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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

One of the crucial points of de Wit-Nicolai theory  is the presence of warp factor $`\mathrm{\Delta }(x,y)`$. When one reduces 11-dimensional supergravity theory to four-dimensional $`𝒩=8`$ gauged supergravity, the four-dimensional spacetime is warped by this factor which depends on both four-dimensional coordinate $`x^\mu `$ and 7-dimensional internal coordinate $`y^m`$. This warp factor provides an understanding of the different relative scales of the 11-dimensional solutions corresponding to the critical points in $`𝒩=8`$ gauged supergravity. One writes down 11-dimensional metric as warped product ansatz

$`ds_{11}^2=ds_4^2+ds_7^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }(x,y)}}g_{\mu \nu }(x)dx^\mu dx^\nu +G_{mn}(x,y)dy^mdy^n,`$ (1.1)
where $`\mu ,\nu =1,2,\mathrm{},4`$ and $`m,n=1,2,\mathrm{},7`$. The nonlinear metric ansatz in  provides the explicit formula (5.1) for the 7-dimensional inverse metric $`G^{mn}(x,y)`$, which is encoded by the warp factor $`\mathrm{\Delta }(x,y)`$, 28 Killing vectors $`\stackrel{}{𝐾}{}_{}{}^{mIJ}(y)`$ on the round 7-sphere(expressed through the Killing spinors) and 28-beins $`u_{ij}^{IJ}(x),v_{ijIJ}(x)`$ in four-dimensional gauged $`𝒩=8`$ supergravity: the dependence of $`x`$ appears in the first and last one.

An important aspect of the holographic duals  is the notion that the radial coordinate of $`AdS_4`$ can be viewed as a measure of energy. A supergravity kink description interpolating between $`r\mathrm{}`$ and $`r\mathrm{}`$ can be interpreted as an explicit construction of the renormalization group(RG) flow between the ultraviolet(UV) fixed point and the infrared(IR) fixed point of the three dimensional boundary field theory. To construct the superkink corresponding to the supergravity description of the nonconformal RG flow, the most general four dimensional bulk metric which has a three-dimensional Poincare invariance takes the form

$`g_{\mu \nu }(x)dx^\mu dx^\nu =e^{2A(r)}\eta _{\mu ^{}\nu ^{}}dx^\mu ^{}dx^\nu ^{}+dr^2,`$ (1.2)
where $`\eta _{\mu ^{}\nu ^{}}=(,+,+)`$, $`r=x^4`$ is the coordinate transverse to the domain wall and the scale factor $`A(r)`$ behaves linearly in $`r`$ at UV and IR regions.

The 70 real scalars of $`𝒩=8`$ supergravity parametrize  the coset space $`E_{7(7)}/SU(8)`$. The scalar potential is a function of these 70 scalars and this number is too large to be managed practically. From the possible embeddings of $`SU(3)`$, the 70 scalars contain 6 singlets of $`SU(3)`$(three from 35 scalars $`\mathrm{𝟑𝟓}_𝐯`$ plus three from 35 pseudo-scalars $`\mathrm{𝟑𝟓}_𝐜`$). But the scalar potential depends on only four real fields due to the $`SO(8)`$-invariance of the potential and a larger invariance of the $`SU(3)`$-invariant sector. The explicit construction of 28-beins $`u_{ij}^{IJ}(x)`$ and $`v_{ijIJ}(x)`$ in terms of these fields has been found in . It is known  that there exist five nontrivial critical points for the scalar potential of gauged $`𝒩=8`$ supergravity: $`SO(7)^+,SO(7)^{},G_2,SU(4)^{}`$ and $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$. Among them $`G_2`$-invariant 7-ellipsoid and $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$-invariant stretched 7-ellipsoid are stable and supersymmetric.

By writing de Wit-Nicolai potential in terms of a superpotential encoded in the T-tensor of a theory, the holographic RG flow equations from $`𝒩=8`$, $`SO(8)`$-invariant UV fixed point to $`𝒩=2`$, $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$-invariant IR fixed point were contructed in . Moreover, the holographic RG flow equations from $`𝒩=8`$, $`SO(8)`$-invariant UV fixed point to $`𝒩=1`$, $`G_2`$-invariant IR fixed point were obtained in (See also ). Contrary to $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$-invariant case, there exists an algebraic relation in a complex eigenvalue of $`A_1`$ tensor for the $`G_2`$-invariant case. This observation was crucial for the correct minimization of the energy-functional.

The $`M`$-theory lift of a supersymmetric RG flow is achieved as follows. First we impose the nontrivial $`r`$-dependence of vacuum expectation values(vevs) subject to the four-dimensional RG flow equations. Then the geometric parameters in the 7-manifold metric at certain critical point are controlled by the RG flow equations so that they can be smoothly extrapolated from the critical point. Secondly we make an appropriate ansatz for the 11-dimensional three-form gauge field. If the ansatz is correct, the 11-dimensional Einstein-Maxwell(bosonic) equations can be finally solved by using the RG flow equations to complete the $`M`$-theory lift. Based on this prescription, an exact solution to the 11-dimensional bosonic equations corresponding to the $`M`$-theory lift of the $`𝒩=2`$, $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$-invariant RG flow was found in . Its Kähler structure was extensively studied in . Similarly, the $`M`$-theory lift of the $`𝒩=1`$, $`G_2`$-invariant RG flow was done in .

In AdS/CFT context , the above two membrane flows are holographic dual of flows of the maximally supersymmetric $`𝒩=8`$ scalar-fermion theory in three-dimensions. It is still unclear how they are related both in the bulk supergravity and in the boundary field theory. In order to answer this question, we would like to achieve the $`M`$-theory lift of whole $`SU(3)`$-invariant sector, including the above five critical points and RG flows in $`d=4`$, $`𝒩=8`$ gauged supergravity. As the first step toward this goal, we need to know the complete metric (1.1) together with (1.2). To solve the 11-dimensional bosonic equations by utilizing the RG flow equations in , we have to further make an appropriate ansatz for the 11-dimensional three-form gauge field. It will be a natural extension of the Freund-Rubin parametrization  but will be more complicated due to its nontrivial $`AdS_4`$ radial coordinate dependence. Even though the nonlinear metric ansatz in  provides the the 11-dimensional four-form gauge field strengths also,111 They are given by Eq. (7.6) in . they are encoded in $`SU(3)`$-singlet vevs in a complicated way. In this paper, we concentrate on the 11-dimensional metric for the $`SU(3)`$-invariant sector and postpone the field strength ansatz as well as solving the 11-dimensional bosonic equations to future work.

We begin our analysis in section 2 by summarizing relevant aspects of the 11-dimensional metric for $`𝒩=2`$, $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$-invariant membrane flow found in . In section 3, we review the 11-dimensional metric for $`𝒩=1`$, $`G_2`$-invariant membrane flow found in . In section 4, we summarize the four-dimensional RG flow equations , namely the first-order BPS equations for the $`SU(3)`$-invariant sector in $`d=4`$, $`𝒩=8`$ gauged supergravity. In section 5, that is the main content of this paper, we show the geometric construction of the compact 7-manifold metric and find the local frames(siebenbeins) by decoding the $`SU(3)`$-singlet vevs into squashing and stretching parameters of the 7-manifold. We mainly use Hopf fibration on $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^3`$ as global 7-dimensional coordinates. In section 6, we summarize our results and will discuss about future direction. In appendix A, we list all the components of the 7-dimensional inverse metric generated from the metric formula (5.1) by using $`𝐑^8`$ embedding. In appendix B, some preliminaries of Hopf fibration are presented. In appendix C, we show the other set of global 7-dimensional coordinates useful to describe the $`G_2`$-invariant critical point.

## 2 The 11-dimensional metric for $`𝒩=2,SU(3)`$$`\times `$$`U(1)`$-invariant membrane flow

The 28-beins $`(u,v)`$ or two vevs $`(\rho ,\chi )`$ 222The variables $`\lambda `$ and $`\lambda ^{}`$ in  with $`\alpha =0,\varphi =\pi /2`$ are related to $`\lambda =4\sqrt{2}\mathrm{ln}\rho ,\lambda ^{}=\sqrt{2}\chi `$. In terms of $`a,b,c`$ and $`d`$ we will define later, $`\rho =a^{1/4}=b^{1/4}`$ and $`\chi =\mathrm{cosh}^1c=\mathrm{cosh}^1d`$. are given by functions of the $`AdS_4`$ radial coordinate $`r=x^4`$. The metric formula (5.1) generates the 7-dimensional metric from the two input data of $`AdS_4`$ vevs $`(\rho ,\chi )`$. The $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$-invariant RG flow subject to the first order differential equations on two vevs  is a trajectory in $`(\rho ,\chi )`$-plane and is parametrized by the $`AdS_4`$ radial coordinate.

Let us introduce the standard metric corresponding to an ellipsoidally squashed 7-sphere with a stretched Hopf fiber. The stretching factor is characterized by the vev $`\chi `$ and $`\chi =0`$ corresponds to the round 7-sphere. Then the isometry $`SO(8)`$ of 7-sphere breaks into $`U(4)`$. The metric is also ellipsoidally squashed and it reduces the broken isometry to $`SU(3)\times U(1)\times U(1)`$. Let us introduce a diagonal $`8\times 8`$ matrix

$`Q_{AB}=\mathrm{diag}(\rho (r)^2,\mathrm{},\rho (r)^2,\rho (r)^6,\rho (r)^6).`$
Recall that $`A_1`$ tensor of this theory has two distinct eigenvalues with degeneracies 6, 2. This behavior reflects also in the deformation matrix here. The metric on the deformed $`𝐑^8`$(Cartesian coordinates on $`𝐑^8`$ are denoted by $`X^A`$ with $`_{A=1}(X^A)^2=1`$) can be written as(See also )

$`ds^2(\rho (r),\chi (r))=dX^AQ(r)_{AB}^1dX^B+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sinh}^2\chi (r)}{\xi (r,\mu )^2}}\left(X^AJ_{AB}dX^B\right)^2`$ (2.1)
where the quadratic form $`\xi (r,\mu )^2X^AQ_{AB}X^B`$ is now given by using the parametrization of

$`\xi (r,\mu )^2=\rho (r)^2\mathrm{cos}^2\mu +\rho (r)^6\mathrm{sin}^2\mu `$
where $`\mu `$ is one of the 7-dimensional internal coordinates and $`\xi (r,\mu )^2`$ becomes 1 when $`\rho =1`$. For $`\rho =1,\chi =0`$, it provides the trivial vacuum of $`SO(8)`$ maximal supersymmetric critical point. The antisymmetric Kähler form $`J_{AB}`$ has nonzero elements $`J_{12}=J_{34}=J_{56}=J_{78}=1`$.

