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# JACOBI GROUPOIDS AND GENERALIZED LIE BIALGEBROIDS

## 1 Introduction

A Poisson groupoid is a Lie groupoid $`GM`$ with a Poisson structure $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ for which the graph of the partial multiplication is a coisotropic submanifold in the Poisson manifold $`(G\times G\times G,\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ (see ). If $`(GM,\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ is a Poisson groupoid then there exists a Poisson structure on $`M`$ such that the source projection $`\alpha :GM`$ is a Poisson morphism. Moreover, if $`AG`$ is the Lie algebroid of $`G`$ then the dual bundle $`A^{}G`$ to $`AG`$ itself has a Lie algebroid structure. Poisson groupoids were introduced by Weinstein  as a generalization of both Poisson Lie groups and the symplectic groupoids which arise in the integration of arbitrary Poisson manifolds. A canonical example of symplectic groupoid is the cotangent bundle $`T^{}G`$ of an arbitrary Lie groupoid $`GM`$. In this case, the base space is $`A^{}G`$ and the Poisson structure on $`A^{}G`$ is just the linear Poisson structure induced by the Lie algebroid $`AG`$ (see ).

In , Mackenzie and Xu proved that a Lie groupoid $`GM`$ endowed with a Poisson structure $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is a Poisson groupoid if and only if the bundle map $`\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }:T^{}GTG`$ is a morphism between the cotangent groupoid $`T^{}GA^{}G`$ and the tangent groupoid $`TGTM`$. This characterization was used in order to prove that Lie bialgebroids are the infinitesimal invariants of Poisson groupoids, that is, if $`(GM,\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ is a Poisson groupoid then $`(AG,A^{}G)`$ is a Lie bialgebroid and, conversely, a Lie bialgebroid structure on the Lie algebroid of a (suitably simply connected) Lie groupoid can be integrated to a Poisson groupoid structure  (these results can be applied to obtain a new proof of a theorem of Karasaev  and Weinstein  about the relation between symplectic groupoids and their base Poisson manifolds). We remark that in , Crainic and Fernandes have given the precise obstructions to integrate an arbitrary Lie algebroid to a Lie groupoid.

On the other hand, a contact groupoid $`(GM,\eta ,\sigma )`$ is Lie groupoid $`GM`$ endowed with a contact 1-form $`\eta \mathrm{\Omega }^1(G)`$ and a multiplicative function $`\sigma C^{\mathrm{}}(G,\text{})`$ such that

$$\eta _{(gh)}(X_g_{TG}Y_h)=\eta _g(X_g)+e^{\sigma (g)}\eta _h(Y_h),\text{ for }(X_g,Y_h)TG^{(2)},$$

where $`_{TG}`$ is the partial multiplication in the tangent Lie groupoid $`TGTM`$ (see ). Contact groupoids can be considered as the odd-dimensional counterpart of symplectic groupoids and they have applications in the prequantization of Poisson manifolds and in the integration of local Lie algebras associated to rank one vector bundles (see ). In this case, the base space $`M`$ carries an induced Jacobi structure such that the pair $`(\alpha ,e^\sigma )`$ is a conformal Jacobi morphism. Moreover, the presence of the multiplicative function $`\sigma `$ induces a 1-cocycle $`\varphi _0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{}G)`$ in the Lie algebroid cohomology of $`AG`$. We note that the relation between Jacobi structures and Lie algebroids with 1-cocycles has been recently explored in  by the authors. More precisely, we have obtained that a Lie algebroid structure on a vector bundle $`AM`$ and a 1-cocycle $`\varphi _0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$, a generalized Lie algebroid in our terminology, induce a Jacobi structure $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }_{(A^{},\varphi _0)},E_{(A^{},\varphi _0)})`$ on $`A^{}`$ satisfying some linearity conditions. In addition, using the differential calculus on Lie algebroids in the presence of a 1-cocycle, it has been introduced in  (see also ) the notion of a generalized Lie bialgebroid in such a way that a Jacobi manifold has associated a canonical generalized Lie bialgebroid. A generalized Lie bialgebroid is a pair $`((A,\varphi _0),(A^{},X_0))`$, where $`(A,\varphi _0)`$ and $`(A^{},X_0)`$ are generalized Lie algebroids, such that the Lie algebroid structures on $`A`$ and $`A^{}`$ and the 1-cocycles $`\varphi _0`$ and $`X_0`$ satisfy some compatibility conditions. When $`\varphi _0`$ and $`X_0`$ are zero, the definition reduces to that of a Lie bialgebroid. We also remark that the theory of generalized Lie algebroids plays an important role in the study of Lie brackets on affine bundles and its application in the geometrical construction of Lagrangian-type dynamics on affine bundles (see ).

The aim of this paper is to integrate generalized Lie bialgebroids, that is, to introduce the notion of a Jacobi groupoid (a generalization of Poisson and contact groupoids), in terms of groupoid morphisms, such that generalized Lie bialgebroids to be considered as the infinitesimal invariants of Jacobi groupoids.

As in the case of contact groupoids, we start with a Lie groupoid $`GM`$, a Jacobi structure $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ on $`G`$ and a multiplicative function $`\sigma :G\text{}`$. Then, as in the case of Poisson groupoids, we consider the vector bundle morphism $`\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}:T^{}G\times \text{}TG\times \text{}`$ induced by the Jacobi structure $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$. The multiplicative function $`\sigma `$ induces, in a natural way, an action of the tangent groupoid $`TGTM`$ over the canonical projection $`\pi _1:TM\times \text{}TM`$ obtaining an action groupoid $`TG\times \text{}`$ over $`TM\times \text{}`$. Thus, it is necessary to introduce a suitable Lie groupoid structure in $`T^{}G\times \text{}`$ over $`A^{}G`$ and this is the first important result of the paper. In fact, we prove that:

$``$ If $`AG`$ is the Lie algebroid of an arbitrary Lie groupoid $`GM`$, $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ is a multiplicative function, $`\overline{\pi }_G:T^{}G\times \text{}G`$ is the canonical projection and $`\eta _G`$ is the canonical contact 1-form on $`T^{}G\times \text{}`$ then $`(T^{}G\times \text{}A^{}G,\eta _G,\sigma \overline{\pi }_G)`$ is a contact groupoid in such a way that the Jacobi structure on $`A^{}G`$ is just the linear Jacobi structure $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }_{(A^{}G,\varphi _0)},E_{(A^{}G,\varphi _0)})`$ induced by the Lie algebroid $`AG`$ and the 1-cocycle $`\varphi _0`$ which comes from the multiplicative function $`\sigma `$ (see Theorems 3.7 and 3.10).

Now, we will say that $`(GM,\mathrm{\Lambda },E,\sigma )`$ is a Jacobi groupoid if the map $`\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}:T^{}G\times \text{}TG\times \text{}`$ is a Lie groupoid morphism over some map $`\phi _0:A^{}GTM\times \text{}`$. Poisson and contact groupoids and other interesting examples are Jacobi groupoids. In particular, Jacobi groupoids $`(GM,\mathrm{\Lambda },E,\sigma )`$ where $`M`$ is a single point are just the Lie groups studied in , whose infinitesimal invariants are generalized Lie bialgebras.

On the other hand, if $`(GM,\mathrm{\Lambda },E,\sigma )`$ is a Jacobi groupoid then we show that the vector bundle $`A^{}G`$ admits a Lie algebroid structure and the multiplicative function $`\sigma `$ (respectively, the vector field $`E`$) induces a 1-cocycle $`\varphi _0`$ (respectively, $`X_0`$) on $`AG`$ (respectively, $`A^{}G`$). Thus, a first relation between Jacobi groupoids and generalized Lie bialgebroids can be obtained and this is the second important result of our paper:

$``$ If $`(GM,\mathrm{\Lambda },E,\sigma )`$ is a Jacobi groupoid then $`((AG,\varphi _0),(A^{}G,X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebroid (see Theorem 5.4).

Finally, a converse of the above statement is the third important result of the paper. More precisely, we prove the following theorem:

$``$ Let $`((AG,\varphi _0),(A^{}G,X_0))`$ be a generalized Lie bialgebroid where $`AG`$ is the Lie algebroid of an $`\alpha `$-connected and $`\alpha `$-simply connected Lie groupoid $`GM`$. Then, there is a unique multiplicative function $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ and a unique Jacobi structure $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ on $`G`$ that makes $`(GM,\mathrm{\Lambda },E,\sigma )`$ into a Jacobi groupoid with generalized Lie bialgebroid $`((AG,\varphi _0),(A^{}G,X_0))`$ (see Theorem 5.9).

The two previous results generalize those obtained by Mackenzie and Xu  for Poisson groupoids and those obtained by the authors  for generalized Lie bialgebras.

The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we recall several definitions and results about Jacobi manifolds, Lie algebroids and Lie groupoids which will be used in the sequel. In Section 3, we prove that a Lie groupoid $`GM`$ (with Lie algebroid $`AG`$) and a multiplicative function $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ induce a Lie groupoid structure in $`TG\times \text{}`$ over $`TM\times \text{}`$ and a contact groupoid structure in $`T^{}G\times \text{}`$ over $`A^{}G`$. In Section 4, we introduce the definition of a Jacobi groupoid, giving some examples, and we prove some properties of these groupoids. In Section 5, we show that generalized Lie bialgebroids are, in fact, the infinitesimal invariants of Jacobi groupoids.

Notation: If $`M`$ is a differentiable manifold, we will denote by $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ the algebra of $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ real-valued functions on $`M`$, by $`\mathrm{\Omega }^k(M)`$ the space of $`k`$-forms on $`M`$, by $`𝔛(M)`$ the Lie algebra of vector fields, by $`\delta `$ the de Rham differential on $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}(M)=_k\mathrm{\Omega }^k(M)`$, by $``$ the Lie derivative operator and by $`[,]`$ the Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket (). Moreover, if $`AM`$ is a vector bundle over $`M`$ and $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }(^2A)`$ is a section of $`^2AM,`$ we will denote by $`\mathrm{\#}_P:A^{}A`$ the bundle map given by $`\nu (\mathrm{\#}_P(\omega ))=P(x)(\omega ,\nu )`$, for $`\omega ,\nu A_x^{}`$, $`A_x^{}`$ being the fiber of $`A^{}`$ over $`xM`$. We will also denote by $`\mathrm{\#}_P:\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ the corresponding homomorphism of $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$-modules.

## 2 Jacobi structures, Lie algebroids and Lie groupoids

### 2.1 Jacobi structures

A Jacobi structure on a manifold $`M`$ is a pair $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$, where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is a 2-vector and $`E`$ is a vector field on $`M`$ satisfying the following properties:

$$[\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Lambda }]=2E\mathrm{\Lambda },[E,\mathrm{\Lambda }]=0.$$
(2.1)
The manifold $`M`$ endowed with a Jacobi structure is called a Jacobi manifold. A bracket of functions (the Jacobi bracket) is defined by

$$\{f,g\}=\mathrm{\Lambda }(\delta f,\delta g)+fE(g)gE(f),$$

for all $`f,gC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$. In fact, the space $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ endowed with the Jacobi bracket is a local Lie algebra in the sense of Kirillov (see ). Conversely, a structure of local Lie algebra on $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ defines a Jacobi structure on $`M`$ (see ). If the vector field $`E`$ identically vanishes then $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ is a Poisson manifold (see ).

Another interesting example of Jacobi manifolds comes from contact manifolds. Let $`M`$ be a $`2n+1`$-dimensional manifold and $`\eta `$ a 1-form on $`M`$. We say that $`(M,\eta )`$ is a contact manifold if $`\eta (\delta \eta )^n0`$ at every point (see, for instance, ). A contact manifold $`(M,\eta )`$ is a Jacobi manifold whose associated Jacobi structure $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ is given by

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega ,\nu )=\delta \eta (\mathrm{}_\eta ^1(\omega ),\mathrm{}_\eta ^1(\nu )),E=\mathrm{}_\eta ^1(\eta ),$$

for $`\omega ,\nu \mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)`$, $`\mathrm{}_\eta :𝔛(M)\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)`$ being the isomorphism of $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$-modules defined by $`\mathrm{}_\eta (X)=i(X)\delta \eta +\eta (X)\eta `$. Note that $`E`$ is the Reeb vector field of $`M`$ which is characterized by the conditions $`i(E)\eta =1`$ and $`i(E)\delta \eta =0`$. Moreover,

$$\mathrm{}_\eta ^1(\omega )=\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega )+\omega (E)E,\text{ for }\omega \mathrm{\Omega }^1(M).$$

Jacobi manifolds were introduced by Lichnerowicz  (see also ).

###### Remark 2.1

Let $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ be a 2-vector and a vector field on a manifold $`M`$. Then, we can consider the 2-vector $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ given by

$$\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}=e^t\left(\mathrm{\Lambda }+\frac{}{t}E\right),$$
(2.2)
where $`t`$ is the usual coordinate on . The 2-vector $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ is homogeneous with respect to the vector field $`\frac{}{t}`$, that is, $`_\frac{}{t}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}=\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$. In fact, if $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ is a 2-vector on $`M\times \text{}`$ such that $`_\frac{}{t}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}=\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ then there exists a 2-vector $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and a vector field $`E`$ on $`M`$ such that $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ is given by (2.2). Moreover, $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ is a Jacobi structure on $`M`$ if and only if $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ defines a Poisson structure on $`M\times \text{}`$ (see ). The manifold $`M\times \text{}`$ endowed with the structure $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ is called the Poissonization of the Jacobi manifold $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$. If $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ is a Jacobi structure on $`M`$ induced by a contact 1-form $`\eta `$ then the corresponding Poisson structure $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ on $`M\times \text{}`$ is non-degenerate and is associated with the symplectic 2-form $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}=e^t\left(\delta \eta +\delta t\eta \right)`$.

Before finishing this Section, we will give a definition which will be useful in the following.

###### Definition 2.2

Let $`S`$ be a submanifold of a manifold $`M`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ be an arbitrary 2-vector. $`S`$ is said to be coisotropic (with respect to $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$) if $`\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }((T_xS)^{})T_xS`$, for $`xS`$, $`(T_xS)^{}`$ being the annihilator space of $`T_xS`$.

###### Remark 2.3

If $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ (respectively, $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$) is a Poisson structure (respectively, a Jacobi structure) on $`M`$ then we recover the notion of a coisotropic submanifold of the Poisson manifold $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda })`$  (respectively, coisotropic submanifold of a Jacobi manifold $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ ) .

### 2.2 Lie algebroids

A Lie algebroid $`A`$ over a manifold $`M`$ is a vector bundle $`A`$ over $`M`$ together with a Lie bracket $`[[,]]`$ on the space $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ of the global cross sections of $`AM`$ and a bundle map $`\rho :ATM`$, called the anchor map, such that if we also denote by $`\rho :\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)𝔛(M)`$ the homomorphism of $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$-modules induced by the anchor map then:

1. $`\rho :(\mathrm{\Gamma }(A),[[,]])(𝔛(M),[,])`$ is a Lie algebra homomorphism and
2. for all $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ and for all $`X,Y\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$, one has

$$[[X,fY]]=f[[X,Y]]+(\rho (X)(f))Y.$$

The triple $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ is called a Lie algebroid over $`M`$ (see ).

A real Lie algebra of finite dimension is a Lie algebroid over a point. Another example of a Lie algebroid is the triple $`(TM,[,],Id)`$, where $`M`$ is a differentiable manifold and $`Id:TMTM`$ is the identity map.

If $`A`$ is a Lie algebroid, the Lie bracket on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ can be extended to the so-called Schouten bracket $`[[,]]`$ on the space $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{}A)=_k\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA)`$ of multi-sections of $`A`$ in such a way that $`(_k\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA),,[[,]])`$ is a graded Lie algebra. In fact, the Schouten bracket satisfies the following properties

$$[[X,f]]=\rho (X)(f),[[P,Q]]=(1)^{pq}[[Q,P]],$$

$$[[P,QR]]=[[P,Q]]R+(1)^{q(p+1)}Q[[P,R]],$$

$$(1)^{pr}[[[[P,Q]],R]]+(1)^{qr}[[[[R,P]],Q]]+(1)^{pq}[[[[Q,R]],P]]=0,$$

for $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$, $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$, $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }(^pA)`$, $`Q\mathrm{\Gamma }(^qA)`$ and $`R\mathrm{\Gamma }(^rA)`$ (see ).

###### Remark 2.4

The definition of Schouten bracket considered here is the one given in  (see also ). Some authors, see for example , define the Schouten bracket in another way. In fact, the relation between the Schouten bracket $`[[,]]^{}`$ in the sense of  and the Schouten bracket $`[[,]]`$ in the sense of  is the following one. If $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }(^pA)`$ and $`Q\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{}A)`$, then $`[[P,Q]]^{}=(1)^{p+1}[[P,Q]]`$.

On the other hand, imitating the de Rham differential on the space $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}(M)`$, we define the differential of the Lie algebroid $`A`$, $`d:\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA^{})`$ $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{k+1}A^{})`$, as follows. For $`\omega \mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA^{})`$ and $`X_0,\mathrm{},X_k\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$,

$$\begin{array}{ccc}d\omega (X_0,\mathrm{},X_k)& =& \underset{i=0}{\overset{k}{}}(1)^i\rho (X_i)(\omega (X_0,\mathrm{},\widehat{X}_i,\mathrm{},X_k))\hfill \\ & +& \underset{i<j}{}(1)^{i+j}\omega ([[X_i,X_j]],X_0,\mathrm{},\widehat{X}_i,\mathrm{},\widehat{X}_j,\mathrm{},X_k).\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.3)
Moreover, since $`d^2=0`$, we have the corresponding cohomology spaces. This cohomology is the Lie algebroid cohomology with trivial coefficients (see ).

Using the above definitions, it follows that a 1-cochain $`\varphi \mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ is a 1-cocycle if and only if

$$\varphi [[X,Y]]=\rho (X)(\varphi (Y))\rho (Y)(\varphi (X)),$$

for all $`X,Y\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$.

Next, we will consider some examples of Lie algebroids which will be important in the following.

1.- The Lie algebroid $`(TM\times \text{},\text{[}\text{ , }\text{]},\pi )`$

If $`M`$ is a differentiable manifold, then the triple $`(TM\times \text{},\text{[}\text{ , }\text{]},\pi )`$ is a Lie algebroid over $`M`$, where $`\pi :TM\times \text{}TM`$ is the canonical projection over the first factor and \[ , \] is the bracket given by (see )

$$\text{[}(X,f),(Y,g)\text{]}=([X,Y],X(g)Y(f)),$$
(2.4)
for $`(X,f),(Y,g)𝔛(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(TM\times \text{})`$.

2.- The Lie algebroid $`(T^{}M\times \text{},[[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)})`$ associated with a Jacobi manifold $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$

A Jacobi manifold $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ has an associated Lie algebroid $`(T^{}M\times \text{},[[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)},`$ $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)})`$, where $`[[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}`$ are defined by

$$\begin{array}{ccc}[[(\omega ,f),(\nu ,g)]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}& =\hfill & (_{\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega )}\nu _{\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\nu )}\omega \delta (\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega ,\nu ))+f_E\nu g_E\omega \hfill \\ & \hfill & i(E)(\omega \nu ),\mathrm{\Lambda }(\nu ,\omega )+\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega )(g)\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\nu )(f)+fE(g)gE(f)),\hfill \\ \stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}(\omega ,f)& =\hfill & \mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega )+fE,\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.5)
for $`(\omega ,f),(\nu ,g)\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(T^{}M\times \text{})`$, $``$ being the Lie derivative operator (see ). In the particular case when $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ is a Poisson manifold we recover, by projection, the Lie algebroid $`(T^{}M,[[,]]_\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda })`$, where $`[[,]]_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is the bracket of 1-forms defined by $`[[\omega ,\nu ]]_\mathrm{\Lambda }=_{\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega )}\nu _{\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\nu )}\omega \delta (\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega ,\nu )),`$ for $`\omega ,\nu \mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)`$ (see ).

