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# References

Reexamined radiative Decay $`B_q^{}B_q\gamma `$ in Light Cone QCD

Zuo-Hong Lia,b,c,d,111Email: lizh@ytu.edu.cn, Xiang-Yao Wuc, and Tao Huanga,c

a.CCAST (World Laboratory), P.O.Box 8730, Beijing 100080, China
b.Department of Physics, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China222Mailing address
c. Institute of High Energy Physics, P.O.Box 918(4), Beijing 100039, China
d. Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

Abstract

The radiative decay $`B_q^{}B_q\gamma (q=u,dors)`$ is reexamined with a modified light-cone QCD sum rule method, in which adequate chiral operators are chosen as the interpolating fields in the correlators used for a sum rule estimate of the relevant coupling $`g_{B_q^{}B_q\gamma }`$. The resulting sum rules not only show the physical picture consistent with the underlying physics in $`B_q^{}B_q\gamma `$ but also avoid the pollution by the nonlocal matrix element $`\gamma \left(q\right)\left|\overline{q}\left(x\right)\gamma _\mu \gamma _5q\left(0\right)\right|0`$, which starts with twist-3 and thus may bring a large uncertainty to the sum rule predictions. Also, a comparison is made with the previous results from light-cone QCD sum rules and chiral perturbation theory.

> PACS numbers: 11.55. Hx, 13.25. Hw, 13.40. Hq
>
> Keywords: Light-Cone QCD Sum Rules, The Radiative Decays of $`B`$ Mesons.

1. INTRODUCTION

The physics of exclusive $`B`$ decays is particularly interesting for a detailed test of the standard model (SM) and a careful search for potential signature of new physics. With a large amount of available data from the BaBar and Belle, it is believed that a considerable progress will be made in the area in the near future. A good many theoretical works contribute to this subject. A recent progress deserving mention is the presentation of the QCD factorization formula for $`B\pi \pi `$, $`\pi K`$ and $`\pi D`$. Nevertheless, to make a reliable estimate of physical amplitudes demands that we calculate precisely the relevant hadronic matrix elements. It is practically beyond our present ability to do such a calculation from first principle. At present, most of efforts have been devoted to looking for phenomenological approaches to nonperturbative QCD dynamics. Among the most successful models is QCD sum rule method . As it is often case, however, this approach has a restricted application to heavy-to-light transitions, failing to give a viable behavior of the form factors with the heavy quark mass at small momentum transfer. This originates technically from a cut-off of vacuum condensate terms in the short distance expansion where only the operators of lower dimension remain, and physically from neglect of the finite correlations between the quarks or the gluons in the physical vacuum. The case can improve by using the operator product expansion (OPE) around the light cone $`x^20`$ instead of at the short-distance $`x0`$. The calculational framework established in such a way is termed light-cone QCD sum rule , which combines the well-developed description of exclusive process in terms of perturbative QCD factorization formula with traditional QCD sum rules. It has found wide applications \[3-11\] in the literature, especially applying to a study on heavy-to-light transitions, and the obtained predictions are encouraging. However, new nonperturbative inputs, the light-cone wavefunctions of light mesons classified by twists, are involved in light-cone sum rules. A question we must answer is whether these wavefunctions correctly reflect the underlying nonperturbative dynamics, in other word, whether they are phenomenologically better known. To date, only the components of leading twist have undergone a systematic investigation  for the distribution amplitudes of the nonsinglet, while the high twist wavefunctions, some of which play a role as important as the twist-2 ones in most cases, require a further examination or refinement for improving the accuracy of numerical results. To prevent the resulting sum rules from suffering the possibly sizable contamination by the twist-3 components, an effective prescription  has been suggested to estimate heavy-to-light form factors. The trick, to be specific, is to choose an adequate chiral current correlator, as allowed by the sum rules. As a result, not only the resulting new sum rules work effectively but also some of the twist-3 components, which make predominant contributions with respect to the other twist-3 wavefunctions in conventional light-cone QCD sum rule calculations, vanish automatically. From the theoretical viewpoint, this procedure offers a certain modification of the existing light-cone QCD sum rule approach to heavy-to-light transitions, making the nonperturbative effects well controlled.

Also, among the important exclusive processes are the $`B`$ decays with a photon emission. They have in fact received a variety of model investigations. It is in  that the first application was presented of light-cone QCD sum rule technique to this type of processes, where the radiative decay $`\mathrm{\Sigma }P\gamma `$ is discussed in detail. Later on, the same approach was applied to study $`B\rho \gamma `$ , $`Bl\nu _l\gamma `$  and $`B_q^{}B_q\gamma \left(q=u,dors\right)`$ . However, the problems with $`B_q^{}B_q\gamma `$ have been at issue. The yielded decay widths in different approaches disagree in numerical results and, to some extent, also in order of magnitude. For instance, light-cone QCD sum rules  predict $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(B_u^{}B_u\gamma \right)=0.63KeV`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(B_d^{}B_d\gamma \right)=0.16KeV`$ while chiral perturbation theory  gives $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(B_u^{}B_u\gamma \right)=0.14KeV`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(B_d^{}B_d\gamma \right)=0.09KeV`$. A definite conclusion depends strongly on our ability to calculate the relevant $`B_q^{}B_q\gamma `$ coupling constant $`g_{B_q^{}B_q\gamma }`$, which is intrinsically a nonperturbative quantity and is defined as

$$\gamma (q,\eta )B_q^{}(p,e)B_q\left(p+q\right)=g_{B_q^{}B_q\gamma }ϵ_{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }p^\alpha q^\beta \eta ^\rho e_\lambda ^\sigma .$$
(1)
where $`\eta _\mu (e_\mu ),q(p)`$ are the polarization vector and the momentum of the photon(the $`B^{}`$ meson) respectively.

In the paper we would reexamine the radiative decay $`B_q^{}B_q\gamma `$ by performing a calculation on the coupling $`g_{B_q^{}B_q\gamma }`$ with an improved light-cone QCD sum rule approach, in which the appropriate chiral currents operators act as the interpolating fields. Our findings, are intriguing: The resulting sum rules may not only be of a clear physical meaning but also avoid the pollution by the nonlocal matrix element$`\gamma \left(q\right)\left|\overline{q}\left(x\right)\gamma _\mu \gamma _5q\left(0\right)\right|0`$ starting with twist-3, which is known very poorly and thus may bring a large uncertainty to the sum rule results.

This presentation is organized as follows. In the following section we propose our improved approach. Then a detailed light cone QCD calculation is preformed of the relevant correlator in Section 3. Section 4 is devoted to a numerical discussion on the sum rule results for $`g_{B_q^{}B_q\gamma }`$ and then an estimate of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(B_q^{}B_q\gamma \right)`$. We give a simple summary in the last Section.

2. CHIRAL CURRENT CORRELATOR

At the quark level, the radiative transition $`B_q^{}B_q\gamma `$ is dominated by the magnetic moment interaction between the light quark and electromagnetic field due to small recoil of the decaying meson. This fact reveals, from the viewpoint of QCD, that the process in question belongs in the long distance type. It is well known that the current operators used as interpolating fields are by no means uniquely determined in QCD sum rules, and it is allowed to take different correlators providing that the validity of the resulting sum rule remains. This offers a possibility to explore the radiative decay $`B_q^{}B_q\gamma `$ in a way consistent with the physical picture. In order to obtain such a desired sum rule result for $`g_{B_q^{}B_q\gamma }`$ it is in order to adopt the following correlator,

$`F_\mu (p^2,\left(p+q\right)^2)`$ $`=`$ $`i{\displaystyle d^4xe^{ipx}\gamma (q,\eta )\left|TJ_\mu ^{VA}\left(x\right)J^{S+P}\left(0\right)\right|0}`$ (2)
$`=`$ $`ϵ_{\mu \nu \alpha \beta }p^\nu q^\alpha \eta ^\beta F(p^2,\left(p+q\right)^2)+VectorPart,`$
where the chiral current operators $`J_\mu ^{VA}=\overline{q}\gamma _\mu \left(1\gamma _5\right)b`$ and $`J_\mu ^{S+P}=\overline{b}i\left(1+\gamma _5\right)q`$ are chosen as the interpolating fields. For the invariant function $`F(p^2,\left(p+q\right)^2)`$, remarkably, the resulting hadronic representation $`F^H(p^2,\left(p+q\right)^2)`$ depends not only on resonances of $`J^P=0^{},1^{}`$ but also on those of $`J^P=0^+,1^+.`$ However, we can safely isolate the pole contribution of $`B_q`$ and $`B_q^{}`$ , due to a sizable mass difference between the lowest negative and positive parity states, and express the high state contribution starting from the threshold parameters $`s_0`$ and $`s_0^{^{}}`$, which are set around the squared masses of the lowest $`1^+`$ and $`0^{}`$ states respectively, in a form of dispersion integral. The result is

$`F^H(p^2,(p+q)^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{m_{B_q}^2m_{B_q}^{}}{m_b+m_q}}{\displaystyle \frac{f_{B_q}f_{B_q^{}}g_{B_q^{}B_q\gamma }}{\left(p^2m_{B_q^{}}^2\right)\left[\left(p+q\right)^2m_{B_q}^2\right]}}`$ (3)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑s_1𝑑s_2\frac{\rho ^H(s_1,s_2)}{\left(p^2s_1\right)\left[\left(p+q\right)^2m_{B_q}^2\right]}},`$
with the decay constants defined as

$$B\left|\overline{b}i\gamma _5q\right|0=\frac{m_{B_q}^2}{m_b+m_q}f_{B_q},$$
(4)
$$0\left|\overline{q}\gamma _\mu b\right|B_q^{}=m_{B_q}f_{B_q^{}}e_\mu ^{\left(\lambda \right)}.$$
(5)
After the Borel improvement $`P^2M_1^2,\left(p+q\right)^2M_2^2,`$ Eq. (3) is of the following form:

$$F^H(M_1^2,M_2^2)=\frac{1}{M_1^2M_2^2}\left(\frac{m_{B_q}^2m_{B_q}^{}}{m_b+m_q}f_{B_q}f_{B_q^{}}g_{B_q^{}B_q\gamma }e^{\frac{m_{B_q^{}}^2}{M_1^2}\frac{m_{B_q}^2}{M_2^2}}+𝑑s_1𝑑s_2\rho ^H(s_1,s_2)e^{\frac{s_1}{M_1^2}\frac{s_2}{M_2^2}}\right).$$
(6)
3. LIGHT CONE OPE

In this section, we will make use of the light cone OPE and give a detailed derivation of the theoretical expression for the correlator in Eq.(2). Schematically, the main contributions in the OPE come from the four Feynman diagrams shown in Fig. 1. All these diagrams can be calculated one by one for large space-like momentum regions $`p^20`$ and $`\left(p+q\right)^20`$, where the $`b`$ quark is far off shell so that the OPE goes effectively.

