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# Stratified fibre bundles

## 1 Introduction

A stratified bundle is a filtered fibered space $`X=\{X_i,i0\}`$ for which the complements $`X_iX_{i1}`$, termed strata, are fibre bundles. Moreover the attachment of strata is controlled by a structure category $`𝔉`$ of fibers. For example the tangent bundle of a stratified manifold is a stratified vector bundle, see . Moreover for a compact smooth $`G`$-manifold $`M`$ the projection $`MM/G`$ to the orbit space is a stratified bundle by results of Davis . In this paper we prove three basic properties: The *pull back theorem* shows that certain pull backs of stratified bundles are again stratified bundles, see (4.8). The *bundle theorem* (5.1) states that stratified bundles are the same as classical fibre bundles in case the structure category is a groupoid. Moreover the *principal bundle theorem* (6.12) shows that the function space of admissible maps, $`X^V`$, is a stratified bundle and the $`𝔉^{\mathrm{op}}`$-diagram $`VX^V`$ plays the role of the associated principal bundle, see (6.17). In the proofs of the results we have to consider the intricate compatibility of quotient topology, product topology, and compact-open topology in function spaces. As application we study in  algebraic constructions on stratified vector bundles (like the direct sum, tensor product, exterior product) and we show that stratified vector bundles lead to a stratified $`K`$-theory generalizing the Atiyah-Hirzebruch $`K`$-theory. This was the main motivation for the proof of the basic properties in this paper.

The structure of the paper is the following. In section 2 the category $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ of fibre families is introduced. In section 3 the proper notion of CW-complex in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ is exploited, and this leads to the definition of stratified bundles in section 4. In more standard language of stratification theory, the stratified bundles here introduced should be called CW-stratified bundles. In the same section the pull back theorem (4.8) is introduced. The proof of this theorem, like the proofs of (5.1), (6.12) and (6.17), is forward-referencing: its proof will be complete only in section 7. In section 5 we introduce the bundle theorem (5.1). Its proof will be done in sections 5 and 8. The principal bundle theorem (6.17) (and also theorem (6.12)) are stated and introduced in section 6. Its proof will be the content of sections 9 (where we study NNEP pairs) and 10 (where NKC categories are introduced). At the end, in the short section 11, some examples of NKC categories are given. Thus, after this introduction in section 1, the paper consists mainly of three parts: a first part — sections 2 and 3 — with some preliminaries; then a second part — sections 4, 5 and 6 — with our definition of (CW)-stratified bundle and the main theorems; finally, a third part – sections 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 – with the actual proofs of the main theorems, together with some remarks and further propositions.

## 2 Fibre families

Let $`𝔉`$ be a small category together with a functor $`F:𝔉\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ to the category $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ of topological spaces. We assume that the functor $`F`$ satisfies the assumption:

> $`()`$ For every object $`V`$ in $`𝔉`$ the space $`F(V)`$ is locally compact, second-countable and Hausdorff.

Then $`𝔉`$ is termed *structure category* and $`F`$ is a *fibre functor* on $`𝔉`$. To be precise a structure category is a pair $`(𝔉,F)`$, but in general we omit to write explicitely $`F`$. If $`F`$ is a faithful functor then $`𝔉`$ is a topological enriched category in which morphism sets have the compact open topology. In many examples the functor $`F`$ is actually the inclusion of a subcategory $`𝔉`$ of $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ so that in this case we need not to mention the fibre functor $`F`$.

A *fibre family* with fibres in $`𝔉`$ (or a $`(𝔉,F)`$-family) is a topological space $`X`$, termed *total space*, together with a map $`p_X:X\overline{X}`$, termed *projection* to the *base space* $`\overline{X}`$, and for every $`b\overline{X}`$ a selected homeomorphism $`\mathrm{\Phi }_b:p_X^1bFX_b`$ where $`X_b`$ is an object in $`𝔉`$, called *fibre*, depending on $`b\overline{X}`$. The homeomorphism $`\mathrm{\Phi }_b`$ is termed *chart* at $`b`$. The family $`(p_X:X\overline{X},X_b,\mathrm{\Phi }_b,b\overline{X})`$ is denoted simply by $`X`$. Each object $`V`$ in $`𝔉`$ yields the *point family*, or *$`𝔉`$-point*, also denoted by $`V`$ given by the map $`p_V:FV`$ where $``$ is the singleton space.

Given two $`𝔉`$-families $`X`$ and $`Y`$ a *$`𝔉`$-map* from $`X`$ to $`Y`$ is a pair of maps $`(f,\overline{f})`$ such that the following diagram

commutes, and such that for every $`b\overline{X}`$ the composition given by the dotted arrow of the diagram

is a morphism in the image of the functor $`F`$. That is, there exists a morphism $`\varphi :X_bY_{\overline{f}b}`$ in $`𝔉`$ such that the dotted arrow is equal to $`F(\varphi )`$. We will often denote $`FX_b`$ by $`X_b`$ and it will be clear from the context whether $`X_b`$ denotes an object in $`𝔉`$ or a space in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ given by the functor $`F`$. If a $`𝔉`$-map $`f=(f,\overline{f})`$ is a $`𝔉`$-isomorphism then $`f`$ and $`\overline{f}`$ are homeomorphisms but the converse need not be true.

If $`X`$ is a $`𝔉`$-family and $`Z`$ is a topological space, then $`X\times Z`$ is a $`𝔉`$-family with projection $`p_{X\times Z}=p\times 1_Z:X\times Z\overline{X}\times Z`$. The fibre over a point $`(b,z)\overline{X}\times Z`$ is equal to $`p_X^1(b)\times \{z\}`$; using the chart $`\mathrm{\Phi }_b:p_X^1(b)X_b`$ the chart $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{(b,z)}`$ is defined by $`(x,z)\mathrm{\Phi }_b(x)X_b`$ where of course we set $`(X\times Z)_{(b,z)}=X_b`$. In particular, by taking $`Z=I`$ the unit interval we obtain the cylinder object $`X\times I`$ and therefore the notion of *homotopy*: two $`𝔉`$-maps $`f_0,f_1:XY`$ are $`𝔉`$-homotopic (in symbols $`f_0f_1`$) if there is a $`𝔉`$-map $`F:X\times IY`$ such that $`f_0=Fi_0`$ and $`f_1=Fi_1`$. Here $`i_0`$ and $`i_1`$ are the inclusions $`XX\times I`$ at the levels $`0`$ and $`1`$ respectively.

Let $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ be the category consisting of $`𝔉`$-families $`p_X:X\overline{X}`$ in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ and $`𝔉`$-maps. Homotopy of $`𝔉`$-maps yields a natural equivalence relation $``$ on $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ so that the homotopy category $`(𝔉\text{-}\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩})/_{}`$ is defined.

###### (2.1) Remark.

Consider a structure category $`𝔉`$ with fibre functor $`F`$. In general it is not assumed that $`F`$ is faithful, but it is easy to see that the category $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ is equivalent to $`𝔉^{}`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$, where $`𝔉^{}=𝔉/_{}`$ is the category with the same objects as $`𝔉`$ and morphisms given by equivalence classes of morphisms, with $`ff^{}F(f)=F(f^{})`$. We call $`𝔉^{}`$ the *faithful image* category of $`F`$.

###### (2.2) Definition.

If $`V`$ is an object in $`𝔉`$ and $`\overline{X}`$ is a space in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$, then the projection onto the first factor $`p_1:X=\overline{X}\times V\overline{X}`$ yields the *product family* with fibre $`V`$; the charts $`\mathrm{\Phi }_b:\{b\}\times VV=X_b`$ are given by projection and $`X_b=V`$ for all $`b\overline{X}`$. If $`X`$ is a $`𝔉`$-family $`𝔉`$-isomorphic to a product family then $`X`$ is said to be a *trivial $`𝔉`$-bundle*. In general a *$`𝔉`$-bundle* is a locally trivial family of fibres, i.e. a family $`X`$ over $`\overline{X}`$ such that every $`b\overline{X}`$ admits a neighborhood $`U`$ for which $`X|U`$ is trivial. Here $`X|U`$ is the *restriction* of the family $`X`$ defined by $`U\overline{X}`$.

Given a family $`Y`$ with projection $`p_Y:Y\overline{Y}`$ and a map $`\overline{f}:\overline{X}\overline{Y}`$, the pull-back $`X=\overline{f}^{}Y`$ is the total space of a family of fibres given by the vertical dotted arrow of the following pull-back diagram.

((2.3))
The charts are defined as follows: For every $`b\overline{X}`$ let $`X_b=Y_{\overline{f}b}`$, and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_b:p_X^1(b)X_b`$ the composition $`p_X^1(b)p_Y^1(\overline{f}b)Y_{\overline{f}b}=X_b`$ where the map $`p_X^1(b)p_Y^1(\overline{f}b)`$ is a homeomorphism since $`X`$ is a pull-back.

A $`𝔉`$-map $`i:AY`$ is termed a *closed inclusion* if $`\overline{i}:\overline{A}\overline{Y}`$ is an inclusion, $`\overline{i}\overline{A}`$ is closed in $`\overline{Y}`$ and the following diagram is a pull-back:

((2.4))
Hence a closed inclusion $`i:AY`$ induces homeomorphisms on fibres.

The push-out construction can be extended to the category $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$, provided the push-out is defined via a closed inclusion.

###### (2.5) Lemma.

Given $`𝔉`$-families $`A`$, $`X`$, $`Y`$ and $`𝔉`$-maps $`f:AX`$, $`i:AY`$ with $`i`$ a closed inclusion the push-out diagram in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$

((2.6))
exists and $`XZ`$ is a closed inclusion.

###### Proof.

The push-out is obtained by the following commutative diagram,

in which the spaces $`Z`$ and $`\overline{Z}`$ are push-outs in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ of $`f`$, $`i`$ and $`\overline{f}`$, $`\overline{i}`$ respectively; the map $`p_Z`$ exists and is unique because of the push-out property. Moreover, the charts of fibres of $`Z`$ are given as follows: $`\overline{Z}`$ is the union of the two subsets $`\overline{X}`$ and $`\overline{Y}\overline{A}`$. For $`b=\overline{x}\overline{X}\overline{Z}`$ there is a canonical composition of homeomorphisms $`p_Z^1(b)p_X^1(\overline{x})X_{\overline{x}}`$ that yields the chart

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_b:p_Z^1(b)X_{\overline{x}}=Z_b.$$

In fact, $`i:AY`$ being a closed inclusion, for every $`\overline{a}\overline{A}`$ the fibre over $`\overline{a}`$ in $`A`$ is canonically isomorphic to the fibre over $`\overline{a}`$ in $`Y`$ and hence for every $`\overline{x}X`$ the fibre over $`\overline{x}`$ in $`X`$ is canonically isomorphic to the fibre over $`\overline{x}`$ in $`Z`$. Next, for $`b=\overline{y}\overline{Y}\overline{A}Z`$ the homeomorphism is

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_b:p_Z^1(b)p_Y^1(\overline{y})Y_{\overline{y}}=Z_b.$$

The $`𝔉`$-map $`j:YZ`$ induced by the push-out is a closed inclusion, since $`\overline{j}:\overline{Y}\overline{Z}`$ is the inclusion of a closed subspace of $`\overline{Z}`$; furthermore, $`j`$ is an isomorphism on fibres and an inclusion, and therefore $`Y=j^{}Z`$. ∎

A point of this approach is to endow $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ with the structure of a cofibration category (or cylinder category), in order to have $`𝔉`$-complexes and stratifications. The dual concept, namely of $`𝔉`$-fibrations, was studied by May in .

## 3 $`𝔉`$-complexes

We recall that for an object $`V`$ in $`𝔉`$ the family $`F(V)`$ with base space a singleton is termed a *$`𝔉`$-point* and is also denoted by $`V`$. A disjoint union of $`𝔉`$-points is called a *$`𝔉`$-set*. This is a $`𝔉`$-family for which the base space has the discrete topology. Let $`D^n`$ be the unit disc in $`^n`$ and $`S^{n1}`$ its boundary with base point $`S^{n1}`$. The complement $`e^n=D^nS^{n1}`$ is the *open cell* in $`D^n`$. An $`𝔉`$-cell is a product family $`V\times e^ne^n`$ with $`V𝔉`$.

We say that a $`𝔉`$-family $`X`$ is obtained from a $`𝔉`$-family $`D`$ by *attaching* $`n`$-cells if a $`𝔉`$-set $`Z`$ together with a $`𝔉`$-map $`f`$ is given, such that the following diagram

((3.1))
is a push-out in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$. The inclusion $`Z\times S^{n1}Z\times D^n`$ is a closed inclusion, therefore the push-out exists and the induced map $`DX`$ is a closed inclusion and $`XD=Z\times e^n`$ is a union of open $`𝔉`$-cells. If $`Z`$ is a $`𝔉`$-point then we say that $`X`$ is obtained from $`D`$ by attaching a $`𝔉`$-cell and $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ is the *characteristic map* of the $`𝔉`$-cell.