3.- Action of a Lie algebroid on a smooth map

Let $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ be a Lie algebroid over a manifold $`M`$ and $`\pi :PM`$ be a smooth map. An action of $`A`$ on $`\pi :PM`$ is a -linear map

$$:\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)𝔛(P),X\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)X^{}𝔛(P),$$

such that:

$$(fX)^{}=(f\pi )X^{},[[X,Y]]^{}=[X^{},Y^{}],\pi _{}^p(X^{}(p))=\rho (X(\pi (p))),$$

for $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$, $`X,Y\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ and $`pM`$. If $`:\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)𝔛(P)`$ is an action of $`A`$ on $`\pi :PM`$ and $`\tau :AM`$ is the bundle projection then the pullback vector bundle of $`A`$ over $`\pi `$

$$\pi ^{}A=\{(a,p)A\times P/\tau (a)=\pi (p)\}$$

is a Lie algebroid over $`P`$ with the Lie algebroid structure $`([[,]]_\pi ,\rho _\pi )`$ which is characterized by

$$\rho _\pi (X)(p)=X^{}(p),[[X,Y]]_\pi =[[X,Y]]\pi ,$$

for $`X,Y\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ and $`pP`$. The triple $`(\pi ^{}A,[[,]]_\pi ,\rho _\pi )`$ is called the action Lie algebroid of $`A`$ on $`\pi `$ and it is denoted by $`A\pi `$ or $`AP`$ (see ).

4.- The Lie algebroid associated with a linear Poisson structure

Let $`\tau :AM`$ be a vector bundle on a manifold $`M`$. Then, it is clear that there exists a bijection between the space $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ of the sections of the dual bundle $`\tau ^{}:A^{}M`$ and the set $`(A)`$ of real functions on $`A`$ which are linear on each fiber

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})(A),\nu \stackrel{~}{\nu }.$$

Now, suppose that $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is a linear Poisson structure on $`A`$ with Poisson bracket $`\{,\}`$. This means that the Poisson bracket of two linear functions on $`A`$ is again a linear function. This fact implies that the Poisson bracket of a linear function on $`A`$ and a basic function is a basic function. Moreover, one may define a Lie algebroid structure $`([[,]],\rho )`$ on $`\tau ^{}:A^{}M`$ which is characterized by

$$\stackrel{~}{[[\nu ,\mu ]]}=\{\stackrel{~}{\nu },\stackrel{~}{\mu }\},\rho (\nu )(f)\tau =\{\stackrel{~}{\nu },f\tau \},$$
(2.6)
for $`\nu ,\mu \mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ and $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ (see ). Conversely, if $`A`$ is a vector bundle over $`M`$ and the dual bundle $`A^{}`$ admits a Lie algebroid structure $`([[,]],\rho )`$ then one may define a linear Poisson bracket $`\{,\}`$ on $`A`$ in such a way that (2.6) holds.

5.- The tangent Lie algebroid

Let $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ be a Poisson manifold. Then, the complete lift $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^c`$ of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ to the tangent bundle $`TM`$ defines a linear Poisson structure on $`TM`$ (see ). $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^c`$ is called the tangent Poisson structure.

Now, suppose that $`\tau :AM`$ is a Lie algebroid over a manifold $`M`$ and that $`p:A^{}\times _MA\text{}`$ is the natural pairing. Then, $`TA`$ and $`TA^{}`$ are vector bundles over $`TM`$ and $`p`$ induces a non-degenerate pairing $`TA^{}\times _{TM}TA\text{}`$. Thus, we get an isomorphism between the vector bundles $`TA`$ and $`(TA^{})^{}`$. Therefore, the dual bundle to $`TATM`$ may be identified with $`TA^{}TM`$. On the other hand, since $`A^{}`$ is a Poisson manifold, we have that $`TA^{}`$ admits a linear Poisson structure. Consequently, the vector bundle $`TATM`$ is a Lie algebroid which is called the tangent Lie algebroid to $`A`$ (for more details, see ).

### 2.3 Lie groupoids

A groupoid consists of two sets $`G`$ and $`M`$, called respectively the groupoid and the base, together with two maps $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ from $`G`$ to $`M`$, called respectively the source and target projections, a map $`ϵ:MG`$, called the inclusion, a partial multiplication $`m:G^{(2)}=\{(g,h)G\times G/\alpha (g)=\beta (h)\}G`$ and a map $`\iota :GG`$, called the inversion, satisfying the following conditions:

1. $`\alpha (m(g,h))=\alpha (h)`$ and $`\beta (m(g,h))=\beta (g)`$, for all $`(g,h)G^{(2)}`$,
2. $`m(g,m(h,k))=m(m(g,h),k)`$, for all $`g,h,kG`$ such that $`\alpha (g)=\beta (h)`$ and $`\alpha (h)=\beta (k)`$,
3. $`\alpha (ϵ(x))=x`$ and $`\beta (ϵ(x))=x`$, for all $`xM`$,
4. $`m(g,ϵ(\alpha (g)))=g`$ and $`m(ϵ(\beta (g)),g)=g`$, for all $`gG`$,
5. $`m(g,\iota (g))=ϵ(\beta (g))`$ and $`m(\iota (g),g)=ϵ(\alpha (g))`$, for all $`gG`$.

A groupoid $`G`$ over a base $`M`$ will be denoted by $`GM`$. Given two groupoids $`G_1M_1`$ and $`G_2M_2`$, a morphism of groupoids is a pair of maps $`\mathrm{\Phi }:G_1G_2`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_0:M_1M_2`$ which commute with all the structural functions of $`G_1`$ and $`G_2`$, i.e., $`\alpha _2\mathrm{\Phi }=\mathrm{\Phi }_0\alpha _1`$, $`\beta _2\mathrm{\Phi }=\mathrm{\Phi }_0\beta _1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }(g_1h_1)=\mathrm{\Phi }(g_1)\mathrm{\Phi }(h_1)`$, for $`(g_1,h_1)G_1^{(2)}`$ (for more details, see ).

If $`G`$ and $`M`$ are manifolds, $`GM`$ is a Lie groupoid if:

1. $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ are differentiable submersions.
2. $`m`$, $`ϵ`$ and $`\iota `$ are differentiable maps.

From now on, we will usually write $`gh`$ for $`m(g,h)`$, $`g^1`$ for $`\iota (g)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{x}`$ for $`ϵ(x)`$. Moreover, if $`xM`$ then $`G_x=\alpha ^1(x)`$ (respectively, $`G^x=\beta ^1(x)`$) will be said the $`\alpha `$-fiber (resp., the $`\beta `$-fiber) of $`x`$. Furthermore, since $`ϵ`$ is an inmersion, we will identify $`M`$ with $`ϵ(M)`$.

Next, we will recall some notions related with Lie groupoids which will be useful in the following (for more details, see ).

###### Definition 2.5

Let $`GM`$ be a Lie groupoid over a manifold $`M`$. For $`UM`$ open, a local bisection (or local admissible section) of $`G`$ on $`U`$ is a smooth map $`𝒦:UG`$ which is right-inverse to $`\beta `$ and for which $`\alpha 𝒦:U\alpha (𝒦(U))`$ is a diffeomorphism from $`U`$ to the open set $`\alpha (𝒦(U))`$ in $`M`$. If $`U=M`$, $`𝒦`$ is a global bisection or simply a bisection.

The existence of local bisections through any point $`gG`$ is always guaranteed.

If $`𝒦:UG`$ is a local bisection with $`V=(\alpha 𝒦)(U)`$, the local left-translation and right-translation induced by $`𝒦`$ are the maps $`L_𝒦:\beta ^1(V)\beta ^1(U)`$ and $`R_𝒦:\alpha ^1(U)\alpha ^1(V)`$, defined by

$$L_𝒦(g)=𝒦((\alpha 𝒦)^1(\beta (g)))g,R_𝒦(h)=h𝒦(\alpha (h)),$$

for $`g\beta ^1(V)`$ and $`h\alpha ^1(U)`$.

###### Remark 2.6

If $`y_0U`$ and $`𝒦(y_0)=g_0`$, $`\alpha (g_0)=x_0`$ then the restriction of $`L_𝒦`$ to $`G^{x_0}`$ is the left-translation by $`g_0`$

$$L_{g_0}:G^{x_0}G^{y_0},hL_{g_0}(h)=g_0h.$$

In a similar way, the restriction of $`R_𝒦`$ to $`G_{y_0}`$ is the right-translation by $`g_0`$

$$R_{g_0}:G_{y_0}G_{x_0},gR_{g_0}(g)=gg_0.$$

A multivector field $`P`$ on $`G`$ is said to be left-invariant (respectively, right-invariant) if it is tangent to the fibers of $`\beta `$ (respectively, $`\alpha `$) and $`P(gh)=(L_𝒦)_{}^h(P(h))`$ (respectively, $`P(gh)=(R_𝒦)_{}^g(P(g))`$) for $`g,hG`$ and $`𝒦:UG`$ any local bisection through $`h`$ (respectively, $`g`$). If $`P`$ and $`Q`$ are two left-invariant (respectively, right-invariant) multivector fields on $`G`$ then $`[P,Q]`$ is again left-invariant (respectively, right-invariant).

Now, we will recall the definition of the Lie algebroid associated with a Lie groupoid.

Suppose that $`GM`$ is a Lie groupoid. Then, we may consider the vector bundle $`AGM`$, whose fiber at a point $`xM`$ is $`A_xG=T_{\stackrel{~}{x}}G^x`$. It is easy to prove that there exists a bijection between the space $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(AG)`$ and the set of left-invariant (respectively, right-invariant) vector fields on $`G`$. If $`X`$ is a section of $`AG`$, the corresponding left-invariant (respectively, right-invariant) vector field on $`G`$ will be denoted by $`\stackrel{}{X}`$ (respectively, $`\stackrel{}{X}`$). Using the above facts, we may introduce a Lie algebroid structure $`([[,]],\rho )`$ on $`AG`$, which is defined by, for $`X,Y\mathrm{\Gamma }(AG)`$ and $`xM`$,

$$\stackrel{}{[[X,Y]]}=[\stackrel{}{X},\stackrel{}{Y}],\rho (X)(x)=\alpha _{}^{\stackrel{~}{x}}(X(x)).$$
(2.7)
###### Remark 2.7

There exists a bijection between the space $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k(AG))`$ and the set of left-invariant (respectively, right-invariant) $`k`$-vector fields. If $`P`$ is a section of $`^k(AG)`$, we will denote by $`\stackrel{}{P}`$ (respectively, $`\stackrel{}{P}`$) the corresponding left-invariant (respectively, right-invariant) $`k`$-vector field on $`G`$. Moreover, if $`P,Q\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{}(AG))`$, we have that

$$\stackrel{}{[[P,Q]]}=[\stackrel{}{P},\stackrel{}{Q}].$$
(2.8)
###### Examples 2.8

1.- Lie groups

Any Lie group $`G`$ is a Lie groupoid over $`\{𝔢\}`$, the identity element of $`G`$. The Lie algebroid associated with $`G`$ is just the Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ of $`G`$.

2.- The banal groupoid

Let $`M`$ be a differentiable manifold. The product manifold $`M\times M`$ is a Lie groupoid over $`M`$ in the following way: $`\alpha `$ is the projection onto the second factor and $`\beta `$ is the projection onto the first factor; $`ϵ(x)=(x,x)`$ for all $`xM`$ and $`m((x,y),(y,z))=(x,z)`$. $`M\times MM`$ is called the banal groupoid. The Lie algebroid associated with the banal groupoid is the tangent bundle $`TM`$ of $`M`$.

3.- The direct product of Lie groupoids

If $`G_1M_1`$ and $`G_2M_2`$ are Lie groupoids, then $`G_1\times G_2M_1\times M_2`$ is a Lie groupoid in a natural way.

4.- Action groupoids

Let $`GM`$ be a Lie groupoid and $`\pi :PM`$ be a smooth map. If $`PG=\{(p,g)P\times G/\pi (p)=\beta (g)\}`$ then a right action of $`G`$ on $`\pi `$ is a smooth map

$$PGP,(p,g)pg,$$

which satisfies the following relations

$$\begin{array}{c}\pi (pg)=\alpha (g),\text{ for all }(p,g)PG,\hfill \\ (pg)h=p(gh),\text{ for all }(g,h)G^{(2)}\text{ and }(p,g)PG,\hfill \\ p\stackrel{~}{\pi (p)}=p,\text{ for all }pP.\hfill \end{array}$$

Given such an action one constructs the action groupoid $`PGP`$ by defining

$$\alpha ^{}(p,g)=pg,\beta ^{}(p,g)=p,$$

$$m^{}((p,g),(q,h))=(p,gh),\text{ if }q=pg,$$

$$ϵ^{}(p)=(p,ϵ(\pi (p))),\iota ^{}(p,g)=(pg,g^1).$$

Now, if $`pP`$, we consider the map $`\pi _p:G^{\pi (p)}P`$ given by

$$\pi _p(g)=pg.$$

Then, if $`AG`$ is the Lie algebroid of $`G`$, the -linear map

$$:\mathrm{\Gamma }(AG)𝔛(P),X\mathrm{\Gamma }(AG)X^{}𝔛(P),$$

defined by

$$X^{}(p)=(\pi _p)_{}^{\stackrel{~}{\pi (p)}}(X(\pi (p))),\text{ for all }pP,$$
(2.9)
induces an action of $`AG`$ on $`\pi :PM`$. In addition, the Lie algebroid associated with the Lie groupoid $`PGP`$ is the action Lie algebroid $`AG\pi `$ (for more details, see ).

5.- The tangent groupoid

Let $`GM`$ be a Lie groupoid. Then, the tangent bundle $`TG`$ is a Lie groupoid over $`TM`$. The projections $`\alpha ^T`$, $`\beta ^T`$, the partial multiplication $`_{TG}`$, the inclusion $`ϵ^T`$ and the inversion $`\iota ^T`$ are defined by

$$\begin{array}{c}\alpha ^T(X_g)=\alpha _{}^g(X_g),\beta ^T(X_g)=\beta _{}^g(X_g),\text{ for }X_gT_gG,\hfill \\ X_g_{TG}Y_h=m_{}^{(g,h)}(X_g,Y_h),\text{ for }(X_g,Y_h)(TG)_{(g,h)}^{(2)}=T_{(g,h)}G^{(2)},\hfill \\ ϵ^T(X_x)=ϵ_{}^x(X_x),\text{ for }X_xT_xM,\hfill \\ \iota ^T(X_g)=\iota _{}^g(X_g),\text{ for }X_gT_gG.\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.10)
In  it has been given an explicit expression for the multiplication $`_{TG}`$. If $`\alpha _{}^g(X_g)=\beta _{}^h(X_h)=W_x`$, $`x=\alpha (g)=\beta (h)`$, then

$$X_g_{TG}Y_h=(L_𝒳)_{}^h(Y_h)+(R_𝒴)_{}^g(X_g)(L_𝒳)_{}^h((R_𝒴)_{}^{\stackrel{~}{x}}(ϵ_{}^x(W))),$$
(2.11)
where $`𝒳,𝒴`$ are any (local) bisections of $`G`$ with $`𝒳(x)=g`$ and $`𝒴(x)=h`$. The tangent Lie algebroid $`TAGTM`$ is just the Lie algebroid associated with the tangent groupoid $`TGTM`$ (for more details, see ).

###### Remark 2.9

If $`G`$ is a Lie group then, from (2.11), it follows that

$$X_g_{TG}Y_h=(L_g)_{}^h(Y_h)+(R_h)_{}^g(X_g),\text{ for }X_gT_gG\text{ and }Y_hT_hG.$$
(2.12)
6.- The cotangent groupoid

Let $`GM`$ be a Lie groupoid. If $`A^{}G`$ is the dual bundle to $`AG`$ then the cotangent bundle $`T^{}G`$ is a Lie groupoid over $`A^{}G`$. The projections $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }`$, the partial multiplication $`_{T^{}G}`$, the inclusion $`\stackrel{~}{ϵ}`$ and the inversion $`\stackrel{~}{\iota }`$ are defined as follows,

$$\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{\alpha }(\omega _g)(X)=\omega _g((L_g)_{}^{\stackrel{~}{\alpha (g)}}(X)),\text{ for }\omega _gT_g^{}G\text{ and }XA_{\alpha (g)}G,\hfill \\ \stackrel{~}{\beta }(\nu _h)(Y)=\nu _h((R_h)_{}^{\stackrel{~}{\beta (h)}}(Yϵ_{}^{\beta (h)}(\alpha _{}^{\stackrel{~}{\beta (h)}}(Y)))),\text{ for }\nu _hT_h^{}G\text{ and }YA_{\beta (h)}G,\hfill \\ (\omega _g_{T^{}G}\nu _h)(X_g_{TG}Y_h)=\omega _g(X_g)+\nu _h(Y_h),\text{ for }(X_g,Y_h)T_{(g,h)}G^{(2)},\hfill \\ \stackrel{~}{ϵ}(\omega _x)(X_{\stackrel{~}{x}})=\omega _x(X_{\stackrel{~}{x}}ϵ_{}^x(\beta _{}^{\stackrel{~}{x}}(X_{\stackrel{~}{x}}))),\text{ for }\omega _xA_x^{}G,X_{\stackrel{~}{x}}T_{\stackrel{~}{x}}G\text{ and }xM,\hfill \\ \stackrel{~}{\iota }(\omega _g)(X_{g^1})=\omega _g(\iota _{}^{g^1}(X_{g^1})),\text{ for }\omega _gT_g^{}G\text{ and }X_{g^1}T_{g^1}G.\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.13)
Note that $`\stackrel{~}{ϵ}(A^{}G)`$ is just the conormal bundle of $`Mϵ(M)`$ as a submanifold of $`G`$.

On the other hand, since $`A^{}G`$ is a Poisson manifold, the cotangent bundle $`T^{}(A^{}G)`$ is a Lie algebroid. In fact, the Lie algebroid of the cotangent Lie groupoid $`T^{}GA^{}G`$ may be identified with $`T^{}(A^{}G)`$ (for more details, see ).

###### Remark 2.10

If $`G`$ is a Lie group and $`\omega _gT_g^{}G`$, $`\nu _hT_h^{}G`$ satisfy $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }(\omega _g)=\stackrel{~}{\beta }(\nu _h)`$ then, from (2.12), it follows that

$$\omega _g_{T^{}G}\nu _h=\frac{1}{2}\left\{((R_{h^1})_{}^{gh})^{}(\omega _g)+((L_{g^1})_{}^{gh})^{}(\nu _h)\right\}.$$
(2.14)
### 2.4 Generalized Lie bialgebroids

In this Section, we will recall the definition of a generalized Lie bialgebroid. First, we will exhibit some results about the differential calculus on Lie algebroids in the presence of a 1-cocycle (for more details, see ).

If $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ is a Lie algebroid over $`M`$ and, in addition, we have a 1-cocycle $`\varphi _0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ then the usual representation of the Lie algebra $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ on the space $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ can be modified and a new representation is obtained. This representation is given by $`\rho _{\varphi _0}(X)(f)=\rho (X)(f)+\varphi _0(X)f`$, for $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ and $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$. The resulting cohomology operator $`d_{\varphi _0}`$ is called the $`\varphi _0`$-differential of $`A`$ and its expression, in terms of the differential $`d`$ of $`A`$, is

$$d_{\varphi _0}\omega =d\omega +\varphi _0\omega $$
(2.15)
for $`\omega \mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA^{})`$. The $`\varphi _0`$-differential of $`A`$ allows us to define, in a natural way, the $`\varphi _0`$-Lie derivative by a section $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$, $`(_{\varphi _0})_X:\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA^{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA^{})`$, as the commutator of $`d_{\varphi _0}`$ and the contraction by $`X`$, that is, $`(_{\varphi _0})_X=d_{\varphi _0}i(X)+i(X)d_{\varphi _0}`$ (for the general definition of the differential and the Lie derivative associated with a representation of a Lie algebroid on a vector bundle, see ).

