format: text

text:
# Contents

## 1 Introduction

Let $`a`$ be a linear bounded operator acting in a Hilbert space $`H`$. Suppose that the operator $`a`$ and its adjoint $`a^{}`$ satisfy the following relation

$$aa^{}\{1,a^{}a\},$$
(1.1)
where we denote by $`\{\alpha _\lambda ,\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }\}`$ the $`C^{}`$algebra generated by the family of operators $`\alpha _\lambda ,\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }`$. The problems we shall deal with in this paper concern the description of the structure of the $`C^{}`$algebra $`\{1,a\}`$.

###### 1.1

$`C^{}`$algebras defined by condition (1.1) are the natural generalizations of algebras satisfying the relation

$$aa^{}=\gamma (a^{}a)$$
(1.2)
where $`\gamma `$ is a continuous function on the spectrum of the operator $`a^{}a`$. they appear in different problems of quantum physics (see, for example, ).

In the simplest case when $`\gamma `$ is a linear map

$$aa^{}=qa^{}a+h$$
(1.3)
they include:

(i) the commutative algebras generated by normal operators:

$$a^{}a=aa^{}$$

($`q=1,h=0`$) the theory of which forms a cornerstone of the spectral theory of operators in Hilbert spaces.

(ii) Toeplitz algebra:

$$aa^{}=1$$

($`q=0,h=1`$)

(iii) Heisenberg algebra:

$$aa^{}a^{}a=h$$
(1.4)
($`q=1,h>0`$).
This is in fact not a $`C^{}`$algebra situation: the operators satisfying (1.4) are unbounded and play the principal role (associated with the position and momentum operators) in the quantum mechanics theory.

In the general case ($`q0,1h0`$) the quantum algebra generated by relation (1.3) could be interpreted as a $`q`$deformation of the Heisenberg algebra. The models of quantum mechanics based on the $`q`$deformation of the Heisenberg algebra has been studied, for example, in .

In the physics of many bosons system that appear in a natural way in quantum optics and nuclear physics one arrives at the Shrodinger operator $`H`$ given by

$$H=a+a^{}+D(a^{}a)$$
(1.5)
where the operator $`a`$ satisfies (1.1) (see ).
For the corresponding quantum system the algebra arising from (1.1) plays the role of ’symmetry algebra’. It enables us to establish the interrelation between the spectral problem for the operators considered and the theory of orthogonal polynomials and to solve the problem in many concrete cases.

Let us mention also that the algebra given by (1.1) finds applications in the theory of basic hypergeometric functions and integrable systems (see ).

Along with the algebra $`\{1,a\}`$ it is reasonable to consider the following objects and arising problems.
Let

$$a=U|a|$$
(1.6)
be the standard polar decomposition of $`a`$. Here $`|a|=\sqrt{a^{}a}`$ and $`U`$ is a partial isometry defined by

$$U(|a|\xi )=a\xi ,\xi H.$$
(1.7)
Then (1.1) means that

$$U|a|^2U^{}\{1,|a|^2\}=\{1,|a|\}.$$
(1.8)
Note also that since $`U^{}U`$ is the orthogonal projection onto $`\mathrm{Im}|a|`$ it follows that $`U^{}U|a|=|a|`$ and therefore

$$U|a|^2U^{}=U|a|U^{}U|a|U^{}=(U|a|U^{})^2.$$
(1.9)
Thus we conclude that (1.1) is equivalent to

$$U|a|U^{}\{1,|a|\}.$$
(1.10)
In addition (1.9) means that the mapping

$$U()U^{}:\{|a|\}\{1,|a|\}$$

is a morphism.
This leads to the tight interrelation of the algebras induced by (1.1) with the crossed products of $`C^{}`$algebras by semigroups of endomorphisms. This interrelation is clarified in section 4 (see in particular Theorem 4.7 and Remark 4.8).

In connection with the matter considered in the paper it is reasonable to mention that a great number of various irreducible representations of the relation (1.1) along with the physical applications of the $`C^{}`$algebras arising are presented in the book .

###### 1.2

The main aim of the article is to reveal the structure of the $`C^{}`$algebras $`\{1,|a|,U\}`$ and $`\{1,a\}\{1,|a|,U\}`$ where $`a`$ satisfies relation (1.1) and $`U`$ is the partial isometry taken from the polar decomposition (1.6) .

The paper is organized as follows.
We start with an auxiliary section 2 where we present a number of (mostly known) facts on partial isometries and the associated mappings of the algebra of linear operators in a Hilbert space that we shall use in the subsequent sections.

Sections 3 and 4 present the main framework (the general operator algebraic picture that one can attend ’from on high’) of the structures and objects that should be involved in the investigation of the algebras in question.
As a result we obtain the necessary ’coefficient’ algebra (given in Theorem 3.8) and the crucial property 4.2 that enables us to reveal the structure of the arising algebras up to $`{}_{}{}^{}`$algebraic isomorphism (Theorem 4.7).

Finally in sections 5 and 6 we apply the results obtained to the initial algebras $`\{1,|a|,U\}`$ and $`\{1,a\}`$ under investigation and give the description of their structure.

## 2 Preliminaries. Partial isometries and endomorphisms

This is a starting auxiliary section. Here we list some facts about partial isometries and the associated mappings of the algebra of linear operators in a Hilbert space that we shall use in the subsequent sections. Most of the facts presented here are known and we give the proofs for the sake of completeness.

Recall that a linear bounded operator $`U`$ in a Hilbert space $`H`$ is called a partial isometry if there exists a closed subspace $`H_1H`$ such that

$$U\xi =\xi ,\xi H_1$$

and

$$U\xi =0,\xi HH_1.$$

The space $`H_1`$ is called the initial space of $`U`$ and $`U(H_1)`$ is called the final space of $`U`$.

Hereafter we list the well known characteristic properties of a partial isometry (see for example , problem 98):

###### Theorem 2.1

The following statements are equivalent:

1) $`U`$ is a partial isometry,
2) $`U^{}`$ is a partial isometry,
3) $`U^{}U`$ is a projection (onto the initial space of $`U`$),
4) $`UU^{}`$ is a projection (onto the final space of $`U`$),
5) $`UU^{}U=U`$ and $`U^{}UU^{}=U^{}`$.

One can associate with any linear bounded operator $`V`$ acting in a Hilbert space $`H`$ the following mapping $`\delta _V:L(H)L(H)`$ of the algebra $`L(H)`$ of all linear bounded operators in $`H`$:

$$\delta _V(b)=VbV^{},bL(H)$$
(2.1)
It is clear that $`\delta _V`$ is a linear positive mapping and $`\delta _V(b^{})=[\delta _V(b)]^{}`$ for any $`bL(H)`$.

The next proposition shows that $`\delta _V`$ generates an endomorphism of some subalgebra $`AL(H)`$ only under rather restrictive assumptions on $`V`$ (namely $`V`$ should be a partial isometry possessing special additional properties).

###### Proposition 2.2

For a given operator $`VL(H)`$ the following statements are equivalent:

(i) There exists a subalgebra $`AL(H)`$ containing the identity such that the mapping

$$V()V^{}:L(H)L(H)$$

generates an endomorphism of $`A`$.

(ii) All the operators $`V^k,k=1,2,\mathrm{}`$ are partial isometries.

(iii) The family $`V^kV^k,k=1,2,\mathrm{}`$ is a commutative decreasing family of projections.

Proof: In view of statement 3) of Theorem 2.1 (iii) implies (ii).
On the other hand if (ii) is true then $`V^kV^kV^k=V^k,k=1,2,\mathrm{}`$ by statement 5) of Theorem 2.1. Therefore for any $`kl`$ we have

$$V^kV^kV^lV^l=V^kV^{kl}V^lV^lV^l=V^kV^{kl}V^l=V^kV^k$$

and in the same way one can verify that

$$V^lV^lV^kV^k=V^kV^k.$$

Thus (ii) implies (iii).
If (i) is true then all the mappings $`V^k()V^k,k=1,2,\mathrm{}`$ are also endomorphisms of the algebra $`A`$ (mentioned in (i)) and therefore (since $`1A`$)

$$V^kV^k=V^k1V^k=V^k(11)V^k=(V^k1V^k)(V^k1V^k)=(V^kV^k)^2,k=1,2,\mathrm{}$$

Thus (ii) is true.
Finally if (iii) is true then $`V()V^{}`$ generates an endomorphism of the algebra $`A=\{1,VV^{},V^2V^2,\mathrm{},V^kV^k,\mathrm{}\}`$.   $`\mathrm{}`$

In view of this result it is reasonable to consider the mapping $`\delta _V`$ in the situation when $`V`$ is a partial isometry in more detail.
In the next lemma we list some simple properties of the mapping $`\delta _V`$ in this case.

###### Lemma 2.3

Let $`V`$ be a partial isometry then

1) $`\delta _V\delta _V^{}\delta _V=\delta _V`$ and $`\delta _V^{}\delta _V\delta _V^{}=\delta _V^{}`$

2) For any $`bL(H)`$ we have

$$\delta _V(b)=VV^{}\delta _V(b)=\delta _V(b)VV^{}and\delta _V^{}(b)=V^{}V\delta _V^{}(b)=\delta _V^{}(b)V^{}V.$$

3) $`\mathrm{Ker}\delta _V=\{bL(H):V^{}VbV^{}V=0\}`$.
In particular if $`V^{}V=1`$ (that is $`V`$ is an isometry) then $`\mathrm{Ker}\delta _V=0`$

4) $`\mathrm{Ker}\delta _V^{}=\{bL(H):VV^{}bVV^{}=0\}`$.
In particular if $`VV^{}=1`$ (that is $`V^{}`$ is an isometry) then $`\mathrm{Ker}\delta _V^{}=0`$

Proof: The first and the second statements follow from the equalities $`VV^{}V=V`$ and $`V^{}VV^{}=V^{}`$.
Let us verify the third statement.
If $`V^{}VbV^{}V=0`$ then

$$\delta _V(b)=VbV^{}=VV^{}VbV^{}VV^{}=V(V^{}VbV^{}V)V^{}=0$$

that is $`b\mathrm{Ker}\delta _V`$.
On the other hand if $`b\mathrm{Ker}\delta _V`$ then

$$0=VbV^{}=V^{}(VbV^{})V=V^{}VbV^{}V$$

Thus 3) is proved.

Statement 4) can be proved in the same way.   $`\mathrm{}`$

In fact if we do not look for endomorphisms of some algebra $`AL(H)`$ (as in Proposition 2.2) but only for morphisms $`\delta _V:A\delta _V(A)`$ nevertheless (as the next lemma shows) this situation is closely related to the property of $`V`$ being a partial isometry.

###### Lemma 2.4

Let $`A`$ be a $`C^{}`$subalgebra of $`L(H)`$.

I. If $`V`$ is a partial isometry and $`V^{}VA^{}`$ (where $`A^{}`$ is the commutant of $`A`$) then

(i) $`\delta _V:A\delta _V(A)`$ is a morphism,

(ii) $`V\alpha =\delta _V(\alpha )V`$ and $`\alpha V^{}=V^{}\delta _V(\alpha )`$ for every $`\alpha A`$.