###### (3.2) Definition.

A *relative $`𝔉`$-complex* $`(X,D)`$ is a family $`X`$ and a filtration

$$D=X_1X_0X_1\mathrm{}X_nX_{n+1}\mathrm{}X$$

of $`𝔉`$-families $`X_n`$, $`n1`$, such that for every $`n0`$ the $`𝔉`$-family $`X_n`$ is obtained from $`X_{n1}`$ by attaching $`n`$-cells and

$$X=\underset{n0}{lim}X_n.$$

The spaces $`X_n`$ are termed *$`n`$-skeleta* of $`(X,D)`$. If $`D`$ is empty we call $`X`$ a *$`𝔉`$-complex*. Then $`X`$ is a union of $`𝔉`$-cells. It is not difficult to show that a relative $`𝔉`$-complex $`(X,D)`$ is Hausdorff and normal provided that $`D`$ is Hausdorff and normal. In (3.2) the limit of skeleta is the limit induced by the standard limit of topological spaces (tnd therefore the induced map $`X\overline{X}`$ is continuous).

###### (3.3) Example.

Let $`G`$ be a compact Lie group and let $`𝔉`$ be the *category of orbits* of $`G`$, that is, $`𝔉`$ is the subcategory of $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ consisting of spaces $`G/H`$, where $`H`$ is a closed subgroup of $`G`$, and $`G`$-equivariant maps $`G/HG/H^{}`$. Then each $`G`$-CW-complex (see ) is a $`𝔉`$-complex.

## 4 Stratified bundles

Let $`A`$ be a closed subset of a space $`X`$. We say that $`(X,A)`$ is a *CW-pair* if there exists a homeomorphism $`(X,A)(X^{},A^{})`$ of pairs where $`X^{}`$ is a CW-complex and $`A^{}`$ a subcomplex of $`X^{}`$. A *CW-space* is a space homeomorphic to a CW-complex.

###### (4.1) Definition.

We call a space $`X`$ a *stratified* space if a filtration

$$X_0X_1\mathrm{}X_n\mathrm{}\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}X_n=X$$

is given and if for every $`i1`$ there is given a CW-pair $`(M_i,A_i)`$ and a map $`h_i:A_iX_{i1}`$ with the following properties: The subspace $`X_i`$ is obtained by attaching $`M_i`$ to $`X_{i1}`$ via the attaching map $`h_i`$, i.e. there is a push-out diagram:

Moreover $`X_0`$ is a CW-space. The complements $`X_iX_{i1}`$ are termed *strata*, while the filtration $`\mathrm{}X_0X_1\mathrm{}X_n\mathrm{}`$ is called *stratification* of $`X`$. The strata $`X_iX_{i1}`$ coincide with the complements $`M_iA_i`$. We call the pairs $`(M_i,A_i)`$ and the space $`X_0`$ the *attached spaces* of $`X`$. If all attaching maps are cellular then $`X`$ is a CW-complex and $`X_i`$ is a subcomplex of $`X`$. In this case we say that the stratified space $`X`$ is a *stratified CW-complex*. In particular CW-complexes with the *skeletal* filtration are stratified CW-complexes. We say that a stratified space is *finite* if the number of non-empty strata is finite. We always assume that a stratified space which is *not finite is a stratified CW-complex*. The reason of this assumption is that theorems (5.1), (6.12) and (6.17) will be proved under the assumption that the base spaces are finite or arbitrary CW-complexes: with this choice of terminology the formulation of the hypothesis happens to be more compact. The cellular approximation theorem shows that a stratified space is homotopy equivalent to a stratified CW-complex. We point out that a stratified space $`X`$ is a Hausdorff and regular space, see Gray .

A map

((4.2))
$$f:XX^{}$$

between stratified spaces is a filtration preserving map $`f=\{f_n\}_{n0}`$ together with commutative diagrams

such that $`g_if_{i1}=f_i`$ for $`i1`$. A map is termed *stratum-preserving* if for every $`i`$

$$f_i(X_iX_{i1})X_i^{}X_{i1}^{}.$$

Let $`\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}`$ be the category of stratified spaces and stratum-preserving maps.

Consider a manifold with boundary $`(M,M)`$, a manifold $`N`$, and a submersion $`h:MN`$. The push-out of $`h`$ and the inclusion $`MM`$

((4.3))
yields a stratified space $`X=M_hN`$ with stratification $`X_0=NX_1=X`$. For example if a diffeomorphism $`MZ\times P`$ is given where $`Z`$ and $`P`$ are manifolds and if $`h:MZ\times PZ`$ is defined by the projection then $`X=M_hN`$ is a *manifold with singularities*, see Rudyak , Baas , Botvinnik , Sullivan , Vershinin . Also the stratified manifolds (stratifolds) of Kreck  are stratified spaces. Manifolds with singularities and stratifolds have “tangent bundles” which are stratified vector bundles. These are important examples of stratified fibre bundles introduced in the next definition.

Recall that $`𝔉`$ denotes a structure category together with a fibre functor $`F:𝔉\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$.

###### (4.4) Definition.

A *$`𝔉`$-stratified fibre bundle* is a stratified space $`\overline{X}`$ together with a $`𝔉`$-family

$$X\overline{X}$$

with the following properties. For $`i1`$ the restriction $`X_i=X|\overline{X}_i=X_{i1}_{A_i}M_i`$ is the push-out of $`𝔉`$-maps

where $`M_i\overline{M}_i`$ is a $`𝔉`$-bundle and $`A_i=M_i|\overline{A}_i`$. Moreover, $`X_0\overline{X}_0`$ is a $`𝔉`$-bundle and $`X=lim_i\mathrm{}X_i`$. Hence the strata $`X_iX_{i1}\overline{X}_i\overline{X}_{i1}`$ are $`𝔉`$-bundles.

###### (4.5) Remark.

It is possible to show that a finite $`𝔉`$-stratified fibre bundle yields a *stratified system of fibrations* (according to the definition 8.2 at page 420 of F. Quinn in ) on $`\overline{X}`$. In fact, since $`\overline{X}`$ is a CW-complex and hence its strata are paracompact, the restrictions of $`p_X:X\overline{X}`$ to the strata are fibrations (theorem XX.4.2.(2) at page 405 of  – see also theorem 1.3.5 at page 29 and Ex. 1 at page 33 of ). Furthermore, for every $`n0`$ the inclusion $`X_nX`$ is a $`𝔉`$-cofibration and all the spaces are compactly generated, therefore it is possible to prove that $`\overline{X}_n`$ is a $`p`$-NDR subset of $`\overline{X}`$, in the notation of . Thus a $`𝔉`$-striatified bundle $`X`$ yields in a natural way a stratified system of fibrations on $`\overline{X}`$. Actually, if the CW-structure of $`\overline{X}`$ is given by a triangulation or a simplicial structure, then $`X\overline{X}`$ yields what in  is termed a *simplicially stratified fibration*.

Starting from the papers , F. Quinn and B. Hughes developed a theory of homotopically stratified sets which goes in a different direction than this paper. In their approach isotopy Whitney lemmas and applications to surgery theory are central, while our motivations reside more in abstract homotopy theory and $`K`$-theory (see  and ). For a general and modern introduction to stratified spaces and stratified bundles, related to problems in surgery theory a common reference is .

###### (4.6) Example.

By comparing definition (4.4) and definition (3.2) it is easy to see that a $`𝔉`$-complex with the skeletal filtration is a $`𝔉`$-stratified bundle since the spaces $`(V\times D^n,V\times S^{n1})`$ are trivial $`𝔉`$-bundles over the CW-pair $`(D^n,S^{n1})`$. Moreover, if $`X`$ is a $`𝔉`$-stratified bundle such that all the attaching maps are cellular, then $`X`$ is a $`𝔉`$-complex. Here we use the bundle theorem in section 5 below. In general, a $`𝔉`$-stratified bundle has the $`𝔉`$-homotopy type of a $`𝔉`$-complex (this is a consequence of a cellular approximation theorem for $`𝔉`$-complexes, see ).

###### (4.7) Example.

Let $`G`$ be a compact Lie group and $`M`$ a compact smooth $`G`$-manifold. Let $`𝔉`$ be the orbit category of $`G`$. Then the *augmented $`𝒢`$-normal system* associated to $`M`$, as defined by Davis in , yields naturally a $`𝔉`$-stratified bundle $`M\overline{M}=M/G`$ via the corresponding assembling functor. The strata are defined exactly as in the proof of theorem 4.9 of , by $`M_n=M(n1)`$ and $`A_n=M_n`$. Thus each open stratum contains the disjoint union of all the open strata given by the stratification of $`M`$ (or the corresponding stratification on $`\overline{M}`$) by normal orbit type of depth $`n`$ in the poset of the normal orbit types.

A *$`𝔉`$-stratified map* $`f:XX^{}`$ between $`𝔉`$-stratified bundles is is given by sequences $`\{f_n\}_{n0}`$ and $`\{g_n\}_{n1}`$ of $`𝔉`$-maps such that, given the commutative diagrams

for every $`i`$, we have $`g_if_{i1}=f_i`$ for $`i1`$. If for every $`i`$ the inclusion $`f(X_iX_{i1})X_i^{}X_{i1}^{}`$ holds, $`f`$ is termed *stratum-preserving*.

###### (4.8) Pull back theorem.

Let $`\overline{X}`$ and $`\overline{X}^{}`$ be finite stratified spaces with attached spaces which are locally finite and countable CW-complexes. Let $`\overline{f}:\overline{X}\overline{X}^{}`$ be a stratum-preserving map (in $`\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}`$) and $`X^{}\overline{X}^{}`$ a $`𝔉`$-stratified bundle. Then the pull-back $`\overline{f}^{}X^{}\overline{X}`$ is a $`𝔉`$-stratified bundle.

###### Proof.

Let $`n`$ be the number of strata of $`\overline{X}`$ and $`X_i=\overline{f}^{}X_i^{}`$ for $`i=1,\mathrm{}n`$. Clearly $`\overline{f}_0^{}X_0^{}`$ is a $`𝔉`$-bundle on $`\overline{X}_0`$. Since $`X^{}`$ is a $`𝔉`$-stratified bundle there are $`𝔉`$-bundles $`M_i^{}`$ and $`𝔉`$-maps $`h_i^{}:A_i^{}M_i^{}X_{i1}^{}`$ such that $`X_i^{}=X_{i1}^{}_{h_i^{}}M_i^{}`$. Let the attached spaces of $`\overline{X}`$ be denoted by $`(\overline{M}_i,\overline{A}_i)`$ and $`\overline{h}_i`$ the attaching maps. The stratified map $`\overline{f}`$ yields maps $`\overline{g}_i:\overline{M}_i\overline{M}_i^{}`$ such that $`\overline{g}_i\overline{f}_{i1}=\overline{f}_i`$. For every $`i1`$ let $`M_i`$ be the pull-back $`\overline{g}_i^{}M_i^{}\overline{M}_i`$. It is a $`𝔉`$-bundle. Let $`A_i`$ be its restriction to $`\overline{A}_i`$. By assumption $`\overline{M}_i`$ and $`\overline{M}_i^{}`$ are locally finite and countable; furthermore since $`\overline{f}`$ is stratum-preserving, for every $`i`$ we have $`\overline{f}(\overline{X}_i\overline{X}_{i1})\overline{X}_i^{}\overline{X}_{i1}^{}`$. Thus, by applying proposition (7.4) below, the pull-back family $`X_i`$ is obtained by attaching the $`𝔉`$-bundle $`M_i`$ to $`X_i`$ via a $`𝔉`$-map $`h_i:A_iM_iX_i`$, where $`h_i`$ is a suitable $`𝔉`$-map induced by the construction. This is true for $`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$, hence $`X_n=X`$ is a $`𝔉`$-stratified bundle. ∎

A similar theorem was proved by Davis  (theorems 1.1 and 1.3), in the case of the pull-back $`f^{}M`$ of a smooth $`G`$-manifold $`M`$, where $`f`$ is a (weakly) stratified map and $`G`$ is a compact Lie group.

Let $`(𝔉,F)`$ and $`(𝔉^{},F^{})`$ be structure categories. Then we define the structure category $`(𝔉\times 𝔉^{},F\times F^{})`$ by the functor

$$F\times F^{}:𝔉\times 𝔉^{}\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}.$$

Here $`𝔉\times 𝔉^{}`$ is the product category consisting of pairs $`(V,V^{})`$ of objects $`V𝔉`$ and $`V^{}𝔉^{}`$ and pairs of morphisms. The functor $`F\times F^{}`$ carries $`(V,V^{})`$ to the product space $`F(V)\times F^{}(V^{})`$. For a $`𝔉`$-family $`X`$ and a $`𝔉^{}`$-family $`X^{}`$ with the base space $`\overline{X}=B=\overline{X}^{}`$ we define the *fiberwise product* $`X\times _BX^{}`$ by the pull-back diagram in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$

Then it is clear that $`X\times _BX^{}B`$ is a $`(𝔉\times 𝔉^{},F\times F^{})`$-family. Moreover we get compatibility with stratifications as follows.

###### (4.9) Proposition.

Let $`X`$ be a $`𝔉`$-stratified bundle and let $`X^{}`$ be a $`𝔉^{}`$-stratified bundle such that the stratified spaces $`\overline{X}=B=\overline{X}^{}`$ coincide. Moreover assume that $`X`$ and $`X^{}`$ are locally compact. Then $`X\times _BX^{}B`$ is a $`𝔉\times 𝔉^{}`$-stratified bundle.

