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# Spaces of coinvariants and fusion product II.: (𝔰𝔩)̂₂ character formulas in terms of Kostka polynomials

## 1. Introduction

Combinatorics and representation theory share a long history of mutual interaction. Calculation of dimensions, multiplicities, etc., provides interesting problems for combinatorics, and combinatorics gives a natural language and technical machinery for solving them. In many cases, representation theory provides an interpretation of combinatorial identities, or creates new identities.

The Kostka-Foulkes polynomial $`K_{\lambda \mu }(q)`$, the transition matrix between Hall Littlewood and Schur functions, is one of the main players in this interaction. In the original version, where $`\lambda `$ and $`\mu `$ are partitions, the Kostka number $`K_{\lambda \mu }(1)`$ is the cardinality of the set of Young tableaux $`𝒯(\lambda ,\mu )`$ of shape $`\lambda `$ and weight $`\mu `$. It gives the multiplicity of the irreducible $`𝔰𝔩_n`$-module of highest weight $`\lambda `$ in the tensor product of the $`\mu _i`$-th symmetric tensor representations $`(1iN)`$.

In combinatorics, introduction of $`q`$-polynomials such as $`K_{\lambda \mu }(q)`$ is equivalent to finding a good statistic on combinatorial objects. In \[LS\], it was proved that the charge statistic on $`𝒯(\lambda ,\mu )`$ gives the Kostka polynomial.

In recent years, the interaction between combinatorics and representation theory has been enhanced by integrable models in statistical mechanics and quantum field theory. This is because physics provides the equivalent of a charge statistic.

For the Kostka polynomial, \[KR\] found a charge preserving bijection between Young tableaux and rigged configurations. The latter appear naturally in the context of counting the Bethe Ansatz states of the XXX Hamiltonian of one-dimensional quantum spin chain. The meaning of the charge statistic for the Bethe states was later clarified in \[KKMM\], where it was found that in the conformal limit, the scaled partition function in the infinite size limit, corresponding to the Bethe states, in many integrable models gives characters in conformal field theory (CFT). The bijection of \[KR\] led to new combinatorial identities which express the Kostka polynomials as sums of products of $`q`$ binomial coefficients. Such a formula was called a fermionic formula in \[KKMM\].

Although a variety of fermionic formulas and related identities have been obtained by combinatorial methods, the meaning from representation theory was not given in general. In \[FJKLM\] we clarified some aspect of this connection between filtered spaces of conformal blocks and the Kostka polynomial from representation theory of affine Lie algebra $`\widehat{𝔤}=𝔤𝐂[t,t^1]𝐂K`$. Namely, we defined a natural filtration on the dual space of conformal blocks, and showed that the Hilbert polynomial of the associated graded space gives rise to the Kostka polynomial and its generalizations. Let us recall this construction.

Let $`𝒵`$ be a set of distinct complex numbers. To each $`z_i`$ we associate a left ideal $`𝔛_iU(𝔤)`$. We fix a level $`k`$, and consider the finite-dimensional cyclic $`𝔤`$-module

$$\pi ^{(k)}(𝔛_i)=_{\mu P_+^{(k)}}\left(\pi _\mu ^{𝔛_i}\right)^{}\pi _\mu .$$

Here $`\pi _\mu `$ is the irreducible $`𝔤`$-module with highest weight $`\mu `$, and $`\left(\pi _\mu ^{𝔛_i}\right)^{}`$ is the dual space of $`𝔛_i`$ invariants in $`\pi _\mu `$. The highest weight $`\mu `$ is restricted by the condition $`\mu ,\theta ^{}k`$ where $`\theta ^{}`$ is the maximal coroot.

Let $`L_i`$ be a level $`k`$ integrable (in general, reducible) $`\widehat{𝔤}`$-module localized at $`z_i`$, which has $`\pi ^{(k)}(𝔛_i)`$ as the degree zero part. Let us consider the space of conformal coinvariants

$`L_0,L_1,\mathrm{},L_N_{\mathrm{},z_1,\mathrm{},z_N}^{𝐂P^1}`$
(1.1) $`=L_0L_1\mathrm{}L_N/𝔤^{𝐂P^1\backslash \{\mathrm{},z_1,\mathrm{},z_N\}}(L_0L_1\mathrm{}L_N),`$
where $`L_0=L_\lambda ^{(k)}(\mathrm{})`$ is the level $`k`$ irreducible highest weight $`\widehat{𝔤}`$-module with highest weight $`\lambda `$ ‘placed at $`\mathrm{}`$’, whereas $`L_i`$ are placed at $`z_i`$ (see \[FJKLM\] for the precise meaning of these terms). We fix a cyclic vector $`v_i\pi ^{(k)}(𝔛_i)L_i`$ to be the canonical element corresponding to the inclusions $`\pi _\mu ^{𝔛_i}\pi _\mu `$ $`(\mu P^{(k)_+})`$. Set $`X_i=S(𝔛_i)+B_1`$, where $`B_1=𝔤t[t]U(𝔤[t])`$, and $`S`$ is the antipode. Note that the left ideal $`S(X_i)`$ annihilates $`v_i`$. In the following, for a module $`W`$ over an algebra $`A`$ and a right ideal $`YA`$, we abbreviate the space of coinvariants $`W/YW`$ to $`W/Y`$.

In \[FJKLM\] we introduced the notion of the fusion right ideal $`X_1\mathrm{}X_N(𝒵)`$, and proved two canonical isomorphisms

(1.2)
$$L_\lambda ^{(k)}(\mathrm{})/X_1\mathrm{}X_N(𝒵)L_0,L_1,\mathrm{},L_N_{\mathrm{},z_1,\mathrm{},z_N}^{𝐂P^1}$$

and

(1.3)
$$_𝒵(\pi ^{(k)}(𝔛_1),\mathrm{},\pi ^{(k)}(𝔛_N))/S\left(I_\lambda ^{(k)}\right)L_0,L_1,\mathrm{},L_N_{\mathrm{},z_1,\mathrm{},z_N}^{𝐂P^1}.$$

Here $`_𝒵(\pi ^{(k)}(𝔛_1),\mathrm{},\pi ^{(k)}(𝔛_N))`$ is the filtered tensor product (in the sense of \[FL\]) of $`\pi ^{(k)}(𝔛_i)`$ with the cyclic vector $`v_1\mathrm{}v_N`$, and $`I_\lambda ^{(k)}U(𝔤[t])`$ is a left ideal which annihilates the highest weight vector $`v_\lambda L_\lambda ^{(k)}(\mathrm{})`$ (see \[FJKLM\] for the precise definition).

The logical steps for the proof of these isomorphisms (1.2) and (1.3), given in \[FJKLM\], was as follows. A standard argument shows that there are canonical surjections. The dimension of the space of conformal coinvariants (i.e., the right hand sides of (1.2) and (1.3)) is given by the Verlinde rule. We showed that the dimension of the space in the left hand side of (1.2) obeys the same Verlinde rule. Then, we proved the equivalence theorem of filtered vector spaces

(1.4)
$$L_\lambda ^{(k)}(\mathrm{})/X_1\mathrm{}X_N(𝒵)_𝒵(\pi ^{(k)}(𝔛_1),\mathrm{},\pi ^{(k)}(𝔛_N))/S\left(I_\lambda ^{(k)}\right).$$

In \[FJKLM\], we studied the case where $`𝔤=𝔰𝔩_2`$ and the representations $`L_i`$ are irreducible. In that special case, we proved that the associated graded space of (1.2)–(1.3) is isomorphic to the space of coinvariants

(1.5) $`\pi ^{(k)}(𝔛_1)\mathrm{}\pi ^{(k)}(𝔛_N)(𝒵)/S\left(I_\lambda ^{(k)}\right),`$
where $`\pi ^{(k)}(𝔛_1)\mathrm{}\pi ^{(k)}(𝔛_N)(𝒵)`$ signifies the fusion product, i.e., the associated graded space of $`_𝒵(\pi ^{(k)}(𝔛_1),\mathrm{},\pi ^{(k)}(𝔛_N))`$. We also gave an explicit fermionic formula for the Hilbert polynomial of (1.5). In what follows we refer to the latter as the ‘character’.