Applying the Killing vector together with the 28-beins $`(u,v)`$ to the metric formula (5.1), we obtain a “raw” inverse metric $`\mathrm{\Delta }(x,y)^1G^{mn}(x,y)`$ including the warp factor $`\mathrm{\Delta }(x,y)`$ not yet determined. Substitution of this raw inverse metric into the definition of warp factor

$`\mathrm{\Delta }(x,y)^1\sqrt{det(G^{mn}(x,y)\stackrel{}{𝑔}{}_{np}{}^{}(y))},`$ (2.2)
where $`\stackrel{}{𝑔}{}_{np}{}^{}(y)`$ is a metric of the round 7-sphere, will provide a self-consistent equation for $`\mathrm{\Delta }(x,y)`$. For the $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$-invariant RG flow, solving this equation gives rise to the warp factor

$`\mathrm{\Delta }(r,\mu )=\left(\xi (r,\mu )\mathrm{cosh}\chi (r)\right)^{\frac{4}{3}}.`$ (2.3)
Then we substitute this warp factor into the “raw” inverse metric and obtain the 7-dimensional metric:

$$ds_7^2=G_{mn}(x,y)dy^mdy^n=\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }(r,\mu )}L^2ds^2(\rho (r),\chi (r))$$
(2.4)
together with (2.1) and (2.3) where $`L`$ is a radius of round 7-sphere. The metric (2.1) now is warped by a factor $`\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }(r,\mu )}`$. The nonlinear metric ansatz combines the 7-dimensional metric with the four-dimensional metric with warp factor to yield the 11-dimensional warped metric characterized by (1.1), (1.2), (2.4), (2.3) and (2.1).

## 3 The 11-dimensional metric for $`𝒩=1,G_2`$-invariant membrane flow

The two vevs $`(\lambda ,\alpha )`$ 333One can obtain these vevs from $`SU(3)`$-invariant sector by restricting four arbitrary fields $`\lambda ,\lambda ^{},\alpha ,\varphi `$ to $`\lambda ^{}=\lambda `$ and $`\varphi =\alpha `$. This is equivalent to $`c=a`$ and $`d=b`$ where $`a,b,c`$ and $`d`$ are defined as the one in Section 5. are given by functions of the $`AdS_4`$ radial coordinate $`r`$. The metric formula (5.1) generates the 7-dimensional metric from the two input data of $`AdS_4`$ vevs $`(\lambda ,\alpha )`$. The $`G_2`$-invariant RG flow subject to the first order differential equations on these vevs  is a trajectory in $`(\lambda ,\alpha )`$-plane and is parametrized by the $`AdS_4`$ radial coordinate. We will use $`(a,b)`$ defined by

$`a(r)`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{cosh}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda (r)}{\sqrt{2}}}\right)+\mathrm{cos}\alpha (r)\mathrm{sinh}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda (r)}{\sqrt{2}}}\right),`$
$`b(r)`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{cosh}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda (r)}{\sqrt{2}}}\right)\mathrm{cos}\alpha (r)\mathrm{sinh}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda (r)}{\sqrt{2}}}\right).`$ (3.1)
Let us introduce the standard metric of a 7-dimensional ellipsoid. Using the diagonal $`8\times 8`$ matrix $`Q_{AB}`$ given by 444 Note that the diagonal matrix here is different from the one in  and is defined as the old one multiplied by $`b(r)^2`$.

$`Q_{AB}=\mathrm{diag}(b(r)^2,\mathrm{},b(r)^2,a(r)^2),`$ (3.2)
the metric of a 7-dimensional ellipsoid can be written as

$$ds_{EL(7)}^2(a(r),b(r))=dX^AQ(r)_{AB}^1dX^B.$$
(3.3)
This can be rewritten in terms of the 7-dimensional coordinates $`y^m`$(See  for the explicit relations between $`𝐑^8`$ coordinates $`X^A`$ and $`y^m`$) such that

$$ds_{EL(7)}^2(a(r),b(r))=b(r)^2\left[a(r)^2\xi (r,\theta )^2d\theta ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\theta d\mathrm{\Omega }_6^2\right],$$
(3.4)
where $`\theta =y^7`$ must be identified with the fifth coordinate in 11 dimensions and the quadratic form $`\xi (r,\theta )^2`$ is given by

$`\xi (r,\theta )^2=a(r)^2\mathrm{cos}^2\theta +b(r)^2\mathrm{sin}^2\theta `$ (3.5)
which becomes 1 for $`a=b=1`$ corresponding to $`SO(8)`$ trivial vacuum.

Note that the geometric parameters $`(a,b)`$ for the 7-ellipsoid can be identified with the two vevs $`(a,b)`$ defined in (3.1). This was the reason why we prefer the vevs $`(a,b)`$ rather than $`(\lambda ,\alpha )`$. Applying the Killing vector together with the 28-beins to the metric formula (5.1) like we did before, we obtain a “raw” inverse metric $`\mathrm{\Delta }(x,y)^1G^{mn}(x,y)`$ including the warp factor $`\mathrm{\Delta }(x,y)`$. For the $`G_2`$-invariant RG flow, solving the condition yields the warp factor

$`\mathrm{\Delta }(r,\theta )=a(r)^1\xi (r,\theta )^{\frac{4}{3}}.`$ (3.6)
Then we substitute this warp factor into the raw inverse metric and obtain the 7-dimensional metric as follows:

$$ds_7^2=G_{mn}(x,y)dy^mdy^n=\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }(r,\theta )a(r)}b(r)^2L^2ds_{EL(7)}^2(a(r),b(r)).$$
(3.7)
The 7-dimensional metric (3.3) is warped by a factor $`\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }(r,\theta )a(r)}`$. The nonlinear metric ansatz with the warp factor yields the warped 11-dimensional metric described by (1.1), (1.2), (3.7), (3.3) and (3.6).

## 4  Holographic RG flow for $`SU(3)`$-invariant sector

It is known  that $`SU(3)`$-singlet space with a breaking of the $`SO(8)`$ gauge group into a group which contains $`SU(3)`$ may be written as four real parameters $`\lambda (r),\lambda ^{}(r),\alpha (r)`$ and $`\varphi (r)`$. The vacuum expectation value of 56-bein for the $`SU(3)`$-singlet space, that is an invariant subspace under a particular $`SU(3)`$ subgroup of $`SO(8)`$, can be parametrized by

$`\varphi _{ijkl}`$ $`=`$ $`\lambda (r)\text{cos}\alpha (r)Y_{ijkl}^{1+}+\lambda (r)\text{sin}\alpha (r)Y_{ijkl}^1+\lambda ^{}(r)\text{cos}\varphi (r)Y_{ijkl}^{2+}+\lambda ^{}(r)\text{sin}\varphi (r)Y_{ijkl}^2,`$
where the scalar and pseudo-scalar singlets of $`SU(3)`$ are given by

$`Y_{ijkl}^{1\pm }`$ $`=`$ $`\epsilon _\pm \left[(\delta _{ijkl}^{1234}\pm \delta _{ijkl}^{5678})+(\delta _{ijkl}^{1256}\pm \delta _{ijkl}^{3478})+(\delta _{ijkl}^{3456}\pm \delta _{ijkl}^{1278})\right],`$
$`Y_{ijkl}^{2\pm }`$ $`=`$ $`\epsilon _\pm \left[(\delta _{ijkl}^{1357}\pm \delta _{ijkl}^{2468})+(\delta _{ijkl}^{2457}\pm \delta _{ijkl}^{1368})+(\delta _{ijkl}^{2367}\pm \delta _{ijkl}^{1458})+(\delta _{ijkl}^{1467}\pm \delta _{ijkl}^{2358})\right].`$
Here $`\epsilon _+=1`$ and $`\epsilon _{}=i`$ and $`+`$ gives the scalars and $``$ gives the pseudo-scalars of $`𝒩=8`$ supergravity. The four scalars $`\lambda (r),\lambda ^{}(r),\alpha (r)`$ and $`\varphi (r)`$ in the $`SU(3)`$-singlet vevs parametrize an $`SU(3)`$-invariant subspace of the complete scalar manifold $`E_{7(7)}/SU(8)`$. The 56-bein $`𝒱(x)`$ preserving the $`SU(3)`$-singlet space is a $`56\times 56`$ matrix whose elements are some functions of four fields $`\lambda (r),\lambda ^{}(r),\alpha (r)`$ and $`\varphi (r)`$ obtained by exponentiating the above vacuum expectation value $`\varphi _{ijkl}`$. Then the 28-beins, $`u`$ and $`v`$ in terms of these fields, can be obtained as the $`28\times 28`$ matrices given in the appendix A of .

It turned out  that $`A_1`$ tensor has three distinct complex eigenvalues, $`z_1`$, $`z_2`$ and $`z_3`$ with degeneracies 6, 1, and 1 respectively and has the following form

$`A_1^{IJ}=\text{diag}(z_1,z_1,z_1,z_1,z_1,z_1,z_2,z_3),`$
where the eigenvalues are some functions of $`\lambda (r),\lambda ^{}(r),\alpha (r)`$ and $`\varphi (r)`$. In particular,

$`z_3(\lambda ,\lambda ^{},\alpha ,\varphi )`$ $`=`$ $`6e^{i(\alpha +2\varphi )}p^2qr^2t^2+6e^{2i(\alpha +\varphi )}pq^2r^2t^2+p^3\left(r^4+e^{4i\varphi }t^4\right)+e^{3i\alpha }q^3\left(r^4+e^{4i\varphi }t^4\right),`$
and we denote hyperbolic functions of $`\lambda (r)`$ and $`\lambda ^{}(r)`$ by the following quantities for simplicity

$`p\mathrm{cosh}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda (r)}{2\sqrt{2}}}\right),q\mathrm{sinh}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda (r)}{2\sqrt{2}}}\right),r\mathrm{cosh}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^{}(r)}{2\sqrt{2}}}\right),t\mathrm{sinh}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^{}(r)}{2\sqrt{2}}}\right).`$
We refer to  for explicit expressions of $`z_1`$ and $`z_2`$.