###### Proof.

By construction $`X`$ is the quotient space of a projection

$$q:X_0\underset{i0}{}M_iX,$$

and the same holds for $`X^{}`$, with a projection $`q^{}`$. By the Whitehead theorem (see , theorem XII.4.1 at page 262) the map $`q\times q^{}`$ is a quotient map onto $`X\times X^{}`$, since $`X`$ and $`X^{}`$ are locally compact. Now, $`X\times _BXX\times X^{}`$ is a closed subspace, hence the restricted projection

$$q\times q^{}:(q\times q^{})^1X\times _BXX^{}\times _BX^{}$$

is a quotient map. We can consider now the union

$$(X_0\times _{\overline{X}_0}X_0^{})\underset{i}{}(M_i\times _{\overline{M}_i}M_i^{})(q\times q^{})^1X\times _BXX^{}.$$

Then it is possible to see that the projection $`q\times q^{}`$ yields a quotient map

$$(X_0\times _{\overline{X}_0}X_0^{})\underset{i}{}(M_i\times _{\overline{M}_i}M_i^{})X\times _BX^{},$$

which gives the $`𝔉\times 𝔉^{}`$-stratification of $`X\times _BX^{}`$. ∎

## 5 The bundle theorem

A *groupoid* is a category in which all morphisms are isomorphisms. If the structure category $`𝔉`$ is a groupoid then $`𝔉`$-complexes and $`𝔉`$-stratified bundles are actually $`𝔉`$-bundles. More precisely we show the following result which we could not find in the literature though special cases are well known like the clutching construction of Atiyah , page 20. This can be briefly explained as follows: if $`\overline{X}=\overline{X}_1\overline{X}_2`$ and $`\overline{A}=\overline{X}_1\overline{X}_2`$, all the spaces are compact and $`E_i\overline{X}_i`$ are (vector) bundles with an isomorphism of the restrictions $`\phi :E_1|AE_2|A`$, then the clutching (or glueing) construction is a way to define the push-out of the two bundles $`E_1_\phi E_2`$ over the push-out space $`\overline{X}_1_{\overline{\phi }}\overline{X}_2`$.

###### (5.1) Bundle theorem.

Let $`𝔉`$ be a structure category which is a groupoid. Then a $`𝔉`$-stratified bundle $`X\overline{X}`$ is a $`𝔉`$-bundle over $`\overline{X}`$. Conversely, given a stratified space $`\overline{X}`$ and a $`𝔉`$-bundle $`X`$ over $`\overline{X}`$ then $`X`$ is a $`𝔉`$-stratified bundle. In particular, a $`𝔉`$-complex $`X\overline{X}`$ is a $`𝔉`$-bundle over $`\overline{X}`$ and, given a CW-complex $`\overline{X}`$ and a $`𝔉`$-bundle $`X`$ over $`\overline{X}`$, then $`X`$ is $`𝔉`$-isomorphic to a $`𝔉`$-complex.

###### Proof.

If $`X`$ is a $`𝔉`$-complex then the theorem is a consequence of corollary (5.4) and lemma (8.5) below. Otherwise, assume that $`X`$ is a $`𝔉`$-stratified bundle. Since $`X`$ is obtained by attaching $`𝔉`$-bundles to $`𝔉`$-bundles via $`𝔉`$-maps, we can apply a finite number of times corollary (5.4) below and obtain the result. On the other hand assume that $`\overline{X}`$ is a stratified space and that $`X\overline{X}`$ is a $`𝔉`$-bundle. By applying a finite number of times lemma (8.3) it is possible to show that $`X`$ is a $`𝔉`$-stratified bundle. ∎

###### (5.2) Example.

Let $`𝔉`$ be the category consisting of finite sets $`\{1,2,\mathrm{},n\}`$ and permutations of these sets. A $`𝔉`$-family $`X`$ is a finite-to-one map $`X\overline{X}`$. By theorem (5.1), if $`X`$ is a $`𝔉`$-complex, then $`p_X`$ is locally trivial and hence a covering map.

###### (5.3) Lemma.

Let $`𝔉`$ be a groupoid. Let $`Y\overline{Y}`$ be a $`𝔉`$-bundle, $`\overline{Z}`$ a set and $`h:V\times \overline{Z}\times S^{n1}Y`$ a $`𝔉`$-map which is the attaching map of $`X=Y_h(V\times \overline{Z}\times D^n)`$. Given a set $`\overline{U}\overline{Y}`$ open in $`\overline{Y}`$ such that $`Y|\overline{U}`$ is trivial, there is an open set $`\overline{U}^{\prime \prime }\overline{X}`$ such that $`\overline{U}^{\prime \prime }\overline{Y}=\overline{U}`$ and such that $`X|\overline{U}^{\prime \prime }`$ is trivial. As a consequence, the push-out space $`X=Y_h(V\times \overline{Z}\times D^n)`$ is a $`𝔉`$-bundle.

###### Proof.

Let $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ denote the characteristic map $`\mathrm{\Phi }:V\times \overline{Z}\times D^nX`$ and $`\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}`$, $`\overline{h}`$ the maps induced on the base spaces. The restriction of $`V\times \overline{Z}\times S^{n1}`$ to $`\overline{h}^1\overline{U}`$ is trivial, and with a suitable change of coordinates (which exists since $`\mathrm{Aut}_𝔉(V)`$ is a topological group) we can assume that the restriction

$$h_0:V\times \overline{h}^1\overline{U}Y|\overline{U}V\times \overline{U}$$

is of the form $`1_V\times \overline{h}`$. Now, there is an open set $`\overline{U}^{}\overline{Z}\times D^n`$ with the property that $`\overline{U}^{}\overline{Z}\times S^{n1}=\overline{h}^1\overline{U}`$. Since $`\overline{X}=\overline{Y}_{\overline{h}}(\overline{Z}\times D^n)`$ the image $`\overline{U}^{\prime \prime }=\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}(\overline{U}^{})\overline{U}`$ is open in $`\overline{X}`$. Moreover, since $`V`$ is locally compact Hausdorff the following diagram is a push-out.

But by assumption $`X`$ is the push-out $`Y_h(V\times \overline{Z}\times D^n)`$, and the restriction of the push-out to the pre-images of $`\overline{U}^{\prime \prime }`$ yields a push-out

Therefore $`X|\overline{U}^{\prime \prime }V\times \overline{U}^{\prime \prime }`$ by an isomorphism which is an extension of the chosen isomorphism $`Y|\overline{U}V\times \overline{U}`$. This implies that every point in $`\overline{Y}`$ has a neighborhood $`\overline{U}^{\prime \prime }`$ in $`\overline{X}`$ such that $`X|\overline{U}^{\prime \prime }`$ is trivial. On the other hand, if $`x`$ is a point in $`\overline{X}\overline{Y}`$, then there is a neighborhood $`\overline{U}^{\prime \prime }`$ of $`x`$ contained in $`\overline{X}\overline{Y}`$ and in this case $`X|\overline{U}^{\prime \prime }`$ is trivial because it is $`𝔉`$-homeomorphic to $`V\times \overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}^1\overline{U}^{\prime \prime }V\times \overline{Z}\times e^n`$. ∎

###### (5.4) Corollary.

Let $`(X,Y)`$ a relative $`𝔉`$-complex. Assume that $`𝔉`$ is a groupoid and that $`Y\overline{Y}`$ is a $`𝔉`$-bundle. Then $`X\overline{X}`$ is a $`𝔉`$-bundle.

###### Proof.

Consider the cellular filtration

$$Y=X_1X_0X_1\mathrm{}X_n\mathrm{}X=\underset{n}{lim}X_n.$$

By applying inductively lemma (5.3) we see that $`X_n`$ is a $`𝔉`$-bundle over $`\overline{X}_n`$ for every $`n0`$. Moreover, there is a sequence of sets $`\overline{U}_n\overline{X}_n`$ open in $`\overline{X}_n`$ such that $`\overline{U}_n\overline{X}_{n1}=\overline{U}_{n1}`$ and $`𝔉`$-isomorphisms $`\alpha _n:X_n|\overline{U}_nV\times \overline{U}_n`$. Moreover $`\alpha _n`$ can be chosen to be extension of $`\alpha _{n1}`$ (see the proof of (5.3)). Since $`V`$ is locally compact Hausdorff we can take limits, and obtain a $`𝔉`$-homeomorphism

$$X|\overline{U}V\times \overline{U},$$

where $`\overline{U}=lim_n\overline{U}_n`$. ∎

## 6 The principal bundle theorem

It is well known that each fibre bundle $`X\overline{X}`$ with fibre $`V`$ and structure group $`G`$ yields the associated principal bundle $`X_G\overline{X}`$ with fibre $`G`$ such that $`X_G`$ is a right $`G`$-space for which there is an isomorphism of bundles.

((6.1))
Moreover Steenrod  p. 39 points out that in case $`G`$ is a subgroup of the group of homeomorphisms of $`V`$ with the compact open topology then the principal bundle

((6.2))
$$X_G=X^V$$

is the function space $`X^V`$ of “admissible” maps $`VX`$ with the compact open topology. The action of $`gG`$ on $`\alpha X^V`$ is given by composition

$$\alpha g=\text{}X^V.$$

In this section we generalize these results for $`𝔉`$-complexes and $`𝔉`$-stratified bundles.

###### (6.3) Definition.

Given a faithful fibre functor $`F:𝔉\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ and an object $`V𝔉`$ we obtain a new fibre functor

$$F^V:𝔉\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}$$

which carries an object $`W`$ in $`𝔉`$ to the space $`F^V(W)=\mathrm{hom}_𝔉(V,W)`$ with the compact open topology. The functor $`F^V`$ need not be faithful, even though $`F`$ is faithful.

###### (6.4) Remark.

Since for every $`V`$ the fibre $`F(V)`$ is Hausdorff, we see that for each $`W𝔉`$ the fibre $`F^V(W)=W^V`$ of $`F^V`$ is Hausdorff. Moreover, since $`W`$ and $`V`$ are $`2^{}`$ countable, also $`W^V`$ is $`2^{}`$ countable (see e.g. ). We will show that if $`(𝔉,F)`$ is a NKC structure category then $`W^V`$ is locally compact so that $`F^V`$ fulfills assumption $`()`$.

The definition of a NKC structure category is the following. First, a family $`𝒦`$ of compact sets of $`V`$ is termed *generating* if for every $`𝔉`$-family $`Y`$ the subsets

$$N_{K,U}=\{fY^V,f(K)U\}$$

with $`K𝒦`$ and $`U`$ open in $`Y`$ yield a sub-basis for the topology of $`Y^V`$.

###### (6.5) Definition.

A structure category $`𝔉`$ with faithful fibre functor $`F`$ has the **NKC*-property* if for every $`V𝔉`$ there is a generating family of compact sets $`𝒦`$ such that for every $`K𝒦`$, every $`W𝔉`$ and every compact subset $`CW`$ the subspace

$$N_{K,C}\mathrm{hom}_𝔉(V,W)=W^V$$

is compact. Examples are given in section 11 below.

###### (6.6) Remark.

Since the spaces $`W`$ in $`𝔉`$ are assumed locally compact this implies that for a NKC category the function spaces $`W^V=\mathrm{hom}_𝔉(V,W)`$ are locally compact. Furthermore, it is not difficult to see that a closed subcategory of a NKC category is also a NKC subcategory.

###### (6.7) Example.

Let $`𝔉`$ denote the category consisting of a finite dimensional vector space $`V`$ and morphisms given by elements in a closed subgroup $`G`$ of $`GL(V)`$. The fibre functor is the embedding $`F:𝔉\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$. Then, by (5.1), a $`𝔉`$-complex $`X`$ is a vector bundle with structure group $`G`$ and fibre $`V`$. We will see in theorem (11.2) that $`(𝔉,F)`$ has the NKC property. Therefore by theorem (6.12) the principal bundle $`X^V`$ is a $`(𝔉,F^V)`$-complex and hence a $`(𝔉,F)`$-bundle by (5.1). This is the result of Steenrod in (6.2).

###### (6.8) Example.

Let $`G`$ be a compact Lie group and $`𝔉`$ its orbit category (see (3.3)). The fibre functor $`F:𝔉\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ is the embedding. Then a smooth $`G`$-manifold $`X`$ has a structure of a $`𝔉`$-complex where $`\overline{X}=X/G`$ and $`p_X:X\overline{X}`$ is the projection onto the orbit space. For every closed subgroup $`HG`$ the orbit $`V=G/H`$ is an object of $`𝔉`$ and the function space $`X^V`$ is homeomorphic to the fixed subspace $`X^HX`$ via the evaluation map at $`1G`$. We will see as a consequence of proposition (11.1) that the orbit category $`𝔉`$ with the embedding functor $`F:𝔉\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ has the NKC property. Hence by theorem (6.12) the space $`X^H`$ is a $`𝔉`$-complex with fibre functor $`F^{G/H}`$.

We now define for every $`(𝔉,F)`$-family $`Y`$ the associated $`(𝔉,F^V)`$-family $`Y^V`$ as follows. Let $`Y^V`$ denote the space of all $`𝔉`$-maps $`VY`$ with the compact-open topology. Then we obtain the projection

((6.9))
$$Y^V\overline{Y}$$

which sends a $`𝔉`$-map $`a:VY`$ to the point $`p_Ya(v_0)\overline{Y}`$, where $`v_0V`$ is an arbitrary point of the fibre $`V`$. The pre-image of a point $`b\overline{Y}`$ under this projection is equal to $`F\mathrm{hom}(V,Y_b)=Y_b^V`$. Thus $`Y^V\overline{Y}`$ is a $`(𝔉,F^V)`$-family.

