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# Representations of reductive groups over finite rings

## Introduction

### 0.1

In \[L,  Sec.4\] a cohomological construction was given (without proof) for certain representations of a Chevalley group over a finite ring $`R`$ (arising from the ring of integers in a non-archimedean local field by reduction modulo a power of the maximal ideal); that construction was an extension of the construction of the virtual representations $`R_T^\theta `$ in \[DL\] for groups over a finite field. One of the aims of this paper is to provide the missing proof. For simplicity we will assume that $`R=𝔽_{q,r}=𝔽_q[[ϵ]]/(ϵ^r)`$ ($`ϵ`$ is an indeterminate, $`𝔽_q`$ is a finite field with $`q`$ elements and $`r1`$). The general case requires only minor modifications. On the other hand, we treat possibly twisted groups.

Let $`𝔽`$ be an algebraic closure of $`𝔽_q`$. Let $`G`$ be a connected reductive algebraic group defined over $`𝔽`$ with a given $`𝔽_q`$-rational structure with associated Frobenius map $`F:G\mathrm{@}>>>G`$.

Using a cohomological method, extending that of \[DL\], we will construct a family of irreducible representations of the finite group $`G(𝔽_{q,r}),r1`$, attached to a ”maximal torus” and a character of it in general position. In the case where $`r2`$ and $`G`$ is split over $`𝔽_q`$, the representations that we construct are likely to be the same as those found by Gérardin \[G\] by a non-cohomological method (induction from a subgroup if $`r`$ is even; induction from a subgroup in combination with a use of a Weil representation, if $`r`$ is odd, $`3`$). In any case, since for $`r=1`$, the cohomological construction is the only known construction of the generic representations, it seems natural to seek a cohomological construction which works uniformly for all $`r1`$; this is what we do in this paper.

In contrast with the case $`r=1`$, for $`r2`$ not all irreducible representations of $`G(𝔽_{q,r})`$ appear in the virtual representations that we construct. The study of $`SL_2`$ with $`r=2`$ (see §3) suggests that, to remedy this, one has to consider also virtual representations attached to double cosets with respect to a ”Borel subgroup” other than those indexed by the Weyl group.

### 0.2. Notation

Let $`ϵ`$ be an indeterminate. If $`X`$ is an affine algebraic variety over $`𝔽`$ and $`r1`$, we set $`X_r=X(𝔽[[ϵ]]/(ϵ^r))`$. Thus, if $`X`$ is the set of common zeroes of the polynomials $`f_i:𝔽^N\mathrm{@}>>>𝔽(i=1,\mathrm{},m)`$, then $`X_r`$ is the set of all $`(x_1,x_2,\mathrm{},x_N)(𝔽[[ϵ]]/(ϵ^r))^N`$ such that $`f_i(x_1,x_2,\mathrm{},x_N)`$ (a priori an element of $`𝔽[[ϵ]]/(ϵ^r)`$) is equal to $`0`$ for $`i=1,\mathrm{},m`$. We have $`X_1=X`$. For $`r=0`$ we set $`X_r=`$point. Then $`XX_r`$ is a functor from the category of algebraic varieties over $`𝔽`$ into itself. If $`X^{}`$ is a closed subvariety of $`X`$ then $`X_r^{}`$ is a closed subvariety of $`X_r`$. If $`X`$ is irreducible of dimension $`d`$ then $`X_r`$ is irreducible of dimension $`dr`$. For any $`rr^{}0`$ we have a canonical morphism $`\varphi _{r,r^{}}:X_r\mathrm{@}>>>X_r^{}`$. If $`r1`$, we have naturally $`XX_r`$ (using $`𝔽𝔽[[ϵ]]/(ϵ^r)`$). If $`G`$ is an algebraic group over $`𝔽`$ then $`G_r`$ is naturally an algebraic group over $`𝔽`$. For any $`rr^{}0`$, $`\varphi _{r,r^{}}:G_r\mathrm{@}>>>G_r^{}`$ is a homomorphism of algebraic groups hence its kernel, $`G_r^r^{}`$, is a normal subgroup of $`G_r`$. For $`r1`$ we have naturally $`GG_r`$. We have

$$\{1\}=G_r^rG_r^{r1}\mathrm{}G_r^1G_r^0=G_r.$$

For $`r>r^{}0`$, we set $`G_r^{r^{},}=G_r^r^{}G_r^{r^{}+1}`$. We have a partition

$$G_r=G_r^{0,}G_r^{1,}\mathrm{}G_r^{r1,}\{1\}.$$

We fix a prime number $`l`$ invertible in $`𝔽`$. If $`X`$ is an algebraic variety over $`𝔽`$ we write $`H_c^j(X)`$ istead of $`H_c^j(X,\overline{}_l)`$.

For a finite group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ let $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}=\text{Hom}(\mathrm{\Gamma },\overline{}_l^{})`$.

### 0.3

If $`T`$ is a commutative algebraic group over $`𝔽`$ with a fixed $`𝔽_q`$-structure and with Frobenius map $`F:T\mathrm{@}>>>T`$ we have a norm map

$`N_F^{F^n}:T^{F^n}\mathrm{@}>>>T^F,ttF(t)F^2(t)\mathrm{}F^{n1}(t)`$.

## 1. Lemmas

###### Lemma 1.1

Let $`𝒯,𝒯^{}`$ be two commutative, connected algebraic groups over $`𝔽`$ with fixed $`𝔽_q`$-rational structures with Frobenius maps $`F:𝒯\mathrm{@}>>>𝒯,F:𝒯^{}\mathrm{@}>>>𝒯^{}`$. Let $`f:𝒯\mathrm{@}>>>𝒯^{}`$ be an isomorphism of algebraic groups over $`𝔽`$. Let $`n1`$ be such that $`F^nf=fF^n:𝒯\mathrm{@}>>>𝒯^{}`$; thus $`f:𝒯^{F^n}\mathrm{@}>>>𝒯^{}^{F^n}`$. Let

$$H=\{(t,t^{})𝒯\times 𝒯^{};f(F(t)^1t)=F(t^{})^1t^{}\}.$$

(A subgroup of $`𝒯\times 𝒯^{}`$ containing $`𝒯^F\times 𝒯^{}^F`$.) Let $`\theta \widehat{𝒯^F}`$, $`\theta ^{}\widehat{𝒯^{}^F}`$ be such that $`\theta ^1\theta ^{}`$ is trivial on $`(𝒯^F\times 𝒯^{}{}_{}{}^{F})H^0`$. Then $`\theta N_F^{F^n}=\theta ^{}N_F^{F^n}f\widehat{T^{F^n}}`$.

Setting $`t_1=tF(t)\mathrm{}F^{n1}(t)𝒯,t_2=f(t)F(f(t))\mathrm{}F^{n1}(f(t))𝒯^{}`$ for $`t𝒯`$, we have

$$f(F(t_1)^1t_1)=f(tF^n(t)^1)=f(t)f(F^n(t))^1=f(t)F^n(f(t))^1=F(t_2)^1t_2,$$

so that $`(t_1,t_2)H`$. Now $`t(t_1,t_2)`$ is a morphism $`𝒯\mathrm{@}>>>H`$ of algebraic varieties and $`𝒯`$ is connected; hence the image of this morphism is contained in $`H^0`$. In particular, if $`t𝒯^{F^n}`$ we have $`(N_F^{F^n}(t),N_F^{F^n}(f(t)))(𝒯^F\times 𝒯^{}{}_{}{}^{F})H^0`$ hence, by assumption, $`\theta ^1(N_F^{F^n}(t))\theta ^{}(N_F^{F^n}(f(t)))=1`$ for all $`t𝒯^{F^n}`$. The lemma is proved.

### 1.2

Let $`G`$ be a connected reductive algebraic group over $`𝔽`$ with a fixed $`𝔽_q`$-rational structure with Frobenius map $`F:G\mathrm{@}>>>G`$. If $`r1`$ then $`F:G\mathrm{@}>>>G`$ induces a homomorphism $`F:G_r\mathrm{@}>>>G_r`$ which is the Frobenius map for a $`𝔽_q`$-rational structure on $`G_r`$.

Let $`T,T^{}`$ be two $`F`$-stable maximal tori of $`G`$ and let $`U`$ (resp. $`U^{}`$) be the unipotent radical of a Borel subgroup of $`G`$ that contains $`T`$ (resp. $`T^{}`$). Note that $`U,U^{}`$ are not necessarily defined over $`𝔽_q`$. Let $`r2`$. Let $`𝒯=T_r^{r1},𝒯^{}=T_r^{}^{r1}`$,

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{(x,x^{},y)F(U_r)\times F(U_r^{})\times G_r;xF(y)=yx^{}\}.$$

Let $`N(T,T^{})=\{\nu G;\nu ^1T\nu =T^{}\}`$. Then $`T`$ acts on $`N(T,T^{})`$ by left multiplication and $`T^{}`$ acts on $`N(T,T^{})`$ by right multiplication. The orbits of $`T`$ are the same as the orbits of $`T^{}`$; we set $`W(T,T^{})=T\backslash N(T,T^{})=N(T,T^{})/T^{}`$ (a finite set). For each $`wW(T,T^{})`$ we choose a representative $`\dot{w}`$ in $`N(T,T^{})`$. We have $`G=_{wW(T,T^{})}G_w`$ where $`G_w=UT\dot{w}U^{}=U\dot{w}T^{}U^{}`$.

Let $`G_{w,r}`$ be the inverse image of $`G_w`$ under $`\varphi _{r,1}:G_r\mathrm{@}>>>G`$ and let $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_w=\{(x,x^{},y)\mathrm{\Sigma };yG_{w,r}\}`$.

Now $`T_r^F\times T_r^{}^F`$ acts on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ by $`(t,t^{}):(x,x^{},y)(txt^1,t^{}x^{}t^{}{}_{}{}^{1},tyt^{}{}_{}{}^{1})`$. This restricts to an action of $`T_r^F\times T_r^{}^F`$ on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_w`$ for any $`wW`$.

If $`\theta \widehat{T_r^F},\theta ^{}\widehat{T_r^{}^F}`$ and $`M`$ is a $`T_r^F\times T_r^{}^F`$-module, we shall write $`M_{\theta ^1,\theta ^{}}`$ for the subspace of $`M`$ on which $`T_r^F\times T_r^{}^F`$ acts according to $`\theta ^1\theta ^{}`$.

###### Lemma 1.3

Assume that $`r2`$. Let $`wW(T,T^{})`$. Let $`\theta \widehat{T_r^F}`$, $`\theta ^{}\widehat{T_r^{}^F}`$. Assume that $`H_c^j(\mathrm{\Sigma }_w)_{\theta ^1,\theta ^{}}0`$ for some $`j`$. Let $`g=F(\dot{w})^1`$ and let $`n1`$ be such that $`gG^{F^n}`$. Then $`\text{Ad}(g)`$ carries $`𝒯^{F^n}`$ onto $`𝒯^{}^{F^n}`$ and $`\theta |_{𝒯^F}N_F^{F^n}\widehat{𝒯^{F^n}}`$ to $`\theta ^{}|_{𝒯^{}^F}N_F^{F^n}\widehat{𝒯^{}^{F^n}}`$.