(1). SHORT DISTANCE CONTRIBUTION

The short distance contribution, as will be shown, is less important from Fig.1 (a) and (b) but its derivation turns out to be more complicated with respect to the long distance case. We have the UV-convergent loop integrals to deal with:

$`I={\displaystyle d^4k\frac{1}{[(p+k)^2m_b^2][(k+p+q)^2m_b^2](k^2m_q^2)}},`$
$`I^\mu ={\displaystyle d^4k\frac{k^\mu }{[(p+k)^2m_b^2][(k+p+q)^2m_b^2](k^2m_q^2)}},`$ (7)
for Fig.1(a) and the similar ones for Fig.1(b). For the convenience of making the Borel transformation, we use the forms of Feynman parametrization for them. After doing this, performing the loop integrals we have the invariant function $`F(p^2,(p+q)^2)`$,

$$F^{\left(a\right)}(p^2,(p+q)^2)=\frac{3Q_b}{2\pi ^2}_0^1𝑑x_0^1𝑑y\frac{m_qx\overline{x}}{m_b^2x+m_q^2\overline{x}p^2x\overline{x}\overline{y}\left(p+q\right)^2x\overline{x}y}$$
(8)
for Fig.1 (a) and

$$F^{\left(b\right)}(p^2,(p+q)^2)=\frac{3Q_q}{2\pi ^2}_0^1𝑑x_0^1𝑑y\frac{m_qx^2}{m_b^2\overline{x}+m_q^2xp^2x\overline{x}\overline{y}\left(p+q\right)^2x\overline{x}y}$$
(9)
for Fig.1 (b), with $`\overline{x}=1x`$ and $`\overline{y}=1y`$. The total perturbative contribution can be written as

$$F^{\left(a+b\right)}(p^2,(p+q)^2)=\frac{3m_q}{2\pi ^2}_0^1𝑑x_0^1𝑑y\frac{\left(Q_qx+Q_b\overline{x}\right)x}{m_b^2\overline{x}+m_q^2xp^2x\overline{x}\overline{y}\left(p+q\right)^2x\overline{x}y}.$$
(10)
To express it in a form of dispersion integral we use the exponential form

$$F^{\left(a+b\right)}(p^2,(p+q)^2)=\frac{3m_q}{2\pi ^2}_0^1𝑑x_0^1𝑑y_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\alpha x\left(Q_qx+Q_b\overline{x}\right)e^{\alpha \left(m_b^2\overline{x}+m_q^2x+Q_1^2x\overline{x}\overline{y}+Q_2^2x\overline{x}y\right)},$$
(11)
where $`Q_1^2=p^2`$ and $`Q_2^2=\left(p+q\right)^2.`$ Following the method proposed in , we arrive immediately at the perturbative spectral density $`\rho ^{\left(a+b\right)}(s_1,s_2)`$,

$$\rho ^{\left(a+b\right)}(s_1,s_2)=\frac{3m_q}{2\pi ^2}_{x_1}^{x_2}\frac{dx}{\overline{x}}\left(m_qx+m_b\overline{x}\right)\delta \left(s_1s_2\right)\mathrm{\Theta }\left(s_1\left(m_b+m_q\right)^2\right)\mathrm{\Theta }\left(s_2\left(m_b+m_q\right)^2\right)$$
(12)
with

$$x_1=\left(s_1+m_b^2m_q^2\sqrt{s_1^22\left(m_b^2+m_q^2\right)s_1+\left(m_b^2m_q^2\right)^2}\right)/2s_1,$$
(13)
$$x_2=\left(s_1+m_b^2m_q^2+\sqrt{s_1^22\left(m_b^2+m_q^2\right)s_1+\left(m_b^2m_q^2\right)^2}\right)/2s_1.$$
(14)
Furthermore, completing the integral over $`x`$ yields

$`\rho ^{\left(a+b\right)}(s_1,s_2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3m_q}{2\pi ^2}}\delta \left(s_1s_2\right)\mathrm{\Theta }\left(s_1\left(m_b+m_q\right)^2\right)\mathrm{\Theta }\left(s_2\left(m_b+m_q\right)^2\right)`$ (15)
$`\times `$ $`\left[\left(Q_bQ_q\right)\lambda (1,A,B)+Q_q\mathrm{ln}{\displaystyle \frac{1A+B+\lambda (1,A,B)}{1A+B\lambda (1,A,B)}}\right],`$
with $`A=m_b^2/s_1`$, $`B=m_q^2/s_2`$ and $`\lambda (1,A,B)`$ defined as

$$\lambda (1,A,B)=\sqrt{1+A^2+B^22A2B2AB}.$$
(16)
Putting everything together, we have the Borel improved result

$`\overline{F}^{\left(a+b\right)}(M_1^2,M_2^2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3m_q}{2\pi ^2M_1^2M_2^2}}{\displaystyle 𝑑s\mathrm{\Theta }\left(s\left(m_b+m_q\right)^2\right)e^{\frac{s}{M^2}}}`$ (17)
$`\times `$ $`\left[\left(Q_bQ_q\right)\lambda (1,A,B)+Q_q\mathrm{ln}{\displaystyle \frac{1A+B+\lambda (1,A,B)}{1A+B\lambda (1,A,B)}}\right],`$
with $`M^2=M_1^2M_1^2/(M_1^2+M_1^2).`$ It is explicitly shown that the short distance contribution is strongly suppressed from the perturbative hard quarks owing to smallness of the light quark mass $`m_q`$ , just as one may expect on the basis of a naive analysis.

(2). LONG DISTANCE CONTRIBUTION

Fig.1 (c) and (d) denote the long distance effects induced by the light quark propagating in vacuum and interaction of the light quark in vacuum with the external electromagnetic field, respectively. In the light cone OPE, these soft quarks in vacuum are considered to be in a state of finite correlation, namely they are of a non-vanishing momentum , which stems from the high dimension operators neglected in conventional QCD sum rule calculations. We might describe the effect by introducing the concept of nonlocal quark condensate .

In the first place, we consider the contribution of Fig.1 (c). In this case the nonlocal quark condensate $`\overline{q}(x)q(0)`$appears in the light cone OPE. To model its behavior near the light-cone $`x^2=0`$, a pragmatic strategy is to assume it to obey a distribution of the Gaussian type

$$\overline{q}(x)q(0)=\overline{q}qe^{\frac{x_E^2}{4\rho }},$$
(18)
with $`x_E^2=x^2.`$ If comparing Eq.(18) with the short distance expansion

$$\overline{q}(x)q(0)=\overline{q}q\frac{m_0^2}{16}\overline{q}qx_E^2+\mathrm{}$$
(19)
with $`m_0^2=0.8GeV^2,`$ the parameter $`\rho `$ is found to be $`5GeV^2`$. Introducing the parameters $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma =\alpha +\beta +\rho `$ and then performing the cumbersome loop-integral, we obtain the following result for the contribution of the nonlocal quark condensate,

$$F^{(c)}(p^2,(p+q)^2)=2\rho ^3Q_b\overline{q}q_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\alpha 𝑑\beta \frac{1}{\gamma ^3}e^{\frac{\alpha \rho }{\gamma }P_E^2\frac{\beta \rho }{\gamma }Q_E^2(\alpha +\beta )m_b^2},$$
(20)
where $`P_E^2=p^2,Q_E^2=(p+q)^2.`$ Furthermore, it can be converted into the Borel transformed form

$$\overline{F}^{(c)}(M_1^2,M_2^2)=2Q_b\overline{q}q\frac{1}{M_1^2M_2^2}e^{\rho m_b^2\left(\frac{M_1^2+M_2^2}{\rho M_1^2M_2^2M_1^2M_2^2}\right)}\mathrm{\Theta }\left(\rho \frac{1}{M_1^2}\frac{1}{M_2^2}\right).$$
(21)
The $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ function restricts the Borel parameters $`M_1^2`$ and $`M_2^2`$ to the range $`\frac{1}{M_1^2}+\frac{1}{M_2^2}<\rho `$. We have already checked that as $`\rho \mathrm{}`$ the above result returns precisely to what it should be in the case in which only the leading term remains in (19).

A subtle approach has been suggested to deal with that type of dynamics in Fig.1 (d). The idea is to introduce so called photonic light-cone wavefunctions to parametrize the long distance dynamics. This can be explained specifically as follows: On contracting the $`b`$ quark operators, one has the matrix element $`TiQ_q\eta _\rho ^{(\lambda )}𝑑ze^{iqz}0|J_{em}^\rho (z)𝒪(x,0)|0`$, where $`J_{em}^\rho (z)`$ is the electromagnetic current operator of a light quark $`q`$ with the charge $`Q_q`$ and $`𝒪(x,0)`$ expresses a certain nonlocal operator. If the underlying light quarks are hard we can perform the standard OPE. This is typically the case of Fig.1 (b). For the soft light quarks we leave the light quark operators without contraction and treat $`J_{em}^\rho (z)`$ as the interpolating field of a photon state with the momentum $`q`$. In such a way we can define a matrix element of the nonlocal operator $`𝒪(x,0)`$ between the vacuum and the photon state as

$$\gamma (q)|𝒪(x,0)|0=iQ_q\eta _\rho ^{(\lambda )}𝑑ze^{iqz}0J_{em}^\rho (z)𝒪(x,0)0,$$
(22)
and further parametrize it via a series of photonic light cone wavefunctions, which is equivalent to a summation over all the relevant condensate terms in the case of the short distance OPE, as in the applications of light cone QCD sum rules to $`B\pi `$ transitions. With such a trick, a straightforward calculation of Fig.1 (d) yields

$$F_\mu ^{(d)}(p^2,(p+q)^2)=\frac{2i}{\left(2\pi \right)^4}d^4xd^4ke^{i\left(pk\right)x}\gamma \left(q\right)\left|\overline{q}\left(x\right)\gamma _\mu \gamma _\nu \left(1+\gamma _5\right)q\left(0\right)\right|0\frac{k^\nu }{m_b^2k^2}.$$
(23)
Using the $`\gamma `$ algebraic relations

$$\gamma _\mu \gamma _\nu =i\sigma _{\mu \nu }+g_{\mu \nu },$$
(24)
$$\gamma _\mu \gamma _\nu \gamma _5=\frac{1}{2}ϵ_{\mu \nu \alpha \beta }\sigma ^{\alpha \beta }+g_{\mu \nu }\gamma _5,$$
(25)
and considering the identities

$`\gamma \left(q\right)\left|\overline{q}\left(x\right)\gamma _5q\left(0\right)\right|0`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (26)
$`\gamma (q)|\overline{q}(x)q(0)|0`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (27)
we have

$`F_\mu ^{(d)}(p^2,(p+q)^2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2i}{\left(2\pi \right)^4}}{\displaystyle }d^4x{\displaystyle }d^4ke^{i\left(pk\right)x}{\displaystyle \frac{k^\nu }{m_b^2k^2}}[i\gamma \left(q\right)\left|\overline{q}\left(x\right)\sigma _{\mu \nu }q\left(0\right)\right|0`$ (28)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}ϵ_{\mu \nu \alpha \beta }\gamma \left(q\right)|\overline{q}\left(x\right)\sigma ^{\alpha \beta }q\left(0\right)|0].`$
An important observation is, as an appealing feature of our approach, that all the long distance dynamics entering the invariant function $`F^{(d)}(p^2,(p+q)^2)`$ is encoded in the nonlocal matrix element $`\gamma \left(q\right)\left|\overline{q}\left(x\right)\sigma _{\alpha \beta }q\left(0\right)\right|0`$, only one surviving after contracting the $`b`$ quark operators. This answers very well to the actual physical picture in $`B_q^{}B_q\gamma `$ since such a matrix element stands typically for an effect of the magnetic interaction.

Light-cone expansion of $`\gamma \left(q\right)\left|\overline{q}\left(x\right)\sigma _{\alpha \beta }q\left(0\right)\right|0`$ involves, to next-to-leading order in $`x^2`$, the leading twist 2 wavefunction $`\phi \left(u\right)`$ and the two twist 4 distributions $`f_1\left(u\right)`$ and $`f_2\left(u\right)`$. The explicit form is

$`\gamma \left(q\right)\left|\overline{q}\left(x\right)\sigma _{\alpha \beta }q\left(0\right)\right|0`$ $`=`$ $`Q_q\overline{q}q({\displaystyle _0^1}du\chi \phi \left(u\right)F_{\alpha \beta }\left(ux\right)+{\displaystyle _0^1}dux^2f_1\left(u\right)F_{\alpha \beta }\left(ux\right)`$ (29)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle _0^1}duf_2\left(u\right)[x_\beta x^\gamma F_{\alpha \gamma }\left(ux\right)x_\alpha x^\gamma F_{\beta \gamma }\left(ux\right)x^2F_{\alpha \beta }\left(ux\right)]),`$
where $`\overline{q}q`$ denotes the quark condensate density, $`\chi `$ indicates the magnetic susceptibility of the light quark and $`F_{\alpha \beta }`$ is the external electromagnetic field tensor. Considering a simple situation $`q0`$  is helpful to shed light on the physical meaning of Eq.(29). Substituting Eq.(29) into Eq.(28) yields

$`F^{(d)}(p^2,(p+q)^2)`$ $`=`$ $`2Q_q\overline{q}q(\chi {\displaystyle _0^1}du{\displaystyle \frac{\phi (u)}{m_b^2(p+uq)^2}}`$ (30)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle _0^1}du[f_1\left(u\right)f_2\left(u\right)][{\displaystyle \frac{4}{\left[m_b^2\left(p+uq\right)^2\right]^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{8m_b^2}{\left[m_b^2\left(p+uq\right)^2\right]^3}}]).`$
An emphasis we would put is that the contribution of the high Fock-state $`q\overline{q}g`$, which should be taken into account to the present accuracy, has been neglected for it is expected to be negligibly small from most previous calculations. For later continuum subtraction, we have to convert Eq.(30) into a form of dispersion integral. We do that for the twist-2 term and remain the twist-4 ones unaffected. The relevant spectral density is easy to evaluate by virtue of the technique in  once again. The calculation procedure is as follows. First of all, we apply a double Borel operator in $`p^2`$ and $`\left(p+q\right)^2`$ to the twist-2 term, obtaining,

$$\widehat{B}(M_1^2,Q_1^2)\widehat{B}(M_2^2,Q_2^2)_0^1𝑑u\frac{\phi (u)}{m_b^2(p+uq)^2}=\frac{1}{M_1^2+M_2^2}e^{\frac{M_1^2+M_2^2}{M_1^2M_2^2}m_b^2}\phi \left(\frac{M_1^2}{M_1^2+M_2^2}\right).$$
(31)
The symmetry of the correlator in Eq.(2) allows us to set $`M_1^2=M_2^2`$ so that the wavefunction $`\phi \left(\frac{M_1^2}{M_1^2+M_2^2}\right)`$ can take its value at the symmetric point $`\mu _0=1/2`$. Considering it and making a replacement $`M_1^2\frac{1}{\sigma _1},M_1^2\frac{1}{\sigma _1}`$ in Eq.(31), we get

