_𝒩^{}(\phi \times \phi )}{}& _𝒩^{}(HR\times HR)\\ SG_2& & & & H_2\left(R\times R\right)& & \\ SG_{}& \stackrel{\phi _{}}{}& HR_{}& \stackrel{HR^2}{}& H_{^{}}(R\times R)\end{array}$$

and

(70)
are commutative.

Beyond that it is meaningful the motivation for this definition comes from the following

###### Proposition 4.8.

Let $`U`$ and $`V`$ be monoidal functors with left adjoints, $`F`$ and $`G`$ be lax monoidal functors and let $`\kappa :GUVF`$ be a monoidal isomorphism as in the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}𝒜& \stackrel{F}{}& \\ U\kappa & & V& & \\ & \stackrel{G}{}& 𝒩\end{array}$$

Forgetting the monoidal structures let $`𝖰(U)=R`$, $`𝖰(V)=S`$ and $`𝖰F,\kappa ,G=G,\phi `$. Then $`\phi :SGGR`$ is ambimonoidal if $`R`$ and $`S`$ are considered with lax comonoidal structures by Theorem 2.1.

###### Proof.

The defining equation (59) of $`\phi `$ is equivalent by Remark 4.2 to the condition that

(71)
$$[F,\phi ]:,\beta ,S\mathrm{}F,\kappa ,GF,\kappa ,G\mathrm{}𝒜,\alpha ,R$$

is a 2-cell in $`𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}`$. Monoidality of $`\kappa `$,

(72)
$$\kappa _𝒜\mathrm{}GU_2\mathrm{}G_2(U\times U)=VF_2\mathrm{}V^2(F\times F)\mathrm{}_𝒩(\kappa \times \kappa )$$

is equivalent to

(73)
$$[F_2,G_2]:_{},V_2,_𝒩\mathrm{}\left(F,\kappa ,G\times F,\kappa ,G\right)F,\kappa ,G\mathrm{}_𝒜,U_2,_{}$$

being a 2-cell in $`𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}`$. Comonoidality of $`\beta =V\epsilon _V:SVV`$,

(74)
$$V_2^1\mathrm{}\beta _{}=_𝒩(\beta \times \beta )\mathrm{}S^2(V\times V)\mathrm{}SV_2^1$$

is equivalent to

(75)
$$[_{},S^2]:,\beta ,S\mathrm{}_{},V_2,_𝒩_{},V_2,_𝒩\mathrm{}\left(,\beta ,S\times ,\beta ,S\right)$$

being a 2-cell in $`𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}`$. Similarly, the $`[_𝒜,R^2]`$ is a 2-cell precisely because $`\alpha `$ is comonoidal. Therefore one can take the following two parallel vertical composites

(76)
$$\begin{array}{c},\beta ,S\mathrm{}_{},V_2,_𝒩\mathrm{}\left(F,\kappa ,G\times F,\kappa ,G\right)\\ ,\beta ,S\mathrm{}[F_2,G_2]& & \\ ,\beta ,S\mathrm{}F,\kappa ,G\mathrm{}_𝒜,U_2,_{}\\ [F,\phi ]\mathrm{}_𝒜,U_2,_{}& & \\ F,\kappa ,G\mathrm{}𝒜,\alpha ,R\mathrm{}_𝒜,U_2,_{}\\ F,\kappa ,G\mathrm{}[_𝒜,R^2]& & \\ F,\kappa ,G\mathrm{}_𝒜,U_2,_{}\mathrm{}\left(𝒜,\alpha ,R\times 𝒜,\alpha ,R\right)\end{array}$$

and

(77)
$$\begin{array}{c},\beta ,S\mathrm{}_{},V_2,_𝒩\mathrm{}\left(F,\kappa ,G\times F,\kappa ,G\right)\\ [_{},S^2]\mathrm{}\left(F,\kappa ,G\times F,\kappa ,G\right)& & \\ _{},V_2,_𝒩\mathrm{}\left(,\beta ,S\times ,\beta ,S\right)\mathrm{}\left(F,\kappa ,G\times F,\kappa ,G\right)\\ _{},V_2,_𝒩\mathrm{}\left([F,\phi ]\times [F,\phi ]\right)& & \\ _{},V_2,_𝒩\mathrm{}\left(F,\kappa ,G\times F,\kappa ,G\right)\mathrm{}\left(𝒜,\alpha ,R\times 𝒜,\alpha ,R\right)\\ [F_2,G_2]\mathrm{}\left(𝒜,\alpha ,R\times 𝒜,\alpha ,R\right)& & \\ F,\kappa ,G\mathrm{}_𝒜,U_2,_{}\mathrm{}\left(𝒜,\alpha ,R\times 𝒜,\alpha ,R\right)\end{array}$$

Computing the $`\mathrm{𝖽𝗈𝗆}`$ of (76) and (77) we obtain the same result, $`F_2`$. By universality of the left action $`𝜶\times 𝜶`$ their codomains should also be the same. Computing their $`\mathrm{𝖼𝗈𝖽}`$ we obtain

(78) $`GR^2\mathrm{}\phi _{}\mathrm{}SG_2`$
(79) $`G_2(R\times R)\mathrm{}_𝒩(\phi \times \phi )\mathrm{}S^2(G\times G)`$
respectively. They are precisely the LHS and RHS of the ambimonoidality condition (69).

In order to prove the other ambimonoidality condition

(80)
$$GR^0\mathrm{}\phi i_{}\mathrm{}SG_0=G_0\mathrm{}S^0$$

we note the following facts. The natural transformations

(81)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}1& \stackrel{i_𝒜}{}& 𝒜\\ & & U_0U& & \\ 1& \stackrel{i_{}}{}& \end{array}\text{and}\begin{array}{ccc}1& \stackrel{i_{}}{}& \\ & & V_0V& & \\ 1& \stackrel{i_𝒩}{}& 𝒩\end{array}$$

where $`1`$ is the one element category, are 1-cells in $`𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}`$ because $`U_0`$ and $`V_0`$ are invertible. Counitality of the comonoidal natural transformation $`\alpha `$,

(82)
$$U_0^1\mathrm{}\alpha i_𝒜=R^0\mathrm{}RU_0^1$$

is equivalent to the statement that

(83)
$$[i_𝒜,R^0]:𝒜,\alpha ,R\mathrm{}i_𝒜,U_0,i_{}i_𝒜,U_0,i_{}:(1,1,1)(𝒜,U,)$$

is a 2-cell in $`𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}`$. Similarly, counitality of $`\beta `$ is the condition for $`[i_{},S^0]`$ to be a 2-cell. Unitality of the monoidal natural transformation $`\kappa `$,

(84)
$$VF_0\mathrm{}V_0=\kappa i_𝒜\mathrm{}GU_0\mathrm{}G_0$$

in turn is the condition for

(85)
$$[F_0,G_0]:i_{},V_0,i_𝒩F,\kappa ,G\mathrm{}i_𝒜,U_0,i_{}$$

to be a 2-cell in $`𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}`$. Thus one may form the vertical composites

(86)
$$\begin{array}{c},\beta ,S\mathrm{}i_{},V_0,i_𝒩\\ ,\beta ,S\mathrm{}[F_0,G_0]& & \\ ,\beta S\mathrm{}F,\kappa ,G\mathrm{}i_𝒜,U_0,i_{}\\ [F,\phi ]\mathrm{}i_𝒜,U_0,i_{}& & \\ F,\kappa ,G\mathrm{}𝒜,\alpha ,R\mathrm{}i_𝒜,U_0,i_{}\\ F,\kappa ,G\mathrm{}[i_𝒜,R^0]& & \\ F,\kappa ,G\mathrm{}i_𝒜,U_0,i_{}\end{array}$$

and

(87)
$$\begin{array}{c},\beta ,S\mathrm{}i_{},V_0,i_𝒩\\ [i_{},S^0]& & \\ i_{},V_0,i_𝒩\\ [F_0,G_0]& & \\ F,\kappa ,G\mathrm{}i_𝒜,U_0,i_{}\end{array}$$

which evaluate to be

(88) $`[F_0,GR^0\mathrm{}\phi i_{}\mathrm{}SG_0]`$
(89) $`[F_0,G_0\mathrm{}S^0]`$
respectively. Since their $`\mathrm{𝖽𝗈𝗆}`$ are equal, we can conclude by universality that their $`\mathrm{𝖼𝗈𝖽}`$ are equal as well, which in turn are the LHS and RHS of (80). The universal action we use here is the trivial action $`(1,1,1)`$ on the identity functor of the category $`1`$. The cell $`U_0`$, using its invertibility, can be absorbed into $`𝜿\mathrm{}U_0`$ to form the $`𝜿^{}`$ of the universality condition of Definition 4.1. Universality of $`(1,1,1)`$ in turn follows directly from (49) noticing that after inserting a 1-cell for $`\alpha `$ and a 0-cell for $`U`$ equation (49) immediately gives a unique solution for $`\psi `$. ∎

Motivated by the above Proposition we can now fill in the missing items in diagram (67).

###### Definition 4.9.

Let $`𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖬𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}`$ be the 2-category with

* objects the monoidal functors $`U:𝒜`$ with the underlying functor having a left adjoint,
* 1-cells $`(𝒜,U,)(,V,𝒩)`$ the triples $`F,\kappa ,G`$ where $`F:𝒜`$, $`G:𝒩`$ are lax monoidal functors and $`\kappa :GUVF`$ is a monoidal natural isomorphism and
* 2-cells $`F,\kappa ,GF^{},\kappa ^{},G^{}`$ the pairs $`[\vartheta ,\nu ]`$ where $`\vartheta :FF^{}`$ and $`\nu :GG^{}`$ are monoidal natural transformations satisfying the constraint $`V\vartheta \mathrm{}\kappa =\kappa ^{}\mathrm{}\nu U`$.