The aim of the present article is to obtain similar results for a class of reducible representations $`L_i`$. Let us describe the main points. Denote by $`e,f,h`$ the standard generators of $`𝔤=𝔰𝔩_2`$. In \[FJKLM\], we studied the space of coinvariants (1.1) by taking $`𝔛_i`$ such that $`\pi ^{(k)}(𝔛_i)`$ is an irreducible ($`l+1`$)-dimensional module $`\pi _l`$ of $`𝔤`$. Here we choose $`𝔛_i`$ of the form

$$U(𝔤)e^{m_i+1}+U(𝔤)f(1m_ik).$$

In this case we have

(1.6)
$$\pi ^{(k)}(𝔛_i)_{l=0}^{m_i}\pi _l,$$

which is a reducible, cyclic module over $`𝔤`$. We choose the cyclic vector to be the sum $`_{l=0}^{m_i}v_l`$ of the lowest weight vectors $`v_l\pi _l`$. In this setting, we compute the character of the associated graded space of the space of conformal coinvariants

(1.7) $`grL_0,L_1,\mathrm{},L_N_{\mathrm{},z_1,\mathrm{},z_N}^{𝐂P^1}.`$
For that purpose, we take the following approach. The direct sum (1.6) can be viewed as the $`m_i`$-th symmetric tensor representation $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{m_i}`$ of $`𝔰𝔩_3`$ restricted to the subalgebra $`𝔰𝔩_2`$. We will show that the filtered tensor product appearing in (1.4) for the reducible $`𝔰𝔩_2`$-modules (1.6) is isomorphic to that for the irreducible $`𝔰𝔩_3`$-modules $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{m_i}`$ with the cyclic vector $`v_{m_i}`$. This observation enables us to compute the right hand side of (1.4). As a result, we obtain a fermionic formula involving level-restricted Kostka polynomials for $`𝔰𝔩_2`$ and $`q`$-binomial symbols. At $`q=1`$, this fermionic formula reduces to the known formula for the dimension of the space of conformal blocks. This establishes the isomorphism between (1.7) and the space of coinvariants of the fusion product (1.5). The fermionic formula obtained above also settles a conjecture of \[FL\] in the special case $`𝔤=𝔰𝔩_2`$ (see Theorem 3.8). Our technical machinery from representation theory is not yet strong enough to prove the conjecture in general. We hope for a further progress in this direction.

In the case $`m_1=\mathrm{}=m_N=k`$ with $`z_1,\mathrm{},z_N`$ being distinct, the left hand side of (1.4) reduces to the quotient of $`L_\lambda ^{(k)}(\mathrm{})`$ by the right ideal generated by

$`et^i{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}(tz_j),ft^i(i0).`$
In \[FKLMM\], it was shown that its associated graded space coincides with the quotient of $`L_\lambda ^{(k)}(\mathrm{})`$ by the ideal of the above form with $`z_1=\mathrm{}=z_N=0`$. Moreover a monomial basis of that space was constructed. The method of \[FKLMM\] is based on the loop Heisenberg algebra contained in $`\widehat{𝔰𝔩_3}`$. As we mentioned already, the fermionic formula which naturally arises in this method is different from the one given in this paper. Though the two approaches are different, one could say that there is a common flavor in that both make use of the $`𝔰𝔩_3`$ structure. It would be an interesting problem to derive analogous results in the present setting as well.

The plan of the paper is as follows. In Section 2, we extend some result of \[FF\] on the fusion product in the case of $`𝔰𝔩_n`$-modules. In particular, we obtain the equality of the Hilbert polynomial of fusion product for the symmetric tensor representations with the corresponding case of the $`A_{n1}`$ supernomials. In Section 3, we apply the result of Section 2 for the $`𝔰𝔩_3`$ case in the computation of the space of coinvariants in the $`𝔰𝔩_2`$ fusion product. Appendix is given for connecting filtered tensor products of $`𝔰𝔩_{n1}`$ and $`𝔰𝔩_n`$.

## 2. Fusion product of modules over abelian Lie algebras

In this section, we extend some of the results of \[FF\] to the $`𝔰𝔩_n`$ setting for the case of symmetric tensor representations. Namely we consider the fusion product of symmetric tensor representations of $`𝔰𝔩_n`$, and give an explicit characterization of the annihilating ideals. As in \[FF\], we derive short exact sequences of these modules and obtain a decomposition of $`𝔰𝔩_n`$ fusion products into subquotients, each being isomorphic to an $`𝔰𝔩_{n1}`$ fusion product. As a corollary, we identify their characters with the $`q`$-supernomial coefficients. We also give a recursive construction of a basis of fusion products in terms of abelian currents.

### 2.1. Symmetric tensors for $`𝔰𝔩_n`$

We denote the generators of $`𝔰𝔩_n`$ by $`e_{ab},e_{ba}`$ and $`h_{ab}=e_{aa}e_{bb}`$ ($`1a<bn`$), where $`e_{ab}=\left(\delta _{ia}\delta _{jb}\right)_{1i,jn}`$ in the defining representation. We fix a standard embedding $`𝔰𝔩_2\mathrm{}𝔰𝔩_{n1}𝔰𝔩_n`$, regarding $`𝔰𝔩_i`$ as the subalgebra generated by $`e_{ab}`$ ($`ni+1abn`$). In general, for a Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ we set $`𝔤[t]=𝔤[t]`$ and write

$`x[i]=xt^i(x𝔤,i0).`$
Fix a set of distinct complex numbers

(2.1) $`𝒵=(z_1,\mathrm{},z_N),z_iz_j(ij).`$
Consider the $`k`$-th symmetric tensor representation $`W_k=S^k(^n)`$ with lowest weight vector $`w_k`$: $`e_{ab}w_k=0`$ for $`a>b`$. Our main concern is the fusion product \[FL\]

(2.2) $`W_{k_1}\mathrm{}W_{k_N}(𝒵),`$
defined by choosing $`w_{k_p}`$ as the cyclic vector for each $`W_{k_p}`$.

A particularly simple feature of the symmetric tensors is that they can be described in terms of the abelian subalgebra

$`𝔞=x_1\mathrm{}x_{n1}𝔰𝔩_n,x_a=e_{nan}.`$
Indeed, $`W_k`$ is generated by $`w_k`$ also as an $`𝔞`$-module. Moreover, since $`w_k`$ is annihilated by all generators $`e_{ab}`$ ($`ab`$) except for $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_{n1}`$, the fusion product as $`𝔞[t]`$-module is the same as the restriction to $`𝔞[t]`$ of the fusion product (2.2) as $`𝔰𝔩_n[t]`$-module. For that reason we will henceforth forget the $`𝔰𝔩_n`$-structure and focus attention to the $`𝔞`$-structure.

The universal enveloping algebra $`U(𝔞)`$ is nothing but the polynomial ring $`[x_1,\mathrm{},x_{n1}]`$. The annihilating ideal

$`\mathrm{Ann}(W_k)=\{x[x_1,\mathrm{},x_{n1}]xw_k=0\}`$
is generated by the elements $`x_1^{\nu _1}\mathrm{}x_{n1}^{\nu _{n1}}`$ such that $`\nu _1+\mathrm{}+\nu _{n1}=k+1`$, $`\nu _1,\mathrm{},\nu _{n1}0`$. One of our goals is to determine the annihilating ideal of the fusion product (2.2) in $`U(𝔞[t])=[x_a[i]1an1,i_0]`$. It turns out that $`x_a[i]`$ belongs to this ideal if $`i`$ is sufficiently large (see (2.10)), and hence we can work with polynomial rings with finitely many variables.

In order to study the inductive structure of the fusion product, it is necessary to consider a family of modules slightly more general than (2.2). In the next section, we begin by reformulating the setting to accommodate this point.

### 2.2. Modules over an abelian Lie algebra

Let $`𝔞=_{a=1}^{n1}x_a`$ be an abelian Lie algebra. For $`1mn`$ and $`k0`$, set

(2.3) $`V_k^{(m)}=[x_1,\mathrm{},x_{n1}]/J_k^{(m)},`$
where $`J_k^{(m)}`$ is the ideal generated by the following elements:

(2.4) $`J_k^{(m)}=x_m,\mathrm{},x_{n1},x_1^{\nu _1}\mathrm{}x_{m1}^{\nu _{m1}}:\nu _i0,{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{m1}{}}}\nu _a=k+1.`$
Notice that

$$V_k^{(m)}\underset{\nu _1+\mathrm{}+\nu _{m1}k}{}x_1^{\nu _1}\mathrm{}x_{m1}^{\nu _{m1}}$$

so that

$$dimV_k^{(m)}=\left[\begin{array}{c}k+m1\\ m1\end{array}\right].$$

We regard (2.3) as a cyclic $`𝔞`$-module with cyclic vector $`v_k^{(m)}=1modJ_k^{(m)}`$. It is a trivial module $`\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}`$ if $`m=1`$ or $`k=0`$. Note also that $`x_a=0`$ on $`V_k^{(m)}`$ if $`am`$.