$`\widehat{B}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma _1}},Q_1^2)\widehat{B}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma _2}},Q_2^2){\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑u{\displaystyle \frac{\phi (u)}{m_b^2(p+uq)^2}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sigma _1\sigma _2}{\sigma _1+\sigma _2}}e^{m_b^2(\sigma _1+\sigma _2)}\phi (1/2)`$ (32)
$`=`$ $`f\left(\sigma _{1,}\sigma _2\right).`$
Finally, we take the function $`\frac{1}{\sigma _1\sigma _1}f\left(\sigma _{1,}\sigma _2\right)=\overline{f}\left(\sigma _{1,}\sigma _2\right)`$ and perform one more Borel transformation in the variables $`\sigma _1`$ and $`\sigma _2`$. The relevant spectral density reads

$`\rho ^{\left(tw2\right)}(s_1,s_2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{s_1s_2}}\widehat{B}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{s_1}},\sigma _1)\widehat{B}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{s_2}},\sigma _2)\overline{f}\left(\sigma _{1,}\sigma _2\right)`$ (33)
$`=`$ $`\delta \left(s_1s_2\right)\phi (1/2)\mathrm{\Theta }\left(s_1m_b^2\right)\mathrm{\Theta }\left(s_2m_b^2\right).`$
At present, it suffices to represent the twist-2 contribution in a form of dispersion relation. We derive the following expression for $`F^{(d)}(p^2,(p+q)^2)`$,

$`F^{(d)}(p^2,(p+q)^2)`$ $`=`$ $`2Q_q\overline{q}q(\chi {\displaystyle _{m_b^2}^{\mathrm{}}}ds_1ds_2{\displaystyle \frac{\delta \left(s_1s_2\right)\phi (1/2)}{\left(ps_1\right)\left[\left(p+q\right)^2s_2\right]}}`$ (34)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle _0^1}du[f_1\left(u\right)f_2\left(u\right)][{\displaystyle \frac{4}{\left[m_b^2\left(p+uq\right)^2\right]^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{8m_b^2}{\left[m_b^2\left(p+uq\right)^2\right]^3}}]).`$
After the Borel transformation it becomes

$`\overline{F}^{\left(d\right)}(M_1^2,M_2^2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{M_1^2M_2^2}}[2Q_q\overline{q}q\phi (1/2)\chi {\displaystyle _{m_b^2}^{\mathrm{}}}dse^{\frac{s}{M^2}}8Q_q\overline{q}q`$ (35)
$`\times `$ $`[f_1(1/2)f_2(1/2)](1+{\displaystyle \frac{m_b^2}{M^2}})e^{\frac{m_b^2}{M^2}}].`$
Now we conclude this section with writing down the light-cone OPE result for the invariant function $`F(p^2,\left(p+q\right)^2)`$ in the Borel transformed form,

$$\overline{F}^{\left(OPE\right)}(M_1^2,M_2^2)=\overline{F}^{\left(a+b\right)}(M_1^2,M_2^2)+\overline{F}^{\left(c\right)}(M_1^2,M_2^2)+\overline{F}^{\left(d\right)}(M_1^2,M_2^2).$$
(36)
4. SUM RULES AND NUMERICAL DISCUSSIONS

Matching Eq.(36) with the corresponding hadronic representation (6) and using the quark-hadron duality ansatz, in which the hadronic spectral density $`\rho ^H(s_1,s_2)`$ is usually assumed to coincide with that derived in the light-cone OPE, we arrive at the sum rule for the product $`f_{B_q}f_{B_q^{}}g_{B_q^{}B_q\gamma }`$,

$`f_{B_q}f_{B_q^{}}g_{B_q^{}B_q\gamma }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{m_b+m_q}{m_{B_q}^2m_{B_q^{}}}}e^{\frac{m_{B_q}^2+m_{B_q^{}}^2}{2M^2}}\{2Q_q\overline{q}q\chi \phi (1/2)(e^{\frac{m_b^2}{M^2}}e^{\frac{s_0}{M^2}})M^22Q_b\overline{q}qe^{\frac{\rho m_b^2}{\rho M^21}}`$ (37)
$``$ $`8Q_q\overline{q}q\left[f_1\left(1/2\right)f_2\left(1/2\right)\right]\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{m_b^2}{M^2}}\right)e^{\frac{m_b^2}{M^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{3m_q}{2\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle _{\left(m_b+m_q\right)^2}^{s_0}}𝑑se^{\frac{s}{M^2}}`$
$`\times `$ $`[(Q_bQ_q)\lambda (1,m_b^2/s,m_q^2/s)+Q_q\mathrm{ln}{\displaystyle \frac{1m_b^2/s+m_q^2/s+\lambda (1,m_b^2/s,m_q^2/s)}{1m_b^2/s+m_q^2/s\lambda (1,m_b^2/s,m_q^2/s)}}]\}.`$
At this point, we have a minor comment. Nonperturbative QCD dynamics dominates the sum rule; especially the magnetic interaction term makes the leading contribution, while the hard quark contribution modifies merely the sum rule at the level of $`m_q`$, a negligibly small effect. The nonlocal matrix element $`\gamma \left(q\right)\left|\overline{q}\left(x\right)\gamma _\mu \gamma _5q\left(0\right)\right|0`$, which starts with twist-3, is effectively eliminated, making the sum rule free of the contamination by its uncertainty. In addition, what we should emphasize is that our subtraction procedure is different from that in Ref., in which continuum subtraction $`e^{\frac{m_b^2}{M^2}}e^{\frac{m_b^2}{M^2}}e^{\frac{s_0}{M^2}}`$ is made for the twist-3 and -4 parts.

The actual calculation needs a dynamical input. The nonperturbative parameters concerning the light quarks include the light-cone wavefunctions $`\phi \left(1/2\right)`$, $`f_1\left(1/2\right)`$ and $`f_2\left(1/2\right)`$, quark condensate $`\overline{q}q`$, magnetic susceptibility $`\chi `$ and light quark mass $`m_q`$, Among these, the leading twist-2 wavefunction $`\phi \left(1/2\right)`$ embodies the underlying dynamics and hence demands a precision determination. Fortunately, it follows from a well-found calculation that $`\phi \left(u\right)`$ is dependent quite weakly on the scale and deviates little from its asymptotic form , with a well-tried universality. Therefore, we can use

$$\phi \left(u\right)=6u\left(1u\right),$$
(38)
to high accuracy. According to the analysis given in , the set of the twist-4 wavefunctions can be specified as

$$f_1\left(u\right)=\frac{1}{8}\left(1u\right)\left(3u\right),$$
(39)
$$f_2\left(u\right)=\frac{1}{4}\left(1u\right)^2.$$
(40)
Since we work in the case that the QCD radiative correlations are neglected, the appropriate scale, at which the quark condensate $`\overline{q}q`$ and magnetic susceptibility $`\chi `$ take values, should be set by the typical virtuality of the underlying $`b`$ quark $`\mu _b\sqrt{\overline{m_{B_q}^2m_b^2}}`$, as in Ref.. We take the results used widely $`\overline{u}u(\mu =1GeV)=\overline{d}d\left(\mu =1GeV\right)=\left(0.24GeV\right)^3,`$ $`\overline{s}s\left(\mu =1GeV\right)=0.8\overline{u}u(\mu =1GeV),`$ and $`\chi (\mu =1GeV)=4.4GeV^2`$ , from which the use of the Renormalization Group Equation (RGE) gets $`\overline{u}u\left(\mu _b\right)=\overline{d}d\left(\mu _b\right)=0.018GeV^3`$, $`\overline{s}s\left(\mu _b\right)=0.014GeV^3`$ and $`\chi \left(\mu _b\right)=3.4GeV^2`$. Furthermore, the light-quark masses are set as $`m_u=m_d0`$, $`m_s=0.115GeV`$. As far as the $`B`$ channel parameters are concerned, we use $`m_b=4.8GeV`$ for the $`b`$ quark mass and $`m_{B_{u,d}}=5.279GeV`$, $`m_{B_{u,d}^{}}=5.325GeV`$, $`m_{B_s}=5.369GeV`$ and $`m_{B_s^{}}=5.416GeV`$ for the set of the $`B`$ meson masses. The relevant decay constants, for consistency, require a recalculation in the two point sum rules in which a chiral correlator should be chosen in a proper way. Moreover, we would do that at the leading order in $`\alpha _s\left(Q^2\right)`$ since in present case the sum rule for $`f_{B_q}f_{B_q^{}}g_{B_q^{}B_q\gamma }`$ works at the same accuracy. In the light of the prescription in , the best fits lead to $`f_{B_{u,d}}=120MeV,f_{B_{u,d}^{}}=141MeV`$ with $`s_0=32GeV^2`$, and $`f_{B_s}=147MeV,f_{B_s^{}}=160MeV`$ with $`s_0=34GeV^2`$. All the above parameters will be used as the central values in the following numerical estimates.

To proceed, one has to find the reasonable ranges of $`M^2`$, from which the desired sum rules can be read off. This is a critical step towards deriving a reliable prediction. For this end, we use the standard procedure where the high state contributions are limited to a level below $`30\%`$ while the twist-4 ones to an order less than $`10\%`$; simultaneously it is required that the resulting sum rules be considerably stable. In the first place, we focus on the derivation of the sum rule for $`g_{B_u^{}B_u\gamma }`$. In this case, using the above criterion the fiducial values of $`M^2`$are found to lie between $`814GeV^2`$, with $`s_0=32GeV^2`$. In this range, $`M^2`$ dependence of the product $`f_{B_u}f_{B_u^{}}g_{B_u^{}B_u\gamma }`$, as shown in Fig. 2, is quite weak. From the ”window” we have the sum rule results

$$f_{B_u}f_{B_u^{}}g_{B_u^{}B_u\gamma }=10.12\pm 0.17MeV,g_{B_u^{}B_u\gamma }=0.59\pm 0.01GeV^1,$$
(41)
the quoted errors being due to the change of $`M^2`$. Furthermore, it is necessary to look into the uncertainties arising from the input parameters. Let $`s_0`$ change between $`3133GeV^2`$ while the other parameters keep fixed, the resulting variation of the product $`f_{B_u}f_{B_u^{}}g_{B_u^{}B_u\gamma }`$ is roughly $`\pm 8\%`$. Utilizing this result and incorporating the corresponding changes of the decay constants, the uncertainty in the coupling $`g_{B_u^{}B_u\gamma }`$ is estimated at the level of $`\pm 5\%`$. To look at the impact of the uncertainty in $`m_b`$, we concentrate on the sum rule for $`g_{B_u^{}B_u\gamma }`$ and consider a correlated variation effect, which appears as $`m_b`$ changes from $`4.6GeV`$ to $`5.0GeV`$, in such a way in which we substitute the analytical forms of the sum rules for the decay constants into Eq.(37), observe the variation of $`g_{B_u^{}B_u\gamma }`$ with $`m_b`$ by requiring that all the sum rules take only their values from the best fits in both $`s_0`$ and $`M^2`$. A detailed analysis shows that in this case the resulting influence amounts to $`\pm 6\%`$. We add also a numerical uncertainty of $`30\%`$ to all the condensate parameters and see the effects. This results in an error of $`\pm 8\%`$ in the sum rule for $`g_{B_u^{}B_u\gamma }`$. Finally, the resulting total uncertainty in $`g_{B_\mu ^{}B_\mu \gamma }`$ can be fixed at about $`21\%`$, by adding linearly up all the considered errors. Also, the same procedure is applied to the case of $`B_d^{}B_d\gamma `$; however, we would like to consider an additional source of uncertainty in the $`B_s^{}B_s\gamma `$ case, allowing $`m_s`$ to change in the region of $`115\pm 25MeV`$. The resulting two sum rules turn out to have the Borel intervals and uncertainties different slightly from the corresponding those in the sum rule for $`f_{B_u}f_{B_u^{}}g_{B_u^{}B_u\gamma }`$. We don’t give details any more for brevity. The final results read:

$$f_{B_d}f_{B_d^{}}g_{B_d^{}B_d\gamma }=5.31\pm 0.15MeV,g_{B_d^{}B_d\gamma }=0.31\pm 0.01GeV^1,$$
(42)
with $`s_0=32GeV^2`$ and $`M^2=714GeV^2`$, and

$$f_{B_s}f_{B_s^{}}g_{B_s^{}B_s\gamma }=7.46\pm 0.23MeV,g_{B_s^{}B_s\gamma }=0.32\pm 0.01GeV^1,$$
(43)
with $`s_0=34GeV^2`$ and $`M^2=815GeV^2`$. The total uncertainties in the two coupling constants are respectively about $`20\%`$ and $`23\%`$. The sum rule stability is illustrated in Fig.2 too, for the products $`f_{B_d}f_{B_d^{}}g_{B_d^{}B_d\gamma }`$ and $`f_{B_s}f_{B_s^{}}g_{B_s^{}B_s\gamma }`$.