We recall some properties of the function spaces $`X^V`$ and $`W^V=\mathrm{hom}_𝔉(V,W)`$. By assumption $`()`$ the images under the fibre functor $`F`$ of all the objects in $`𝔉`$ are locally compact second-countable and Hausdorff. This implies that they are metrizable. Since every object $`V`$ is metrizable, the automorphism group $`\mathrm{Aut}(V)`$ is a topological group with the compact-open topology induced by the inclusion $`\mathrm{Aut}(V)\mathrm{hom}_𝔉(V,V)`$.

Given a $`𝔉`$-map $`f:XY`$, let $`f^V`$ denote the map $`f^V:X^VY^V`$ defined by composing with $`f`$ the $`𝔉`$-maps $`VX`$. Moreover for $`\phi :VW`$ in $`𝔉`$ let $`X^\phi :X^WX^V`$ be the map induced by $`\phi `$. Let us recall that given a $`𝔉`$-map $`f:Z\times VX`$ the adjoint $`\widehat{f}`$ of $`f`$ is the function $`\widehat{f}:ZX^V`$ defined by $`\widehat{f}(z)(v)=f(z,v)`$ for every $`zZ`$ and $`vV`$.

###### (6.10) Lemma.

For every space $`Z`$ a $`𝔉`$-function $`f:Z\times VX`$ is continuous if and only if the adjoint $`\widehat{f}:ZX^V`$ is continuous.

###### Proof.

Because $`V`$ is locally compact and Hausdorff, a function $`f:Z\times VX`$ is continuous if and only if its adjoint $`\widehat{f}:Z\mathrm{Map}(V,X)`$ is continuous, where $`\mathrm{Map}(V,X)`$ denotes the space of all (not necessarily controlled by $`𝔉`$) maps from $`V`$ to $`X`$ with the compact-open topology. But a function $`f:Z\times VX`$ is a $`𝔉`$-map if and only if its adjoint sends $`Z`$ into the subspace $`X^V\mathrm{Map}(V,X)`$. This implies the lemma. ∎

###### (6.11) Lemma.

The evaluation map $`X^V\times VX`$ which sends $`(g,v)`$ to $`g(v)`$ is continuous. Moreover, if $`f:XY`$ is continuous then the induced function $`f^V:X^VY^V`$ is continuous. Also, given $`\phi :VW`$ the induced map $`X^\phi :X^WX^V`$ is continuous.

###### Proof.

The evaluation map is the adjoint of the identity of $`X^V`$, hence continuous by lemma (6.10). The evaluation at $`vV`$ is the restriction of the evaluation to the subspace $`X^V\times \{v\}`$ of $`X^V\times V`$ and hence continuous. The projection $`p:X^V\overline{X}`$ is the composition of the evaluation at any $`v_0V`$ with the projection $`p_X`$ and hence continuous. The induced function $`f^V`$ is the adjoint of the composition $`X^V\times VXY`$ where the first arrow is the evaluation and the second is $`f`$. To see that $`X^\phi `$ is continuous it is enough to see that it is the adjoint of the composition $`X^W\times VX^W\times WX`$, where the first arrow is $`1\times \phi `$ while the second is the evaluation. ∎

The next result is a crucial observation which shows that the function space $`X^V`$ of a stratified bundle $`X`$ is again a stratified bundle.

###### (6.12) Theorem.

Let $`𝔉`$ be a NKC category with fibre functor $`F`$. If $`X`$ is a $`(𝔉,F)`$-stratified bundle and $`V`$ an object in $`𝔉`$ then the function space $`X^V`$ is also a $`(𝔉,F^V)`$-stratified bundle.

###### Proof.

If $`X`$ is a $`(𝔉,F)`$-complex then this follows from corollary (10.16) below. In the general case one can apply a finite number of times corollary (10.18) and lemma (9.4). ∎

Let $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}_{\overline{X}}`$ be the category of spaces over $`\overline{X}`$; objects are maps $`X\overline{X}`$. Given a $`𝔉`$-family $`X`$, the function spaces $`X^V`$ for every object $`V`$ in $`𝔉`$ yield a functor $`X^{}`$ which carries $`V`$ to $`X^{}(V)=X^V`$. Moreover, given a $`𝔉`$-map $`f:XY`$ there is a natural transformation $`f^{}:X^{}Y^{}`$ defined by $`f^V:X^VY^V`$. Let $`𝔉^{\mathrm{op}}\text{-}\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐚𝐠}_{\overline{X}}`$ denote the diagram category in which the objects are functors $`𝔉^{\mathrm{op}}\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}_{\overline{X}}`$ and the morphisms are the natural transformations between functors. The operator $`()^{}`$ sends a $`𝔉`$-family $`X`$ to the $`𝔉^{\mathrm{op}}`$-diagram $`X^{}`$ and a $`𝔉`$-map $`f`$ to the natural transformation $`f^{}`$. Thus $`()^{}`$ is a functor

$$()^{}:𝔉\text{-}\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}_{\overline{X}}𝔉^{\mathrm{op}}\text{-}\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐚𝐠}_{\overline{X}}.$$

The $`𝔉`$-diagram $`X^{}`$ is the generalization of the concept of principal bundle. In fact, if $`X\overline{X}`$ is a fibre bundle with structure group $`G`$ and fibre $`V`$ and $`𝔉=G\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ is given by the $`G`$-space $`V`$ then the diagram $`X^{}:𝔉^{\mathrm{op}}\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ coincides with the $`G`$-space $`X_G`$ given by the principal bundle $`X_G\overline{X}`$ associated to $`X`$, see (6.2).

For a topological enriched category $`𝔉`$ there is a naturally associated functor $`\widehat{\mathrm{hom}}:𝔉𝔉^{\mathrm{op}}`$-$`\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐚𝐠}`$ which sends an object $`W`$ of $`𝔉`$ to the $`𝔉^{\mathrm{op}}`$-diagram $`\mathrm{hom}_𝔉(,W)=W^{}`$. In case $`X`$ is a $`𝔉`$-stratified bundle and $`(𝔉,F)`$ is a NKC structure category then by theorem (6.12) the function space $`X^V`$ is not only a space over $`\overline{X}`$ but a $`(𝔉,F^V)`$-stratified bundle. Moreover this holds for every object $`V𝔉`$ in a compatible way. Therefore the diagram $`X^{}`$ given by stratified bundles $`X^V`$ leads to the concept of a *stratified bundle diagram*. For this consider the definition of a stratified bundle in (4.4) and replace the category $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ by the category of diagrams in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$. This yields a notion of a stratified bundle diagram. If the stratification is given by the skeletal filtration of the base space $`\overline{X}`$ then a $`(𝔉,\widehat{\mathrm{hom}})`$-stratified bundle diagram is the same as a “free CW-complex” in the sense of Davis–Lück .

###### (6.13) Definition.

If $`𝔉`$ is a topologically enriched category, then a $`(𝔉,\widehat{\mathrm{hom}})`$-stratified bundle diagram in the category $`𝔉^{\mathrm{op}}`$-$`\mathrm{𝐃𝐢𝐚𝐠}_{\overline{X}}`$ is termed *principal stratified bundle diagram*. This is a $`𝔉^{\mathrm{op}}`$-diagram of stratified $`𝔉`$-bundles over a stratified space $`\overline{X}`$. For example $`X^{}:𝔉^{\mathrm{op}}\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}_{\overline{X}}`$ is such a principal stratified bundle diagram.

If $`𝔉`$ has a single object $`V`$ and $`\mathrm{hom}_𝔉(V,V)`$ is a topological group, then a $`(𝔉,\widehat{\mathrm{hom}})`$-stratified bundle diagram is nothing but a principal $`G`$-bundle with structure group $`G=\mathrm{hom}_𝔉(V,V)`$ over $`\overline{X}`$, see theorem (5.1).

Now consider a principal stratified bundle diagram $`P:𝔉^{\mathrm{op}}\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}_{\overline{X}}`$ over $`\overline{X}`$ and a fibre functor $`F:𝔉\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$. We can build a $`(𝔉,F)`$-stratified bundle $`X\overline{X}`$ in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ as the coend of the two functors $`P`$ and $`F`$:

$$X=P_𝔉F=^{V𝔉}P(V)\times F(V).$$

We recall the coend construction: the space $`P_𝔉F`$ is the quotient space of the coproduct

$$\underset{V𝔉}{}P(V)\times F(V)$$

with the identification $`(P(\alpha )(x),y)(x,F(\alpha )(y))`$ for every morphism $`\alpha \mathrm{hom}_𝔉(V,W)`$, $`xP(W)`$ and $`yF(V)`$. There is a well-defined map $`X\overline{X}`$ and it is not difficult to show:

###### (6.14) Lemma.

$`P_𝔉F`$ is a $`(𝔉,F)`$-family.

###### Proof.

See e.g. , page 44, for the case of a groupoid $`𝔉`$. It suffices to show it in the case $`P`$ is a $`(𝔉,\widehat{\mathrm{hom}})`$-point, that is a diagram $`P`$ over a point. Since $`P`$ is principal, there is an object $`W`$ of $`𝔉`$ such that $`P(V)=\mathrm{hom}_𝔉(V,W)`$ for every $`V𝔉`$, or, equivalently, $`P=W^{}`$. If $`g:VV^{}`$ is a morphism in $`𝔉`$, then $`P(g):W^V^{}W^V`$ is defined by $`P(g)(\alpha )=\alpha g`$. Thus the coend $`W^{}_𝔉F`$ is defined as

((6.15))
$$(\underset{V𝔉}{}W^V\times F(V))/,$$

where $`(\alpha g,x)(g,F(\alpha )(x))`$ for every $`g\mathrm{hom}_𝔉(V,V^{})`$, $`\alpha W^V`$ and $`xF(V)`$. Now it is easy to see that for every $`W`$

$$W^{}_𝔉F=F(W)$$

and that given a morphism $`\alpha ^{}:W^{}_𝔉FW_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}F`$ the following diagram commutes:

((6.16))
###### (6.17) Theorem.

Let $`𝔉`$ be a structure category with a faithful fibre functor $`F`$ so that $`𝔉`$ is topological enriched by the compact open topology. Let $`(𝔉,F)`$ be a NKC structure category and $`X`$ a $`(𝔉,F)`$-stratified bundle. Then the associated diagram $`X^{}`$ is a principal stratified bundle diagram with fibre functor $`\widehat{\mathrm{hom}}`$. Conversely, if $`P`$ is a principal $`(𝔉,\widehat{\mathrm{hom}})`$-stratified bundle diagram and $`F`$ a fibre functor, then the coend $`P_𝔉F`$ is a stratified bundle in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$ with structure category $`𝔉`$ and fibre functor $`F`$. Moreover

$$X^{}_𝔉F=X.$$

This result generalizes the classical equation

$$X_G\times _GV=X$$

for the principal bundle $`X_G`$ associated to $`X`$ in (6.1). This construction can be generalized. Let $`\phi :GH`$ be a continuous homomorphism between topological groups and let $`G`$ ($`H`$) be a topological transformation group for $`V`$ ($`W`$). Then a *$`(G,V)`$-bundle* $`X`$ (i.e. a bundle with fibre $`V`$ and structure group $`G`$) yields the principal bundle $`X_G`$ which in turn yields the *$`\phi `$-associated bundle*

$$\phi _\mathrm{\#}(X)=X_G\times _G\phi ^{}W\overline{X}.$$

Here $`\phi ^{}W`$ is the $`G`$-space with the $`G`$-action induced by $`\phi `$, that is $`gw=\phi (g)w`$ for $`gG`$ and $`wW`$. The associated bundle $`\phi _\mathrm{\#}(X)`$ has fibre $`W`$ and structure group $`H`$. Hence $`\phi `$ induces the functor

((6.18))
$$\phi _\mathrm{\#}:(G,V)\text{-}\mathrm{𝐁𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐥𝐞𝐬}_{\overline{X}}(H,W)\text{-}\mathrm{𝐁𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐥𝐞𝐬}_{\overline{X}}.$$

We now generalize this functor for stratified bundles.