II. If $`A`$ contains the identity and $`VV^{},V^{}VA^{}`$ then the following statements are equivalent:

(i) $`V^{}V`$ is a projection (that is $`V`$ is a partial isometry),

(ii) $`VV^{}`$ is a projection,

(iii) $`V()V^{}:AVAV^{}`$ is a morphism,

(iv) $`V^{}()V:AV^{}AV`$ is a morphism.

Proof: I. The first statement here follows from the observation that for any $`\alpha ,\beta A`$ we have

$$V(\alpha \beta )V^{}=VV^{}V\alpha \beta V^{}=V\alpha V^{}V\beta V^{}=(V\alpha V^{})(V\beta V^{})$$

and the second follows from the relations

$$V\alpha =VV^{}V\alpha =V\alpha V^{}V=(V\alpha V^{})V$$

along with the passage to the adjoint operators.

II. Here (i) and (ii) are equivalent in view of Theorem 2.1.
If (i) is true then $`V`$ is a partial isometry and (iii) follows from statement (i) in I. Similarly (ii) implies (iv). On the other hand if (iii) is true then

$$VV^{}=V1V^{}=V(11)V^{}=(V1V^{})(V1V^{})=(VV^{})^2$$

thus (ii) is true.
Similarly (iv) implies (i).   $`\mathrm{}`$

The next result pushes the matter a bit further and clarifies that if in addition to what is presumed in part I of Lemma 2.4 $`\delta _V`$ generates an endomorphism of $`A`$ then the interrelation between $`A`$ and $`V`$ is much closer.

###### Lemma 2.5

Let $`V`$ be a partial isometry and $`A`$ be a $`C^{}`$subalgebra of $`L(H)`$. If $`V^{}VA^{}`$ and $`VAV^{}A`$ then

$`\delta _V:AA`$ is an endomorphism and $`V^kV^kA^{},k=1,2,\mathrm{}`$

Proof: By part I of Lemma 2.4 in the situation under consideration we have that $`\delta _V:AA`$ is an endomorphism.
Applying statement (ii) of part I of Lemma 2.4 $`k`$ times we have for any $`\alpha A`$

$$V^kV^k\alpha =V^k(V^k\alpha V^k)V^k$$

and

$$\alpha V^kV^k=V^k(V^k\alpha V^k)V^k$$

Thus $`V^kV^kA^{},k=1,2,\mathrm{}`$.   $`\mathrm{}`$

In connection with the foregoing lemma it is reasonable to mention the following properties of partial isometries

###### Lemma 2.6

Let $`V`$ be a partial isometry such that

$$[V^{}V,V^kV^k]=0,k=1,2,\mathrm{}$$
(2.2)
where $`[\alpha ,\beta ]`$ is the commutator of the sets $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$. Then

1) $`V^lV^l\{VV^{},V^2V^2,\mathrm{},V^kV^k,\mathrm{}\}^{},l=1,2,\mathrm{}`$

2) For any $`1kl`$ $`V^{}V^kV^l=V^{k1}V^l`$

3) All the operators $`V^k`$ are partial isometries and the family $`V^kV^k,k=1,2,\mathrm{}`$ is a commutative decreasing family of projections.

Proof: 1) This follows from Lemma 2.5 since the mapping $`V()V^{}`$ is an endomorphism of the algebra $`\{VV^{},V^2V^2,\mathrm{},V^kV^k,\mathrm{}\}`$.

2). Let $`1kl`$ then applying (2.2) we obtain

$$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccc}V^{}V^kV^l=(V^{}V)(V^{k1}V^{k1})V^{lk+1}=(V^{k1}V^{k1})(V^{}V)V^{lk+1}=\hfill & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ (V^{k1}V^{k1})(V^{}VV^{})V^{lk}=V^{k1}V^l\hfill & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \end{array}$$

3). Applying 2) $`k`$ times we have

$$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccc}(V^kV^k)^2=V^kV^kV^kV^k=V^kV^{k1}(V^{}V^kV^k)=V^kV^{k1}V^{k1}V^k=\hfill & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ V^kV^{k2}(V^{}V^{k1}V^{k1})V^{}=V^kV^{k2}V^{k2}V^k=\mathrm{}=V^kV^k\hfill & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \end{array}$$

this means that $`V^k,k=1,2,\mathrm{}`$ are isometries and therefore 3) is true.   $`\mathrm{}`$

## 3 Extensions of commutative $`C^{}`$algebras by endomorphisms

Throughout this section we fix a partial isometry $`U`$ and a commutative $`C^{}`$algebra $`A_0L(H)`$ containing the identity and proceed to the description of the structures and relations associated with the mappings $`\delta _U`$ and $`\delta _U^{}`$ (2.1).
To shorten the notation we denote $`\delta _U`$ simply by $`\delta `$ and $`\delta _U^{}`$ by $`\delta _{}`$ thus

$$\delta (b)=UbU^{},bL(H)$$
(3.1)
and

$$\delta _{}(b)=U^{}bU,bL(H)$$
(3.2)
Our goal in this section is the following:

starting from the algebra $`A_0`$ and the mappings $`\delta `$ and $`\delta _{}`$ we wish to construct a commutative extension $`AA_0`$ such that both the mappings $`\delta `$ and $`\delta _{}`$ are endomorphisms of $`A`$.

We shall construct the algebra $`A`$ in two steps. At the first step we construct the extensions $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$ ($`{}_{\mathrm{}}{}^{}A`$) (see (3.7) and (3.10)) such that $`\delta `$ (or $`\delta _{}`$ respectively) generate their endomorphisms. This is done in Theorems 3.4 and 3.5. Then as the second step we extend the algebra $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$ ($`{}_{\mathrm{}}{}^{}A`$) further to obtain the algebra $`A=_{\mathrm{}}(A_{\mathrm{}})=(_{\mathrm{}}A)_{\mathrm{}}`$ (see (3.13) and (3.16)) that is stable as with respect to $`\delta `$ so also with respect to $`\delta _{}`$. This is done in Theorems 3.7 and 3.8 which also describe the subtle internal hierarchical structure of the algebras arising in the process of extension.

It is reasonable to note that since we are looking for a commutative extension $`A`$ of $`A_0`$ and in view of Lemmas 2.4 and 2.5 among the natural assumptions on $`\delta `$ (or $`\delta _{}`$ respectively) we have $`\delta ^k(1)A_0^{}`$ ( $`\delta _{}^k(1)A_0^{}`$).

Now we start to produce the desired extensions of $`A_0`$.

###### Theorem 3.1

Let $`\delta _{}^k(1),k=\overline{0,n}`$ be the projections and $`\delta _{}^k(1)A_0^{}`$ and $`\delta ^k(A_0)A_0^{},k=\overline{0,n}`$ (where $`\delta _{}^0(x)=\delta ^0(x)=x,xL(H)`$, in particular $`\delta _{}^0(1)=\delta ^0(1)=1`$). Then

$$[\delta _{}^k(A_0),\delta _{}^l(A_0)]=0,0k,ln$$
(3.3)
and

$$[\delta ^k(A_0),\delta ^l(A_0)]=0,0k,ln$$
(3.4)
Proof: Take some $`kl`$ then for any $`\alpha ,\beta A_0`$ we have

$$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccc}\delta _{}^k(\alpha )\delta _{}^l(\beta )=U^k\alpha U^kU^l\beta U^l=U^k\alpha U^{kl}(U^lU^l)\beta U^l=\hfill & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ U^k\alpha U^{kl}\beta (U^lU^l)U^l=U^k\alpha U^{kl}\beta U^l=U^k\alpha U^{kl}(U^{kl}U^{kl})\beta U^l=\hfill & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ U^k\alpha U^{kl}\beta U^{kl}U^{kl}U^l=U^k\alpha (U^{kl}\beta U^{kl})U^k=\hfill & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ U^k\alpha \delta ^{kl}(\beta )U^k=\delta _{}^k(\alpha \delta ^{kl}(\beta ))\hfill & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \end{array}$$

On the other hand

$$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccc}\delta _{}^l(\beta )\delta _{}^k(\alpha )=U^l\beta U^lU^k\alpha U^k=U^l\beta (U^lU^l)U^{kl}\alpha U^k=\hfill & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ U^lU^lU^l\beta U^{kl}\alpha U^k=U^l\beta U^{kl}\alpha U^k=U^k(\delta ^{kl}(\beta )\alpha )U^k=\hfill & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \delta _{}^k(\delta ^{kl}(\beta )\alpha )\hfill & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \end{array}$$

Comparing these two relations and bearing in mind that by assumption of the theorem $`\delta ^{kl}(\beta )A_0^{}`$ we conclude that

$$\delta _{}^k(\alpha \delta ^{kl}(\beta ))=\delta _{}^k(\delta ^{kl}(\beta )\alpha )$$

and therefore (3.3) is proved.
To prove (3.4) we take $`k,l,\alpha ,\beta `$ as above and observe that

$$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccc}\delta ^k(\alpha )\delta ^l(\beta )=U^k\alpha U^kU^l\beta U^l=U^k\alpha U^{kl}(U^lU^l)\beta U^l=\hfill & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ U^k\alpha U^{kl}\beta U^lU^lU^l=U^k\alpha U^{kl}\beta U^l=U^l(U^{kl}\alpha U^{kl})\beta U^l=\hfill & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ U^l(\delta ^{kl}(\alpha )\beta )U^l=\delta ^l(\delta ^{kl}(\alpha )\beta )\hfill & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \end{array}$$

On the other hand

$$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccc}\delta ^l(\beta )\delta ^k(\alpha )=U^l\beta U^lU^k\alpha U^k=U^l\beta (U^lU^l)U^{kl}\alpha U^k=\hfill & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ U^lU^lU^l\beta U^{kl}\alpha U^k=U^l\beta U^{kl}\alpha U^k=U^l(\beta \delta ^{kl}(\alpha ))U^l=\hfill & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \delta ^l(\beta \delta ^{kl}(\alpha ))\hfill & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \end{array}$$

which (as in the previous situation) implies (3.4).   $`\mathrm{}`$

###### 3.2

For every $`n=0,1,\mathrm{}`$ set

$$A_n=\{A_0,\mathrm{},\delta ^n(A_0)\}.$$
(3.5)
and

$$_nA=\{A_0,\mathrm{},\delta _{}^n(A_0)\}.$$
(3.6)
###### Theorem 3.3

Let $`\delta _{}^k(1),k=\overline{1,n}`$ be the projections and

$$\delta (A_0)A_0and\delta _{}(1)A_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{}$$

then $`{}_{n}{}^{}A`$ is a commutative algebra and

(i) $`\delta _{}^k(1)A_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{},k=1,2,\mathrm{}`$

(ii) For any $`0lkn`$ we have

$$\delta _{}^k(A_0)\delta _{}^l(A_0)\delta _{}^k(A_0)$$

in particular $`\delta _{}^n(A_0)`$ is an ideal in $`{}_{n}{}^{}A`$,

(iii) $`{}_{n}{}^{}A`$ is the set of operators of the form

$$\alpha _0+\delta _{}(\alpha _1)+\mathrm{}+\delta _{}^n(\alpha _n),\alpha _iA_0.$$

(iv) $`\delta :_nA_{n1}A`$ is a morphism.