By the definition of $`G_{w,r}`$, the map $`U_r\times G_r^1\times (T_r\dot{w})\times U_r^{}\mathrm{@}>>>G_{w,r}`$ given by $`(u,k,\nu ,u^{})uk\nu u^{}`$ is a locally trivial fibration with all fibres isomorphic to a fixed affine space. Hence the map

$`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w=\{(x,x^{},u,u^{},k,\nu )F(U_r)\times F(U_r^{})\times U_r\times U_r^{}\times G_r^1\times T_r\dot{w};`$
$`xF(u)F(k)F(\nu )F(u^{})=uk\nu u^{}x^{}\}\mathrm{@}>>>\mathrm{\Sigma }_w`$
given by $`(x,x^{},u,u^{},k,\nu )(x,x^{},uk\nu u^{})`$, is a locally trivial fibration with all fibres isomorphic to a fixed affine space. This map is compatible with the $`T_r^F\times T_r^{}^F`$ actions where $`T_r^F\times T_r^{}^F`$ acts on $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w`$ by

$$(t,t^{}):(x,x^{},u,u^{},k,\nu )(txt^1,t^{}x^{}t^{}{}_{}{}^{1},tut^1,t^{}u^{}t^{}{}_{}{}^{1},tkt^1,t\nu t^{}{}_{}{}^{1}).$$
$`a`$
Hence there exists $`j^{}`$ such that $`H_c^j^{}(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w)_{\theta ^1,\theta ^{}}0`$. By the substitution $`xF(u)x,x^{}F(u^{})^1x^{}`$, the variety $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w`$ is rewritten as

$$\{(x,x^{},u,u^{},k,\nu )F(U_r)\times F(U_r^{})\times U_r\times U_r^{}\times G_r^1\times T_r\dot{w};xF(k)F(\nu )=uk\nu u^{}x^{}\};$$
$`b`$
in these coordinates, the action of $`T_r^F\times T_r^{}^F`$ is still given by (a). Let

$$H=\{(t,t^{})𝒯\times 𝒯^{};t^{}F(t^{})^1=F(\dot{w})^1tF(t)^1F(\dot{w})\}.$$

(A closed subgroup of $`T_r\times T_r^{}`$.) It acts on the variety (b) by the same formula as in (a). (We use the fact that $`hk=kh`$ for any $`hG_r^{r1},kG_r^1`$.) By \[DL,  6.5\], the induced action of $`H`$ on $`H_c^j^{}(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w)`$ is trivial when restricted to $`H^0`$. In particular, the intersection $`(T_r^F\times T_r^{}{}_{}{}^{F})H^0`$ acts trivially on $`H_c^j^{}(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w)`$. Since $`H_c^j^{}(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w)_{\theta ^1,\theta ^{}}0`$, it follows that $`\theta ^1\theta ^{}`$ is trivial on $`(T_r^F\times T_r^{}{}_{}{}^{F})H^0`$. Let $`g=F(\dot{w})^1`$ and let $`n1`$ be such that $`gG^{F^n}`$. Then $`\text{Ad}(g)`$ carries $`𝒯^{F^n}`$ onto $`𝒯^{}^{F^n}`$ and (by Lemma 1.1 with $`f=\text{Ad}(g)`$) it carries $`\theta |_{𝒯^F}N_F^{F^n}`$ to $`\theta ^{}|_{𝒯^{}^F}N_F^{F^n}`$. The lemma is proved.

###### Lemma 1.4

Assume that $`r2`$. Let $`\theta \widehat{T_r^F}`$, $`\theta ^{}\widehat{T_r^{}^F}`$ be such that

$$H_c^j(\mathrm{\Sigma })_{\theta ^1,\theta ^{}}0$$
$`a`$
for some $`j`$. There exists $`n1`$ and $`gN(T^{},T)^{F^n}`$ such that $`\text{Ad}(g)`$ carries $`\theta |_{𝒯^F}N_F^{F^n}\widehat{𝒯^{F^n}}`$ to $`\theta ^{}|_{𝒯^{}^F}N_F^{F^n}\widehat{𝒯^{}^{F^n}}`$.

The subvarieties $`G_w`$ of $`G`$ have the following property: for some ordering $``$ of $`W(T,T^{})`$, the unions $`_{w^{}w}G_w^{}`$ are closed in $`G`$. It follows that the unions $`_{w^{}w}G_{w^{},r}`$ are closed in $`G_r`$ and the unions $`_{w^{}w}\mathrm{\Sigma }_w^{}`$ are closed in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. The spectral sequence associated to the filtration of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ by these unions, together with (a), shows that there exists $`wW(T,T^{})`$ and $`j`$ such that $`H_c^j(\mathrm{\Sigma }_w)_{\theta ^1,\theta ^{}}0`$. We can therefore apply Lemma 1.3. The lemma follows.

### 1.5

Let $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ be the set of characters $`\alpha :T\mathrm{@}>>>𝔽^{}`$ such that $`\alpha 1`$ and $`T`$ acts on some line $`L_\alpha LieG`$ via $`\alpha `$ (in the adjoint action); for such $`\alpha `$, let $`G^\alpha `$ be the one dimensional unipotent subgroup of $`G`$ such that $`LieG^\alpha =L_\alpha `$. For $`\alpha \mathrm{\Phi }`$ there is a unique $`1`$-dimensional torus $`T^\alpha `$ in $`T`$ such that $`T^\alpha `$ is contained in the subgroup of $`G`$ generated by $`G^\alpha ,G^{\alpha ^1}`$. Let $`𝒯^\alpha =(T^\alpha )_r^{r1}`$ (a one dimensional subgroup of $`𝒯=T_r^{r1}`$).

Let $`\chi \widehat{𝒯^F}`$. We say that $`\chi `$ is regular if for any $`\alpha \mathrm{\Phi }`$ and any $`n1`$ such that $`F^n(𝒯^\alpha )=𝒯^\alpha `$, the restriction of $`\chi N_F^{F^n}:𝒯^{F^n}\mathrm{@}>>>\overline{}_l^{}`$ to $`(𝒯^\alpha )^{F^n}`$ is non-trivial. (It is enough to check that $`\chi N_F^{F^n}|_{(𝒯^\alpha )^{F^n}}`$ is non-trivial for any $`\alpha `$ and for just one $`n`$ such that $`F^n(𝒯^\alpha )=𝒯^\alpha `$ for all $`\alpha `$.)

Let $`\theta \widehat{T^F}`$. We say that $`\theta `$ is regular if $`\theta |_{𝒯^F}`$ is regular.

### 1.6

Let $`T`$ be an $`F`$-stable maximal torus of $`G`$. Let $`U,\stackrel{~}{U},V,\stackrel{~}{V}`$ be unipotent radicals of Borel subgroups containing $`T`$ such that $`UV=\stackrel{~}{U}\stackrel{~}{V}=\{1\}`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ be as in 1.5. Let

$$\mathrm{\Phi }^+=\{\alpha \mathrm{\Phi };G^\alpha \stackrel{~}{V}\},\mathrm{\Phi }^{}=\{\alpha \mathrm{\Phi };G^\alpha \stackrel{~}{U}\}.$$

Then $`\mathrm{\Phi }=\mathrm{\Phi }^+\mathrm{\Phi }^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}=\{\alpha ^1;\alpha \mathrm{\Phi }^+\}`$.

For $`\alpha \mathrm{\Phi }^+`$ let $`ht(\alpha )`$ be the largest integer $`n1`$ such that $`\alpha =\alpha _1\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _n`$ with $`\alpha _i\mathrm{\Phi }^+`$.

Let $`x(G^\alpha )_r^b,x^{}(G^\alpha ^{})_r^c`$ where $`\alpha ,\alpha ^{}\mathrm{\Phi }`$ and $`b,c[0,r]`$.

(a) If $`b+cr`$ then $`xx^{}=x^{}x`$.

(b) If $`b+cr`$ and $`\alpha \alpha ^{}1`$ then $`xx^{}=x^{}xu`$ where $`u`$ is of the form $`_{i,i^{}1;\alpha ^i\alpha ^{}{}_{}{}^{i^{}}\mathrm{\Phi }}u_{i,i^{}}`$ with $`u_{i,i^{}}(G^{\alpha ^i\alpha ^{}^i^{}})_r^{b+b^{}}`$.

(The factors in the last product are written in some fixed order. In the special case where $`b+c=r1`$, these factors commute with each other by (a), since $`r1+r1r`$.)

(c) If $`b+cr1,b+2cr`$ and $`\alpha \alpha ^{}=1`$ then $`xx^{}=x^{}x\tau _{x,x^{}}u`$ where $`\tau _{x,x^{}}𝒯^\alpha `$ and $`u(G^\alpha )_r^{r1}`$ are uniquely determined.

###### Lemma 1.7

We fix an order on $`\mathrm{\Phi }^+`$. For any $`z\stackrel{~}{V}_r,\beta \mathrm{\Phi }^+,`$ define $`x_\beta ^zG_r^\beta `$ by $`z=_{\beta \mathrm{\Phi }^+}x_\beta ^z`$ (factors written using the given order on $`\mathrm{\Phi }^+`$). Let $`\alpha \mathrm{\Phi }^{},a[1,r1]`$. Let $`z\stackrel{~}{V}_r^a`$ be such that $`x_\beta ^z(G^\beta )_r^{a+1}`$ for all $`\beta \mathrm{\Phi }^+`$ with $`ht(\beta )>ht(\alpha ^1)`$. Let $`\xi (G^\alpha )_r^{ra1}`$. Then $`\xi z=z\xi \tau _{\xi ,z}\omega _{\xi ,z}`$ where $`\tau _{\xi ,z}𝒯^\alpha `$ and $`\omega _{\xi ,z}\stackrel{~}{U}_r^{r1}`$.