The superpotential is one of the eigenvalues of $`A_1`$ tensor and the supergravity potential555 The scalar potential can be written, by combining all the components of $`A_1,A_2`$ tensors, as    $`V(\lambda ,\lambda ^{},\alpha ,\varphi )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g^2(s^4[(x^2+3)c^3+4x^2v^3s^33v(x^21)s^3+12xv^2cs^26(x1)cs^2+6(x+1)c^2sv]`$      $`+2s^2[2(c^3+v^3s^3)+3(x+1)vs^3+6xv^2cs^23(x1)cs^26c]12c),`$  where we introduce the following quantities: $`c\mathrm{cosh}\left(\frac{\lambda }{\sqrt{2}}\right)`$, $`s\mathrm{sinh}\left(\frac{\lambda }{\sqrt{2}}\right)`$, $`c^{}\mathrm{cosh}\left(\frac{\lambda ^{}}{\sqrt{2}}\right)`$, $`s^{}\mathrm{sinh}\left(\frac{\lambda ^{}}{\sqrt{2}}\right)`$, $`v\mathrm{cos}\alpha `$, and $`x\mathrm{cos}2\varphi `$.  can be written in terms of superpotential as follows

$`W(\lambda ,\lambda ^{},\alpha ,\varphi )`$ $`=`$ $`|z_3|,`$
$`V(\lambda ,\lambda ^{},\alpha ,\varphi )`$ $`=`$ $`g^2\left[{\displaystyle \frac{16}{3}}\left(_\lambda W\right)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3p^2q^2}}\left(_\alpha W\right)^2+4\left(_\lambda ^{}W\right)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2r^2t^2}}\left(_\varphi W\right)^26W^2\right].`$ (4.1)
The flow equations  we are interested in are

$`_r\lambda (r)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{8\sqrt{2}}{3}}g_\lambda W(\lambda ,\lambda ^{},\alpha ,\varphi ),`$
$`_r\lambda ^{}(r)`$ $`=`$ $`2\sqrt{2}g_\lambda ^{}W(\lambda ,\lambda ^{},\alpha ,\varphi ),`$
$`_r\alpha (r)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{2}}{3p^2q^2}}g_\alpha W(\lambda ,\lambda ^{},\alpha ,\varphi ),`$
$`_r\varphi (r)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4r^2t^2}}g_\varphi W(\lambda ,\lambda ^{},\alpha ,\varphi ),`$
$`_rA(r)`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{2}gW(\lambda ,\lambda ^{},\alpha ,\varphi ).`$ (4.2)
There exist two supersymmetric critical points of both a scalar potential and a superpotential: $`𝒩=1`$ supersymmetric critical point with $`G_2`$-symmetry and $`𝒩=2`$ supersymmetric one with $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$-symmetry. Also there are three nonsupersymmetric critical points with $`SO(7)^+,SO(7)^{}`$ and $`SU(4)^{}`$-symmetries.

## 5 The 11-dimensional metric for $`AdS_4`$ RG flows with common $`SU(3)`$ invariance

In this section, we will give an ansatz for the generic $`SU(3)`$-invariant metric in terms of squashing deformation and the Kähler form $`J`$ by using the $`𝐑^8`$ vector $`X=Rx`$. Then we invert the metric and change the $`𝐑^8`$ basis from $`X`$ to $`x`$ to compare the ansatz with the inverse metric generated by the de Wit-Nicolai-Warner formula .

### 5.1 The compact 7-manifold metric encoded in data of $`d=4`$, $`𝒩=8`$ gauged supergravity

The consistency under the Kaluza-Klein compactification of 11-dimensional supergravity, or $`M`$-theory, requires that the 11-dimensional metric for RG flows with common $`SU(3)`$ invariance is not simply a metric of product space but Eq. (1.1) for the warped product of an asymptotically $`AdS_4`$ space, or a domain wall, with a compact 7-dimensional manifold. Moreover, the 7-dimensional space becomes a warped, squashed and stretched $`𝐒^7`$ and its metric is uniquely determined through the nonlinear metric ansatz developed in . The warped 7-dimensional inverse metric is given by

$$G^{mn}(x,y)=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Delta }(x,y)\left[\stackrel{}{𝐾}{}_{}{}^{mIJ}\stackrel{}{𝐾}{}_{}{}^{nKL}+(mn)\right](u_{ij}^{IJ}(x)+v_{ijIJ}(x))(\overline{u}_{KL}^{ij}(x)+\overline{v}^{ijKL}(x))$$
(5.1)
where $`\stackrel{}{𝐾}^{mIJ}`$ denotes the Killing vector on the round $`𝐒^7`$ with 7-dimensional coordinate indices $`m,n=5,\mathrm{},11`$ as well as $`SO(8)`$ vector indices $`I,J=1,\mathrm{},8`$. The $`u_{ij}^{IJ}`$ and $`v_{ijIJ}`$ are 28-beins in 4-dimensional gauged supergravity and are parametrized by the $`AdS_4`$ vacuum expectation values(vevs), $`\lambda `$, $`\lambda ^{^{}}`$, $`\alpha `$ and $`\varphi `$, associated with the spontaneous compactification of 11-dimensional supergravity.

The 28-beins $`(u,v)`$ or four vevs $`(\lambda ,\lambda ^{},\alpha ,\varphi )`$ are given by functions of the $`AdS_4`$ radial coordinate $`r=x^4`$. The metric formula (5.1) generates the 7-dimensional metric from the four input data of $`AdS_4`$ vevs $`(\lambda ,\lambda ^{},\alpha ,\varphi )`$. The RG flow subject to Eq. (4.2) is a trajectory in the $`SU(3)`$-singlet space spanned by $`(\lambda ,\lambda ^{},\alpha ,\varphi )`$ and is parametrized by the $`AdS_4`$ radial coordinate. Hereafter, instead of $`(\lambda ,\lambda ^{},\alpha ,\varphi )`$, we will use $`(a,b,c,d)`$ defined by

$`a(r)`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{cosh}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda (r)}{\sqrt{2}}}\right)+\mathrm{cos}\alpha (r)\mathrm{sinh}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda (r)}{\sqrt{2}}}\right),`$
$`b(r)`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{cosh}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda (r)}{\sqrt{2}}}\right)\mathrm{cos}\alpha (r)\mathrm{sinh}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda (r)}{\sqrt{2}}}\right),`$
$`c(r)`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{cosh}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^{}(r)}{\sqrt{2}}}\right)+\mathrm{cos}\varphi (r)\mathrm{sinh}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^{}(r)}{\sqrt{2}}}\right),`$
$`d(r)`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{cosh}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^{}(r)}{\sqrt{2}}}\right)\mathrm{cos}\varphi (r)\mathrm{sinh}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^{}(r)}{\sqrt{2}}}\right).`$
The inverse metric for the 7-manifold generated by the de Wit-Nicolai-Warner(dWNW) formula (5.1) is encoded in the data of 28-beins, namely $`a`$, $`b`$, $`c`$, $`d`$ given above. Therefore, to get the metric available for practical purposes, we have to decode the 28-beins into the deformation parameters of the compact 7-manifold. This can be done by comparing the encoded inverse metric with the inverse metric given by some appropriate ansatz. Since we do not know what are the proper coordinates describing the compact 7-manifold yet, we will consider the $`𝐑^8`$ embedding by using the Cartesian coordinates on $`𝐑^8`$, namely $`x^A,A=1,\mathrm{},8`$. Now the Killing vectors defined on the round $`𝐒^7`$ with radius $`L`$ are given by

$$\stackrel{}{𝐾}{}_{A}{}^{IJ}=L(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{IJ})_{BC}(x^B_Ax^Cx^C_Ax^B)=L[x^B(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{IJ})_{BA}x^C(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{IJ})_{AC}]$$

where the $`𝐑^8`$ coordinates $`x^A`$’s are constrained on the unit round $`𝐒^7`$, $`_{A=1}^8(x^A)^2=1`$, and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{IJ}`$ are the $`SO(8)`$ generators given in . Substituting this into the formula (5.1) generates the inverse metric divided by the warp factor, namely $`\mathrm{\Delta }^1G^{AB}`$, described by the $`𝐑^8`$ coordinates $`x^A`$’s. We list all of its components in appendix A. Our goal is to reproduce the same inverse metric via purely geometric construction and finally to determine the metric and the warp factor separately.

The complication coming from using the $`𝐑^8`$ coordinates is that the Kähler form $`J`$ defined by $`J^2=I`$ is not standard form in the coordinates $`x^A`$’s. By taking the $`SU(4)^{}`$-invariant limit $`a=b=1`$, $`d=c`$  in the raw inverse metric in appendix A, we obtain

$$\mathrm{\Delta }^1G^{AB}=c^2(\delta ^{AB}x^Ax^B)+(1c^2)(\stackrel{~}{J}_{AC}x^C)(\stackrel{~}{J}_{BD}x^D)$$

from which one can read the Kähler form $`\stackrel{~}{J}`$ as an $`8\times 8`$ matrix given by Eq. (Appendix A) in appendix A. Therefore to get the standard Kähler form $`J`$ given by

$`J_{12}=J_{34}=J_{56}=J_{78}=1,`$ (5.2)
we must transform the $`𝐑^8`$ vector $`x`$ to another one $`X=Rx`$ by using the $`8\times 8`$ orthogonal matrix $`R`$ given by Eq. (Appendix A) in appendix A.