Proof: Since $`\delta (A_0)A_0`$ and $`\delta _{}(1)A_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{}`$ Lemma 2.5 implies (i).
Therefore (as $`\delta ^k(A_0)A_0A_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{},k=1,2,\mathrm{}`$) all the conditions of Theorem 3.1 are satisfied it follows that $`{}_{n}{}^{}A`$ is commutative.
To verify (ii) observe that in the proof of Theorem 3.1 it was established that for any $`kl`$ and $`\alpha ,\beta A_0`$ we have

$$\delta _{}^k(\alpha )\delta _{}^l(\beta )=\delta _{}^k(\alpha \delta ^{kl}(\beta ))$$

Since by the assumption we have $`\delta ^{kl}(\beta )A_0`$ this equality implies (ii).
Clearly (iii) follows from (ii).
Finally by the assumption we have $`UU^{}=\delta (1)A_0`$. Therefore we conclude (using (ii)) that for any $`\alpha A_0`$ and any $`1kn`$ the following relations hold

$$\delta (\delta _{}^k(\alpha ))=UU^k\alpha U^kU^{}=UU^{}\delta _{}^{k1}(\alpha )UU^{}=\delta _{}^{k1}(\alpha )UU^{}\delta _{}^{k1}(A_0).$$

Thus $`\delta :_nA_{n1}A`$.
Note also that

$$U^{}U=\delta _{}(1)_nA(_nA)^{}$$

and therefore $`\delta :_nA_{n1}A`$ is a morphism by Lemma 2.4. So (iv) is proved.   $`\mathrm{}`$

The next two theorems describe the natural extensions of the algebra $`A_0`$ that are stable under the morphisms $`\delta `$ and $`\delta _{}`$ respectively.

###### Theorem 3.4

Let $`\delta _{}^k(1),k=0,1,\mathrm{}`$ be the projections and

$$\delta _{}^k(1)A_0^{},\delta ^k(A_0)A_0^{},\delta _{}(1)[\delta ^k(A_0)]^{},k=0,1,\mathrm{}$$

then

$$A_{\mathrm{}}=\{A_0,\delta (A_0),\mathrm{},\delta ^k(A_0),\mathrm{}\}$$
(3.7)
is the minimal commutative $`C^{}`$algebra containing $`A_0`$ and such that

$$\delta :A_{\mathrm{}}A_{\mathrm{}}$$

is an endomorphism.
In addition we have

$$U\alpha =\delta (\alpha )U\text{for any}\alpha A_{\mathrm{}}$$
(3.8)
and

$$\delta _{}^k(1)(A_{\mathrm{}})^{},k=1,2,\mathrm{}$$
(3.9)
Proof: The commutativity of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$ follows from Theorem 3.1.
The minimality of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$ is clear from the construction.
So let us verify that $`\delta `$ is an endomorphism of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$.
Take any $`k,l0`$ and $`\alpha ,\beta A_0`$. We have

$$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccc}\delta (\delta ^k(\alpha )\delta ^l(\beta ))=U\delta ^k(\alpha )\delta ^l(\beta )U^{}=U(U^{}U)\delta ^k(\alpha )\delta ^l(\beta )U^{}=\hfill & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ U\delta ^k(\alpha )U^{}U\delta ^l(\beta )U^{}=\delta (\delta ^k(\alpha ))\delta (\delta ^l(\beta ))\hfill & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \end{array}$$

which implies that $`\delta `$ is an endomorphism of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$.
In addition the assumption

$$\delta _{}(1)[\delta ^k(A_0)]^{},k=0,1,\mathrm{}$$

implies $`\delta _{}(1)(A_{\mathrm{}})^{}`$ and therefore (3.8) follows from Lemma 2.4.
Finally since $`\delta _{}(1)(A_{\mathrm{}})^{}`$ and $`\delta `$ is an endomorphism of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$ (3.9) follows from Lemma 2.5.   $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Theorem 3.5

Let $`\delta _{}^k(1),k=0,1,\mathrm{}`$ be the projections and

$$\delta _{}^k(1)A_0^{},\delta ^k(A_0)A_0^{},\delta (1)[\delta _{}^k(A_0)]^{},k=0,1,\mathrm{}$$

then

$$_{\mathrm{}}A=\{A_0,\delta _{}(A_0),\mathrm{},\delta _{}^k(A_0),\mathrm{}\}$$
(3.10)
is the minimal commutative $`C^{}`$algebra containing $`A_0`$ and such that

$$\delta _{}:_{\mathrm{}}A_{\mathrm{}}A$$

is an endomorphism.
In addition we have

$$U^{}\alpha =\delta _{}(\alpha )U^{}\text{for any}\alpha _{\mathrm{}}A$$
(3.11)
and

$$\delta ^k(1)(_{\mathrm{}}A)^{},k=1,2,\mathrm{}$$
(3.12)
Proof: The commutativity of $`{}_{\mathrm{}}{}^{}A`$ follows from Theorem 3.1.
The minimality of $`{}_{\mathrm{}}{}^{}A`$ is clear from the construction.
The property that $`\delta _{}`$ is an endomorphism of $`{}_{\mathrm{}}{}^{}A`$ follows from the observation that for any $`k,l0`$ and $`\alpha ,\beta A_0`$ we have

$$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccc}\delta _{}(\delta _{}^k(\alpha )\delta _{}^l(\beta ))=U^{}\delta _{}^k(\alpha )\delta _{}^l(\beta )U=U^{}(UU^{})\delta _{}^k(\alpha )\delta _{}^l(\beta )U=\hfill & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ U^{}\delta _{}^k(\alpha )UU^{}\delta _{}^l(\beta )U=\delta _{}(\delta _{}^k(\alpha ))\delta _{}(\delta _{}^l(\beta ))\hfill & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \end{array}$$

In addition the assumption

$$\delta (1)[\delta _{}^k(A_0)]^{},k=0,1,\mathrm{}$$

implies $`\delta (1)(_{\mathrm{}}A)^{}`$ and thus (3.11) follows from Lemma 2.4.
Finally (3.12) can be established just in the same way as it was done for (3.9) in the proof of the previous theorem.   $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 3.6

One can notice certain asymmetry (between $`\delta `$ and $`\delta _{}`$) as in the statement of Theorem 3.1 so also in the statements of Theorems 3.4 and 3.5. This means that we can also formulate and prove the analogous statements by exchanging the conditions on $`\delta `$ and $`\delta _{}`$.

Now we present the description of the extensions of the algebra $`A_0`$ that are stable as with respect to $`\delta `$ so also with respect to $`\delta _{}`$.

###### Theorem 3.7

Let $`\delta (A_0)A_0`$.

I. The following statements are equivalent:

(i) There exists a commutative $`C^{}`$algebra $`𝒜A_0`$ such that both the mappings $`\delta `$ and $`\delta _{}`$ are endomorphisms of $`𝒜`$.

(ii) All the operators $`\delta _{}^k(1),k=0,1,\mathrm{}`$ are projections and $`\delta _{}(1)A_0^{}`$.

II. If condition (ii) of part I is satisfied then the algebra $`{}_{\mathrm{}}{}^{}A`$ (3.10) is the minimal commutative $`C^{}`$algebra such that $`\delta `$ and $`\delta _{}`$ are endomorphisms of $`{}_{\mathrm{}}{}^{}A`$.
Moreover we have:

(i) For any $`0lk`$

$$\delta _{}^k(A_0)\delta _{}^l(A_0)\delta _{}^k(A_0).$$

(ii) For every $`n`$ the subalgebra $`{}_{n}{}^{}A_{\mathrm{}}A`$ defined by (3.6) is the set of the operators of the form

$$\alpha _0+\delta _{}(\alpha _1)+\mathrm{}+\delta _{}^n(\alpha _n),\alpha _iA_0.$$

(iii) $`\delta :_nA_{n1}A,n=1,2,\mathrm{}`$ $`\delta _{}:_nA_{n+1}A,n=0,1,\mathrm{}`$,

(iv) $`U\alpha =\delta (\alpha )UandU^{}\alpha =\delta _{}(\alpha )U^{}`$ for any $`\alpha _{\mathrm{}}A`$.

Proof: I. If (i) is true then (as $`1A_0𝒜`$) we have that $`\delta _{}(1)𝒜A_0^{}`$. In addition since $`\delta `$ is an endomorphism of $`𝒜`$ Proposition 2.2 tells us that all the operators $`\delta _{}^k(1),k=0,1,\mathrm{}`$ are projections.
Thus (i) implies (ii).
The implication (ii) $``$ (i) follows as a byproduct from Part II of the theorem (one can take $`𝒜=_{\mathrm{}}A`$). So let us prove this part.

II. Note that in the situation under consideration all the conditions of Theorem 3.3 are satisfied. This implies the commutativity of $`{}_{\mathrm{}}{}^{}A`$ along with (i) and (ii). The statement (iv) of Theorem 3.3 also implies that $`\delta `$ is an endomorphism of $`{}_{\mathrm{}}{}^{}A`$ and $`\delta :_nA_{n1}A,n=1,2,\mathrm{}`$.
Clearly $`\delta _{}:_nA_{n+1}A,n=0,1,\mathrm{}`$ which proves (iii) along with the property $`\delta _{}:_{\mathrm{}}A_{\mathrm{}}A`$.
Since

$$UU^{}=\delta (1)A_0_{\mathrm{}}A(_{\mathrm{}}A)^{}$$

Lemma 2.4 implies that $`\delta _{}`$ is a morphism (and by the foregoing notes it is an endomorphism) of $`{}_{\mathrm{}}{}^{}A`$.
Finally as $`UU^{},U^{}U(_{\mathrm{}}A)^{}`$ Lemma 2.4 implies (iv) as well.   $`\mathrm{}`$

The next result is the natural generalization of the theorem just proved and it gives the solution to the problem we are considering in this section.

###### Theorem 3.8

I. The following statements are equivalent:

(i) There exists a commutative $`C^{}`$algebra $`𝒜A_0`$ such that both the mappings $`\delta `$ and $`\delta _{}`$ are endomorphisms of $`𝒜`$.