Let $`(𝔉,F)`$ and $`(𝔊,G)`$ be structure categories with faithful fibre functor $`F`$, $`G`$ so that $`𝔉`$ and $`𝔊`$ have the compact open topology. Let

$$\phi :𝔉𝔊$$

be a continuous functor. If $`(𝔉,F)`$ is a NKC structure category and $`X`$ a $`(𝔉,F)`$-stratified bundle then the principal stratified bundle diagram $`X^{}`$ is defined and we obtain the *$`\phi `$-associated stratified bundle*

$$\phi _\mathrm{\#}(X)=X^{}_𝔉(G\phi )\overline{X}.$$

Here $`\phi _\mathrm{\#}(X)`$ is a $`(𝔊,G)`$-stratified bundle. Hence $`\phi `$ induces the functor

$$\phi _\mathrm{\#}:(𝔉,F)\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_{\overline{X}}(𝔊,G)\text{-}\mathrm{𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚}_{\overline{X}}.$$

###### Proof of theorem (6.17).

We have seen that, as a consequence of theorem (6.12), for each $`V𝔉`$ the function space $`X^V`$ is obtained by gluing $`W^V`$-bundles $`M_i^V`$ along with maps $`h_i^V:A_i^VM_iX_{i1}^V`$, for suitable objects $`W𝔉`$. In other words, the diagram $`X^{}`$ is obtained by gluing the $`𝔉`$-diagrams $`M_i^{}`$ (which are $`(𝔉,\widehat{\mathrm{hom}})`$-bundles) along with $`𝔉`$-diagram maps $`h_i^{}:A_i^VX_{i1}^{}`$. Thus $`X^{}`$ is a $`(𝔉,\widehat{\mathrm{hom}})`$-stratified bundle, that is a $`𝔉`$-stratified bundle with diagram-fibre functor $`\widehat{\mathrm{hom}}`$. By definition this is a principal stratified bundle diagram.

Conversely, let $`P`$ be a principal stratified bundle diagram and $`F`$ a fibre functor. It is not assumed that $`F`$ is faithful, but that the spaces $`FV`$ are second-countable locally compact Hausdorff spaces, see assumption $`()`$. Hence, if the $`i`$-skeleton of $`P`$ is obtained by attaching a $`(𝔉,\widehat{\mathrm{hom}})`$-bundle $`\widehat{M}_i`$ to $`P_{i1}`$ via a $`𝔉`$-diagram map $`\widehat{h}_i:\widehat{A}_i\widehat{M}_iP_{i1}`$, i.e. $`P_i=\widehat{M}_i_{\widehat{h}_i}P_{i1}`$, the coends are corners of a push-out diagram in $`𝔉`$-$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$:

Thus $`X`$ has a filtration given by $`X_i=P_i_𝔉F`$, for all $`i0`$, and each $`X_i`$ is obtained by attaching $`M_i=\widehat{M}_i_𝔉F`$ to $`X_{i1}`$ via the map

$$h_i=\widehat{h}_i_𝔉F:A_i=\widehat{A}_i_𝔉FX_{i1}.$$

Moreover, since

$$\underset{i0}{lim}\left(P_i_𝔉F\right)=\left(\underset{i0}{lim}P_i\right)_𝔉F,$$

$`X`$ is equal to the colimit $`X=lim_{i0}X_i`$. To show that it is a $`(𝔉,F)`$-stratified bundle we need only to show that the attaching maps are $`𝔉`$-maps. But $`\widehat{h}_i`$ are $`(𝔉,\widehat{\mathrm{hom}})`$-maps, and by diagram (6.16) the coends of such maps are $`(𝔉,F)`$-maps. The proof is hence complete. ∎

## 7 Pull-back of a push-out $`𝔉`$-family

In this section we complete the proof of the pull-back theorem (4.8).

Consider a $`𝔉`$-family $`Y^{}`$, a $`𝔉`$-CW-pair $`(M^{},A^{})`$ and a $`𝔉`$-map $`h^{}:A^{}Y^{}`$. Then we can glue $`M^{}`$ to $`Y^{}`$ and obtain a $`𝔉`$-family $`X^{}`$, as in the following diagram.

((7.1))
Now consider a space $`\overline{Y}`$, a CW-pair $`(\overline{M},\overline{A})`$ and a map $`\overline{h}:\overline{A}\overline{Y}`$. Let $`\overline{X}`$ be the push-out space $`\overline{X}=\overline{Y}_{\overline{h}}\overline{M}`$. Assume that maps $`\stackrel{~}{f}_A`$, $`\stackrel{~}{f}`$, $`\overline{f}_{\overline{Y}}`$ and $`\overline{f}`$ are given, such that the following diagram commutes.

((7.2))
Then the pull-back families $`X=\overline{f}^{}X^{}`$, $`Y=\overline{f}_{\overline{Y}}^{}Y^{}`$, $`A=\stackrel{~}{f}_A^{}A^{}`$ and $`M=\stackrel{~}{f}^{}M^{}`$ are defined. Moreover, we can define the maps $`h=(\overline{h},h^{}):AY`$, $`j_Y=(j_{\overline{Y}},j_Y^{}):YX`$, $`j_A=(j_{\overline{A}},j_A^{}):AM`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }=(\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }},\mathrm{\Phi }^{}):MX`$. They fit into the following diagram.

((7.3))
The aim of this section is to prove the following proposition.

###### (7.4) Proposition.

Assume that $`\overline{M}`$ and $`\overline{M}^{}`$ are locally finite and countable CW-complexes and that $`\overline{f}(\overline{X}\overline{Y})\overline{X}^{}\overline{Y}^{}`$. Then the pull-back family $`X=\overline{f}^{}X^{}`$ is obtained by attaching the pull-back $`𝔉`$-family $`M=\stackrel{~}{f}^{}M^{}`$ to $`Y=\overline{f}_{\overline{Y}}^{}Y^{}`$ via the $`𝔉`$-map $`h:AMY`$ induced by $`(\overline{h},h^{})`$, i.e. the middle square in diagram (7.3) is a push-out.

The proof of proposition (7.4) will be the content of the rest of the section.

###### (7.5) Lemma.

The maps in (7.3) are well-defined and the diagram commutes.

###### Proof.

Consider $`(\overline{a},a^{})A`$. Then $`\stackrel{~}{f}_A(\overline{a})=p_A^{}(a^{})`$, hence

$$\overline{f}_{\overline{Y}}\overline{h}(\overline{a})=\overline{h}^{}\stackrel{~}{f}_A(\overline{a})=\overline{h}^{}p_A^{}(a^{})=p_Y^{}h^{}(a^{}).$$

Hence $`(\overline{h}(\overline{a}),h^{}(a^{}))Y`$. On the other hand, if $`(\overline{y},y^{})Y`$, then $`\overline{f}_{\overline{Y}}(\overline{y})=p_Y^{}(y^{})`$, hence

$$\overline{f}j_{\overline{Y}}(\overline{y})=j_{\overline{Y}^{}}\overline{f}_{\overline{Y}}(\overline{y})=j_{\overline{Y}^{}}p_Y^{}(y^{})=p_X^{}j_Y^{}(y^{}).$$

That is, $`j_Y(\overline{y},y^{})=(j_{\overline{Y}}(\overline{y}),j_Y^{}(y^{}))X`$. The same argument can be applied literally to $`j_A`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$. The diagram commutes since it is the restriction of a commutative diagram on the Cartesian products. ∎

###### (7.6) Lemma.

The maps $`j_A:AM`$ and $`j_Y:YX`$ are a closed inclusions of $`𝔉`$-families.

###### Proof.

Consider the following diagram. The left square is a pull-back (by definition) and the right square is a pull-back (the pair $`(M^{},A^{})`$ is a $`𝔉`$-CW-pair).

((7.7))
Now consider this diagram.

The composition of the two squares is equal to the composition of the two squares in diagram (7.7), hence it is a pull-back. The right square is a pull-back by definition, hence the left square is a pull-back. (see e.g. exercise 8 of , page 72). Since $`\overline{A}\overline{M}`$ is a closed inclusion, $`j_A`$ is a closed inclusion. The proof is the same for $`j_Y`$. ∎

Now consider the maps $`q=\mathrm{\Phi }j_Y`$, $`\overline{q}=\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}j_{\overline{Y}}`$, $`\overline{q}^{}=\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}^{}j_{\overline{Y}^{}}`$ and $`q^{}=\mathrm{\Phi }^{}j_Y^{}`$. They can be arranged in the following diagram.

((7.8))
By definition $`\overline{q}`$, $`\overline{q}^{}`$ and $`\overline{q}^{}`$ are quotient maps. We want to show that under suitable conditions $`q`$ is a quotient map. If this is the case, then proposition (7.4) is proved, since $`q`$ is exactly the projection defining the topology of the push-out.

###### (7.9) Lemma.

Assume that $`\overline{f}(\overline{X}\overline{Y})\overline{X}^{}\overline{Y}^{}`$. Then $`q`$ is onto, $`q|Y`$ and $`q|(MA)`$ are mono.

###### Proof.

Let $`x=(\overline{x},x^{})X`$, so that then $`\overline{f}(\overline{x})=p_X^{}(x^{})`$. If $`\overline{x}\overline{Y}`$, then $`\overline{f}(\overline{x})\overline{Y}^{}`$, therefore $`x^{}p_X^{}^1\overline{Y}^{}=Y^{}`$. Thus there is $`y=(\overline{y},y^{})Y`$ such that $`q(y)=x`$. On the other hand, if $`\overline{x}\overline{Y}`$, since assumption $`\overline{f}\overline{x}\overline{Y}^{}`$, necessarily $`x^{}Y^{}`$ hence there is a unique $`m^{}M^{}A^{}`$ such that $`q^{}(m^{})=x^{}`$. For the same reason there is a unique $`\overline{m}\overline{M}\overline{A}`$ such that $`\overline{q}(\overline{m})=\overline{x}`$. Now consider the since $`\overline{q}^{}`$ is mono in $`\overline{M}^{}A^{}`$, the chain of equalities

$$\overline{q}^{}\stackrel{~}{f}(\overline{m})=\overline{f}\overline{q}(\overline{m})=\overline{f}(\overline{x})=p_X^{}(x^{})=p_X^{}q^{}(m^{})=\overline{q}^{}p_M^{}(m^{})$$

implies that $`\stackrel{~}{f}(\overline{m})=p_M^{}(m^{})`$, hence that $`(\overline{m},m^{})M`$. We have shown that $`q`$ is onto. The restriction of $`q`$ to $`Y`$ is mono since $`j_{\overline{Y}}\times j_Y^{}`$ is mono. To see that the restriction of $`q`$ to $`MA`$ is mono, consider that if $`(\overline{m},m^{})M`$ then $`\overline{m}\overline{A}`$ implies $`m^{}A^{}`$, hence $`MA(\overline{M}\overline{A})\times (M^{}A^{})`$. Now, $`\overline{q}`$ and $`q^{}`$ are mono when restricted to $`\overline{M}\overline{A}`$ and $`M^{}A^{}`$ respectively, hence $`q|(MA)`$ is mono. ∎

From now on, we will assume that the condition of lemma (7.9) is fulfilled.

###### (7.10) Lemma.

The restriction $`q|(MA):MAXY`$ is a homeomorphism.

###### Proof.

The map $`q|(MA)`$ is bijective and continuous. We need to show that it is open. Consider an open set $`U`$ in $`MA`$, and a point $`x=(\overline{x},x^{})U`$. There are neighborhood $`U_{\overline{M}}\overline{M}\overline{A}`$ and $`U_M^{}M^{}A^{}`$ such that

$$x(U_{\overline{M}}\times U_M^{})MU.$$

Since $`\overline{q}`$ and $`q^{}`$ are homeomorphisms of $`\overline{M}\overline{A}`$ and $`M^{}A^{}`$ onto their images, the sets $`U_{\overline{X}}=\overline{q}U_{\overline{M}}`$ and $`U_X^{}=q^{}U_M^{}`$ are open subsets of $`\overline{X}\overline{Y}`$ and $`X^{}Y^{}`$. Hence $`U_{\overline{X}}\times U_X^{}X`$ is open in $`X`$ and contained in $`XY`$. Moreover, since $`q`$ is mono in $`MA`$, we have that $`q\left[(U_{\overline{M}}\times U_M^{})M\right]=U_{\overline{X}}\times U_X^{}X`$, hence $`U_{\overline{X}}\times U_X^{}Xq(U)`$. But $`x`$ is arbitrary, therefore $`q(U)`$ is open and so the map $`q|MA`$ is open. ∎

###### (7.11) Lemma.

A subset $`SMY`$ is saturated (i.e. $`q^1q(S)=S`$ ) if and only if $`SA=h^1(SY)`$.