All compositions are defined as in $`𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}`$ via forgetting $`𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖬𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}`$.

This 2-category describes the precise framework in which we are able to associate a ”quantum groupoid” to a forgetful functor. The ”quantum groupoids” in this generality are the bimonads.

###### Definition 4.10.

Let $`\mathrm{𝖡𝗆𝖽}`$ be the 2-category with

* objects the bimonads $`,𝐓,T,T^2,T^0,\mu ,\eta `$ of Definition 3.2,
* 1-cells $`,𝐑𝒩,𝐒`$ the monad morphisms $`G,\phi `$ in which the functor $`G:𝒩`$ is lax monoidal and $`\phi :SGGR`$ is ambimonoidal,
* 2-cells $`G,\phi G^{},\phi ^{}`$ the monad transformations $`\nu :GG^{}`$ which are monoidal.

All compositions are defined by the forgetting 2-functor $`\mathrm{𝖡𝗆𝖽}\mathrm{𝖬𝗇𝖽}`$.

In order for $`\mathrm{𝖡𝗆𝖽}`$ to be well defined as a 2-category we are still indebted to show that ambimonoidality is preserved by horizontal composition.

###### Lemma 4.11.

Consider two horizontally composable monad morphisms

$$\begin{array}{ccccc}𝒜,R& \stackrel{G,\phi }{}& ,S& \stackrel{H,\chi }{}& 𝒞,T\end{array}$$

in which the categories are monoidal, the functors are lax monoidal and the natural transformations $`\phi `$ and $`\chi `$ are ambimonoidal. Then in the composite

$$H,\chi G,\phi =HG,H\phi \mathrm{}\chi G$$

the functor is lax monoidal and the natural transformation is ambimonoidal.

###### Proof.

Lax monoidality of $`HG`$ is obvious. We have to show that $`\xi :=H\phi \mathrm{}\chi G`$ satisfies the two diagrams (69) and (70). The proof is this. The first ambimonoidality diagram follows from commutativity of

(90)
$$\begin{array}{ccccc}T(HG\times HG)& \stackrel{TH_2(G\times G)}{}& TH(G\times G)& \stackrel{THG_2}{}& THG\\ T^2\left(HG\times HG\right)& & \chi \left(G\times G\right)& & \chi G& & \\ (THG\times THG)& & HS(G\times G)& \stackrel{HSG_2}{}& HSG\\ \left(\chi G\times \chi G\right)& & HS^2\left(G\times G\right)& & H\phi & & \\ (HSG\times HSG)& \underset{H_2(SG\times SG)}{}& H(SG\times SG)& & HGR\\ \left(H\phi \times H\phi \right)& & H\left(\phi \times \phi \right)& & HGR^2& & \\ (HGR\times HGR)& \underset{H_2(GR\times GR)}{}& H(GR\times GR)& \underset{HG_2(R\times R)}{}& HG(R\times R)\end{array}$$

where $``$ in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd column denotes the monoidal product of $`𝒞`$, $``$ and $`𝒜`$, respectively. The second ambimonoidality diagram follows from

(91)
Let us summarize what we have obtained sofar:

###### Theorem 4.12.

Given a 2-functor $`𝖰:𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}\mathrm{𝖬𝗇𝖽}`$ as in Subsection 4.2 there is a unique 2-functor

$$:𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖬𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}\mathrm{𝖡𝗆𝖽}$$

such that (67) is commutative.

###### Proof.

As for the object map of $``$ we must take the monoid $`𝖰(U)`$ and endow it with the comonoidal structure that Corollary 3.1 provides. The arrow map of $``$ is again uniquely determined by that of $`𝖰`$ and it yields bimonad morphisms by Proposition 4.8. For the unique 2-cell map of $``$ there is nothing to prove. ∎

### 4.4. The monoidal Eilenberg-Moore construction as a 2-functor

Functoriality of the Eilenberg-Moore construction can be formalized as having a 2-functor the object map of which associates forgetful functors to bimonads.

Let $`𝔼𝕄:\mathrm{𝖡𝗆𝖽}𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖬𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}`$ be the 2-functor defined as follows.

The object map: For a bimonad $`,𝐓`$ let $`𝔼𝕄,𝐓:=(^𝐓,U^𝐓,)`$, the strict monoidal forgetful functor of the category $`^𝐓`$ of $`𝐓`$-algebras, see Proposition 3.3.

The arrow map: For a bimonad morphism $`G,\phi `$ we define

$$𝔼𝕄\left(,𝐓\stackrel{G,\phi }{}𝒩,𝐒\right)=G^\phi ,=,G$$

where

$$G^\phi ,=,G=\begin{array}{ccc}^𝐓& \stackrel{G^\phi }{}& 𝒩^𝐒\\ U^𝐓=& & U^𝐒& & \\ & \stackrel{G}{}& 𝒩\end{array}\text{and}G^\phi :\begin{array}{ccccc}x,\alpha & & & & Gx,G\alpha \mathrm{}\phi _x\\ \tau & & & & G\tau & & \\ y,\beta & & & & Gy,G\beta \mathrm{}\phi _y\end{array}$$

which is indeed a functor from $`𝐓`$-algebras to $`𝐒`$-algebras since $`G\beta \mathrm{}\phi _y\mathrm{}SG\tau =G\beta \mathrm{}GT\tau \mathrm{}\phi _x=G\tau \mathrm{}G\alpha \mathrm{}\phi _x`$. The monoidal structure for $`G^\phi `$ is the one given in Lemma 4.13 below.

The 2-cell map: For a transformation $`\nu :G,\phi G^{},\phi ^{}`$ of monad morphisms $`,𝐓𝒩,𝐒`$ we define

$$𝔼𝕄(\nu ):=[\widehat{\nu },\nu ]:G^\phi ,=,GG^\phi ^{},=,G^{}$$

where $`\widehat{\nu }`$ on the $`𝐓`$-algebra $`x,\alpha `$ is the lift of $`\nu _x`$,

$$\widehat{\nu }_{x,\alpha }=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}Gx,G\alpha \mathrm{}\phi _x& \stackrel{\nu _x}{}& G^{}x,G^{}\alpha \mathrm{}\phi _x^{}\end{array}\right)$$

which is indeed an $`𝐒`$-algebra morphism because $`G^{}\alpha \mathrm{}\phi _x^{}\mathrm{}S\nu _x`$ $`=G^{}\alpha \mathrm{}\nu _{Tx}\mathrm{}\phi _x`$ $`=\nu _x\mathrm{}G\alpha \mathrm{}\phi _x`$.

###### Lemma 4.13.

$`G_2^\phi `$ $`=\left\{\begin{array}{ccc}G^\phi x,\alpha \mathrm{}_𝒩G^\phi y,\beta & \stackrel{G_{x,y}}{}& G^\phi (x,\alpha \mathrm{}_{}y,\beta )\end{array}\right\}`$
$`G_0^\phi `$ $`=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}i_𝒩,S^0& \stackrel{G_0}{}& G^\phi i_{},T^0\end{array}\right)`$
is the unique monoidal structure on $`G^\phi `$ such that $`U^𝐒G^\phi =GU^𝐓`$, as monoidal functors.

###### Proof.

Since $`U^𝐓`$ and $`U^𝐒`$ are strict monoidal, the only monoidal structure on $`G^\phi `$ is the one with components that are lifted from the components of $`G_2`$, $`G_0`$, which is precisely the above formula. The hexagon and square identities therefore hold automatically if we can show that the components $`G_{x,y}`$ and $`G_0`$ can indeed be lifted to $`𝐒`$-algebra maps.

$`G_{x,y}`$ lifts to an arrow in $`𝒩^𝐒`$ iff

$$G(\alpha _{}\beta )\mathrm{}GT_{x,y}\mathrm{}\phi _{x_{}y}\mathrm{}SG_{x,y}=G_{x,y}\mathrm{}(G\alpha _NG\beta )\mathrm{}(\phi _x_𝒩\phi _y)\mathrm{}S_{Gx,Gy}$$

which, after using naturality of $`G_2`$, becomes a consequence of the first ambimonoidality axiom for $`\phi `$.

$`G_0^\phi `$ is an arrow in $`𝒩^𝐒`$ iff $`GT^0\mathrm{}\phi _i_{}\mathrm{}SG_0=G_0\mathrm{}T^0`$ which is precisely the second ambimonoidality axiom for $`\phi `$. ∎

### 4.5. The adjunction $`𝔼𝕄`$ and universality

In this subsection we construct pseudo natural transformations $`\xi `$ and $`\zeta `$ providing the unit and counit of the adjunction $`𝔼𝕄`$, respectively. Then we show how to restrict these 2-functors to obtain an adjunction in the strict sense, which is needed to establish the universal property of the bimonad $`(U)`$ of a left adjointable monoidal functor.