We argue by induction on $`N_z=\mathrm{}(\beta \mathrm{\Phi }^+;x_\beta ^z1)`$. If $`N_z=0`$ the result is clear. Assume now that $`N_z=1`$ so that $`zG_r^\beta `$ with $`\beta \mathrm{\Phi }^+`$. If $`\alpha \beta =1`$, the result follows from 1.6(c). If $`\alpha \beta 1`$ and $`ht(\beta )>ht(\alpha ^1)`$ then $`z(G^\beta )_r^{a+1}`$ and $`\xi z=z\xi `$ by 1.6(b). If $`\alpha \beta 1`$ and $`ht(\beta )ht(\alpha ^1)`$ then by 1.6(b) we have $`\xi z=z\xi u`$ where $`u=_{i,i^{}1;\alpha ^i\beta ^i^{}\mathrm{\Phi }}u_{i,i^{}}`$ with $`u_{i,i^{}}(G^{\alpha ^i\beta ^i^{}})_r^{r1}`$; it is enough to show that if $`i,i^{}1`$, we cannot have $`\alpha ^i\beta ^i^{}\mathrm{\Phi }^+`$. (If $`\alpha ^i\beta ^i^{}\mathrm{\Phi }^+`$ for some $`i,i^{}1`$ then $`\alpha \beta \mathrm{\Phi }^+`$ hence $`ht(\beta )>ht(\alpha ^1)`$, contradiction.)

Assume now that $`N_z2`$. We can write $`z=z^{}z^{\prime \prime }`$ where $`z^{},z^{\prime \prime }\stackrel{~}{V}_r^a`$, $`N_z^{}<N_z,N_{z^{\prime \prime }}<N_z`$. Using the induction hypothesis we have

$$\xi z=\xi z^{}z^{\prime \prime }=z^{}\xi \tau _{\xi ,z^{}}\omega _{\xi ,z^{}}z^{\prime \prime }$$

where $`\tau _{\xi ,z^{}}𝒯^\alpha `$, $`\omega _{\xi ,z^{}}\stackrel{~}{U}_r^{r1}`$. We have $`\omega _{\xi ,z^{}}z^{\prime \prime }=z^{\prime \prime }\omega _{\xi ,z^{}}`$ and $`\tau _{\xi ,z^{}}z^{\prime \prime }=z^{\prime \prime }\tau _{\xi ,z^{}}`$. Using again the induction hypothesis, we have

$`z^{}\xi \tau _{\xi ,z^{}}\omega _{\xi ,z^{}}z^{\prime \prime }=z^{}\xi \tau _{\xi ,z^{}}z^{\prime \prime }\omega _{\xi ,z^{}}=z^{}\xi z^{\prime \prime }\tau _{\xi ,z^{}}\omega _{\xi ,z^{}}`$
$`=z^{}z^{\prime \prime }\xi \tau _{\xi ,z^{\prime \prime }}\omega _{\xi ,z^{\prime \prime }}\tau _{\xi ,z^{}}\omega _{\xi ,z^{}}=z\xi \tau _{\xi ,z^{}}\tau _{\xi ,z^{\prime \prime }}\omega _{\xi ,z^{}}\omega _{\xi ,z^{\prime \prime }}.`$
Thus, $`\xi z=z\xi \tau _{\xi ,z}\omega _{\xi ,z}`$ where

$$\tau _{\xi ,z}=\tau _{\xi ,z^{}}\tau _{\xi ,z^{\prime \prime }},\omega _{\xi ,z}=\omega _{\xi ,z^{}}\omega _{\xi ,z^{\prime \prime }}.$$

The lemma is proved.

### 1.8

In the setup of 1.6, let $`Z=V\stackrel{~}{V}`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}=\{\beta \mathrm{\Phi };G^\beta Z\}`$. We have $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}\mathrm{\Phi }^+`$. Let $`𝒳`$ be the set of all subsets $`I\mathrm{\Phi }^{}`$ such that $`I`$ and $`ht:\mathrm{\Phi }^+\mathrm{@}>>>`$ is constant on $`I`$.

To any $`zZ_r^1\{1\}`$ we associate a pair $`(a,I_z)`$ where $`a[1,r1]`$ and $`I_z𝒳`$ as follows. We define $`a`$ by the condition that $`zZ_r^{a,}`$. If $`x_\beta ^zG^\beta `$ are defined as in 1.8 in terms of a fixed order on $`\mathrm{\Phi }^+`$, then $`x_\beta ^z(G^\beta )_r^a`$ for all $`\beta \stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}`$ and $`x_\beta ^z=1`$ for all $`\beta \mathrm{\Phi }^+\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}`$. Let $`I_z`$ be the set of all $`\alpha ^{}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}`$ such that $`x_\alpha ^{}^z(G^\alpha ^{})_r^{a,}`$ and $`x_\beta ^z(G^\beta )_r^{a+1}`$ for all $`\beta \mathrm{\Phi }^+`$ such that $`ht(\beta )>ht(\alpha ^{})`$. It is easy to see, using 1.6(a),(b), that the definition of $`I_z`$ does not depend on the choice of an order on $`\mathrm{\Phi }^+`$. For $`a[1,r1]`$ and $`I𝒳`$ let $`Z_r^{a,,I}`$ be the set of all $`zZ_r^1\{1\}`$ such that $`zZ_r^{a,},I=I_z`$. Thus we have a partition

$$Z_r^1\{1\}=_{a[1,r1],I𝒳}Z_r^{a,,I}.$$
$`a`$
###### Lemma 1.9

Let $`T,T^{},U,U^{},r,𝒯,𝒯^{}`$ be as in 1.2. Let $`\theta \widehat{T_r^F},\theta ^{}\widehat{T_r^{}^F}`$. Assume that $`\theta ^{}|_{𝒯^F}=\chi `$ is regular. Let $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ be as in 1.2. Then $`_j(1)^jdimH_c^j(\mathrm{\Sigma })_{\theta ^1,\theta ^{}}`$ is equal to the number of $`wW(T,T^{})^F`$ such that $`Ad(\dot{w}):T_r^{}{}_{}{}^{F}\mathrm{@}>>>T_r^F`$ carries $`\theta `$ to $`\theta ^{}`$.

Using the partition $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=_{wW(T,T^{})}\mathrm{\Sigma }_w`$ we see that it is enough to prove that $`_j(1)^jdimH_c^j(\mathrm{\Sigma }_w)_{\theta ^1,\theta ^{}}`$ is equal to $`1`$ if $`F(w)=w`$ and $`Ad(\dot{w}):T_r^{}{}_{}{}^{F}\mathrm{@}>>>T_r^F`$ carries $`\theta `$ to $`\theta ^{}`$ and equals $`0`$, otherwise. We now fix $`wW(T,T^{})`$. We have

$`\mathrm{\Sigma }_w`$
$`=\{(x,x^{},y)F(U_r)\times F(U_r^{})\times G_r;xF(y)=yx^{},yU_rG_r^1\dot{w}T_r^{}U_r^{}=U_rZ_r^1\dot{w}T_r^{}U_r^{}\}`$
where $`Z=V\dot{w}V^{}\dot{w}^1`$. Here $`V`$ (resp. $`V^{}`$) is the unipotent radical of a Borel subgroup containing $`T`$ (resp. $`T^{}`$) such that $`UV=\{1\}`$ (resp. $`U^{}V^{}=\{1\}`$. Let

$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w=\{(x,x^{},u,u^{},z,\tau ^{})F(U_r)\times F(U_r^{})\times U_r\times U_r^{}\times Z_r^1\times T_r^{};`$
$`xF(u)F(z)F(\dot{w})F(\tau ^{})F(u^{})=uz\dot{w}\tau ^{}u^{}x^{}\}.`$
The map $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w\mathrm{@}>>>\mathrm{\Sigma }_w`$ given by $`(x,x^{},u,u^{},z,\tau ^{})(x,x^{},uz\dot{w}\tau ^{}u^{})`$ is a locally trivial fibration with all fibres isomorphic to a fixed affine space. This map is compatible with the $`T_r^F\times T_r^{}^F`$-actions where $`T_r^F\times T_r^{}^F`$ acts on $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w`$ by

$$(t,t^{}):(x,x^{},u,u^{},z,\tau ^{})(txt^1,t^{}x^{}t^{}{}_{}{}^{1},tut^1,t^{}u^{}t^{}{}_{}{}^{1},tzt^1,\dot{w}^1t\dot{w}\tau t^{}{}_{}{}^{1}).$$
$`a`$
Hence it is enough to show that

$`_j(1)^jdimH_c^j(\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w)_{\theta ^1,\theta ^{}}`$ is equal to $`1`$ if $`F(w)=w`$ and $`Ad(\dot{w}):T_r^{}{}_{}{}^{F}\mathrm{@}>>>T_r^F`$ carries $`\theta `$ to $`\theta ^{}`$ and equals $`0`$, otherwise.

By the change of variable $`xF(u)x,x^{}F(u^{})^1x^{}`$ we may rewrite $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w`$ as

$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w=\{(x,x^{},u,u^{},z,\tau ^{})F(U_r)\times F(U_r^{})\times U_r\times U_r^{}\times Z_r^1\times T_r^{};`$
$`xF(z)F(\dot{w})F(\tau ^{})=uz\dot{w}\tau ^{}u^{}x^{}\}`$
with the $`T_r^F\times T_r^{}^F`$-action still given by (a). We have a partition $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w=\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{\prime \prime }`$ where

$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{}=\{(x,x^{},u,u^{},z,\tau ^{})F(U_r)\times F(U_r^{})\times U_r\times U_r^{}\times (Z_r^1\{1\})\times T_r^{};`$
$`xF(z)F(\dot{w})F(\tau ^{})=uz\dot{w}\tau ^{}u^{}x^{}\},`$
$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{\prime \prime }=\{(x,x^{},u,u^{},1,\tau ^{})F(U_r)\times F(U_r^{})\times U_r\times U_r^{}\times \{1\}\times T_r^{};`$
$`xF(\dot{w})F(\tau ^{})=u\dot{w}\tau ^{}u^{}x^{}\},`$
are stable under the $`T_r^F\times T_r^{}^F`$-action. It is then enough to show that

(b) $`_j(1)^jdimH_c^j(\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{\prime \prime })_{\theta ^1,\theta ^{}}`$ is equal to $`1`$ if $`F(w)=w`$ and $`Ad(\dot{w}):T_r^{}{}_{}{}^{F}\mathrm{@}>>>T_r^F`$ carries $`\theta `$ to $`\theta ^{}`$ and equals $`0`$, otherwise.

(c) $`H_c^j(\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{})_{\theta ^1,\theta ^{}}=0`$ for all $`j`$.

We first prove (c). If $`M`$ is a $`𝒯^{}^F`$-module we shall write $`M_{(\chi )}`$ for the subspace of $`M`$ on which $`𝒯^{}^F`$ acts according to $`\chi `$. Now $`𝒯^{}^F`$ acts on $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{}`$ by

$$t^{}:(x,x^{},u,u^{},z,\tau ^{})(x,t^{}x^{}t^{}{}_{}{}^{1},u,t^{}u^{}t^{}{}_{}{}^{1},z,\tau ^{}t^{}{}_{}{}^{1}).$$

Hence $`H_c^j(\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{})`$ becomes a $`𝒯^{}^F`$-module. It is enough to show that $`H_c^j(\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{})_{(\chi )}=0`$.