Let $`𝒵`$ be as in (2.1), and let

$`𝐧=(n_1,\mathrm{},n_N),𝐤=(k_1,\mathrm{},k_N)`$
be $`N`$ tuples of non-negative integers with $`1n_1,\mathrm{},n_Nn`$. We consider the filtered tensor product

(2.5) $`_𝒵(V_{k_1}^{(n_1)},\mathrm{},V_{k_N}^{(n_N)})=V_{k_1}^{(n_1)}(z_1)\mathrm{}V_{k_N}^{(n_N)}(z_N)`$
and the fusion product

(2.6) $`V_𝒵(𝐧,𝐤)=V_{k_1}^{(n_1)}\mathrm{}V_{k_N}^{(n_N)}(𝒵).`$
In (2.5), $`V_k^{(n)}(z)`$ denotes the evaluation module with parameter $`z`$, where $`x[i]`$ acts as $`z^ix`$ ($`x𝔞`$). These are cyclic $`𝔞[t]`$-modules generated by $`v(𝐧,𝐤)=v_{k_1}^{(n_1)}\mathrm{}v_{k_N}^{(n_N)}`$. We define a $`_0\times _0^{n1}`$ grading on (2.6) by degree and weight, with the assignment

$`\mathrm{deg}x_a[i]=i,wtx_a[i]=(0,\mathrm{},\stackrel{a\mathrm{th}}{1},\mathrm{},0),`$
$`\mathrm{deg}v(𝐧,𝐤)=0,wtv(𝐧,𝐤)=(0,\mathrm{},0).`$
In general, for a graded vector space $`W=_{d,m_1,\mathrm{},m_{n1}}W_{d,m_1,\mathrm{},m_{n1}}`$, we define its character by

(2.7) $`\mathrm{ch}_{q,z_1,\mathrm{},z_{n1}}W={\displaystyle q^dz_1^{m_1}\mathrm{}z_{n1}^{m_{n1}}dimW_{d,m_1,\mathrm{},m_{n1}}}.`$
By an inequality of characters $`\mathrm{ch}_{q,z_1,\mathrm{},z_{n1}}W\mathrm{ch}_{q,z_1,\mathrm{},z_{n1}}W^{}`$ we mean inequalities for all the coefficients, i.e., $`dimW_{d,m_1,\mathrm{},m_{n1}}dimW_{d,m_1,\mathrm{},m_{n1}}^{}`$.

Given $`𝐧`$, define $`X_a`$ to denote the set of representations on which $`x_a`$ acts nontrivially, and $`N_a`$ to be the number of such representations, that is,

(2.8) $`X_a=\{p1pN,n_p>a\},`$
(2.9) $`𝐍=(N_0,\mathrm{},N_{n1}),N_a=|X_a|,`$
so that $`N=N_0N_1\mathrm{}N_n=0`$. We note also that if $`iN_a`$ then $`x_a[i]=0`$ on the fusion product (2.6). This is because

(2.10)
$$x_at^{iN_a}\underset{pX_a}{}(tz_p)$$

acts as $`0`$ on the filtered tensor product (2.5).

### 2.3. Annihilating ideal

Consider the polynomial ring $`R=[S_𝐍]`$ in indeterminates

(2.11) $`S_𝐍=\{x_a[i]1an1,0iN_a1\}.`$
We denote by $`R_{d,𝐦}`$ the homogeneous component of $`R`$ of degree $`d`$ and weight $`𝐦=(m_1,\mathrm{},m_{n1})`$.

The fusion product (2.6) has a presentation as a quotient of $`R`$

(2.12) $`V_𝒵(𝐧,𝐤)=R/I_𝒵(𝐧,𝐤)`$
by some homogeneous ideal $`I_𝒵(𝐧,𝐤)`$. In this subsection, we will find a set of elements in this ideal which are independent of $`𝒵`$ (Proposition 2.1). Later we show that they generate the whole ideal $`I_𝒵(𝐧,𝐤)`$ (Theorem 2.4).

Set

(2.13) $`x_a(z)={\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{N_a1}{}}}x_a[i]z^{N_a1i}.`$
For $`𝝂=(\nu _1,\mathrm{},\nu _{n1})_0^{n1}`$, define

(2.14) $`\mu (𝝂,𝐤)={\displaystyle \underset{p=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{n_p1}{}}}\nu _ak_p\right)_+`$
where $`u_+=\mathrm{max}(u,0)`$. Consider the ideal $`J(𝐧,𝐤)`$ of $`R`$ generated as:

(2.15)
$$J(𝐧,𝐤)=\text{coefficients of }z^j\text{ in }_{a=1}^{n1}x_a(z)^{\nu _a},j<\mu (𝝂,𝐤),𝝂_0^{n1}.$$

###### Proposition 2.1.

We have

$`J(𝐧,𝐤)I_𝒵(𝐧,𝐤).`$
That is, the following relations hold in $`R/I_𝒵(𝐧,𝐤)`$:

(2.16) $`\underset{z}{ord}{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{n1}{}}}x_a(z)^{\nu _a}\mu (𝝂,𝐤).`$
Above, for a polynomial $`\phi (z)=_{j0}c_jz^j`$ we write $`ord_z\phi j_0`$ if $`c_j=0`$ for $`j<j_0`$.

To prove Proposition 2.1, we prepare a few Lemmas. For each $`0an1`$, set

$`\stackrel{~}{x}_a(z)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{N_a1}{}}}\stackrel{~}{x}_a[i]z^{N_a1i},`$
$`\stackrel{~}{x}_a[i]`$ $`=`$ $`x_a[i]x_a[i1]\sigma _{a,1}+x_a[i2]\sigma _{a,2}\mathrm{}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{s=0}{\overset{i}{}}}(1)^sx_a[is]\sigma _{a,s},`$
where $`\sigma _{a,s}`$ denotes the $`s`$-th elementary symmetric polynomial in the variables $`\{z_p\}_{pX_a}`$. Let $`x_a^{(p)}`$ stand for the action of $`x_a`$ on the $`p`$-th tensor component.

###### Lemma 2.2.

There exists a constant $`c_a^{(p)}0`$ such that on (2.5) we have

(2.17) $`\stackrel{~}{x}_a(z_p)=c_a^{(p)}x_a^{(p)}(1an_p1).`$
###### Proof.

Let $`v`$ be a vector of (2.5). Then we have

$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}z^i\stackrel{~}{x}_a[i]v`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{pX_a}{}}(1z_p/z){\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}z^ix_a[i]v`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{pX_a}{}}(1z_p/z){\displaystyle \underset{pX_a}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1z_p/z}}x_a^{(p)}v`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{pX_a}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{p^{}(p)}{p^{}X_a}}{}}(1z_p^{}/z)x_a^{(p)}v.`$
In the second line, we used $`x_a^{(p)}v=0`$ for $`pX_a`$. We have shown that $`\stackrel{~}{x}_a[i]v=0`$ for $`iN_a`$. Multiplying $`z^{N_a1}`$ and setting $`z=z_p`$, we obtain (2.17) with $`c_a^{(p)}=_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{p^{}(p)}{p^{}X_a}}(z_pz_p^{})`$. ∎

Let us present the filtered tensor product as a quotient of $`R`$ by some ideal $`\stackrel{~}{I}_𝒵(𝐧,𝐤)`$,

$`_𝒵(V_{k_1}^{(n_1)},\mathrm{},V_{k_N}^{(n_N)})=R/\stackrel{~}{I}_𝒵(𝐧,𝐤).`$
Recall from (2.4) that

$$\underset{a=1}{\overset{n_p1}{}}(x_a^{(p)})^{\nu _a}J_{k_p}^{(n_p)}\text{ if }\underset{a=1}{\overset{n_p1}{}}\nu _p>k_p.$$

We will now interpret this condition in terms of $`x_a[i]`$ by using the current $`x_a(z)`$.

Denote by $`R_d=_𝐦R_{d,𝐦}`$ the homogeneous component of degree $`d`$, and set $`R_d=R_0+\mathrm{}+R_d`$.

###### Lemma 2.3.

(i)The ideal $`I_𝒵(𝐧,𝐤)`$ consists of homogeneous elements $`PR_d`$ ($`d0`$), such that

$`PP^{}modR_{d1}\text{for some }P^{}\stackrel{~}{I}_𝒵(𝐧,𝐤)R_d\text{.}`$
(ii)For each $`p`$, the elements

$`{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{n_p1}{}}}\stackrel{~}{x}_a(z_p)^{\nu _p},(𝝂_0^{n1},{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{n_p1}{}}}\nu _a>k_p)`$
belong to the ideal $`\stackrel{~}{I}_𝒵(𝐧,𝐤)`$.