Having the sum rule results for $`g_{B_q^{}B_q\gamma }`$ at hand, we can calculate the decay widths by means of the formula

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(B_q^{}B_q\gamma \right)=\frac{g_{B_q^{}B_q\gamma }^2}{96\pi }\left(\frac{m_{B_q^{}}^2m_{B_q}^2}{m_{B_q^{}}}\right)^3.$$
(44)
The results are

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(B_u^{}B_u\gamma )=0.89\pm 0.34KeV,$$
(45)
$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(B_d^{}B_d\gamma )=0.25\pm 0.10KeV,$$
(46)
$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(B_s^{}B_s\gamma )=0.28\pm 0.13KeV.$$
(47)
It is obvious that the sum rule results (45) and (46), within the errors, are in agreement with the estimates from the standard light-cone QCD sum rules : $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(B_u^{}B_u\gamma \right)=0.63KeV`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(B_d^{}B_d\gamma \right)=0.16KeV`$. If we make a comparison of our sum rule predictions and chiral perturbation theory ones , on the other hand, it is demonstrated that there is a considerable numerical difference in the obtained decay widths in the case of $`B_u^{}B_u\gamma `$; but the obtained predictions are comparable with each other within errors in the case of $`B_d^{}B_d\gamma `$. Introducing the ratio $`R=\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(B_s^{}B_s\gamma \right)/\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(B_d^{}B_d\gamma \right)`$ to see $`SU(3)`$ breaking effect in the radiative decays, we find $`R=0.432.72`$, with a large uncertainty. However, the resulting lower limit of the ratio is close to $`R=1/30.33`$ obtained in chiral perturbation theory.

5. SUMMARY

To sum up, in this paper we present an improved light-cone QCD sum rule approach to the radiative decay $`B_q^{}B_q\gamma `$ whose model estimates are at issue, an adequate chiral current correlator being used to get a sum rule result consistent with the underlying physics. In this framework, a detailed derivation is given of the sum rules for the relevant coupling constant $`g_{B_q^{}B_q\gamma }`$, which parametrizes all the long distance dynamics. The resulting sum rules are of the two main features: (i). It is the magnetic interaction which makes the leading contribution to the resulting sum rules; on the contrary, the perturbative hard quarks modify the sum rules only at the level of $`m_q`$. This typically is the principal dynamical feature the radiative decay $`B_q^{}B_q\gamma `$ possesses. (ii). The nonlocal matrix element $`\gamma \left(q\right)\left|\overline{q}\left(x\right)\gamma _\mu \gamma _5q\left(0\right)\right|0`$, which is equally important but poorly known in comparison with the leading matrix element $`\gamma \left(q\right)\left|\overline{q}\left(x\right)\sigma _{\alpha \beta }q\left(0\right)\right|0`$ , disappears in our sum rules, which controls effectively the pollution due to the long distance effects. In addition, we apply the light cone OPE instead of the short distance expansion to the quark condensate contribution, minimizing the uncertainties in the sum rules to the accuracy in consideration and guaranteeing a self-consistent sum rule calculation. It is predicted that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(B_u^{}B_u\gamma \right)=0.89\pm 0.34KeV,\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(B_d^{}B_d\gamma \right)=0.25\pm 0.10KeV`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(B_s^{}B_s\gamma \right)=0.28\pm 0.13KeV.`$ All these channels are predicted to be of the decay widths at the level of $`10^7GeV`$ and therefore are accessible at the current running B factories and the future LHC. Also, a comparison is made with other model predictions. There is an approximate agreement between our results and those from the standard light-cone sum rules , for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(B_u^{}B_u\gamma \right)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(B_d^{}B_d\gamma \right)`$. We find also that the resulting sum rule predictions deviate more or less from those of chiral perturbation theory , depending on different cases. Striving for perfection of phenomenological models and enhancing ones’ ability in controlling nonperturbative dynamics, we believe the procedure presented here to be a valuable attempt in the direction.

Z. H. Li thanks Prof. K. T. Chao for helpful discussions and comments. This work is in part supported by the National Science Foundation of China.


text:
# Possible Evidence for a Chiral Particle 𝐷₁^𝜒, Axial-Vector in the 𝐷 Meson System

## 1 Introduction

The level classification of hadrons had been done rather successfully on the basis of the non-relativistic quark model(NRQM) for these 4 decades. However, this non-relativistic scheme seems now to be confronted with a serious difficulty: Recently existence of the light-mass iso-scalar scalar meson to be identified with $`\sigma `$, the chiral partner of the $`\pi `$ meson as a Nambu-Goldstone boson, has been accepted widely. Successively possible existence of the $`\kappa `$(900) meson, iso-spinor scalar meson, has been pointed out. Then we are able to identify naturally the $`\sigma `$-meson nonet with the members $`\{\sigma (600),\kappa (900),a_0(980),f_0(980)\}`$.

The mass values $`(`$ 1GeV) of this scalar nonet are in the region of $`q\overline{q}`$ ground states in NRQM, while there are no seats for scalars in this model. This has aroused recently a hot controversy on what the quark configuration of $`\sigma `$ nonet is.

On the other hand we have proposed a new level-classification scheme, which has a relativistically covariant framework and in conformity with the approximate chiral symmetry. In this new classification scheme the “chiral states”, which are out of the framework of the NRQM, are expected to exist in the lower mass region, and the $`\sigma `$-nonet is naturally assigned as the $`(q\overline{q})`$ relativistic $`S`$-wave chiral state. In the heavy-light quark meson system it is expected that the approximate chiral symmetry on the light quark is valid, and the new level-classification scheme anticipates existence of the chiral states, scalar mesons and axial-vector mesons, in addition to the conventional pseudo-scalar and vector mesons, in the ground states. The purpose of this work is to investigate the possibility of existence of the chiral axial-vector meson $`D_1^\chi `$ in the $`D`$ meson system by re-analyzing some experimental data reported previously.))) Preliminary results of this work were reported at the conference Hadron 2001 at Protvino.

## 2 Experimental Data and Project for Reanalysis

(Experimental data to be analyzed)

As the experimental data to be re-analyzed we choose the mass spectra of $`D^+\pi ^{}`$ system obtained through the two processes,

$`\mathrm{CLEO}\mathrm{II}`$ $`:`$ $`e^++e^{}\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(4S)D^+\pi ^{}+\mathrm{},`$ (2.1)
$`\mathrm{DELPHI}`$ $`:`$ $`e^++e^{}Z^0D^+\pi ^{}+\mathrm{},`$ (2.2)
which have at least a necessary statistical accuracy deserved to meaningful analysis. We shall take the two kinds of CLEO data on the process Eq. (2.1), CLEO (a) and CLEO (b); the former are the restricted ones so as to stress relatively the conventional axial-vector meson $`D_1^0`$, while the latter are all the relevant data.

As the irrelevant backgrounds, which come from the other than decay processes of the relevant resonant particles, the CLEO group set up the formula

$`B.G.`$ $`=`$ $`\alpha (\mathrm{\Delta }M)^\beta \times \mathrm{exp}(\gamma _1(\mathrm{\Delta }M)\gamma _2(\mathrm{\Delta }M)^2\gamma _3(\mathrm{\Delta }M)^3),`$ (2.3)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }M`$ $``$ $`M(D^{}\pi )(m_D^{}+m_\pi ),`$
with fitting parameters $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma _1,\gamma _2,\gamma _3`$ , while the DELPHI group applies the similar formula to Eq. (2.3) with fitting parameters $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma _1`$, setting $`\gamma _2=\gamma _3=0`$. We shall apply the same formula to Eq. (2.3) with parameters $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma _1,\gamma _2,\gamma _3`$ for the backgrounds, taking into account the possible effects of intermediate $`D_1^\chi `$ production.

(Relevant intermediate resonances)

The conventional three $`(c\overline{q})P`$ wave mesons may contribute, as intermediate states, to the final $`D^+\pi ^{}`$ system with the respective angular momenta $`l=0,1,2`$ as

$`D_1^{}`$ $``$ $`D^++\pi ^{}(S\mathrm{wave}),`$ (2.4)
$`D_1`$ $``$ $`D^++\pi ^{}(D\mathrm{wave}),`$ (2.5)
$`D_2^{}`$ $``$ $`D^++\pi ^{}(D\mathrm{wave}),`$ (2.6)
where $`D_1^{},D_1`$ and $`D_2^{}`$ have, respectively, $`{}_{}{}^{j_q}L_{J}^{}={}_{}{}^{1/2}P_{1}^{},{}_{}{}^{3/2}P_{1}^{}`$ and $`{}_{}{}^{3/2}P_{2}^{}`$ $`(𝒋_q=𝑺_q+𝑳`$ is the total amgular momentum of the light quark), and the respective partial wave states in Eqs. (2.4,2.5,2.6) are deduced from the heavy quark symmetry (HQS). In this work, a possible contribution from, in addition to the above conventional resonances, the chiral axial-vector meson $`D_1^\chi `$ is taken into account as

$`D_1^\chi `$ $``$ $`D^++\pi ^{}(S\mathrm{wave}),`$ (2.7)
where we inferred that the $`S`$-wave decay is dominant because of small $`Q`$-value.

Out of the three resonances in Eqs (2.4,2.5,2.6) the $`D_1`$ and the $`D_2^{}`$, decaying in the $`D`$-wave, have comparatively a small decay width $`20`$ MeV, while $`D_1^{}`$, decaying in the $`S`$-wave, has a large width $`300`$ MeV, reflecting the physical situation that all three resonances have small $`Q`$-value and that the width contains a kinematical factor $`\mathrm{\Gamma }P^{2l+1}`$ ($`P`$ being relative momentum of the final system).

Because of its large width the contribution of $`D_1^{}`$ is difficult to be discriminated from the backgrounds and it was treated as being included into the background in the original analysis by the experimental groups. In this work we shall follow this prescription.

Thus, in order to analyze the relevant mass spectra, we shall take into account the three resonances, $`D_1,D_2^{}`$ and $`D_1^\chi `$.

(Method of analysis)

We shall apply the VMW method in our relevant case, where the absolute amplitude squared is given by

$`|M(s)|^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}|r_i\mathrm{\Delta }_i(s)|^2+\mathrm{B}.\mathrm{G}.,`$ (2.8)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }_i`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{m_i\mathrm{\Gamma }_i}{sm_i^2+im_i\mathrm{\Gamma }_i}}.`$
Here the summation on the suffix $`i`$ goes over the resonant particles $`D_1,D_2^{}`$ and $`D_1^\chi `$, $`m_i(\mathrm{\Gamma }_i)`$ are their masses (widths), and $`r_i`$ represent their production strength.

The relevant mass spectrum is given by

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }(s)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\sqrt{s}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d^3𝑷_D^{}d^3𝑷_\pi }{(2\pi )^32E_D^{}(2\pi )^32E_\pi }}`$ (2.9)
$`\times `$ $`(2\pi )^4\delta ^{(4)}(PP_D^{}p_\pi )|M(s)|^2,`$
where $`s(P_\mu )^2`$, and $`P_\mu `$ being the total 4-momentum of relevant system.

(Project for applying $`\chi ^2`$-analysis)

In order to obtain the least-$`\chi ^2`$ solution on our relevant parameters, we set up the restrictions on the values of resonance masses and widths as is collected in Table I.