###### (7.12) Lemma.

Assume that $`\overline{M}`$ and $`M^{}`$ are metrizable. If $`U_{\overline{M}}\overline{M}`$ and $`U_A^{}A^{}`$ are open sets with compact closure such that

$$(\overline{U_{\overline{M}}}\times \overline{U_A^{}})Mq^1U,$$

then there is an open subset $`U_M^{}M^{}`$ with compact closure such that

$$U_M^{}A^{}=U_A^{}$$

$$(\overline{U_{\overline{M}}}\times \overline{U_M^{}})Mq^1U.$$

In the same way, if $`U_{\overline{A}}\overline{A}`$ and $`U_M^{}M^{}`$ are open sets with compact closure such that

$$(\overline{U_{\overline{A}}}\times \overline{U_M^{}})Mq^1U,$$

then there is an open subset $`U_{\overline{M}}\overline{M}`$ with compact closure such that

$$U_{\overline{M}}\overline{A}=U_{\overline{A}}$$

$$(\overline{U_{\overline{M}}}\times \overline{U_M^{}})Mq^1U.$$

###### Proof.

By assumption the set $`q^1UM`$ is open in $`M\overline{M}\times M^{}`$, therefore there exists an open set $`\stackrel{~}{q^1U}\overline{M}\times M^{}`$ such that $`\stackrel{~}{q^1U}M=q^1UM`$. We need to find the open set $`U_M^{}M^{}`$ with the desired properties. Consider the following function $`\eta :\overline{M}\times M^{}`$ defined by

((7.13))
$$\eta (x)=d(x,\stackrel{~}{q^1U}^c)+d(x,M),$$

where $`\stackrel{~}{q^1U}^c`$ is the complement of $`\stackrel{~}{q^1U}`$ in $`\overline{M}\times M^{}`$ and $`d`$ is the distance given by a metric on $`\overline{M}\times M^{}`$. Consider a point $`x`$ in the compact closure $`\overline{U_{\overline{M}}}\times \overline{U_A^{}}`$. If $`xM`$ as well, then by the assumption $`x\stackrel{~}{q^1U}`$, and since $`\stackrel{~}{q^1U}`$ is open this implies $`\eta (x)d(x,\stackrel{~}{q^1U}^c)>0`$. On the other hand, since $`M`$ is closed in $`\overline{M}\times M^{}`$, if $`xM`$ then $`\eta (x)d(x,M)>0`$. Thus $`\eta (x)>0`$ for every $`x(\overline{U_{\overline{M}}}\times \overline{U_A^{}})`$, and so there is an open set $`U_M^{}M^{}`$ with compact closure such that $`U_M^{}A^{}=U_A^{}`$ and

$$x\overline{U_{\overline{M}}}\times \overline{U_M^{}}\eta (x)>0.$$

This means that if $`x(\overline{U_{\overline{M}}}\times \overline{U_M^{}})M`$ then $`d(x,\stackrel{~}{q^1U}^c)>0`$, thus $`x\stackrel{~}{q^1U}`$, and this implies that

$$(\overline{U_{\overline{M}}}\times \overline{U_M^{}})Mq^1U.$$

For the second part of the lemma, the proof is exactly the same, it is only necessary to exchange the roles of $`\overline{A}`$ and $`M^{}`$. ∎

###### (7.14) Lemma.

Let $`X`$ be a $`𝔉`$-bundle over a locally finite and countable CW-complex $`\overline{X}`$. Then $`X`$ is metrizable. Moreover, every open subset $`OX`$ is the union of an ascending sequence of open subsets $`O_nX`$ with compact closure $`\overline{O_n}O_{n+1}`$.

###### Proof.

Since $`\overline{X}`$ is locally finite and countable, it is metrizable and $`2^{}`$ countable. Since the fibres are $`2^{}`$ countable by assumption, $`X`$ is $`2^{}`$ countable, since it is obtained by attaching a countable number of $`𝔉`$-cells $`V\times D^n`$, which are $`2^{}`$ countable. Now, $`\overline{X}`$ and the $`𝔉`$-cells $`V\times D^n`$ are completely regular, hence $`X`$ is regular; therefore by Urysohn metrization theorem $`X`$ is metrizable. Let $`d`$ denote its metric. Now consider an ascending chain of finite subcomplexes $`\overline{X}_n\overline{X}`$ such that $`\overline{X}_n`$ is contained in the interior of $`\overline{X}_{n+1}`$ and $`\overline{X}=_n\overline{X}_n`$ (such a sequence exists since $`\overline{X}`$ is locally finite and countable). Using the fact that the fibres are locally compact and second countable, it is possible to show that $`X`$ can be written as the union of an ascending sequence of subspaces $`X_nX_{n+1}\mathrm{}`$ where each $`X_n`$ is compact and is contained in the interior $`\stackrel{̊}{X}_{n+1}`$. For every $`n`$ define the following open set

$$O_n=\{xX:d(x,O^c)>\frac{1}{n}\}\stackrel{̊}{X_n},$$

where $`O^c`$ denotes the complement of $`O`$. If $`x`$ is an element of the closure $`\overline{O_n}`$ (closure of $`O_n`$ in $`X`$), then $`xO_{n+1}X_nX_n`$, hence $`\overline{O_n}`$ is a closed subset of the compact space $`X_n`$, hence $`\overline{O_n}`$ is compact. Moreover, since $`X_n\stackrel{̊}{X}_{n+1}`$, we have that $`\overline{O_n}O_{n+1}`$ as claimed. We need to show that $`O=_nO_n`$: if $`xO`$, then $`d(x,O^c)>0`$, therefore there is $`n_11`$ such that $`d(x,O^c)>\frac{1}{n}`$ for every $`nn_1`$. Since $`_nX_n=X`$, there is $`n_2n_1`$ such that $`xX_{n_2}\stackrel{̊}{X}_{n_2+1}`$. But these conditions imply that $`xO_n`$ for $`n=n_2+1`$. Thus $`O=O_n`$. ∎

###### (7.15) Lemma.

Assume that $`\overline{M}`$ and $`M^{}`$ are metrizable. If $`U_{\overline{A}}\overline{A}`$ and $`U_A^{}A^{}`$ are open sets such that

$$(U_{\overline{A}}\times U_A^{})Mq^1U,$$

then there are open sets $`U_{\overline{M}}\overline{M}`$ and $`U_M^{}M^{}`$ such that

$$U_{\overline{M}}\overline{A}=U_{\overline{A}}$$

$$U_M^{}A^{}=U_A^{}$$

$$(U_{\overline{M}}\times U_M^{})Mq^1U.$$

###### Proof.

By lemma (7.14), it is possible to find increasing sequences $`U_{\overline{A}}^kU_{\overline{A}}`$ and $`U_A^{}^kU_A^{}`$ with compact closures and such that

$$\underset{k1}{}U_{\overline{A}}^k=U_{\overline{A}}$$

$$\underset{k1}{}U_A^{}^k=U_A^{}.$$

Now, by applying lemma (7.12) twice it is possible to define compact subsets $`U_{\overline{M}}^1`$ and $`U_M^{}^1`$ such that

$$(\overline{U_{\overline{M}}^1}\times \overline{U_M^{}^1})Mq^1U.$$

By induction, we will show that it is possible to find two sequences of open sets $`U_{\overline{M}}^k`$ and $`U_M^{}^k`$ with compact closures, with the property that

$$U_{\overline{M}}^k\overline{A}=U_{\overline{A}}^k$$

$$U_M^{}^kA^{}=U_A^{}^k$$

for every $`k`$, $`k^{}1`$ and

((7.16))
$$(\overline{U_{\overline{M}}^k}\times \overline{U_M^{}^k^{}})Mq^1U$$

for every $`k`$, $`k^{}1`$. Assume that the sequences are defined for $`jk1`$. By applying $`k1`$ times lemma (7.12) and taking the intersection of the resulting open sets, we can show that there is $`U_{\overline{M}}^k`$ such that $`U_{\overline{M}}^k\overline{A}=U_{\overline{A}}^k`$ and

$$(\overline{U_{\overline{M}}^k}\times \overline{U_M^{}^k^{}})Mq^1U$$

for every $`k^{}k1`$. Now we can apply $`k`$ times lemma (7.12) and take the intersection of the resulting open sets, to finally find and open set with compact closure $`U_M^{}^k`$ such that $`U_M^{}^kA^{}=U_A^{}^k`$ and

$$(\overline{U_{\overline{M}}^j}\times \overline{U_M^{}^k})Mq^1U$$

for every $`jk`$. Thus equation (7.16) holds for every $`k`$, $`k^{}1`$. But this implies that the open sets

$$U_{\overline{M}}=\underset{k1}{}U_{\overline{M}}^k$$

$$U_M^{}=\underset{k1}{}U_M^{}^k$$

have the desired property. ∎

###### (7.17) Lemma.

If $`\overline{M}`$ and $`\overline{M}^{}`$ are locally finite and countable, then the map $`q`$ is a quotient map.

###### Proof.

Consider a subset $`UX`$ such that $`q^1U`$ is open in $`MY`$. We want to show that $`U`$ is open. Let $`xUY`$. Since $`q^1U(MA)`$ is open, by lemma (7.10) there is an open neighborhood of $`x`$ in $`XY`$ contained in $`U`$. If $`UY=\mathrm{}`$ then we have proved that $`U`$ is open. Otherwise, let $`xYU`$. Since $`q^1U`$ is open, $`q^1UY`$ is open and contains $`yq^1(x)Y`$. Therefore there are two open sets $`U_{\overline{Y}}`$ and $`U_Y^{}`$ such that

$$y(U_{\overline{Y}}\times U_Y^{})Yq^1YY.$$

Let

$$U_{\overline{A}}=\overline{h}^1U_{\overline{Y}}$$

$$U_A^{}=h_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}U_Y^{}$$

Since $`\overline{h}`$ and $`h^{}`$ are continuous, they are open subsets of $`\overline{A}`$ and $`A^{}`$ respectively. By lemma (7.15) there are open sets $`U_{\overline{M}}\overline{M}`$ and $`U_M^{}M^{}`$ such that

$$U_{\overline{M}}\overline{A}=U_{\overline{A}}=\overline{h}^1U_{\overline{Y}}$$

$$U_M^{}A^{}=U_A^{}=h_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}U_Y^{},$$

and

$$(U_{\overline{M}}\times U_M^{})Mq^1U.$$

Consider the sets

$$U_{\overline{X}}=\overline{q}(U_{\overline{M}})U_{\overline{Y}}\overline{X}$$

$$U_X^{}=q^{}(U_M^{})U_Y^{}X^{}.$$

Since $`\overline{q}`$ and $`q^{}`$ are quotient maps (by definition), and since $`U_{\overline{M}}U_{\overline{Y}}`$ and $`U_M^{}U_Y^{}`$ are saturated with respect to the maps $`\overline{q}`$ and $`q^{}`$ (see lemma (7.11)), $`U_{\overline{X}}`$ and $`U_X^{}`$ are open in $`\overline{X}`$ and $`X^{}`$. Therefore $`U_x=U_{\overline{X}}\times U_X^{}X`$ is open in $`X`$ and contains $`x`$. It is left to show that $`U_xU`$. Consider $`tU_xY`$. Then $`q^1t=h^1t\{t\}MY`$. But since $`j_Y`$ is mono, $`t(U_{\overline{Y}}\times U{}_{Y}{}^{})Y`$ and therefore $`tU`$. Otherwise, if $`tXY`$ then $`q^1t=m`$, unique point belonging to $`(U_{\overline{M}}\times U_M^{})Mq^1U`$. Thus $`q^1tq^1U`$ and therefore $`tU`$. We have proved that $`U_xU`$ and the proof is now complete. ∎

###### (7.18) Remark.

Since a pull-back of a $`𝔉`$-bundle is a $`𝔉`$-bundle, if $`M^{}`$ is a $`𝔉`$-bundle, then $`M`$ is a $`𝔉`$-bundle. Furthermore, by (7.6), $`A`$ is the restriction of $`M`$ to $`\overline{A}`$. Thus, in this case, proposition (7.4) implies that if $`\overline{M}`$ and $`\overline{M}^{}`$ are locally finite countable CW-complexes and $`M^{}`$ a $`𝔉`$-bundle, if $`X^{}`$ is obtained by attaching the $`𝔉`$-bundle $`M^{}`$ to a $`𝔉`$-family $`Y^{}`$, then the pull-back $`𝔉`$-family $`\overline{f}^{}X^{}`$ is obtained by attaching the pull-back $`𝔉`$-bundle $`M`$ to the pull-back $`𝔉`$-family $`\stackrel{~}{f}^{}Y^{}`$.

## 8 Push-out of pull-back $`𝔉`$-bundles

In this section we complete the proof of the bundle theorem (5.1). In case of the pull-back of $`𝔉`$-bundles, the following properties hold.

###### (8.1) Lemma.

Let $`\overline{Y}`$ be a space, $`\overline{h}:S^{n1}\overline{Y}`$ a map and $`\overline{X}=\overline{Y}_{\overline{h}}D^n`$. Let $`\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}:D^n\overline{X}`$ denote the characteristic map. If $`X\overline{X}`$ is a $`𝔉`$-bundle and $`Y`$ is the restriction of $`X`$ to $`\overline{Y}`$, then the following diagram is a push-out

((8.2))
###### Proof.

Since the diagram commutes, one gets the map $`t:PX`$, where $`P`$ denotes the push-out space $`\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}^{}XY`$. It is easy to see that $`t`$ is bijective and covers the identity of $`\overline{X}`$. Now we show that $`t`$ is a local homeomorphism when restricted to the space over $`\overline{U}`$, where $`\overline{U}\overline{X}`$ is an open set such that $`X|\overline{U}`$ is trivial. In fact, in this case the diagram (8.2) is reduced as

which is a push-out since $`W`$ is locally compact Hausdorff and $`\overline{X}=\overline{Y}_{\overline{h}}D^n`$. Thus $`P|\overline{U}`$ and $`X|\overline{U}`$ are homeomorphic. But $`P|\overline{U}`$ and $`X|\overline{U}`$, when $`\overline{U}`$ ranges over all the trivializing neighborhoods of $`\overline{X}`$, are open covers of $`P`$ and $`X`$ respectively, with $`t(P|\overline{U})=X|\overline{U}`$ for each $`\overline{U}`$. Hence $`t`$ is an open map. ∎

Since exactly the same argument can be applied to the attaching of a set $`\overline{Z}`$ of $`n`$-cells, we have the following generalization of lemma (8.1).