On the other hand, imitating the definition of the Schouten bracket of two multilinear first-order differential operators on the space of $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ real-valued functions on a manifold $`N`$ (see ), we introduced the $`\varphi _0`$-Schouten bracket of a $`p`$-section $`P`$ and a $`p^{}`$-section $`P^{}`$ as the ($`p+p^{}1`$)-section given by

$$[[P,P^{}]]_{\varphi _0}=[[P,P^{}]]+(1)^{p+1}(p1)P(i(\varphi _0)P^{})(p^{}1)(i(\varphi _0)P)P^{},$$
(2.16)
where $`[[,]]`$ is the usual Schouten bracket of $`A`$ (some properties of the $`\varphi _0`$-Schouten bracket were obtained in ). Moreover, using the $`\varphi _0`$-Schouten bracket, we can define the $`\varphi _0`$-Lie derivative of $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA)`$ by $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ as

$$(_{\varphi _0})_X(P)=[[X,P]]_{\varphi _0}.$$
(2.17)
###### Remark 2.11

The product manifold $`\overline{A}=A\times T\text{}`$ is a vector bundle over $`M\times \text{}`$ and one may define a Lie algebroid structure $`([[,]]\overline{},\overline{\rho })`$ on $`\overline{A}`$, where $`[[,]]\overline{}`$ is the obvious product Lie bracket and $`\overline{\rho }=\rho \times id:\overline{A}TM\times T\text{}`$. The direct sum $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(^pA)\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{p1}A)`$ is a subspace of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(^p\overline{A})`$ and we may consider the monomorphism of $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$-modules $`\overline{U}_{\varphi _0}:\mathrm{\Gamma }(^pA)\mathrm{\Gamma }(^p\overline{A})`$ given by $`\overline{U}_{\varphi _0}(P)=(e^{(p1)t}P,e^{(p1)t}i(\varphi _0)(P))`$. Then, it is easy to prove that $`\overline{U}_{\varphi _0}([[P,P^{}]]_{\varphi _0})=[[\overline{U}_{\varphi _0}(P),\overline{U}_{\varphi _0}(P^{})]]\overline{}`$, for $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }(^pA)`$ and $`P^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }(^p^{}A)`$ (see ).

Now, suppose that $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ is a Lie algebroid and that $`\varphi _0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ is a 1-cocycle. Assume also that the dual bundle $`A^{}`$ admits a Lie algebroid structure $`([[,]]_{},\rho _{})`$ and that $`X_0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ is a 1-cocycle. The pair $`((A,\varphi _0),(A^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebroid if

$$\begin{array}{c}d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}[[X,Y]]=[[X,d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}Y]]_{\varphi _0}[[Y,d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}X]]_{\varphi _0},\hfill \\ (_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{})_{\varphi _0}P+(_{\varphi _0})_{X_0}P=0,\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.18)
for $`X,Y\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ and $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }(^pA)`$, where $`d_{}_{X_0}`$ (respectively, $`_{}_{X_0}`$) is the $`X_0`$-differential (respectively, the $`X_0`$-Lie derivative) of $`A^{}`$. Note that the second equality in (2.18) holds if and only if

$$\begin{array}{c}\varphi _0(X_0)=0,\rho (X_0)=\rho _{}(\varphi _0)\hfill \\ (_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{})_{\varphi _0}X+[[X_0,X]]=0,\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.19)
for $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ (see ). Very recently, an interesting characterization of generalized Lie bialgebroids has been obtained by Grabowski and Marmo  as follows. If we consider the bracket $`[[,]]_{\varphi _0}^{}`$ of a $`p`$-section $`P`$ and a $`p^{}`$-section $`P^{}`$ as the $`(p+p^{}1)`$-section given by $`[[P,P^{}]]_{\varphi _0}^{}=(1)^{p+1}[[P,P^{}]]_{\varphi _0}`$ then $`((A,\varphi _0),(A^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebroid if and only if $`d_{X_0}`$ is a derivation of $`(_k\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA),[[,]]_{\varphi _0}^{})`$, that is,

$$d_{X_0}[[P,P^{}]]_{\varphi _0}^{}=[[d_{X_0}P,P^{}]]_{\varphi _0}^{}+(1)^{p+1}[[P,d_{X_0}P^{}]]_{\varphi _0}^{}$$

for $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }(^pA)`$ and $`P^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{}A)`$. In the particular case when $`\varphi _0=0`$ and $`X_0=0`$, (2.18) is equivalent to the condition $`d_{}[[X,Y]]=[[X,d_{}Y]][[Y,d_{}X]].`$ Thus, the pair $`((A,0),(A^{},0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebroid if and only if the pair $`(A,A^{})`$ is a Lie bialgebroid (see ).

On the other hand, if $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ is a Jacobi manifold, then we proved in  that the pair $`((TM\times \text{},\varphi _0)`$,$`(T^{}M\times \text{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebroid, where $`\varphi _0`$ and $`X_0`$ are the 1-cocycles on $`TM\times \text{}`$ and $`T^{}M\times \text{}`$ given by

$$\varphi _0=(0,1)\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(T^{}M\times \text{}),$$

$$X_0=(E,0)𝔛(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(TM\times \text{}).$$

As a kind of converse, we have the following result.

###### Theorem 2.12

 Let $`((A,\varphi _0),(A^{},X_0))`$ be a generalized Lie bialgebroid over $`M`$. Then, the bracket of functions $`\{,\}_0:C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ given by

$$\{f,g\}_0:=d_{\varphi _0}fd_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}g,\text{ for }f,gC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{}),$$

defines a Jacobi structure on $`M`$.

If $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }_0,E_0)`$ is the Jacobi structure on $`M`$ associated with the Jacobi bracket $`\{,\}_0`$ then

$$\mathrm{\#}_{\mathrm{\Lambda }_0}(\omega _0)=\rho _{}(\rho ^{}(\omega _0)),E_0=\rho _{}(\varphi _0)=\rho (X_0),$$
(2.20)
for $`\omega _0\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)`$, $`\rho ^{}:\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ being the adjoint operator of the anchor map $`\rho :\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)𝔛(M)`$.

Next, we will recall the construction of the Lie bialgebroid associated with a generalized Lie bialgebroid (for more details, see ).

Let $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ be a Lie algebroid over $`M`$ and $`\varphi _0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ be a 1-cocycle. Then, there exists two Lie algebroid structures on the vector bundle $`\stackrel{~}{A}=A\times \text{}M\times \text{}`$. First, we consider the map $`:\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)𝔛(M\times \text{})`$ given by

$$X^{}=\rho (X)\pi _1+(\varphi _0(X)\pi _1)\frac{}{t},$$
(2.21)
where $`\pi _1:M\times \text{}M`$ is the canonical projection onto the first factor. It is easy to prove that $``$ is an action of $`A`$ on $`\pi _1`$ (see Section 2.2). Thus, if $`\pi _1^{}A`$ is the pull-back of $`A`$ over $`\pi _1`$ then the vector bundle $`\pi _1^{}AM\times \text{}`$ admits a Lie algebroid structure $`([[,]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0},\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0})`$. It is clear that the vector bundles $`\pi _1^{}AM\times \text{}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{A}=A\times \text{}M\times \text{}`$ are isomorphic and that the space of sections $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A})`$ of $`\stackrel{~}{A}M\times \text{}`$ can be identified with the set of time-dependent sections of $`AM`$. Under this identification, the Lie algebroid structure $`([[,]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0},\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0})`$ is given by

$$[[\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y}]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}=[[\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y}]]\stackrel{~}{}+\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{X})\frac{\stackrel{~}{Y}}{t}\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{Y})\frac{\stackrel{~}{X}}{t},\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0}(\stackrel{~}{X})=\stackrel{~}{\rho }(\stackrel{~}{X})+\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{X})\frac{}{t},$$
(2.22)
for $`\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A})`$, where $`([[,]]\stackrel{~}{},\stackrel{~}{\rho })`$ is the Lie algebroid structure on $`\pi _1^{}A`$ defined by the zero 1-cocycle and $`{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{X}}{t}}`$ (respectively, $`{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{Y}}{t}}`$) denotes the derivative of $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ (respectively, $`\stackrel{~}{Y}`$) with respect to the time.

Now, let $`\mathrm{\Psi }:\stackrel{~}{A}\stackrel{~}{A}`$ be the isomorphism of vector bundles over the identity defined by $`\mathrm{\Psi }(v,t)=(e^tv,t)`$, for $`(v,t)A\times \text{}=\stackrel{~}{A}`$. Using $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ and the Lie algebroid structure $`([[,]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0},\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0})`$, one can introduce a new Lie algebroid structure $`([[,]]\widehat{}^{\varphi _0},\widehat{\rho }^{\varphi _0})`$ on the vector bundle $`\stackrel{~}{A}M\times \text{}`$ in such a way that the Lie algebroids $`(\stackrel{~}{A},[[,]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0},\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0})`$ and $`(\stackrel{~}{A},[[,]]\widehat{}^{\varphi _0},\widehat{\rho }^{\varphi _0})`$ are isomorphic. We have that

$$\begin{array}{c}[[\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y}]]\widehat{}^{\varphi _0}=e^t\left([[\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y}]]\stackrel{~}{}+\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{X})(\frac{\stackrel{~}{Y}}{t}\stackrel{~}{Y})\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{Y})(\frac{\stackrel{~}{X}}{t}\stackrel{~}{X})\right),\\ \\ \widehat{\rho }^{\varphi _0}(\stackrel{~}{X})=e^t\left(\stackrel{~}{\rho }(\stackrel{~}{X})+\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{X})\frac{}{t}\right),\end{array}$$
(2.23)
for all $`\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A})`$. Moreover, one may prove the following result.

###### Theorem 2.13

 Let $`((A,\varphi _0),(A^{},X_0))`$ be a generalized Lie bialgebroid and $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ be the induced Jacobi structure on $`M`$. Consider on $`\stackrel{~}{A}=A\times \text{}`$ (resp. $`\stackrel{~}{A}^{}=A^{}\times \text{}`$) the Lie algebroid structure $`([[,]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0},\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0})`$ (resp. $`([[,]]_{}\widehat{}^{X_0},\widehat{\rho _{}}^{X_0})`$). Then:

* The pair $`(\stackrel{~}{A},\stackrel{~}{A}^{})`$ is a Lie bialgebroid over $`M\times \text{}`$.
* If $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ is the induced Poisson structure on $`M\times \text{}`$ then $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ is the Poissonization of the Jacobi structure $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$.

## 3 Contact groupoids and 1-jet Lie groupoids

First, we will recall the notion of a contact groupoid.

###### Definition 3.1

 Let $`GM`$ be a Lie groupoid, $`\eta \mathrm{\Omega }^1(G)`$ be a contact 1-form on $`G`$ and $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ be an arbitrary function. If $`_{TG}`$ is the partial multiplication in the Lie groupoid $`TGTM`$, we will say that $`(GM,\eta ,\sigma )`$ is a contact groupoid if and only if

$$\eta _{(gh)}(X_g_{TG}Y_h)=\eta _g(X_g)+e^{\sigma (g)}\eta _h(Y_h),\text{ for }(X_g,Y_h)TG^{(2)}.$$
(3.1)
###### Remark 3.2

Actually, the definition of a contact groupoid given in  is slightly different to the one given here. The relation between both approaches is the following one. If $`(GM,\theta ,\kappa )`$ is a contact groupoid in the sense of  then $`(GM,\eta ,\sigma )`$ is a contact groupoid in the sense of Definition 3.1, where $`\sigma (g)=\kappa (g^1)`$ for $`gG`$, and $`\eta _g`$ is the inverse of $`\theta _{g^1}`$ in the Lie groupoid $`T^{}GA^{}G`$.

If $`(GM,\eta ,\sigma )`$ is a contact groupoid then, using the associativity of $`_{TG}`$, we deduce that $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ is a multiplicative function, that is,

$$\sigma (gh)=\sigma (g)+\sigma (h)$$
(3.2)
for $`(g,h)G^{(2)}`$. In particular, $`\sigma _{|ϵ(M)}0`$ and therefore, using (3.1), it follows that $`\eta _{\stackrel{~}{x}}(ϵ_{}^x(X_x))`$ $`=0`$, for $`xM`$ and $`X_xT_xM`$. Thus, if $`\iota :GG`$ is the inversion of $`G`$, we obtain that $`\iota ^{}\eta =e^\sigma \eta `$. This implies that $`G`$ is a contact groupoid in the sense of . Using this fact, we deduce the following result.

###### Proposition 3.3

Let $`(GM,\eta ,\sigma )`$ be a contact groupoid and suppose that $`dimG=2n+1`$. Then:

* If $`g`$ and $`h`$ are composable elements of $`G`$, we have that

$$\begin{array}{ccc}(\delta \eta )_{gh}(X_g_{TG}Y_h,X_g^{}_{TG}Y_h^{})\hfill & =\hfill & (\delta \eta )_g(X_g,X_g^{})+e^{\sigma (g)}(\delta \eta )_h(Y_h,Y_h^{})\hfill \\ & & +e^{\sigma (g)}(X_g(\sigma )\eta _h(Y_h^{})X_g^{}(\sigma )\eta _h(Y_h)),\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.3)
for $`(X_g,Y_h),(X_g^{},Y_h^{})TG^{(2)}`$.
* $`Mϵ(M)`$ is a Legendre submanifold of $`G`$, that is, $`ϵ^{}\eta =0`$ and $`dimϵ(M)=dimM=n`$.
* If $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ is the Jacobi structure associated with the contact 1-form $`\eta `$, then $`E`$ is a right-invariant vector field on $`G`$ and $`E(\sigma )=0`$. Moreover, if $`X_0\mathrm{\Gamma }(AG)`$ is the section of the Lie algebroid $`AG`$ of $`G`$ satisfying $`E=\stackrel{}{X_0}`$, we have that

$$\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\delta \sigma )=\stackrel{}{X_0}e^\sigma \stackrel{}{X_0}.$$
(3.4)
* If $`\alpha ^T`$, $`\beta ^T`$ and $`ϵ^T`$ (respectively, $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{ϵ}`$) are the projections and the inclusion in the Lie groupoid $`TGTM`$ (respectively, $`T^{}GA^{}G`$) then,

$$e^\sigma \mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }\stackrel{~}{ϵ}\stackrel{~}{\alpha }=ϵ^T\alpha ^T\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }\stackrel{~}{ϵ}\stackrel{~}{\beta }=ϵ^T\beta ^T\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }.$$

Proof: Using the results in , we directly deduce i), ii) and iii).

Now, we will prove iv). Suppose that $`\omega _gT_g^{}G`$. Then, from ii), we conclude that

$$\eta _{\stackrel{~}{\alpha (g)}}(e^{\sigma (g)}\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\stackrel{~}{ϵ}(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }(\omega _g)))=\eta _{\stackrel{~}{\alpha (g)}}(ϵ_{}^{\alpha (g)}(\alpha _{}^g(\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega _g)))=0.$$

Furthermore, if $`X_{\alpha (g)}A_{\alpha (g)}G`$, it follows that

$$ϵ_{}^{\alpha (g)}(\alpha _{}^g(\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega _g)))=\iota _{}^g(\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega _g))_{TG}\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega _g),X_{\alpha (g)}=0_{T_{g^1}G}_{TG}(L_g)_{}^{\stackrel{~}{\alpha (g)}}(X_{\alpha (g)})$$

and consequently, using (2.13), (3.1), (3.3) and (3.4) and the fact that $`\sigma `$ is a multiplicative function, we obtain that

$$(\delta \eta )_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha (g)}}(ϵ_{}^{\alpha (g)}(\alpha _{}^g(\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega _g))),X_{\alpha (g)})=(\delta \eta )_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha (g)}}(e^{\sigma (g)}\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\stackrel{~}{ϵ}(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }(\omega _g))),X_{\alpha (g)}).$$

On the other hand, from (2.13) and ii), we deduce that

$$(\delta \eta )_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha (g)}}(ϵ_{}^{\alpha (g)}(\alpha _{}^g(\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega _g))),ϵ_{}^{\alpha (g)}(Y_{\alpha (g)}))=(\delta \eta )_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha (g)}}(e^{\sigma (g)}\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\stackrel{~}{ϵ}(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }(\omega _g))),ϵ_{}^{\alpha (g)}(Y_{\alpha (g)}))=0$$

for $`Y_{\alpha (g)}T_{\alpha (g)}M`$.

The above facts imply that $`ϵ^T(\alpha ^T(\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega _g)))=e^{\sigma (g)}\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\stackrel{~}{ϵ}(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }(\omega _g)))`$. In a similar way, one may prove that $`\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\stackrel{~}{ϵ}(\stackrel{~}{\beta }(\omega _g)))=ϵ^T(\beta ^T(\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega _g)))`$.         $`QED`$

Using again the results in , we have that

###### Proposition 3.4

Let $`(GM,\eta ,\sigma )`$ be a contact groupoid and $`𝔛_L(G)`$ be the set of left-invariant vector fields on $`G`$. Denote by $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ the Jacobi structure on $`G`$ associated with the contact 1-form $`\eta `$, by $`X_0\mathrm{\Gamma }(AG)`$ the section of the Lie algebroid $`AG`$ of $`G`$ satisfying $`E=\stackrel{}{X_0}`$ and by $`:\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})𝔛(G)`$ the map defined by

$$(\omega _0,f_0)=\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(e^\sigma \alpha ^{}\omega _0)(\alpha ^{}f_0)\stackrel{}{X_0}.$$
(3.5)
Then:

* $``$ defines an isomorphism of $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ modules between the spaces $`\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,`$ $`\text{})`$ and $`𝔛_L(G)`$.
* The base manifold $`M`$ admits a Jacobi structure $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }_0,E_0)`$ in such a way that the projection $`\beta `$ is a Jacobi antimorphism and the pair $`(\alpha ,e^\sigma )`$ is a conformal Jacobi morphism, that is,

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Lambda }_0(\alpha (g))=e^{\sigma (g)}\alpha _{}^g(\mathrm{\Lambda }(g)),E_0(\alpha (g))=\alpha _{}^g(X_{e^\sigma }(g)),\hfill \\ \mathrm{\Lambda }_0(\beta (g))=\beta _{}^g(\mathrm{\Lambda }(g)),E_0(\beta (g))=\beta _{}^g(E(g)),\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.6)
for all $`gG`$, where $`X_{e^\sigma }=e^\sigma \mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\delta \sigma )+e^\sigma E`$ is the hamiltonian vector field of the function $`e^\sigma `$ with respect to the Jacobi structure $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$.
* The map $``$ induces an isomorphism between the Lie algebroids $`(T^{}M\times \text{},[[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda }_0,E_0)},`$ $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda }_0,E_0)})`$ and $`AG`$.

###### Remark 3.5

Denote also by $`:T^{}M\times \text{}AG`$ the Lie algebroid isomorphism induced by the isomorphism of $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$-modules $`:\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})𝔛_L(G)`$. Then, from (3.5) and since $`\sigma `$ is a multiplicative function, it follows that

$$(\omega _x,\gamma )=\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }((\alpha _{}^{\stackrel{~}{x}})^{}(\omega _x))\gamma X_0(x),$$
(3.7)
for $`(\omega _x,\gamma )T_x^{}M\times \text{}`$.

Now, let $`GM`$ be a Lie groupoid and $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ be a multiplicative function. Then, there exists a natural right action of the tangent groupoid $`TGTM`$ on the projection $`\pi _1:TM\times \text{}TM`$ given by

$$(v_x,\lambda )X_g=(v_x,X_g(\sigma )+\lambda ),$$

for $`(v_x,\lambda )TM\times \text{}`$ and $`X_gT_gG`$ satisfying $`\beta ^T(X_g)=\pi _1(v_x,\lambda )`$ (see Examples 2.8). The resulting action groupoid is isomorphic to $`TG\times \text{}TM\times \text{}`$ with projections $`(\alpha ^T)_\sigma `$, $`(\beta ^T)_\sigma `$, partial multiplication $`_{TG\times \text{}}`$, inclusion $`(ϵ^T)_\sigma `$ and inversion $`(\iota ^T)_\sigma `$ given by

$$\begin{array}{c}(\alpha ^T)_\sigma (X_g,\lambda )=(\alpha ^T(X_g),X_g(\sigma )+\lambda ),\text{ for }(X_g,\lambda )T_gG\times \text{},\hfill \\ (\beta ^T)_\sigma (Y_h,\mu )=(\beta ^T(Y_h),\mu ),\text{ for }(Y_h,\mu )T_hG\times \text{},\hfill \\ (X_g,\lambda )_{TG\times \text{}}(Y_h,\mu )=(X_g_{TG}Y_h,\lambda ),\text{ if }(\alpha ^T)_\sigma (X_g,\lambda )=(\beta ^T)_\sigma (Y_h,\mu ),\hfill \\ (ϵ^T)_\sigma (X_x,\lambda )=(ϵ^T(X_x),\lambda ),\text{ for }(X_x,\lambda )T_xM\times \text{},\hfill \\ (\iota ^T)_\sigma (X_g,\lambda )=(\iota ^T(X_g),X_g(\sigma )+\lambda ),\text{ for }(X_g,\lambda )T_gG\times \text{}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.8)
Now, suppose that $`(GM,\eta ,\sigma )`$ is a contact groupoid. Since $`\eta `$ is a contact 1-form, the map $`\mathrm{\#}_{(\delta \eta ,\eta )}:TG\times \text{}T^{}G\times \text{}`$ given by

$$\mathrm{\#}_{(\delta \eta ,\eta )}(X_g,\lambda )=(i(X_g)(\delta \eta )_g\lambda \eta _g,\eta _g(X_g))$$
(3.9)
is an isomorphism of vector bundles. The inverse map of $`\mathrm{\#}_{(\delta \eta ,\eta )}`$ is the homomorphism $`\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}:T^{}G\times \text{}TG\times \text{}`$ defined by

$$\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}(\omega _g,\gamma )=(\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega _g)+\gamma E(g),\omega _g(E(g))),$$
(3.10)
where $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ is the Jacobi structure associated with the contact 1-form $`\eta `$.