#### 4.5.1. The counit $`\zeta `$

The action of $``$ on $`𝔼𝕄(,T)`$ does not necessarily return the original monad $`T`$. Instead it gives $`(,U^𝐓\overline{U}^𝐓)`$ where $`\overline{U}^𝐓`$ is some left adjoint of $`U^𝐓`$. If $`\overline{U}^𝐓`$ were equal to the free $`𝐓`$-algebra functor $`F^𝐓`$ then we would get the original monad $`𝐓`$. Of course, all left adjoints are isomorphic and it is easy to see that the isomorphism $`\sigma :F^𝐓\stackrel{}{}\overline{U}^𝐓`$ leads to a monad morphism $`\zeta =U^𝐓\sigma `$ sending $`T=U^𝐓F^𝐓`$ to $`U^𝐓\overline{U}^𝐓`$. A closer look gives that we are actually have a bimonad isomorphism. This is the content of the next Lemma in which $``$ denotes composition of 2-functors.

###### Lemma 4.14.

$`,\zeta :𝔼𝕄(,T)\stackrel{}{}(,T)`$ is a bimonad isomorphism.

###### Proof.

Because of uniqueness of left adjoints of monoidal functors up to comonoidal natural isomorphisms (Lemma 2.4), the $`\sigma `$ can be chosen to be comonoidal. But $`U^𝐓`$ is also (co)monoidal, so the $`\zeta `$ is, either. Now the identity functor $``$ being comonoidal, the ambimonoidality condition for $`\zeta `$ is equivalent to its comonoidality. ∎

Next we investigate the naturality properties of $`\zeta `$. Let $`G,\phi `$ be a bimonad morphism $`(,𝐓)(𝒩,𝐒)`$. Then $`𝔼𝕄G,\phi =G,\phi ^{}`$ where $`\phi ^{}`$ is determined from the 1-cell

$$𝔼𝕄G,\phi =\begin{array}{ccc}^𝐓& \stackrel{G^\phi }{}& 𝒩^𝐒\\ U^𝐓& & U^𝐒& & \\ & \stackrel{G}{}& 𝒩\end{array}$$

i.e., $`\phi :S^{}GGT^{}`$ is the unique solution of

$$\beta ^{}G^\phi =G\alpha ^{}\mathrm{}\phi ^{}U^𝐓$$

where $`T^{}=U^𝐓\overline{U}^𝐓`$, $`S^{}=U^𝐒\overline{U}^𝐒`$ and $`\alpha ^{}=U^𝐓\epsilon _{U^𝐓}`$, $`\beta ^{}=U^𝐒\epsilon _{U^𝐒}`$ are the universal actions associated to $`U^𝐓`$ and $`U^𝐒`$, respectively, in the definition of $``$. Denoting by $`\alpha =U^𝐓\epsilon ^𝐓`$ and $`\beta =U^𝐒\epsilon ^𝐒`$, respectively, the universal actions associated to them by the Eilenberg-Moore construction, we have

$$\alpha ^{}=\alpha \mathrm{}\zeta _𝐓^1U^𝐓,\beta ^{}=\beta \mathrm{}\zeta _𝐒^1U^𝐒$$

so we have to solve

$$\beta G^\phi \mathrm{}\zeta _𝐒^1U^𝐒G^\phi =G\alpha \mathrm{}G\zeta _𝐓^1U^𝐓\mathrm{}\phi ^{}U^𝐓.$$

Taking into account the formulae below in which $`x,\alpha `$ stands for any $`𝐓`$-algebra

$`\epsilon _{G^\phi x,\alpha }^𝐒`$ $`=\epsilon _{Gx,G\alpha \mathrm{}\phi _x}^𝐒=SGx,\mu _{Gx}^𝐒\stackrel{G\alpha \mathrm{}\phi _x}{}Gx,G\alpha \mathrm{}\phi _x`$
$`\beta _{G^\phi x,\alpha }`$ $`=SGx\stackrel{G\alpha \mathrm{}\phi _x}{}Gx`$
$`G\alpha _{x,\alpha }`$ $`=GTx\stackrel{G\alpha }{}Gx`$
the solution is

$$\phi ^{}=G\zeta _𝐓\mathrm{}\phi \mathrm{}\zeta _𝐒^1G$$

which is equivalent to that

(92)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}(,𝐓^{})& \stackrel{,\zeta _𝐓}{}& (,𝐓)\\ G,\phi ^{}=& & G,\phi & & \\ (𝒩,𝐒^{})& \stackrel{𝒩,\zeta _𝐒}{}& (𝒩,𝐒)\end{array}$$

is an identity 2-cell.

###### Lemma 4.15.

$`\zeta :𝔼𝕄\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{𝖡𝗆𝖽}`$ is a 2-natural isomorphism, i.e., for any 2-cell $`\nu :G,\phi G^{},\phi ^{}:(,𝐓)(𝒩,𝐒)`$

$$\nu \zeta _𝐓=\zeta _𝐒𝔼𝕄(\nu ).$$

###### Proof.

In the above preparations we have already shown this relation for 1-cells $`\nu `$. If $`\nu `$ is a 2-cell then it suffices to check the equation merely as an equality of natural transformations, i.e., as 2-cells in $`\mathrm{𝖢𝖺𝗍}`$. Since the functor component of $`\zeta `$ is always the identity functor, this equality is the trivial $`\nu =\nu `$. ∎

#### 4.5.2. The unit $`\xi `$

The Eilenberg-Moore comparison functors $`K_U:𝒜^𝐓`$ provide 1-cells

(93)
$$\xi _U:=K_U,=,=\begin{array}{ccc}𝒜& \stackrel{K_U}{}& ^𝐓\\ U& & U^𝐓& & \\ & =& \end{array}:U𝔼𝕄(U)$$

for all objects $`(𝒜,U,)`$ in $`𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖬𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}`$. On 1-cells the 2-functor $`𝔼𝕄`$ acts as

(94)
$$\begin{array}{c}(𝒜,U,)\\ F,\kappa ,G& & \\ (,V,𝒩)\end{array}\stackrel{𝔼𝕄}{}\begin{array}{c}(^𝐓,U^𝐓,)\\ G^\phi ,=,G& & \\ (𝒩^𝐒,U^𝐒,𝒩)\end{array}$$

where $`\phi :SGGT`$ is the unique solution of

(95)
$$\beta F\mathrm{}S\kappa =\kappa \mathrm{}G\alpha \mathrm{}\phi U$$

where $`T=U\overline{U}`$, $`S=V\overline{V}`$, $`\alpha =U\epsilon _U`$ and $`\beta =V\epsilon _V`$.

###### Lemma 4.16.

The monoidal natural isomorphism $`\kappa :GUVF`$ lifts to a monoidal natural isomorphism $`\widehat{\kappa }:G^\phi K_UK_VF`$. The pair $`\mathrm{\Xi }_\kappa :=[\widehat{\kappa },\text{id}]`$ is an invertible 2-cell

(96)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}U& \stackrel{\xi _U}{}& 𝔼𝕄(U)\\ \kappa \mathrm{\Xi }_\kappa & & 𝔼𝕄\left(\kappa \right)& & \\ V& \underset{\xi _V}{}& 𝔼𝕄(V)\end{array}$$

in $`𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖬𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}`$.

###### Proof.

Computing the effect of the functors on an object $`a𝒜`$

$`K_VF:`$ $`aVFa,SVFa\stackrel{\beta Fa}{}VFa`$
$`G^\phi K_U:`$ $`aGUa,SGUa\stackrel{\phi Ua}{}GRUa\stackrel{G\alpha a}{}GUa`$
we see that the lifting property of $`\kappa _a:GUaVFa`$ is just the defining equation of $`\phi `$ above. So $`\widehat{\kappa }`$ has the proper components and it is natural by virtue of the very simple form of the functors $`K_U`$, $`K_V`$ on arrows. Moreover, $`\widehat{\kappa }`$ is monoidal since the monoidal structures of $`G^\phi `$, $`K_U`$, $`K_V`$ are just the lifts of the corresponding structures in $`G`$, $`U`$, $`V`$, respectively. The constraint for $`\mathrm{\Xi }_\kappa =[\widehat{\kappa },\text{id}]`$ to be a 2-cell is just the lifting property $`U^𝐒\widehat{\kappa }=\kappa `$. ∎

###### Lemma 4.17.

$`\xi :𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖬𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}𝔼𝕄`$ is a pseudo natural transformation with

$$\mathrm{\Xi }_\kappa :𝔼𝕄(\kappa )\mathrm{}\xi _U\stackrel{}{}\xi _V\mathrm{}\kappa ,\kappa :UV.$$

That is to say, for any 2-cell $`\theta :\kappa \kappa ^{}:UV`$

$$\mathrm{\Xi }_\kappa ^{}\mathrm{}(𝔼𝕄(\theta )\mathrm{}\xi _U)=(\xi _V\mathrm{}\theta )\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Xi }_\kappa .$$

###### Proof.

For $`\theta =[\vartheta ,\nu ]`$ one has $`𝔼𝕄(\theta )=[\widehat{\nu },\nu ]`$ so one has to check $`\mathrm{𝖽𝗈𝗆}`$ and $`\mathrm{𝖼𝗈𝖽}`$ of

$$[\widehat{\kappa },=]\mathrm{}\left([\widehat{\nu },\nu ]\mathrm{}K_U,=,\right)=\left(K_V,=,𝒩\mathrm{}[\vartheta ,\nu ]\right)\mathrm{}[\widehat{\kappa },=]$$

which are $`\widehat{\kappa }^{}\mathrm{}\widehat{\nu }K_U=K_V\vartheta \mathrm{}\widehat{\kappa }`$ and the identity $`\nu =\nu `$, respectively. The former is the lift of $`\kappa ^{}\mathrm{}\nu U=V\vartheta \mathrm{}\kappa `$ which is but the the defining equation for the pair $`[\vartheta ,\nu ]`$ to be a 2-cell $`\kappa \kappa ^{}`$. ∎

#### 4.5.3. The pseudo adjunction $`𝔼𝕄`$

We want to prove that the 2-functor $``$ is the pseudo left adjoint of $`𝔼𝕄`$ in the following sense.