### 5.2 Geometric construction of the compact 7-manifold metric

Geometric implication of $`𝒩=2`$, $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$-invariant metric is as follows. First, turning off the ellipsoidal deformation, the metric of compact 7-manifold is given by Hopf fibration on $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^3`$ with a stretched Hopf fiber. Fubini-Study metric on $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^3`$ has $`SU(4)`$ invariance as can be seen from $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^3SU(4)/(SU(3)\times U(1))`$. Then turning on the ellipsoidal deformation breaks the $`SU(4)`$ invariance of $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^3`$ down to its $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$ subgroup preserving the $`SU(3)`$ invariance of Fubini-Study metric on $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^2\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^3`$ as well as the $`U(1)`$ symmetry along the stretched Hopf fiber. Therefore to get the $`SU(3)`$-invariant metric, one can further break the $`U(1)`$ symmetry as long as the Fubini-Study metric on $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^2`$ is preserved. Since the $`𝐒^5`$ given by Hopf fibration on $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^2`$ is embedded in $`𝐑^6`$ spanned by $`X^1,\mathrm{},X^6`$, the first six diagonal components of the deformation matrix $`Q`$ must be the same. This is the same as in $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$-invariant case. Recall that the $`𝐒^1`$ of $`U(1)`$ Hopf fiber on $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^3`$ is embedded in $`𝐑^2`$ spanned by $`X^7`$, $`X^8`$. Now one can break this $`U(1)`$ symmetry by choosing different scaling factors in the last two diagonal components of $`Q`$. One can also decompose the Hopf fiber $`(X,JdX)X^AJ_{AB}dX^B`$ into $`SU(3)`$-invariant pieces.

Thus we are led to the ansatz for the $`SU(3)`$-invariant unwarped metric:

$$ds_0^2=(dX,Q^1dX)+\frac{\gamma }{\xi ^2}\left[(U,JdU)+\zeta _1(V_1,JdV_2)+\zeta _2(V_2,JdV_1)\right]^2$$
(5.3)
where the deformation matrix $`Q`$ is given by

$$Q=\mathrm{diag}(\eta ,\mathrm{},\eta ,\eta _1,\eta _2),$$

so that $`\xi ^2(X,QX)`$ can be the $`SU(3)`$-invariant norm on the 7-sphere. The $`𝐑^8`$ coordinates $`X`$ are restricted on the round $`𝐒^7`$, $`_{A=1}^8(X^A)^2=1`$, and subject to the $`SU(3)`$-invariant decomposition $`X=U+V_1+V_2`$ with

$$U=(X^1,\mathrm{},X^6,0,0),V_1=(0,\mathrm{},0,X^7,0),V_2=(0,\mathrm{},0,0,X^8).$$

By introducing two more parameters $`\zeta _1`$, $`\zeta _2`$, the Hopf fiber $`(X,JdX)`$ is decomposed into the $`SU(3)`$-invariant pieces $`(U,JdU)`$, $`(V_1,JdV_2)`$, $`(V_2,JdV_1)`$. Now the $`U(1)`$ symmetry of $`(X,JdX)`$ is fully broken unless $`\zeta _1=\zeta _2=1`$.

From the ansatz (5.3), one can read the matrix $`g`$ as follows.

$$g=Q^1\frac{1}{\xi ^2}XX^T+\frac{\gamma }{\xi ^2}F$$
(5.4)
where we have defined $`F`$ as

$$F=(JU+\zeta _1JV_1+\zeta _2JV_2)(JU+\zeta _1JV_1+\zeta _2JV_2)^T.$$
(5.5)
We notice that the first two terms in $`g`$ combine into the projection operator for the direction transverse to $`QX`$. This must be the case for the whole of $`g`$ since the metric $`g`$ describes the embedding of the 7-sphere into $`𝐑^8`$ by restricting the $`𝐑^8`$ into the subspace transverse to $`QX`$. Thus we require that $`F`$ must project out the deformed vector $`QX`$, namely $`FQX=0`$ which restricts $`\zeta _1`$, $`\zeta _2`$ to be $`\zeta _2\eta _1=\zeta _1\eta _2`$ and makes $`(FQ)^2`$ become proportional to $`FQ`$. We further require that

$$(FQ)^2=\xi ^2FQ,$$
(5.6)
which can be achieved by choosing

$$\zeta _1=\frac{1}{\zeta _2}=\sqrt{\frac{\eta _1}{\eta _2}}.$$

The deformation parameters $`\eta `$, $`\eta _1`$, $`\eta _2`$, $`\gamma `$ must be determined by comparing the inverse of $`g`$ with the inverse metric generated by dWNW formula. However, the $`8\times 8`$ matrix $`g`$ is a projection operator describing the $`𝐑^8`$ embedding of the compact 7-manifold and is rank 7. It does not have its inverse in ordinary sense. Therefore we have to define the inverse of $`g`$, say $`g^1`$, as an $`8\times 8`$ matrix satisfying

$$g^1gg^1=g^1gg^1g=g.$$
(5.7)
By looking at the $`SU(3)`$-invariant norm $`\xi ^2=(X,QX)`$, we realize that $`QX`$ is a vector dual to $`X`$. This implies that $`g^1`$ must be a projection operator transverse to $`X`$ as $`g`$ is so for $`QX`$. Now we suppose that $`g^1`$ is given by

$$g^1=Q\frac{1}{\xi ^2}(QX)(QX)^T\left(\frac{\gamma }{\gamma +1}\right)\frac{1}{\xi ^2}QFQ.$$
(5.8)
which in fact projects out $`X`$ by using $`FQX=0`$. One can see by using Eq. (5.6) that $`g`$, $`g^1`$ in Eqs. (5.4), (5.8) indeed satisfy the inversion relation (5.7).

Thus the inverse metric $`g^1`$ in Eq. (5.8) can be compared with the warped inverse metric $`G^1`$ obtained by dWNW formula. They are related via

$$\mathrm{\Delta }^1G^1=\xi ^2NR^Tg^1R,$$
(5.9)
where $`\xi ^2`$ in the right hand side is necessary to get the left hand side just as a polynomial of the $`𝐑^8`$ coordinates $`x^A`$’s as in appendix A. The normalization factor $`N`$, as well as the deformation parameters $`\eta `$, $`\eta _1`$, $`\eta _2`$ and $`\gamma `$, will be determined as a function of $`a`$, $`b`$, $`c`$, $`d`$. We also have to replace the $`𝐑^8`$ vector $`X`$ with $`Rx`$ in the right hand side. Substituting the results in appendix A into the left hand side, one can get

$$\eta _1=\frac{ac}{bd}\eta ,\eta _2=\frac{ad}{bc}\eta ,N=\frac{bcd}{\eta ^2},\gamma =\frac{cd}{ab}1.$$

where $`\eta `$ can be fixed by writing it like as $`\eta =a^{m_1}b^{m_2}c^{m_3}d^{m_4}`$ and using the two limit values: $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$-invariant case and $`G_2`$-invariant case. For the former, we have $`b=1/a=\rho ^4`$ and $`d=c=\mathrm{cosh}\chi `$. In this case, $`\eta `$ was given as $`\rho ^2`$. Therefore we should have $`m_3=m_4`$ and $`m_1m_2=1/2`$. For the latter, one has $`c=a`$ and $`d=b`$ and $`\eta `$ was given as $`b^2`$. Therefore $`m_1+m_3=0`$ and $`m_2+m_4=2`$. The exponents of $`m_1`$, $`m_2`$, $`m_3`$ and $`m_4`$ are uniquely determined to yield

$$\eta =\frac{a^{\frac{3}{4}}b^{\frac{5}{4}}d^{\frac{3}{4}}}{c^{\frac{3}{4}}},\eta _1=\frac{a^{\frac{7}{4}}b^{\frac{1}{4}}c^{\frac{1}{4}}}{d^{\frac{1}{4}}},\eta _2=\frac{a^{\frac{7}{4}}b^{\frac{1}{4}}d^{\frac{7}{4}}}{c^{\frac{7}{4}}},N=\frac{c^{\frac{5}{2}}}{a^{\frac{3}{2}}b^{\frac{3}{2}}d^{\frac{1}{2}}}L^2.$$
(5.10)
Here a comment on $`G_2`$-invariant limit must be in order. In the limit, we have $`c=a`$ and $`d=b`$ so that Eq. (5.10) provides $`\eta =\eta _2=b^2`$ and $`\eta _1=a^2`$. Hence we get $`Q=\mathrm{diag}(b^2,\mathrm{},b^2,a^2,b^2)`$ which is different from $`Q`$ in section 3 (See Eq. (3.2)) by the interchange between the seventh and the eighth components. To fix this mismatch, we only have to interchange $`X^7`$ with $`X^8`$ by an orthogonal transformation. However, if we do so the Kähler form $`J`$ is also transformed and is no longer the standard form given in Eq. (5.2). Nevertheless, this does not cause any problem in $`G_2`$-invariant case as well as in $`SO(7)^\pm `$-invariant cases since the 7-dimensional metric has no contribution from the Kähler form $`J`$.

### 5.3 The local frames for the compact 7-manifold

Now that we have decoded the encoded output of dWNW formula given in appendix A by determining all the geometric parameters in the $`SU(3)`$-invariant ansatz (5.3). They are given by Eq. (5.10). However, the dWNW formula generates the involved inverse metric $`\mathrm{\Delta }^1G^1`$ without giving the warp factor $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ separately. Therefore to get the full 7-dimensional metric, we have to separate out the warp factor from the obtained results. Recall that the inverse metric $`g^1`$ is related to $`\mathrm{\Delta }^1G^1`$ via Eq. (5.9). Inverting Eq. (5.9) provides the warped 7-dimensional metric $`G`$ involving the warp factor. Since $`g^1`$ is the inverse of $`g`$ in Eq. (5.4), $`G`$ is given in the $`𝐑^8`$ basis $`X`$ by

$$G=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }\xi ^2N}g\frac{L^2}{\xi ^2\mathrm{\Delta }}\left(\frac{a^{\frac{3}{2}}b^{\frac{3}{2}}d^{\frac{1}{2}}}{c^{\frac{5}{2}}}\right)\left[Q^1\frac{1}{\xi ^2}XX^T+\frac{\gamma }{\xi ^2}F\right].$$
(5.11)
To determine the warp factor $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$, the easiest way is to find out the 7-dimensional local frames (or siebenbeins) $`E^i`$ ($`i=1,\mathrm{},7)`$ defined as

$`ds_7^2(dX,GdX)=L^2{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{7}{}}}E^iE^i.`$
By using the wedge product of $`E^i`$’s, the defining equation (2.2) of the warp factor $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ can be written as

$$\mathrm{\Delta }(\mathrm{\Omega }_7)^1\underset{i=1}{\overset{7}{}}E^i,$$
(5.12)
where $`\mathrm{\Omega }_7`$ is the volume element of the unit round $`𝐒^7`$. For convenience, let us introduce the unwarped local frames $`e^i`$ $`(i=1,\mathrm{},7)`$ defined by

$$ds_0^2(dX,gdX)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{7}{}}e^ie^i,$$
(5.13)
factorizing the $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ dependence of $`E^i`$’s. Eq. (5.12) then turns out to be the self-consistent equation for $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }=\left[\frac{1}{\xi \mathrm{\Delta }^{\frac{1}{2}}}\left(\frac{a^{\frac{3}{4}}b^{\frac{3}{4}}d^{\frac{1}{4}}}{c^{\frac{5}{4}}}\right)\right]^7(\mathrm{\Omega }_7)^1\underset{i=1}{\overset{7}{}}e^i$$
(5.14)
where the wedge product of $`e^i`$’s is calculable without knowing the warp factor. Hence in order to determine the warp factor $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$, we only have to find out the unwarped frames $`e^i`$’s and to calculate the wedge product of them.