(ii) All the operators $`\delta _{}^k(1),k=0,1,\mathrm{}`$ are projections and

$$\delta _{}^k(1)A_0^{},\delta ^k(A_0)A_0^{},\delta _{}(1)[\delta ^k(A_0)]^{},k=0,1,\mathrm{}$$

II. If condition (ii) of part I is satisfied then

1)

$$_{\mathrm{}}(A_{\mathrm{}})=\{A_{\mathrm{}},\delta _{}(A_{\mathrm{}}),\mathrm{},\delta _{}^k(A_{\mathrm{}}),\mathrm{}\}$$
(3.13)
is the minimal commutative $`C^{}`$algebra containing $`A_0`$ and such that

$$\delta :_{\mathrm{}}(A_{\mathrm{}})_{\mathrm{}}(A_{\mathrm{}})and\delta _{}:_{\mathrm{}}(A_{\mathrm{}})_{\mathrm{}}(A_{\mathrm{}})$$
(3.14)
are endomorphisms.
Moreover we have:

(i) For any $`0lk`$

$$\delta _{}^k(A_{\mathrm{}})\delta _{}^l(A_{\mathrm{}})\delta _{}^k(A_{\mathrm{}})$$

(ii) For every $`n`$ the subalgebra $`{}_{n}{}^{}(A_{\mathrm{}})_{\mathrm{}}(A_{\mathrm{}})`$ given by (3.6) (with $`A_0`$ substituted by $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$) is the set of operators of the form

$$\alpha _0+\delta _{}(\alpha _1)+\mathrm{}+\delta _{}^n(\alpha _n),\alpha _iA_{\mathrm{}}.$$

(iii) $`\delta :_n(A_{\mathrm{}})_{n1}(A_{\mathrm{}}),n=1,2,\mathrm{}\delta _{}:_n(A_{\mathrm{}})_{n+1}(A_{\mathrm{}}),n=0,1,\mathrm{}`$

(iv)

$$U\alpha =\delta (\alpha )UandU^{}\alpha =\delta _{}(\alpha )U^{}forany\alpha _{\mathrm{}}(A_{\mathrm{}}).$$
(3.15)
2)

$$_{\mathrm{}}(A_{\mathrm{}})=(_{\mathrm{}}A)_{\mathrm{}}$$
(3.16)
where $`(_{\mathrm{}}A)_{\mathrm{}}=\{_{\mathrm{}}A,\delta (_{\mathrm{}}A),\mathrm{},\delta ^k(_{\mathrm{}}A),\mathrm{}\}`$
Moreover we have:

(i) For any $`0lk`$

$$\delta ^k(_{\mathrm{}}A)\delta ^l(_{\mathrm{}}A)\delta ^k(_{\mathrm{}}A)$$

(ii) For every $`n`$ the subalgebra $`(_{\mathrm{}}A)_n(_{\mathrm{}}A)_{\mathrm{}}`$ given by (3.5) (with $`A_0`$ substituted by $`{}_{\mathrm{}}{}^{}A`$) is the set of operators of the form

$$\alpha _0+\delta (\alpha _1)+\mathrm{}+\delta ^n(\alpha _n),\alpha _i_{\mathrm{}}A.$$

(iii) $`\delta _{}:(_{\mathrm{}}A)_n,(_{\mathrm{}}A)_{n1},n=1,2,\mathrm{}\delta :(_{\mathrm{}}A)_n(_{\mathrm{}}A)_{n+1},n=0,1,\mathrm{}`$

Proof: I. If (i) is true then Proposition 2.2 tells us that all the operators $`\delta _{}^k(1),k=0,1,\mathrm{}`$ are projections. In addition we have

$$\delta _{}^k(1)𝒜A_0^{},$$

$$\delta ^k(A_0)𝒜A_0^{}$$

and

$$\delta _{}(1)𝒜[\delta ^k(A_0)]^{},k=0,1,\mathrm{}$$

Thus (i) implies (ii).
As in the previous theorem the implication (ii) $``$ (i) follows as a byproduct from Part II of the theorem (one can take $`𝒜=_{\mathrm{}}(A_{\mathrm{}})`$). So let us prove this part.

II. Since in the situation under consideration all the assumptions of Theorem 3.4 are satisfied it follows that $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$ is a commutative algebra and

$$\delta :A_{\mathrm{}}A_{\mathrm{}}$$
(3.17)
is an endomorphism and

$$\delta _{}(1)(A_{\mathrm{}})^{}$$
(3.18)
In view of (3.17) and (3.18) we can apply Theorems 3.7 and 3.3 (with $`A_0`$ substituted by $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$) and thus all the statements in 1) are proved.
Let us verify 2).
Observe that in the situation considered all the assumptions of Theorem 3.5 are satisfied (in particular $`\delta (1)[\delta _{}^k(A_0)]^{},k=0,1,\mathrm{}`$ since $`\delta (1)_{\mathrm{}}(A_{\mathrm{}})`$ and $`\delta _{}^k(A_0)_{\mathrm{}}(A_{\mathrm{}})`$). Thus

$$\delta _{}:_{\mathrm{}}A_{\mathrm{}}A$$
(3.19)
is an endomorphism.
Since $`\delta (1)_{\mathrm{}}(A_{\mathrm{}})`$ and $`{}_{\mathrm{}}{}^{}A_{\mathrm{}}(A_{\mathrm{}})`$ it follows that

$$\delta (1)(_{\mathrm{}}A)^{}$$
(3.20)
In view of (3.19) and (3.20) we can apply Theorem 3.7 (where we exchange $`\delta `$ for $`\delta _{}`$) to the algebra $`{}_{\mathrm{}}{}^{}A`$ (instead of $`A_0`$) and it follows that both the mappings

$$\delta :(_{\mathrm{}}A)_{\mathrm{}}(_{\mathrm{}}A)_{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{and}\delta _{}:(_{\mathrm{}}A)_{\mathrm{}}(_{\mathrm{}}A)_{\mathrm{}}$$
(3.21)
are endomorphisms and the properties (i), (ii) and (iii) of 2) are true as well.
Moreover (3.21) along with the construction of $`{}_{\mathrm{}}{}^{}(A_{\mathrm{}})`$ and $`(_{\mathrm{}}A)_{\mathrm{}}`$ imply (3.16).   $`\mathrm{}`$

## 4 The structure of the algebra $`\{A_0,U\}`$

Throughout this section we fix a partial isometry $`U`$ and a commutative algebra $`A_0L(H)`$ containing the identity and satisfying the assumptions (ii) of Part I of Theorem 3.8.

The purpose of the section is to describe the structure of the $`C^{}`$algebra $`\{A_0,U\}`$ generated by $`A_0`$ and $`U`$.

To simplify the notation we denote by $`A`$ the algebra

$$A=_{\mathrm{}}(A_{\mathrm{}})=(_{\mathrm{}}A)_{\mathrm{}}$$
(4.1)
where $`{}_{\mathrm{}}{}^{}(A_{\mathrm{}})`$ and $`(_{\mathrm{}}A)_{\mathrm{}}`$ are the algebras defined by (3.13) and (3.16) respectively.

As it will be clarified the algebra $`A`$ plays here the crucial role of the ’coefficient’ algebra.

###### Lemma 4.1

The algebra $`\{A_0,U\}`$ is the uniform closure of finite sums of the form

$$U^n\beta _n+\mathrm{}+\beta _0+\mathrm{}+\beta _nU^n$$
(4.2)
where $`\beta _kA`$ (4.1) and $`\beta _{\pm k}=U^kU^k\beta _{\pm k}=\beta _{\pm k}U^kU^k,k=0,\mathrm{},n`$.
This algebra is also the uniform closure of finite sums of the form

$$\alpha _nU^n+\mathrm{}+\alpha _0+\mathrm{}+U^n\alpha _n$$
(4.3)
where $`\alpha _kA`$ and $`\alpha _{\pm k}=U^kU^k\alpha _{\pm k}=\alpha _{\pm k}U^kU^k,k=0,\mathrm{},n`$.

Proof: Follows in a routine way from the definition of $`\{A_0,U\}`$ along with (3.14), (3.15) and the observation that

$$U^kU^k,U^kU^k_{\mathrm{}}(A_{\mathrm{}})=Ak=1,2,\mathrm{}$$

and the equalities

$$U^kU^kU^k=U^k,U^kU^kU^k=U^k,k=1,2,\mathrm{}$$

$`\mathrm{}`$

###### 4.2

We shall say that the algebra $`\{A_0,U\}`$ possesses the property $`()`$ if for every element $`b\{A_0,U\}`$ having the form (4.2) the following inequality holds:

$$b\beta _0$$
(4.4)
Clearly the algebra $`\{A_0,U\}`$ possesses the property $`()`$ iff for every element $`b\{A_0,U\}`$ having the form (4.3) the following inequality holds:

$$b\alpha _0$$
(4.5)
Indeed. Due to (3.15) one can always pass from (4.2) to (4.3) (and back) leaving $`\beta _0=\alpha _0`$ invariant under the passage.

###### Theorem 4.3

If $`\{A_0,U\}`$ possesses the property $`()`$ then for any element $`b`$ of the form (4.2) we have

$$b\underset{i=\overline{0,n}}{max}\beta _{\pm i}$$
(4.6)
and for any element $`b`$ of the form (4.3) we have

$$b\underset{i=\overline{0,n}}{max}\alpha _{\pm i}$$
(4.7)
Proof: Let us prove (4.6) first.
Fix some $`k\overline{1,n}`$. Since $`U^k1`$ it follows that

$$bU^kb$$
(4.8)
We have

$$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccc}U^kb=U^kU^n\beta _n+\mathrm{}+U^kU^k\beta _k+\mathrm{}+\hfill & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ U^kU^s\beta _s+\mathrm{}+U^k\beta _0+\mathrm{}+U^k\beta _nU^n\hfill & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \end{array}$$
(4.9)
Note that

1) For $`k>l`$ we have (using the equality $`U^sU^sU^s=U^s`$, (3.15) and bearing in mind that $`U^sU^s_{\mathrm{}}(A_{\mathrm{}})=A`$):

$`U^kU^l\beta _l=U^kU^kU^{(lk)}\beta _l=\delta ^k(1)U^{(lk)}\beta _l=`$
$`U^{(lk)}\delta ^l(1)\beta _l=U^{(lk)}(U^{lk}U^{(lk)}\delta ^l(1)\beta _l)=U^{(lk)}\beta _{l+k}^{}`$ (4.10)
where $`\beta _{l+k}^{}=U^{lk}U^{(lk)}\beta _{l+k}^{}`$ and $`\beta _{l+k}^{}A`$.

2)

$$U^kU^k\beta _k=\beta _0^{}A$$
(4.11)
3) For $`kl>0`$ we have

$`U^kU^l\beta _l=U^{kl}U^lU^l\beta _l=\delta ^{kl}(U^lU^l\beta _l)U^{kl}=`$
$`\delta ^{kl}(U^lU^l\beta _l)U^{kl}U^{(kl)}U^{kl}=\beta _{kl}^{}U^{kl}`$
where $`\beta _{kl}^{}=\beta _{kl}^{}U^{kl}U^{(kl)}`$ and $`\beta _{kl}^{}A`$.

4)

$$U^k\beta _0=\delta ^k(\beta _0)U^kU^kU^k=\beta _k^{}U^k$$
(4.12)
where $`\beta _k^{}=\beta _k^{}U^kU^k`$ and $`\beta _k^{}A`$.

5) For $`l>0`$ we have

$$U^k\beta _lU^l=\delta ^k(\beta _l)U^{l+k}=\delta ^k(\beta _l)U^{l+k}U^{(l+k)}U^{l+k}=\beta _{l+k}^{}U^{l+k}$$
(4.13)
where $`\beta _{l+k}^{}=\beta _{l+k}^{}U^{l+k}U^{(l+k)}`$ and $`\beta _{l+k}^{}A`$.