On the other hand, if $`A^{}G`$ is the dual bundle to the Lie algebroid $`AG`$ then, since $`ϵ(M)`$ is a Legendre submanifold of $`G`$, the map $`\psi _0:TM\times \text{}A^{}G`$ given by

$$\psi _0(X_x,\lambda )=(i(ϵ_{}^x(X_x))(\delta \eta )_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\lambda \eta _{\stackrel{~}{x}})_{|A_xG},\text{ for }(X_x,\lambda )T_xM\times \text{}$$
(3.11)
is an isomorphism of vector bundles. Note that $`\mathrm{\#}_{(\delta \eta ,\eta )}(ϵ_{}^x(X_x),\lambda )=(\stackrel{~}{ϵ}(\psi _0(X_x,\lambda )),0)`$ and thus the inverse map $`\phi _0:A^{}GTM\times \text{}`$ of $`\psi _0`$ is defined by

$$\phi _0(\omega _x)=(\alpha _{}^{\stackrel{~}{x}}(\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\stackrel{~}{ϵ}(\omega _x))),\omega _x(E_{\stackrel{~}{x}}ϵ_{}^x(\beta _{}^{\stackrel{~}{x}}(E_{\stackrel{~}{x}})))),$$
(3.12)
$`\stackrel{~}{ϵ}:A^{}GT^{}G`$ being the inclusion of identities in the Lie groupoid $`T^{}GA^{}G`$.

Next, we consider the maps $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_\sigma ,\stackrel{~}{\beta }_\sigma :T^{}G\times \text{}A^{}G`$, $`\stackrel{~}{ϵ}_\sigma :A^{}GT^{}G\times \text{}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\iota }_\sigma :T^{}G\times \text{}T^{}G\times \text{}`$ given by

$$\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_\sigma =\psi _0(\alpha ^T)_\sigma \mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)},\stackrel{~}{\beta }_\sigma =\psi _0(\beta ^T)_\sigma \mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)},\hfill \\ \stackrel{~}{ϵ}_\sigma =\mathrm{\#}_{(\delta \eta ,\eta )}(ϵ^T)_\sigma \phi _0,\stackrel{~}{\iota }_\sigma =\mathrm{\#}_{(\delta \eta ,\eta )}(\iota ^T)_\sigma \mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.13)
and the partial multiplication $`_{T^{}G\times \text{}}`$ defined as follows. If $`(\omega _g,\gamma ),(\nu _h,\zeta )T^{}G\times \text{}`$ satisfy $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_\sigma (\omega _g,\gamma )=\stackrel{~}{\beta }_\sigma (\nu _h,\zeta )`$ then

$$(\omega _g,\gamma )_{T^{}G\times \text{}}(\nu _h,\zeta )=\mathrm{\#}_{(\delta \eta ,\eta )}\left(\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}(\omega _g,\gamma )_{TG\times \text{}}\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}(\nu _h,\zeta )\right).$$
(3.14)
It is clear $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_\sigma `$, $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }_\sigma `$, $`\stackrel{~}{ϵ}_\sigma `$, $`\stackrel{~}{\iota }_\sigma `$ and the partial multiplication $`_{T^{}G\times \text{}}`$ are the structural functions of a Lie groupoid structure in $`T^{}G\times \text{}`$ over $`A^{}G`$. In addition, the map $`\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}:T^{}G\times \text{}TG\times \text{}`$ is a Lie groupoid isomorphism over $`\phi _0:A^{}GTM\times \text{}`$.

###### Lemma 3.6

If $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }`$, $`_{T^{}G}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{ϵ}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\iota }`$ are the structural functions of the Lie groupoid $`T^{}GA^{}G`$, we have that

$$\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_\sigma (\omega _g,\gamma )=e^{\sigma (g)}\stackrel{~}{\alpha }(\omega _g),\text{ for }(\omega _g,\gamma )T_g^{}G\times \text{},\hfill \\ \stackrel{~}{\beta }_\sigma (\nu _h,\zeta )=\stackrel{~}{\beta }(\nu _h)\zeta (\delta \sigma )_{\stackrel{~}{\beta (h)}}{}_{|A_{\beta (h)}G}{}^{},\text{ for }(\nu _h,\zeta )T_h^{}G\times \text{},\hfill \\ \left((\omega _g,\gamma )_{T^{}G\times \text{}}(\nu _h,\zeta )\right)=((\omega _g+e^{\sigma (g)}\zeta (\delta \sigma )_g)_{T^{}G}(e^{\sigma (g)}\nu _h),\gamma +e^{\sigma (g)}\zeta )\hfill \\ \stackrel{~}{ϵ}_\sigma (\omega _x)=(\stackrel{~}{ϵ}(\omega _x),0),\text{ for }\omega _xA_x^{}G,\hfill \\ \stackrel{~}{\iota }_\sigma (\omega _g,\gamma )=(e^{\sigma (g)}(\stackrel{~}{\iota }(\omega _g)\gamma (\delta \sigma )_{g^1}),e^{\sigma (g)}\gamma ),\text{ for }(\omega _g,\gamma )T_g^{}G\times \text{}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.15)
Proof: A long computation, using (2.13), (3.1), (3.2), (3.8)-(3.14) and Proposition 3.3, proves the result.         $`QED`$

Note that the maps $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_\sigma `$, $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }_\sigma `$, $`\stackrel{~}{ϵ}_\sigma `$, $`\stackrel{~}{\iota }_\sigma `$ and the partial multiplication $`_{T^{}G\times \text{}}`$ do not depend on the contact 1-form $`\eta `$. In fact, one may prove the following result.

###### Theorem 3.7

Let $`GM`$ be an arbitrary Lie groupoid with Lie algebroid $`AG`$ and $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ be a multiplicative function. Then:

* The product manifold $`T^{}G\times \text{}`$ admits a Lie groupoid structure over $`A^{}G`$ with structural functions given by (3.15).
* If $`\eta _G`$ is the canonical contact 1-form on $`T^{}G\times \text{}`$ and $`\overline{\pi }_G:T^{}G\times \text{}G`$ is the canonical projection then $`(T^{}G\times \text{}A^{}G,\eta _G,\sigma \overline{\pi }_G)`$ is a contact groupoid.

Proof: Since $`\sigma `$ is a multiplicative function, we obtain that

$$ϵ^{}\sigma =0.$$
(3.16)
Moreover, if $`(g,h)G^{(2)}`$ and $`\alpha (g)=\beta (h)=xM`$ then, from (2.13), it follows that

$$\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{\alpha }((\delta \sigma )_g)=\stackrel{~}{\beta }((\delta \sigma )_h)=(\delta \sigma )_{\stackrel{~}{x}}{}_{|A_xG}{}^{},\hfill \\ (\delta \sigma )_{gh}=(\delta \sigma )_g_{T^{}G}(\delta \sigma )_h.\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.17)
In addition, using again (2.13) and the fact that $`\sigma `$ is a multiplicative function, we have that

$$\stackrel{~}{ϵ}((\delta \sigma )_{\stackrel{~}{x}}{}_{|A_xG}{}^{})=(\delta \sigma )_{\stackrel{~}{x}},\stackrel{~}{\iota }((\delta \sigma )_g)=(\delta \sigma )_{g^1},$$
(3.18)
for $`xM`$ and $`gG`$.

Thus, from (3.15)-(3.18), we deduce i).

Now, let $`G\times \text{}M`$ be the semi-direct Lie groupoid with projections $`\alpha ^{}`$, $`\beta ^{}`$, partial multiplication $`m^{}`$, inclusion $`ϵ^{}`$ and inversion $`\iota ^{}`$ defined by

$$\begin{array}{c}\alpha ^{}(g,\gamma )=\alpha (g),\beta ^{}(g,\gamma )=\beta (g),\text{ for }(g,\gamma )G\times \text{},\hfill \\ m^{}((g,\gamma ),(h,\zeta ))=(gh,\gamma +e^{\sigma (g)}\zeta ),\text{ for }((g,\gamma ),(h,\zeta ))(G\times \text{})^{(2)},\hfill \\ ϵ^{}(x)=(ϵ(x),0),\text{ for }xM,\hfill \\ \iota ^{}(g,\gamma )=(\iota (g),e^{\sigma (g)}\gamma ),\text{ for }(g,\gamma )G\times \text{}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.19)
Using (3.19), one may prove that the partial multiplication $`_{T(G\times \text{})}`$ in the tangent Lie groupoid $`T(G\times \text{})TM`$ is given by

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \left(X_g+\psi \frac{}{t}_{|\gamma }\right)_{T(G\times \text{})}\left(Y_h+\phi \frac{}{t}_{|\zeta }\right)& =& (X_g_{TG}Y_h)\hfill \\ & & +(\psi +e^{\sigma (g)}(\zeta X_g(\sigma )+\phi ))\frac{}{t}_{|\gamma +e^{\sigma (g)}\zeta }.\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.20)
Next, we consider the map $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_G:T^{}G\times \text{}G\times \text{}`$ given by

$$\stackrel{~}{\pi }_G(\omega _g,\gamma )=(\pi _G(\omega _g),\gamma ),\text{ for }(\omega _g,\gamma )T_g^{}G\times \text{},$$

where $`\pi _G:T^{}GG`$ is the canonical projection. From (3.15) and (3.19), we deduce that $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_G`$ is a Lie groupoid morphism over the map $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_0:A^{}GM`$ defined by

$$\stackrel{~}{\pi }_0(\omega _x)=x,\text{ for }\omega _xA_x^{}G.$$

Therefore, the tangent map to $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_G`$, $`T\stackrel{~}{\pi }_G:T(T^{}G\times \text{})T(G\times \text{})`$, given by

$$T\stackrel{~}{\pi }_G(X_{\omega _g}+\psi \frac{}{t}_{|\gamma })=(\pi _G)_{}^{\omega _g}(X_{\omega _g})+\psi \frac{}{t}_{|\gamma },$$
(3.21)
for $`X_{\omega _g}+\psi \frac{}{t}_{|\gamma }T_{(\omega _g,\gamma )}(G\times \text{})`$, is also a Lie groupoid morphism (over the map $`T\stackrel{~}{\pi }_0:T(A^{}G)TM`$) between the tangent Lie groupoids $`T(T^{}G\times \text{})T(A^{}G)`$ and $`T(G\times \text{})TM`$.

On the other hand, if $`\eta _G`$ is the canonical contact 1-form on $`T^{}G\times \text{}`$ then $`\eta _G=\lambda _G\delta t`$, $`\lambda _G`$ being the Liouville 1-form on $`T^{}G`$, and (see (3.21))

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\eta _G{}_{(\omega _g,\lambda )}{}^{}(X_{\omega _g}+\psi \frac{}{t}_{|\gamma })\hfill & =\hfill & \lambda _G{}_{(\omega _g)}{}^{}(X_{\omega _g})\delta t_{|\gamma }(\psi \frac{}{t}_{|\gamma })=\omega _g((\pi _G)_{}^{\omega _g}(X_{\omega _g}))\psi \hfill \\ & =\hfill & (\omega _g\delta t_{|\gamma })(T\stackrel{~}{\pi }_G(X_{\omega _g}+\psi \frac{}{t}_{|\gamma })).\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.22)
Thus, using (3.15), (3.20), (3.21), (3.22) and the fact that $`T\stackrel{~}{\pi }_G`$ is a Lie groupoid morphism, we conclude that

$$\eta _G{}_{((\omega _g,\gamma )_{T^{}G\times \text{}}(\nu _h,\zeta ))}{}^{}=\eta _G{}_{(\omega _g,\gamma )}{}^{}_{T^{}(T^{}G\times \text{})}^{}(e^{\sigma (g)}\eta _G{}_{(\nu _h,\zeta )}{}^{}),$$

that is, $`(T^{}G\times \text{}A^{}G,\eta _G,\overline{\sigma })`$ is a contact groupoid, where $`\overline{\sigma }C^{\mathrm{}}(T^{}G\times \text{})`$ is the function given by $`\overline{\sigma }=\sigma \overline{\pi }_G`$.         $`QED`$

###### Remark 3.8

Let $`GM`$ be a Lie groupoid, $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ be a multiplicative function and $`TG\times \text{}TM\times \text{}`$, $`T^{}G\times \text{}A^{}G`$ be the corresponding Lie groupoids with structural functions given by (3.8) and (3.15). If $`\sigma `$ identically vanishes then we recover, by projection, the Lie groupoids $`TGTM`$ and $`T^{}GA^{}G`$ (see Examples 2.8).

###### Remark 3.9

i) A Lie groupoid $`GM`$ is said to be symplectic if $`G`$ admits a symplectic 2-form $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ in such a way that the graph of the partial multiplication in $`G`$ is a Lagrangian submanifold of the symplectic manifold $`(G\times G\times G,\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Omega }(\mathrm{\Omega }))`$ (see ). If $`GM`$ is an arbitrary Lie groupoid with Lie algebroid $`AG`$ and on the cotangent Lie groupoid $`T^{}G`$ we consider the canonical symplectic $`2`$-form $`\mathrm{\Omega }_G=\delta \lambda _G`$ then $`T^{}G`$ is a symplectic groupoid over $`A^{}G`$ (see ).

ii) Let $`GM`$ be a symplectic groupoid with exact symplectic 2-form $`\mathrm{\Omega }=\delta \theta `$. Then, since  is a Lie group, the product manifold $`G\times \text{}`$ is a Lie groupoid over $`M`$ (see Examples 2.8, 3). In addition, $`(G\times \text{}M,\eta ,0)`$ is a contact groupoid, where $`\eta `$ is the 1-form on $`G\times \text{}`$ given by $`\eta =\pi _1^{}(\theta )\pi _2^{}(\delta t)`$, and $`\pi _1:G\times \text{}G`$, $`\pi _2:G\times \text{}\text{}`$ are the canonical projections (see ). In particular, if $`GM`$ is an arbitrary Lie groupoid with Lie algebroid $`AG`$ then we have that $`(T^{}G\times \text{}A^{}G,\eta _G,0)`$ is a contact groupoid, $`\eta _G`$ being the canonical contact 1-form on $`T^{}G\times \text{}`$. Note that, using Theorem 3.7, we directly deduce this result.

Let $`GM`$ be an arbitrary Lie groupoid with Lie algebroid $`AG`$ and $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ be a multiplicative function. From Proposition 3.4, it follows that the contact groupoid structure on $`T^{}G\times \text{}`$ induces a Jacobi structure on the vector bundle $`A^{}G`$. Next, we will describe such a Jacobi structure. For this purpose, we will recall the definition of the linear Jacobi structure associated with a Lie algebroid and a 1-cocycle on it (for more details, see ).

Suppose that $`(L,[[,]],\rho )`$ is a Lie algebroid over $`M`$ and denote by $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_L^{}`$ the corresponding linear Poisson structure on $`L^{}`$ (see Section 2.2). If $`\omega _0\mathrm{\Gamma }(L^{})`$ is a 1-cocycle of $`L`$, $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is the Liouville vector field of $`L^{}`$ and $`\omega _0^v𝔛(L^{})`$ is the vertical lift of $`\omega _0`$, we have that the pair $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }_{(L^{},\omega _0)},E_{(L^{},\omega _0)})`$ is a Jacobi structure on $`L^{}`$, where

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_{(L^{},\omega _0)}=\mathrm{\Lambda }_L^{}+\mathrm{\Delta }\omega _0^v,E_{(L^{},\omega _0)}=\omega _0^v.$$
(3.23)
The Jacobi bracket $`\{,\}_{(L^{},\omega _0)}`$ associated with the Jacobi structure $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }_{(L^{},\omega _0)},E_{(L^{},\omega _0)})`$ is characterized by the following conditions

$$\{\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y}\}_{(L^{},\omega _0)}=\stackrel{~}{[[X,Y]]},\{\stackrel{~}{X},1\}_{(L^{},\omega _0)}=\omega _0(X)\tau ^{},$$
(3.24)
for $`X,Y\mathrm{\Gamma }(L)`$, $`\tau ^{}:L^{}M`$ being the bundle projection. Here, if $`Z\mathrm{\Gamma }(L)`$, we denote by $`\stackrel{~}{Z}`$ the corresponding linear function on $`L^{}`$ (see ).

###### Theorem 3.10

Let $`GM`$ be a Lie groupoid with Lie algebroid $`AG`$ and $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ be a multiplicative function. If $`\overline{\pi }_G:T^{}G\times \text{}G`$ is the canonical projection, $`\eta _G`$ is the canonical contact 1-form on $`T^{}G\times \text{}`$ and $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }_0,E_0)`$ is the Jacobi structure on $`A^{}G`$ induced by the contact groupoid $`(T^{}G\times \text{}A^{}G,\eta _G,\overline{\sigma }=\sigma \overline{\pi }_G)`$ then

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_0=\mathrm{\Lambda }_{(A^{}G,\varphi _0)},E_0=E_{(A^{}G,\varphi _0)},$$
(3.25)
where $`\varphi _0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{}G)`$ is the 1-cocycle of the Lie algebroid $`AG`$ defined by

$$\varphi _0(x)(X_x)=X_x(\sigma ),\text{ for }xM\text{ and }X_xA_xG.$$
(3.26)
Proof: Denote by $`\pi _1:T^{}G\times \text{}T^{}G`$ the canonical projection onto the first factor. It is easy to prove that $`\pi _1`$ is a Jacobi morphism between the contact manifold $`(T^{}G\times \text{},\eta _G)`$ and the symplectic manifold $`(T^{}G,\mathrm{\Omega }_G)`$. This means that

$$\{f\pi _1,g\pi _1\}_{T^{}G\times \text{}}=\{f,g\}_{T^{}G}\pi _1,$$
(3.27)
for $`f,gC^{\mathrm{}}(T^{}G,\text{})`$, $`\{,\}_{T^{}G\times \text{}}`$ (respectively, $`\{,\}_{T^{}G}`$) being the Jacobi bracket (respectively, Poisson bracket) associated with the contact 1-form $`\eta _G`$ (respectively, the symplectic 2-form $`\mathrm{\Omega }_G`$).