###### Theorem 4.18.

There exist pseudo natural transformations

$$\zeta :𝔼𝕄\mathrm{𝖡𝗆𝖽},\xi :𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖬𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}𝔼𝕄$$

such that

(97) $`(\zeta )(\xi )`$ $`=`$
(98) $`(𝔼𝕄\zeta )(\xi 𝔼𝕄)`$ $`=𝔼𝕄`$
where $``$ denotes composition of 2-functors and higher cells, i.e., 2-composition, and $``$ denotes componentwise horizontal composition of natural transformations, i.e., 1-composition in the 3-category 2-$`\mathrm{𝖢𝖺𝗍}`$.

###### Proof.

We use the pseudo natural transformations $`\zeta `$ and $`\xi `$ constructed in the Lemmas 4.14, 4.15, 4.16 and 4.17. The effect of the 2-functor $``$ on the 1-cell $`\xi _U`$ is

$$(\xi _U)=K_U,==\left((,T)\stackrel{,\zeta ^{}}{}(,T^{})\right)$$

where $`T=U\overline{U}`$, $`T^{}=U^𝐓\overline{U}^𝐓`$ and $`\zeta ^{}:T^{}T`$ is the unique solution of

$$\alpha ^{}K_U=\alpha \mathrm{}\zeta ^{}U$$

where $`\alpha =U\epsilon _U`$, and $`\alpha ^{}=U^𝐓\epsilon _{U^𝐓}=U^𝐓\epsilon ^𝐓\mathrm{}\zeta _𝐓^1U^𝐓`$. Since

$`\alpha ^{}K_Ua`$ $`=\alpha _{Ua,U\epsilon _Ua}^{}=U\epsilon _Ua\mathrm{}\zeta _𝐓^1Ua`$
$`\alpha ^{}K_U`$ $`=\alpha \mathrm{}\zeta _𝐓^1U,`$
the solution is $`\zeta ^{}=\zeta _𝐓^1`$. Since $`𝐓`$ here means $`(U)`$, we obtain

$$\left((U)\stackrel{(\xi _U)}{}𝔼𝕄(U)\stackrel{\zeta _{(U)}}{}(U)\right)=1_{(U)}$$

which is precisely equation (97). In order to prove the other adjunction relation we look at

$$\xi _{𝔼𝕄(T)}=K_{U^𝐓},=,:(^𝐓,U^𝐓,)(^𝐓^{},U^𝐓^{},)$$

where $`T^{}=U^𝐓\overline{U}^𝐓`$ as before and

$$K_{U^𝐓}:x,\alpha U^𝐓x,\alpha ,U^𝐓\epsilon _{U^𝐓}x,\alpha =x,\alpha \mathrm{}\zeta _x^1.$$

Let us compare this with

$$𝔼𝕄\left((,T^{})\stackrel{\zeta }{}(,T)\right)=\begin{array}{ccc}^𝐓^{}& \stackrel{^\zeta }{}& ^𝐓\\ U^𝐓^{}=& & U^𝐓& & \\ & =& \end{array}$$

where $`^\zeta :x,\alpha x,\alpha \mathrm{}\zeta _x`$, i.e., $`^\zeta =(K_{U^𝐓})^1`$. Therefore the 1-cell $`𝔼𝕄(\zeta _𝐓)`$ is the strict inverse of $`\xi _{𝔼𝕄(T)}`$ for any bimonad $`T`$. This proves

$$\left(𝔼𝕄(T)\stackrel{\xi _{𝔼𝕄(T)}}{}𝔼𝕄𝔼𝕄(T)\stackrel{𝔼𝕄(\zeta _𝐓)}{}𝔼𝕄(T)\right)=1_{𝔼𝕄(T)}$$

for all bimonad $`T`$ which is equation (98). ∎

#### 4.5.4. Universality

The fact that $``$ is a left pseudo adjoint of $`𝔼𝕄`$ has the following local description. For each object $`U`$ in $`𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖬𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}`$ there exist a bimonad $`T=(U)`$ and a 1-cell $`\xi =\xi _U:U𝔼𝕄(T)`$ satisfying the following property:

If $`S`$ is a bimonad and $`\kappa :U𝔼𝕄(S)`$ is a 1-cell then there exists a, up to isomorphism unique, bimonad morphism $`\phi :TS`$ such that

$$𝔼𝕄(\phi )\mathrm{}\xi \kappa .$$

As a matter of fact, let $`\phi :=\zeta _S(\kappa )`$. Then

$`𝔼𝕄(\phi )\mathrm{}\xi `$ $`=𝔼𝕄(\zeta _S)\mathrm{}𝔼𝕄(\kappa )\mathrm{}\xi \stackrel{}{}`$
$`\begin{array}{ccc}& \underset{}{\overset{𝔼𝕄(\zeta _S)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Xi }_\kappa }{}}& 𝔼𝕄(\zeta _S)\mathrm{}\xi _{𝔼𝕄(S)}\mathrm{}\kappa =\kappa .\end{array}`$
If $`\phi ^{}:TS`$ is another monad morphism for which there exists a $`\varphi ^{}:𝔼𝕄(\phi ^{})\mathrm{}\xi \stackrel{}{}\kappa `$ then

$`\phi ^{}`$ $`=\phi ^{}\zeta _{(U)}(\xi )\stackrel{=}{}\zeta _S𝔼𝕄(\phi ^{})(\xi )\stackrel{}{}`$
$`\begin{array}{ccc}& \underset{}{\overset{\zeta _S(\varphi ^{})}{}}& \zeta _S(\kappa )=\phi \end{array}`$
Now assume that $`\xi ^{}:𝔼𝕄(T^{})`$ also satisfies property P. Then we have 1-cells and invertible 2-cells

$`\phi :`$ $`TT^{},\varphi :𝔼𝕄(\phi )\mathrm{}\xi \stackrel{}{}\xi ^{}`$
$`\phi ^{}:`$ $`T^{}T,\varphi ^{}:𝔼𝕄(\phi ^{})\mathrm{}\xi ^{}\stackrel{}{}\xi `$
and it is easy to see that there are invertible 2-cells $`\phi \phi ^{}\stackrel{}{}T^{}`$ and $`\phi ^{}\phi \stackrel{}{}T`$, i.e. $`T`$ and $`T^{}`$ are equivalent. This result, however weak, is in complete agreement with the fact that $``$, as a left pseudo adjoint of $`𝔼𝕄`$, is determined only up to pseudo natural isomorphisms.

On the other hand, the way we defined $``$ allowed only the freedom to choose different adjunction datas for the functors $`U`$, which amounts to $``$ beeing unique up to 2-natural isomorphisms. Also the universality formulated in Theorem 3.6 suggests that we should find a 2-categorical 2-adjunction generalizing it.

Notice that the image of $`𝔼𝕄`$ lies in a special sub-2-category of $`𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖬𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}`$ in which the 1-cells contain identity natural isomorphisms $`\kappa `$. Let us call a 1-cell $`F,\kappa ,G`$ strict if $`\kappa =1_{GU}=1_{VF}`$. The 2-category of all objects of $`𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖬𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}`$ with only strict 1-cells between them and with all 2-cells between strict 1-cells will be denoted by $`\mathrm{𝗌𝗍}\text{-}𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖬𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}`$.

Remember that the counit $`\zeta :𝔼𝕄\mathrm{𝖡𝗆𝖽}`$ is a 2-natural transformation. The unit $`\xi :𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖬𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}𝔼𝕄`$ is only pseudo natural but the 2-cell $`\mathrm{\Xi }_\kappa `$ is such that it is the identity for strict 1-cells. Therefore the restriction of $`\xi `$ to $`\mathrm{𝗌𝗍}\text{-}𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖬𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}`$ is also 2-natural. Denoting by $`𝔼𝕄_{st}`$ and $`^{st}`$ the corresponding restricted 2-functors we obtain an ordinary 2-adjunction

(99)
$$^{st}𝔼𝕄_{st},$$

i.e., one in which the unit and counit are 2-natural transformations. Such left adjoints $`^{st}`$ are already unique up to 2-natural isomorphisms. This is reflected by the following property of the monad $`(U)`$ of a left adjointable monoidal functor.

###### Theorem 4.19.

For each object $`U`$ of $`𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖬𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}`$ there exists a bimonad $`T`$ and a strict 1-cell $`\xi :U𝔼𝕄(T)`$ with the following property:

> U: If $`S`$ is a bimonad and $`\iota :U𝔼𝕄(S)`$ is a strict 1-cell then there exists a unique monad morphism $`\phi :TS`$ such that
>
> $$𝔼𝕄(\phi )\mathrm{}\xi =\iota .$$

If another bimonad $`T^{}`$ and another strict 1-cell $`\xi ^{}:U𝔼𝕄(T^{})`$ has property U then there is a bimonad isomorphism $`\psi :T\stackrel{}{}T^{}`$ such that $`𝔼𝕄(\psi )\mathrm{}\xi =\xi ^{}`$.