###### Proof.

Assertion (i) is clear from the definition of the fusion product as the adjoint graded space of the filtered tensor product. Assertion (ii) is an immediate consequence of Lemma 2.2 and 2.4. ∎

Proof of Proposition 2.1. Let us prove the relation (2.16). Fix $`𝝂`$, and consider the polynomial

$`f(z)={\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{n1}{}}}\stackrel{~}{x}_a(z)^{\nu _a}R[z].`$
From Lemma 2.3 (ii), we have for each $`p=1,\mathrm{},N`$

(2.18) $`{\displaystyle \frac{d^jf(z)}{dz^j}}|_{z=z_p}\stackrel{~}{I}_𝒵(𝐧,𝐤)(0j\mu _p1),`$
where

$`\mu _p=\left({\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{n_p1}{}}}\nu _ak_p\right)_+.`$
Using (2.18) and the fact that $`z_1,\mathrm{},z_N`$ are distinct, we can find polynomials $`g(z),h(z)R[z]`$ such that

(2.19) $`f(z)={\displaystyle \underset{p=1}{\overset{N}{}}}(zz_p)^{\mu _p}g(z)+h(z),`$
$`h(z)\stackrel{~}{I}_𝒵(𝐧,𝐤)[z],\mathrm{deg}h<\mathrm{deg}g.`$
Note that they have the form

$`f(z)={\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{d}{}}}a_jz^{dj},g(z)={\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{d^{}}{}}}b_jz^{d^{}j},h(z)={\displaystyle \underset{j=dd^{}+1}{\overset{d}{}}}c_jz^{dj},`$
where $`a_j,b_j,c_jR_j`$.

Let $`\phi _t`$ be the automorphism of $`R[t,t^1]`$ defined by $`\phi _t(b)=t^ib`$ for $`bR_i`$. Because of the above form, $`t^d\phi _t(f)(z/t)`$, $`t^d^{}\phi _t(g)(z/t)`$ and $`t^d\phi _t(h)(z/t)`$ have a well-defined limit as $`t0`$. Denote the limit by $`f^{}(z),g^{}(z),h^{}(z)`$, respectively. Clearly we have

$`f^{}(z)={\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{n1}{}}}x_a(z)^{\nu _a},h^{}(z)I_𝒵(𝐧,𝐤).`$
From (2.19) we obtain

$`f^{}(z)=z^{_{p=1}^N\mu _p}g^{}(z)+h^{}(z).`$
The proof is over. ∎

### 2.4. An isomorphism

Consider now the module

(2.20) $`W(𝐧,𝐤)=W\left(\begin{array}{ccc}n_1,& \mathrm{},& n_N\\ k_1,& \mathrm{},& k_N\end{array}\right)=R/J(𝐧,𝐤).`$
The following relations are immediate from the definition.

(2.21) $`W\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}\mathrm{}& n_{p1}& 1& n_{p+1}& \mathrm{}\\ \mathrm{}& k_{p1}& k_p& k_{p+1}& \mathrm{}\end{array}\right)=W\left(\begin{array}{cccc}\mathrm{}& n_{p1}& n_{p+1}& \mathrm{}\\ \mathrm{}& k_{p1}& k_{p+1}& \mathrm{}\end{array}\right),`$
(2.22) $`W\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}\mathrm{}& n_p& \mathrm{}& n_p^{}& \mathrm{}\\ \mathrm{}& k_p& \mathrm{}& k_p^{}& \mathrm{}\end{array}\right)=W\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}\mathrm{}& n_p^{}& \mathrm{}& n_p& \mathrm{}\\ \mathrm{}& k_p^{}& \mathrm{}& k_p& \mathrm{}\end{array}\right).`$
We have also a canonical isomorphism

(2.23) $`W\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}\mathrm{}& n_{p1}& n_p& n_{p+1}& \mathrm{}\\ \mathrm{}& k_{p1}& 0& k_{p+1}& \mathrm{}\end{array}\right)W\left(\begin{array}{cccc}\mathrm{}& n_{p1}& n_{p+1}& \mathrm{}\\ \mathrm{}& k_{p1}& k_{p+1}& \mathrm{}\end{array}\right).`$
To see this note that if $`k_p=0`$, then for all $`a<n_p`$, the generator $`x_a[N_a1]`$ belongs to the ideal $`J(𝐧,𝐤)`$ (take $`\nu _b=\delta _{ab}`$). Therefore, in the presentation (2.20), we can replace $`R`$ by dropping all such $`x_a[N_a1]`$. The result is the presentation in the right hand side. In what follows we identify modules which are related by (2.23).

Our first goal is the following result.

###### Theorem 2.4.

We have an isomorphism

(2.24) $`W(𝐧,𝐤)\stackrel{}{}V_𝒵(𝐧,𝐤)`$
given by the canonical surjection. In particular, the fusion product is independent of the choice of $`𝒵`$.

We prove Theorem 2.4 in subsection 2.8.

### 2.5. Subquotient modules

In order to determine the structure of $`W(𝐧,𝐤)`$, we study its subquotients. If $`k_p=0`$ for all $`p`$ such that $`n_p2`$, then $`W(𝐧,𝐤)`$. Otherwise, we can find a number $`p`$ satisfying the following conditions.

(2.25) $`n_p2,k_p>0,\text{ }k_sk_p\text{ for }n_sn_p.`$
In what follows we fix $`p`$ subject to the conditions (2.25) and set

(2.26) $`a=n_p1,1an1.`$
Define

$`𝐧^{}=(n_1,\mathrm{},n_p1,\mathrm{},n_N),`$
$`𝐍^{}=(N_0,\mathrm{},N_a1,\mathrm{},N_{n1}),`$
$`𝐤^{\prime \prime }=(k_1,\mathrm{},k_p1,\mathrm{},k_N).`$
We set $`S=S_𝐍`$, $`S^{}=S_𝐍^{}`$, $`S^{\prime \prime }=S_𝐍`$, $`J=J(𝐧,𝐤)`$, $`J^{}=J(𝐧^{},𝐤)`$, $`J^{\prime \prime }=J(𝐧,𝐤^{\prime \prime })`$ and

$`W^{}=W\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}n_1& \mathrm{}& n_p1& \mathrm{}& n_N\\ k_1& \mathrm{}& k_p& \mathrm{}& k_N\end{array}\right)=[S^{}]/J^{},`$
$`W=W\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}n_1& \mathrm{}& n_p& \mathrm{}& n_N\\ k_1& \mathrm{}& k_p& \mathrm{}& k_N\end{array}\right)=[S]/J,`$
$`W^{\prime \prime }=W\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}n_1& \mathrm{}& n_p& \mathrm{}& n_N\\ k_1& \mathrm{}& k_p1& \mathrm{}& k_N\end{array}\right)=[S^{\prime \prime }]/J^{\prime \prime }.`$
Our second goal is the following theorem.

###### Theorem 2.5.

Notation being as above, there exists an exact sequence

(2.27) $`0W^{}\stackrel{𝜄}{}W\stackrel{𝜓}{}W^{\prime \prime }0,`$
where the maps shift the grading as

$`\iota \left(W_{dm_a,m_1,\mathrm{},m_a,\mathrm{},m_{n1}}^{}\right)W_{d,m_1,\mathrm{},m_a,\mathrm{},m_{n1}},`$
$`\psi \left(W_{d,m_1,\mathrm{},m_a,\mathrm{},m_{n1}}\right)W_{d,m_1,\mathrm{},m_a1,\mathrm{},m_{n1}}^{\prime \prime }.`$
The maps $`\iota `$ and $`\psi `$ are described as follows.

Let $`\stackrel{~}{\iota }`$ be the map

$`\stackrel{~}{\iota }:[S^{}][S],x_b[i]x_b[i+\delta _{ab}].`$
In subsection 2.6 we show that $`\stackrel{~}{\iota }(J^{})J`$ (Proposition 2.6). The map $`\iota `$ is the induced map

(2.28) $`\iota :W^{}=[S^{}]/J^{}W=[S]/J.`$
Set $`\overline{W}^{}=\iota (W^{})W`$. In other words, $`\overline{W}^{}`$ is the subspace spanned by all monomials in $`x_b[i]`$ ($`ba`$, $`0iN_b1`$) and $`x_a[1],\mathrm{},x_a[N_a1]`$. The quotient $`W/\overline{W}^{}`$ is spanned by monomials which are divisible by $`x_a[0]`$.