Now (4.8), (4.9) and (4)-(4.13) along with the property $`()`$ imply

$`bU^kb=U^{(nk)}\beta _{nk}^{}+\mathrm{}+\beta _0^{}+\mathrm{}+\beta _{n+k}^{}U^{n+k}`$ (4.14)
$`\beta _0^{}=U^kU^k\beta _k=\beta _k`$
Since $`b=b^{}`$ inequality (4.14) being applied to $`b^{}`$ implies

$$b=b^{}\beta _k^{}=\beta _k$$

thus finishing the proof of (4.6).
(4.7) follows from (4.6) by exchanging $`U`$ for $`U^{}`$.   $`\mathrm{}`$

###### 4.4

Thus if $`\{A_0,U\}`$ possesses the property $`()`$ then all the coefficients in (4.2) and (4.3) are uniquely determined and $`\alpha _0=\beta _0`$ and for every $`n=0,\pm 1,\mathrm{}`$ the mapping

$$N_n:\{A_0,U\}A$$
(4.15)
given by

$$N_n(b)=\beta _n$$
(4.16)
is correctly defined (as well as the corresponding mapping exploiting the coefficients $`\alpha _n`$ is correctly defined).

The next Lemma 4.5 gives a number of norm estimates of sums of elements in $`C^{}`$algebras. This lemma being useful in its own right also plays an important role in the proof of Theorem 4.6 that presents a certain formula for the norm calculation of the elements of $`\{A_0,U\}`$.
The estimates presented in the lemma are probably known (in particular the components of the statement of the lemma are given in , Lemma 7.3 and , Lemma 22.3)). The proof of the lemma can be obtained as a simple modification of the reasoning given in the proof of , Lemma 22.3.

###### Lemma 4.5

For any $`C^{}`$ algebra $`B`$ and any elements $`d_1,\mathrm{},d_mB`$ we have

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}d_i^2m\underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}d_id_i^{}$$
(4.17)
and

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}d_i^2m\underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}d_i^{}d_i$$
(4.18)
On the other hand

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}|d_i|^2\frac{1}{m}\underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}d_i^{}d_i$$
(4.19)
and

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}\sqrt{d_id_i^{}}^2\frac{1}{m}\underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}d_id_i^{}$$
(4.20)
###### Theorem 4.6

Let $`\{A_0,U\}`$ be an algebra such that the pair $`A_0,U`$ satisfies the assumptions (ii)of Part I of Theorem 3.8. If the algebra $`\{A_0,U\}`$ possesses the property $`()`$ then for any element $`b`$ of the form (4.2) we have

$$b=\underset{k\mathrm{}}{lim}\sqrt[4k]{N_0\left[(bb^{})^{2k}\right]}$$
(4.21)
where $`N_0`$ is the mapping defined by (4.16).

Proof: Applying (4.17) to the operator

$$b=U^n\beta _n+\mathrm{}+\beta _0+\mathrm{}+\beta _nU^n=d_n+\mathrm{}+d_0+\mathrm{}+d_n$$

we obtain

$$b^2(2n+1)\underset{i=n}{\overset{n}{}}d_id_i^{}=(2n+1)N_0(bb^{})$$

where

$$d_id_i^{}=U^i\beta _i\beta _i^{}U^i,i<0;$$

$$d_id_i^{}=\beta _iU^iU^i\beta _i^{},i0,$$

in either case $`d_id_i^{}_{\mathrm{}}(A_{\mathrm{}})=A`$.
On the other hand as $`\{A_0,U\}`$ possesses the property $`()`$ we have

$$b^2=bb^{}N_0(bb^{})$$

thus

$$N_0(bb^{})bb^{}=b^2(2n+1)N_0(bb^{})$$
(4.22)
Applying (4.22) to $`(bb^{})^k`$ and having in mind that $`(bb^{})^k=(bb^{})^k`$ and $`(bb^{})^{2k}=b^{4k}`$ one has

$$N_0\left[(bb^{})^{2k}\right](bb^{})^k(bb^{})^k=b^{4k}(4kn+1)N_0\left[(bb^{})^{2k}\right]$$
(4.23)
since being written in the form (4.2) $`(bb^{})^k`$ has not more than $`(4kn+1)`$ summands.
So

$$\sqrt[4k]{N_0\left[(bb^{})^{2k}\right]}b\sqrt[4k]{4kn+1}\sqrt[4k]{N_0\left[(bb^{})^{2k}\right]}$$
(4.24)
Observing the equality

$$\underset{k\mathrm{}}{lim}\sqrt[4k]{4kn+1}=1$$

we conclude that

$$b=\underset{k\mathrm{}}{lim}\sqrt[4k]{N_0\left[(bb^{})^{2k}\right]}$$

The proof is complete.   $`\mathrm{}`$

The next result shows that the property $`()`$ plays the crucial role in the determination of the structure of the algebra $`\{A_0,U\}`$ once the structure of $`A=_{\mathrm{}}(A_{\mathrm{}})`$ is elucidated.

###### Theorem 4.7

Let $`\{A_0^1,U_1\}`$ and $`\{A_0^2,U_2\}`$ be two algebras such that both the pairs $`A_0^i,U_i,i=1,2`$ satisfy the assumptions (ii) of Part I of Theorem 3.8. Suppose that there exists an isomorphism

$$\phi :A_0^1A_0^2$$

such that under the mapping $`U_1U_2`$ the isomorphism $`\phi `$ give rise to the isomorphism

$$\phi :A^1A^2$$
(4.25)
(where $`A^i=_{\mathrm{}}(A_{\mathrm{}}^i),i=1,2`$ are the algebras given by (3.13) defined by the pairs $`A_0^i,U_i`$ respectively).
If both the algebras $`\{A_0^i,U_i\},i=1,2`$ possess the property $`()`$ then the mappings

$$\phi :A_0^1A_0^2,U_1U_2$$

give rise to the isomorphism

$$\{A_0^1,U_1\}\{A_0^2,U_2\}$$

Proof: Consider an operator $`b\{A_0^1,U_1\}`$ having the form

$$b=U_1^n\beta _n+\mathrm{}+\beta _0+\mathrm{}+\beta _nU_1^n$$
(4.26)
where $`\beta _kA^1`$.
Let $`\phi (b)\{A_0^2,U_2\}`$ be the operator given by

$$\phi (b)=U_2^n\phi (\beta _n)+\mathrm{}+\phi (\beta _0)+\mathrm{}+\phi (\beta _n)U_2^n$$
(4.27)
To prove the theorem it is enough to verify the equality $`b=\phi (b)`$.
By Theorem 4.6 we have

$$b=\underset{k\mathrm{}}{lim}\sqrt[4k]{N_0\left[(bb^{})^{2k}\right]}$$
(4.28)
where

$$N_0:\{A_0^1,U_1\}A^1$$

is described in 4.4.
Similarly

$$\phi (b)=\underset{k\mathrm{}}{lim}\sqrt[4k]{N_0\left[(\phi (b)\phi (b^{}))^{2k}\right]}$$
(4.29)
where

$$N_0:\{A_0^2,U_2\}A^2$$

Observe that (4.26) and (4.27) along with the assumptions of the theorem imply

$$N_0\left[(\phi (b)\phi (b^{}))^{2k}\right]=N_0\left[(\phi (bb^{}))^{2k}\right]=\phi \left(N_0\left[(bb^{})^{2k}\right]\right)$$

and therefore (in view of (4.25))

$$N_0\left[(\phi (b)\phi (b^{}))^{2k}\right]=N_0\left[(bb^{})^{2k}\right]$$

This along with (4.29) and (4.28) implies the equality

$$b=\phi (b)$$

and finishes the proof.   $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 4.8

It is worth mentioning that the property $`()`$ and the results of Theorem 4.7 type play a fundamental role in the theory of crossed products of $`C^{}`$algebras by discrete groups (semigroups) of automorphisms (endomorphisms). Namely this property is a characteristic property of the crossed product and it enables one to construct its faithful representations. The importance of the property $`()`$ for the first time (probably) was clarified by O’Donovan  in connection with the description of $`C^{}`$algebras generated by weighted shifts. The most general result establishing the crucial role of this property in the theory of crossed products of $`C^{}`$algebras by discrete groups of automorphisms was obtained in  (see also , Chapters 2,3 for complete proofs and various applications) for an arbitrary $`C^{}`$algebra and amenable discrete group. The relation of the corresponding property to the faithful representations of crossed products by endomorphisms generated by isometries was investigated in . The properties of this sort proved to be of great value not only in pure $`C^{}`$theory but also in various applications such as, for example, the construction of symbolic calculus and developing the solvability theory of functional differential equations (see ).

## 5 The structure of the algebra $`=\{1,|a|,U\}`$.

Now we return to the consideration of the initial object of our investigation. Throughout this section we fix an operator $`aL(H)`$ satisfying relation (1.1), take the partial isometry $`U`$ from the polar decomposition (1.6) and set $`A_0=\{1,|a|\}`$.

The aim of the section is to describe the structure of the $`C^{}`$algebra $`=\{1,|a|,U\}`$.

Following the path already exploited in the preceding sections we start with the examination of the properties of the partial isometry $`U`$ along with the properties of the induced mappings and the arising algebras (extensions of $`A_0`$).

###### Theorem 5.1

Let $`U`$ be the partial isometry defined by polar decomposition (1.6) of an operator $`a`$ satisfying relation (1.1) then

1). $`U^{}U\{1,|a|\}^{\prime \prime }`$,
where we denote by $`𝒜^{\prime \prime }`$ the bicommutant of an algebra $`𝒜`$ (that is the Von Neumann algebra generated by $`𝒜`$).

2). $`U^kU^k\{1,|a|\}^{\prime \prime },k=1,2,\mathrm{}`$

3). $`[U^lU^l,U^kU^k]=0,k=1,2,\mathrm{};l=1,2,\mathrm{}`$

4). $`U^{}U^kU^l=U^{k1}U^l,1kl`$

5). $`(U^kU^k)^2=U^kU^k,`$ that is $`U^k`$ and $`U^k`$ are partial isometries.

6). If $`kl`$ then

$$U^kU^kU^lU^l=U^lU^lU^kU^k=U^kU^k$$

and

$$U^kU^kU^lU^l=U^lU^lU^kU^k=U^kU^k$$

7).

$$\delta :\{|a|\}\delta (\{|a|\})\{1,|a|\}$$
(5.1)
is a morphism and

$$Ub=\delta (b)U\mathrm{and}U^{}\delta (b)=bU^{},b\{|a|\}$$
(5.2)
8). $`\delta ^k\{|a|\}\{1,|a|,UU^{},\mathrm{},U^{k1}U^{k1}\},k=1,2,\mathrm{}`$

9). $`\delta ^k(\{|a|\})=U^kU^k\delta ^k(\{|a|\})=\delta ^k(\{|a|\})U^kU^k`$
that is $`U^kU^k`$ is the projection onto the invariant subspace where the whole of the algebra $`\delta ^k(\{|a|\})`$ acts.