The regions for $`D_1`$ and $`D_2^{}`$ are determined properly from the center values and errors of respective resonances reported in PDG table. Concerning a possible candidate for the chiral particle $`D_1^\chi `$, some excess structure over backgrounds in the regions centered at $`m2300`$ MeV, (which is seen commonly through all the three experimental data of CLEO (a) and (b), and of DELPHI) is identified as being due to production of $`D_1^\chi `$. The restrictions on $`D_1^\chi `$ come simply from inspection of this structure.

We shall perform the two kinds of $`\chi ^2`$-fitting of the mass spectra, the one with $`D_1^\chi `$ and the other without $`D_1^\chi `$ and compare with their results.

## 3 Results of Analysis

The results of our analysis in both the cases, with $`D_1^\chi `$ and without $`D_1^\chi `$, are shown in Fig. 1: The fitted curves in comparison with the data of CLEO (b), DELPHI and CLEO (a) are given, respectively, in Fig. 1(a), (b) and (c) $`[`$ (d), (e) and (f) $`]`$ in the case with $`D_1^\chi [`$ without $`D_1^\chi ]`$. The respective contributions from the $`D_1^\chi `$, $`D_1,D_2^{}`$ and B. G. are also shown.

Actually we have made our analysis in the two steps(, taking into account the difference of statistical accuracy of respective data): First fitting CLEO (b) and DELPHI commonly and secondly fitting CLEO (a) with the fixed values of resonance mass and width obtained through the first fitting.

The obtained values of mass and width of the relevant resonances are collected in Table II.

The values of $`D_1`$ and $`D_2^{}`$ are close to those given in PDG table.

In Table III the values of $`\chi ^2`$ and of $`\stackrel{~}{\chi }^2(\chi ^2/\mathrm{No}.\mathrm{of}\mathrm{data}\mathrm{points}\mathrm{No}.\mathrm{of}\mathrm{param}.)`$ in the respective steps of fitting are also given.

Through the inspection of fitted curves in Fig. 1, we may conclude that our results give some evidence for existence of $`D_1^\chi `$, although there is no significant improvement on the reduced $`\chi ^2`$ given in Table III.

## 4 Concluding Remarks

We have made reanalysis of the $`(D^+\pi ^{})`$ mass spectra obtained through the processes Eqs. (2.1) and (2.2), by applying the formulas Eqs. (2.8) and (2.9). As the intermediate resonant particles we have taken into account the $`D_1^\chi `$, a new chiral axial-vector meson outside of the conventional level classification scheme. As a result we have obtained a possible evidence for $`D_1^\chi `$ with $`m=2312`$ MeV and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=23.0`$ MeV. The obtained values of reduced $`\chi `$ square, $`\stackrel{~}{\chi }^2\chi ^2/(\mathrm{No}.\mathrm{of}\mathrm{data}\mathrm{points}\mathrm{No}.\mathrm{of}\mathrm{param}.)`$, are
$`\stackrel{~}{\chi }^2=110/(14020)=0.923`$ for the case with $`D_1^\chi `$ and $`119/(14016)=0.957`$ for the case without $`D_1^\chi `$, respectively. However, the statistical accuracy of the relevant data is very poor. It is required to have the more accurate data in order to get a definite conclusion.

A possible evidence for another chiral particle $`B_0^\chi `$, scalar meson in the $`B`$ system, is also shown by reanalysis of the $`B\pi `$ mass spectra through the decay process of $`Z^0`$-boson. It will be given in a separate paper.

## Acknowledgement

The authors should like to express their gratitude to Professors, K. Takamatsu and T. Tsuru, for their useful discussions and encouragement.


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# A Parkes half-Jansky sample of GPS galaxies

## 1 introduction

Gigahertz Peaked Spectrum (GPS) radio sources are a class of powerful compact extra-galactic radio source characterised by an overall turnover in their radio spectra at about 1 GHz in frequency (for a review on GPS sources, see O’Dea 1998). They typically exhibit low flux density variability, implying that Doppler boosting is probably not important in these objects. This view is strengthened by the VLBI morphologies – of at least those identified with galaxies (not GPS quasars) – which tend to show symmetric structures on both sides of a central core. These sources are therefore also called Compact Symmetric Objects (CSO). The overlap between the two classes is large, but may not be complete (see Snellen et al. 2000a for a discussion).

The characteristics of GPS sources are quite different from that of other classes of compact radio source, which can be highly variable, and are almost always dominated by Doppler-boosted, one-sided core-jet emission. This may also be the case for GPS sources optically identified with quasars which also show core-jet VLBI morphologies. It has been argued that the GPS galaxies and quasars may not be related at all, but just happen to have similar radio spectra (Snellen et al. 1999). In contrast to GPS galaxies, the GPS quasars are almost exclusively found at very high redshifts (O’Dea et al. 1991; Stanghellini et al. 1998; de Vries et al. 1997).

CSO and GPS galaxies receive considerable attention, because they are generally thought to be the young progenitors of large-size radio sources. Measurement of hot-spot advance speeds (Owsianik & Conway 1998; Owsianik et al. 1998; Taylor et al. 2000; Tschager et al. 2000) by multi-epoch VLBI observations have proven for a handful of archetype GPS sources that these objects are indeed young, typically 102-3 yrs. In addition, measurements of the high frequency breaks in the slightly larger Compact Steep Spectrum (CSS) radio sources, indicate that they have radiative ages in the range of 103-5 yrs (Murgia et al. 1999). It is therefore generally believed that GPS galaxies evolve into CSS and then FR I and/or FR II radio sources, assuming that they are fuelled for long enough. This makes CSO/GPS galaxies the key objects to study the early evolution of powerful radio-loud AGN (Fanti et al. 1995; Readhead et al. 1996; O’Dea & Baum 1997; Snellen et al. 2000b).

Complete samples of GPS sources are vital to perform statistical studies. The complete sample of Stanghellini et al. (1998), containing sources with S$`{}_{5\mathrm{G}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}}{}^{}>1`$ Jy, is the most extensively studied. Other samples include the faint GPS sources of Snellen et al. (1998), and that with GPS sources from the JVAS survey (Marecki et al., 1999) . Since radio telescopes are mostly situated in the northern hemisphere, radio surveys are also strongly biased towards the north. This hampers complete statistical studies of southern GPS sources, even at the highest flux density levels. Since the space density of GPS sources is so low, full sky coverage is important to firmly determine the behaviour of the high end of the luminosity function of GPS sources, which is vital for constraining radio source evolution models (Snellen et al. 2000b). In contrast, the most powerful optical telescopes are found in the south (at least those available to European scientists), and therefore it is of great value to have a significant and well defined sample of GPS sources in the southern hemisphere. Pioneering work on southern GPS sources has been done by de Vries et al. (1995; 2000), especially on obtaining optical identifications and redshifts, and by King et al. (1996) involving VLBI observations, but their samples are not clearly defined. This paper describes the selection of a complete southern/equatorial sample of GPS galaxies from the Parkes PKSCAT90 database (Wright & Otrupcek 1990), and presents the radio spectra and the optical identification status in a homogeneous way. Note that the GPS sources identified as quasars are not included in the sample. Section 2 describes the selection of the sample and its radio properties. Section 3 describes optical CCD imaging and spectroscopy performed with the ESO 3.6m telescope. In section 4, the results are presented and discussed, including an update on the R-band Hubble diagram for GPS galaxies.

## 2 A southern/equatorial sample of GPS galaxies

### 2.1 Selection of the sample

The basis for the selection of sources in the sample is the Parkes multi-frequency survey (PKSCAT90, Wright & Otrupcek 1990), which is a compilation of flux density measurements at frequencies of 178 MHz (4C), 408 MHz (Molonglo catalogue), and at 625, 1410, 2700, 5000, and 8400 MHz taken from the Parkes surveys. Firstly, all sources with $`S_{2700\mathrm{M}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}}>0.5`$ Jy were selected in the regions with $`40^{}<\mathrm{Dec}<+15^{}`$ and galactic latitude, $`|b|>20^{}`$ (1129 sources). This flux density limit and galactic latitude cut-off were chosen to be the same as those of the Parkes half-Jansky sample of flat spectrum radio sources (Drinkwater 1997), allowing comparison of source statistics between the two samples. Note that most GPS galaxies are not found in the flat spectrum sample, since their high frequency spectrum is too steep. Since 1410 MHz Parkes data is only sparsely available, the positions of these sources were cross-correlated with the NVSS survey (Condon 1998), of which all flux density was included within a radius of 6 from the Parkes position. In addition, the sources were cross-correlated with the Texas 365 MHz survey (Douglas et al 1996), which covers most of the sky area of the sample. Each spectrum was then fitted in an automated way with a 2nd order polynomial function to find objects with a possible turnover. A total of 323 objects were pre-selected all of which showed a maximum above 100 MHz in the resulting fit. The spectra of these objects were then inspected visually to judge the validity of the fit. The resulting 193 objects were cross-correlated with all Parkes radio sources in the NASA/IPAC Extra-galactic Database (NED) with available redshifts, this to filter out any quasars. The NED database and the CATS database of radio sources (Verkhodanov et al. 1997) were then searched extensively for additional flux density points and other information on the remaining 125 objects. In addition, the NVSS maps of each of the candidates were checked to see whether or not any extended emission was present. The low frequency survey measurements were taken with interferometers, and therefore possible extended emission may have been missed. This indeed turned out to be a major source of contamination for many (47) mostly nearby radio galaxies. In other cases, the extra data points found in the NED and CATS databases showed that the spectra did not turn over at frequencies below 300-400 MHz, or were subject to strong variability (19). A few candidates turned out to be planetary nebulae (3), and some were BL Lacs or quasars without a measured redshift (7). The spectra of all sources which were not pre-selected (806 objects) were also visually inspected to see whether any candidates had been missed. The remaining sample contains 49 radio sources with peaked spectra, which are optically identified with a galaxy or still without an optical identification.

### 2.2 The radio properties of the sample

From the 49 sources in the resulting sample, 12 are also present in the brighter samples of GPS sources from Stanghellini et al (1998) and de Vries et al. (2000). The properties of the objects are given in table 1, with in column 1, the J2000 IAU name, in column 2 an alternative name, in column 3 the most accurate radio position found in the NED database or that from the NVSS survey (on which the optical identification process is based), in column 4 the R-band magnitude (corrected to Cousins R and galactic extinction taken into account), in column 5 the redshift, in column 6 the flux density at 2700 MHz, in column 7 the turnover frequency, in column 8 the flux density at the turnover, in column 9 the reference for the magnitude, in column 10 the reference for the redshift, and in column 11 a possible comment. The radio spectra are shown in figure 1. The solid lines indicate a 2nd order polynomial fit to the data-points to guide the eye, and do not represent physically meaningful model-fits. The turnover frequencies given in column 6 of table 1 are often just estimates, since it was not possible to determine them accurately due to the sparse sampling near their spectral peak.

## 3 Optical ESO 3.6m Observations

Optical CCD imaging and spectroscopy was performed on objects in the sample using the ESO 3.6m telescope at La Silla, in Chile, on 27-28 July 2000, using the ESO Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera (EFOSC2). The weather was photometric throughout both nights. EFOSC2 uses a 2048$`\times `$2048 thinned Loral CCD chip with a 0.157 pixel size, which was binned by 2$`\times `$2 for both the imaging and spectroscopy.

### 3.1 CCD imaging

Fourteen objects in the sample were observed in the $`g`$, $`r`$, and/or $`i`$ filters, which have effective wavelengths of 5169Å, 6814Å, and 7931Å respectively. For flux density calibration standard star fields from Landolt (1992) were observed throughout the nights, and fluctuations in the magnitude scale zero-points were found to be smaller than 0.03 mag. The images were reduced in a standard way in the software package IRAF from the NOAO, but were positionally calibrated within the AIPS software package (from the NRAO) using the task XTRAN. Positions of bright stars in the CCD fields were taken from the APM catalogue (Irwin et al. 1994) or the COSMOS UKST catalogue (Hambly et al. 2001), and in some cases directly measured on the 2nd Digitized Sky Survey. The flux calibrator measurements in Landolt (1992) were performed in the Johnson-Kron-Cousins $`UBVRI`$ photometric system, which is a somewhat different filter system from that used in this paper. The differences for the R and I band observations were found to be within the observational uncertainties, however for the $`g`$ band observations, a colour correction to V-band had to be applied. From the observations of the standard star fields, this colour correction was found to be $`V=g0.44(VR)`$. The magnitudes of the optical identifications were determined by adding the flux within a box including all the emission from the object nearest the radio position. In the case of multiple objects near the radio positions (possible merging or interacting galaxy systems), the magnitudes were calculated for the total system and each component individually.