## 5. Bialgebroids

### 5.1. From bialgebroids to bimonads

Let $`k`$ be a commutative ring, $`R`$ a (possibly non-commutative) $`k`$-algebra. A Takeuchi $`\times _R`$ bialgebra or a left bialgebroid over $`R`$ in the sense of  consists of

* a $`k`$-algebra $`A`$ with a $`k`$-algebra map $`s_kt:R_kR^{\mathrm{op}}A`$ making $`A`$ into an $`R`$-$`R`$ bimodule via $`rar^{}:=s(r)t(r^{})a`$ and
* a comonoid structure $`A,\mathrm{\Delta },\epsilon `$ on $`A`$ in $`{}_{R}{}^{}_{R}^{}`$

such that

the image of the comultiplication $`\mathrm{\Delta }(A)A_RA`$ belongs to the subbimodule

$$A\times _RA=\{XA_RA|X(1s(r))=X(t(r)1)X,rR\}$$

which has the obvious algebra structure therefore it is meaningful to require that

$`\mathrm{\Delta }:AA\times _RA`$ be a $`k`$-algebra map, moreover

the counit $`\epsilon `$ preserves the unit, $`\epsilon (1_A)=1_R`$

and satisfies

$$\epsilon (at(\epsilon (b)))=\epsilon (ab)=\epsilon (as(\epsilon (b)))$$

for all $`a,bA`$.

Right bialgebroids are defined analogously but using right multiplications with $`s(r)`$, $`t(r)`$ in the definition of the $`R`$-$`R`$-bimodule structure of $`A`$, so the meaning of $`A\times _RA`$ also changes. What is important that in order for the category $`{}_{A}{}^{}`$ of left $`A`$ modules to have a monoidal structure one needs a left bialgebroid $`A`$ while a right bialgebroid makes $`_A`$ to be monoidal.

Every left $`A`$ module $`{}_{A}{}^{}V`$ inherits an $`R`$-$`R`$ bimodule structure via the algebra map $`s_kt`$, i.e., if we denote the action of $`aA`$ on an element $`vV`$ by $`av`$ then $`rvr^{}:=s(r)t(r^{})v`$, $`r,r^{}R`$. This defines the forgetful functor $`U:_A_R_R`$.

The comultiplication $`\mathrm{\Delta }:aa_{(1)}a_{(2)}`$ allows to define a monoidal product on $`{}_{A}{}^{}`$ such that $`U`$ becomes strictly monoidal. The monoidal product $`X\mathrm{}Y`$ of the $`A`$-modules $`X`$ and $`Y`$ is the $`R`$-$`R`$-bimodule $`X_RY`$ equipped with $`A`$-action $`a(xy)=(a_{(1)}x)(a_{(2)}y)`$ which is well defined due to axiom (BGD 1.a) above.

In the sequel we shall identify $`R`$-$`R`$-bimodules $`X`$ with left $`R^e`$-modules via $`(rr^{})a:=rar^{}`$, where $`R^e:=RR^{\mathrm{op}}`$. The left regular $`A`$-module $`A=_AA`$ is not only a left $`R^e`$-module but a right $`R^e`$-module, as well. This allows to define a functor $`T:=A_{R^e}:_R_R_R_R`$.

###### Theorem 5.1.

Let $`A`$ be a left bialgebroid over $`R`$. Then the endofunctor $`T=A_{R^e}`$ defines a bimonad on $`{}_{R}{}^{}_{R}^{}`$ with structure maps

(100) $`\mu _X:`$ $`A_{R^e}(A_{R^e}X)A_{R^e}X,a(bx)abx`$
(101) $`\eta _X:`$ $`XA_{R^e}X,x1_Ax`$
$`\gamma _{X,Y}:`$ $`A_{R^e}(X_RY)(A_{R^e}X)_R(A_{R^e}Y),`$
(102) $`a(xy)(a_{(1)}x)(a_{(2)}y)`$
(103) $`\pi :`$ $`A_{R^e}RR,ar\epsilon (as(r)).`$
###### Proof.

Since the bimodule structure of $`A`$ comes from $`R^e`$ being a subalgebra in $`A`$, the monoid structure $`AAA`$ in $`{}_{k}{}^{}`$ determines, via the coequalizer $`A_kAA_{R^e}A`$, a monoid structure $`A_{R^e}AA`$ in $`{}_{R^e}{}^{}_{R^e}^{}`$. This latter monoid structure makes $`T`$ into a monad on $`{}_{R^e}{}^{}`$ with structure maps given in elementwise notation in (100-101). Thus $`\mu `$ and $`\eta `$ satisfies the bimonad axioms (BMD 5) and (BMD 6), i.e., $`T,\mu ,\eta `$ is a monad.

The comultiplication $`\mathrm{\Delta }:AA\times _RA`$ defines the comonoidality natural transformation $`\gamma `$ by formula (102). It is well defined due to axiom (BGD 1.a) and it satisfies the hexagon of (BMD 1) due to coassociativity of $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$. The other component $`\pi `$ of the comonoidality structure of $`T`$ given in (103) is well defined due to that axiom (BGD 2.b) implies $`\epsilon (as(r))=\epsilon (at(r))`$ for $`aA`$, $`rR`$. It is a counit for $`\gamma `$ in the sense of the bimonad axiom (BMD 2) because $`\epsilon `$ is the counit for $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$. Thus $`T,\gamma ,\pi `$ is a comonoidal functor.

The compatibility condition of $`\mu `$ with $`\gamma `$ follows from the bialgebroid axiom (BGD 1.b) while the compatibility of $`\mu `$ with $`\pi `$ follows from the counit axiom (BGD 2.b). This proves (BMD 3). Compatibility of $`\eta `$ with $`\gamma `$ is unitality of $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ hence follows from (BGD 1.b) while compatibility of $`\eta `$ with $`\pi `$ is the section property $`\epsilon \mathrm{}s=\text{id}_R`$. This proves (BMD 4). ∎

###### Remark 5.2.

In this Section we speak about bialgebroids in the category $`{}_{k}{}^{}`$ of $`k`$-modules including as special cases the category $`\mathrm{𝖠𝖻}`$ of Abelian groups or the category $`\mathrm{𝖵𝖾𝖼}K`$ of vector spaces over a field $`K`$. However, the category $`{}_{k}{}^{}`$ can be replaced with any symmetric monoidal closed category $`,,i`$ which has coequalizers. The symmetric monoidal structure is required to be able to speak about the monoids $`R`$, $`R^{\mathrm{op}}`$ and $`R^e`$ while the coequalizers are needed to define tensor products over such monoids. The tensor product $`_R`$ becomes a monoidal product on $`{}_{R}{}^{}_{R}^{}`$ if $``$ preserves coequalizers. This latter property is guarantied if $``$ is closed. The definition of bialgebroids as well as the above theorem holds also in this more general setting and should cover non-additive examples.

###### Example 5.3.

The trivial left bialgebroid over $`R`$ is the bialgebroid $`E=R_kR^{\mathrm{op}}`$ with comultiplication and counit given respectively by

(104) $`\mathrm{\Delta }_E`$ $`:EE_RE,r_kr^{}(r_k1_R)_R(1_R_kr^{})`$
(105) $`\epsilon _E`$ $`:ER,r_kr^{}rr^{}`$
and with source and target maps $`s_E(r)=r_k1_R`$, $`t_E(r)=1_R_kr`$.

If $`T`$ is the bimonad on $`{}_{R}{}^{}_{R}^{}`$ associated to a bialgebroid $`A`$ over $`R`$ then the category of $`T`$-algebras $`{}_{R}{}^{}_{R}^{𝐓}`$ is monoidally isomorphic to the category of left $`A`$-modules $`{}_{A}{}^{}`$.

### 5.2. Characterizing bimonads of bialgebroids

The bimonad constructed in Theorem 5.1 is special among the bimonads in that $`T`$ is $`k`$-linear and has a right adjoint. As a matter of fact, the functor $`\mathrm{Hom}(_{R^e}A,)`$ maps an $`R`$-$`R`$-bimodule $`X`$ into the $`k`$-module $`\mathrm{Hom}(A,X)`$ of $`k`$-linear maps $`f:AX`$ satisfying $`f(s(r)t(r^{})a)=rf(a)r^{}`$ and equipped with $`R`$-$`R`$-bimodule structure $`rfr^{}=f(s(r)t(r^{}))`$. This functor is the right adjoint of $`T=A_{R^e}`$ with counit and unit

(106) $`A_{R^e}\mathrm{Hom}(A,X)X,aff(a)`$
(107) $`X\mathrm{Hom}(A,A_{R^e}X),x\{aax\}.`$
From now on we never mention $`k`$-linearity although every functor on $`k`$-linear categories will be assumed $`k`$-linear. This means for example that bimonads on $`k`$-linear categories will be assumed to have $`k`$-linear underlying functors. Let $`\mathrm{𝖡𝗆𝖽}_k`$ be the 2-category of such bimonads.

In this Subsection we will show that the single property of having a right adjoint already characterizes the bialgebroids within the bimonads of $`\mathrm{𝖡𝗆𝖽}_k`$. The summary is this.

###### Theorem 5.4.

Let $`R`$ be a monoid in $`{}_{k}{}^{}`$ and $`T,\gamma ,\pi ,\mu ,\eta `$ be a bimonad on $`{}_{R}{}^{}_{R}^{}`$. Then $`T`$ is isomorphic to the bimonad of a bialgebroid over $`R`$ if and only if it has a right adjoint.

Only sufficiency requires a proof. Nevertheless we will give a detailed proof divided into a series of Lemmas that contain both necessary and sufficient conditions.