10). For every $`\alpha \{|a|\}`$ we have $`\delta _{}\delta (\alpha )=\alpha =U^{}U\alpha =\alpha U^{}U`$.

Proof:
1). We have that $`U^{}U`$ is the orthogonal projection onto $`\mathrm{Im}|a|=(\mathrm{Ker}|a|)^{}`$. Therefore $`U^{}U`$ is the spectral projection of $`|a|`$ corresponding to the set $`\sigma (|a|)\{0\}`$ (where we denote by $`\sigma (\alpha )`$ the spectrum of an operator $`\alpha `$). Thus by the spectral theorem (see, for example, , §17) $`U^{}U\{1,|a|\}^{\prime \prime }`$.

7). The statement that $`\delta :\{|a|\}\delta (\{|a|\})`$ is a morphism and (5.2) follow from 1) in view of part I of Lemma 2.4. In addition (1.10) means that $`\delta (|a|)\{1,|a|\}`$ and therefore $`\delta \{|a|\}\{1,|a|\}`$.

8). By (5.1) we have that

$$\delta \{|a|\}\{1,|a|\}$$

Thus

$$\delta ^2\{|a|\}\delta (\{1,|a|\})=\{\delta (1),\delta (|a|)\}\{UU^{},1,|a|\}.$$

Continuing this reasoning we obtain 8).

2). Since $`U^{}U`$ is the spectral projection corresponding to the interval $`(0,|a|]`$ (see the proof of 1)) it follows that there exists a sequence $`\alpha _n`$ of elements of $`\{|a|\}`$ such that

$$\alpha _n\stackrel{strongly}{}U^{}U$$
(5.3)
Therefore we have

$$U\alpha _nU^{}\stackrel{strongly}{}U(U^{}U)U^{}=UU^{}$$

Since (by 8)) $`U\alpha _nU^{}\{1,|a|\}`$ it follows that $`UU^{}\{1,|a|\}^{\prime \prime }`$.
The further proof goes by induction.
Suppose that $`U^kU^k\{1,|a|\}^{\prime \prime },k=\overline{1,n1}`$. Taking the sequence $`\alpha _n`$ mentioned above we have

$$U^n\alpha _nU^n\stackrel{strongly}{}U^n(U^{}U)U^n=U^{n1}(UU^{}U)U^n=U^nU^n$$
(5.4)
But due to 8) and the assumption of the induction we have

$$U^n\alpha _nU^n\{1,|a|,UU^{},\mathrm{},U^{n1}U^{n1}\}\{1,|a|\}^{\prime \prime }$$

and therefore (5.4) implies $`U^nU^n\{1,|a|\}^{\prime \prime }`$. So 2) is proved.

3), 4), 5) and 6). These follow from 1) and 2) along with Lemma 2.6.

9). In view of 5) we have the relations $`U^kU^kU^k=U^k`$ and $`U^kU^kU^k=U^k`$ that imply 9).

10). Recall that since $`U^{}U`$ is the orthogonal projection onto $`\mathrm{Im}|a|=(\mathrm{Ker}|a|)^{}`$ it follows that $`U^{}U|a|=|a|=|a|U^{}U`$. This along with 1) implies 10).   $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 5.2

Most of the properties listed in Theorem 5.1 are known (we have presented them for the sake of completeness). In particular, one can find some generalizations of the properties 3) and 7) in Propositions 28 and 29 in , Section 2.1 that also contains a lot of important information on the subject.

###### 5.3

Now as in section 2 we introduce the necessary for our future goals extensions of the algebra $`A_0=\{1,|a|\}`$.
Having in mind 3.2 and statements 2) and 6) of the theorem just proved for every $`n=0,1,\mathrm{}`$ we set

$$A_n=\{1,|a|,UU^{},\mathrm{},U^nU^n\}\{1,|a|\}^{\prime \prime }$$
(5.5)
Clearly

$$\delta (A_n)A_{n+1}$$

is a morphism (the latter follows from Lemma 2.4).
Now bearing in mind (3.7) we set

$$A_{\mathrm{}}=\{1,|a|,UU^{},\mathrm{},U^nU^n,\mathrm{}\}\{1,|a|\}^{\prime \prime }$$
(5.6)
Evidently

$$\delta :A_{\mathrm{}}A_{\mathrm{}}\text{is an endomorphism}.$$
(5.7)
and in particular

$$\delta ^k(A_0)A_{\mathrm{}}A_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{}$$
(5.8)
Note also that by statement 1) of Theorem 5.1 and (5.6) we have

$$\delta _{}(1)=U^{}U(A_{\mathrm{}})^{}[\delta ^k(A_0)]^{},k=0,1,\mathrm{}$$
(5.9)
which along with (5.7) implies (by Lemma 2.5)

$$\delta _{}^k(1)=U^kU^k(A_{\mathrm{}})^{}A_0^{},k=1,2,\mathrm{}$$
(5.10)
Moreover (5.7) along with (5.9) also imply (by Lemma 2.4)

$$Ub=\delta (b)U\mathrm{and}U^{}\delta (b)=bU^{},bA_{\mathrm{}}$$
(5.11)
Observe now that (5.8), (5.9) and (5.10) mean that for the algebra $`A_0=\{1,|a|\}`$ and the operator $`U`$ under consideration all the assumptions of Theorem 3.8 are satisfied.

Thus we arrived at the next statement.

###### Theorem 5.4

Let $`a`$ be an operator satisfying relation (1.1) and $`U`$ be the partial isometry defined by polar decomposition (1.6). Let $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$ be the algebra given by (5.6) then

1)

$$A=_{\mathrm{}}(A_{\mathrm{}})=\{A_{\mathrm{}},\delta _{}(A_{\mathrm{}}),\mathrm{},\delta _{}^k(A_{\mathrm{}}),\mathrm{}\}$$
(5.12)
is the minimal commutative $`C^{}`$algebra containing $`A_0=\{1,|a|\}`$ and such that

$$\delta :AAand\delta _{}:AA$$
(5.13)
are endomorphisms.
Moreover we have:

(i) For any $`0lk`$

$$\delta _{}^k(A_{\mathrm{}})\delta _{}^l(A_{\mathrm{}})\delta _{}^k(A_{\mathrm{}})$$

(ii) For every $`n`$ the subalgebra

$$_n(A_{\mathrm{}})=\{A_{\mathrm{}},\mathrm{},\delta _{}^n(A_{\mathrm{}})\}A$$
(5.14)
is the set of operators of the form

$$\alpha _0+\delta _{}(\alpha _1)+\mathrm{}+\delta _{}^n(\alpha _n),\alpha _iA_{\mathrm{}}.$$

(iii) $`\delta :_n(A_{\mathrm{}})_{n1}(A_{\mathrm{}}),n=1,2,\mathrm{}\delta _{}:_n(A_{\mathrm{}})_{n+1}(A_{\mathrm{}}),n=0,1,\mathrm{}`$

(iv)

$$U\alpha =\delta (\alpha )UandU^{}\alpha =\delta _{}(\alpha )U^{}forany\alpha A.$$
(5.15)
2) Let

$$_{\mathrm{}}A=\{A_0,\delta _{}(A_0),\mathrm{},\delta _{}^n(A_0),\mathrm{}\}$$
(5.16)
Then

$$A=_{\mathrm{}}(A_{\mathrm{}})=(_{\mathrm{}}A)_{\mathrm{}}$$
(5.17)
where $`(_{\mathrm{}}A)_{\mathrm{}}=\{_{\mathrm{}}A,\delta (_{\mathrm{}}A),\mathrm{},\delta ^k(_{\mathrm{}}A),\mathrm{}\}`$
Moreover we have:

(i) For any $`0lk`$

$$\delta ^k(_{\mathrm{}}A)\delta ^l(_{\mathrm{}}A)\delta ^k(_{\mathrm{}}A)$$

(ii) For every $`n`$ the subalgebra

$$(_{\mathrm{}}A)_n=\{_{\mathrm{}}A,\mathrm{},\delta ^n(_{\mathrm{}}A)\}A$$
(5.18)
is the set of operators of the form

$$\alpha _0+\delta (\alpha _1)+\mathrm{}+\delta ^n(\alpha _n),\alpha _i_{\mathrm{}}A.$$

(iii) $`\delta _{}:(_{\mathrm{}}A)_n(_{\mathrm{}}A)_{n1},n=1,2,\mathrm{}\delta :(_{\mathrm{}}A)_n(_{\mathrm{}}A)_{n+1},n=0,1,\mathrm{}`$

Now we proceed to the description of the algebra $`=\{1,|a|,U\}`$.

In this situation Lemma 4.3 turns into

###### Lemma 5.5

The algebra $`=\{1,|a|,U\}`$ is the uniform closure of finite sums of the form

$$U^n\beta _n+\mathrm{}+\beta _0+\mathrm{}+\beta _nU^n$$
(5.19)
where $`\beta _kA`$ ($`A`$ is given by (5.12)) and $`\beta _{\pm k}=U^kU^k\beta _{\pm k}=\beta _{\pm k}U^kU^k,k=0,\mathrm{},n`$.
This algebra is also the uniform closure of finite sums of the form

$$\alpha _nU^n+\mathrm{}+\alpha _0+\mathrm{}+U^n\alpha _n$$
(5.20)
where $`\alpha _kA`$ and $`\alpha _{\pm k}=U^kU^k\alpha _{\pm k}=\alpha _{\pm k}U^kU^k,k=0,\mathrm{},n`$.