### 3.2 CCD spectroscopy

We used the EFOSC2 grism#06, which has 600 gratings per mm, resulting in a dispersion of 2.06 Å/pixel and a wavelengths coverage of 3860-8070 Å.A slit-width of 1′′ was used resulting in a resolution of 13 Å. Usually the slit was oriented near the paralactic angle. The reduction of the spectra was carried out in a standard way using NOAO’s IRAF reduction software. Wavelength calibration was carried out using a Helium-Argon lamp. One dimensional spectra were extracted by summing in the spatial direction over an aperture as large as the spatial extent of the continuum or the brightest emission line.

### 3.3 Digitized Sky Surveys

If the object was not observed by us, and no optical observation was found in the literature, an image was extracted from the red 2nd Digitized Sky Survey. In addition, the APM catalogue (Irwin et al. 1992) and the SuperCosmos Sky Survey catalogues (Hambly et al. 2001) were searched for a possible identification and subsequently magnitude estimate. Unfortunately, the galaxy magnitudes in these catalogues are only accurate to about 0.5 mag. DSS2 data were retrieved for 22 sources (see fig 8), with 9 objects remaining unidentified.

## 4 Results and Discussion

The photometric results of the imaging part of the EFOSC2 observations are given in table 2, with in column 1 the source name, in column 2 and 3 the exposure time and magnitude of the V band observations, in columns 4 and 5 those of the observations in R band, and in column 6 and 7 those of the I band observations. The R band images are shown in figure 7, except for J1604-2223, for which the I band image is shown. Four objects (J0407-2757, J1350-2204, J1556-0622, J2011-0644) seem to have a close companion object. For these objects, the total magnitude of the system is given, and those of the individual components, with that closest to the radio position indicated with ’GPS’ in column 1 of table 2. Note that the magnitudes in table 2 have not yet been corrected for galactic extinction.

The results of the spectroscopic part of the EFOSC2 observations are given in table 3, with in column 1 the source name, in column 2 the exposure time, and in column 3, 4, and 5 the name, observed wavelength and derived redshift of the identified spectral features. Only the galaxies for which spectral features could be identified and subsequently their redshift determined, are listed. Their spectra are shown in figure 2. Spectra of several other galaxies were taken, but did not show any identifiable features, and therefore no redshift could be determined. Clearly these objects do not have emission lines of high equivalent width.

The ESO results and those of the DSS2 are incorporated in table 1, with in column 4 the R band magnitude, corrected for galactic extinction using the values of Schlegel et al. (1998). The references to the optical magnitude and the redshift are given in column 9 and 10. The last column of table 1 gives possible comments. One source, J1109+1043, has a large offset between the radio and optical position, casting doubt on its possible optical identification. The radio source J1600-0037 is located too close (17′′) to a 12th magnitude star to allow an identification. This object is therefore excluded from statistical analysis. The optical identification of J1135-0021 could be point-like and therefore may be a quasar. Strictly speaking it is not clear whether the empty fields are actually galaxies and not quasars. However, from the magnitude distribution of other samples of GPS sources, it is rather unlikely that they are quasars (most of the GPS quasars have m$`{}_{\mathrm{R}}{}^{}<21`$). In general, only when all the sources are identified and spectra taken, can we be confident that all the objects are galaxies. The total identification fraction of the sample is $``$80%. About half of the identified objects have their redshifts determined.

### 4.1 The magnitude distribution

The apparent magnitude of a (GPS) galaxy is closely related to its redshift, as will be discussed later. Therefore, the magnitude distribution of a GPS galaxy sample is a reflection of its redshift distribution. This distribution is very interesting, since it is closely related to the birth-function of radio galaxies and the cosmological evolution of the GPS luminosity function (Snellen et al 2000). The cumulative magnitude distribution is shown in figure 3, with the shaded area indicating the distribution of the half-Jansky sample (taking into account the uncertainty of the magnitudes of the objects without optical identification). GPS sources with S$`{}_{2.7\mathrm{GHz}}{}^{}>1`$ Jy were excluded to avoid overlap with the bright sample. The dashed line shows the magnitude distribution of the GPS galaxies of the $`>`$1Jy (at 5 GHz) Stanghellini et al. (1998) sample, which is completely identified, and the dotted lines indicate the limits of the magnitude distribution of the galaxies in the faint GPS sample of Snellen et al. (1998). The mean flux density of the GPS sample of Stanghellini is about a factor of 4 brighter, and that of the faint GPS sample a factor of 6 fainter than the half-Jansky sample (with S$`{}_{2.7\mathrm{GHz}}{}^{}<1`$ Jy). Figure 3 clearly shows that radio samples containing gernerally fainter radio sources are associated with galaxy samples with fainter magnitudes, with the median magnitudes of the bright, half-Jansky, and faint samples being about 20, 21, and 22 in R respectively. This seems to indicate that the radio-fainter GPS galaxies are primarily at higher redshift, and not simply lower in their radio luminosity.

### 4.2 The Hubble diagram, optical colours and absolute magnitudes

The Hubble diagram of GPS galaxies has been previously discussed by Snellen et al. (1996a,1996b) and O’Dea et al. (1996). Our group has claimed that the apparent magnitude - redshift relation of GPS galaxies show a low dispersion, and that they are apparently fainter at high redshift than 3C objects. This has been interpreted in terms of the GPS galaxies being intrinsically redder than 3C galaxies, possibly due to the lack of the extra, blue light associated with the radio-optical alignment effect (McCarthy et al. 1987; Chambers et al. 1987; Best et al. 1997). This view is strengthened by observations that the optical to near-infrared colours of GPS galaxies are consistent with the light of these hosts being dominated by old stellar populations (Snellen et al. 1996b; O’Dea et al. 1996). In addition, Best et al. (1998) show that 3C galaxies are typically up to a couple of magnitudes bluer in R-K magnitudes than expected for passively evolving elliptical models. The lack of luminosity evolution found out to z=1, which would be expected for passively evolving ellipticals, was interpreted as a possible dynamical evolution of the systems through accretion, as found for brightest cluster galaxies (Aragon-Salamanca et al. 1998). Note that most faint (R$``$24) GPS galaxies are found to have R-K$``$5-6 (Snellen et al. 1996b, 1998), and can therefore be classified as extremely red objects (ERO). Given their relative ease of selection, GPS galaxies promise to be excellent objects for studying the evolution of massive ellipticals out to $`z>1`$.

The combined samples of Stanghellini et al (1998), Snellen et al. (1998), and that presented in this paper provide an additional 15 GPS galaxies with available redshifts, compared to the original analysis of the R band Hubble diagram of Snellen et al. (1996). A few galaxies have only rough estimates of their R magnitude from the DSS surveys and are excluded from the analysis below, leaving 34 galaxies in total (the galaxy J2151+0552 was excluded as well, since its optical light is strongly influenced by non-thermal emission). The updated Hubble diagram of GPS galaxies (solid squares) is shown in figure 4, in which all magnitudes are converted to Cousins R. The dotted line indicates the Hubble relation as fitted to the original dataset in Snellen et al. (1996). The open circles indicate 3C galaxies from a compilation of samples from Best et al. (1997), Eales (1985), and de Koff et al. (1996) with, if necessary, the magnitudes converted to ’total magnitudes’ in R Cousins. As found before, the distant GPS galaxies are apparently fainter than 3C galaxies at similar redshift, which can be accounted for by the extra light of the alignment effect in 3C galaxies (eg. Best et al. 1997). However, some differences from the original picture now emerge. On average, the nearby objects seem to be fainter than in the original sample, and the galaxies at $`z>1`$ seem to be brighter than the original Hubble diagram indicates.

Figure 5 shows the R-I colours as function of redshift, with sources taken from Stanghellini et al (1993), Snellen et al. (1999) and this paper (all corrected to Cousins R). The shaded area indicates the expected R-I colours for a passively evolving elliptical with a formation redshift of z=5, and a range from 1 to 2 times solar metallicity (Worthey et al. 1994). The R-I colours are more or less as expected for passively evolving ellipticals, as shown before by O’Dea et al. (1996).

Figure 6 presents the absolute magnitudes for GPS galaxies (solid squares) and 3C galaxies (open circles). A cosmology with $`H_0`$=70 km sec-1Mpc-1, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_\lambda =0.3`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_m=0.7`$ is assumed, and the magnitudes are K-corrected using a synthetic galaxy spectrum by Worthey (1994) for a 12 Gyr old elliptical with solar metallicity. The models of Worthey (1994) are also used to calculate the grey area, which represents the expected luminosity evolution as function of redshift for a 2$`L_{}`$ elliptical with a formation redshift of z=5, and a range of metallicities from 1 to 2 times solar.

As for the Hubble diagram, this picture seems to be different to that found earlier for the absolute K-band magnitudes of GPS galaxies as function of redshift (Snellen et al. 1996b), which show a more or less constant absolute magnitude as function of redshift. We believe this has several reasons. Firstly, the few low redshift GPS galaxies available in 1996 seem to have been, on average, over-luminous with respect to the general low redshift population. This was already a concern at that time, since two of them have a Seyfert nucleus (4C+12.45 and B1404+286). This has moved the z=0 baseline to a lower luminosity, making the higher redshift objects relatively brighter. Secondly, the now popular $`\lambda `$-cosmology makes the objects at redshift of unity intrinsically about half a magnitude brighter as well. Thirdly, the newly measured redshifts at $`z>1`$ are strongly biased towards the objects with the strongest emission lines, making contamination from an active nucleus more likely. It is therefore expected that the majority of the objects at $`z>1`$, for which we were not able to determine a redshift, are intrinsically less luminous than the few objects shown in figures 4 and 6. Indeed, from the four spectra shown in figure 2, the emission lines of the two galaxies at low redshift have very low equivalent widths, while those of the two at high redshift have very high equivalent width. For that reason only the redshifts of the latter two could be determined. Several deep spectra of other faint galaxies were taken with no lines detected. Eight-metre-class telescope time will be needed to resolve this issue.

### 4.3 Mergers and interactions

Previous work has indicated that disturbed optical morphologies and the presence of close companions are common characteristics of GPS galaxies (Stanghellini et al. 1993, O’Dea et al. 1996). Using a sample of radio-bright GPS galaxies, O’Dea et al. find that about half of the galaxies have disturbed morphologies and about one-fifth show a 2nd component within a few arcseconds. Very similar percentages have been found by Heckman et al. (1986) for a general sample of powerful radio-loud AGN. If GPS sources evolve into large scale radio sources, then it would be expected that their galactic environments are similar, since the timescales of interaction and/or mergers are larger than that of the lifetime of a radio source.

The statistics in the sample presented here are not yet good enough to perform a similar statistical analysis. However, it is interesting to note that from the 12 galaxies we imaged, 4 are clearly part of a multiple system (J0407-3924, J1350-2204, J1556+0622, and J2011-0644). In addition, J1548-1213 seems to have a 2nd component, but the picture is less clear due to 2 foreground stars nearby. At first glance, this gives a similar fraction of multiple systems to O’Dea et al. (1996) and Heckman et al. (1986). It is also interesting to note that in all 4 of the multiple systems, the GPS radio sources are identified with the redder component of the two. A more extensive observing programme for optical imaging and spectroscopy is planned.

## 5 Summary and Conclusions

In this paper we have described the selection of a new southern/equatorial sample of Gigahertz Peaked Spectrum (GPS) radio galaxies, and presented subsequent optical CCD imaging and spectroscopic observations using the ESO3.6m telescope. The sample consists of 49 sources with $`40^{}<\delta <+15^{}`$, $`|b|>20^{}`$, and S$`{}_{2.7\mathrm{GHz}}{}^{}>0.5`$ Jy, selected from the Parkes PKSCAT90 survey. About 80% of the sources are now optically identified, and about half of the identifications have their redshifts determined. The R-band Hubble diagram and evolution of the host galaxies of GPS sources are reviewed. The view on GPS galaxies seems to be slightly altered, with the host galaxies increasing in optical luminosity with redshift, as expected for passive evolution. This change appears to be caused by the low-z galaxies being less luminous than previously thought, the new $`\lambda `$-cosmology used, and a strong observational bias towards high redshift GPS galaxies being those with strong emission lines.