In subsection 2.7, we show that there is a well-defined map

(2.29) $`\varphi :W^{\prime \prime }W/\overline{W}^{}`$
given by

$`x_a[0]^ib{\displaystyle \frac{1}{i+1}}x_a[0]^{i+1}b,`$
where $`b`$ runs over monomials not divisible by $`x_a[0]`$. We show moreover that (2.29) is an isomorphism. The map $`\psi `$ is the composition $`\varphi ^1\pi `$, where $`\pi :WW/\overline{W}^{}`$ signifies the canonical surjection.

Theorem 2.5 will be proved in subsection 2.8 simultaneously with Theorem 2.4.

### 2.6. The map $`\iota `$

Here we show that the map (2.28) is well-defined.

###### Proposition 2.6.

We have $`\stackrel{~}{\iota }(J^{})J`$.

###### Proof.

Set

$`x_b^{}(z)={\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{N_b^{}1}{}}}x_b[i]z^{N_b^{}1i},N_b^{}=N_b\delta _{ab}.`$
Then $`\stackrel{~}{\iota }(x_b^{}(z))=x_b(z)\delta _{ab}x_a[0]z^{N_a1}`$, so that we have

(2.30) $`\stackrel{~}{\iota }\left({\displaystyle \underset{b=1}{\overset{n1}{}}}x_b^{}(z)^{\nu _b}\right)`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{\mu =0}{\overset{\nu _a}{}}}(x_a[0])^\mu {\displaystyle \underset{b(a)}{}}x_b(z)^{\nu _b}x_a(z)^{\nu _a\mu }z^{(N_a1)\mu }.`$
Let $`C(j)`$ denote the coefficient of $`z^j`$ in $`_{b=1}^{n1}x_b^{}(z)^{\nu _b}`$. We are to show that $`\stackrel{~}{\iota }\left(C(j)\right)`$ belongs to $`J`$ if $`j<d_1`$, where

$`d_1={\displaystyle \underset{s=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{b=1}{\overset{n_s^{}1}{}}}\nu _bk_s\right)_+,n_s^{}=n_s\delta _{sp}.`$
Let $`C(\mu ,j)`$ denote the coefficient of $`z^j`$ in the $`\mu `$-th term in the right hand side of (2.30). It belongs to $`J`$ if $`j<d_2`$, where (see (2.8) and (2.9) for $`X_a`$)

$`d_2={\displaystyle \underset{sX_a}{}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{b=1}{\overset{n_s1}{}}}\nu _b\mu k_s\right)_++{\displaystyle \underset{sX_a}{}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{b=1}{\overset{n_s1}{}}}\nu _bk_s\right)_++(N_a1)\mu .`$
Noting that $`x_++y(x+y)_+`$ holds for $`y0`$, $`a=n_p1`$, and that $`\mu \nu _a=\nu _{n_p1}`$ implies

$$\underset{b=1}{\overset{n_p1}{}}\nu _b\mu k_p\underset{b=1}{\overset{n_p2}{}}\nu _bk_p=\underset{b=1}{\overset{n_p^{}1}{}}\nu _bk_p,$$

we find $`d_2d_1`$. The assertion follows from this. ∎

### 2.7. Dual space

In order to construct the map $`\varphi `$ in (2.29), we pass to the dual space $`W(𝐧,𝐤)^{}`$ and use a realization for the latter in terms of polynomials.

Recall $`R=[S_𝐍]`$, with $`S_𝐍=\{x_b[i]0iN_b1,1bn1\}`$. Consider the restricted dual space

$`R^{}={\displaystyle \underset{d,𝐦}{}}(R_{d,𝐦})^{}.`$
Each homogeneous component $`(R_{d,𝐦})^{}`$ is realized as a subspace of the ring of polynomials $`[T_𝐦]`$ in indeterminates

$`T_𝐦=\{y_{bj}1jm_b,1bn1\},`$
where $`𝐦=(m_1,\mathrm{},m_{n1})`$. In this space we count the total degree $`d^{}`$ by assigning $`\mathrm{deg}y_{bj}=1`$. Let $`_{d^{},𝐦,𝐍}`$ denote the subspace of $`[T_𝐦]`$ consisting of all polynomials $`f`$ with the properties

1. $`f`$ is symmetric in each group of variables $`(y_{b1},\mathrm{},y_{bm_b})`$,
2. $`f`$ has total degree $`d^{}`$, and $`\mathrm{deg}_{y_{bj}}f<N_b`$ for each $`b,j`$.

Set

$`d(𝐍,𝐦)={\displaystyle \underset{b=1}{\overset{n1}{}}}(N_b1)m_b.`$
We have an isomorphism

(2.31) $`R_{d,m})^{}\stackrel{}{}_{d^{},𝐦,𝐍},d+d^{}=d(𝐍,𝐦)`$
given by

$`{\displaystyle \underset{d=0}{\overset{d(𝐍,𝐦)}{}}}[S_𝐍]_{d,𝐦}^{}\theta \theta \left({\displaystyle \underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{1bn1}{1jm_b}}{}}x_b\left(y_{bj}\right)\right){\displaystyle \underset{d^{}=0}{\overset{d(𝐍,𝐦)}{}}}_{d^{},𝐦,𝐍}.`$
With respect to this pairing, monomials

$`{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{n1}{}}}x_a[i_1^{(a)}]\mathrm{}x_a[i_{m_a}^{(a)}](0i_1^{(a)}\mathrm{}i_{m_a}^{(a)}N_a1)`$
and

$`{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{n1}{}}}Sym\left(y_{a1}^{N_a1i_1^{(a)}}\mathrm{}y_{am_a}^{N_a1i_{m_a}^{(a)}}\right)`$
are dual bases to each other, where the symbol $`Sym`$ stands for the normalized sum over all permutations of $`i_1^{(a)},\mathrm{},i_{m_a}^{(a)}`$.

We have introduced the quotient space $`W(𝐧,𝐤)`$ of $`R=[S_𝐍]`$ by the homogeneous ideal $`J=J(𝐧,𝐤)`$ (2.15). The dual space $`\left(W(𝐧,𝐤)_{d,𝐦}\right)^{}`$ is the orthogonal complement to $`J`$ under the coupling given above. Explicitly it is described as follows. Given $`𝝂`$ such that $`\nu _bm_b`$ ($`1bn1`$), we consider the specialization of variables

(2.32) $`\begin{array}{ccc}y_{11}=& \mathrm{}& =y_{1\nu _1}=z\\ & \mathrm{}& \\ y_{n\mathrm{1\hspace{0.17em}1}}=& \mathrm{}& =y_{n1\nu _{n1}}=z\end{array}`$
and denote by $`\mathrm{\Phi }(f,\nu _1,\mathrm{},\nu _{n1};z)`$ the polynomial obtained from $`f`$ by (2.32).

###### Lemma 2.7.

The dual space $`\left(W(𝐧,𝐤)_{d,𝐦}\right)^{}`$ is isomorphic to the subspace of $`_{d^{},𝐦,𝐍}`$ consisting of polynomials $`f`$ satisfying $`(`$see (2.14) for $`\mu (𝛎,𝐤)`$$`)`$

(2.33) $`\underset{z}{ord}\mathrm{\Phi }(f,\nu _1,\mathrm{},\nu _{n1};z)\mu (𝝂,𝐤)`$
for all $`𝛎_0^{n1}`$ such that $`\nu _bm_b`$ $`(1bn1)`$. Namely, $`f_{d^{},𝐦,𝐍}`$ is orthogonal to $`J`$ if and only if it satisfies the condition (2.33).

We need also the orthogonal complement to the subspace $`\mathrm{Im}\stackrel{~}{\iota }`$. An element $`f_{d^{},𝐦,𝐍}`$ is orthogonal to $`\mathrm{Im}\stackrel{~}{\iota }`$ if and only if

(2.34) $`\text{it does not contain monomials of the form}{\displaystyle \underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{1bn1}{1jm_b}}{}}y_{bj}^{i_{bj}}`$
$`\text{ with }i_{a1},\mathrm{},i_{am_a}<N_a1.`$
Such an $`f`$ can be written uniquely in the form

(2.35) $`f={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{m_a}{}}}y_{aj}^{N_a1}g^{(j)}`$
with some polynomial $`g[T_{m_1,\mathrm{},m_a1,\mathrm{},m_{n1}}]`$, where

$`g^{(j)}=g(y_{11},\mathrm{};\mathrm{},\stackrel{}{y_{aj}},\mathrm{};\mathrm{},y_{n1m_{n1}}).`$
In the right hand side the variable $`y_{aj}`$ is omitted. Let $`_{d^{},𝐦,𝐍}^{}`$ be the subspace of polynomials satisfying (2.34). Setting $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^{}(f)=g`$, we obtain an injective map

$`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^{}:_{d^{},m_1,\mathrm{},m_a,\mathrm{},m_{n1},𝐍}^{}_{d^{}N_a+1,m_1,\mathrm{},m_a1,\mathrm{},m_{n1},𝐍}.`$
Note that the dual space $`(W/\overline{W}^{})_{d^{},𝐦}^{}`$ is isomorphic to the subspace of $`_{d^{},𝐦,𝐍}^{}`$ which is orthogonal to $`J`$.