###### Lemma 5.5.

Let $`E`$ be a $`k`$-algebra and $`T:_E_E`$ be an endofunctor on the category of left $`E`$-modules. Then there exists an $`E`$-$`E`$-bimodule $`M`$ such that $`TM_E`$ if and only if $`T`$ has a right adjoint.

###### Proof.

Necessity: $`M_E`$ has a right adjoint $`\mathrm{hom}(M,):=\mathrm{Hom}_E(_EM,)`$ inheriting its left $`E`$ module structure from the right $`E`$-action on $`M`$. The adjunction relation

(108) $`\mathrm{Hom}_E(X,\mathrm{hom}(M,Y))`$ $`\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{Hom}_E(M_EX,Y)`$
$`f`$ $`\{mxf(x)(m)\}`$
for left $`E`$-modules $`X`$ and $`Y`$ is a standard hom-tensor relation.

Sufficiency: Let $`H`$ be a right adjoint to $`T`$. Then, $`M:=T(_EE)`$ being an $`E`$-$`E`$-bimodule via $`E^{\mathrm{op}}\text{End}(_EE)`$ as well as $`E`$, we have

$`\mathrm{Hom}_E(TX,Y)`$ $`\mathrm{Hom}_E(X,HY)\mathrm{Hom}_E(E_EX,HY)`$
$`\mathrm{Hom}_E(X,\mathrm{hom}(E,HY))`$
$`\mathrm{Hom}_E(X,\mathrm{hom}(TE,Y))`$
$`\mathrm{Hom}_E(TE_EX,Y)`$
implying $`TXTE_EX`$. ∎

###### Lemma 5.6.

Let $`E`$ be as before and $`T,\mu ,\eta `$ be a monad on $`{}_{E}{}^{}`$. Then there exists a monoid $`A`$ in $`{}_{E}{}^{}_{E}^{}`$ and a monad isomorphism $`A_ET`$ if and only if $`T`$ has a right adjoint.

###### Proof.

Necessity: This is the same as the necessity part of the previous Lemma.

Sufficiency: By the previous Lemma there is a bimodule $`A`$ and an isomorphism $`\nu :T\stackrel{}{}T^{}:=A_E`$ of functors. The natural transformations $`\mu `$ and $`\eta `$ can be passed to $`T^{}`$ via $`\nu `$ to get a monoid $`T^{},\mu ^{},\nu ^{}`$. Since the powers of $`T^{}`$ have hom-functors as right adjoints and the natural transformations between them – by the Yoneda Lemma – arise from bimodule maps between the tensor powers of $`A`$, it is easy to see that the monad structure on $`T^{}`$ is that of arising from a monoid structure on $`A`$. ∎

The next Lemma provides an important class of examples of lax monoidal functors.

###### Lemma 5.7.

Let $`,,i`$ be a monoidal category with coequalizers and assume that $`x`$ and $`x`$ preserve coequalizers for all objects $`x`$ of $``$. Then for any monoid $`R,\nu ,\iota `$ in $``$ the $`R`$-$`R`$-bimodules $`X=x,\lambda _X:Rxx,\rho _X:xRx`$ in $``$ form a monoidal category $`{}_{R}{}^{}_{R}^{}`$ with monoidal product $`_R`$ arising from a choice of coequalizers $`x(Ry)xyx_Ry`$ for each pair of objects. The forgetful functor $`\mathrm{\Phi }:_R_R`$ mapping $`x,\lambda _X,\rho _X`$ to $`x`$ is lax monoidal with

(109)
$$\mathrm{\Phi }_{X,Y}:\mathrm{\Phi }X\mathrm{\Phi }Y\mathrm{\Phi }(X_RY)$$

being the chosen coequalizer and

(110)
$$\mathrm{\Phi }_0:i\mathrm{\Phi }R$$

being just the unit $`\iota `$ of the monoid $`R`$.

###### Proof.

The proof is standard and therefore omitted. In case of $`=_k`$ (for which the notation $`{}_{k}{}^{}\mathrm{𝖠𝖻}`$ would be more logical) and $`R`$ a $`k`$-algebra the statement is definitely common lore. ∎

Combining the results of the last two Lemma with the fact that a lax monoidal functor $`\mathrm{\Phi }:`$ maps monoids $`A,\mu ,\eta `$ in $``$ into monoids

$$\mathrm{\Phi }A,\mathrm{\Phi }(\mu )\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{A,A},\mathrm{\Phi }(\eta )\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Phi }_0$$

in $``$, we immediately obtain

###### Corollary 5.8.

Let $`E`$ be a $`k`$-algebra and $`T,\mu ,\eta `$ be a monad on $`{}_{E}{}^{}`$. Then there exists a $`k`$-algebra extension $`EA`$ and a monad isomorphism $`A_E\stackrel{}{}T`$ if and only if $`T`$ has a right adjoint.

Now we investigate the coalgebra properties of the $`k`$-algebra $`A`$.

###### Lemma 5.9.

Let $`R`$ be a $`k`$-algebra, $`E=R_kR^{\mathrm{op}}`$ be its enveloping algebra and let $`T,T^2,T^0`$ be a lax comonoidal endofunctor on the monoidal category $`{}_{E}{}^{}`$. Then there exists

* an $`E`$-$`E`$-bimodule $`A`$,
* a comonoid $`A,\mathrm{\Delta },\epsilon `$ in $`{}_{E}{}^{}`$ in which the $`R`$-$`R`$-bimodule structure of $`A`$ comes from $`{}_{E}{}^{}A`$,
* and a comonoidal natural isomorphism $`A_E\stackrel{}{}T`$

if and only if $`T`$ has a right adjoint.

###### Proof.

Necessity: This holds by Lemma 5.5 even without comonoid structure.

Sufficiency: If $`T`$ has a right adjoint then Lemma 5.5 ensures the existence of a bimodule $`A`$ in $`{}_{E}{}^{}_{E}^{}`$ and a natural isomorphism $`A_E\stackrel{}{}T`$. Using this isomorphism we can put a comonoidal structure on $`A_E`$ making the isomorphism into a comonoidal natural isomorphism. Let

$`\gamma _{X,Y}`$ $`:A_E(X_RY)(A_EX)_R(A_EY)`$
$`\pi `$ $`:A_ERR`$
be the lax comonoidal structure we obtained that way. Since $`E`$ is a generator for $`{}_{E}{}^{}`$ and $`\gamma `$ is natural, the components $`\gamma _{X,Y}`$ are completely determined by $`\gamma _{E,E}`$. As a matter of fact, for $`xX`$ let $`f_x:EX`$ be defined by $`f(rr^{}):=rxr^{}`$. Similarly, let $`g_y`$ be the analogue for $`Y`$. Then for all $`xX`$, $`yY`$ and $`aA`$

$$\gamma _{X,Y}(a_E(x_Ry))=[(A_Ef_x)_R(A_Eg_y)]\mathrm{}\gamma _{E,E}(a_E(1_E_R1_E))$$

or, introducing

(111) $`\mathrm{\Delta }(a)`$ $`:=(\rho _A^1_R\rho _A^1)\mathrm{}\gamma _{E,E}(a_E(1_E_R1_E))`$
(112) $`=a_{(1)}_Ra_{(2)}A_RA`$
where $`\rho _A:A_EE\stackrel{}{}A`$ denotes the obvious isomorphism, we obtain formula (102). Inserting this expression of $`\gamma `$ into the diagrams (20) and take the special case $`x=E`$ one obtains

$$\pi (a_{(1)}_E1_R)a_{(2)}=a=a_{(1)}\pi (a_{(2)}_E1_R),aA.$$

Therefore $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is counital with counit

(113)
$$\epsilon (a):=\pi (a_E1_R)$$

and it is left for an exercise to show that (19) implies that $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is coassociative. ∎

###### Remark 5.10.

The comultiplication and counit of $`A`$ can be expressed in terms of the coring structure of $`E`$ of Example 5.3 and in terms of the comonoidal structure (102-103) of $`T=A_E`$ as follows. The comultiplication $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is the composite

(114)
$$\begin{array}{ccccccc}A& \underset{}{\overset{\rho _A^1}{}}& A_EE& \stackrel{T\mathrm{\Delta }_E}{}& A_E(E_RE)& \stackrel{\gamma _{E,E}}{}& (A_EE)_R(A_EE)\\ & & & & & & \rho _A_R\rho _A& & \\ & & & & & & A_RA\end{array}$$

while the counit is the composite

(115)
$$\begin{array}{ccccccc}A& \underset{}{\overset{\rho _A^1}{}}& A_EE& \stackrel{T\epsilon _E}{}& A_ER& \stackrel{\pi }{}& R\end{array}$$

in the category of $`R`$-$`R`$-bimodules.

It is interesting that the Takesaki $`\times _R`$ product appears naturally already in the bimodule context, i.e., without the algebra structures, as the next Lemma shows.

###### Lemma 5.11.

Let $`R`$ and $`E`$ be as in Lemma 5.9 and let $`A,\mathrm{\Delta },\epsilon `$ be a comonoid in $`{}_{R}{}^{}_{R}^{}_E`$ for some $`E`$-$`E`$ bimodule $`A`$ such that the endofunctor $`A_E`$ on $`{}_{E}{}^{}`$ is lax comonoidal. Then $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and $`\epsilon `$ satisfy

(116) $`𝐚_{(1)}t_E(r)_Ra_{(2)}`$ $`=a_{(1)}_Ra_{(2)}s_E(r)`$
(117) $`\epsilon (at_E(r))`$ $`=\epsilon (as_E(r))`$
for all $`aA`$, $`rR`$.