The sample presented in this paper has the potential to greatly improve the statistics on luminous young radio-loud AGN, and the use of hosts of GPS sources for galaxy evolution studies, especially with the VLT and Gemini-south telescopes.

## Acknowledgements

This research has made use of observations collected at the ESO/La Silla 3.6m telescope, and of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We made use of the CATS database (Verkhodanov et al. 1997) of the Special Astrophysical Observatory. The Second Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS-II) was made by the California Institute of Technology with funds from the National Science Foundation, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Geographic Society, the Sloan Foundation, the Samuel Oschin Foundation, and the Eastman Kodak Corporation.

## Appendix


text:
# Quantum inequalities in two dimensional curved spacetimes

## I INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY

Over the last few years there has been considerable interest in negative energies in quantum field theory. Although energy densities are always non-negative in classical physics, negative energies are ubiquitous in quantum physics. Well known examples include the Casimir effect Casimir1 ; 1969PhRv..184.1272B  and squeezed states of light 1986PhRvL..57.2520W . In fact the energy density measured by an observer at a point in spacetime can be unboundedly negative EGJ . However, quantum field theory does impose non-local constraints on negative energy effects. One type of such constraint are the so-called “quantum inequalities”, which are restrictions on the magnitude and duration of negative energy fluxes and densities measured by inertial observers, first introduced by Ford 1991PhRvD..43.3972F ; F78  and extensively explored by Ford and Roman FR92 ; FR95 ; FRBH ; FRWH ; FRnew ; Ford:1999qv  and others Folacci:1992xg ; Pfenning:1997tb ; Pfenning:1998ua ; Borde:2001fk ; Ford:1998fa ; Pfenning:1998rg ; Fewster:1998pu ; Fewster:1998xn ; Fewster:1999kr ; Fewster:1999gj ; Fewster:2001js ; Fewster:2002dp ; Pfenning:2001wx ; Verch:1999nt ; Helfer:1996dj ; Vollick:2000pm ; Teo:2002ne ; Ford2002 .

One of the main motivations for investigating these constraints is the goal of understanding gravitational effects of negative energies as determined by the semiclassical Einstein equation $`G_{ab}=8\pi \widehat{T}_{ab}`$. A priori, the negative energies allowed by quantum field theory might allow the violation of cosmic censorship Ford:1990ae ; FR92 , or the production of macroscopic traversable wormholes or closed timelike curves Morris:1988cz ; Morris:1988tu . However, there has accumulated by now a considerable body of circumstantial evidence that such objects cannot occur as solutions to the semiclassical Einstein equation within its domain of validity (at curvature scales below the Planck scale). For example, Ford and Roman have used quantum inequalities to argue that traversable wormhole solutions to the semiclassical equations are strongly constrained FRWH . Planck scale traversable wormhole solutions have been found by Hochberg et al. Hochberg:1997ee .

In Ref. Flanagan:1997gn  a particular quantum inequality was derived for inertial observers in two dimensional Minkowski spacetime. This result was later generalized by Vollick to static observers in static two dimensional spacetimes that are globally conformal to Minkowski spacetime, using conformal transformations Vollick:2000pm . The purpose of this paper is to generalize Vollick’s result to arbitrary observers in non-static two dimensional spacetimes.

We start by reviewing the results of Ref. Flanagan:1997gn . Fix a smooth, non-negative function $`\rho =\rho (\xi )`$ with

$$_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\rho (\xi )𝑑\xi <\mathrm{},$$
(1)
which we will call the smearing function111In Ref. Flanagan:1997gn  we imposed the normalization condition $`\rho 𝑑\xi =1`$. This condition is not necessary since the left hand sides and right hand sides of the quantum inequalities (5) and (6) scale linearly with $`\rho `$.. For any timelike curve $`\gamma `$ with proper time $`\tau `$ and normalized tangent $`u^a`$, we define

$$\widehat{}_\mathrm{T}[\gamma ,\rho ]=_\gamma 𝑑\tau \rho (\tau )\widehat{T}_{ab}u^au^b,$$
(2)
where $`\widehat{T}_{ab}`$ is the stress-energy tensor. The quantity (2) is the average with respect to proper time of the energy density measured by the observer moving along the worldline $`\gamma `$, weighted by the smearing function $`\rho `$. Similarly for a null geodesic $`\gamma `$ with affine parameter $`\lambda `$, we define

$$\widehat{}_\mathrm{N}[\gamma ,\rho ]=_\gamma 𝑑\lambda \rho (\lambda )\widehat{T}_{ab}k^ak^b,$$
(3)
where $`k^a=(d/d\lambda )^a`$. The subscripts $`T`$ and $`N`$ denote “timelike” and “null” respectively. Finally we define

$$_{\mathrm{T},\mathrm{min}}[\gamma ,\rho ]=\underset{\omega }{\mathrm{min}}\widehat{}_\mathrm{T}[\gamma ,\rho ]_\omega ,$$
(4)
which is the minimum over all quantum states $`\omega `$ of the expected value of the operator $`\widehat{}_\mathrm{T}[\gamma ,\rho ]`$. We define $`_{\mathrm{N},\mathrm{min}}[\gamma ,\rho ]`$ analogously.

The results of Ref. Flanagan:1997gn  applied to a free, massless scalar field $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ in two dimensional Minkowski spacetime. For any timelike geodesic $`\gamma `$ it was shown that

$$_{\mathrm{T},\mathrm{min}}[\gamma ,\rho ]=\frac{1}{24\pi }_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\tau \frac{\rho ^{}(\tau )^2}{\rho (\tau )},$$
(5)
and for any null geodesic $`\gamma `$ that

$$_{\mathrm{N},\mathrm{min}}[\gamma ,\rho ]=\frac{1}{48\pi }_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\lambda \frac{\rho ^{}(\lambda )^2}{\rho (\lambda )}.$$
(6)
In this paper we consider any two dimensional spacetime $`(M,g_{ab})`$ that is globally conformal to Minkowski spacetime, and again consider a free, massless scalar field $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ 222We can ignore here the well known infrared pathologies associated with massless scalar fields in two dimensions, since our smearing functions can be taken to be of compact support, and thus we could impose an infrared cutoff on the theory.. Our main results are:

(i) For an arbitrary timelike curve $`\gamma `$ we have

$$_{\mathrm{T},\mathrm{min}}[\gamma ,\rho ]=\frac{1}{24\pi }_\gamma 𝑑\tau \left[\frac{\dot{\rho }^2}{\rho }+\rho a^aa_a+\rho R\right],$$
(7)
where $`a^a=u^b_bu^a`$ is the acceleration of $`\gamma `$ and $`R`$ is the Ricci scalar. Here the dot denotes a derivative with respect to proper time; we reinterpret the smearing function $`\rho `$ as a function defined on the curve $`\gamma `$ rather than on the real line.

(ii) More generally, for any vector field $`v^a`$ defined on a timelike curve $`\gamma `$, we have

$`\underset{\omega }{\mathrm{min}}`$ $`{\displaystyle _\gamma }d\tau \widehat{T}_{ab}v^av^b_\omega ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{24\pi }}{\displaystyle _\gamma }d\tau [{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\alpha ^2+\beta ^2)a^aa_a`$ (8)
$`(\alpha ^2\beta ^2)\dot{a}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(\alpha +\beta )^2R+2\dot{\alpha }^2+2\dot{\beta }^2].`$
Here the functions $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ are defined by

$`\alpha +\beta `$ $`=`$ $`2v^au_a`$
$`\alpha \beta `$ $`=`$ $`2ϵ^{ab}u_av_b,`$ (9)
$`ϵ_{ab}`$ is a choice of volume 2-form333The 2-form is normalized according to $`ϵ_{ab}ϵ^{bc}=\delta _a^c`$. It can be seen that the lower bound (8) is independent of the choice of sign of $`ϵ_{ab}`$.,

$$aϵ_{ab}u^aa^b,$$
(10)
and dots denote derivatives with respect to $`\tau `$. The result (8) reduces to (7) when $`\alpha =\beta =\sqrt{\rho }`$.

(iii) For a null geodesic $`\gamma `$, we have444This result was previously noted in footnote 38 of Ref. Flanagan:1997er .

$$_{\mathrm{N},\mathrm{min}}[\gamma ,\rho ]=\frac{1}{48\pi }_\gamma 𝑑\lambda \frac{\rho ^{}(\lambda )^2}{\rho (\lambda )},$$
(11)
which has the same form as the flat spacetime result (6). Here the prime denotes a derivative with respect to affine parameter $`\lambda `$, where we treat $`\rho `$ as a function defined on $`\gamma `$.

We derive the results (7), (8) and (11) in Sec. II below, and discuss some implications in Sec. III. We note that Fewster has proved that the quantity $`_{\mathrm{T},\mathrm{min}}[\rho ]`$ is finite for any spacetime and any curve $`\gamma `$ Fewster:1999gj . Thus, the existence of the bound (7) follows from the very general result of Fewster. Also, with respect to the result (8), we note that a quantum inequality for the time average of a null-null component of stress-energy was previously derived by Fewster and Roman FR02 .

We also remark that the average along a null geodesic of any other component of the stress-energy tensor other than $`\widehat{T}_{ab}k^ak^b`$ is unbounded below. This can be seen from the flat spacetime analysis of Ref. Flanagan:1997gn . Moreover, in two dimensions there is no loss of generality in considering null geodesics instead of more general null curves. Therefore the result (11) is the most general quantum inequality that can be derived for null curves.

## II DERIVATION OF THE QUANTUM INEQUALITIES

The basic idea of the proof, following Vollick Vollick:2000pm , is to apply conformal transformations to the Minkowski spacetime results (5) and (6). Our analysis differs from Vollick’s in that we allow accelerated curves.

For any metric $`g_{ab}`$, state $`\omega `$, timelike curve $`\gamma `$ and weighting function $`\rho `$ along $`\gamma `$ we define

$`I_\gamma [g_{ab},\rho ,\omega ]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _\gamma }𝑑\tau \rho (\tau )\widehat{T}_{ab}_\omega u^au^b`$ (12)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{24\pi }}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\tau \rho \left[{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\rho }^2}{\rho ^2}}+a^aa_a+R\right].`$
To derive the result (7) it suffices to show that $`I_\gamma 0`$ always. Consider now the conformally transformed metric

$$\overline{g}_{ab}=e^{2\sigma }g_{ab},$$
(13)
where $`\sigma `$ is any smooth function. Let $`\overline{\omega }`$ be the state on the spacetime $`(M,\overline{g}_{ab})`$ that is naturally associated with $`\omega `$ (i.e. having the same $`n`$-point distributions). We define the transformed smearing function

$$\overline{\rho }=e^\sigma \rho .$$
(14)
It is now a straightforward computation to show that the functional $`I_\gamma `$ is a conformal invariant, i.e., that

$$I_\gamma [\overline{g}_{ab},\overline{\rho },\overline{\omega }]=I_\gamma [g_{ab},\rho ,\omega ].$$
(15)
We briefly sketch the derivation. The transformed expected stress-energy tensor is given by

$`\widehat{T}_{ab}_{\overline{\omega }}`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{T}_{ab}_\omega +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{12\pi }}[_a_b\sigma (_a\sigma )(_b\sigma )`$ (16)
$`g_{ab}_c^c\sigma +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g_{ab}(\sigma )^2];`$
see Eq. (6.133) of Ref. BD82 . The transformed velocity is $`\overline{u}^a=e^\sigma u^a`$, and the transformed acceleration is

$$\overline{a}^a=e^{2\sigma }\left[a^a+\dot{\sigma }u^a+^a\sigma \right].$$
(17)
Finally the transformed Ricci scalar is

$$\overline{R}=e^{2\sigma }\left[R2_c^c\sigma \right]$$
(18)
Substituting the quantities (14) and (16) – (18) together with $`d\overline{\tau }=e^\sigma d\tau `$ into the definition (12) of $`I_\gamma `$, and using

$$u^au^b_a_b\sigma =\ddot{\sigma }a^b_b\sigma $$
(19)
yields the conformal invariance property (15).