We shall use the definitions and results in 1.6-1.8 relative to $`U,\stackrel{~}{U},V,\stackrel{~}{V}`$ where $`\stackrel{~}{U}=\dot{w}U^{}\dot{w}^1`$, $`\stackrel{~}{V}=\dot{w}V^{}\dot{w}^1`$. The partition 1.8(a) gives rise to a partition $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{}=_{a,I}\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{a,I}`$ indexed by $`a[0,r1],I𝒳`$ where

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{a,I}=\{(x,x^{},u,u^{},z,\tau ^{})\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{};zZ_r^{a,,I}\}.$$

It is easy to see that there is a total order on the set of indices $`(a,I)`$ such that the union of the $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{a,I}`$ for $`(a,I)`$ less than or equal than some given $`(a^0,I^0)`$ is closed in $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{}`$. Since the subsets $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{a,I}`$ are stable under the action of $`𝒯^{}^F`$, we see that, in order to prove (c), it is enough to show that

$$H_c^j(\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{a,I})_{(\chi )}=0$$
$`d`$
for any fixed $`a,I`$ as above. We choose $`\alpha ^{}I`$. Let $`\alpha =\alpha ^{}^1`$. Then $`G_r^\alpha U_r\dot{w}U_r^{}\dot{w}^1`$.

For any $`zZ_r^{a,},\xi (G^\alpha )_r^{ra1}`$ we have

$$\xi z=z\xi \tau _{\xi ,z}\omega _{\xi ,z}$$

where $`\tau _{\xi ,z}𝒯^\alpha ,\omega (\xi ,z)\dot{w}U_r^{}{}_{}{}^{r1}\dot{w}_{}^{1}`$ are uniquely determined. (See 1.7.) Moreover, the map $`(G^\alpha )_r^{ra1}\mathrm{@}>>>𝒯^\alpha ,\xi \tau (\xi ,z)`$ factors through an isomorphism

$$\lambda _z:(G^\alpha )_r^{ra1}/(G^\alpha )_r^{ra}\mathrm{@}>>>𝒯^\alpha .$$

Let $`\pi :(G^\alpha )_r^{ra1}\mathrm{@}>>>(G^\alpha )_r^{ra1}/(G^\alpha )_r^{ra}`$ be the canonical homomorphism. We can find a morphism of algebraic varieties

$$\psi :(G^\alpha )_r^{ra1}/(G^\alpha )_r^{ra}\mathrm{@}>>>(G^\alpha )_r^{ra1}$$

such that $`\pi \psi =1`$ and $`\psi (1)=1`$. Let

$$^{}=\{t^{}𝒯^{};t^{}{}_{}{}^{1}F(t^{})\dot{w}^1𝒯^\alpha \dot{w}\}.$$

This is a closed subgroup of $`𝒯^{}`$. For any $`t^{}^{}`$ we define $`f_t^{}:\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{a,I}\mathrm{@}>>>\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{a,I}`$ by

$$f_t^{}(x,x^{},u,u^{},z,\tau ^{})=(xF(\xi ),\widehat{x}^{},u,F(t^{})^1u^{}F(t^{}),z,\tau ^{}F(t^{}))$$

where

$$\xi =\psi \lambda _z^1(\dot{w}F(t^{})^1t^{}\dot{w}^1)(G^\alpha )_r^{ra1}U_r\dot{w}U_r^{}\dot{w}^1$$

and $`\widehat{x}^{}G_r`$ is defined by the condition that

$$xF(\xi )F(z)F(\dot{w})F(\tau ^{}F(t^{}))=uz\dot{w}\tau ^{}F(t^{})F(t^{})^1u^{}F(t^{})\widehat{x}^{}.$$

In order for this to be well defined we must check that $`\widehat{x}^{}F(U_r^{})`$. Thus we must show that

$`xF(\xi )F(z)F(\dot{w})F(\tau ^{}F(t^{}))uz\dot{w}\tau ^{}u^{}F(t^{})F(U_r^{})`$

or that

$`xF(z)F(\xi )F(\tau _{\xi ,z})F(\omega _{\xi ,z})F(\dot{w})F(\tau ^{}F(t^{}))uz\dot{w}\tau ^{}u^{}F(t^{})F(U_r^{})`$.

Since $`xF(z)=uz\dot{w}\tau ^{}u^{}x^{}F(\tau ^{})^1F(\dot{w}^1)`$, it is enough to show that

$`uz\dot{w}\tau ^{}u^{}x^{}F(\tau ^{})^1F(\dot{w}^1)F(\xi )F(\tau _{\xi ,z})F(\omega _{\xi ,z})F(\dot{w})F(\tau ^{}F(t^{}))`$
$`uz\dot{w}\tau ^{}u^{}F(t^{})F(U_r^{})`$
or that

$`x^{}F(\tau ^{})^1F(\dot{w}^1)F(\xi )F(\tau _{\xi ,z})F(\omega _{\xi ,z})F(\dot{w})F(\tau ^{}F(t^{}))F(t^{})F(U_r^{})`$.

Since $`x^{}F(U_r^{}),F(\dot{w}^1)F(\omega _{\xi ,z})F(\dot{w})F(U_r^{})`$, it is enough to check that

$`F(\tau ^{})^1F(\dot{w}^1)F(\xi )F(\tau _{\xi ,z})F(\dot{w})F(\tau ^{}F(t^{}))F(t^{})F(U_r^{})`$.

Since $`F(\dot{w}^1)F(\xi )F(\dot{w})F(U_r^{})`$ it is enough to check that

$`F(\tau ^{})^1F(\dot{w}^1)F(\tau _{\xi ,z})F(\dot{w})F(\tau ^{}F(t^{}))F(t^{})F(U_r^{})`$

or that

$`F(\dot{w}^1)F(\tau _{\xi ,z})F(\dot{w})F(F(t^{}))=F(t^{})`$

or that $`\dot{w}^1\tau _{\xi ,z}\dot{w}=F(t^{})^1t^{}`$ or that $`\lambda _z(\pi _z(\xi ))=\dot{w}F(t^{})^1t^{}\dot{w}^1`$. But this is clear.

Thus, $`f_t^{}:\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{a,I}\mathrm{@}>>>\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{a,I}`$ is well defined for $`t^{}^{}`$. It is clearly an isomorphism for any $`t^{}^{}`$. In particular, it is a well defined isomorphism for any $`t^{}^{}^0`$. By general principles, the induced map $`f_t^{}^{}:H_c^j(\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{a,I})\mathrm{@}>>>H_c^j(\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{a,I})`$ is constant when $`t^{}`$ varies in $`^{}^0`$. In particular, it is constant when $`t^{}`$ varies in $`𝒯^{}{}_{}{}^{F}^{}^0`$. Now $`𝒯^{}{}_{}{}^{F}^{}`$ and for $`t^{}𝒯^{}^F`$, the map $`f_t^{}`$ coincides with the action of $`t^{}`$ in the $`𝒯^{}^F`$-action on $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{a,I}`$. (We use that $`\psi (1)=1`$.) We see that the induced action of $`𝒯^{}^F`$ on $`H_c^j(\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{a,I})`$ is trivial when restricted to $`𝒯^{}{}_{}{}^{F}^{}^0`$.

We can find $`n1`$ such that $`F^n(\dot{w}^1𝒯^\alpha \dot{w})=\dot{w}^1𝒯^\alpha \dot{w}`$. Then $`t^{}t^{}F(t^{})F^2(t^{})\mathrm{}F^{n1}(t^{})`$ is a well defined morphism $`\dot{w}^1𝒯^\alpha \dot{w}\mathrm{@}>>>^{}`$. Its image is a connected subgroup of $`^{}`$ hence is contained in $`^{}^0`$. If $`t^{}(\dot{w}^1𝒯^\alpha \dot{w})^{F^n}`$ then $`N_F^{F^n}(t^{})𝒯^{}^F`$; thus, $`N_F^{F^n}(t^{})𝒯^{}{}_{}{}^{F}^{}^0`$. We see that the action of $`N_F^{F^n}(t^{})𝒯^{}^F`$ on $`H_c^j(\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{a,I})`$ is trivial for any $`t^{}(\dot{w}^1𝒯^\alpha \dot{w})^{F^n}`$.

If we assume that $`H_c^j(\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{a,I})_{(\chi )}0`$, it follows that $`t^{}\chi (N_F^{F^n}(t^{}))`$ is the trivial character of $`(\dot{w}^1𝒯^\alpha \dot{w})^{F^n}`$. This contradicts our assumption that $`\chi `$ is regular. Thus, (d) holds. Hence (c) holds.

We now prove (b). Let

$$\stackrel{~}{H}=\{(t,t^{})T_r\times T_r^{};tF(t)^1=F(\dot{w})t^{}F(t^{})^1F(\dot{w}^1)\}.$$

This is a closed subgroup of $`T_r\times T_r^{}`$ containing $`T_r^F\times T_r^{}^F`$. Now the action of $`T_r^F\times T_r^{}^F`$ on $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{\prime \prime }`$ extends to an action of $`\stackrel{~}{H}`$ given by the same formula. To see this consider $`(t,t^{})\stackrel{~}{H}`$ and $`(x,x^{},u,u^{},1,\tau ^{})\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{\prime \prime }`$. We must show that

$`(txt^1,t^{}x^{}t^{}{}_{}{}^{1},tut^1,t^{}u^{}t^{}{}_{}{}^{1},1,\dot{w}^1t\dot{w}\tau ^{}t^{}{}_{}{}^{1})\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{\prime \prime }`$

that is,

$`txt^1F(\dot{w})F(\dot{w}^1)F(t)F(\dot{w})F(\tau ^{})F(t^{}{}_{}{}^{1})=tut^1\dot{w}\dot{w}^1t\dot{w}\tau ^{}t^{}{}_{}{}^{1}t_{}^{}u^{}t^{}{}_{}{}^{1}t_{}^{}x^{}t^{}^1`$

or that

$`xt^1F(t)F(\dot{w})F(\tau ^{})F(t^{}{}_{}{}^{1})=u\dot{w}\tau ^{}u^{}x^{}t^{}^1`$

or that $`xt^1F(t)F(\dot{w})F(\tau ^{})F(t^{}{}_{}{}^{1})=xF(\dot{w})F(\tau ^{})t^{}^1`$

or that $`t^1F(t)F(\dot{w})F(t^{}{}_{}{}^{1})=F(\dot{w})t^{}^1`$; this is clear. Let $`T_{},T_{}^{}`$ be the reductive part of $`T_r,T_r^{}`$ (thus $`T_{}`$ is a torus isomorphic to $`T`$). Let $`\stackrel{~}{H}_{}=\stackrel{~}{H}(T_{}\times T_{}^{})`$. Then $`\stackrel{~}{H}_{}^0`$ is a torus acting on $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{\prime \prime }`$ by restriction of the $`\stackrel{~}{H}`$-action. The fixed point set $`(\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{\prime \prime })^{\stackrel{~}{H}_{}^0}`$ of the $`\stackrel{~}{H}_{}^0`$-action is stable under the action of $`T_r^F\times T_r^{}^F`$ and by general principles we have

$$\underset{j}{}(1)^jdimH_c^j(\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{\prime \prime })_{\theta ^1,\theta ^{}}=\underset{j}{}(1)^jdimH_c^j((\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{\prime \prime })^{\stackrel{~}{H}_{}^0})_{\theta ^1,\theta ^{}}.$$

It is then enough to show that

(e) $`_j(1)^jdimH_c^j((\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{\prime \prime })^{\stackrel{~}{H}_{}^0})_{\theta ^1,\theta ^{}}`$ is equal to $`1`$ if $`F(w)=w`$ and $`Ad(\dot{w}):T_r^{}{}_{}{}^{F}\mathrm{@}>>>T_r^F`$ carries $`\theta `$ to $`\theta ^{}`$ and equals $`0`$, otherwise.