Now, suppose that $`\{,\}_0`$ is the Jacobi bracket associated with the Jacobi structure $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }_0,E_0)`$. From (3.6), it follows that

$$\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_\sigma ^{}\{\stackrel{~}{f},\stackrel{~}{g}\}_0=e^{\overline{\sigma }}\{e^{\overline{\sigma }}\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_\sigma ^{}\stackrel{~}{f},e^{\overline{\sigma }}\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_\sigma ^{}\stackrel{~}{g}\}_{T^{}G\times \text{}}$$
(3.28)
for $`\stackrel{~}{f},\stackrel{~}{g}C^{\mathrm{}}(T^{}G\times \text{},\text{})`$. Thus, if $`X,Y\mathrm{\Gamma }(AG)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y}`$ are the corresponding linear functions on $`A^{}G`$, then (see (3.15), (3.27) and (3.28))

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\{\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y}\}_0(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_\sigma (\omega _g,\gamma ))\hfill & =\hfill & (e^{\overline{\sigma }}\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }^{}(\stackrel{~}{X})\pi _1,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }^{}(\stackrel{~}{Y})\pi _1\}_{T^{}G\times \text{}})(\omega _g,\gamma )\hfill \\ & =\hfill & e^{\sigma (g)}\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }^{}(\stackrel{~}{X}),\stackrel{~}{\alpha }^{}(\stackrel{~}{Y})\}_{T^{}G}(\omega _g),\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.29)
for $`(\omega _g,\gamma )T_g^{}G\times \text{}`$. On the other hand, using the results in , we have that

$$(\pi _G)_{}^{\nu _h}(X_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }^{}(\stackrel{~}{X})}^{\mathrm{\Omega }_G}(\nu _h))=\stackrel{}{X}(h),(\pi _G)_{}^{\nu _h}(X_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }^{}(\stackrel{~}{Y})}^{\mathrm{\Omega }_G}(\nu _h))=\stackrel{}{Y}(h),$$
(3.30)
for $`hG`$ and $`\nu _hT_h^{}G`$, where $`X_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }^{}(\stackrel{~}{X})}^{\mathrm{\Omega }_G}`$ (respectively, $`X_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }^{}(\stackrel{~}{Y})}^{\mathrm{\Omega }_G}`$) is the hamiltonian vector field of the function $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }^{}(\stackrel{~}{X})`$ (respectively, $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }^{}(\stackrel{~}{Y})`$) with respect to the symplectic structure $`\mathrm{\Omega }_G`$. Therefore, $`_{X_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }^{}(\stackrel{~}{X})}^{\mathrm{\Omega }_G}}\lambda _G=_{X_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }^{}(\stackrel{~}{Y})}^{\mathrm{\Omega }_G}}\lambda _G=0`$ and from (3.29) and (3.30), we conclude that

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \{\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y}\}_0(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_\sigma (\omega _g,\gamma ))& =& e^{\sigma (g)}\lambda _G(\omega _g)[X_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }^{}(\stackrel{~}{X})}^{\mathrm{\Omega }_G},X_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }^{}(\stackrel{~}{Y})}^{\mathrm{\Omega }_G}](\omega _g)\hfill \\ & =& e^{\sigma (g)}\omega _g(\stackrel{}{[[X,Y]]}(g))=\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_\sigma (\omega _g,\gamma )([[X,Y]](\alpha (g))),\hfill \end{array}$$

$`[[,]]`$ being the Lie bracket on $`AG`$. Consequently,

$$\{\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y}\}_0=\stackrel{~}{[[X,Y]]}.$$
(3.31)
Next, we will show that

$$\{\stackrel{~}{X},1\}_0=\varphi _0(X)\tau _{A^{}G},$$
(3.32)
where $`\tau _{A^{}G}:A^{}GM`$ is the bundle projection. Using (3.15), (3.27) and (3.28), it follows that

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \{\stackrel{~}{X},1\}_0(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_\sigma (\omega _g,\gamma ))& =& (e^{\overline{\sigma }}\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }^{}(\stackrel{~}{X})\pi _1,e^{\sigma \pi _G}\pi _1\}_{T^{}G\times \text{}})(\omega _g,\gamma )\hfill \\ & =& e^{\sigma (g)}\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }^{}(\stackrel{~}{X}),e^{\sigma \pi _G}\}_{T^{}G}(\omega _g)=(\pi _G)_{}^{\omega _g}(X_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }^{}(\stackrel{~}{X})}^{\mathrm{\Omega }_G}(\omega _g))(\sigma ).\hfill \end{array}$$

Thus, from (3.26) and (3.30), we obtain that

$$\{\stackrel{~}{X},1\}_0(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_\sigma (\omega _g,\gamma ))=(\varphi _0(X)\tau _{A^{}G})(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_\sigma (\omega _g,\gamma )).$$

This implies that (3.32) holds.

Finally, using (3.31) and (3.32), we deduce (3.25).         $`QED`$

## 4 Jacobi groupoids

### 4.1 Jacobi groupoids: definition and examples

Motivated by the results obtained in Section 3 about contact groupoids, we introduce the following definition.

###### Definition 4.1

Let $`GM`$ be a Lie groupoid, $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ be a Jacobi structure on $`G`$ and $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ be a multiplicative function. Then, $`(GM,\mathrm{\Lambda },E,\sigma )`$ is a Jacobi groupoid if the homomorphism $`\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}:T^{}G\times \text{}TG\times \text{}`$ given by

$$\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}(\omega _g,\gamma )=(\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega _g)+\gamma E_g,\omega _g(E_g))$$

is a morphism of Lie groupoids over some map $`\phi _0:A^{}GTM\times \text{}`$, where the structural functions of the Lie groupoid structure on $`T^{}G\times \text{}A^{}G`$ (respectively, $`TG\times \text{}TM\times \text{}`$) are given by (3.15) (respectively, (3.8)).

###### Remark 4.2

Since $`\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}:T^{}G\times \text{}TG\times \text{}`$ is a morphism of Lie groupoids, we deduce that

$$\phi _0=(\alpha ^T)_\sigma \mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}\stackrel{~}{ϵ}_\sigma =(\beta ^T)_\sigma \mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}\stackrel{~}{ϵ}_\sigma .$$

Thus, if $`\omega _xA_x^{}G`$, it follows that

$$\phi _0(\omega _x)=(\alpha _{}^{\stackrel{~}{x}}(\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\stackrel{~}{ϵ}(\omega _x))),\omega _x(E(\stackrel{~}{x})ϵ_{}^x(\beta _{}^{\stackrel{~}{x}}(E(\stackrel{~}{x}))))).$$
(4.1)
###### Examples 4.3

1.-Poisson groupoids

If $`(GM,\mathrm{\Lambda },E,\sigma )`$ is a Jacobi groupoid with $`E=0`$ and $`\sigma =0`$ then we recover the definition of a Poisson groupoid (see  and Remark 3.8).

2.-Contact groupoids

Let $`(GM,\eta ,\sigma )`$ be a contact groupoid. If $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ is the Jacobi structure associated with the contact 1-form $`\eta `$ then, using the results in Section 3, we have that $`(GM,\mathrm{\Lambda },E,\sigma )`$ is a Jacobi groupoid.

3.-Jacobi-Lie groups

In , we proved that generalized Lie bialgebras (that is, generalized Lie bialgebroids over a single point) may be considered as the infinitesimal invariants of a particular class of Lie groups. These Lie groups can be defined as follows. Let $`G`$ be a Lie group with identity element $`𝔢`$, $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ be a multiplicative function and $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ be a Jacobi structure on $`G`$ such that:

1. $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is $`\sigma `$-multiplicative, i.e., $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(gh)=(R_h)_{}^g(\mathrm{\Lambda }(g))+e^{\sigma (g)}(L_g)_{}^h(\mathrm{\Lambda }(h)),`$ for $`g,hG`$.
2. $`E`$ is a right-invariant vector field, $`E(𝔢)=X_0`$.
3. $`\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\delta \sigma )=\stackrel{}{X}_0e^\sigma \stackrel{}{X}_0.`$

Condition (i) implies that $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(𝔢)=0`$ and conditions (ii) and (iii) imply that $`E(\sigma )=0`$. Thus, using again (ii) and (iii), we deduce that

$$(\alpha ^T)_\sigma \mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}=\phi _0\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_\sigma ,(\beta ^T)_\sigma \mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}=\phi _0\stackrel{~}{\beta }_\sigma .$$

In addition, from condition (ii) and (iii), we have that

$$(L_g)_{}^hE_h=e^{\sigma (g)}(E_{gh}+(R_h)_{}^g(\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\delta \sigma )_g)),$$
(4.2)
for $`g,hG`$.

Now, suppose that $`(\omega _g,\gamma )T_g^{}G\times \text{}`$ and $`(\nu _h,\zeta )T_h^{}G\times \text{}`$ satisfy the condition $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_\sigma (\omega _g,\gamma )=\stackrel{~}{\beta }_\sigma (\nu _h,\zeta )`$. Then,

$$\stackrel{~}{\alpha }(\omega _g+\zeta e^{\sigma (g)}(\delta \sigma )_g)=\stackrel{~}{\beta }(e^{\sigma (g)}\nu _h).$$
(4.3)
Thus, using (2.12), (3.8), (4.2) and the fact that $`E`$ is a right-invariant vector field, we deduce that

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}(\omega _g,\gamma )_{TG\times \text{}}\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}(\nu _h,\zeta )=\hfill \\ ((L_g)_{}^h(\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\nu _h))+(R_h)_{}^g(\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega _g+\zeta e^{\sigma (g)}(\delta \sigma )_g)+(\gamma +e^{\sigma (g)}\zeta )E_{gh},\omega _g(E_g)).\hfill \end{array}$$

On the other hand, $`E_{gh}=E_g_{TG}0_h,`$ and therefore, from (2.14) and (3.15), it follows that

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}((\omega _g,\gamma )_{T^{}G\times \text{}}(\nu _h,\zeta ))=\hfill \\ (\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }\{((R_{h^1})_{}^{gh})^{}(\omega _g+\zeta e^{\sigma (g)}(\delta \sigma )_g)+((L_{g^1})_{}^{gh})^{}(e^{\sigma (g)}\nu _h)\}\hfill \\ +(\gamma +e^{\sigma (g)}\zeta )E_{gh},\omega _g(E_g)).\hfill \end{array}$$

Consequently, using (2.13), (4.3) and the fact that $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is $`\sigma `$-multiplicative, we conclude that

$$\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}(\omega _g,\gamma )_{TG\times \text{}}\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}(\nu _h,\zeta )=\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}((\omega _g,\gamma )_{T^{}G\times \text{}}(\nu _h,\zeta )).$$

Thus, we have proved that $`(GM,\mathrm{\Lambda },E,\sigma )`$ is a Jacobi groupoid.

4.-An abelian Jacobi groupoid

Let $`(L,[[,]],\rho )`$ be a Lie algebroid over $`M`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_L^{}`$ be the corresponding linear Poisson structure on the dual bundle $`L^{}`$ (see Section 2.2). We may consider on $`L^{}`$ the Lie groupoid structure for which $`\alpha =\beta `$ is the vector bundle projection and the partial multiplication is the addition in the fibers. Then, $`L^{}`$ with the Poisson structure $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_L^{}`$ is a Poisson groupoid (see ).

Now, suppose that $`\omega _0\mathrm{\Gamma }(L^{})`$ is a 1-cocycle of $`L`$ and denote by $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }_{(L^{},\omega _0)},E_{(L^{},\omega _0)})`$ the Jacobi structure on $`L^{}`$ given by (3.23). Note that: i) The Liouville vector field $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ of $`L^{}`$ and the vertical lift $`\omega _0^v𝔛(L^{})`$ of $`\omega _0`$ to $`L^{}`$ are $`\alpha `$-vertical and $`\beta `$-vertical vector fields on $`L^{},`$ and ii) $`\omega _0^v`$ is a right-invariant and left-invariant vector field on $`L^{}`$. Using i), ii), (2.11), (3.8), (3.15), (3.23) and the fact that $`(L^{},\mathrm{\Lambda }_L^{})`$ is a Poisson groupoid, we deduce that $`(L^{}M,\mathrm{\Lambda }_{(L^{},\omega _0)},E_{(L^{},\omega _0)},0)`$ is a Jacobi groupoid.

5.-The banal Jacobi groupoid

Let $`M`$ be a differentiable manifold. The results in Section 2.3 (see Examples 2.8) imply that $`G=M\times \text{}\times M`$ is a Lie groupoid over $`M`$ and, moreover, the function $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ given by $`\sigma (x,t,y)=t`$ is multiplicative. Thus, we can consider the corresponding Lie groupoids $`TG\times \text{}TM\times \text{}`$ and $`T^{}G\times \text{}A^{}G`$.

On the other hand, the map $`\mathrm{\Phi }:TM\times \text{}AG`$ given by

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(X_x,\lambda )=(0,\lambda \frac{}{t}_{|0},X_x)T_{(x,0,x)}G,\text{ for }(X_x,\lambda )T_xM\times \text{},$$
(4.4)
defines an isomorphism between the Lie algebroids $`(TM\times \text{},\text{[}\text{ , }\text{]},\pi )`$ (see Section 2.2) and $`AG`$. Thus, $`AG`$ may be identified with $`TM\times \text{}`$ and, under this identification, the projections and the partial multiplications on $`TG\times \text{}`$ and $`T^{}G\times \text{}`$ are given by

$$\begin{array}{c}(\alpha ^T)_\sigma ((X_x,a\frac{}{t}_{|t},Y_y),\lambda )=(Y_y,a+\lambda ),\hfill \\ (\beta ^T)_\sigma ((X_x^{}^{},a^{}\frac{}{t}_{|t^{}},Y_y^{}^{}),\lambda ^{})=(X_x^{}^{},\lambda ^{}),\hfill \\ ((X_x,a\frac{}{t}_{|t},Y_y),\lambda )_{TG\times \text{}}((Y_y,a^{}\frac{}{t}_{|t^{}},Y_y^{}^{}),a+\lambda )=((X_x,(a+a^{})\frac{}{t}_{|t+t^{}},Y_y^{}^{}),\lambda ),\hfill \\ \stackrel{~}{\alpha }_\sigma ((\omega _x,a\delta t_{|t},\theta _y),\gamma )=(e^t\theta _y,\gamma ),\hfill \\ \stackrel{~}{\beta }_\sigma ((\omega _x^{}^{},a^{}\delta t_{|t^{}},\theta _y^{}^{}),\gamma ^{})=(\omega _x^{}^{},a^{}\gamma ^{}),\hfill \\ ((\omega _x,a\delta t_{|t},\theta _y),\gamma )_{T^{}G\times \text{}}((e^t\theta _y,a^{}\delta t_{|t^{}},\theta _y^{}^{}),a^{}e^ta)=\hfill \\ ((\omega _x,a^{}e^t\delta t_{|t+t^{}},e^t\theta _y^{}^{}),\gamma a+e^ta^{}).\hfill \end{array}$$

Now, suppose that $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ is a Jacobi structure on $`M`$. Then, it was proved in  that the pair $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }^{},E^{})`$ is a Jacobi structure on $`G`$, where

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(x,t,y)=\left(\mathrm{\Lambda }(x)\frac{}{t}_{|t}E(x)\right)+e^t\left(\mathrm{\Lambda }(y)+\frac{}{t}_{|t}E(y)\right),E^{}(x,t,y)=E(x).$$
(4.5)
Furthermore, it is easy to prove that the map $`\phi _0:A^{}GT^{}M\times \text{}TM\times \text{}`$ given by (4.1) is just the homomorphism $`\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}:T^{}M\times \text{}TM\times \text{}`$. Using the above facts, we conclude that $`(GM,\mathrm{\Lambda }^{},E^{},\sigma )`$ is a Jacobi groupoid.

### 4.2 Some basic properties of Jacobi groupoids

In this Section, we will show some basic properties of Jacobi groupoids.

###### Proposition 4.4

Let $`(GM,\mathrm{\Lambda },E,\sigma )`$ be a Jacobi groupoid. Then:

* $`Mϵ(M)`$ is a coisotropic submanifold in $`G`$.
* $`E`$ is a right-invariant vector field on $`G`$ and $`E(\sigma )=0`$. Moreover, if $`X_0\mathrm{\Gamma }(AG)`$ is the section of the Lie algebroid $`AG`$ of $`G`$ satisfying $`E=\stackrel{}{X_0}`$, we have that

$$\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\delta \sigma )=\stackrel{}{X_0}e^\sigma \stackrel{}{X_0}.$$
(4.6)
* If $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{ϵ}`$ are the projections and the inclusion of the Lie groupoid $`T^{}GA^{}G`$ then

$$e^\sigma \mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }\stackrel{~}{ϵ}\stackrel{~}{\alpha }=ϵ^T\alpha ^T\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }\stackrel{~}{ϵ}\stackrel{~}{\beta }=ϵ^T\beta ^T\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }.$$
* If $`g`$ and $`h`$ are elements of $`G`$ such that $`\alpha (g)=\beta (h)=x`$ and $`𝒳`$ and $`𝒴`$ are (local) bisections through the points $`g`$ and $`h`$, $`𝒳(x)=g`$ and $`𝒴(x)=h`$, then

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }(gh)=(R_𝒴)_{}^g(\mathrm{\Lambda }(g))+e^{\sigma (g)}(L_𝒳)_{}^h(\mathrm{\Lambda }(h))e^{\sigma (g)}(L_𝒳R_𝒴)_{}^{\stackrel{~}{x}}(\mathrm{\Lambda }(\stackrel{~}{x})).$$
(4.7)

Proof: If $`x`$ is a point of $`M`$ then, using (2.13), we obtain that the map

$$\stackrel{~}{ϵ}_{|A_x^{}G}:A_x^{}GT_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^{}G$$

is a linear isomorphism between the vector spaces $`A_x^{}G`$ and the annihilator of the subspace $`T_{\stackrel{~}{x}}ϵ(M)`$, that is, $`(T_{\stackrel{~}{x}}ϵ(M))^{}`$. Thus, from (2.10), (2.13), (3.8), (3.15), (4.1) and since $`(ϵ^T)_\sigma \phi _0=\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}\stackrel{~}{ϵ}_\sigma ,`$ it follows that $`Mϵ(M)`$ is a coisotropic submanifold in $`G`$ with respect to $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. This proves i).

On the other hand, using (2.10), (2.13), (3.8), (3.15), (4.1) and the relations

$$(\alpha ^T)_\sigma \mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}=\phi _0\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_\sigma ,(\beta ^T)_\sigma \mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}=\phi _0\stackrel{~}{\beta }_\sigma ,$$

we deduce ii) and iii).

Finally, we will prove iv). Using the multiplicative function $`\sigma `$, one may introduce the Lie groupoid structure in $`T^{}G`$ over $`A^{}G`$ with structural functions $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_\sigma ^{}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }_\sigma ^{}`$, $`_{T^{}G}^\sigma `$, $`\stackrel{~}{ϵ}_\sigma ^{}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\iota }_\sigma ^{}`$ given by

$$\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_\sigma ^{}(\omega _g)=e^{\sigma (g)}\stackrel{~}{\alpha }(\omega _g),\stackrel{~}{\beta }_\sigma ^{}(\nu _h)=\stackrel{~}{\beta }(\nu _h),\text{ for }\omega _gT_g^{}G\text{ and }\nu _hT_h^{}G,\hfill \\ (\omega _g_{T^{}G}^\sigma \nu _h)=\omega _g_{T^{}G}(e^{\sigma (g)}\nu _h),\hfill \\ \stackrel{~}{ϵ}_\sigma ^{}(\omega _x)=\stackrel{~}{ϵ}(\omega _x),\text{ for }\omega _xA_x^{}G,\hfill \\ \stackrel{~}{\iota }_\sigma ^{}(\omega _g)=e^{\sigma (g)}\stackrel{~}{\iota }(\omega _g),\text{ for }\omega _gT_g^{}G.\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.8)
In fact, if we consider on $`T^{}G\times \text{}`$ the Lie groupoid structure over $`A^{}G`$ introduced in Section 3 then the canonical inclusion

$$T^{}GT^{}G\times \text{},\omega _gT_g^{}G(\omega _g,0)T_g^{}G\times \text{},$$

is a Lie groupoid monomorphism over the identity of $`A^{}G`$.

Since the map $`\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}:T^{}G\times \text{}TG\times \text{}`$ is a Lie groupoid homomorphism, we have that (see (3.8), (3.15) and (4.8))

$$\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega _g_{T^{}G}\nu _h)=\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega _g)_{TG}\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(e^{\sigma (g)}\nu _h)$$

for $`\omega _gT_g^{}G`$ and $`\nu _hT_h^{}G`$ satisfying $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }(\omega _g)=\stackrel{~}{\beta }(\nu _h)`$. Thus, if $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ is the 2-vector on $`G\times G\times G`$ defined by $`\mathrm{\Pi }(g,h,k)=e^{\sigma (g)}\mathrm{\Lambda }(g)+\mathrm{\Lambda }(h)e^{\sigma (g)}\mathrm{\Lambda }(k),`$ it follows that the graph of the multiplication in $`G,`$ $`\{(g,h,gh)G\times G\times G/\alpha (g)=\beta (h)\},`$ is a coisotropic submanifold of $`G\times G\times G`$ with respect to $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$.