In terms of deformation parameters and the Kähler form $`J`$, the line element $`ds_0^2`$ in Eq. (5.13) is written explicitly as (See Eq. (5.3))

$`ds_0^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\eta }}(dU)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\eta _1}}(dV_1)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\eta _2}}(dV_2)^2`$ (5.15)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma }{\xi ^2}}\left[(U,JdU)+\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{\eta _1}{\eta _2}}}(V_1,JdV_2)+\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{\eta _2}{\eta _1}}}(V_2,JdV_1)\right]^2,`$
with $`\gamma =cd/ab1`$. We will use the same 7-dimensional coordinatization of $`U`$, $`V_1`$, $`V_2`$ as in , that is

$$U=u\mathrm{cos}\mu ,V_1=(0,\mathrm{},0,\mathrm{cos}\psi \mathrm{sin}\mu ,0),V_2=(0,\mathrm{},0,0,\mathrm{sin}\psi \mathrm{sin}\mu ),$$

where $`u=(u^1,\mathrm{},u^6,0,0)`$ subject to the constraint $`(u,u)=1`$ describing the unit round $`𝐒^5`$. The deformed norm $`\xi ^2(X,QX)`$ then becomes

$$\xi ^2=\eta \mathrm{cos}^2\mu +(\eta _1\mathrm{cos}^2\psi +\eta _2\mathrm{sin}^2\psi )\mathrm{sin}^2\mu $$
(5.16)
which becomes 1 in the $`SO(8)`$-invariant limit $`\eta =\eta _1=\eta _2=1`$ to ensure the correct normalization of the unwarped metric $`g`$. The vector $`u`$ spans the $`𝐒^5`$ given by Hopf fibration on $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^2`$ base. This can be understood by rewriting $`(du)^2`$ as

$`(du)^2=(du)^2(u,Jdu)^2+(u,Jdu)^2ds_{FS(2)}^2+(u,Jdu)^2,`$
where $`ds_{FS(2)}^2(du)^2(u,Jdu)^2`$ denotes the Fubini-Study metric on $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^2𝐒^4`$ and $`(u,Jdu)`$ is the Hopf fiber on it. As mentioned before, the $`SU(3)`$-invariant deformation must preserve at least the Fubini-Study metric on $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^2`$. The $`U(1)`$ symmetry associated with the Hopf fiber $`(u,Jdu)`$ is a maximal circle of $`𝐒^5\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^3`$ and is always preserved. The $`U(1)`$ symmetry preserved in the $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$-invariant sector but broken in other cases is another $`U(1)`$ symmetry related to $`(X,JdX)`$, namely the Hopf fiber on $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^3`$.

In $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$ limit, one of the local frames must be fixed to the direction of the Hopf fiber $`(X,JdX)`$ . Therefore it seems plausible that one of the local frames for the $`SU(3)`$-invariant 7-manifold, say $`e^7`$, is given by

$$e^7=\xi ^1\sqrt{\gamma +1}\left[(U,JdU)+\sqrt{\frac{\eta _1}{\eta _2}}(V_1,JdV_2)+\sqrt{\frac{\eta _2}{\eta _1}}(V_2,JdV_1)\right]$$
(5.17)
which in fact turns to be $`\xi ^1\mathrm{cosh}\chi (X,JdX)`$ in the $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$ limit $`\eta _1=\eta _2`$, $`\gamma =\mathrm{sinh}^2\chi `$. Then one can rewrite the metric (5.15) such that

$$ds_0^2=\frac{1}{\eta }\mathrm{cos}^2\mu ds_{FS(2)}^2+\frac{1}{\xi ^2}\mathrm{cos}^2\mu \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{3}{}}M_{ij}\omega ^i\omega ^j+e^7e^7.$$

where $`\omega ^1=d\mu `$, $`\omega ^2=d\psi `$, $`\omega ^3=(u,Jdu)`$ and $`M_{ij}`$’s are components of the mixing matrix $`M`$ given by

$$M=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}f_3& f_0f_1& f_1\\ f_0f_1& f_0f_2& f_2\\ f_1& f_2& f_2f_0^1\end{array}\right]$$
(5.18)
with polynomials

$`f_0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\eta }{\sqrt{\eta _1\eta _2}}},`$
$`f_1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(\eta _1\eta _2)\mathrm{cos}\mu \mathrm{sin}\mu \mathrm{cos}\psi \mathrm{sin}\psi }{\sqrt{\eta _1\eta _2}}},`$
$`f_2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(\eta _1\mathrm{cos}^2\psi +\eta _2\mathrm{sin}^2\psi )\mathrm{sin}^2\mu }{\sqrt{\eta _1\eta _2}}},`$
$`f_3`$ $`=`$ $`2\mathrm{sin}^2\mu +{\displaystyle \frac{\eta }{\eta _1\eta _2}}\mathrm{cos}^2\mu (\eta _1\mathrm{sin}^2\psi +\eta _2\mathrm{cos}^2\psi )`$ (5.19)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\eta }}\mathrm{tan}^2\mu \mathrm{sin}^2\mu (\eta _1\mathrm{cos}^2\psi +\eta _2\mathrm{sin}^2\psi ).`$
If the seventh frame $`e^7`$ we chose is indeed correct, the mixing matrix $`M`$ must be rank 2 so that its eigenvalues can be $`\lambda _+,\lambda _{},0`$ including zero. Equivalently, the bilinear form must be of the form

$$\underset{i,j=1}{\overset{3}{}}M_{ij}\omega ^i\omega ^j=\lambda _+\omega ^+\omega ^++\lambda _{}\omega ^{}\omega ^{}$$

where $`\omega ^+`$, $`\omega ^{}`$ are eigenvectors for $`\lambda _+`$, $`\lambda _{}`$ respectively. This is in fact the case as one can see by diagonalizing $`M`$. Two nonzero eigenvalues $`\lambda _+`$, $`\lambda _{}`$ are solutions to the quadratic equation

$$f(\lambda )\lambda ^2\left[f_3+f_2(f_0+f_0^1)\right]\lambda (f_0+f_0^1)\left(f_1^2f_0f_2f_3\right)=0$$

which says that both eigenvalues $`\lambda _+`$ and $`\lambda _{}`$ are always positive and the corresponding eigenvectors $`\omega _+`$, $`\omega _{}`$ are determined as

$`\omega ^\pm ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{(\lambda _\pm \lambda _{})(f_3\lambda _{})}}}\left[(f_3\lambda _{})\omega ^1f_1f_0\omega ^2+f_1\omega ^3\right].`$
Thus we arrive at the unwarped frames $`e^i`$’s given by

$`e^1`$ $`=`$ $`\eta ^{\frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{cos}\mu d\theta ,`$
$`e^2`$ $`=`$ $`\eta ^{\frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{cos}\mu \frac{1}{2}\mathrm{sin}\theta \sigma _1,`$
$`e^3`$ $`=`$ $`\eta ^{\frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{cos}\mu \frac{1}{2}\mathrm{sin}\theta \sigma _2,`$
$`e^4`$ $`=`$ $`\eta ^{\frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{cos}\mu \frac{1}{2}\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{cos}\theta \sigma _3,`$
$`e^5`$ $`=`$ $`\xi ^1\mathrm{cos}\mu \sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda _+}{(\lambda _+\lambda _{})(f_3\lambda _{})}}}\left[f_1(u,Jdu)f_1f_0d\psi (f_3\lambda _{})d\mu \right],`$
$`e^6`$ $`=`$ $`\xi ^1\mathrm{cos}\mu \sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda _{}}{(\lambda _{}\lambda _+)(f_3\lambda _+)}}}\left[f_1(u,Jdu)f_1f_0d\psi (f_3\lambda _+)d\mu \right],`$
$`e^7`$ $`=`$ $`\xi ^1\sqrt{\gamma +1}\left[\mathrm{cos}^2\mu (u,Jdu)+f_2d\psi +f_1d\mu \right],`$ (5.20)
where the first four frames are those on $`𝐒^4\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^2`$ and $`e^5`$, $`e^6`$ are oriented to $`\omega ^+`$, $`\omega ^{}`$ respectively.666 Note that the warped frames $`(E^1,E^2,E^3,E^4,E^5,E^6,E^7)`$ here are denoted by $`(e^6,e^7,e^8,e^9,e^5,e^{10},e^{11})`$ in Eq. (4.23) in .

Now we can calculate the warp factor $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ by using the local frames (5.20). Some straightforward calculations show

$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{7}{}}}e^i=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma +1}{\eta ^6\eta _1\eta _2}}}\xi \mathrm{\Omega }_7={\displaystyle \frac{c^{\frac{7}{2}}}{a^{\frac{9}{2}}b^{\frac{9}{2}}d^{\frac{5}{2}}}}\xi \mathrm{\Omega }_7`$ (5.21)
where $`\mathrm{\Omega }_7`$ is identified with

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_7=\frac{1}{16}\mathrm{sin}(2\mu )\mathrm{cos}^4\mu \mathrm{sin}^3\theta \mathrm{cos}\theta d\theta \sigma _1\sigma _2\sigma _3d\mu d\psi (u,Jdu).$$

This identification is correct since the prefactor in Eq. (5.21) becomes 1 in the maximally symmetric $`SO(8)`$-invariant limit $`a=b=c=d=1`$. By using Eq. (5.21) in the self-consistent equation (5.14), the warp factor is determined as

$$\mathrm{\Delta }=\left(\frac{ab}{cd}\right)^{\frac{1}{6}}c^1\xi ^{\frac{4}{3}}.$$
(5.22)
By using this, $`\xi `$ in Eq. (5.11) can be solved for $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ to yield

$$G=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }\xi ^2N}g=\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}\left(\frac{a^{\frac{5}{4}}b^{\frac{5}{4}}d^{\frac{3}{4}}}{c^{\frac{3}{4}}}\right)L^2g,$$

which determines the warping of compact 7-dimensional space. Finally the warped line element $`ds_7^2(dX,GdX)`$ is determined as

$$ds_7^2G_{mn}dy^mdy^n=\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}\left(\frac{a^{\frac{5}{4}}b^{\frac{5}{4}}d^{\frac{3}{4}}}{c^{\frac{3}{4}}}\right)L^2\underset{i=1}{\overset{7}{}}e^ie^i,$$
(5.23)
where substitution of the local frames $`e^i`$ given in Eq. (5.20) produces the warped metric $`G_{mn}`$ described by the 7-dimensional global coordinates $`y^m`$.