Let $`(x,x^{},u,u^{},1,\tau )(\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{\prime \prime })^{\stackrel{~}{H}_{}^0}`$. By Lang’s theorem the first projection $`\stackrel{~}{H}_{}\mathrm{@}>>>T_{}`$ is surjective. It follows that the first projection $`\stackrel{~}{H}_{}^0\mathrm{@}>>>T_{}`$ is surjective. Similarly the second projection $`\stackrel{~}{H}_{}^0\mathrm{@}>>>T_{}^{}`$ is surjective. Hence for any $`tT_{},t^{}T_{}^{}`$ we have

$`txt^1=x,t^{}x^{}t^{}{}_{}{}^{1}=x^{},tut^1=u,t^{}u^{}t^{}{}_{}{}^{1}=u^{}`$

hence $`x=x^{}=u=u^{}=1`$. Thus, $`(\widehat{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_w^{\prime \prime })^{\stackrel{~}{H}_{}^0}`$ is contained in

(f) $`\{(1,1,1,1,1,\tau ^{});\tau ^{}T_r^{},F(\dot{w}\tau ^{})=\dot{w}\tau ^{}\}`$.

The set (f) is clearly contained in the fixed point set of $`\stackrel{~}{H}`$. Note that (f) is empty unless $`F(w)=w`$. We can therefore assume that $`F(w)=w`$. In this case, (f) is stable under the action of $`\stackrel{~}{H}`$. In particular it is stable under the action of $`\stackrel{~}{H}_{}^0`$. Since (f) is finite and $`\stackrel{~}{H}_{}^0`$ is connected, we see that $`\stackrel{~}{H}_{}^0`$ must act trivially on (f). Thus, (f) is exactly the fixed point set of $`\stackrel{~}{H}_{}^0`$. Hence this fixed point can be identified with $`(\dot{w}T_r^{})^F`$. From this (e) follows easily. The lemma is proved.

## 2. The main results

### 2.1

Let $`G,F`$ be as in 1.2. Let $`T`$ be an $`F`$-stable maximal torus in $`G`$ and let $`U`$ be the unipotent radical of a Borel subgroup of $`G`$ that contains $`T`$. (Note that $`U`$ is not necessarily $`F`$-stable.) Let $`r1`$. Let $`(G_r^F)`$ be the group of virtual representations of $`G_r^F`$ over $`\overline{}_l`$. Let $`,`$ be the standard inner product $`(G_r^F)\times (G_r^F)\mathrm{@}>>>`$. Let

$$S_{T,U}=\{gG_r;g^1F(g)F(U_r)\}.$$

The finite group $`G_r^F\times T_r^F`$ acts on $`S_{T,U}`$ by $`(g_1,t):gg_1gt^1`$. For any $`i`$ we have an induced action of $`G_r^F\times T_r^F`$ on $`H_c^i(S_{T,U})`$. For $`\theta \widehat{T_r^F}`$, we denote by $`H_c^i(S_{T,U})_\theta `$ the subspace of $`H_c^i(S_{T,U})`$ on which $`T_r^F`$ acts according to $`\theta `$. This is a $`G_r^F`$-submodule of $`H_c^i(S_{T,U})`$. Let

$$R_{T_r,U_r}^\theta =\underset{i}{}(1)^iH_c^i(S_{T,U})_\theta (G_r^F).$$

###### Proposition 2.2

Assume that $`r2`$. Let $`(T^{},U^{},\theta ^{})`$ be another triple like $`T,U,\theta `$. Let $`𝒯=T_r^{r1},𝒯^{}=T_r^{}^{r1}`$.

(a) Let $`i,i^{}`$ be integers. Assume that there exists an irreducible $`G_r^F`$-module that appears in the $`G_r^F`$-module $`(H_c^i(S_{T,U})_{\theta ^1})^{}`$ (dual of $`H_c^i(S_{T,U})_{\theta ^1}`$) and in the $`G_r^F`$-module $`H_c^i^{}(S_{T^{},U^{}})_\theta ^{}`$. There exists $`n1`$ and $`gN(T^{},T)^{F^n}`$ such that $`\text{Ad}(g)`$ carries $`\theta N_F^{F^n}|_{𝒯^{F^n}}\widehat{𝒯^{F^n}}`$ to $`\theta ^{}N_F^{F^n}|_{𝒯^{}^{F^n}}\widehat{𝒯^{}^{F^n}}`$.

(b) Assume that there exists an irreducible $`G_r^F`$-module that appears in the virtual $`G_r^F`$-module $`_i(1)^iH_c^i(S_{T,U})_\theta `$ and in the virtual $`G_r^F`$-module $`_i(1)^iH_c^i(S_{T^{},U^{}})_\theta ^{}`$. There exists $`n1`$ and $`gN(T^{},T)^{F^n}`$ such that $`\text{Ad}(g)`$ carries $`\theta N_F^{F^n}|_{𝒯^{F^n}}\widehat{𝒯^{F^n}}`$ to $`\theta ^{}N_F^{F^n}|_{𝒯^{}^{F^n}}\widehat{𝒯^{}^{F^n}}`$.

We prove (a). Consider the free $`G_r^F`$action on $`S_{T,U}\times S_{T^{},U^{}}`$ given by $`g_1:(g,g^{})(g_1g,g_1g^{})`$. The map

$$(g,g^{})(x,x^{},y),x=g^1F(g),x^{}=g^{}{}_{}{}^{1}F(g^{}),y=g^1g^{}$$

defines an isomorphism of $`G_r^F\backslash (S_{T,U}\times S_{T^{},U^{}})`$ onto $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ (as in 1.2).

The action of $`T_r^F\times T_r^{}^F`$ on $`S_{T,U}\times S_{T^{},U^{}}`$ given by right multiplication by $`t^1`$ on the first factor and by $`t^{}^1`$ on the second factor becomes an action of $`T_r^F\times T_r^{}^F`$ on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ given by $`(x,x^{},y)(txt^1,t^{}x^{}t^{}{}_{}{}^{1},tyt^{}{}_{}{}^{1})`$. Our assumption implies that the $`G_r^F`$-module $`H_c^i(S_{T,U})_{\theta ^1}H_c^i^{}(S_{T^{},U^{}})_\theta ^{}`$ contains the unit representation with non-zero multiplicity. Hence the subspace of $`H_c^{i+i^{}}(G_r^F\backslash (S_{T,U}\times S_{T^{},U^{}}))`$ on which $`T_r^F\times T_r^{}^F`$ acts according to $`\theta ^1\theta ^{}`$ is non-zero. Equivalently, $`H_c^{i+i^{}}(\mathrm{\Sigma })_{\theta ^1,\theta ^{}}0`$. We now use Lemma 1.4; (a) follows.

We prove (b). By general principles we have

$$\underset{i}{}(1)^i(H_c^i(S_{T,U})_{\theta ^1})^{}=\underset{i}{}(1)^iH_c^i(S_{T,U})_\theta .$$

Hence the assumption of (b) implies that the assumption of (a) holds. Hence the conclusion of (a) holds. The proposition is proved.

###### Proposition 2.3

We preserve the setup of 2.2. Assume that $`\theta `$ or $`\theta ^{}`$ is regular. The inner product $`R_{T_r,U_r}^\theta ,R_{T_r^{},U_r^{}}^\theta ^{}`$ is equal to the number of $`wW(T,T^{})^F`$ such that $`Ad(\dot{w}):T_r^{}{}_{}{}^{F}\mathrm{@}>>>T_r^F`$ carries $`\theta `$ to $`\theta ^{}`$.

We may assume that $`\theta ^{}`$ is regular. As in the proof of 2.2, we have

$`R_{T_r,U_r}^\theta ,R_{T_r^{},U_r^{}}^\theta ^{}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{i,i^{}}{}}(1)^{i+i^{}}dim(H_c^i(S_{T,U})_{\theta ^1}H_c^i^{}(S_{T^{},U^{}})_\theta )^{G_r^F}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}(1)^jdimH_c^j(G_r^F\backslash (S_{T,U}\times S_{T^{},U^{}}))_{\theta ^1,\theta ^{}}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}(1)^jdimH_c^j(\mathrm{\Sigma })_{\theta ^1,\theta ^{}}`$
where $`()^{G_r^F}`$ denotes the space of $`G_r^F`$-invariants. It remains to use 1.9.

###### Corollary 2.4

Assume that $`r2`$. Let $`T,U`$ be as in 2.1. Assume that $`\theta \widehat{T_r^F}`$ is regular.

(a) $`R_{T_r,U_r}^\theta `$ is independent of the choice of $`U`$.

(b) Assume also that the stabilizer of $`\theta `$ in $`W(T,T)^F`$ is $`\{1\}`$. Then $`R_{T_r,U_r}^\theta `$ is $`\pm `$ an irreducible $`G_r^F`$-module.

We prove (a). Let $`U^{}`$ be the unipotent radical of another Borel subgroup of $`G`$ containing $`T`$. Let $`R=R_{T_r,U_r}^\theta `$, $`R^{}=R_{T_r,U_r^{}}^\theta `$. By 2.3 we have

$`R,R=R,R^{}=R^{},R=R^{},R^{}`$.

Hence $`RR^{},RR^{}=0`$, so that $`R=R^{}`$. This proves (a). In the setup of (b), we see from 2.3 that $`R_{T_r,U_r}^\theta ,R_{T_r,U_r}^\theta =1`$. This proves (b).

### 2.5

Assume that $`r2`$. Let $`T`$ be as in 2.1. Assume that $`\theta \widehat{T_r^F}`$ is regular. We set

$`R_{T_r}^\theta =R_{T_r,U_r}^\theta `$

where $`U`$ is chosen as in 2.1. (By 2.4(a), this is independent of the choice of $`U`$.)