Now, denote by $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ the affinoid diagram corresponding to the Lie groupoid $`G`$, that is (see ),

$$\mathrm{\Omega }=\{(k,g,h,r)G\times G\times G\times G/\alpha (h)=\alpha (k),\beta (k)=\beta (g),r=hk^1g\}.$$

Then, following the proof of Theorem 4.5 in , we obtain that $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is a coisotropic submanifold of $`G\times G\times G\times G`$ with respect to the 2-vector $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Pi }}`$ given by

$$\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Pi }}(k,g,h,r)=e^{\sigma (k)}\mathrm{\Lambda }(k)e^{\sigma (k)}\mathrm{\Lambda }(g)e^{\sigma (h)}\mathrm{\Lambda }(h)+e^{\sigma (h)}\mathrm{\Lambda }(r).$$

On the other hand, if $`g`$ and $`h`$ are elements of $`G`$ satisfying $`\alpha (g)=\beta (h)=x`$, we have that $`(gh,g,h,\stackrel{~}{x})`$ is an element of $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. In addition, for any $`\xi T_{gh}^{}G`$ and $`𝒳,𝒴`$ (local) bisections of $`G`$ through the points $`g`$ and $`h`$ ($`𝒳(x)=g`$ and $`𝒴(x)=h`$), it follows from Lemma 2.6 in  that

$$(\xi ,((R_𝒴)_{}^g)^{}(\xi ),((L_𝒳)_{}^h)^{}(\xi ),((R_𝒴L_𝒳)_{}^{\stackrel{~}{x}})^{}(\xi ))$$

is a conormal vector to $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ at $`(gh,g,h,\stackrel{~}{x})`$, i.e., it is an element of $`(T_{(gh,g,h,\stackrel{~}{x})}\mathrm{\Omega })^{}`$. Therefore, if $`\xi ,\eta T_{gh}^{}G`$, we deduce that

$$\left(e^{\sigma (gh)}\mathrm{\Lambda }(gh)e^{\sigma (h)}(L_𝒳)_{}^h(\mathrm{\Lambda }(h))e^{\sigma (gh)}(R_𝒴)_{}^g(\mathrm{\Lambda }(g))+e^{\sigma (h)}(R_𝒴L_𝒳)_{}^{\stackrel{~}{x}}(\mathrm{\Lambda }(\stackrel{~}{x}))\right)(\xi ,\eta )=0.$$

This implies that (4.7) holds.         $`QED`$

Motivated by the above result, we introduce the following definition.

###### Definition 4.5

Let $`GM`$ be a Lie groupoid and $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ be a multiplicative function. A multivector field $`P`$ on $`G`$ is $`\sigma `$-affine if for any $`g,hG`$ such that $`\alpha (g)=\beta (h)=x`$ and any (local) bisections $`𝒳,𝒴`$ through the points $`g,h`$, $`𝒳(x)=g`$ and $`𝒴(x)=h`$, we have

$$P(gh)=(R_𝒴)_{}^g(P(g))+e^{\sigma (g)}(L_𝒳)_{}^h(P(h))e^{\sigma (g)}(L_𝒳R_𝒴)_{}^{\stackrel{~}{x}}(P(\stackrel{~}{x})).$$
(4.9)
It is clear that if $`P`$ is a $`\sigma `$-affine multivector and $`\sigma `$ identically vanishes, then $`P`$ is affine (see ). On the other hand, if $`G`$ is a Lie group with identity element $`𝔢`$ and $`P`$ is a $`\sigma `$-affine multivector field on $`G`$ such that $`P(𝔢)=0`$, then $`P`$ is a $`\sigma `$-multiplicative multivector field in the sense of .

The following proposition gives a very useful characterization of $`\sigma `$-affine multivector fields (see  for the corresponding result for the case of Lie groups).

###### Proposition 4.6

Let $`GM`$ be an $`\alpha `$-connected Lie groupoid and $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ be a multiplicative function on $`G`$. For a multivector field $`P`$ on $`G`$, the following statements are equivalent:

1. $`P`$ is $`\sigma `$-affine;
2. For any left-invariant vector field $`\stackrel{}{X}`$, the Lie derivative $`e^\sigma _\stackrel{}{X}P`$ is left-invariant.

Proof: The result follows using the fact that $`\sigma `$ is multiplicative and proceeding as in the proof of Theorem 2.2 in .         $`QED`$

## 5 Jacobi groupoids and generalized Lie bialgebroids

The aim of this Section is to show the relation between Jacobi groupoids and generalized Lie bialgebroids.

### 5.1 Coisotropic submanifolds of a Jacobi manifold, Lie algebroids and 1-cocycles

In this Section, we will prove that if $`S`$ is a coisotropic submanifold of a Jacobi manifold $`M`$ then there exists a Lie algebroid structure on the conormal bundle to $`S`$ and, in addition, we can define a distinguished 1-cocycle for this Lie algebroid structure. For this purpose, we will need the following result.

###### Lemma 5.1

Let $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ be a Jacobi manifold and $`([[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)},`$ $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)})`$ be the Lie algebroid structure on $`T^{}M\times \text{}`$. Suppose that $`S`$ is a coisotropic submanifold of $`M`$ and that $`\overline{ȷ}^{}:\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})\mathrm{\Omega }^1(S)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(S,\text{})`$ is the map defined by $`\overline{ȷ}^{}(\omega ,f)=(ȷ^{}\omega ,ȷ^{}f)`$, $`ȷ:SM`$ being the canonical inclusion. Then:

* $`Ker\overline{ȷ}^{}`$ is a Lie subalgebra of the Lie algebra $`(\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{}),[[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)})`$.
* The subspace of $`\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ defined by $`\{(\omega ,f)\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})/\omega _{|S}=0,ȷ^{}f=0\}`$ is an ideal in $`Ker\overline{ȷ}^{}`$.

Proof: i) If $`(\omega ,f)`$, $`(\nu ,g)\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ satisfy

$$\overline{ȷ}^{}(\omega ,f)=0,\overline{ȷ}^{}(\nu ,g)=0,$$

it follows from (2.5) that

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\overline{ȷ}^{}[[(\omega ,f),(\nu ,g)]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}\hfill & =\hfill & (ȷ^{}(i(\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega ))\delta \nu i(\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\nu ))\delta \omega \delta (\omega (\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\nu )))),\hfill \\ & & ȷ^{}(\omega (\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\nu ))+\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega )(g)\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\nu )(f))).\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.1)
Now, since $`ȷ^{}\omega =0,ȷ^{}\nu =0`$ and $`S`$ is a coisotropic submanifold, it follows that the restriction to $`S`$ of the vector fields $`\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega )`$ and $`\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\nu )`$ is tangent to $`S`$. Thus, from (5.1), we deduce that

$$\overline{ȷ}^{}[[(\omega ,f),(\nu ,g)]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}=0.$$

ii) If $`\omega ^{}`$ and $`\nu ^{}`$ are 1-form on $`M`$, we will denote by $`[[\omega ^{},\nu ^{}]]_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ the 1-form on $`M`$ given by

$$[[\omega ^{},\nu ^{}]]_\mathrm{\Lambda }=i(\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega ^{}))\delta \nu ^{}i(\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\nu ^{}))\delta \omega ^{}\delta (\omega ^{}(\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\nu ^{}))).$$

Note that

$$[[\omega ^{},f\nu ^{}]]_\mathrm{\Lambda }=f[[\omega ^{},\nu ^{}]]_\mathrm{\Lambda }+\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega ^{})(f)\nu ^{},\text{ for }fC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{}).$$
(5.2)
Next, suppose that $`(\omega ,f),(\nu ,g)\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ satisfy the following conditions

$$\omega _{|S}=0,ȷ^{}f=0,\overline{ȷ}^{}(\nu ,g)=0.$$

Then, proceeding as in the proof of i), we have that

$$[[(\omega ,f),(\nu ,g)]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}{}_{|S}{}^{}=([[\omega ,\nu ]]_\mathrm{\Lambda }{}_{|S}{}^{},0).$$

Thus, if $`x`$ is a point of $`S`$, we must prove that $`[[\omega ,\nu ]]_\mathrm{\Lambda }(x)=0`$. For this purpose, we consider a coordinate neighborhood $`(U,\phi )`$ of $`M`$ with coordinates $`(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n,x_{n+1},\mathrm{},x_m)`$ such that

$$\phi (US)=\{(x_1,\mathrm{},x_m)\phi (U)/x_{n+1}=\mathrm{}=x_m=0\}.$$

Here, $`n`$ (respectively, $`m`$) is the dimension of $`S`$ (respectively, $`M`$). Then, on $`U`$

$$\omega =\underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}\omega ^i\delta x_i,\nu =\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}\nu ^j\delta x_j+\underset{k=n+1}{\overset{m}{}}\overline{\nu }^k\delta x_k$$
(5.3)
with

$$ȷ^{}\omega ^i=0,ȷ^{}\nu ^j=0,$$
(5.4)
for all $`i\{1,\mathrm{},m\}`$ and $`j\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$.

Note that, since $`S`$ is a coisotropic submanifold of $`M`$, it follows that

$$\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\delta x_k)_{|S}(\omega ^i)=0,\text{ for all }i\{1,\mathrm{},m\}\text{ and }k\{n+1,\mathrm{},m\}.$$
(5.5)
Therefore, using (5.2)-(5.5), we conclude that $`[[\omega ,\nu ]]_\mathrm{\Lambda }(x)=0`$.         $`QED`$

Now, we will show the main result of the Section.

###### Proposition 5.2

Let $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ be a Jacobi manifold and $`([[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)},`$ $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)})`$ be the Lie algebroid structure on $`T^{}M\times \text{}`$. Suppose that $`S`$ is a coisotropic submanifold of $`M`$. Then:

* The conormal bundle to $`S`$, $`N(S)=(TS)^{}S`$, admits a Lie algebroid structure $`([[,]]_S,\rho _S)`$ defined by

$$\begin{array}{ccc}[[\omega ,\nu ]]_S(x)\hfill & =\hfill & (\pi _1[[(\stackrel{~}{\omega },0),(\stackrel{~}{\nu },0)]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)})(x),\hfill \\ \rho _S(\omega )(x)\hfill & =\hfill & \mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega _x),\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.6)
for all $`xS`$, where $`\pi _1:\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)`$ is the projection onto the first factor and $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }`$ are arbitrary extensions to $`M`$ of $`\omega `$ and $`\nu `$, respectively.
* The section $`E_S`$ of the vector bundle $`N(S)^{}S`$ characterized by

$$\omega (E_S(x))=\omega (E(x))$$
(5.7)
for all $`\omega N_xS=(T_xS)^{}`$ and $`xS`$, is a 1-cocycle of the Lie algebroid $`(N(S),[[,]]_S,`$ $`\rho _S)`$.

Proof: i) follows from Lemma 5.1 and ii) follows using (5.7) and the fact that $`(E,0)𝔛(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ is a 1-cocycle of the Lie algebroid $`(T^{}M\times \text{},[[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)})`$.         $`QED`$

###### Remark 5.3

If the Jacobi manifold $`M`$ is Poisson (that is, $`E=0`$) then the 1-cocycle $`E_S`$ identically vanishes and $`([[,]]_S,\rho _S)`$ is just the Lie algebroid structure obtained by Weinstein in .

### 5.2 The generalized Lie bialgebroid of a Jacobi groupoid

In this Section, we will show that generalized Lie bialgebroids are the infinitesimal invariants for Jacobi groupoids.

Let $`(GM,\mathrm{\Lambda },E,\sigma )`$ be a Jacobi groupoid and $`AG`$ be the Lie algebroid of $`G`$. Then, $`E`$ is a right-invariant vector field and, thus, there exists a section $`X_0`$ of $`AG`$ such that $`E=\stackrel{}{X_0}`$ (see Proposition 4.4). Moreover, the conormal bundle to $`M`$, as a submanifold of $`G`$, may be identified with $`A^{}G`$.

Now, we consider the section $`\varphi _0`$ of $`A^{}G`$ given by

$$\varphi _0(X_x)=X_x(\sigma ),\text{ for }X_xA_xG\text{ and }xM.$$
(5.8)
Since $`\sigma `$ is a Lie groupoid 1-cocycle, it follows that $`\varphi _0`$ is a 1-cocycle of the Lie algebroid $`AG`$ (see ).

On the other hand, using that $`Mϵ(M)`$ is a coisotropic submanifold of $`G`$, we deduce that there exists a Lie algebroid structure $`([[,]]_{},\rho _{})`$ on $`A^{}G`$ and, furthermore, the vector field $`E`$ induces a 1-cocycle $`E_M\mathrm{\Gamma }(AG)`$ of $`A^{}G`$ (see Proposition 5.2). In fact, from Proposition 5.2, we have that $`E_M=X_0`$ and

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill [[\omega ,\nu ]]_{}(x)& =& \pi _1[[(\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{ϵ}\omega },0),(\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{ϵ}\nu },0)]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}(\stackrel{~}{x}),\rho _{}(\omega )(x)=\alpha _{}^{\stackrel{~}{x}}(\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\stackrel{~}{ϵ}(\omega _x))),\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.9)
for $`\omega ,\nu \mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{}G)`$ and $`xM`$, where $`\stackrel{~}{ϵ}`$ is the inclusion in the Lie groupoid $`T^{}GA^{}G`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{ϵ}\omega }`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{ϵ}\nu }`$ are arbitrary extensions to $`G`$ of $`\stackrel{~}{ϵ}\omega `$ and $`\stackrel{~}{ϵ}\nu `$, respectively.

Note that, from (4.1) and (5.9), we have that $`\phi _0=(\rho _{},X_0)`$, where

$$(\rho _{},X_0)(\omega _x)=(\rho _{}(\omega _x),\omega _x(X_0(x)))$$
(5.10)
for $`\omega _xA_x^{}G`$. In addition, we will prove the following result.

###### Theorem 5.4

Let $`(GM,\mathrm{\Lambda },E,\sigma )`$ be a Jacobi groupoid. Then $`((AG,\varphi _0),(A^{}G,X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebroid.

Proof: Denote by $`d_{X_0}`$ the $`X_0`$-differential of the Lie algebroid $`(A^{}G,[[,]]_{},\rho _{})`$.

We will show that

$$e^\sigma _\stackrel{}{X}\mathrm{\Lambda }=\stackrel{}{d_{X_0}X}.$$
(5.11)
for $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }(AG)`$. Suppose that $`\omega _1,\omega _2`$ are any sections of $`A^{}G`$. Let $`\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{ϵ}\omega }_1,\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{ϵ}\omega }_2`$ be any of their extensions to 1-forms on $`G`$. Then, using (2.3), (2.5), (2.15), (5.9) and the fact that $`\sigma _{|ϵ(M)}0`$, we have that

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\left(e^\sigma _\stackrel{}{X}\mathrm{\Lambda }\right)_{|ϵ(M)}(\omega _1,\omega _2)\hfill & =\hfill & ((_{\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{ϵ}\omega }_1)}\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{ϵ}\omega }_2_{\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{ϵ}\omega }_2)}\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{ϵ}\omega }_1\mathrm{\Lambda }(\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{ϵ}\omega }_1,\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{ϵ}\omega }_2))(\stackrel{}{X})\hfill \\ & & +\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{ϵ}\omega }_2)(\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{ϵ}\omega }_1(\stackrel{}{X}))\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{ϵ}\omega }_1)(\stackrel{~}{\stackrel{~}{ϵ}\omega }_2(\stackrel{}{X})))_{|ϵ(M)}\hfill \\ & =\hfill & [[\omega _1,\omega _2]]_{}(X)+\rho _{}(\omega _2)(\omega _1(X))\hfill \\ & & \rho _{}(\omega _1)(\omega _2(X))(X_0X)(\omega _1,\omega _2)\hfill \\ & =\hfill & (d_{X_0}X)(\omega _1,\omega _2).\hfill \end{array}$$

Thus, since $`\stackrel{}{d_{X_0}X}`$ and $`e^\sigma _\stackrel{}{X}\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ are left-invariant 2-vectors (see Proposition 4.6) and their evaluation coincides on the conormal bundle $`A^{}G,`$ we deduce (5.11).

Using (2.8), (5.8) and (5.11), we obtain that

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\stackrel{}{d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}[[X,Y]]}\hfill & =\hfill & e^\sigma _{[\stackrel{}{X},\stackrel{}{Y}]}\mathrm{\Lambda }\hfill \\ & =\hfill & _\stackrel{}{Y}(e^\sigma _\stackrel{}{X}\mathrm{\Lambda })\stackrel{}{Y}(\sigma )(e^\sigma _\stackrel{}{X}\mathrm{\Lambda })_\stackrel{}{X}(e^\sigma _\stackrel{}{Y}\mathrm{\Lambda })+\stackrel{}{X}(\sigma )(e^\sigma _\stackrel{}{Y}\mathrm{\Lambda })\hfill \\ & =\hfill & \stackrel{}{[[X,d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}Y]]}\stackrel{}{\varphi _0(X)d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}Y}\stackrel{}{[[Y,d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}X]]}+\stackrel{}{\varphi _0(Y)d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}X},\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.12)
for $`X,Y\mathrm{\Gamma }(AG)`$, where $`([[,]],\rho )`$ is the Lie algebroid structure on $`AG`$. Thus, from (2.16) and (5.12), we conclude that

$$d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}[[X,Y]]=[[X,d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}Y]]_{\varphi _0}[[Y,d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}X]]_{\varphi _0}$$

for $`X,Y\mathrm{\Gamma }(AG)`$.

Now, (5.8), the condition $`E(\sigma )=\stackrel{}{X_0}(\sigma )=0`$ (see Proposition 4.4) and the fact that $`\sigma `$ is a multiplicative function imply that $`\varphi _0(X_0)\alpha =0`$ and, therefore,

$$\varphi _0(X_0)=0.$$
(5.13)
Furthermore, if $`xM`$ then, from (4.6), (5.8) and (5.9), we deduce that

$$ϵ_{}^x(\rho _{}(\varphi _0)(x))=\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\delta \sigma )(\stackrel{~}{x})=\stackrel{}{X_0}(\stackrel{~}{x})\stackrel{}{X_0}(\stackrel{~}{x})=ϵ_{}^x(\alpha _{}^{\stackrel{~}{x}}(X_0(x))),$$

that is, (see (2.7)),

$$\rho _{}(\varphi _0)(x)=\rho (X_0)(x).$$
(5.14)
On the other hand, using (5.8), (5.11) and (5.13), it follows that

$$e^\sigma i(\delta \sigma )(\stackrel{}{d_{}X})=i(\delta \sigma )(_\stackrel{}{X}\mathrm{\Lambda })+e^\sigma (\varphi _0(X)\alpha )\stackrel{}{X_0}.$$

Consequently, using again (5.8), we have that

$$i(\varphi _0)(d_{}X)=i((\delta \sigma )(_\stackrel{}{X}\mathrm{\Lambda }))ϵ+\varphi _0(X)X_0.$$
(5.15)
Finally, from (4.6) and (5.8), we deduce that

$$0=[\stackrel{}{X},\stackrel{}{X_0}]=i(\delta \sigma )(_\stackrel{}{X}\mathrm{\Lambda })+\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\delta (\varphi _0(X)\alpha ))e^\sigma (\varphi _0(X)\alpha )\stackrel{}{X_0}+e^\sigma \stackrel{}{[[X,X_0]]}$$

which implies that (see (2.3), (5.8), (5.9) and (5.15))

$$i(\varphi _0)(d_{}X)+d_{}(\varphi _0(X))+[[X_0,X]]=0.$$

$`QED`$

Next, we will describe the generalized Lie bialgebroids associated with some examples of Jacobi groupoids. We remark that two generalized Lie bialgebroids $`((A,\varphi _0),(A^{},X_0))`$ and $`((B,\omega _0),(B^{},Y_0))`$ over a manifold $`M`$ are isomorphic if there exists a Lie algebroid isomorphism $`:AB`$ such that $`(X_0)=Y_0`$ and, in addition, the adjoint operator $`^{}:B^{}A^{}`$ is also a Lie algebroid isomorphism satisfying $`^{}(\omega _0)=\varphi _0.`$

###### Examples 5.5

1.-Poisson groupoids

If $`(G,\mathrm{\Lambda },E,\sigma )`$ is a Jacobi groupoid with $`E=0`$ and $`\sigma =0`$, that is, $`(G,\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ is a Poisson groupoid, then we have that $`\varphi _0`$ and $`X_0`$ identically vanish (see (5.8) and Remark 5.3). Therefore, (2.18) and Theorem 5.4 imply a well-known result (see ): if $`(G,\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ is a Poisson groupoid then the pair $`(AG,A^{}G)`$ is a Lie bialgebroid.

2.-Contact groupoids

Let $`(GM,\eta ,\sigma )`$ be a contact groupoid and $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ be the Jacobi structure associated with the contact 1-form $`\eta `$. Then, $`(GM,\mathrm{\Lambda },E,\sigma )`$ is a Jacobi groupoid.

Now, denote by $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }_0,E_0)`$ the Jacobi structure on $`M`$ characterized by the conditions (3.6), by $`X_0`$ the section of the Lie algebroid $`AG`$ of $`G`$ satisfying $`E=\stackrel{}{X_0}`$ and by $`:T^{}M\times \text{}AG`$ the Lie algebroid isomorphism given by (3.7). If we consider the section $`(0,1)\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ of the vector bundle $`T^{}M\times \text{}M`$, we have that (see (3.7))

$$(0,1)=X_0.$$
(5.16)
Moreover, if $`^{}:A^{}GTM\times \text{}`$ is the adjoint operator of $``$, from (3.7), it follows that

$$^{}(\nu _x)=(\alpha _{}^{\stackrel{~}{x}}(\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\stackrel{~}{ϵ}(\nu _x))),\nu _x(X_0(x)))$$
(5.17)
for $`\nu _xA_x^{}G`$, where $`\stackrel{~}{ϵ}`$ is the inclusion in the Lie groupoid $`T^{}GA^{}G`$.