###### Proposition 2.8.

If $`f_{d^{},𝐦,𝐍}^{}`$ is orthogonal to $`J`$, then $`g=\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^{}(f)`$ is orthogonal to $`J^{\prime \prime }`$. Hence $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^{}`$ induces an injection

$`\varphi ^{}:(W/\overline{W}^{})_{d^{},m_1,\mathrm{},m_a,\mathrm{},m_{n1}}^{}(W^{\prime \prime })_{d^{}N_a+1,m_1,\mathrm{},m_a1,\mathrm{},m_{n1}}^{}.`$
###### Proof.

By Lemma 2.7, $`f`$ satisfies the condition (2.33). We are to show that

(2.36) $`\underset{z}{ord}\mathrm{\Phi }(g,\nu _1,\mathrm{},\nu _{n1};z){\displaystyle \underset{s=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{1bn_s1}{}}\nu _bk_s+\delta _{sp}\right)_+`$
holds for any $`𝝂`$ with $`\nu _bm_b\delta _{ab}`$ ($`1bn1`$).

Specializing (2.35), we obtain

(2.37) $`\mathrm{\Phi }(f,\nu _1,\mathrm{},\nu _a,\mathrm{},\nu _{n1};z)`$
$`=\nu _az^{N_a1}\mathrm{\Phi }(g,\nu _1,\mathrm{},\nu _a1,\mathrm{},\nu _{n1};z)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{\nu _a+1jm_a}{}}y_{aj}^{N_a1}\mathrm{\Phi }(g^{(j)},\nu _1,\mathrm{},\nu _a,\mathrm{},\nu _{n1};z).`$
We distinguish two cases.

Case $`_{1ba}\nu _bk_p1`$: In this case, the term with $`s=p`$ in the right hand side of (2.36) does not contribute. If $`\nu _a=0`$, then (2.36) follows from (2.33), (2.37) and the uniqueness of the representation (2.35). The general case follows by ascending induction on $`\nu _a`$. Namely, we apply the induction hypothesis (2.36) for the first term in the right hand side of (2.37), and conclude (2.36) for the second term.

Case $`_{1ba}\nu _bk_p`$: We use (2.37) by changing $`\nu _a`$ to $`\nu _a+1`$:

$`\mathrm{\Phi }(f,\nu _1,\mathrm{},\nu _a+1,\mathrm{},\nu _{n1};z)`$
$`=(\nu _a+1)z^{N_a1}\mathrm{\Phi }(g,\nu _1,\mathrm{},\nu _a,\mathrm{},\nu _{n1};z)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{\nu _a+2jm_a}{}}y_{aj}^{N_a1}\mathrm{\Phi }(g^{(j)},\nu _1,\mathrm{},\nu _a+1,\mathrm{},\nu _{n1};z).`$
Consider first the case $`\nu _a=m_a1`$. The second term in the right hand side is then void. We have

$`\underset{z}{ord}\mathrm{\Phi }(g,\nu _1,\mathrm{},\nu _a,\mathrm{},\nu _{n1};z)`$
(2.38) $`{\displaystyle \underset{sX_a}{}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{1bn_s1}{}}\nu _bk_s\right)_++{\displaystyle \underset{sX_a}{}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{1bn_s1}{}}\nu _b+1k_s\right)_+(N_a1).`$
Since $`a=n_p1`$, $`sX_a`$ implies $`n_pn_s`$, and hence

$`{\displaystyle \underset{1bn_s1}{}}\nu _b{\displaystyle \underset{1ba}{}}\nu _bk_pk_s.`$
In the last step we used the assumption (2.25). Therefore we find that the right hand side of (2.38) is not less than

$`{\displaystyle \underset{s=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{1bn_s1}{}}\nu _bk_s+\delta _{sp}\right)_+.`$
The general case follows by descending induction on $`\nu _a`$. Namely, we apply the induction hypothesis (2.36) for the second term in the right hand side of (2.37), and conclude (2.36) for the first term. ∎

Let

$`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }:𝐂[S_𝐍]_{d,m_1,\mathrm{},m_a1,\mathrm{},m_{n1}}(𝐂[S_𝐍]/\mathrm{Im}\stackrel{~}{\iota })_{d,𝐦}`$
be the map dual to $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^{}`$. Decomposing $`𝐂[S_𝐍]_{d,m_1,\mathrm{},m_a1,\mathrm{},m_{n1}}`$ as

$$_{i=0}^{m_a1}x_a[0]^i(\mathrm{Im}\stackrel{~}{\iota })_{d,m_1,\mathrm{},m_a1i,\mathrm{},m_{n1}},$$

we can explicitly write $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }`$ as

$$\stackrel{~}{\varphi }:x_a[0]^i(\mathrm{Im}\iota )_{d,m_1,\mathrm{},m_a1i,\mathrm{},m_{n1}}b\frac{x_a[0]}{i+1}b(𝐂[S_𝐍]/\mathrm{Im}\stackrel{~}{\iota })_{d,𝐦}.$$

We have shown in Proposition 2.8 that if $`b𝐂[S_𝐍]_{d,m_1,\mathrm{},m_a1,\mathrm{},m_{n1}}`$ belongs to $`J^{\prime \prime }`$ then the image $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }(b)`$ belongs to $`J`$. Therefore, $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }`$ induces the surjection $`\varphi `$ of (2.29).

### 2.8. Proof of Theorems 2.4,2.5

Summarizing the results of subsections 2.6 and 2.7, we obtain the diagram

$`\begin{array}{ccccccccc}& & W^{}& & & & W^{\prime \prime }& & \\ & & \iota & & & & \varphi & & & & & & \\ 0& & \overline{W}^{}& & W& \stackrel{\pi }{}& W/\overline{W}^{}& & 0\end{array}`$
where the vertical arrows are surjective. In particular we have

(2.39) $`dimWdimW^{}+dimW^{\prime \prime }.`$
We are now in a position to finish the proof of Theorems 2.4, 2.5. Set

$`\stackrel{~}{d}(𝐧,𝐤)=dimW(𝐧,𝐤),`$
$`d(𝐧,𝐤)=dimV_𝒵(𝐧,𝐤).`$
From (2.24) we have $`\stackrel{~}{d}(𝐧,𝐤)d(𝐧,𝐤)`$.

On the other hand, under the assumption (2.25), we have from (2.39) the inequality

(2.40)
$`\stackrel{~}{d}\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{}& a+1& \mathrm{}\\ \mathrm{}& k_p& \mathrm{}\end{array}\right)\stackrel{~}{d}\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{}& a& \mathrm{}\\ \mathrm{}& k_p& \mathrm{}\end{array}\right)+\stackrel{~}{d}\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{}& a+1& \mathrm{}\\ \mathrm{}& k_p1& \mathrm{}\end{array}\right).`$
We have also the relations

$`\stackrel{~}{d}\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1,& \mathrm{},& 1\\ k_1,& \mathrm{},& k_N\end{array}\right)=1,`$
$`\stackrel{~}{d}\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{}& n_p& \mathrm{}\\ \mathrm{}& 0& \mathrm{}\end{array}\right)=\stackrel{~}{d}\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{}& n_p1& \mathrm{}\\ \mathrm{}& 0& \mathrm{}\end{array}\right),`$
$`\stackrel{~}{d}\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}\mathrm{}& n_p& \mathrm{}& n_p^{}& \mathrm{}\\ \mathrm{}& k_p& \mathrm{}& k_p^{}& \mathrm{}\end{array}\right)=\stackrel{~}{d}\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}\mathrm{}& n_p^{}& \mathrm{}& n_p& \mathrm{}\\ \mathrm{}& k_p^{}& \mathrm{}& k_p& \mathrm{}\end{array}\right).`$
The above relations are also true for $`d(𝐧,𝐤)`$, and moreover the equality holds in (2.40), due to the identity for binomial coefficients. These equations determine $`d(𝐧,𝐤)`$ uniquely. Therefore by induction we have for all $`𝐧,𝐤`$ that

$`\stackrel{~}{d}(𝐧,𝐤)d(𝐧,𝐤).`$
This implies that in (2.40) the equality always takes place. Hence $`\iota `$ and $`\varphi `$ are isomorphisms. ∎

### 2.9. Characters and $`q`$-supernomial coefficients

In this section we identify the characters of the fusion product with the $`q`$-supernomial coefficients for $`𝔰𝔩_n`$ known in the literature \[HKKOTY\], \[SW2\]. Our consideration is restricted to the case of symmetric tensor representations.