### 5.4 The compact 7-manifold metric for various critical points in $`SU(3)`$-invariant sector

There must be some comments on the local frames (5.20) here. First, $`e^5`$, $`e^6`$ given above are not well-defined in $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$ limit. We have $`f_1=0`$ in this limit so that the matrix $`M`$ shows the mixing between $`\omega _1`$ and $`\omega _2`$ only. Diagonalizing the matrix $`M`$ provides two independent frames

$$\rho ^2\xi d\mu \text{and}\xi ^1\omega \frac{1}{2}\xi ^1\mathrm{sin}(2\mu )\left(\rho ^4(u,Jdu)\rho ^4d\psi \right)$$

as shown in . However, since either of $`f_3\lambda _\pm `$ as well as $`f_1`$ becomes 0 in this limit, some of the coefficients in $`e^5`$, $`e^6`$ become indefinite if we naively take the limit. The careful analysis shows that

$$(e^5,e^6)\{\begin{array}{cc}(\rho ^2\xi d\mu ,\xi ^1\omega )\hfill & \text{for}f_3>f_2(f_0+f_0^1)\hfill \\ (\xi ^1\omega ,+\rho ^2\xi d\mu )\hfill & \text{for}f_3<f_2(f_0+f_0^1)\hfill \end{array}.$$

Because of this switching, $`e^5`$ and $`e^6`$ do not have definite physical meaning in $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$ limit although they are well-defined in generic $`SU(3)`$-invariant cases.

Secondly, the set of local frames (5.20) is not unique and any orthogonal transformation on three frames $`e^5`$, $`e^6`$ and $`e^7`$ is possible to produce the other frames $`\stackrel{~}{e}^5`$, $`\stackrel{~}{e}^6`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{e}^7`$ satisfying

$$\stackrel{~}{e}^5\stackrel{~}{e}^5+\stackrel{~}{e}^6\stackrel{~}{e}^6+\stackrel{~}{e}^7\stackrel{~}{e}^7e^5e^5+e^6e^6+e^7e^7.$$

In $`G_2`$ limit, we have $`\eta =\eta _2=b^2`$, $`\eta _1=a^2`$ and $`\gamma =0`$ in Eq. (5.15) so that $`ds_0^2`$ has no contribution of the last term. To preserve the Fubini-Study metric on the common $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^2`$ as well as the ellipsoidal deformation along $`V_1`$ direction, one can choose $`\stackrel{~}{e}^5`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{e}^7`$ so as to be fixed to $`(u,Jdu)`$ and the seventh component of $`dV_1`$, respectively. The remaining frame $`\stackrel{~}{e}^6`$ is determined by completing squares in $`ds_0^2`$. Then one can immediately see that $`\stackrel{~}{e}^5`$, $`\stackrel{~}{e}^6`$, $`\stackrel{~}{e}^7`$ are identified respectively with

$$\frac{1}{b}\mathrm{cos}\mu (u,Jdu),\frac{\mathrm{sin}\psi d\mu +\mathrm{sin}\mu \mathrm{cos}\mu \mathrm{cos}\psi d\psi }{b\sqrt{1\mathrm{sin}^2\mu \mathrm{cos}^2\psi }},\frac{\xi d(\mathrm{cos}\psi \mathrm{sin}\mu )}{ab\sqrt{1\mathrm{sin}^2\mu \mathrm{cos}^2\psi }}.$$
(5.24)
However, even if we take $`G_2`$ limit in the local frames (5.20), $`e^5`$, $`e^6`$, $`e^7`$ there cannot reproduce the above three frames without recombining into new frames via some orthogonal transformation. In fact, when we derived Eq. (5.20) we picked up the broken Hopf fiber (5.17) as one of the local frames, expecting the restoration of the $`U(1)`$ symmetry along the Hopf fiber in $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$ limit. However in $`G_2`$ limit there is no restoration of the $`U(1)`$ symmetry and we have no reason to choose the broken Hopf fiber as one of the frames. We will discuss more on this shortly.

Let us look at the consistency of our results in both $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$ and $`G_2`$-invariant sectors by reconstructing the 7-manifold metric from the local frames (5.20).

$``$ $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$-invariant sector: In $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$ limit, we have $`b=1/a`$ and $`d=c=\mathrm{cosh}\chi `$ so that Eqs. (5.22) and (5.23) reproduce the correct warping of the 7-dimensional metric in section 2 :

$$\mathrm{\Delta }=(\xi \mathrm{cosh}\chi )^{\frac{4}{3}},ds_7^2=\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}L^2ds_0^2\text{with}\xi ^2=\rho ^2\mathrm{cos}^2\mu +\rho ^6\mathrm{sin}^2\mu .$$

In this limit, we have $`\eta =\rho ^2`$, $`\eta _1=\eta _2=\rho ^6`$ and $`e^5`$, $`e^6`$ become

$$\rho ^2\xi d\mu ,\text{and}\xi ^1\mathrm{cos}\mu \mathrm{sin}\mu \left(\rho ^4(u,Jdu)\rho ^4d\psi \right)$$

as mentioned before. The first four frames are those for $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^2`$ and $`e^7=\xi ^1\mathrm{cosh}\chi (X,JdX)`$ with $`\chi 0`$ shows the stretching of Hopf fiber on $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^3`$. Combining the first six frames provides

$`\rho ^4{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{6}{}}}e^ie^i`$ $`=`$ $`\xi ^2d\mu ^2+\mathrm{cos}^2\mu \left[\rho ^6ds_{FS(2)}^2+\xi ^2\mathrm{sin}^2\mu \left(\rho ^6(u,Jdu)\rho ^2d\psi \right)^2\right],`$
which is nothing but the ellipsoidal deformation of the Fubini-Study metric on $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^3`$ (See Eq. (B.6) in appendix B). Therefore the compact 7-manifold is given by the ellipsoidal deformation of stretched $`𝐒^7`$ as shown in .

There is an $`𝒩=2`$ supersymmetric critical point specified by $`\rho =3^{1/8}`$, $`\mathrm{cosh}(2\chi )=2`$. This is the $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$-invariant critical point found in . The $`𝒩=2`$ RG flow in section 2 carries this critical point to the $`SO(8)`$-invariant critical point specified by $`\rho =1`$, $`\chi =0`$ . The $`SU(4)^{}`$-invariant critical point in  is obtained by further taking the limit $`\rho =1`$ in $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$-invariant sector. Since we have $`\xi =1`$, the warp factor has no dependence on $`\mu `$ and is just a scaling factor in the sense of 7 dimensions. The compact 7-manifold is a stretched $`𝐒^7`$ and its $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^3`$ base is described by the Fubini-Study metric given in Eq. (B.6). The $`SU(4)^{}`$ critical point is non-supersymmetric and there is no RG flow carrying it to the $`SO(8)`$ critical point .

$``$ $`G_2`$-invariant sector: To look at this sector, it is better to use the other global coordinates given in appendix C. It is obtained by doing the replacement

$$\mathrm{cos}\mu =\mathrm{sin}\theta _6\mathrm{sin}\theta _7,\mathrm{sin}\mu \mathrm{cos}\psi =\mathrm{cos}\theta _7,\text{and}\mathrm{sin}\mu \mathrm{sin}\psi =\mathrm{cos}\theta _6\mathrm{sin}\theta _7,$$

with $`\varphi +\psi =\theta _5`$ in the previous coordinates of Hopf fibration on $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^3`$. The deformed norm (5.16) is now rewritten as

$$\xi ^2=\eta _1\mathrm{cos}^2\theta _7+(\eta \mathrm{sin}^2\theta _6+\eta _2\mathrm{cos}^2\theta _6)\mathrm{sin}^2\theta _7.$$

In $`G_2`$ limit, we have $`c=a`$, $`d=b`$ so that Eqs. (5.22) and (5.23) reproduce the correct warping of the 7-dimensional metric in section 3 :

$$\mathrm{\Delta }=a^1\xi ^{\frac{4}{3}},ds_7^2=\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }a}b^2L^2ds_0^2,\text{with}\xi ^2=a^2\mathrm{cos}^2\theta _7+b^2\mathrm{sin}^2\theta _7.$$

Note that $`\eta =\eta _2=b^2`$, $`\eta _1=a^2`$ and $`\gamma =0`$ in this limit and there is no stretching of $`𝐒^7`$. As mentioned before, it is better to transform the last three of the generic frames (5.20) into $`\stackrel{~}{e}^5`$, $`\stackrel{~}{e}^6`$, $`\stackrel{~}{e}^7`$ in Eq. (5.24). They are now simply given by

$$\stackrel{~}{e}^5=b^1\mathrm{sin}\theta _7\mathrm{sin}\theta _6(u,Jdu),\stackrel{~}{e}^6=b^1\mathrm{sin}\theta _7d\theta _6,\stackrel{~}{e}^7=(ab)^1\xi d\theta _7,$$

and are subject to the identity $`_{i=5}^7\stackrel{~}{e}^i\stackrel{~}{e}^i_{i=5}^7e^ie^i`$. Thus the unwarped metric for the compact 7-manifold is obtained as

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{7}{}}e^ie^i=\frac{1}{a^2b^2}\xi ^2d\theta _7^2+\frac{1}{b^2}\mathrm{sin}^2\theta _7\left[d\theta _6^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\theta _6\left(ds_{FS(2)}^2+(u,Jdu)^2\right)\right],$$

which describes the ellipsoidally deformed $`𝐒^7`$ . Note that the inside of the square bracket is the metric on $`𝐒^6G_2/SU(3)`$ preserving the Fubini-Study metric on $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^2`$.