###### Proof.

The proof uses essentially that $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and $`\epsilon `$ can be expressed in terms of $`\gamma _{E,E}`$ and $`\pi `$, see Remark 5.10. First of all, the right action $`e:=\rho _A(_Ee)`$ of an element of $`E`$ on $`A`$ commutes with the left $`E`$ action therefore it is an $`R`$-$`R`$ bimodule map. For a fixed $`aA`$ choose a finite set of $`a_{ij},b_{ik}A`$ and $`e_j,f_kE`$ such that

$$\gamma _{E,E}(a_E(1_E_R1_E))=(a_{ij}_Ee_j)_R(b_{ik}_Ef_k)$$

with summations understood. Then applying naturality of $`\gamma _{E,E}`$ twice for any $`rR`$ we can write

$`(a_{ij}_Ee_jt_E(r))_R(b_{ik}_Ef_k)=\gamma _{E,E}(a_E(t_E(r)_R1_E))`$
$`\gamma _{E,E}(a_E(1_E_Rs_E(r)))=(a_{ij}_Ee_j)_R(b_{ik}_Ef_ks_E(r))`$
implying that $`\mathrm{\Delta }(a)=a_{ij}e_j_Rb_{ik}f_k`$ satisfies (116). In order to get (117) use

$`\pi (at_E(r)_E1_R)`$ $`=\pi (a_Et_E(r)1_r)=\pi (a_Er)=\pi (a_Es_E(r)1_R)`$
$`=\pi (as_E(r)_E1_R).`$
Now we can finish the proof of Theorem 5.4 as follows.

###### Proof.

That the bimonad of a bialgebroid has a right adjoint was shown at the beginning of this subsection. Assume $`T`$ is a bimonad on $`{}_{R}{}^{}_{R}^{}`$ with a right adjoint. Then by Corollary 5.8 there is an algebra extension $`A`$ of $`R^e`$ and a monad isomorphism $`\nu :T\stackrel{}{}A_E`$. Use this $`\nu `$ to pass the bimonad structure of $`T`$ to the functor $`A_E`$. Then $`\nu `$ becomes a bimonad isomorphism. Now $`A_E`$ has a right adjoint therefore by Lemma 5.9 there is a comonoidal natural isomorphism $`\chi :A_E\stackrel{}{}B_E`$ for some $`R`$-coring and $`E`$-$`E`$ bimodule $`B`$. This latter isomorphism determines an $`E`$-$`E`$ bimodule isomorphism $`A\stackrel{}{}B`$ which can be used to make $`A`$ into a comonoid in $`{}_{E}{}^{}`$. Now the bimonad $`A_E`$ has structure maps as in (100-103) in which $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and $`\epsilon `$ give rise to an $`R`$-coring structure on $`A`$ and satisfy

(118) $`\mathrm{\Delta }(a)(t(r)1_A)`$ $`=\mathrm{\Delta }(a)(1_A_Rs(r))`$
(119) $`\epsilon (as(r))`$ $`=\epsilon (at(r))`$
by Lemma 5.11. It remains to use the bimonad axioms (BMD 3) and (BMD 4). Inserting (102) into the first diagrams of (21) and (22), after a little calculation one obtains that $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ has to be multiplicative and unit preserving, respectively. Substituting (103) into the remaining diagrams of (21) and (22) one immediately arrives to the two bialgebroid axiom (BGD 2.a) and (BGD 2.b). This proves that $`A`$ is a left bialgebroid over $`R`$ and that its bimonad is isomorphic to $`T`$ via a comonoidal natural isomorphism. ∎

### 5.3. Tannaka reconstruction for bialgebroids

By characterizing bialgebroids as the bimonads with right adjoints (on bimodule categories) a natural definition arises for what to be the bialgebroid morphisms and transformations.

###### Definition 5.12.

Let $`\mathrm{𝖡𝗀𝖽}_k`$ denote the 1-full and 2-full sub-2-category of $`\mathrm{𝖡𝗆𝖽}_k`$ the objects of which are the $`k`$-linear bimonads $`T:𝒯𝒯`$ with right adjoint where $`𝒯`$ is isomorphic to $`{}_{R}{}^{}_{R}^{}`$ for some $`k`$-algebra $`R`$. The objects of the form $`A_{R^e}`$ for some bialgebroid $`A`$ over $`R`$ are called proper bialgebroids.

Note that we could define $`\mathrm{𝖡𝗀𝖽}_k`$ to be 2-replete and not only 1-replete by allowing for objects all bimonads that are equivalent to proper bialgebroid bimonads. Still the above definition works well with the Eilenberg-Moore construction.

###### Proposition 5.13.

Let $`T:𝒯𝒯`$ be an object in $`\mathrm{𝖡𝗀𝖽}_k`$. Then $`𝔼𝕄(T)=U^𝐓:`$ $`𝒯^𝐓𝒯`$ is a monoidal functor with both left and right adjoints.

###### Proof.

Strict monoidality of $`U^𝐓`$ and existence of left adjoint follows from Propositions 3.3 and 3.4. Existence of right adjoint follows from \[15, Corollary V.8.3\]. ∎

The converse of the above proposition, namely that a monoidal functor $`U:𝒞𝒯`$ with both left and right adjoints determines a bimonad $`𝐓=(U)`$ with right adjoint is obvious since the underlying functor is now a product of two functors $`T=UF`$ with both $`U`$ and $`F`$ having a right adjoint. Therefore appropriate restrictions of the 2-functors $`𝔼𝕄`$ and $``$, denoted by the same letters, provide an adjunction and a Tannakian theory for bialgebroids.

In the following definition $`𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖬𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}_k`$ denotes the $`k`$-linear version of $`𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖬𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}`$ of Section 4 with only strict 1-cells.

###### Definition 5.14.

Let $`𝖠\text{-}\mathrm{𝖬𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}_k`$ be the 1-full and 2-full sub-2-category of $`𝖫\text{-}\mathrm{𝖬𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}_k`$ the objects of which are the monoidal functors $`U:𝒞𝒯`$ with both left and right adjoints and with target category $`𝒯`$ that is isomorphic to some bimodule category over $`{}_{k}{}^{}`$.

It follows that the restrictions of $``$ and $`𝔼𝕄`$ to 2-functors $`𝖠\text{-}\mathrm{𝖬𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}_k\mathrm{𝖡𝗀𝖽}_k`$ and $`\mathrm{𝖡𝗀𝖽}_k𝖠\text{-}\mathrm{𝖬𝖥𝗎𝗇𝖼}_k`$, respectively, constitute a 2-adjunction $`𝔼𝕄`$.

The following corollary is a direct consequence of Theorem 4.19 and of the above definitions.

###### Corollary 5.15.

Let $`R`$ be a $`k`$-algebra and $`U:𝒞_R_R`$ be a $`k`$-linear monoidal functor with left and right adjoints. Then there is a bialgebroid $`A`$ over $`R`$ and a monoidal functor $`K:𝒞_A`$ such that

1. $`U`$ factorizes as $`U=U_AK`$ through the strict monoidal forgetful functor $`U_A`$ of the bialgebroid,
2. if $`B`$ is another bialgebroid over some $`k`$-algebra $`S`$ such that there exist monoidal functors $`F:𝒞_B`$ and $`G:_R_R_S_S`$ satisfying $`GU=U_BF`$ then there exists a unique bialgebroid morphism $`G,\phi :AB`$, i.e., a unique ambimonoidal natural transformation

$$\phi :B_{S^e}G()G(A_{R^e})$$

such that $`G^\phi K=F`$.

The bialgebroid $`A`$ with the above properties is unique up to isomorphisms.

The following representation theorem for bialgebroids, in turn, is a consequence of Theorem 3.7.

###### Corollary 5.16.

Let $`𝒞`$ be a $`k`$-linear monoidal category and $`R`$ be a $`k`$ algebra. Then for a $`k`$-linear functor $`U:𝒞_R_R`$ the following conditions are equivalent:

1. There exists a bialgebroid $`A`$ over $`R`$ and a $`k`$-linear monoidal category equivalence $`K:𝒞_A`$ such that $`U_AK=U`$.
2. $`U`$ is monadic, monoidal and has a right adjoint.

### 5.4. Bialgebroid maps

According to Definition 5.12 the morphisms $`G,\phi `$ from a bialgebroid $`A`$ over $`R`$ to another $`B`$ over $`S`$ consists of a lax monoidal functor $`G:_R_R_S_S`$ and of an ambimonoidal natural transformation $`\phi :B_{S^e}G()G(A_{R^e})`$ satisfying the two diagrams (61). These conditions are rather complicated for a general functor $`G`$ so we can only give some special examples. The simplest are the bialgebroid maps.