###### (8.3) Lemma.

Let $`\overline{Y}`$ be a space, $`\overline{Z}`$ a set and $`\overline{h}:\overline{Z}\times S^{n1}\overline{Y}`$ an attaching map with $`\overline{X}=\overline{Y}_{\overline{h}}(\overline{Z}\times D^n)`$. Let $`\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}:\overline{Z}\times D^n\overline{X}`$ denote the characteristic map. If $`X\overline{X}`$ is a $`𝔉`$-bundle and $`Y`$ is the restriction of $`X`$ to $`\overline{Y}`$ then the following diagram is a push-out

We recall now the following important property. Let $`M_0M_1\mathrm{}M_nlim_{n0}M_n`$ be a sequence of spaces, and $`M=\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}M_n`$. Then for every locally compact Hausdorff space $`W`$

((8.4))
$$\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}\left(W\times M_n\right)=W\times \left(\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}M_n\right)=W\times M.$$

###### (8.5) Lemma.

Let $`(\overline{M},\overline{A})`$ be a CW-pair; let $`M\overline{M}`$ be a $`𝔉`$-bundle and $`A`$ the restriction of $`M`$ to $`\overline{A}`$. Then $`(M,A)`$ is a $`𝔉`$-CW-pair.

###### Proof.

Consider the filtration on skeleta

$$\overline{A}\overline{M}_1\overline{M}_2\mathrm{}\overline{M}_n\mathrm{}\overline{M}.$$

It induces a filtration on restrictions of the bundles $`M\overline{M}`$

$$AM_1M_2\mathrm{}M_n\mathrm{}M.$$

By lemma (8.3) for every $`n0`$ the diagram

is a push-out, where $`\overline{h}_n:\overline{Z}_n\times S^{n1}\overline{M}_{n1}`$ is the attaching map on $`\overline{M}_{n1}`$ and $`\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}_n`$ is the corresponding characteristic map. Since $`D^n`$ is contractible, there exists a $`𝔉`$-isomorphism of (pair of ) bundles

((8.6))
$$(\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}_n^{}M_n,\overline{h}_n^{}M_{n1})W\times (\overline{Z}_n\times D^n,\overline{Z}_n\times S^{n1})$$

for a suitable object $`W𝔉`$. This means that $`M_n`$ is obtained by attaching $`W\times \overline{Z}_n\times D^n`$ to $`M_{n1}`$ with as attaching map the composition of the map induced by pull-back $`\overline{h}^{}`$ and the isomorphism of (8.6). Thus $`(M_n,A)`$ there are skeleta $`M_nM`$ such that

$$AM_0M_1\mathrm{}M.$$

To show that $`(M,A)`$ is a relative $`𝔉`$-complex (and hence a $`𝔉`$-CW-pair) we need to show that $`\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}M_n=M`$. Since there is a continuous bijection $`t:\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}M_nM`$ covering the identity of $`\overline{M}`$, we need to show that $`M`$ has the topology of the limit. It suffices to restrict $`M`$ to the trivializing neighborhoods $`\overline{U}\overline{M}`$, and this is true as a consequence of (8.4). ∎

Lemma (8.5) implies the following corollary, by taking $`A=\mathrm{}`$. Let $`\overline{M}`$ be a CW-complex; let $`M\overline{M}`$ be a $`𝔉`$-bundle. Then $`M`$ is a $`𝔉`$-complex. This is the second part of (5.1).

## 9 Push-out of function spaces

We now start the actual proof of the principal bundle theorem, which is achieved in the next two sections.

Let $`V`$ be an object of $`𝔉`$. We recall that a family $`𝒦`$ of compact sets of $`V`$ is termed *generating* if for every $`𝔉`$-family $`Y`$ the subsets $`N_{K,U}`$ with $`K𝒦`$ and $`U`$ open in $`Y`$ yield a sub-basis for the topology of $`Y^V`$.

###### (9.1) Definition.

Let $`YX`$ a pair of $`𝔉`$-families and a closed inclusion. We say that $`Y`$ has the *$`N`$-neighborhood extension property in $`X`$* (NNEP) if for every $`V𝔉`$ there exists a generating family $`𝒦`$ of compact subsets of $`V`$ such that the following is true: let $`U`$ be open in $`X^V`$ and for $`i=1,\mathrm{},l`$ let $`K_iV`$ be compact sets in $`𝒦`$ and $`U_iY`$ be open such that

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}N_{K_i,U_i}UY^V;$$

then there are $`l`$ open subsets $`U_i^{}X`$ such that $`U_i^{}Y=U_i`$ and

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}N_{K_i,U_i^{}}U.$$

An important easy property of the sets $`N_{K,U}`$ is the following: if $`UY`$ and $`h:AY`$ is a map, then

$$N_{K,h^1U}=(h^V)^1N_{K,U}.$$

###### (9.2) Lemma.

Let $`Z`$ be a set and $`(M_z,A_z)`$ be an NNEP-pair for every $`zZ`$. Then the coproduct of inclusions

$$\underset{zZ}{}A_z\underset{zZ}{}M_z$$

yields a NNEP-pair.

###### (9.3) Lemma.

Assume that $`A`$ has the NNEP in $`M`$ and that $`h:AY`$ is a $`𝔉`$-map to a $`𝔉`$-family $`Y`$. Then $`Y`$ has the NNEP in the push-out space $`X=M_hY`$.

###### Proof.

By lemma (2.5) $`YX`$ is a closed inclusion. Let $`\mathrm{\Phi }:MX`$ denote the characteristic map of the push-out. Let $`UX^V`$ be open, and let $`K_iV`$ and $`U_iY`$ be compact subsets of a generating family $`𝒦`$ of $`V`$ and open subsets such that

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}N_{K_i,U_i}UY^V$$

as in definition (9.1). The map $`\mathrm{\Phi }^V`$ is continuous, hence $`U^{\prime \prime }=(\mathrm{\Phi }^V)^1UM^V`$ is open in $`M^V`$. Moreover, the intersection

$$(h^V)^1\underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}N_{K_i,U_i}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}N_{K_i,h^1U_i}$$

is contained in $`U^{\prime \prime }`$. Since $`A`$ has the NNEP in $`X`$, there are $`l`$ open sets $`U_i^{\prime \prime }`$ in $`M`$ such that $`U_i^{\prime \prime }A=h^1U_i`$ and

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}N_{K_i,U_i^{\prime \prime }}U^{\prime \prime }.$$

Now consider the subsets $`U_i^{}=U_i\mathrm{\Phi }(U_i^{\prime \prime })X`$. Since $`U_i^{}Y=U_i`$, $`\mathrm{\Phi }^1U_i^{}=U_i^{\prime \prime }`$ and $`X`$ is the push-out of $`M`$ and $`Y`$, each $`U_i^{}`$ is open in $`X`$. Moreover, consider

$$f\underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}N_{K_i,U_i^{}}.$$

If $`fY^V`$ then

$$f\underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}N_{K_i,U_i^{}}Y^V=\underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}N_{K_i,U_i^{}Y}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}N_{K_i,U_i}UY^V,$$

hence $`fU`$. On the other hand, if $`fY^V`$, then there is a unique $`f^{\prime \prime }:KMA`$ such that $`f=\mathrm{\Phi }^V(f^{\prime \prime })`$. Since for every $`i`$ $`fK_i=hf^{\prime \prime }K_iU_i^{}`$, we have

$$f^{\prime \prime }K_i\mathrm{\Phi }^1U_i^{}=U_i^{\prime \prime },$$

thus

$$f^{\prime \prime }\underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}N_{K_i,U_i^{\prime \prime }}U^{\prime \prime }.$$

Hence $`f=\mathrm{\Phi }^V(f^{\prime \prime })\mathrm{\Phi }^VU^{\prime \prime }=\mathrm{\Phi }^V(\mathrm{\Phi }^V)^1U=U`$. Therefore

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}N_{K_i,U_i^{}}U,$$

and the proof is complete. ∎

###### (9.4) Lemma.

Assume that $`(M,A)`$ is a NNEP-pair, $`Y`$ is a $`𝔉`$-family and $`h:AY`$ is a $`𝔉`$-map. Let $`X`$ be the push-out $`X=M_hY`$. Then the following diagram

is a push-out.

###### Proof.

By lemma (9.3) $`(X,Y)`$ is a NNEP-pair. Let $`𝒦`$ denote the generating family of compact sets of $`V`$. Let $`P`$ denote the push-out $`M^V_{h^V}Y^V`$. By the push-out property there is a continuous map $`PX^V`$. It is easy to see that it is bijective, so that, by identifying $`P`$ and $`X^V`$, the only thing to prove is that if $`U`$ is an open in the push-out topology, then it is open in the compact-open topology. This is true if and only if for every $`f_0U`$ there is a subset $`U^{}X^V`$ open in the compact-open topology such that $`f_0U^{}U`$.

Consider first the case $`f_0Y^V`$. Then there exists a unique $`f_0^{}M^VA^V`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Phi }^V(f_0^{})=f_0`$. Since $`A^V`$ is closed in $`M^V`$, $`f_0^{}`$ is contained in an open neighborhood $`U_0^{\prime \prime }M^V`$ such that $`U_0^{\prime \prime }A^V=\mathrm{}`$ and $`U_0^{\prime \prime }`$ is of type

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}N_{K_i,U_i^{\prime \prime }}$$

for some $`K_iV`$ and some $`U_i^{\prime \prime }`$ in $`MA`$. For each $`i`$ the image $`U_i^{}=\mathrm{\Phi }U_i^{\prime \prime }`$ is open in $`X`$, hence the set

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}N_{K_i,U_i^{}}$$

is open in $`X^V`$, contains $`f_0`$ and is contained in $`U`$.

Now consider $`f_0Y^V`$. The intersection $`Y^VU`$ is open in $`Y^V`$ and hence there is a neighborhood of $`f_0`$ in $`Y^V`$ contained in $`Y^VU`$. Because $`Y^V`$ has the compact-open topology this means that there are $`l`$ compact subsets $`K_iV`$ and open sets $`U_iY`$ such that

((9.5))
$$f_0\underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}N_{K_i,U_i}U,$$

where as above $`N_{K_i,U_i}`$ denotes the set of all the maps in $`Y^V`$ such that $`fK_iU_i`$. Without loss of generality we can assume that $`K_i`$ belongs to the generating family $`𝒦`$ for every $`i=1\mathrm{}l`$.

Consider the sets

$$U^{\prime \prime }=(\mathrm{\Phi }^V)^1UM^V$$

and

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}N_{K_i,h^1U_i}A^VU^{\prime \prime }.$$

Since $`(M,A)`$ is a NNEP-pair, by definition (9.1) there are open sets $`U_i^{\prime \prime }M`$ such that $`U_i^{\prime \prime }A=h^1U_i`$ and

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}N_{K_i,U_i^{\prime \prime }}U^{\prime \prime }.$$

Let $`U_i^{}=U_i\mathrm{\Phi }U_i^{\prime \prime }`$ for every $`i=1`$, $`\mathrm{}`$, $`l`$. As in the proof of lemma (9.3), they are $`l`$ open subsets of $`X`$ with the property that $`U_i^{}Y=U_i`$, hence $`f_0N_{K_i,U_i^{}}`$ for every $`i`$. And, again as in the proof of lemma (9.3),

$$U^{}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}N_{K_i,U_i^{}}U.$$

This concludes the proof. ∎

###### (9.6) Lemma.

Consider a sequence of $`𝔉`$-families

$$X_0X_1\mathrm{}X_n\mathrm{}X=\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}X_n$$

such that for every $`n1`$ $`(X_n,X_{n1})`$ is a NNEP-pair. Then $`(X,X_0)`$ is a NNEP-pair and

$$X^V=\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}X_n^V$$

###### Proof.

Let $`UX^V`$ be open, and $`_{i=1}^lN_{K_i,U_i^0}UX_0^V`$ a subset of $`X_0^V`$, with $`K_iV`$ compact containing bases and $`U_i^0`$ open in $`X_0`$. By induction, it is possible to define sequences of sets $`U_i^n`$ open in $`X_n`$ such that for every $`1`$

$$U_i^nX_{n1}=U_i^{n1}$$

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}N_{K_i,U_i^n}X_n^VU.$$

Now, because $`X=lim_n\mathrm{}X_n`$, the sets $`U_i^{\mathrm{}}=_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}U_i^n`$ are open in $`X`$, hence

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}N_{K_i,U_i^{\mathrm{}}}U.$$

is an open set. Moreover, by construction $`U_i^{\mathrm{}}X_0=U_i^0`$, therefore $`X_0`$ has the NNEP in $`X`$. The same construction shows that $`X^V=lim_n\mathrm{}X_n^V`$. ∎

## 10 NKC-categories

The crucial property of a NKC-category as defined in (6.5) is the next result.

###### (10.1) Proposition.

Assume that $`𝔉`$ is NKC. Then for every $`W𝔉`$ the pair $`(W\times D^n,W\times S^{n1})`$ is a NNEP-pair.

The proof of proposition (10.1) will take the rest of the section.