There is an $`𝒩=1`$ supersymmetric critical point specified by $`a=\sqrt{\frac{6\sqrt{3}}{5}}`$ and $`b=\sqrt{\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{5}}`$. This is the $`G_2`$-invariant critical point found in . The $`𝒩=1`$ RG flow in section 3 carries this critical point to the $`SO(8)`$-invariant critical point specified by $`a=b=1`$ . The $`SO(7)^+`$-invariant critical point corresponds to $`a=1/b=5^{1/4}`$ showing the ellipsoidal deformation of the 7-manifold. The difference from the $`G_2`$ critical point is that there is no field strength of 11-dimensional gauge field in $`SO(7)^+`$ . Although this critical point is non-supersymmetric, there exists an RG flow connecting it to the $`SO(8)`$ critical point . The $`SO(7)^{}`$-invariant critical point corresponds to $`a=b=\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}`$ so that $`\xi =\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}`$ showing no deformation of $`𝐒^7`$. The compact 7-manifold is in fact the parallelized round $`𝐒^7`$ characterized by the nontrivial field strength of 11-dimensional gauge field . The $`SO(7)^{}`$ critical point is non-supersymmetric and has no RG flow carrying it to the $`SO(8)`$ critical point.

## 6 Discussions

In this section, we will discuss our obtained results (5.20), (5.22) and (5.23) in the point of view of 11-dimensional supergravity. First of all, by looking at the deformed norm $`\xi `$ in Eq. (5.16) we notice that coordinate dependence of the warp factor is not so simple for $`G_2`$-invariant sector. We derived the local frames (5.20) such that the restoration of $`U(1)`$ symmetry associated with the Hopf fiber on $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^3`$ is obvious in $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$ limit. However, such an $`U(1)`$ symmetry does not exist in $`G_2`$ limit and the local frames are not appropriate to look at the ellipsoidal deformation of the $`G_2`$-invariant 7-manifold.

Therefore, the global coordinates appropriate to describe the compact 7-manifold crucially depends on the base 6-sphere which is $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^3`$ for the $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$-invariant sector, whereas $`G_2/SU(3)`$ for the $`G_2`$-invariant sector. The base manifold $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^3𝐒^6`$ is nothing but the homogeneous space $`SU(4)/[SU(3)\times U(1)]`$ characterized by the Kähler form $`J`$ . Both $`SU(4)^{}`$ and $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$-invariant 7-manifolds share the same $`U(1)`$ symmetry along the Hopf fiber $`(X,JdX)`$ so that Hopf fibration on $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^3`$ is useful in those cases. On the other hand, the 7-manifolds with at least $`G_2`$ invariance, namely $`SO(7)^\pm `$ and $`G_2`$-invariant 7-manifolds, share the 6-sphere given by $`G_2/SU(3)`$ described as an $`𝐒^6`$ embedded in $`𝐑^7`$ spanned by imaginary octonions . Since the ellipsoidal deformation is transverse to this $`𝐒^6`$, it is well described by using the 7-dimensional coordinates in appendix C. Therefore, the complication in the warp factor and in the local frames is due to the difference in $`𝐒^6`$ base between the two sectors.

However, in spite of the difference in the $`𝐒^6`$ base, both sectors share the same $`𝐒^4\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^2`$. This $`𝐒^4`$ is obvious in $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$-invariant sector, while it is implicit in the 6-sphere of $`G_2/SU(3)`$ in $`G_2`$-invariant sector. It was pointed out in  that replacing the $`𝐒^4`$ with $`𝐒^2\times 𝐒^2`$ provides another 11-dimensional solution corresponding to the $`d=4`$, $`𝒩=2`$, $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$-invariant RG flow. It may be interesting to look at whether such a replacement yields another 11-dimensional solution corresponding to the $`d=4`$, $`𝒩=1`$, $`G_2`$-invariant RG flow.

As summarized in section 5, the $`SU(3)`$-invariant sector contains various critical points. It is still unclear why some of critical points have holographic RG flows to the $`SO(8)`$ critical point but is not so for others. To answer this question, we have to solve the 11-dimensional Einstein-Maxwell equations to complete the 11-dimensional lift of whole $`SU(3)`$-invariant sector including RG flows. The 11-dimensional metric is given by Eq. (1.1) where the compact 7-manifold metric $`G_{mn}`$ and the warp factor $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ are completely determined by Eqs. (5.23), (5.22) in the local frames (5.20). The geometric parameters $`a`$, $`b`$, $`c`$, $`d`$ depend on the $`AdS_4`$ radial coordinate $`r`$ and are subject to the RG flow equations (4.2) in 4-dimensional gauged supergravity . The local frame (5.20) found in this paper will be useful to achieve this work. For example, as performed in , one can easily make an ansatz for the 3-form gauge field by using the local frames. We postpone this subject for future study.

Acknowledgments

This work by CA was supported by Korea Research Foundation Grant(KRF-2002-015-CS0006). This research by TI was supported by grant 1999-2-112-003-5 from the Basic Research Program of the Korea Science $`\&`$ Engineering Foundation. CA is grateful to B. de Wit, H. Nicolai and N.P. Warner for discussions and thanks Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Albert-Einstein-Institut where part of this work was undertaken.

## Appendix Appendix A The 7-dimensional inverse metric encoded in $`SU(3)`$-singlet vevs of $`d=4`$, $`𝒩=8`$ gauged supergravity

According to the formula (5.1) of 7-dimensional inverse metric, one gets all the elements of $`\mathrm{\Delta }^1G^{AB}`$ as follows. For simplicity, we did not write them completely but some of them can be read off from the known expressions. For example, $`\mathrm{\Delta }^1G^{13}`$ can be written as $`\mathrm{\Delta }^1G^{12}`$ by replacing $`x_2`$ with $`x_3`$ and $`x_7`$ with $`x_6`$. We list them below. For simplicity, $`L^2\mathrm{\Delta }^1G^{AB}`$ is denoted by $`(AB)`$.

$`(11)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(ac^2+bcd)x_2^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(ac^2+bcd)x_3^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(a^3+2a^2b+ab^2+ac^22acd+ad^2)x_4^2`$
$`+ac^2x_5^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(ac^2+bcd)x_6^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(ac^2+bcd)x_7^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(a^3ab^2ac^2+ad^2)x_4x_8`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(a^32a^2b+ab^2+ac^2+2acd+ad^2)x_8^2,`$
$`(12)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(ac^2bcd)x_1x_2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(ac^2+bcd)x_2x_5+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(a^2b+ab^2acdbcd)x_4x_7`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(a^2bab^2acd+bcd)x_7x_8,`$
$`(13)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(ac^2bcd)x_1x_3+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(ac^2+bcd)x_3x_5+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(a^2bab^2+acd+bcd)x_4x_6`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(a^2b+ab^2+acdbcd)x_6x_8,`$
$`=`$ $`(12)\text{with}(x_2x_3,x_7x_6),`$
$`(14)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}a(a^2+2ab+b^2+c^22cd+d^2)x_1x_4+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}a(a^2b^2+c^2d^2)x_4x_5`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}a(a^2b^2c^2+d^2)x_1x_8{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}a(a^22ab+b^2c^2+2cdd^2)x_5x_8,`$
$`(15)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(ac^2bcd)x_2^2+(ac^2bcd)x_3^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(a^3ab^2+ac^2ad^2)x_4^2ac^2x_1x_5`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(ac^2bcd)x_6^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(ac^2bcd)x_7^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(a^3+ab^2ac^2ad^2)x_4x_8`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(a^3ab^2+ac^2ad^2)x_8^2,`$
$`(16)`$ $`=`$ $`(12)\text{with}(x_7x_3,x_2x_6),`$
$`(17)`$ $`=`$ $`(12)\text{with}(x_2x_7,x_7x_2),`$
$`(18)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}a(a^2+b^2+c^2d^2)x_1x_4+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}a(a^22abb^2+c^2+2cd+d^2)x_4x_5`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}a(a^2+2abb^2c^22cdd^2)x_1x_8+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}a(a^2+b^2c^2+d^2)x_5x_8,`$
$`(22)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(ac^2+bcd)x_1^2+bcdx_3^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(bcd+ad^2)x_4^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(ac^2+bcd)x_5^2+(ac^2bcd)x_1x_5`$
$`+bcdx_6^2+ab^2x_7^2+(bcd+ad^2)x_4x_8+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(bcd+ad^2)x_8^2,`$
$`(23)`$ $`=`$ $`bcdx_2x_3+(ab^2+bcd)x_6x_7,`$
$`(24)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(bcdad^2)x_2x_4+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(a^2bab^2+acd+bcd)x_1x_7+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(bcdad^2)x_2x_8`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(a^2b+ab^2+acdbcd)x_5x_7,`$
$`(25)`$ $`=`$ $`(12)\text{with}(x_5x_1,x_4x_8),`$
$`(26)`$ $`=`$ $`(23)\text{with}(x_3x_6,x_6x_3),`$
$`(27)`$ $`=`$ $`ab^2x_2x_7,`$
$`(28)`$ $`=`$ $`(24)\text{with}(x_4x_8,x_1x_5),`$
$`(33)`$ $`=`$ $`(22)\text{with}(x_2x_3,x_7x_6),`$
$`(34)`$ $`=`$ $`(24)\text{with}(x_2x_3,x_7x_6),`$
$`(35)`$ $`=`$ $`(12)\text{with}(x_5x_1,x_4x_8,x_2x_3,x_7x_6),`$
$`(36)`$ $`=`$ $`ab^2x_3x_6,`$
$`(37)`$ $`=`$ $`(23)\text{with}(x_2x_7,x_7x_2),`$
$`(38)`$ $`=`$ $`(24)\text{with}(x_4x_8,x_1x_5,x_2x_3,x_7x_6),`$
$`(44)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(a^3+2a^2b+ab^2+ac^22acd+ad^2)x_1^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(bcd+ad^2)x_2^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(bcd+ad^2)x_3^2`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(a^3ab^2+ac^2ad^2)x_1x_5+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(a^32a^2b+ab^2+ac^2+2acd+ad^2)x_5^2`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(bcd+ad^2)x_6^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(bcd+ad^2)x_7^2+ad^2x_8^2,`$
$`(45)`$ $`=`$ $`(18)\text{with}(x_4x_8,x_1x_5),`$
$`(46)`$ $`=`$ $`(24)\text{with}(x_2x_6,x_7x_3),`$
$`(47)`$ $`=`$ $`(24)\text{with}(x_2x_7,x_7x_2),`$
$`(48)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(a^3ab^2ac^2+ad^2)x_1^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(bcd+ad^2)x_2^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(bcd+ad^2)x_3^2`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(a^3+ab^2ac^2ad^2)x_1x_5+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(a^3ab^2ac^2+ad^2)x_5^2`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(bcd+ad^2)x_6^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(bcd+ad^2)x_7^2ad^2x_4x_8,`$
$`(55)`$ $`=`$ $`(11)\text{with}(x_5x_1,x_4x_8),`$
$`(56)`$ $`=`$ $`(12)\text{with}(x_4x_8,x_1x_5,x_2x_6,x_7x_3),`$
$`(57)`$ $`=`$ $`(12)\text{with}(x_2x_7,x_5x_1,x_4x_8,x_7x_2),`$
$`(58)`$ $`=`$ $`(14)\text{with}(x_1x_5,x_4x_8),`$
$`(66)`$ $`=`$ $`(22)\text{with}(x_6x_2,x_7x_3),`$
$`(67)`$ $`=`$ $`(ab^2+acd)x_2x_3bcdx_6x_7,`$
$`(68)`$ $`=`$ $`(24)\text{with}(x_1x_5,x_4x_8,x_2x_6,x_7x_3),`$
$`(77)`$ $`=`$ $`(22)\text{with}(x_7x_2),`$
$`(78)`$ $`=`$ $`(24)\text{with}(x_4x_8,x_1x_5,x_2x_7,x_7x_2),`$
$`(88)`$ $`=`$ $`(44)\text{with}(x_5x_1,x_4x_8).`$
In the $`SU(4)^{}`$-invariant limit ($`a=b=1,d=c`$) the above generated results can be arranged into the $`8\times 8`$ matrix