For the description of the characters, we find it convenient to use the language of partitions. For a partition $`\lambda =(\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _N)`$, let $`\lambda ^{}`$ denote the conjugate partition. We write $`|\lambda |=_{i=1}^N\lambda _i`$. We identify partitions obtained by concatenating $`0`$’s at the end. Reordering $`n_p,k_p`$ by using (2.22), we can assume without loss of generality that

(2.41) $`n_1\mathrm{}n_N,`$
(2.42) $`k_{N_a+1}\mathrm{}k_{N_{a1}}(a=1,\mathrm{},n).`$
Define partitions $`\mu ^{(1)}\mathrm{}\mu ^{(n)}`$ by setting

$`\mu ^{(a)}={\displaystyle \underset{b=1}{\overset{a}{}}}\kappa ^{(b)},`$
$`\kappa ^{(b)}=(k_{N_b+1},\mathrm{},k_{N_{b1}})^{}.`$
Note that $`\mu _1^{(a)}=NN_a`$. We adopt the following notation

(2.43) $`W^{(n)}[\mu ^{(n)},\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}]=W(𝐧,𝐤).`$
When $`k_1=\mathrm{}=k_{N_{n1}}=0`$, we have $`\mu ^{(n)}=\mu ^{(n1)}`$. In this case we understand that

$`W^{(n)}[\mu ^{(n1)},\mu ^{(n1)},\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}]=W^{(n1)}[\mu ^{(n1)},\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}].`$
Assuming $`\mu ^{(n)}\mu ^{(n1)}`$ and therefore $`n_1=n`$, let $`k=k_1`$. Theorem 2.5 implies the following exact sequence.

(2.44)
$`0W^{(n)}[\mu ^{(n)},\mu ^{(n1)}+(1^k),\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}]`$
$`\stackrel{𝜄}{}W^{(n)}[\mu ^{(n)},\mu ^{(n1)},\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}]\stackrel{𝜓}{}W^{(n)}[\mu ^{(n)}𝐞_k,\mu ^{(n1)},\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}]0.`$
Here $`𝐞_k`$ denotes the unit vector $`(\delta _{jk})_{1jk}`$ and $`(1^k)=_{i=1}^k𝐞_i`$. The subspace corresponds to changing $`n_1`$ to $`n_11`$, while the quotient space corresponds to changing $`k_1`$ to $`k_11`$.

Let us rewrite (2.44) in terms of the character (see (2.7))

(2.45) $`\chi ^{(n)}[\mu ^{(n)},\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}](q,z_1,\mathrm{},z_{n1})`$
$`=\mathrm{ch}_{q,z_1,\mathrm{},z_{n1}}W^{(n)}[\mu ^{(n)},\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}]`$
$`={\displaystyle q^dz_1^{m_1}\mathrm{}z_{n1}^{m_{n1}}dimW^{(n)}[\mu ^{(n)},\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}]_{d,m_1,\mathrm{},m_{n1}}}.`$
###### Proposition 2.9.

We have

(2.46) $`\chi ^{(n)}[\mu ^{(n)},\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}](q,z_1,\mathrm{},z_{n1})`$
$`=\chi ^{(n)}[\mu ^{(n)},\mu ^{(n1)}+(1^k),\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}](q,z_1,\mathrm{},qz_{n1})`$
$`+z_{n1}\chi ^{(n)}[\mu ^{(n)}𝐞_k,\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}](q,z_1,\mathrm{},z_{n1}).`$
It is useful to modify the character

$`\stackrel{~}{\chi }^{(n)}[\mu ^{(n)},\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}](q,z_1,\mathrm{},z_{n1})`$
$`=\chi ^{(n)}[\mu ^{(n)},\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}](q,q^{\mu _1^{(1)}}z_1,\mathrm{},q^{\mu _1^{(n1)}}z_{n1}),`$
so as to absorb the shift of variable $`z_{n1}qz_{n1}`$. Eq. (2.46) then becomes

(2.47)
$`\stackrel{~}{\chi }^{(n)}[\mu ^{(n)},\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}]`$
$`=\stackrel{~}{\chi }^{(n)}[\mu ^{(n)},\mu ^{(n1)}+(1^k),\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}]+q^{\mu _1^{(n1)}}z_{n1}\stackrel{~}{\chi }^{(n)}[\mu ^{(n)}𝐞_k,\mu ^{(n1)},\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}]`$
where we have suppressed the variables $`(q,z_1,\mathrm{},z_{n1})`$ which are common to all terms. The base of the recursion is

$$\stackrel{~}{\chi }^{(1)}[\mu ^{(1)}]=1.$$

Using (2.44) repeatedly, we are led to

###### Proposition 2.10.

There exists a filtration by submodules

$`W^{(n)}[\mu ^{(n)},\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}]=F^0F^1F^2\mathrm{}`$
such that each composition factor $`F^j/F^{j1}`$ has the form

$`W^{(n1)}[\nu ^{(n1)},\mu ^{(n2)},\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}],`$
with appropriate shift of gradings, where $`\nu ^{(n1)}`$ is a partition satisfying $`\mu ^{(n)}\nu ^{(n1)}\mu ^{(n1)}`$.

In terms of the characters, it means a relation of the form

(2.48) $`\stackrel{~}{\chi }^{(n)}[\mu ^{(n)},\mu ^{(n1)},\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}]`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{\mu ^{(n)}\nu ^{(n1)}\mu ^{(n1)}}{}}C_{\nu ^{(n1)}}(q,z_{n1})\stackrel{~}{\chi }^{(n1)}[\nu ^{(n1)},\mu ^{(n2)},\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}],`$
where $`C_{\nu ^{(n1)}}(q,z_{n1})`$ are some polynomials in $`q`$ and $`z_{n1}`$.

Example. The following diagram illustrates the process of the reduction on the example $`n=2`$, $`k=2`$, $`\mu ^{(2)}=(3,2)`$, $`\mu ^{(1)}=\mathrm{}`$ and $`\nu ^{(1)}=(2,1)`$.

$`\begin{array}{ccccc}(\text{},\mathrm{})& \stackrel{z_1}{}& (\text{},\mathrm{})& & \\ & & & & & & \\ (\text{},\text{})& \stackrel{qz_1}{}& (\text{},\text{})& \stackrel{qz_1}{}& (\text{},\text{})\\ & & & & & & \\ & & (\text{},\text{})& \stackrel{q^2z_1}{}& (\text{},\text{})\end{array}`$
The vertical and the horizontal arrows correspond to the maps $`\iota `$ and $`\psi `$, respectively. The coefficients appearing in (2.47) are as indicated. ∎

Let us compute the coefficients $`C_{\nu ^{(n1)}}(q,z_{n1})`$. Assuming $`\mu ^{(n)}\mu ^{(n1)}`$, we apply (2.48) repeatedly for $`k_1=k,k1,\mathrm{}`$, and collect the terms which have the array of partitions of the form ($`\nu ^{(n1)},\nu ^{(n1)},\mu ^{(n2)},\mathrm{}`$). First consider $`k_1=k`$. If we take the first term from (2.48) $`m_1`$ times and the second term $`m_2`$ times, then the resulting array of partitions becomes ($`\mu ^{(n)}m_2𝐞_k,\mu ^{(n1)}+m_1(1^k),\mu ^{(n2)},\mathrm{}`$). Comparing the $`k`$-th row, we have $`m_1=\nu _k^{(n1)}\mu _k^{(n1)}`$ and $`m_2=\mu _k^{(n)}\nu _k^{(n1)}`$. There are altogether $`\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{m_1+m_2}{m_1}}\right)`$ such terms. It is easy to see that the sum of the corresponding coefficients is

$`(q^{\mu _1^{(n1)}}z)^{\mu _k^{(n)}\nu _k^{(n1)}}\left[{\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mu _k^{(n)}\mu _k^{(n1)}}{\nu _k^{(n1)}\mu _k^{(n1)}}}\right].`$
One can continue a similar process for $`k_1=k1,\mathrm{},1`$. The coefficient $`C_{\nu ^{(n1)}}(q,z_{n1})`$ is the product of all factors resulting from each step.