###### (10.2) Lemma.

Let $`R`$ be a space and $`V`$ and $`W`$ objects of $`𝔉`$. Then

$$(W\times R)^V=W^V\times R.$$

###### Proof.

Let $`\mathrm{pr}_1`$ and $`\mathrm{pr}_2`$ denote the projections onto the first and the second factor of $`W\times R`$. The map $`\mathrm{pr}_2ϵ_0:(W\times R)^VR`$ sending $`f:VW\times R`$ to $`\mathrm{pr}_2f(0)R`$ is continuous. Furthermore, the map $`\mathrm{pr}_1^V:(W\times R)^VW^V`$ is continuous. Therefore the map $`F=(\mathrm{pr}_1^V,\mathrm{pr}_2ϵ_0):(W\times R)^VW^V\times R`$ is continuous. Consider now the function $`G:W^V\times R(W\times R)^V`$ defined by $`G(f,r)(v)=(f(v),r)`$ for every $`vV`$ and every $`rR`$. It is the adjoint of the map $`V\times W^V\times RW\times R`$ defined by $`(v,f,r)(f(v),r)`$, which is continuous since the evaluation map is continuous. Therefore $`G`$ is continuous. It is readily seen that $`GF=1`$ and $`FG=1`$. ∎

Let $`D_ϵ^n=\{xD^n:|x|>1ϵ\}`$, for any $`ϵ`$ small, and let $`\rho _ϵ:D_ϵ^nS^{n1}`$ be the retraction defined by $`x\frac{x}{|x|}`$. With an abuse of notation we use the same symbol for the induced retraction $`\rho _ϵ=1_W\times \rho _ϵ:W\times D_ϵ^nW\times S^{n1}`$. For every $`W𝔉`$ there is an induced retraction

$$\rho _ϵ^V:(W\times D_ϵ^n)^V(W\times S^{n1})^V.$$

###### (10.3) Lemma.

If $`C`$ is a compact in $`(W\times S^{n1})^V`$, and $`C`$ is contained in an open set $`A`$ of $`(W\times D^n)^V`$, then there exists $`ϵ>0`$ such that $`(\rho _ϵ^V)^1CA`$.

###### Proof.

If $`ϵ`$ is small, we have $`D_ϵ^n=S^{n1}\times [0,ϵ)`$, and hence $`(W\times D_ϵ^n)^V=(W\times S^{n1})^V\times [0,ϵ)`$ and $`\rho _ϵ^V`$ is the projection onto the first factor. Each $`xC`$ is a point of $`A`$, therefore there exists an open neighborhood of $`x`$ of type $`O_x\times [0,ϵ_x)`$ contained in $`A`$. Being $`C`$ compact there is a finite number of points $`x`$ such that $`C`$ is covered by $`O_x\times [0,ϵ_x)`$. Therefore there exists a $`ϵ>0`$ such that $`_xO_x\times [0,ϵ)`$ is an open subset of $`A`$ containing $`C`$ and thus $`(\rho _ϵ^V)^1CA`$. ∎

Now we can start the proof of proposition (10.1). Let $`U`$ be an open subset $`U(W\times D^n)^V`$. Let $`𝒦`$ be the generating family of compact subsets of $`V`$ of the NKC property. Let $`K_iV`$ be compact subsets in $`𝒦`$ and $`U_iW\times S^{n1}`$ open subsets, such that

((10.4))
$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}N_{K_i,U_i}U(W\times S^{n1})^V.$$

By lemma (7.14) there is a sequence of open sets $`A_i^kW\times S^{n1}`$ with $`k1`$ such that, for every $`k`$, $`A_i^kA_i^{k+1}`$,

((10.5))
$$\underset{k1}{}A_i^k=U_i$$

and the closure $`\overline{A}_i^k`$ is a compact subset of $`U_i`$.

###### (10.6) Lemma.

For every $`i=1,\mathrm{},l`$ the space $`N_{K_i,\overline{A}_i^k}`$ is compact.

###### Proof.

It is closed, because it is equal to the intersection of all the spaces $`N_{\{x\},\overline{A}_i^k}`$, with $`xK_i`$, and they are closed because pre-images of the closed set $`\overline{A}_i^k`$ under the evaluation map $`(W\times S^{n1})^V\times \{x\}W\times S^{n1}`$, which is continuous because of lemma (6.11). Now we prove that it is compact. Consider the projection $`p:W\times S^{n1}W`$ onto the first factor. Since $`\overline{A}_i^k`$ is compact, its image $`p\overline{A}_i^k`$ is compact in $`W`$. Moreover, it is easy to see that

$$p^V(N_{K_i,\overline{A}_i^k})N_{K_i,p\overline{A}_i^k},$$

and hence that

$$N_{K_i,\overline{A}_i^k}(p^V)^1N_{K_i,p\overline{A}_i^k}=N_{K_i,p\overline{A}_i^k}\times S^{n1}.$$

Now, since $`K_i`$ and $`p\overline{A}_i^k`$ are compact and $`𝔉`$ is an NKC-category, $`N_{K_i,p\overline{A}_i^k}`$ is compact. Therefore $`N_{K_i,\overline{A}_i^k}`$ is a closed subset of a compact space, and hence compact. ∎

Consider for every $`k1`$ the set

((10.7))
$$C_k=\underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}N_{K_i,A_i^k}(W\times S^{n1})^V.$$

It is open, by definition of compact-open topology. Let $`C_{\mathrm{}}`$ denote the union $`_{k1}C_k`$.

###### (10.8) Lemma.

We have that

$$C_{\mathrm{}}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}N_{K_i,U_i}(W\times S^{n1})^VU.$$

###### Proof.

A $`𝔉`$-map $`f(W\times S^{n1})^V`$ belongs to $`C_{\mathrm{}}`$ if and only if there is $`k1`$ such that $`fC_k`$, that is if and only if there is $`k1`$ such that $`fK_iA_i^k`$ for every $`i=1,\mathrm{},l`$. Of course this implies that $`fK_iU_i`$ for every $`i`$. On the other hand, if $`fK_iU_i`$, then by equation (10.5) there is $`k_i1`$ such that $`fK_iA_i^k`$ for every $`kk_i`$. This implies that there is $`k`$ (take the maximum of all $`k_i`$) such that $`fK_iA_i^k`$ for every $`i=1,\mathrm{},l`$. ∎

###### (10.9) Lemma.

The closure $`\overline{C}_k(W\times S^{n1})^V`$ is compact and contained in $`C_{\mathrm{}}`$.

###### Proof.

Because of its definition $`\overline{C}_k_{i=1}^l\overline{N_{K_i,A_i^k}}`$. Because for every $`i=1,\mathrm{},l`$ the closure $`\overline{N_{K_i,A_i^k}}`$ is contained in $`N_{K_i,\overline{A}_i^k}`$, which is compact by lemma (10.6), we have that $`\overline{C}_k`$ is compact. Furthermore, by assumption $`\overline{A}_i^k`$ is contained in $`U_i`$, and hence $`N_{K_i,\overline{A}_i^k}`$ is contained in $`N_{K_i,U_i}`$. Therefore the closure of $`C_k`$ is contained in $`C_{\mathrm{}}`$. ∎

Because of lemma (10.9) and lemma (10.8) the compact set $`\overline{C}_k`$ is contained in $`U`$ in $`(W\times D^n)^V`$. By lemma (10.3) it is possible to find an $`ϵ_k>0`$ such that

((10.10))
$$(\rho _{ϵ_k}^V)^1C_kU.$$

Without loss of generality we can assume that the sequence $`ϵ_k`$, with $`k1`$, is decreasing.

Now consider for $`i=1,\mathrm{},l`$ the following sets in $`(W\times D^n)^V`$:

((10.11))
$$U_i^{}=\underset{k1}{}\rho _{ϵ_k}^1A_i^k.$$

Since it is the union of open sets, for every $`i=1,\mathrm{},l`$, the set $`U_i^{}`$ is open in $`W\times D^n`$. Hence the set

((10.12))
$$U^{}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}N_{K_i,U_i^{}}(W\times D^n)^V,$$

is open.

###### (10.13) Lemma.

For every $`i=1,\mathrm{},l`$, $`U_i^{}(W\times S^{n1})=U_i`$.

###### Proof.

Because of (10.11), it suffices to prove that for every $`i`$ and every $`k1`$

$$\rho _{ϵ_k}^1A_i^k(W\times S^{n1})U_i,$$

and this is true because $`\rho _{ϵ_k}^1A_i^k(W\times S^{n1})=A_i^k`$. ∎

###### (10.14) Lemma.

$`U^{}U`$.

###### Proof.

If $`fU^{}(W\times S^{n1})^V`$, then $`fK_i(W\times S^{n1})U_i^{}`$, and by lemma (10.13) this implies $`fK_iU_i`$. Thus, by (10.4), $`f_0U`$. On the other hand, assume that $`f(W\times e^n)^V`$. For every $`i=1,\mathrm{},l`$ the image of the compact $`f(K_i)`$ is in $`U_i^{}`$ and hence, because of (10.11), for every $`i`$ there exists an integer $`k_i1`$ (depending on $`i`$) such $`f^{}(K_i)\rho _{ϵ_{k_i}}^1A_i^{k_i}`$. In particular, for every $`i=1,\mathrm{},l`$,

$$f^{}(K_i)W\times D_{ϵ_{k_i}}^n,$$

and thus, because $`f`$ is a $`𝔉`$-map and $`ϵ_k`$ is a decreasing sequence,

$$f^{}(V)W\times D_{ϵ_m}^n,$$

where $`m`$ denotes the maximum of $`k_1,\mathrm{},k_l`$. Moreover, the sequence of spaces $`A_i^k`$ is increasing with $`k1`$, and therefore $`A_i^{k_i}A_i^m`$ for every $`i=1,\mathrm{},l`$. Thus for every $`i=1,\mathrm{},l`$,

$$f^{}(K_i)\rho _{ϵ_m}^1A_i^m.$$

But this means that for every $`i`$

$$fN_{K_i,\rho _{ϵ_m}^1A_i^m}=(\rho _{ϵ_m}^V)^1N_{K_i,A_i^m},$$

hence that

$$f(\rho _{ϵ_m}^V)^1C_m.$$

Because of equation (10.10) this implies that $`fU`$. As claimed, we have proved that $`U^{}U`$. ∎

This is the end of the proof of proposition (10.1). We can now draw the consequences which are needed.

###### (10.15) Lemma.

Let $`𝔉`$ be a NKC-category. Let $`Y`$ be a $`𝔉`$-family, $`Z`$ a $`𝔉`$-set and $`h:Z\times S^{n1}Y`$ a $`𝔉`$-map, with $`n1`$. If $`X`$ is a family obtained as a push-out

then the following diagram

is a push-out, and $`Y`$ has the $`N`$-neighborhood extension property in $`X`$.

###### Proof.

By lemma (9.2) and proposition (10.1) if $`Z`$ is a $`𝔉`$-set the pair $`(Z\times D^n,Z\times S^{n1})`$ is a NNEP-pair. Hence, by lemma (9.3) and lemma (9.4) $`X^V`$ is the push-out of $`(Z\times D^n)^V`$ and $`Y^V`$ and $`Y`$ has the $`N`$-neighborhood extension property in $`X`$. ∎

###### (10.16) Corollary.

Let $`(X,D)`$ be a relative $`𝔉`$-complex where $`𝔉`$ is a NKC-category. Let $`\mathrm{\Phi }:Z_n\times D^nX`$ be its characteristic map of $`n`$-cells and let $`h_n`$ denote the $`n`$-attaching map of $`X`$, i.e. the restriction of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ to $`Z_n\times S^{n1}`$. For every $`n1`$ and every $`V𝔉`$ the diagram

is a push-out (in $`\mathrm{𝐓𝐨𝐩}`$). Moreover,

$$X^V=\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}X_n^V.$$

###### Proof.

The first part is a direct consequence of lemma (10.15). Then, by applying (9.6) we obtain that $`(X,X_n)`$ is a NNEP-pair for every $`n`$ and that $`X^V=lim_n\mathrm{}X_n^V`$. ∎

###### (10.17) Corollary.

Let $`(X,D)`$ be a relative $`𝔉`$-complex (or a $`𝔉`$-CW-pair) with $`𝔉`$ NKC. Then $`(X,D)`$ is a NNEP-pair.

###### (10.18) Corollary.

Let $`𝔉`$ be NKC. Let $`(M,A)`$ be a $`𝔉`$-CW-pair, $`Y`$ a $`𝔉`$-family and $`h:AY`$ a $`𝔉`$-map. If $`X`$ is the push-out $`X=M_hY`$ then $`(X,Y)`$ is a NNEP-pair.

###### Proof.

By corollary (10.17) $`(M,A)`$ is a NNEP-pair, hence by lemma (9.3) and lemma (9.4) $`(X,Y)`$ is a NNEP-pair. ∎

## 11 Examples of NKC categories

###### (11.1) Proposition.

If the fibre functor $`F`$ is faithful and the Hom-sets $`\mathrm{hom}_𝔉(V,W)`$ are compact spaces then $`𝔉`$ is a NKC category.

The proof of the previous proposition is simple. The interesting fact is that there are NKC structure categories with non-compact hom-sets, as a consequence of the following proposition.

###### (11.2) Proposition.

If $`𝔉`$ is a closed subcategory of the category $`\mathrm{𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭}`$ of finitely dimensional $``$-vector spaces and linear maps, then $`𝔉`$ has the NKC property.

###### Proof.

See , lemma (4.2).∎

This result yields the principal stratified bundle associated to a $`𝔉`$-stratified vector bundle.