## 3. An example

### 3.1

Let $`A=𝔽[[ϵ]]/(ϵ^2)`$. Define $`F:A\mathrm{@}>>>A`$ by $`F(a_0+ϵa_1)=a_0^q+ϵa_1^q`$ where $`a_0,a_1𝔽`$. Let $`V`$ be a $`2`$-dimensional $`𝔽`$-vector space with a fixed $`𝔽_q`$-rational structure with Frobenius map $`F:V\mathrm{@}>>>V`$. Let $`G=SL(V)`$. Then $`G`$ has an $`𝔽_q`$-rational structure with Frobenius map $`F:G\mathrm{@}>>>G`$ such that $`F(gv)=F(g)F(v)`$ for all $`gG,vV`$. Let $`V_2=A_𝔽V`$. Then $`G_2`$ (see 0.2) may be identified with the group of all automorphisms of the free $`A`$-module $`V_2`$ with determinant $`1`$. We regard $`V`$ as a subset of $`V_2`$ by $`v1v`$. Any element of $`V_2`$ can be written uniquely in the form $`v_0+ϵv_1`$ where $`v_0,v_1V`$. The Frobenius map $`F:V_2\mathrm{@}>>>V_2`$ satisfies $`F(v_0+ϵv_1)=F(v_0)+ϵF(v_1)`$ for $`v_0,v_1V`$.

Let $`\widehat{G_2^F}`$ be the set of isomorphism classes of irreducible representations of $`G_2^F`$ over $`\overline{}_l`$. The objects of $`\widehat{G_2^F}`$ can be classified using the fact that $`G_2^F`$ is a semidirect product of $`G^F`$ and $`𝔽_q^3`$.

The table below shows the number of representations in $`\widehat{G_2^F}`$ of various dimensions assuming that $`q`$ is odd; the first column indicates the dimension, the second column indicates the number of representations of that dimension.

$$\begin{array}{cc}dim& \mathrm{}\\ 1& 1\\ q& 1\\ q+1& (q3)/2\\ (q+1)/2& 2\\ q1& (q1)/2\\ (q1)/2& 2\\ q^2+q& (q1)^2/2\\ q^2q& (q^21)/2\\ (q^21)/2& 2q\end{array}$$

The analogous table in the case where $`q`$ is a power of $`2`$ is

$$\begin{array}{cc}dim& \mathrm{}\\ 1& 1\\ q& 1\\ q+1& (q2)/2\\ q1& q/2\\ q^2+q& (q1)(q2)/2\\ (q^2+q)/2& 2(q1)\\ q^2q& (q^2q)/2\\ (q^2q)/2& 2(q1)\\ q^21& q\end{array}$$

### 3.2

Let $``$ be the set of all $`A`$-submodules $`LV_2`$ such that $`L`$ is a direct summand of $`V_2`$ and $`L`$ is free of rank $`1`$. Now $`G_2`$ acts transitively on $``$. The diagonal action on $`\times `$ has three orbits $`𝒪,𝒪^{},𝒪^{\prime \prime }`$ where

$`𝒪=\{(L,L^{})\times ;L=L^{}\}`$,

$`𝒪^{}=\{(L,L^{})\times ;LL^{}=ϵL=ϵL^{}\}`$,

$`𝒪^{\prime \prime }=\{(L,L^{})\times ;LL^{}=0\}`$.

If $`L`$ then $`F(L)`$. Thus we obtain a map $`F:\mathrm{@}>>>`$, the Frobenius map of a $`𝔽_q`$-rational structure on $``$. Let

$`X=\{L;(L,F(L))𝒪\}`$,

$`X^{}=\{L;(L,F(L))𝒪^{}\}`$,

$`X^{\prime \prime }=\{L;(L,F(L))𝒪^{\prime \prime }\}`$.

Then $`X,X^{},X^{\prime \prime }`$ form a partition of $``$ into $`G_2^F`$-stable subvarieties.

We now define some finite coverings of $`X,X^{},X^{\prime \prime }`$ as follows. Let $`e,e^{}`$ be an $`𝔽`$-basis of $`V`$ such that $`F(e)=e,F(e^{})=e^{}`$. Let $`\underset{¯}{T}`$ be the subgroup of $`G`$ consisting of the automorphisms $`eae,e^{}a^1e^{}`$ with $`a𝔽^{}`$. (An $`F`$-stable maximal torus of $`G`$.) Let $`\underset{¯}{U}`$ be the subgroup of $`G`$ consisting of the automorphisms

$`ee+be^{},e^{}e^{}`$ with $`b𝔽^{}`$.

Let $`\nu G`$ be such that $`\nu (e)=e^{},\nu (e^{})=e`$. Let $`hG`$ be such that $`he=e,he^{}=e^{}+ϵe`$. Let

$`\stackrel{~}{X}=\{gG_2;g^1F(g)\underset{¯}{U}_2\}/\underset{¯}{U}_2`$,

$`\stackrel{~}{X}^{}=\{gG_2;g^1F(g)h\underset{¯}{U}_2\}/(\underset{¯}{U}_2h\underset{¯}{U}_2h^1)`$,

$`\stackrel{~}{X}^{\prime \prime }=\{gG_2;g^1F(g)\nu \underset{¯}{U}_2\}`$.

(We use the action of $`\underset{¯}{U}_2`$ or $`\underset{¯}{U}_2h\underset{¯}{U}_2h^1`$ on $`G_2`$ by right translation.) Then $`gAge^{}`$ is a well defined morphism $`\stackrel{~}{X}\mathrm{@}>>>X,\stackrel{~}{X}^{}\mathrm{@}>>>X^{},\stackrel{~}{X}^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{@}>>>X^{\prime \prime }`$. This is a finite principal covering with group $`\mathrm{\Gamma },\mathrm{\Gamma }^{},\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\prime \prime }`$ respectively (acting by right translation) where

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\underset{¯}{T}_2^F`$ (of order $`q^2q`$)

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}=\{x\underset{¯}{T}_2\underset{¯}{U}_2;x^1hF(x)h\underset{¯}{U}\}/(\underset{¯}{U}h\underset{¯}{U}h^1)\{\pm 1\}\times 𝔽_q`$ (of order $`2q`$ if $`q`$ is odd, of order $`q`$ if $`q`$ is a power of $`2`$)

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\prime \prime }=\{t\underset{¯}{T}_2;F(t)=t^1\}`$ (of order $`q^2+q`$).

For any variety $`Y`$ with an action of a finite group and any character $`\omega `$ of that finite group, let $`H_c^j(Y)_\omega `$ denote the subspace of $`H_c^j(Y)`$ on which the finite group acts according to $`\omega `$. Thus, for $`\omega `$ in $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ (resp. $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{},\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{\prime \prime }`$), $`H_c^j(\stackrel{~}{X})_\omega `$ (resp. $`H_c^j(\stackrel{~}{X}^{})_\omega ,H_c^j(\stackrel{~}{X}^{\prime \prime })_\omega `$) is well defined.

### 3.3

Let $`Y=\{gG;g^1F(g)h\underset{¯}{U}_2\}`$. We wish to describe $`Y`$ more explicitly. If $`gG_2`$, the condition that $`gY`$ is that

$`F(g)e=ghue=gh(e+xe^{})=g(e+xe^{}+ϵxe)`$,

$`F(g)e^{}=ghue^{}=gh(e^{})=g(e^{}+ϵe)`$

for some $`xA`$. Define $`a,b,c,dA`$ by $`ge=ae+be^{},ge^{}=ce+de^{}`$. The condition that $`gY`$ is

$`F(a)e+F(b)e^{}=ae+be^{}+ϵxae+ϵxbe^{}+xce+xde^{}`$,

$`F(c)e+F(d)e^{}=ce+de^{}+ϵae+ϵbe^{}`$

for some $`xA`$. Thus, we may identify $`Y`$ with the set of all $`(a,b,c,d)A^4`$ such that

$`F(a)=a+ϵxa+xc,F(b)=b+ϵxb+xd,F(c)=c+ϵa,F(d)=d+ϵb,adbc=1`$

for some $`xA`$, or equivalently, such that

$`(F(a)a)(ϵb+d)=(F(b)b)(ϵa+c),F(c)=c+ϵa,F(d)=d+ϵb,adbc=1`$.

Setting $`a=a_0+ϵa_1,b=b_0+ϵb_1,c=c_0+ϵc_1,d=d_0+ϵd_1`$ with $`a_i,d_i𝔽`$, we see that $`Y`$ is identified with the set consisting of all $`(a_0,b_0,c_0,d_0,a_1,b_1,c_1,d_1)𝔽^8`$ such that

(a) $`c_0^q=c_0,d_0^q=d_0,c_1^q=c_1+a_0,d_1^q=d_1+b_0`$,

(b) $`a_0d_0b_0c_0=1,a_0d_1+a_1d_0b_0c_1b_1c_0=0`$,

(c) $`(a_0^qa_0)d_0=(b_0^qb_0)c_0`$,

$`(a_0^qa_0)b_0+(a_0^qa_0)d_1+(a_1^qa_1)d_0=(b_0^qb_0)a_0+(b_0^qb_0)c_1+(b_1^qb_1)c_0`$.

Actually the equations (c) are a consequence of the other equations, hence they can be omitted. The first equation (b) can be written (using (a)):

$`(c_1^qc_1)d_0(d_1^qd_1)c_0=1`$,

that is,

$`(c_1d_0d_1c_0)^q(c_1d_0d_1c_0)=1`$.

Setting $`f=c_1d_0d_1c_0`$, we see that $`Y`$ is identified with the set of all

$`(a_0,b_0,c_0,d_0,a_1,b_1,c_1,d_1,f)𝔽^9`$

such that

$`c_0^q=c_0,d_0^q=d_0,c_1^q=c_1+a_0,d_1^q=d_1+b_0`$,

$`f^qf=1,c_1d_0d_1c_0=f,a_0d_1+a_1d_0b_0c_1b_1c_0=0`$.

Now on $`Y`$ we have a free right action of $`\underset{¯}{U}_2^1=\underset{¯}{U}_2h\underset{¯}{U}_2h^1`$, $`u:ggu`$. In terms of coordinates, this is $`(a,b,c,d)(a+ϵxc,b+ϵxd,c,d),x𝔽`$ or

$$(a_0,b_0,c_0,d_0,a_1,b_1,c_1,d_1,f)(a_0,b_0,c_0,d_0,a_1+xc_0,b_1+xd_0,c_1,d_1,f).$$

The set of orbits $`Y/\underset{¯}{U}_2^1=\stackrel{~}{X}^{}`$ may be identified with the set of all

$`(a_0,b_0,c_0,d_0,c_1,d_1,f)𝔽^7`$

such that

$$c_0^q=c_0,d_0^q=d_0,c_1^q=c_1+a_0,d_1^q=d_1+b_0,f^qf=1,c_1d_0d_1c_0=f.$$

We consider the obvious projection of this set to the finite set

$`\{(c_0,d_0,f)𝔽^3;c_0^q=c_0,d_0^q=d_0,f^qf=1,(c_0,d_0)(0,0)\}`$.