Now fix a choice of curve $`\gamma `$, a globally-conformally-flat metric $`g_{ab}`$, a state $`\omega `$ and a smearing function $`\rho `$. From the conformal invariance property it suffices to show that $`I_\gamma [\overline{g}_{ab},\overline{\rho },\overline{\omega }]0`$, where $`(\overline{g}_{ab},\overline{\rho },\overline{\omega })`$ is a conformal transform of $`(g_{ab},\rho ,\omega )`$. Therefore, without loss of generality we can take $`g_{ab}`$ to be the flat, Minkowski metric. We can also without loss of generality take $`a^a=0`$, since any accelerated curve can be made to be geodesic by a conformal transformation which preserves flatness 555The transformed metric will be flat if $`_c^c\sigma `$ vanishes, and from Eq. (17) the curve will be geodesic in the transformed metric if $`a^ba_b+a^b_b\sigma =0`$ along $`\gamma `$. The properties of the wave equation in flat spacetime then guarantee that a solution satisfying this boundary condition exists.. Thus, it suffices to show that $`I_\gamma 0`$ for geodesic curves in flat spacetime. However, when $`a^a=R=0`$, the condition $`I_\gamma 0`$ reduces to the quantum inequality (5) previously established.

An exactly analogous argument holds for null geodesics. For any metric $`g_{ab}`$, null geodesic $`\gamma `$ with tangent $`k^a`$, smearing function $`\rho `$ and state $`\omega `$ we define

$`J_\gamma [g_{ab},k^a,\rho ,\omega ]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _\gamma }𝑑\lambda \rho (\lambda )\widehat{T}_{ab}_\omega k^ak^b`$ (20)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{48\pi }}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\lambda {\displaystyle \frac{(\rho ^{})^2}{\rho }},`$
where $`k^a=(d/d\lambda )^a`$. Then one can show that

$$J_\gamma [\overline{g}_{ab},\overline{k}^a,\overline{\rho },\overline{\omega }]=J_\gamma [g_{ab},k^a,\rho ,\omega ],$$
(21)
where now

$`\overline{g}_{ab}`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2\sigma }g_{ab}`$
$`\overline{k}^a`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2\sigma }k^a`$
$`\overline{\rho }`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2\sigma }\rho .`$ (22)
Note that the conformal scaling (22) of the smearing function in this null case differs from the scaling (14) in the timelike case. As before the conformal invariance property (21) allows one to deduce the curved spacetime result (11) from the flat spacetime result (6).

We now turn to a proof of the result (8). Before treating the case of a general vector field $`v^a`$ defined on the timelike curve $`\gamma `$, it is useful to consider the case of a future-pointing null vector field $`k^a`$ normalized according to

$$k^au_a=\frac{1}{2}.$$
(23)
Note that there are exactly two such null vector fields along $`\gamma `$, and they are expressible in terms of a choice of volume form $`ϵ_{ab}`$ by

$$k^a=\frac{1}{2}(u^aϵ^{ab}u_b).$$
(24)
We define

$`K_\gamma [g_{ab},k^a,\rho ,\omega ]={\displaystyle _\gamma }𝑑\tau \rho (\tau )\widehat{T}_{ab}_\omega k^ak^b`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{48\pi }}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\tau \rho \left[{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\rho }^2}{\rho ^2}}+a^aa_a2\dot{a}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}R\right],`$ (25)
where

$$a=ϵ_{ab}u^aa^b=2k_aa^a$$
(26)
and dots denote derivatives with respect to proper time $`\tau `$. As before, it is straightforward to show that $`K_\gamma `$ is a conformal invariant, in the sense that

$$K_\gamma [e^{2\sigma }g_{ab},e^\sigma k^a,e^\sigma \rho ,\overline{\omega }]=K_\gamma [g_{ab},k^a,\rho ,\omega ].$$
(27)
Therefore, to show that $`K_\gamma 0`$ in general, it suffices to show that $`K_\gamma 0`$ for geodesics in flat Minkowski spacetime. In Minkowski spacetime, choose coordinates $`(t,x)`$ such that the metric is $`ds^2=dt^2+dx^2`$, and define $`u=t+x`$, $`v=tx`$, and choose $`k^a=(/u)^a`$. Then for the geodesic $`\gamma `$ given by $`x=0`$ we have

$`{\displaystyle _\gamma }𝑑\tau \widehat{T}_{ab}k^ak^b\rho (\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑t\widehat{T}_{uu}(t,0)\rho (t)`$ (28)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑t\widehat{T}_{uu}(t/2,t/2)\rho (t)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }}}𝑑\lambda \widehat{T}_{ab}k^ak^b\rho (\lambda ).`$
Here the second equality follows from the fact that $`\widehat{T}_{uu}`$ depends only on the $`u`$ coordinate and not on the $`v`$ coordinate, and $`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }`$ is the null geodesic $`x=t`$ with affine parameter $`\lambda =u`$. It follows from Eq. (28) that the quantity $`K_\gamma `$ reduces to the integral (20) along the null geodesic $`x=t`$, which was previously shown to be non-negative. Thus we have proved that $`K_\gamma `$ is positive in general.

Consider now a general vector field $`v^a`$ defined along $`\gamma `$. We fix a volume form $`ϵ_{ab}`$, and define null vectors $`k^a`$ and $`l^a`$ via

$`k^a`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(u^aϵ^{ab}u_b)`$ (29)
$`l^a`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(u^a+ϵ^{ab}u_b).`$ (30)
Then $`k^a`$ and $`l^a`$ are both future directed null vectors along $`\gamma `$ that satisfy the normalization condition (24), so the result $`K_\gamma 0`$ applies to both $`k^a`$ and $`l^a`$. We now define the functions $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ to be the components of the vector $`v^a`$ on the basis $`(k^a,l^a)`$:

$$v^a=\alpha k^a+\beta l^a.$$
(31)
Using the definitions (29) and (30) one can invert Eq. (31) to obtain Eqs. (9). We now compute the integrand on the left hand side of Eq. (8):

$$\widehat{T}_{ab}v^av^b=\alpha ^2\widehat{T}_{ab}k^ak^b+\beta ^2\widehat{T}_{ab}l^al^b+2\alpha \beta \widehat{T}_{ab}k^{(a}l^{b)}.$$
(32)
Using the identity $`k^{(a}l^{b)}=g^{ab}/4`$ together with the trace anomaly

$$\widehat{T}_a^a=\frac{1}{24\pi }R$$
(33)
we can rewrite Eq. (32) as

$$\widehat{T}_{ab}v^av^b=\alpha ^2\widehat{T}_{ab}k^ak^b+\beta ^2\widehat{T}_{ab}l^al^b\frac{\alpha \beta R}{48\pi }.$$
(34)
We next integrate the quantity (34) along the timelike curve $`\gamma `$. Since the coefficients $`\alpha ^2`$ and $`\beta ^2`$ are both non-negative, we can apply the result (25) to bound the first two terms in Eq. (34). The result is the expression (8). Note that the bound is optimal or sharp, since taking the minimum over states for the first two terms in Eq. (34) involves the two, independent, right-moving and left-moving sectors of the theory.

## III IMPLICATIONS

In this section we discuss some implications of the quantum inequalities (7), (8) and (11) in some specific spacetimes, and their physical interpretation.

Consider first a uniformly accelerated or Rindler observer with acceleration $`a`$ in Minkowski spacetime. From Eq. (7) it follows that the energy density measured by such an observer can be as negative as $`a^2/(24\pi )`$ over arbitrarily long timescales. This behavior is in marked contrast to that of inertial observers, who can only measure negative energy densities over limited timescales. The reason for the difference can be understood by considering a state containing a burst of negative energy radiation $`\widehat{T}_{uu}(u)`$ followed by a compensating burst of positive energy radiation. An accelerated observer can intersect the negative energy burst while avoiding the positive energy burst if the Rindler horizon lies between the two bursts. A similar argument was given by Borde, Ford and Roman to explain the behavior of the total energy on asymptotically null spacelike surfaces in four dimensions; see Fig. 2 of Ref. Borde:2001fk .

Consider next a static observer near the horizon of the static, two dimensional black hole spacetime

$$ds^2=\left(1\frac{2m}{r}\right)dt^2+\left(1\frac{2m}{r}\right)^1dr^2.$$
(35)
As shown by Vollick Vollick:2000pm , the lower bound on the time-averaged energy density measured by such an observer becomes arbitrarily negative near the horizon. From Eq. (7), we can see that this effect is due to the acceleration of the static observer, since the Ricci scalar term in Eq. (7) is finite at the horizon.

Next, one can derive from the general result (8) a constraint on the time averaged pressure measured by an observer. By taking $`\alpha =\sqrt{\rho }`$, $`\beta =\sqrt{\rho }`$ in Eq. (8), one obtains

$$\underset{\omega }{\mathrm{min}}_\gamma d\tau \rho \widehat{T}_{ab}e^ae^b_\omega =\frac{1}{24\pi }_\gamma d\tau [\frac{\dot{\rho }^2}{\rho }+\rho a^aa_a],$$
(36)
where $`e^a`$ is any unit spacelike vector field along $`\gamma `$ orthogonal to $`u^a`$. This is identical in form to the result (7) except that there is no Ricci scalar term.

Finally, consider averages of energy densities over a spacelike curve rather than over a timelike curve. One can derive a constraint on such averages from Eq. (8) as follows 666No analogous constraints on averages of energy densities over spacelike surfaces in four dimensions can be obtained Helfer:1998zs ; Helfer:1999uq ; Helfer:1999ur ; Ford2002 .. Consider the transformation $`g_{ab}g_{ab}`$. Under this transformation, the curve $`\gamma `$ becomes a spacelike curve, $`\tau `$ becomes proper length rather than proper time, while the the set of allowed expected stress energy tensors $`T_{ab}`$ is invariant. Also, the quantities $`u^a`$, $`v^a`$, $`a^a`$, $`ϵ^{ab}`$, $`a=ϵ_{ab}u^aa^b`$, and $`\dot{a}`$ are even under the transformation, while the quantities $`a_a`$, $`u_a`$, and $`R`$ flip sign. We therefore obtain that

$`\underset{\omega }{\mathrm{min}}`$ $`{\displaystyle _\gamma }ds\widehat{T}_{ab}v^av^b_\omega ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{24\pi }}{\displaystyle _\gamma }ds[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\alpha ^2+\beta ^2)a^aa_a`$ (37)
$`(\alpha ^2\beta ^2)\dot{a}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(\alpha +\beta )^2R+2\dot{\alpha }^2+2\dot{\beta }^2],`$
where $`\gamma `$ is a spacelike curve with proper length parameter $`s`$, tangent $`t^a=(d/ds)^a`$, and acceleration $`a^a=t^b_bt^a`$. Also dots denote derivatives with respect to $`s`$, and $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$ and $`a`$ are defined by \[cf. Eqs. (9) above\]

$`\alpha +\beta `$ $`=`$ $`2v^at_a,`$
$`\alpha \beta `$ $`=`$ $`2ϵ^{ab}t_av_b,`$
$`a`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ_{ab}t^aa^b.`$ (38)
By taking $`\alpha =\sqrt{\rho }`$, $`\beta =\sqrt{\rho }`$ we obtain

$$\underset{\omega }{\mathrm{min}}_\gamma ds\rho \widehat{T}_{ab}n^an^b_\omega =\frac{1}{24\pi }_\gamma ds[\frac{\dot{\rho }^2}{\rho }\rho a^aa_a],$$
(39)
where $`n^a`$ is the unit, future directed normal to the spacelike curve $`\gamma `$. As an example, consider the static spacetime

$$ds^2=e^{2\sigma (x)}(dt^2+dx^2).$$
(40)
Then the Killing energy of a state on the hypersurface $`t=0`$ is

$$𝑑s\widehat{T}_{ab}n^a\xi ^b,$$
(41)
where $`ds=e^\sigma dx`$, $`\xi ^a=(/t)^a`$ is the Killing vector field and $`n^a=e^\sigma \xi ^a`$ is the unit normal. From Eq. (39) with $`\rho =e^\sigma `$ it follows that the lower bound on this Killing energy is

$$\frac{1}{24\pi }𝑑x\left(\frac{d\sigma }{dx}\right)^2.$$
(42)
## IV CONCLUSION

We have derived very general constraints on averages of components of the stress energy tensor along timelike, null and spacelike curves in two dimensional spacetimes. The bounds are all optimal and are expressed in terms of covariant quantities. Unfortunately the methods used here do not generalize to the more interesting case of four dimensions.

###### Acknowledgements.

I thank Chris Fewster for helpful discussions, and the Erwin Schrödinger Institute for Mathematical Physics in Vienna, where this paper was completed, for its hospitality. I thank Robert Wald for suggesting to use a conformal isometry of flat spacetime to map an accelerated worldline onto a geodesic worldline. I thank Eleni-Alexandra Kontou for pointing out an error in an earlier version of this paper. This research was supported in part by NSF grants PHY-9722189 and PHY-0140209 and by the Sloan Foundation.