$$\mathrm{\Delta }^1G^1=c^2(Ixx^T)+(1c^2)(\stackrel{~}{J}x)(\stackrel{~}{J}x)^T$$

by introducing the Kähler form $`\stackrel{~}{J}`$ given by

$$\stackrel{~}{J}=\left(\begin{array}{cccccccc}0& 0& 0& 1& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 1& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1\\ 0& 0& 1& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right).$$

This Kähler form is transformed into the standard one $`J`$ given by Eq. (5.2) in the text via $`\stackrel{~}{J}=R^TJR`$ with the orthogonal matrix

$$R=\left(\begin{array}{cccccccc}0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}& 0& 0& 0& \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}& 0& 0& 0& \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\\ 0& 0& 1& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0& 0\\ \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}& 0& 0& 0& \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}& 0& 0& 0& \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\end{array}\right).$$

## Appendix Appendix B The global coordinates for $`𝐒^7`$ as Hopf fibration on CP3

In this appendix, we summarize basic properties of Hopf fibration and Fubini-Study metric on $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^n`$ $`(n=2,3)`$ used in the text.

$``$ $`𝐑^8`$ embedding of Hopf fibration on $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^3`$:

$$X=u\mathrm{cos}\mu +v\mathrm{sin}\mu \text{with}u=(u^1,\mathrm{},u^6,0,0),v=(0,\mathrm{},0,v^7,v^8).$$

$`u^1+iu^2`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{cos}(\frac{1}{2}\alpha _1)e^{\frac{i}{2}(\alpha _2+\alpha _3)}e^{i(\varphi +\psi )},`$
$`u^3+iu^4`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{sin}(\frac{1}{2}\alpha _1)e^{\frac{i}{2}(\alpha _2\alpha _3)}e^{i(\varphi +\psi )},`$
$`u^5+iu^6`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{cos}\theta e^{i(\varphi +\psi )},`$
$`v^7+iv^8`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\psi }.`$ (B.1)
$``$ Imaginary quaternion basis:

$`\sigma _1`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{cos}\alpha _3d\alpha _1+\mathrm{sin}\alpha _1\mathrm{sin}\alpha _3d\alpha _2,`$
$`\sigma _2`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{sin}\alpha _3d\alpha _1\mathrm{sin}\alpha _1\mathrm{cos}\alpha _3d\alpha _2,`$
$`\sigma _3`$ $`=`$ $`d\alpha _3+\mathrm{cos}\alpha _1d\alpha _2,`$ (B.2)
satisfying the Maurer-Cartan equation:

$$d\sigma _i=\frac{1}{2}ϵ_{ijk}\sigma _j\sigma _k.$$

$``$ Hopf fiber on $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^2`$:

$$(u,Jdu)=d(\varphi +\psi )+\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \sigma _3.$$
(B.3)
$``$ Fubini-Study metric on $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^2`$:

$$ds_{FS(2)}^2(du)^2(u,Jdu)^2=d\theta ^2+\frac{1}{4}\mathrm{sin}^2\theta (\sigma _1^2+\sigma _2^2+\mathrm{cos}^2\theta \sigma _3^2).$$
(B.4)
$``$ Hopf fiber on $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^3`$:

$$(X,JdX)=\mathrm{sin}^2\mu d\psi +\mathrm{cos}^2\mu (u,Jdu)=d\psi +\mathrm{cos}^2\mu \left(d\varphi +\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \sigma _3\right).$$
(B.5)
$``$ Fubini-Study metric on $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^3`$:

$$ds_{FS(3)}^2(dX)^2(X,JdX)^2=d\mu ^2+\mathrm{cos}^2\mu \left[ds_{FS(2)}^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\mu \left(d\varphi +\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \sigma _3\right)^2\right].$$
(B.6)
To get understanding of Hopf fibration, let us demonstrate to reconstruct the compact 7-manifold metric for the $`SU(4)^{}`$-invariant critical point. At this critical point, we have $`a=b=1,d=c`$ and $`\eta =1=\eta _1=\eta _2`$. Due to the common singularity in the $`SU(3)\times U(1)`$-invariant sector, we get either $`(e^5,e^6)=(d\mu ,\omega )`$ or $`(e^5,e^6)=(\omega ,+d\mu )`$ where we used the fact that $`\xi =1`$. Then $`e^5e^5+e^6e^6`$ will lead to

$`d\mu ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\mu \mathrm{cos}^2\mu \left(d\varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \sigma _3\right)^2.`$
Combining other $`e^i,i=1,2,3,4`$ with $`e^5,e^6`$, the metric can be written as

$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{6}{}}}e^ie^i=d\mu ^2+\mathrm{cos}^2\mu \left[ds_{FS(2)}^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\mu \left(d\varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \sigma _3\right)^2\right]`$
which is nothing but the standard Fubini-Study metric on $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^3`$ . Moreover, $`e^7`$ in this limit will be $`e^7=c\left(\mathrm{cos}^2\mu (u,Jdu)+\mathrm{sin}^2\mu d\psi \right)`$. Using the explicit form of $`(u,Jdu)`$ one gets

$`e^7e^7=c^2\left[d\psi +\mathrm{cos}^2\mu \left(d\varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \sigma _3\right)\right]^2`$
that is equal to the $`U(1)`$ bundle and $`\psi `$ is the coordinate on the $`U(1)`$ fibers. According to the result of , the compact 7-manifold metric in the above will be an Einstein which corresponds to the trivial $`SO(8)`$-invariant metric on the round 7-sphere when $`c^2=1`$. On the other hand, at the $`SU(4)^{}`$-invariant critical point$`(c=\sqrt{2})`$, $`U(1)`$ fibers over $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^3`$ are stretched by a factor $`\sqrt{2}`$ and the compact 7-manifold metric is not Einstein.

## Appendix Appendix C The global coordinates for $`𝐒^7`$ with $`G_2/SU(3)`$ base

In this appendix, we describe the 7-dimensional coordinatization appropriate for the base 6-sphere of $`G_2/SU(3)`$.

$``$ $`𝐑^8`$ embedding of $`𝐒^7`$ with $`G_2/SU(3)`$ base:

$$X=u\mathrm{sin}\theta _6\mathrm{sin}\theta _7+\stackrel{~}{v}\text{with}u=(u^1,\mathrm{},u^6,0,0),\stackrel{~}{v}=(0,\mathrm{},0,\mathrm{cos}\theta _7,\mathrm{cos}\theta _6\mathrm{sin}\theta _7),$$

where $`u`$ is the same as above except for the replacement $`\varphi +\psi \theta _5`$.

$``$ Relation to the Hopf fibration on $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^3`$:

$$\mathrm{cos}\theta _7=\mathrm{sin}\mu \mathrm{cos}\psi ,\mathrm{cos}\theta _6\mathrm{sin}\theta _7=\mathrm{sin}\mu \mathrm{sin}\psi ,\mathrm{sin}\theta _6\mathrm{sin}\theta _7=\mathrm{cos}\mu ,\text{and}\theta _5=\varphi +\psi .$$

$$d\theta _7=\frac{d(\mathrm{cos}\psi \mathrm{sin}\mu )}{\sqrt{1\mathrm{sin}^2\mu \mathrm{cos}^2\psi }},\mathrm{sin}\theta _7d\theta _6=\frac{\mathrm{sin}\psi d\mu +\mathrm{sin}\mu \mathrm{cos}\mu \mathrm{cos}\psi d\psi }{\sqrt{1\mathrm{sin}^2\mu \mathrm{cos}^2\psi }}.$$
(C.1)
$`\mathrm{sin}\mu d\mu `$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{cos}\theta _6\mathrm{sin}\theta _7d\theta _6+\mathrm{sin}\theta _6\mathrm{cos}\theta _7d\theta _7,`$
$`\mathrm{sin}^2\mu d\psi `$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{cos}\theta _6d\theta _7\mathrm{sin}\theta _6\mathrm{cos}\theta _7\mathrm{sin}\theta _7d\theta _6.`$ (C.2)
$``$ The metric on $`𝐒^6G_2/SU(3)`$:

$$d\mathrm{\Omega }_6^2d\theta _6^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\theta _6\left(ds_{FS(2)}^2+(u,Jdu)^2\right).$$
(C.3)