The fibre of this projection at $`(c_0,d_0,f)𝔽^3`$ is the affine line $`\{(c_1,d_1)𝔽^2;c_1d_0d_1c_0=f\}`$. Thus, $`\stackrel{~}{X}^{}`$ is a union of $`(q^21)q`$ affine lines. Hence $`H_c^j(\stackrel{~}{X}^{})=0`$ for $`j2`$ and $`H_c^2(\stackrel{~}{X}^{})`$ is a permutation representation of $`G_2^F`$ of dimension $`(q^21)q`$. For $`q`$ odd, it follows easily that, as a $`G_2^F`$-module, $`H_c^2(\stackrel{~}{X}^{})`$ is the direct sum of the $`2q`$ irreducible representations of degree $`(q^21)/2`$ (each one with multiplicity $`1`$); more precisely, for any $`\omega ^{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{}`$, $`H_c^2(\stackrel{~}{X}^{})_\omega ^{}`$ is irreducible of degree $`(q^21)/2`$ and each irreducible representation of degree $`(q^21)/2`$ is obtained for exactly one $`\omega ^{}`$.

Similarly, for $`q`$ a power of $`2`$, $`H_c^2(\stackrel{~}{X}^{})`$ is the direct sum of the $`q`$ irreducible representations of degree $`q^21`$ (each one with multiplicity $`1`$); more precisely, for any $`\omega ^{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{}`$, $`H_c^2(\stackrel{~}{X}^{})_\omega ^{}`$ is irreducible of degree $`q^21`$ and each irreducible representation of degree $`q^21`$ is obtained for exactly one $`\omega ^{}`$.

### 3.4

Now $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ is a permutation representation of $`G_2^F`$ of dimension $`q^4q^2`$ which is easy to analyze. We see that $`H_c^j(\stackrel{~}{X})=0`$ for $`j0`$ and, for $`q`$ odd, $`H_c^0(\stackrel{~}{X})`$ is the direct sum of all irreducible representations of degree $`q^2+q`$ and $`q+1`$ (each one with multiplicity $`2`$), those of degree $`1,q,(q+1)/2`$ (each one with multiplicity $`1`$) and $`H_c^2(\stackrel{~}{X}^{})_\omega ^{}`$ with $`\omega ^{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{}`$, $`\omega ^{}{}_{}{}^{2}=1`$ (each one with multiplicity $`q1`$). More precisely, if $`\omega \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ then $`H_c^0(\stackrel{~}{X})_\omega `$ is

irreducible of degree $`q^2+q`$ if $`\omega |_{\underset{¯}{T}_2^1^F}1`$;

the direct sum of $`_{\omega ^{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }};\omega ^{}{}_{}{}^{2}=1}H_c^2(\stackrel{~}{X}^{})_\omega ^{}`$ with an irreducible representations of degree $`q+1`$, if $`\omega |_{\underset{¯}{T}_2^1^F}=1,\omega ^21`$;

the direct sum of $`_{\omega ^{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }};\omega ^{}{}_{}{}^{2}=1}H_c^2(\stackrel{~}{X}^{})_\omega ^{}`$ with the two irreducible representations of degree $`(q+1)/2`$, if $`\omega |_{\underset{¯}{T}_2^1^F}=1,\omega ^2=1,\omega 1`$;

the direct sum of $`_{\omega ^{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }};\omega ^{}{}_{}{}^{2}=1}H_c^2(\stackrel{~}{X}^{})_\omega ^{}`$ with the two irreducible representations of degree $`1`$ and $`q`$, if $`\omega =1`$.

On the other hand, for $`q`$ a power of $`2`$, $`H_c^0(\stackrel{~}{X})`$ is the direct sum of all irreducible representations of degree $`q^2+q`$ and $`q+1`$ (each one with multiplicity $`2`$), those of degree $`1,q,(q^2+q)/2`$ (each one with multiplicity $`1`$) and $`H_c^2(\stackrel{~}{X}^{})_1`$ (with multiplicity $`q1`$). More precisely, if $`\omega \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ then $`H_c^0(\stackrel{~}{X})_\omega `$ is

irreducible of degree $`q^2+q`$ if $`\omega |_{\underset{¯}{T}_2^1^F}1,\omega ^21`$;

the direct sum of two irreducible representations of degree $`(q^2+q)/2`$ if $`\omega ^2=1,\omega 1`$;

the direct sum of $`H_c^2(\stackrel{~}{X}^{})_1`$ with an irreducible representations of degree $`q+1`$, if $`\omega |_{\underset{¯}{T}_2^1^F}=1,\omega 1`$;

the direct sum of $`H_c^2(\stackrel{~}{X}^{})_1`$ with the two irreducible representations of degree $`1`$ and $`q`$, if $`\omega =1`$.

### 3.5

Let

$$𝔖_0=\{x_0V;x_0F(x_0)=ee^{}\},𝔖_{00}=\{x_0𝔖_0;F^2(x_0)=x_0\}.$$

Now $`G^F`$ acts on $`𝔖_0`$ (restriction of the $`G`$-action on $`V`$). This restricts to a $`G^F`$-action on $`𝔖_{00}`$. We show that this action is simply transitive. If $`gG^F`$ keeps fixed some $`x_0𝔖_{00}`$ then it also keeps fixed $`F(x_0)`$ hence it must be $`1`$ (recall that $`x_0,F(x_0)`$ form a basis of $`V`$). Thus the $`G^F`$-action on $`𝔖_{00}`$ has trivial isotropy. We may identify $`𝔖_{00}`$ with $`\{(a,b)𝔽^2;ab^qa^qb=1,a^{q^2}=a,b^{q^2}=b\}`$. For such $`(a,b)`$ we have automatically $`a0`$. We make a change of variable $`(a,b)(a,c)`$ where $`c=b/a`$. Then $`𝔖_{00}`$ becomes

$`\{(a,c)𝔽^2;a^{q+1}(c^qc)=1,a^{q^2}=a,c^{q^2}=c\}`$.

The second projection maps this to $`\{c𝔽;c^{q^2}=c,c^qc\}`$ which has $`q^2q`$ elements. The fibre at $`c`$ is $`\{a𝔽;a^{q+1}=(c^qc)^1\}`$. (For such $`a`$ we have automatically $`a^{q^2}=a`$ since $`c^{q^2}=c`$.) This fibre has exactly $`q+1`$ elements since $`(c^qc)^10`$. We see that $`\mathrm{}(𝔖_{00})=(q+1)(q^2q)=\mathrm{}(G^F)`$. It follows that the $`G^F`$-action on $`𝔖_{00}`$ is indeed simply transitive.

### 3.6

We now analyze $`\stackrel{~}{X}^{\prime \prime }`$. Let

$$𝔖=\{xV_2;xF(x)=ee^{}\}.$$

Now $`G_2^F`$ acts on $`𝔖`$ by $`g_1:xg_1x`$. The map $`gg(e^{})`$ defines an isomorphism

$`\iota :\stackrel{~}{X}^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{@}>>>𝔖`$.

We check that this is a well defined bijection. Let $`g\stackrel{~}{X}^{\prime \prime }`$. Then $`F(g)=g\nu u`$ for some $`u\underset{¯}{U}_2`$. Let $`x=ge^{}`$. Then for some $`u\underset{¯}{U}_2`$ we have

$`xF(x)=(ge^{})F(ge^{})=(ge^{})F(g)e^{}=e^{}g^1F(g)e^{}=e^{}\nu ue^{}`$
$`=e^{}\nu e^{}=e^{}(e)=ee^{},`$
hence $`x𝔖`$ and $`\iota `$ is well defined. Now let $`x𝔖`$. We can find $`gG_2`$ such that $`ge^{}=x`$. Then

$$ee^{}=xF(x)=(ge^{})F(ge^{})=(ge^{})F(g)e^{}=e^{}g^1F(g)e^{}.$$

Hence $`g^1F(g)e^{}=e+be^{}`$ for some $`bA`$. It follows that $`g^1F(g)=u^{}\nu u`$ where $`u,u^{}\underset{¯}{U}_2`$. Then $`(gu^{})^1F(gu^{})=\nu uF(u^{})`$ hence $`gu^{}\stackrel{~}{X}^{\prime \prime }`$. Clearly, $`\iota (gu^{})=x`$ so that $`\iota `$ is surjective. Now assume that $`g,g^{}\stackrel{~}{X}^{\prime \prime }`$ satisfy $`\iota (g)=\iota (g^{})`$ that is $`ge^{}=g^{}e^{}`$. Then $`g^{}=gu^{}`$, $`u^{}\underset{¯}{U}_2`$. We have $`g^{}{}_{}{}^{1}F(g^{})=\nu u`$ with $`u\underset{¯}{U}_2`$ hence $`u^{}{}_{}{}^{1}g_{}^{1}F(g)F(u^{})=\nu u`$. Also, $`g^1F(g)=\nu \stackrel{~}{u}`$ with $`\stackrel{~}{u}\underset{¯}{U}_2`$ hence $`u^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\nu \stackrel{~}{u}F(u^{})=\nu u`$ so that $`u^{}\nu \underset{¯}{U}_2\nu ^1`$. Thus, $`u^{}\underset{¯}{U}_2(\nu \underset{¯}{U}_2\nu ^1)=\{1\}`$ hence $`u^{}=1`$ and $`g^{}=g`$. Thus, $`\iota `$ is injective hence bijective. It commutes with the $`G_2^F`$-actions.

Now $`𝔖`$ consists of the elements $`x_0+ϵx_1`$, with $`x_0,x_1V`$ such that

$`(x_0+ϵx_1)(F(x_0)+ϵF(x_1))=ee^{}`$,

that is

$`x_0F(x_0)=ee^{}`$ and $`x_1F(x_0)+x_0F(x_1)=0`$.

We have a morphism

$`\kappa :𝔖\mathrm{@}>>>𝔖_0,x_0+ϵx_1x_0`$.

If $`x_0𝔖_0`$ then $`\kappa ^1(x_0)`$ may be identified with

$`\{x_1V;x_1F(x_0)+x_0F(x_1)=0\}`$.