Next, denote by $`(\text{[}\text{ , }\text{]}_{},\pi _{})`$ the Lie algebroid structure on the vector bundle $`TM\times \text{}M`$ defined by

$$\begin{array}{c}\text{[}(X,f),(Y,g)\text{]}=([X,Y],(X(g)Y(f))),\pi _{}(X,f)=X\hfill \end{array}$$

for $`(X,f)𝔛(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$.

On the other hand, if on the vector bundle $`TG\times \text{}G`$ we consider the natural Lie algebroid structure (see Section 2.2) then the map $`\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}:T^{}G\times \text{}TG\times \text{}`$ is a Lie algebroid homomorphism between the Lie algebroids $`(T^{}G\times \text{},[[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)})`$ and $`TG\times \text{}`$. Using this fact, (5.9) and since $`Mϵ(M)`$ is a coisotropic submanifold of $`G`$, we deduce that $`^{}`$ defines an isomorphism between the Lie algebroids $`A^{}G`$ and $`(TM\times \text{},\text{[}\text{ , }\text{]}_{},\pi _{})`$. In addition, from (5.17) and Proposition 3.3, we obtain that $`^{}(\varphi _0)=(E_0,0).`$

In conclusion, if on the vector bundle $`T^{}M\times \text{}M`$ (respectively, $`TM\times \text{}M`$) we consider the Lie algebroid structure $`([[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda }_0,E_0)},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda }_0,E_0)})`$ (respectively, $`(\text{[}\text{ , }\text{]}_{},\pi _{})`$) then the generalized Lie bialgebroids $`((AG,\varphi _0),(A^{}G,X_0))`$ and $`((T^{}M\times \text{},(E_0,0)),(TM\times \text{},(0,1))`$ are isomorphic. Note that the Jacobi structure on $`M`$ induced by the generalized Lie bialgebroid $`((T^{}M\times \text{},(E_0,0)),(TM\times \text{},(0,1)))`$ is just $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }_0,E_0)`$ (see (2.20)).

3.-Jacobi-Lie groups

Let $`G`$ be a Lie group with identity element $`𝔢`$, $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ be a multiplicative function and $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ be a Jacobi structure on $`G`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is $`\sigma `$-multiplicative, $`E`$ is a right-invariant vector field and

$$\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\delta \sigma )_{(g)}=E_g+e^{\sigma (g)}(L_g)_{}^𝔢(E(𝔢)),\text{ for all }gG.$$

Then, $`(G\{𝔢\},\mathrm{\Lambda },E,\sigma )`$ is a Jacobi groupoid (see Examples 4.3).

The Lie algebroid of $`G`$ is just the Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ of $`G`$, that is, $`AG=𝔤`$ and, from (5.8), it follows that $`\varphi _0=(\delta \sigma )(𝔢)`$.

On the other hand, since $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(𝔢)=0`$, one may consider the intrinsic derivative $`\delta _𝔢\mathrm{\Lambda }:𝔤^2𝔤`$ of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ at $`𝔢`$. In fact, using (2.5) and (5.9), we deduce that the Lie bracket $`[,]_{}`$ on the dual space $`A^{}G=𝔤^{}`$ of $`𝔤`$ is given by

$$[\omega ,\nu ]_{}=[\omega ,\nu ]_\mathrm{\Lambda }\omega (E(𝔢))\nu +\nu (E(𝔢))\omega $$

for $`\omega ,\nu 𝔤^{}`$, where $`[,]_\mathrm{\Lambda }:𝔤^{}\times 𝔤^{}𝔤^{}`$ is the adjoint map of the intrinsic derivative of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ at $`𝔢`$. In addition, the 1-cocycle $`X_0`$ on $`𝔤^{}`$ is $`X_0=E(𝔢)`$.

Thus, using Theorem 5.4, we conclude that the pair $`((𝔤,(\delta \sigma )(𝔢)),(𝔤^{},E(𝔢)))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebroid over $`\{𝔢\}`$, i.e., a generalized Lie bialgebra. This result was proved in  (see Theorem 3.12 in ).

4.-An abelian Jacobi groupoid

Let $`(L,[[,]],\rho )`$ be a Lie algebroid over a manifold $`M`$ and $`\omega _0\mathrm{\Gamma }(L^{})`$ be a 1-cocycle of $`L`$. We may consider on $`L^{}`$ the Jacobi structure $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }_{(L^{},\omega _0)},E_{(L^{},\omega _0)})`$ given by (3.23) and the Lie groupoid structure for which $`\alpha =\beta `$ is the vector bundle projection $`\tau :L^{}M`$ and the partial multiplication is the addition in the fibers. As we know (see Examples 4.3), $`(L^{}M,\mathrm{\Lambda }_{(L^{},\omega _0)},E_{(L^{},\omega _0)},0)`$ is a Jacobi groupoid and we have the corresponding generalized Lie bialgebroid $`((A(L^{}),\varphi _0=0),(A^{}(L^{}),X_0))`$.

On the other hand, if $`0:ML^{}`$ is the zero section of $`L^{}`$ and $`\mu \tau ^1(x)=L_x^{}`$, we will denote by $`\mu ^v(0(x))T_{0(x)}L_x^{}`$ the vertical lift of $`\mu `$ to $`L^{}`$ at the point $`0(x)`$. Then, the map

$$v:L^{}A(L^{}),\mu L_x^{}\mu ^v(0(x))A_x(L^{}),$$

defines an isomorphism between the vector bundles $`L^{}`$ and $`A(L^{})`$. Moreover, using (3.23) and since $`\alpha =\tau `$ and the Lie bracket of two left-invariant vector fields on $`L^{}`$ is zero, we conclude that: i) $`v`$ defines an isomorphism between the Lie algebroid $`L^{}`$ (with the trivial Lie algebroid structure) and $`A(L^{})`$ and ii) $`v(\omega _0)=X_0`$. In addition, if $`v^{}:A^{}(L^{})L`$ is the adjoint map of $`v:L^{}A(L^{})`$ then, from (2.5), (2.6), (3.23) and (5.9), we deduce that $`v^{}`$ induces an isomorphism between the Lie algebroids $`A^{}(L^{})`$ and $`(L,[[,]],\rho )`$.

Therefore, we have proved that the generalized Lie bialgebroids $`((A(L^{}),0),(A^{}(L^{}),X_0))`$ and $`((L^{},0),(L,\omega _0))`$ are isomorphic.

5.-The banal Jacobi groupoid

Let $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ be a Jacobi manifold and $`G`$ the product manifold $`M\times \text{}\times M`$. Denote by $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }^{},E^{})`$ the Jacobi structure on $`G`$ given by (4.5) and by $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ the function defined by $`\sigma (x,t,y)=t`$. Then, one may consider a Lie groupoid structure in $`G`$ over $`M`$ in such a way that $`(GM,\mathrm{\Lambda }^{},E^{},\sigma )`$ is a Jacobi groupoid (see Examples 4.3). Thus, we have the corresponding generalized Lie bialgebroid $`((AG,\varphi _0),(A^{}G,X_0))`$. As we know, the map $`\mathrm{\Phi }:TM\times \text{}AG`$ given by (4.4) defines an isomorphism between the Lie algebroids $`(TM\times \text{},\text{[}\text{ , }\text{]},\pi )`$ and $`AG`$ and, moreover, it follows that $`\mathrm{\Phi }(E,0)=X_0`$.

Now, let $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}:A^{}GT^{}M\times \text{}`$ be the adjoint map of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$. Then, using (2.5), (4.4), (4.5) and (5.8), we deduce that $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}`$ induces an isomorphism between the Lie algebroids $`A^{}G`$ and $`(T^{}M\times \text{},[[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)})`$ and, in addition, $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(\varphi _0)=(0,1)`$.

Therefore, we have proved that the generalized Lie bialgebroids $`((AG,\varphi _0),(A^{}G,X_0))`$ and $`((TM\times \text{},(0,1))`$,$`(T^{}M\times \text{},(E,0)))`$ are isomorphic.

To finish this Section, we will relate the Jacobi structure on $`G`$ and the Jacobi structure on $`M`$ induced by the generalized Lie bialgebroid structure of Theorem 5.4.

###### Proposition 5.6

Let $`(GM,\mathrm{\Lambda },E,\sigma )`$ be a Jacobi groupoid and $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }_0,E_0)`$ be the Jacobi structure on $`M`$ induced by the generalized Lie bialgebroid $`((AG,\varphi _0),(A^{}G,X_0))`$. Then, the projection $`\beta `$ is a Jacobi antimorphism between the Jacobi manifolds $`(G,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ and $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda }_0,E_0)`$ and the pair $`(\alpha ,e^\sigma )`$ is a conformal Jacobi morphism.

Proof: Denote by $`\{,\}`$ (respectively, $`\{,\}_0`$) the Jacobi bracket associated with the Jacobi structure $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ (respectively, $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }_0,E_0)`$). Then, we must prove that

$$\{\beta ^{}f_1,\beta ^{}f_2\}=\beta ^{}\{f_1,f_2\}_0,e^\sigma \{e^\sigma \alpha ^{}f_1,e^\sigma \alpha ^{}f_2\}=\alpha ^{}\{f_1,f_2\}_0,$$

for $`f_1,f_2C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$.

Now, if $`(\rho _{},X_0):\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{}G)𝔛(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ is the map given by (5.10) and $`(\rho ,\varphi _0):\mathrm{\Gamma }(AG)𝔛(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ is the homomorphism of $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$-modules defined by

$$(\rho ,\varphi _0)(X)=(\rho (X),\varphi _0(X))$$
(5.18)
then, from (2.20), (5.10) and (5.18), it follows that

$$\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda }_0,E_0)}=(\rho _{},X_0)(\rho ,\varphi _0)^{},$$
(5.19)
where $`(\rho ,\varphi _0)^{}:\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{}G)`$ is the adjoint operator of the homomorphism $`(\rho ,\varphi _0)`$.

Using (3.8) and since $`(\beta ^T)_\sigma \mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}=(\rho _{},X_0)\stackrel{~}{\beta }_\sigma `$ we have that

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\{\beta ^{}f_1,\beta ^{}f_2\}\hfill & =\hfill & \mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}(\beta ^{}\delta f_1,\beta ^{}f_1),(\beta ^{}\delta f_2,\beta ^{}f_2)\hfill \\ & =\hfill & ((\beta )_\sigma ^T\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)})(\beta ^{}\delta f_1,\beta ^{}f_1),(\delta f_2\beta ,\beta ^{}f_2)\hfill \\ & =\hfill & ((\rho _{},X_0)\stackrel{~}{\beta }_\sigma )(\beta ^{}\delta f_1,\beta ^{}f_1),(\delta f_2\beta ,\beta ^{}f_2).\hfill \end{array}$$

From (2.7), (2.13), (3.15), (5.8) and (5.18), we deduce that $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }_\sigma ((\beta _{}^g)^{}(\omega _{\beta (g)}),\lambda )=(\rho ,\varphi _0)^{}`$ $`(\omega _{\beta (g)},\lambda )`$, for $`(\omega _{\beta (g)},\lambda )T_{\beta (g)}^{}M\times \text{}`$. Using this fact and (5.19), we get that

$$\{\beta ^{}f_1,\beta ^{}f_2\}=\beta ^{}\{f_1,f_2\}_M.$$

On the other hand, using (2.7), (2.20), (3.8), Proposition 4.4 and since $`(\alpha ^T)_\sigma \mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}=(\rho _{},X_0)\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_\sigma `$, we obtain that

$$\begin{array}{ccc}e^\sigma \{e^\sigma \alpha ^{}f_1,e^\sigma \alpha ^{}f_2\}\hfill & =\hfill & e^\sigma \mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}(\delta (e^\sigma \alpha ^{}f_1),e^\sigma \alpha ^{}f_1),(\delta (e^\sigma \alpha ^{}f_2),e^\sigma \alpha ^{}f_2)\hfill \\ & =\hfill & e^\sigma ((\alpha ^T)_\sigma \mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)})(\alpha ^{}\delta f_1,\alpha ^{}f_1),(\delta f_2\alpha ,\alpha ^{}f_2)\hfill \\ & & +e^\sigma (\alpha ^{}f_1)\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}(\delta \sigma ,0),(\alpha ^{}(\delta f_2),\alpha ^{}f_2)\hfill \\ & =\hfill & e^\sigma ((\rho _{},X_0)\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_\sigma )(\alpha ^{}(\delta f_1),\alpha ^{}f_1),(\delta f_2\alpha ,\alpha ^{}f_2)\hfill \\ & & +\alpha ^{}(f_1E_0(f_2)).\hfill \end{array}$$

Now, from (2.7), (2.13), (3.15), (5.8) and (5.18), it follows that $`e^{\sigma (g)}\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_\sigma ((\alpha _{}^g)^{}(\omega _{\alpha (g)}),\lambda )=`$ $`(\rho ,\varphi _0)^{}(\omega _{\alpha (g)},0),`$ for $`(\omega _{\alpha (g)},\lambda )T_{\alpha (g)}^{}M\times \text{}`$. Therefore,

$$e^\sigma \{e^\sigma \alpha ^{}f_1,e^\sigma \alpha ^{}f_2\}=\alpha ^{}\{f_1,f_2\}_0.$$

$`QED`$

### 5.3 Integration of generalized Lie bialgebroids

In this Section, we will show a converse of Theorem 5.4, that is, we will show that one may integrate a generalized Lie bialgebroid and obtain a Jacobi groupoid.

#### 5.3.1 Jacobi groupoids and Poisson groupoids

In this first subsection, we will prove that a Poisson groupoid can be obtained from any Jacobi groupoid and we will show the relation between the generalized Lie bialgebroid associated with the Jacobi groupoid and the Lie bialgebroid induced by the Poisson groupoid.

Let $`GM`$ be a Lie groupoid and $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ be a multiplicative function. Then, using the multiplicative character of $`\sigma `$, we can define a right action of $`GM`$ on the canonical projection $`\pi _1:M\times \text{}M`$ as follows

$$(x,t)g=(\alpha (g),\sigma (g)+t)$$
(5.20)
for $`(x,t)M\times \text{}`$ and $`gG`$ such that $`\beta (g)=x.`$ Thus, we have the corresponding action groupoid $`(M\times \text{})GM\times \text{}.`$ Moreover, if $`(AG,[[,]],\rho )`$ is the Lie algebroid of $`G,`$ the multiplicative function $`\sigma `$ induces a $`1`$-cocycle $`\varphi _0`$ on $`AG`$ given by (see (5.8))

$$\varphi _0(x)(X_x)=X_x(\sigma ),\text{for }xM\text{ and }X_xA_xG.$$
(5.21)
In addition, using the results in Section 2.3 (see (2.9)), we deduce that the -linear map $`:\mathrm{\Gamma }(AG)𝔛(M\times \text{})`$ defined by

$$X^{}=(\rho (X)\pi _1)+(\varphi _0(X)\pi _1)\frac{}{t}$$
(5.22)
induces an action of $`AG`$ on the projection $`\pi _1:M\times \text{}M`$ and the Lie algebroid of $`(M\times \text{})G`$ is just the action Lie algebroid $`AG\pi _1`$.

Now, it is easy to prove that $`(M\times \text{})G`$ may be identified with the product manifold $`G\times \text{}`$ and, under this identification, the structural functions of the Lie groupoid are given by

$$\begin{array}{cccc}\hfill \alpha _\sigma (g,t)& =& (\alpha (g),\sigma (g)+t),\hfill & \text{ for }(g,t)G\times \text{},\hfill \\ \hfill \beta _\sigma (h,s)& =& (\beta (h),s),\hfill & \text{ for }(h,s)G\times \text{},\hfill \\ \hfill m_\sigma ((g,t),(h,s)),& =& (gh,t),\hfill & \text{ if }\alpha _\sigma (g,t)=\beta _\sigma (h,s),\hfill \\ \hfill ϵ_\sigma (x,t)& =& (ϵ(x),t),\hfill & \text{ for }(x,t)M\times \text{},\hfill \\ \hfill \iota _\sigma (g,t)& =& (\iota (g),\sigma (g)+t),\hfill & \text{ for }(g,t)G\times \text{}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.23)
Thus, if $`A(G\times \text{})`$ is the Lie algebroid of $`G\times \text{}`$ and $`XA_{(x,t)}(G\times \text{}),`$ it is clear that $`XA_xG`$ and therefore the map

$$𝒥:A(G\times \text{})AG\times \text{},XA_{(x,t)}(G\times \text{})𝒥(X)=(X,t)A_xG\times \text{}$$
(5.24)
defines an isomorphism of vector bundles. Furthermore, if on $`AG\times \text{}`$ we consider the Lie algebroid structure $`([[,]]^{\overline{}\varphi _0},\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0})`$ given by (2.22) then $`𝒥`$ is a Lie algebroid isomorphism. In conclusion, the Lie algebroid of the Lie groupoid $`G\times \text{}M\times \text{}`$ may be identified with $`(AG\times \text{},[[,]]^{\overline{}\varphi _0},\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0})`$.

We also have the following result.

###### Proposition 5.7

Let $`GM`$ be a Lie groupoid and $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ be a multiplicative function. Suppose that $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ is a Jacobi structure on $`G`$, that $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}=e^t(\mathrm{\Lambda }+\frac{}{t}E)`$ is the Poissonization on $`G\times \text{}`$ and that in $`G\times \text{}`$ we consider the Lie groupoid structure on $`M\times \text{}`$ with structural functions given by (5.23). Then, $`(GM,\mathrm{\Lambda },E,\sigma )`$ is a Jacobi groupoid if and only if $`(G\times \text{}M\times \text{},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }})`$ is a Poisson groupoid.