Assume that $`G`$ arises from a $`k`$ algebra homomorphism $`\omega :SR`$, i.e., $`G`$ is a lax monoidal forgetful functor

(120)
$$G=\mathrm{\Phi }^\omega :_R_R_S_S,_RX_R_{\omega (S)}X_{\omega (S)}$$

similar to the $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ of Lemma 5.7. In this case the natural transformation

$$\phi _X:B_{S^e}\mathrm{\Phi }^\omega (X)\mathrm{\Phi }^\omega (A_{R^e}X)$$

is completely determined by

$$\phi _{R^e}:B_{S^e}XA_{R^e}X$$

since $`R^e`$ is a generator. Naturality of $`\phi _{R^e}`$ alone in turn gives

$$\phi _{R^e}(b_{S^e}(rr^{}))=\phi (b)_{R^e}(rr^{})$$

where the $`S`$-$`S`$-bimodule map $`\phi :B\mathrm{\Phi }^\omega (A)`$ is the composite

(121)
$$\begin{array}{ccccc}B\stackrel{}{}B_{S^e}S^e& \stackrel{B_{S^e}(\omega \omega ^{})}{}& B_{S^e}R^e& \stackrel{\phi _{R^e}}{}& \mathrm{\Phi }^\omega (A)_{R^e}R^e\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{\Phi }^\omega (A)\end{array}$$

where note that in $`\mathrm{\Phi }^\omega (A)`$ only the left $`R^e`$ action is forgotten, the right one is intact. Inserting the expression $`\phi _X(bx)=\phi (b)x`$ into the monad morphism axioms (61) we obtain that $`\phi :BA`$ is an algebra map. Since it is also an $`S`$-$`S`$ bimodule map by its definition (121), we obtain the identities

(122) $`\phi \mathrm{}s_B`$ $`=s_A\mathrm{}\omega `$
(123) $`\phi \mathrm{}t_B`$ $`=t_A\mathrm{}\omega `$
Now inserting to the ambimonoidality axioms of Definition 4.7 we obtain that $`\phi :BA`$ preserves the coalgebra structure in the sense of the equations

(124) $`\mathrm{\Phi }^\omega (\mathrm{\Delta }_A)\mathrm{}\phi `$ $`=\mathrm{\Phi }_{A,A}^\omega \mathrm{}(\phi _S\phi )\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_B`$
(125) $`\mathrm{\Phi }^\omega (\epsilon _A)\mathrm{}\phi `$ $`=\mathrm{\Phi }_0^\omega \mathrm{}\epsilon _B`$
or in Hopf algebraist notation

(126) $`\phi (b)_{(1)}_R\phi (b)_{(2)}`$ $`=\phi (b_{(1)})_R\phi (b_{(2)})`$
(127) $`\epsilon _A(\phi (b))`$ $`=\omega (\epsilon _B(b))`$
for all $`bB`$. The equations (122-123\- 124-125) define what is called a bialgebroid map in . A bialgebroid map is completely determined by $`\phi :BA`$ since $`\omega =\epsilon _A\mathrm{}\phi \mathrm{}s_B`$.

### 5.5. Bimodule induced bialgebroid morphisms

Another class of bialgebroid morphisms are obtained if we take the functor $`G:_R_R_S_S`$ to be $`GX=G_{R^e}X`$ for some $`S^e`$-$`R^e`$-bimodule $`G`$. The natural transformation $`\phi :B_{S^e}G()G(A_{R^e})`$ then becomes expressed in terms of a bimodule map

(128)
$$\phi :B_{S^e}GG_{R^e}A_{S^e}_{R^e}$$

as $`\phi _X(bgx)=\phi (bg)x`$. If we insert this expression into the two monad morphism diagram (61) and into the two ambimonoidality diagram (69-70) we obtain four relations between $`G`$ and $`\phi `$ that are reminiscent of the entwining structure of Brzeziński and Majid , although not the same.

At first notice that lax monoidality of the functor $`G,G_2,G_0`$ imposes a monoid structure on the bimodule $`G`$ in the category of $`S`$-$`S`$-bimodules but also satisfies dual analogues of the bialgebroid comultiplication property (BGD 1.b) from the right hand side due to naturality of $`G_2`$. The monad morphism axioms imply the following two conditions

(129) $`\phi \mathrm{}(\mu ^B_{S^e}G)`$ $`=(G_{R^e}\mu ^A)\mathrm{}(\phi _{R^e}A)\mathrm{}(B_{S^e}\phi )`$
(130) $`\phi \mathrm{}(\eta ^B_{S^e}G)`$ $`=G_{R^e}\eta ^A`$
where we use $`A,\mu ^A,\eta ^A`$ to denote the algebra structure of $`A`$ in $`{}_{R^e}{}^{}_{R^e}^{}`$ and similarly for $`B`$. The ambimonoidality conditions, however, are not so easy to formulate only in terms of the coproducts $`\mathrm{\Delta }_A`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_B`$ and not the natural transformations they define via (102). So let us specialize ourselves to $`R=S=k`$ and and assume that on each bimodule $`G`$, $`A`$, and $`B`$ all the $`k`$-actions coincide. So we have $`k`$-bialgebras $`A`$ and $`B`$, a $`k`$-algebra $`G`$ and a $`k`$-linear map $`\phi :BGGA`$. Then we can use the notation

(131)
$$\phi (bg)=g_\phi b^\phi GA$$

and write all the four conditions in a simple way

(132) $`g_\phi (bb^{})^\phi `$ $`=g_{\phi ^{}\phi }b^\phi b^\phi ^{}`$
(133) $`g_\phi (1_B)^\phi `$ $`=g1_A`$
(134) $`g_\phi g_\phi ^{}^{}b_{(1)}^\phi b_{(2)}^\phi ^{}`$ $`=(gg^{})_\phi (b^\phi )_{(1)}(b^\phi )_{(2)}`$
(135) $`(1_G)_\phi \epsilon _A(b^\phi )`$ $`=1_G\epsilon _B(b)`$
Returning to the case of general $`R`$ and $`S`$ the bialgebroid morphism $`G_{R^e},\phi `$ described above is in fact the most general possible if we require it to be an equivalence of the objects $`A`$ and $`B`$ in $`k`$-$`\mathrm{𝖡𝗀𝖽}`$. This follows from Morita theory since $`{}_{R}{}^{}_{R}^{}\underset{S}{\overset{G}{}}_S`$ should be an equivalence and using the isomorphisms $`{}_{R^e}{}^{}_R_R`$ and $`{}_{S^e}{}^{}_S_S`$ the $`G`$ has to be naturally isomorphic to a functor $`G_{R^e}`$ with a Morita equivalence bimodule $`{}_{S^e}{}^{}G_{R^e}^{}`$. That is to say, the rings $`R`$ and $`S`$ are $`\sqrt{\text{Morita}}`$-equivalent . Ordinary Morita equivalence $`RS`$ arises under the further assumption that $`{}_{S^e}{}^{}G_{R^e}^{}`$ is the $`k`$-tensor product of equivalence bimodules $`{}_{R}{}^{}H_{S}^{}`$ and $`{}_{S}{}^{}H_{R}^{}`$. This latter situation is the Morita base change proposed by Schauenburg  while the former was named as $`\sqrt{\text{Morita}}`$ base change.

### 5.6. An exotic example: Hom

For the tired Reader’s sake let stand here an example of a bimonad that is not a bialgebroid. It shows that every set is a bimonad in a canonical way.

Let $`\mathrm{𝖲𝖾𝗍}`$ be the category of small sets equipped with the Cartesian closed monoidal structure $`\mathrm{𝖲𝖾𝗍},\times ,1`$ with some one element set $`1=\{\}`$. Every object $`C`$ in $`\mathrm{𝖲𝖾𝗍}`$ is a comonoid in a unique way, namely by the diagonal mapping $`\mathrm{\Delta }_C:xx,x`$ and by the constant mapping $`\epsilon _C:C1`$. This comonoid structure makes the endofunctor $`T:=\mathrm{Hom}(C,)`$ into a monad with multiplication and unit

(136) $`\mu _A`$ $`:T^2ATA,\mu _A(f)(c)=f(c)(c)`$
(137) $`\eta _A`$ $`:ATA,\eta _A(a)(c)=a`$
respectively. Moreover, $`T`$ is comonoidal with

(138) $`\gamma _{A,B}`$ $`:T(A\times B)\stackrel{}{}T(A)\times T(B),fp_1\mathrm{}f,p_2\mathrm{}f`$
(139) $`\pi `$ $`:T(1)\stackrel{}{}1,f`$
where $`p_i`$ are the projections of the product $`A\times B`$. Now it is an easy exercise to check that both $`\mu `$ and $`\eta `$ are comonoidal natural transformations, so $`T,\gamma ,\pi ,\mu ,\eta `$ is a bimonad.

A $`T`$-algebra for this bimonad is a set $`A`$ and a function $`\alpha :\mathrm{Hom}(C,A)A`$ such that the two diagrams of (30) commute. For a finite set $`C`$ with $`n`$ elements such a function $`\alpha `$ can be identified with an $`n`$ variable function on $`A`$ with values in $`A`$. Then the $`T`$-algebra conditions become the following equations for $`\alpha `$.

(140) $`\alpha (\alpha (a_{11},\mathrm{},a_{1n}),\mathrm{},\alpha (a_{n1},\mathrm{},a_{nn}))=\alpha (a_{11},\mathrm{},a_{nn})`$
(141) $`\alpha (a,\mathrm{},a)=a`$
for all $`a_{ij}A`$ and $`aA`$. There are solutions that are evaluations at an element of $`C`$, let’s say, $`\alpha (a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)=a_i`$. But there are solutions that are not evaluations, the free $`T`$-algebras for example. A free $`T`$-algebra $`\mathrm{Hom}(C,A),\mu _A`$ is a product set $`\mathrm{\Pi }^nA`$ with action

(142)
$$\alpha (a_{11},\mathrm{},a_{1n},\mathrm{},a_{n1},\mathrm{},a_{nn})=a_{11}\mathrm{},a_{nn}$$

Of course, the solutions form a monoidal category $`\mathrm{𝖲𝖾𝗍}^𝐓`$ by Proposition 3.3, otherwise the general solution for $`T`$-algebras is not known to the author.