Note that $`x_0,F(x_0)`$ form a basis of $`V`$ hence $`F^2(x_0)=c_0x_0+c_1F(x_0)`$ with $`c_0,c_1𝔽`$. Since $`x_0F(x_0)=ee^{}`$ is $`F`$-stable, we have $`x_0F(x_0)=F(x_0)F^2(x_0)`$ hence $`c_0=1`$. Let $`𝔖_{01}=𝔖_0𝔖_{00}`$. We have a partition $`𝔖=𝔖_{}𝔖_{}`$ where $`𝔖_{}=\kappa ^1(𝔖_{00}),𝔖_{}=\kappa ^1(𝔖_{01})`$ are $`G_2^F`$-stable. If $`x_0𝔖_0`$, then any $`x_1V`$ can be written uniquely in the form

$`x_1=a_0x_0+a_1F(x_0)`$

with $`a_0,a_1𝔽`$. The condition that $`x_0+ϵx_1\kappa ^1(x_0)`$ is

$`(a_0x_0+a_1F(x_0))F(x_0)+x_0(a_0^qF(x_0)+a_1^qF^2(x_0))=0`$,

that is,

$`a_0x_0F(x_0)+x_0(a_0^qF(x_0)a_1^qx_0+a_1^qc_1F(x_0))=0`$,

that is,

$`a_0x_0F(x_0)+a_0^qx_0F(x_0)+a_1^qc_1x_0F(x_0)=0`$,

or $`a_0+a_0^q+a_1^qc_1=0`$.

Thus we may identify $`\kappa ^1(x_0)`$ with $`\{(a_0,a_1)𝔽^2;a_0+a_0^q+a_1^qc_1=0\}`$. If $`c_10`$ (that is if $`x_0𝔖_{01}`$) this is isomorphic to the affine line. Thus, $`\kappa `$ restricts to an affine line bundle $`𝔖_{}\mathrm{@}>>>𝔖_{01}`$.

Now the action of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\prime \prime }`$ on $`\stackrel{~}{X}^{\prime \prime }`$ corresponds under $`\iota `$ to the action of $`\{\lambda A;\lambda F(\lambda )=1\}`$ on $`𝔖`$ by scalar multiplication. Hence the action of $`\{t\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\prime \prime };tT_2^1\}`$ on $`\stackrel{~}{X}^{\prime \prime }`$ corresponds to the action of $`A^{}=\{\lambda A;\lambda F(\lambda )=1,\lambda 1+ϵA\}`$ on $`𝔖`$ by scalar multiplication. The action of $`1+ϵ\lambda _1A^{}`$ (with $`\lambda _1𝔽`$) in the coordinates $`(x_0,a_0,a_1)`$ is $`(x_0,a_0,a_1)(x_0,a_0+\lambda _1,a_1)`$. Thus it preserves each fibre of $`\kappa `$.

Now $`𝔖_{}`$ is stable under the action of $`\{\lambda A;\lambda F(\lambda )=1\}`$ and the restriction of this action to $`A^{}`$ preserves each fibre of $`𝔖_{}\mathrm{@}>>>𝔖_{01}`$ (an affine line); hence this group acts trivially on $`H_c^j()`$ of each such fibre hence it also acts trivially on $`H_c^j(𝔖_{})`$. Thus, $`H_c^j(𝔖)\mathrm{@}>>>H_c^j(𝔖_{})`$ is an isomorphism on the part where $`_{\lambda A^{}}\lambda `$ acts as $`0`$.

We now study $`H_c^j(𝔖_{})`$. If $`x_0𝔖_{00}`$ then $`\kappa ^1(x_0)`$ may be identified with $`\{(a_0,a_1)𝔽^2;a_0+a_0^q=0\}`$. Thus, $`𝔖_{}`$ is an affine line bundle over

$`𝔖_{00}\times \{a_0𝔽;a_0+a_0^q=0\}`$

which is a transitive permutation representation of $`G_2^F`$ that is explicitly known from 3.5. It follows that $`H_c^j(𝔖_{})=0`$ for $`j2`$ and the part of $`H_c^2(𝔖_{})`$ where $`_{\lambda A^{}}\lambda `$ acts as $`0`$ is the direct sum of the irreducible representations of degree $`q^2q`$ (each one with multiplicity $`2`$) and of degree $`(q^2q)/2`$ (each one with multiplicity $`1`$); note that the latter representations occur only when $`q`$ is a power of $`2`$.

We now study the part of $`H_c^j(𝔖)`$ where $`A^{}`$ acts as $`1`$. This is the same as $`H_c^j(A^{}\backslash 𝔖)`$. The map $`(x_0,a_0,a_1)(x_0,\stackrel{~}{a}_0,a_1),\stackrel{~}{a}_0=a_0+a_0^q`$ is an isomorphism of $`A^{}\backslash 𝔖`$ with the set of all $`(x_0,\stackrel{~}{a}_0,a_1)𝔖_0\times 𝔽\times 𝔽`$ such that $`\stackrel{~}{a}_0+a_1^qc_1=0`$. (Here $`c_1`$ is determined by $`x_0`$ as above.) Hence the map $`(x_0,a_0,a_1)(x_0,a_1)`$ is an isomorphism $`A^{}\backslash 𝔖\mathrm{@}>>>𝔖_0\times 𝔽`$. Thus, $`H_c^j(A^{}\backslash 𝔖)=H_c^{j2}(𝔖_0)`$. Thus, $`G_2^F`$ acts on $`H_c^j(A^{}\backslash 𝔖)`$ through its quotient $`G^F`$ and that action is explicitly known from the representation theory of $`G^F`$.

We see that $`H_c^4(\stackrel{~}{X}^{\prime \prime })`$ is the $`1`$ dimensional representation; $`H_c^3(\stackrel{~}{X}^{\prime \prime })`$ is the direct sum of all irreducible representations of degree $`q1`$ (each one with multiplicity $`2`$) and those of degree $`(q1)/2,q`$ (each one with multiplicity $`1`$); $`H_c^2(\stackrel{~}{X}^{\prime \prime })`$ is the direct sum of all irreducible representations of degree $`q^2q`$ (each one with multiplicity $`2`$) and of degree $`(q^2q)/2`$ (each one with multiplicity $`1`$); $`H_c^j(\stackrel{~}{X}^{\prime \prime })=0`$ for $`j\{2,3,4\}`$; note that the representations of degree $`(q1)/2`$ occur only for $`q`$ odd, while those of degree $`(q^2q)/2`$ occur only for $`q`$ a power of $`2`$.

More precisely, if $`\omega \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{\prime \prime }`$ and $`q`$ is odd, then

$`H_c^4(\stackrel{~}{X}^{\prime \prime })_\omega `$ is irreducible of degree $`1`$ if $`\omega =1`$ and is $`0`$ otherwise;

$`H_c^3(\stackrel{~}{X}^{\prime \prime })_\omega `$ is irreducible of degree $`q1`$ if $`\omega |_{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\prime \prime }T_2^1}=1`$, $`\omega ^21`$; it is the direct sum of two irreducible representations of degree $`(q1)/2`$ if $`\omega |_{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\prime \prime }T_2^1}=1`$, $`\omega ^2=1,\omega 1`$; it it is irreducible of degree $`q`$ if $`\omega =1`$; it is $`0`$ if $`\omega |_{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\prime \prime }T_2^1}1`$;

$`H_c^2(\stackrel{~}{X}^{\prime \prime })_\omega `$ is irreducible of degree $`q^2q`$ if $`\omega |_{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\prime \prime }T_2^1}1`$ and is $`0`$ otherwise.

Similarly, if $`\omega \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}^{\prime \prime }`$ and $`q`$ is a power of $`2`$, then

$`H_c^4(\stackrel{~}{X}^{\prime \prime })_\omega `$ is irreducible of degree $`1`$ if $`\omega =1`$ and is $`0`$ otherwise;

$`H_c^3(\stackrel{~}{X}^{\prime \prime })_\omega `$ is irreducible of degree $`q1`$ if $`\omega |_{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\prime \prime }T_2^1}=1`$, $`\omega 1`$; it is irreducible of degree $`q`$ if $`\omega =1`$; it is $`0`$ if $`\omega |_{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\prime \prime }T_2^1}1`$;

$`H_c^2(\stackrel{~}{X}^{\prime \prime })_\omega `$ is irreducible of degree $`q^2q`$ if $`\omega |_{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\prime \prime }T_2^1}1`$, $`\omega ^21`$; it is the direct sum of two irreducible representations of degree $`(q^2q)/2`$ if $`\omega ^2=1,\omega 1`$; it is $`0`$ otherwise.

### 3.7

We see that any irreducible representation of $`G_2^F`$ appears in at least one of the representations $`H_c^j(\stackrel{~}{X})_\omega ,H_c^j(\stackrel{~}{X}^{})_\omega ,H_c^j(\stackrel{~}{X}^{\prime \prime })_\omega `$. More precisely, the regular representation of $`G_2^F`$ is a $``$-linear combination of the virtual representations

$$\underset{j}{}(1)^jH_c^j(\stackrel{~}{X})_\omega ,\underset{j}{}(1)^jH_c^j(\stackrel{~}{X}^{})_\omega ,\underset{j}{}(1)^jH_c^j(\stackrel{~}{X}^{\prime \prime })_\omega .$$

### 3.8

Let $`\gamma G`$ be such that $`\gamma ^1F(\gamma )=\nu `$. We set $`T=\gamma \underset{¯}{T}\gamma ^1`$, $`U=\gamma \underset{¯}{U}\gamma ^1`$. Then $`T`$ is an $`F`$-stable maximal torus of $`G`$ and $`U`$ is the unipotent radical of a Borel subgroup of $`G`$ containing $`T`$. Hence $`S_{T,U}`$ is defined (with $`r=2`$). Now $`gg\gamma ^1`$ defines an isomorphism

$`\stackrel{~}{X}^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{@}>>>S_{T,U}`$

and an isomorphism $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{@}>>>T_2^F`$. Also $`G_2^F\times \mathrm{\Gamma }^{\prime \prime }`$ acts on $`\stackrel{~}{X}^{\prime \prime }`$ by $`(g_1,t):gg_1gt^1`$. This action is compatible with the $`G_2^F\times T_2^F`$-action on $`S_{T,U}`$ via the isomorphisms above. We see that the virtual representations $`_j(1)^jH_c^j(\stackrel{~}{X}^{\prime \prime })_\omega `$ of $`G_2^F`$ are the same as the virtual representations $`R_{T,U}^\theta `$.

### 3.9

We return to the general setup of 1.2. Let $`\underset{¯}{B}`$ be an $`F`$-stable Borel subgroup of $`G`$ with unipotent radical $`\underset{¯}{U}`$. For any $`xG_r`$ let $`X_x=\{gG_r;g^1F(g)x\underset{¯}{U}_r\}`$. Then $`G_r^F`$ acts on $`X_x`$ by left translations hence it acts naturally on $`H_c^j(X_x)`$. Note that the isomorphism class of the $`G_r^F`$-module $`H_c^j(X_x)`$ depends only on the $`(\underset{¯}{U}_r,\underset{¯}{U}_r)`$ double coset of $`x`$ in $`G_r`$. We conjecture that any irreducible representation of $`G_r^F`$ appears in $`_j(1)^jH_c^j(X_x)`$ for some $`xG_r`$. This holds for $`r=1`$ (see \[DL\]) and also for $`G=SL_2,r=2`$, by the results in this section.