Proof: From (2.10) and (5.23), it follows that the projections $`(\alpha _\sigma )^T,(\beta _\sigma )^T`$, the inclusion $`(ϵ_\sigma )^T`$ and the partial multiplication $`_{T(G\times \text{})}`$ of the tangent groupoid $`T(G\times M)T(M\times \text{})`$ are given by

$$\begin{array}{c}(\alpha _\sigma )^T(X_g+\lambda \frac{}{t}_{|t})=\alpha ^T(X_g)+(\lambda +X_g(\sigma ))\frac{}{t}_{|t+\sigma (g)},\text{ for }(X_g+\lambda \frac{}{t}_{|t})T_{(g,t)}(G\times \text{}),\hfill \\ (\beta _\sigma )^T(Y_h+\mu \frac{}{t}_{|s})=\beta ^T(Y_h)+\mu \frac{}{t}_{|s},\text{ for }(Y_h+\mu \frac{}{t}_{|s})T_{(h,s)}(G\times \text{}),\hfill \\ (X_g+\lambda \frac{}{t}_{|t})_{T(G\times \text{})}(Y_h+\mu \frac{}{t}_{|s})=X_g_{TG}Y_h+\lambda \frac{}{t}_{|t},\hfill \\ (ϵ_\sigma )^T(X_x+\lambda \frac{}{t}_{|t})=ϵ^T(X_x)+\lambda \frac{}{t}_{|t},\text{ for }(X_x+\lambda \frac{}{t}_{|t})T_{(x,t)}(M\times \text{}).\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.25)
On the other hand, using (2.13) and (5.23), we deduce that the projections $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha _\sigma },\stackrel{~}{\beta _\sigma }`$, the inclusion $`\stackrel{~}{ϵ_\sigma }`$ and the partial multiplication $`_{T^{}(G\times \text{})}`$ in the cotangent groupoid $`T^{}(G\times \text{})A^{}G\times \text{}`$ are defined by

$$\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \stackrel{~}{\alpha _\sigma }(\omega _g+\gamma \delta t_{|t})& =& (\stackrel{~}{\alpha }(\omega _g),\sigma (g)+t),\text{ for }(\omega _g+\gamma \delta t_{|t})T_{(g,t)}^{}(G\times \text{})\hfill \\ \hfill \stackrel{~}{\beta _\sigma }(\nu _h+\zeta \delta t_{|s})& =& (\stackrel{~}{\beta }(\nu _h)\zeta (\delta \sigma )_{\stackrel{~}{\beta (g)}},s),\text{ for }(\nu _h+\zeta \delta t_{|s})T_{(h,s)}^{}(G\times \text{})\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ \begin{array}{ccc}\hfill (\omega _g+\gamma \delta t_{|t})_{T^{}(G\times \text{})}(\nu _h+\zeta \delta t_{|s})& =& (\omega _g+\zeta (\delta \sigma )_g)_{T^{}G}\nu _h+(\gamma +\zeta )\delta t_{|t}\hfill \\ \hfill \stackrel{~}{ϵ_\sigma }(\omega _x,t)& =& \stackrel{~}{ϵ}(\omega _x)+0\delta t_{|t},\text{ for }(\omega _x,t)A_x^{}G\times \text{}.\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.26)
Moreover, from (2.2), we have that the homomorphism $`\mathrm{\#}_{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}}:T^{}(G\times \text{})T(G\times \text{})`$ is given by

$$\mathrm{\#}_{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}}(\omega _g+\gamma \delta t_{|t})=e^t(\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\omega _g)+\gamma E_g\omega _g(E_g)\frac{}{t}_{|t}),$$
(5.27)
for $`(\omega _g+\gamma \delta t_{|t})T_{(g,t)}^{}(G\times \text{}).`$

Now, we consider in $`T^{}G\times \text{}`$ (respectively, $`TG\times \text{}`$) the Lie groupoid structure over $`A^{}G`$ (respectively, $`TM\times \text{}`$) with structural functions defined by (3.15) (respectively, (3.8)). Then, an straightforward computation, using (2.10), (2.13), (3.8), (3.10), (3.15), (5.25)-(5.27), shows that $`\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}:T^{}G\times \text{}TG\times \text{}`$ is a Lie groupoid morphism over some map $`\phi _0:A^{}GTM\times \text{}`$ if and only if $`\mathrm{\#}_{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}}:T^{}(G\times \text{})T(G\times \text{})`$ is a Lie groupoid morphism over some map $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }_0:A^{}G\times \text{}T(M\times \text{}).`$ This proves the result.         $`QED`$

As we know (see Section 2.4) if $`((A,\varphi _0),(A^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebroid and on the vector bundle $`A\times MM\times \text{}`$ (respectively, $`A^{}\times \text{}M\times \text{})`$ we consider the Lie algebroid structure $`([[,]]^{\overline{}\varphi _0},\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0})`$ (respectively, $`([[,]]_{}^{\widehat{}X_0},\widehat{\rho }_{}^{X_0}))`$ then the pair $`(A\times \text{},A^{}\times \text{})`$ is a Lie bialgebroid. In particular, if $`(GM,\mathrm{\Lambda },E,\sigma )`$ is a Jacobi groupoid and $`AG`$ is the Lie algebroid of $`G`$ then the pair $`(AG\times \text{},A^{}G\times \text{})`$ is a Lie bialgebroid. Furthermore, we have

###### Proposition 5.8

Let $`(GM,\mathrm{\Lambda },E,\sigma )`$ be a Jacobi groupoid and $`(G\times \text{}M\times \text{},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }})`$ be the corresponding Poisson groupoid. If $`((AG,\varphi _0),(A^{}G,X_0))`$ (respectively, $`(A(G\times \text{}),A^{}(G\times \text{}))`$) is the generalized Lie bialgebroid (respectively, the Lie bialgebroid) associated with $`(GM,\mathrm{\Lambda },E,\sigma )`$ (respectively, $`(G\times \text{}M\times \text{},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }})`$), then the Lie bialgebroids $`(A(G\times \text{}),A^{}(G\times \text{}))`$ and $`(AG\times \text{},A^{}G\times \text{})`$ are isomorphic.

Proof: Denote by $`([[,]],\rho )`$ the Lie algebroid structure on $`AG`$ and by $`𝒥:A(G\times \text{})AG\times \text{}`$ the isomorphism between the Lie algebroids $`A(G\times \text{})`$ and $`(AG\times \text{},[[,]]^{\overline{}\varphi _0},\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0})`$ given by (5.24).

Now, let $`\stackrel{~}{𝒥}^{}:T^{}G\times \text{}\times \text{}T^{}(G\times \text{})`$ be the map defined by

$$\stackrel{~}{𝒥}^{}(\omega _g,\gamma ,t)=\omega _g+\gamma \delta t_{|t},\text{ for }\omega _gT_g^{}G\text{ and }\gamma ,t\text{}.$$

Using the results in  (see Section 3.2 in ), we deduce that

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \stackrel{~}{𝒥}^{}[[(\stackrel{~}{\alpha },\stackrel{~}{f}),(\stackrel{~}{\beta },\stackrel{~}{g})]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}^{\widehat{}X_0}& =& [[\stackrel{~}{𝒥}^{}(\stackrel{~}{\alpha },\stackrel{~}{f}),\stackrel{~}{𝒥}^{}(\stackrel{~}{\beta },\stackrel{~}{g})]]_{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}}=[[\stackrel{~}{\alpha }+\stackrel{~}{f}\delta t,\stackrel{~}{\beta }+\stackrel{~}{g}\delta t]]_{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}},\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\#}_{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}}(\stackrel{~}{𝒥}^{}(\stackrel{~}{\alpha },\stackrel{~}{f}))& =& \widehat{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}}^{X_0}(\stackrel{~}{\alpha },\stackrel{~}{f}),\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.28)
for $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha },\stackrel{~}{\beta }`$ time-dependent $`1`$-forms on $`G`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{f},\stackrel{~}{g}C^{\mathrm{}}(G\times \text{},\text{}),`$ where $`([[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)})`$ (respectively, $`([[,]]_{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}},\mathrm{\#}_{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}})`$) is the the Lie algebroid structure on $`T^{}G\times \text{}`$ (respectively, $`T^{}(G\times \text{}))`$ induced by the Jacobi structure $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ (respectively, the Poisson structure $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$) on $`G`$ (respectively, $`G\times \text{})`$.

On the other hand, if we identify $`A^{}G`$ (respectively, $`A^{}(G\times \text{})`$) with the conormal bundle of $`ϵ(M)`$ (respectively, $`ϵ_\sigma (M\times \text{})`$) then the restriction of $`\stackrel{~}{𝒥}^{}`$ to $`A^{}G\times \{0\}\times \text{}A^{}G\times \text{}`$ is just the adjoint operator $`𝒥^{}:A^{}G\times \text{}A^{}(G\times \text{})`$ of $`𝒥`$. Therefore, from (2.23), (5.9), (5.28) and Remark 5.3, we conclude that the map $`𝒥^{}`$ is an isomorphism between the Lie algebroids $`(A^{}G\times \text{},[[,]]_{}^{\widehat{}X_0},\widehat{\rho }_{}^{X_0})`$ and $`A^{}(G\times \text{}).`$        $`QED`$

#### 5.3.2 Integration of generalized Lie bialgebroids

In this Section, we will show a converse of Theorem 5.4.

For this purpose, we will use the notion of the derivative of an affine $`k`$-vector field on a Lie groupoid (see ). Let $`G`$ be a Lie groupoid with Lie algebroid $`AG`$ and $`P`$ be an affine $`k`$-vector field on $`G.`$ Then, the derivative of $`P`$, $`\delta P`$, is the map $`\delta P:\mathrm{\Gamma }(AG)\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k(AG))`$ defined as follows. If $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }(AG)`$, $`\delta P(X)`$ is the element in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k(AG))`$ whose left translation is $`_\stackrel{}{X}P.`$

Now, we will prove the announced result at the beginning of this Section.

###### Theorem 5.9

Let $`((AG,\varphi _0),(A^{}G,X_0))`$ be a generalized Lie bialgebroid where $`AG`$ is the Lie algebroid of an $`\alpha `$-connected and $`\alpha `$-simply connected Lie groupoid $`GM`$. Then, there is a unique multiplicative function $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ and a unique Jacobi structure $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ on $`G`$ that makes $`(GM,\mathrm{\Lambda },E,\sigma )`$ into a Jacobi groupoid with generalized Lie bialgebroid $`((AG,\varphi _0),(A^{}G,X_0))`$.

Proof: Since $`G`$ is $`\alpha `$-connected and $`\alpha `$-simply connected, we deduce that there exists a unique multiplicative function $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ such that

$$\varphi _0(X)=X(\sigma ),X\mathrm{\Gamma }(AG).$$

The multiplicative function $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ allows us to construct a Lie groupoid structure in $`G\times \text{}`$ over $`M\times \text{}`$ with structural functions $`\alpha _\sigma ,\beta _\sigma ,m_\sigma ,ϵ_\sigma `$ and $`\iota _\sigma `$ given by (5.23).

If $`([[,]],\rho )`$ is the Lie algebroid structure on $`AG`$ then, as we know, the Lie algebroid of $`G\times \text{}`$ is $`(AG\times \text{},[[,]]^{\overline{}\varphi _0},\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0}).`$ Moreover, if $`([[,]]_{},\rho _{})`$ is the Lie algebroid structure on $`A^{}G`$ and we consider on the vector bundle $`A^{}G\times \text{}M\times \text{}`$ the Lie algebroid structure $`([[,]]_{}^{\widehat{}X_0},\widehat{\rho }_{}^{X_0})`$ given by (2.23), it follows that the pair $`(AG\times \text{},A^{}G\times \text{})`$ is a Lie bialgebroid. Therefore, using Theorem 4.1 in , we obtain that there is a unique Poisson structure $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ on $`G\times \text{}`$ that makes $`G\times \text{}`$ into a Poisson groupoid with Lie bialgebroid $`(AG\times \text{},A^{}G\times \text{}).`$

We will see that the $`2`$-vector (on $`G\times \text{}`$) $`_\frac{}{t}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}+\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ is affine. For this purpose, we will use the following relation

$$_\frac{}{t}\stackrel{}{\stackrel{~}{P}}=\stackrel{}{\frac{\stackrel{~}{P}}{t}},\text{ for }\stackrel{~}{P}\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k(AG\times \text{})).$$
(5.29)
Note that $`\stackrel{~}{P}`$ is a time-dependent section of the vector bundle $`^k(AG)M`$ and, thus, one may consider the derivative of $`\stackrel{~}{P}`$ with respect to the time, $`{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{P}}{t}}.`$

From (5.29) and Proposition 4.6, we conclude that the vector field $`{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}`$ is affine. Consequently (see Proposition 2.5 in ), the $`2`$-vector $`_\frac{}{t}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}+\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ is also affine.

Next, we will show that the Poisson structure $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ is homogeneous with respect to the vector field $`{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}`$. This fact implies that $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ is the Poissonization of a Jacobi structure $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ on $`G`$ (see Remark 2.1). Moreover, from Propositions 5.7 and 5.8, we will have that $`(GM,\mathrm{\Lambda },E,\sigma )`$ is a Jacobi groupoid with generalized Lie bialgebroid $`((AG,\varphi _0),(A^{}G,X_0)).`$

Therefore, we must prove that $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ is homogeneous. Now, using Theorem 2.6 in  and since $`G`$ is $`\alpha `$-connected and the $`2`$-vector $`_\frac{}{t}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}+\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ is affine, we deduce that $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ is homogeneous if and only if:

1. The derivative of the $`2`$-vector $`_\frac{}{t}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}+\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ is zero and
2. The restriction of the $`2`$-vector $`_\frac{}{t}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}+\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ to the points of $`ϵ_\sigma (M\times \text{})`$ is zero.

First, we will show (i). If $`H`$ is a Poisson groupoid with Poisson structure $`\pi `$ and Lie algebroid $`AH`$, we have that (see Theorem 3.1 in )

$$_\stackrel{}{X}\pi =\stackrel{}{d_{}X},$$
(5.30)
for $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }(AH)`$, where $`d_{}`$ is the differential of the dual Lie algebroid $`A^{}H`$. Thus, from (5.29) and (5.30), it follows that

$$\begin{array}{ccc}_{\stackrel{}{\stackrel{~}{X}}}\left(_\frac{}{t}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}+\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\right)& =& _\frac{}{t}_{\stackrel{}{\stackrel{~}{X}}}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{\stackrel{}{\frac{\stackrel{~}{X}}{t}}}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}+_{\stackrel{}{\stackrel{~}{X}}}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\hfill \\ & =& \stackrel{}{\widehat{d}_{}^{X_0}\frac{\stackrel{~}{X}}{t}}\stackrel{}{\widehat{d}_{}^{X_0}\stackrel{~}{X}}\stackrel{}{\frac{(\widehat{d}_{}^{X_0}\stackrel{~}{X})}{t}},\hfill \end{array}$$

for $`\stackrel{~}{X}\mathrm{\Gamma }(AG\times \text{}).`$ On the other hand, using the results in  (see Remark B.3 in ), we obtain that

$$\widehat{d_{}}^{X_0}\stackrel{~}{Z}=e^t\left(\widehat{d}_{}^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}}\stackrel{~}{Z}+X_0(\stackrel{~}{Z}+\frac{\stackrel{~}{Z}}{t})\right),\text{ for }\stackrel{~}{Z}\mathrm{\Gamma }(AG\times \text{}),$$

$`\widehat{d}_{}^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}}`$ being the differential of the Lie algebroid $`(A^{}G\times \text{},[[,]]_{}^{\widehat{}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}},\widehat{\rho }_{}^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}})`$. Consequently, we deduce that

$$_{\stackrel{}{\stackrel{~}{X}}}\left(_\frac{}{t}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}+\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\right)=0.$$

Next, we will show (ii). If $`(x,t)`$ is a point of $`M\times \text{}`$ then

$$T_{ϵ_\sigma (x,t)}^{}(G\times \text{})A_{(x,t)}^{}(G\times \text{})((\alpha _\sigma )_{}^{(\stackrel{~}{x},t)})^{}(T_{(x,t)}^{}(M\times \text{})).$$

Therefore, it is enough to prove that

$$(_\frac{}{t}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}+\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }})(\delta F_1,\delta F_2)_{|ϵ_\sigma (M\times \text{})}=0,$$

when $`F_1`$ and $`F_2`$ are either constant on $`ϵ_\sigma (M\times \text{})`$ or equal to $`(\alpha _\sigma )^{}f_i,`$ with $`f_iC^{\mathrm{}}(M\times \text{},\text{}),`$ $`i=1,2`$. We will distinguish three cases:

First case. Suppose that $`F_1=(\alpha _\sigma )^{}f_1`$ and $`F_2=(\alpha _\sigma )^{}f_2,`$ with $`f_1,f_2C^{\mathrm{}}(M\times \text{},\text{}).`$ Denote by $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_0`$ the Poisson structure on $`M\times \text{}`$ induced by the Lie bialgebroid $`(AG\times \text{},A^{}G\times \text{})`$ and by $`\{,\}_{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}}`$ (respectively, $`\{,\}_{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_0}`$) the Poisson bracket on $`G\times \text{}`$ (respectively, $`M\times \text{}`$) associated with $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ (respectively, $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_0`$). Then, from Proposition 5.7 and since the vector field $`{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}`$ on $`G\times \text{}`$ is $`\alpha _\sigma `$-projectable, it follows that

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill (_\frac{}{t}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}+\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }})(\delta F_1,\delta F_2)& =& \alpha _\sigma ^{}(\frac{}{t}\{f_1,f_2\}_{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_0}\{\frac{f_1}{t},f_2\}_{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_0}\{f_1,\frac{f_2}{t}\}_{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_0}+\{f_1,f_2\}_{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_0}).\hfill \end{array}$$

Thus, using that the Poisson structure $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_0`$ is homogeneous with respect to the vector field $`{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}`$ on $`M\times \text{}`$ (see Theorem 2.13), we obtain that

$$(_\frac{}{t}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}+\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }})(\delta F_1,\delta F_2)=0.$$

Second case. Suppose that $`F_1=(\alpha _\sigma )^{}f_1,`$ with $`f_1C^{\mathrm{}}(M\times \text{},\text{})`$ and that $`F_2`$ is constant on $`ϵ_\sigma (M\times \text{})`$. Following the proof of Lemma 4.12 in , we deduce that

$$\{(\alpha _\sigma )^{}f,H\}_{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}}=\stackrel{}{((\widehat{\rho }_{}^{X_0})^{}(\delta f))}(H),$$
(5.31)
for $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(M\times \text{},\text{})`$ and $`HC^{\mathrm{}}(G\times \text{},\text{}).`$ Note that (see (2.23))

$$(\widehat{\rho }_{}^{X_0})^{}(\omega +g\delta t)=e^t((\rho _{})^{}(\omega )+gX_0),$$
(5.32)
for $`gC^{\mathrm{}}(M\times \text{},\text{})`$ and $`\omega `$ a time-dependent $`1`$-form on $`M.`$ Therefore, from (5.29), (5.31), (5.32) and since $`{\displaystyle \frac{F_2}{t}}=0,`$ we have that

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill (_\frac{}{t}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}+\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }})(\delta F_1,\delta F_2)& =& [\frac{}{t},\stackrel{}{(\widehat{\rho }_{}^{X_0})^{}(\delta f_1)}](F_2)\stackrel{}{(\widehat{\rho }_{}^{X_0})^{}(\delta (\frac{f_1}{t}))}(F_2)\stackrel{}{(\widehat{\rho }_{}^{X_0})^{}(\delta f_1)}(F_2)\hfill \\ & =& \stackrel{}{\frac{}{t}((\widehat{\rho }_{}^{X_0})^{}(\delta f_1))}\stackrel{}{(\widehat{\rho }_{}^{X_0})^{}(\delta (\frac{f_1}{t}))}\stackrel{}{(\widehat{\rho }_{}^{X_0})^{}(\delta f_1)}(F_2)=0.\hfill \end{array}$$

Third case. Suppose that $`F_1`$ and $`F_2`$ are constant on $`ϵ_\sigma (M\times \text{})`$. Then, using that $`ϵ_\sigma (M\times \text{})`$ is a coisotropic submanifold of $`(G\times \text{},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}),`$ it follows that

$$\{F_1,F_2\}_{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}|ϵ_\sigma (M\times \text{})}=0.$$

Moreover, since $`{\displaystyle \frac{F_1}{t}}={\displaystyle \frac{F_2}{t}}=0`$ and the restriction to $`ϵ_\sigma (M\times \text{})`$ of the vector field $`{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}`$ is tangent to $`ϵ_\sigma (M\times \text{})`$, we conclude that

$$(_\frac{}{t}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}+\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }})(\delta F_1,\delta F_2)_{|ϵ_\sigma (M\times \text{})}=0.$$

$`QED`$

###### Examples 5.10

1.- Lie bialgebroids

Let $`(AG,A^{}G)`$ be a Lie bialgebroid where $`AG`$ is the Lie algebroid of an $`\alpha `$-connected and $`\alpha `$-simply connected Lie groupoid $`GM`$. Then, using Theorem 5.9 (see also Examples 4.3,1), we obtain that there exists a unique Poisson structure $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ on $`G`$ that makes $`(GM,\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ into a Poisson groupoid with Lie bialgebroid $`(AG,A^{}G)`$. This result was proved in .

2.- Generalized Lie bialgebras

If $`G`$ is a connected Lie group with identity element $`𝔢`$, $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ is a multiplicative function and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is a $`\sigma `$-multiplicative $`2`$-vector such that the intrinsic derivative of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ at $`𝔢`$ is zero then $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ identically vanishes (see ).

Let $`((𝔤,\varphi _0)(𝔤^{},X_0))`$ be a generalized Lie bialgebra, that is, a generalized Lie bialgebroid over a single point, and $`G`$ be a connected simply connected Lie group with Lie algebra $`𝔤.`$ Then, using (5.9), Proposition 4.4 and Theorem 5.9 we deduce the following facts: a) there exists a unique multiplicative function $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ and a unique $`\sigma `$-multiplicative $`2`$-vector $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ on $`G`$ such that $`(\delta \sigma )(𝔢)=\varphi _0`$ and the intrinsic derivative of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ at $`𝔢`$ is $`d_{X_0},`$ $`d_{X_0}`$ being the $`X_0`$-differential of the Lie algebra $`𝔤^{}`$; b) $`\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\delta \sigma )=\stackrel{}{X_0}e^\sigma \stackrel{}{X_0}`$ and c) the pair $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ is a Jacobi structure on $`G`$, where $`E=\stackrel{}{X_0}.`$ These results were proved in  (see Theorem 3.10 in ).

Acknowledgments. Research partially supported by DGICYT grant BFM 2000-0808. D. Iglesias-Ponte wishes to thank the Spanish Ministry of Education and Culture for an FPU grant.