###### 5.6

Using the notation of 4.2 we say that the algebra $``$ possesses the property $`()`$ if for every element $`b`$ having the form (5.19) the following inequality holds:

$$b\beta _0$$
(5.21)
In view of Theorem 4.3 we conclude that

if $``$ possesses the property $`()`$ then for any element $`b`$ of the form (5.19) we have

$$b\underset{i=\overline{0,n}}{max}\beta _{\pm i}$$
(5.22)
and for any element $`b`$ of the form (5.20) we have

$$b\underset{i=\overline{0,n}}{max}\alpha _{\pm i}$$
(5.23)
In the situation considered Theorem 4.7 turns into

###### Theorem 5.7

Let $`a_1=U_1|a_1|`$ and $`a_2=U_2|a_2|`$ be the polar decompositions of operators $`a_1`$ and $`a_2`$ and both the operators $`a_1`$ and $`a_2`$ satisfy the condition (1.1). Suppose that the mapping

$$|a_1||a_2|,U_1U_2$$
(5.24)
gives rise to the isomorphism

$$A^1A^2$$

(where $`A^i,i=1,2`$ are defined by (5.12) for the operators $`a_i`$ and $`U_i`$ respectively).
If both the algebras $`_i=\{1,|a_i|,U_i\},i=1,2`$ possess the property $`()`$ then the mapping (5.24) gives rise to the isomorphism

$$_1_2$$

## 6 The structure of the algebra $`𝐁=\{1,a\}`$.

Now we return to the consideration of the structure of the algebra $`𝐁=\{1,a\}`$. In this situation along with the mapping $`\delta `$ (3.14) we shall introduce the mapping

$$\phi :\{1,|a|\}\{1,\delta (|a|)\}\{1,|a|\}$$

given by

$$\phi \left[(a^{}a)^k\right]=(aa^{})^k=\delta \left[(aa^{})^k\right]=\delta ^k(a^{}a),\phi (1)=1.$$
(6.1)
One can easily verify that for every $`b\{1,|a|\}`$ we have

$$ab=\phi (b)a\mathrm{and}ba^{}=a^{}\phi (b)$$
(6.2)
Indeed. The first equality follows from the equalities

$$a(a^{}a)^k=(aa^{})^ka=\phi [(a^{}a)^k]a$$

and

$$a1=1a=\phi (1)a.$$

And the second follows from the first one by passage to the adjoint operator.
Note that for any $`k,l0`$ we also have the following relations:

if $`k>l`$ then

$$a^ka^l=ba^{kl}\mathrm{where}b\{1,|a|\};$$
(6.3)
if $`k<l`$ then

$$a^ka^l=a^{(kl)}b\mathrm{where}b\{1,|a|\};$$
(6.4)
and

$$a^ka^k\{1,|a|\}.$$
(6.5)
where we take $`a^0=a^0=1`$.
Indeed. If $`kl`$ then using (6.2) several times we have

$$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccc}a^ka^l=a^{k1}(aa^{})a^{l1}=\phi ^{k1}(aa^{})a^{k1}a^{l1}=\hfill & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \phi ^{k1}(aa^{})\phi ^{k2}(aa^{})\mathrm{}\phi ^{kl}(aa^{})a^{kl}=ba^{kl}\hfill & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \end{array}$$

where $`\phi ^{k1}(aa^{})\phi ^{k2}(aa^{})\mathrm{}\phi ^{kl}(aa^{})=b\{1,|a|\}`$. Thus (6.3) and (6.5) are proved.

(6.4) follows from (6.3) since for $`k<l`$ we have

$$a^ka^l=\left(a^ka^l\right)^{}=\left(a^la^k\right)^{}=\left(ba^{lk}\right)^{}=a^{(lk)}b^{}$$

The next useful observation is given by

###### Lemma 6.1

For any two operators of the form

$$a^{l_i}b_{l_i,m_i}a^{m_i},i=1,2$$

where $`l_i,m_i0,b_{l_i,m_i}\{1,|a|\}`$ we have

$$a^{l_1}b_{l_1,m_1}a^{m_1}a^{l_2}b_{l_2,m_2}a^{m_2}=a^{l_3}b_{l_3,m_3}a^{m_3}$$

where $`l_3,m_30,b_{l_3,m_3}\{1,|a|\}`$ and

$$m_1l_1+m_2l_2=m_3l_3$$

Proof: Follows in a routine way from (6.2) - (6.5).   $`\mathrm{}`$

Applying this lemma and using again (6.2) - (6.5) we conclude that the algebra $`𝐁=\{1,a\}`$ is the uniform closure of finite sums of elements of the form

$$b=b_n+\mathrm{}+b_0+\mathrm{}+b_n,n0$$
(6.6)
where $`b_k,nkn`$ is a finite sum of the form

$$b_k=\underset{ml=k}{}a^lb_{l,m}a^m,b_{l,m}\{1,|a|\},l,m0$$

###### 6.2

Let $`𝐁_0`$ be the subalgebra of $`𝐁`$ generated by the elements of the form

$$a^lba^l,l0,b\{1,|a|\}$$

Lemma 6.1 shows that $`𝐁_0`$ is indeed a $`C^{}`$subalgebra of $`𝐁`$. Note also that $`𝐁_0`$ is a commutative algebra since it is a subalgebra of $`{}_{\mathrm{}}{}^{}(A_{\mathrm{}})`$ (see (5.12)).
Using the elements of $`𝐁_0`$ one can rewrite (6.6) in the form

$$b=a^n\beta _n+\mathrm{}+\beta _0+\mathrm{}+\beta _na^n$$
(6.7)
where $`\beta _k𝐁_0,nkn`$ (cf (5.19)).

###### 6.3

We shall say that the algebra $`𝐁`$ possesses the property $`()`$ if for any element $`b𝐁`$ of the form (6.6) the following inequality holds

$$bb_0$$
(6.8)
Remark. One can easily see that if the algebra $`=\{1,|a|,U\}`$ considered in the previous section possesses the property $`()`$ (see (5.22)) then the algebra $`𝐁`$ being a subalgebra of $``$ possesses the property $`()`$.
If $`𝐁`$ possesses the property $`()`$ then the mapping

$$𝐍_0:𝐁𝐁_0$$
(6.9)
given by

$$𝐍_0(b)=b_0$$

for any $`b`$ having the form (6.6) is correctly defined.

Now the analogue to Theorem 4.6 for the situation considered is

###### Theorem 6.4

Let $`a`$ be an operator satisfying relation (1.1) and $`𝐁=\{1,a\}`$. If $`𝐁`$ possesses the property $`()`$ (6.8) then then for any element $`b`$ of the form (6.6) we have

$$b=\underset{k\mathrm{}}{lim}\sqrt[4k]{N_0\left[(bb^{})^{2k}\right]}$$
(6.10)
where $`N_0`$ is the mapping defined by (6.9).

Proof: The same as for Theorem 4.6. One should apply the estimates from Lemma 4.5 to operator (6.6)

$$b=b_n+\mathrm{}+b_0+\mathrm{}+b_n=d_n+\mathrm{}+d_0+\mathrm{}+d_n$$

and observe that in view of Lemma 6.1 $`d_id_i^{}𝐁_0nin`$.   $`\mathrm{}`$

Following the same path one can obtain the next result which is the analogue to Theorem 5.7 for the algebra under consideration.

###### Theorem 6.5

Let $`𝐁_i=\{1,a_i\},i=1,2`$ where both the operators $`a_i,i=1,2`$ satisfy the condition (1.1). Suppose that the mapping $`a_1a_2`$ generates the isomorphism

$$𝐁_{01}𝐁_{02}$$

where $`𝐁_{0i},i=1,2`$ is the algebra described in 6.2 (corresponding to the algebra $`𝐁_i`$).
If both the algebras $`𝐁_i,i=1,2`$ possess the property $`()`$ then the mapping $`a_1a_2`$ gives rise to the isomorphism

$$𝐁_1𝐁_2.$$

One can consider the results presented above from a bit different point of view.

###### 6.6

Let us introduce a certain notion of ’degree’ for finite products of elements $`a`$ and $`a^{}`$.
For any $`l0`$ we set

$$\mathrm{deg}a^l=l\mathrm{and}\mathrm{deg}a^l=l.$$
(6.11)
where we take $`a^0=a^0=1`$ and thus $`\mathrm{deg}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}=0`$.
For a finite product $`b`$ of these elements we set its degree $`\mathrm{deg}b`$ to be equal to the sum of the degrees of its factors.
Remark. Of course in general the number $`\mathrm{deg}b`$ depends not on the element $`b`$ as an element of $`L(H)`$ but on the representation of $`b`$ in the form of a finite product of elements $`a`$ and $`a^{}`$ and therefore it is reasonable to consider the number $`\mathrm{deg}`$ as being defined on the free semigroup generated by $`a`$ and $`a^{}`$.

Clearly $`\mathrm{deg}b^{}=\mathrm{deg}b`$ and if $`\mathrm{deg}b_1=k_1`$, $`\mathrm{deg}b_2=k_2`$ then $`\mathrm{deg}(b_1b_2)=k_1+k_2`$.

Evidently the algebra $`𝐁=\{1,a\}`$ is the uniform closure of finite sums of the form

$$b=b_n+\mathrm{}+b_0+\mathrm{}+b_n$$
(6.12)
where $`n0`$ and $`b_i,nin`$ is a finite sum of the form

$$b_i=\beta _{ki},\mathrm{deg}\beta _{ki}=i$$

One can verify that
if an element $`b`$ is a finite product of elements $`a`$ and $`a^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{deg}b=k`$ then $`b`$ can be represented in the form

$$b=a^lb_{l,m}a^m$$

where $`l,m0,b_{l,m}\{1,|a|\}`$ and $`ml=k`$.
So we can reformulate the notions from 6.3 in the following way.

###### 6.7

Let $`\overline{𝐁}_0`$ be the subalgebra of $`𝐁`$ generated by finite products $`b`$ such that $`\mathrm{deg}b=0`$.
Observe that $`\overline{𝐁}_0=𝐁_0`$ where the latter algebra is that defined in 6.2.

Thus the algebra $`𝐁`$ possesses the property $`()`$ iff for any element $`b𝐁`$ of the form (6.12) the following inequality holds

$$bb_0$$
(6.13)
Therefore Theorem 6.5 is equivalent to the next statement.

###### Theorem 6.8

Let $`𝐁_i=\{1,a_i\},i=1,2`$ where both the operators $`a_i,i=1,2`$ satisfy the condition (1.1). Suppose that the mapping $`a_1a_2`$ generates the isomorphism

$$\overline{𝐁}_{01}\overline{𝐁}_{02}$$

where $`\overline{𝐁}_{0i},i=1,2`$ is the algebra described in 6.7 (corresponding to the algebra $`𝐁_i`$).
If for any element $`b_i𝐁_i`$ having the form (6.12) the inequality (6.13) holds then the mapping $`a_1a_2`$ gives rise to the isomorphism

$$𝐁_1𝐁_2.$$


text:
# Magnetic Field Induced Spin Polarization of AlAs Two-dimensional Electrons

## Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) electrons in an in-plane magnetic field become fully spin polarized above a field $`B_P`$, which we can determine from the in-plane magnetoresistance. We perform such measurements in modulation-doped AlAs electron systems, and find that the field $`B_P`$ increases approximately linearly with 2D electron density. These results imply that the product $`|g^{}|m^{}`$, where $`g^{}`$ is the effective $`g`$-factor and $`m^{}`$ the effective mass, is a constant essentially independent of density. While the deduced $`|g^{}|m^{}`$ is enhanced relative to its band value by a factor of $``$ 4, we see no indication of its divergence as 2D density approaches zero. These observations are at odds with results obtained in Si-MOSFETs, but qualitatively confirm spin polarization studies of 2D GaAs carriers.

The ground state properties of dilute 2D carrier systems are still under close scrutiny, and several issues, such as the existence of a metal-insulator transition and the occurrence of a ferromagnetic instability at zero magnetic fields, remain largely unresolved. At the lowest densities ($`n`$), calculations predict that 2D electrons settle into a Wigner crystal tanatar89 , while at the highest $`n`$, a paramagnetic Fermi liquid model most likely describes the ground state of the 2D electron system (2DES). At intermediate densities, a Stoner transition to a fully spin polarized ground state may take place bloch29 ; stoner38 ; tanatar89 ; varsano01 ; benenti01 , but experimental evidence for such a phase has been scant so far. A semi-direct method used to probe this ferromagnetic state involves measuring the product $`|g^{}|m^{}`$ in the 2D electron system at various densities. A diverging $`|g^{}|m^{}`$ as $`n`$ approaches a critical density, would then imply that the system spontaneously polarizes at lower $`n`$. Accordingly, several groups have recently studied the density dependence of $`|g^{}|m^{}`$ in dilute 2D carrier systems, but have not yet reached an agreement. Some of these groups have reported an increasing $`|g^{}|m^{}`$ as $`n`$ decreases in Si MOSFETs fang68 ; okamoto99 ; pudalov01 ; shashkin01 ; vitkalov01 . Furthermore, scaling arguments based on in-plane magnetoresistance of electrons in the same system shashkin01 ; vitkalov01  suggest that $`|g^{}|m^{}`$ diverges at a finite density, hinting at a possible Stoner instability. On the other hand, measurements of $`|g^{}|m^{}`$ in 2D carrier systems in GaAs tutuc02 ; papadakis00 ; yoon00  point to the contrary. Direct measurements of the magnetization of Si 2D electrons also offer no evidence for a ferromagnetic ground state prus02 .

In an attempt to resolve these discrepancies, we have performed experiments in a new system, 2D electrons in AlAs, in which the effect of disorder is very much reduced: we have recently obtained AlAs samples with electron mobilities as high as 30 m2/Vs depoortere02 . For similar $`r_s`$, defined as the ratio of average interparticle separation to the effective Bohr radius, mobilities in AlAs are roughly an order of magnitude larger than those in Si, and a factor 2 lower than in GaAs. We find that $`|g^{}|m^{}`$ in AlAs 2D electrons is approximately independent of density for the measured range $`0.5<n<5.9\times 10^{11}`$ cm-2. Our results imply that the ground state of the AlAs 2DES remains unpolarized at all measured densities, a conclusion in agreement with transport experiments in GaAs and with magnetization measurements in Si prus02 .

The electronic band structure of AlAs is reminiscent of that of Si: conduction electrons in AlAs, located at the X-point of the Brillouin zone, have an isotropic effective mass ($`m_l`$ = 1.0, $`m_t`$ = 0.2) almost identical to that of Si, and a band $`g`$-factor equal to 2, as in Si vankesteren89 . In 2D however, properties of Si and AlAs electrons are different: AlAs (100) 2D electrons in quantum wells wider than $``$ 45 $`\AA `$ yamada94 ; vandestadt96  occupy X-point valleys with principal axes parallel to the plane of the 2DES, so that their cyclotron effective mass is $`m_b^{}=(m_l.m_t)^{1/2}=`$ 0.46 lay93 , while in Si (100), out-of-plane valleys are occupied, and $`m_b^{}=m_t=`$ 0.2 (effective masses are given in units of the free electron mass). Strain induced by lattice-mismatch between the AlAs quantum well and AlGaAs barriers is responsible for increasing the energy of the out-of-plane valleys in AlAs relative the energy of the in-plane valleys, so that for wide AlAs quantum wells, such as those used in our study, in-plane valleys are occupied. In Si MOSFETs and in narrow AlAs quantum wells, on the other hand, out-of-plane plane valleys are populated due to the higher effective mass in the growth direction.

Results for three samples (A-C) are presented here. These were grown by molecular beam epitaxy atop a GaAs (411)B substrate for sample A (M393IV$`\beta `$-D2), and GaAs (100) substrates for samples B (M420-D3) and C (M415-J2). The layer structures for these samples are composed of a 150 Å (samples A and C) or a 120 Å-wide (sample B) AlAs quantum well, sandwiched between AlxGa1-xAs barriers, with 0.25 $`<`$ x $`<`$ 0.4, and modulation doped with Si. We patterned all samples in a Hall bar geometry for transport measurements in magnetic fields up to 18 T, which were conducted in a 3He cryostat with a base temperature of $`T=300`$ mK, and in a dilution refrigerator for $`T`$ down to 30 mK. Samples were mounted on a single-axis rotator stage, which allowed us to tune the angle between the magnetic field direction and the plane of the 2D electron system. After illumination, carrier density was varied with the help of both front- and back-gates, and was determined from Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations measured in a perpendicular magnetic field. In sample A, electron mobility at $`T=30`$ mK ranged from $`\mu =5.6`$ m2/Vs at $`n=1.2\times 10^{11}`$ cm-2 to $`\mu =14`$ m2/Vs at $`n=5.9\times 10^{11}`$ cm-2.

In-plane magnetoresistance data ($`\rho _{xx}`$) for sample A are plotted in Fig. 1 for several carrier densities. As in Si MOSFETs, the resistivity shows a strong increase with $`B_{||}`$ at low fields, while it rises much more slowly beyond a crossover field $`B_P`$. Based on experimental tutuc02 ; papadakis00 ; okamoto99 ; vitkalov00  and theoretical dolgopolov00  work, it is believed that at $`B_P`$ the 2DES undergoes a transition from a partially spin-polarized state to a fully spin-polarized state. For one of the traces shown ($`n=2.6\times 10^{11}`$ cm-2), using a method reported previously tutuc02 , we verified that above $`B_P`$ the system indeed becomes spin-polarized. We note that Pudalov et al. pudalov02  have reported that the crossover field in Si MOSFETs is sample dependent, and conclude that $`B_P`$ does not reflect complete spin polarization of the 2DES. As our results, in contrast, are reproduced in several samples, we follow the assumption that $`B_P`$ does reflect full spin polarization of the 2DES. At $`B=B_P`$, the Fermi energy of the system is equal to its Zeeman energy, which gives the following relationship between $`B_P`$ and $`|g^{}|m^{}`$:

$$B_P=\frac{n}{|g^{}|m^{}}\frac{2h}{e},$$
(1)
valid for a single-valley 2DES valleyoccupation . From this equation, and knowing $`B_P`$, we can thus extract the product $`|g^{}|m^{}`$.

The crossover in magnetoresistance in Fig. 1 is not perfectly sharp, but can be described empirically by fitting straight lines to the low- and high-field ranges of the trace (in a linear plot), and defining two respective fields, $`B_{min}`$ and $`B_{max}`$, at which $`\rho _{xx}`$ deviates from these lines (see Fig. 2 inset). A deviation ratio of 1 $`\%`$ is used for $`B_{min}`$, while we use 0.1 $`\%`$ for $`B_{max}`$ deviation . A smaller deviation criterion is used for $`B_{max}`$ than for $`B_{min}`$, because $`\rho _{xx}`$ departs more abruptly from the straight line fit around $`B_{max}`$. The two deviation points are marked respectively by squares and triangles in the inset of Fig. 2. A third field ($`B_{mid}`$), marked by a circle in Fig. 2, is defined as the intersection between the two lines. For AlAs 2D electrons, full spin polarization likely takes place within the range \[$`B_{min}`$, $`B_{max}`$\], though we do not know the exact relationship between the actual polarization field $`B_P`$ and the range limits. In this paper we assume, as is evidenced in GaAs 2D electrons tutuc02  and holes tutuc01 , that $`B_P`$ is the upper field $`B_{max}`$. For completeness, we also provide here the range of values, \[$`B_{min}`$, $`B_{max}`$\], within which $`B_P`$ is likely to lie. We note that our conclusion, namely, that $`|g^{}|m^{}`$ does not increase as $`n`$ decreases, does not depend on the choice of $`B_P`$ within the range \[$`B_{min}`$, $`B_{max}`$\].

We plot in Fig. 2 the three “$`B_i`$” fields $`B_{min}`$, $`B_{mid}`$, and $`B_{max}`$, obtained from the traces in Fig. 1, as a function of sample density. These values increase remarkably linearly with density, and a fit through the upper fields $`B_{max}`$ appears to intercept the horizontal axis at a density small enough as to be identified with zero, within error margins. In Fig. 3, similar data is plotted for sample B at $`T=300`$ mK, for a lower density range. For $`n1\times 10^{11}`$ cm-2, the data points do not decrease linearly as $`n`$ is lowered, but appear to extrapolate to a finite field at zero density. To verify that this saturation does not result from the finite temperature of measurements, we record the $`B_i`$ fields for several temperatures \[Fig. 4 (a-c)\]. For all measured densities, the fields $`B_{min}`$ and $`B_{mid}`$ are approximately independent of $`T`$ for $`T300`$ mK Bmaxtempdep . In Fig. 4(d) we also plot the temperature dependence of $`R_{xx}(B_{||})`$ for the lower two densities in sample A. As for GaAs electrons and holes tutuc02 ; tutuc01 ; papadakis00 ; yoon00  and for Si electrons okamoto99 ; simonian97 , we observe a transition from metallic to insulating behavior near a finite field $`B_c`$, lower than $`B_{min}`$. We also note that the apparent zero-field insulating-to-metallic transition in AlAs 2D electrons occurs in sample B at $`n=0.7\times 10^{11}`$ cm-2 papadakis99 , indicated by a dashed line in Fig. 3, which corresponds approximately to the onset of $`B_i`$ saturation as $`n`$ is lowered. A similar saturation for $`n<n_c`$ seems to also take place in other 2D systems, such as in GaAs holes yoon00  and in Si MOSFETs mertes99 . The physics behind this phenomenon may be related to a disorder-induced broadening of the spin subbands, but certainly needs further theoretical and experimental attention.

We conclude this paper by deriving the product $`|g^{}|m^{}`$ from our magnetoresistance data, using Eq. 1. We assume that spin subband depopulation occurs at the field $`B_{max}`$ tutuc02 ; tutuc01 , and plot in Fig. 5 the deduced $`|g^{}|m^{}`$ for several AlAs samples (including samples A and B othersamples ), normalized to their band values using $`g_b`$ = 2.0, and $`m_b^{}`$ = 0.46 and 0.41 for (100) and (411)B-oriented substrates respectively. The magnitude of the $`|g^{}|m^{}`$ enhancement is approximately equal to 4, a value comparable to the enhanced $`|g^{}|m^{}`$ in GaAs and Si 2D carrier systems for similar $`r_s`$. Remarkably, we also observe that $`|g^{}|m^{}`$ in AlAs is roughly independent of $`n`$ for a wide range of densities.

Our results thus contrast with studies of spin polarization in Si MOSFETs, which find that $`|g^{}|m^{}`$ increases at low densities fang68 ; okamoto99 ; pudalov01 ; shashkin01 ; vitkalov01 . Authors in Refs. 9 and 10 obtain their conclusions after scaling the magnetoresistance with a single curve independent of $`B`$ or $`T`$. We find that for AlAs 2D electrons, no linear mapping of $`B`$, $`\rho _{xx}`$ or $`\sigma _{xx}`$ ($`=1/\rho _{xx}`$) is able to generate such a scaling law. We thus rely solely on Eq. 1 to obtain values for $`|g^{}|m^{}`$. Our data therefore do not point to a ferromagnetic ground state at any finite density, which is consistent with the behavior of GaAs 2D electrons tutuc02  and holes tutuc01 ; yoon00 ; papadakis00 .

This work was funded by the NSF and the ARO. We are grateful to Eric Palm and Tim Murphy for their help with experiments done at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, which is also funded by the NSF.

References