Let us s summarize the above calculation.

For a pair of partitions $`\kappa \nu `$, define

(2.49) $`F_{\kappa ,\nu }(q)=q^{_{a=1}^{k1}\nu _{a+1}(\kappa _a\nu _a)}{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{k}{}}}\left[{\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\kappa _a\nu _{a+1}}{\nu _a\nu _{a+1}}}\right].`$
Here $`k=\kappa _1^{}`$ is the length of $`\kappa `$, and the $`q`$-binomial symbol is

$`\left[\begin{array}{c}m\\ n\end{array}\right]=\{\begin{array}{cc}{\displaystyle \frac{[m]!}{[n]![mn]!}}\hfill & (0nm),\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise},\hfill \end{array}`$
with $`[n]!=_{j=1}^n(1q^j)/(1q)`$. Returning to the definition (2.45), we find the following.

###### Theorem 2.11.

We have

(2.50) $`\chi ^{(n)}[\mu ^{(n)},\mu ^{(n1)},\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}](q,z_1,\mathrm{},z_{n1})`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{\mu ^{(n)}\nu \mu ^{(n1)}}{}}z_{n1}^{|\mu ^{(n)}||\nu |}F_{\mu ^{(n)}\mu ^{(n1)},\nu \mu ^{(n1)}}(q)`$
$`\times \chi ^{(n1)}[\nu ,\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}](q,z_1,\mathrm{},z_{n2}).`$
Hence we obtain a fermionic expression for the character

(2.51) $`\chi ^{(n)}[\mu ^{(n)},,\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}](q,z_1,\mathrm{},z_{n1})`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{n1}{}}\left(z_a^{|\nu ^{(a+1)}||\nu ^{(a)}|}F_{\nu ^{(a+1)}\mu ^{(a)},\nu ^{(a)}\mu ^{(a)}}(q)\right)},`$
where the sum extends over sequences of partitions

$$\mu ^{(n)}=\nu ^{(n)}\nu ^{(n1)}\mathrm{}\nu ^{(1)}$$

satisfying $`\nu ^{(a)}\mu ^{(a)}`$ $`(1an1)`$.

In the case $`n_1=\mathrm{}=n_N=n`$, we have $`\mu ^{(1)}=\mathrm{}=\mu ^{(n1)}=\mathrm{}`$ and $`\mu ^{(n)}=\mu `$ where $`\mu =(k_1,\mathrm{},k_N)^{}`$. By comparing (2.51) with known results in the literature, we conclude that the coefficients of monomials in $`z_a`$ are the $`q`$-supernomial coefficients. More precisely, setting

$`W^{(n)}[\mu ]=W^{(n)}[\mu ,\mathrm{},\mathrm{},\mathrm{}],\chi ^{(n)}[\mu ]=\chi ^{(n)}[\mu ,\mathrm{},\mathrm{},\mathrm{}],`$
we have

(2.52) $`\chi ^{(n)}[\mu ](q,z_1,\mathrm{},z_{n1})={\displaystyle \underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\lambda _0^n}{|\lambda |=|\mu |}}{}}z_1^{\lambda _2}\mathrm{}z_{n1}^{\lambda _n}\stackrel{~}{S}_{\lambda ,\mu }(q).`$
Here $`\lambda =(\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _n)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{S}_{\lambda ,\mu }(q)`$ denotes the $`q`$-supernomial coefficient as given in formula (2.1) of \[S\].

The exact sequence (2.44) gives also a recursive method of constructing a monomial basis of $`W^{(n)}[\mu ^{(n)},\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}]`$.

###### Theorem 2.12.

There exists a basis $`B^{(n)}[\mu ^{(n)},\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}]`$ of $`W^{(n)}[\mu ^{(n)},\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}]`$ defined recursively as follows.

1. Each element in the set $`B^{(n)}[\mu ^{(n)},\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}]`$ is represented by a monomial in the variables $`\{x_b[i]\}`$.
2. $`B^{(1)}[\mu ^{(1)}]=\{1\}`$.
3. If the length of $`\mu ^{(n)}\mu ^{(n1)}`$ is $`k>0`$, then

$`B^{(n)}[\mu ^{(n)},\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}]`$
$`=\iota \left(B^{(n)}[\mu ^{(n)},\mu ^{(n1)}+(1^k),\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}]\right){\displaystyle x_a[0]B^{(n)}[\mu ^{(n)}𝐞_k,\mathrm{},\mu ^{(1)}]},`$
where the second term in the right hand side means elementwise multiplication by $`x_a[0]`$.

Example. Consider the case of $`𝔰𝔩_2`$ (with $`e\stackrel{def}{=}\mathrm{x}_1`$). Computing the basis for the example above, with $`\mu ^{(2)}=(3,2)`$ and $`\mu ^{(1)}=\mathrm{}`$, we have

Here, the dotted arrows correspond to the map $`\iota :e[i]e[i+1]`$, and the solid arrows to multiplication by $`e[0]`$. As a result, and noting that $`B^{(2)}[\mu +(1),\mu ]=\{1,e[0]\}`$, we have

$`B^{(2)}[(3,2),\mathrm{}]`$ $`=`$ $`\{1,e[0],e[0]^2,e[0]^3,e[0]^4,e[0]^5,e[1],e[0]e[1],`$
$`e[0]^2e[1],e[0]^3e[1],e[2],e[1]^2,e[0]e[2],`$
$`e[0]e[1]^2,e[0]^2e[2],e[0]^2e[1]^2,e[1]e[2],e[1]^3\}.`$
## 3. Character of $`\widehat{𝔰𝔩}_2`$ spaces of coinvariants

In \[FJKLM\], we have introduced a large class of spaces of coinvariants, and established their equivalence to certain quotients of filtered tensor products of finite-dimensional modules. In this section, we restrict to the simplest case where the underlying simple Lie algebra is $`𝔤=𝔰𝔩_2`$, and apply the results of the previous section to the character of the space of coinvariants.

### 3.1. Spaces of coinvariants

We retain the following notation of \[FJKLM\]: $`e,f,h`$ are the standard generators of $`𝔰𝔩_2`$. $`V_l`$ is the ($`l+1`$)-dimensional irreducible representation with lowest weight vector $`v_l`$. $`L_l^{(k)}(\mathrm{})`$ is the level $`k`$ integrable module of the affine Lie algebra $`\widehat{𝔰𝔩}_2`$ ‘placed at infinity’. It has $`V_l`$ as its subspace of degree $`0`$ and $`x[i]V_l=0`$ if $`x𝔰𝔩_2,i<0`$. By $`𝒱^{(k)}=_{l=0}^k[l]`$ we denote the level $`k`$ Verlinde algebra for $`𝔰𝔩_2`$ with basis $`[l]`$ ($`l=0,\mathrm{},k`$). We write an element $`a𝒱^{(k)}`$ as $`a=_{l=0}^k(a:[l])_k[l]`$, where $`(a:[l])_k`$. For an $`𝔰𝔩_2[t]`$-module $`L`$ and a right ideal $`YU(𝔰𝔩_2[t])`$, we write $`L/Y`$ for the space of coinvariants $`L/YL`$. Let $`𝐦=(m_1,\mathrm{},m_k)`$ be an array of non-negative integers. The level-restricted Kostka polynomial for $`𝔰𝔩_2`$ is

(3.1) $`K_{l,𝐦}^{(k)}(q)={\displaystyle \underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{𝐬_0^k}{2|𝐬|=|𝐦|l}}{}}q^{𝐬A𝐬+𝐯𝐬}\left[\begin{array}{c}A(𝐦2𝐬)𝐯+𝐬\\ 𝐬\end{array}\right],`$
where $`A`$ is a $`k\times k`$ matrix with entries $`A_{ij}=\mathrm{min}(i,j)`$, $`v_i=(ik+l)_+`$, $`|𝐮|=_{i=1}^kiu_i`$, and $`𝐮𝐮^{}=_{i=1}^ku_iu_i^{}`$. In what follows we use also the partition

(3.2) $`\mu =(k^{m_k}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}^{m_1})^{}`$
to label $`𝐦`$. We abuse the notation and write $`K_{l,\mu }^{(k)}(q)`$ for $`K_{l,𝐦}^{(k)}(q)`$. We recall also the following formula in the Verlinde algebra $`𝒱^{(k)}`$, which will be used later.

(3.3) $`[k]^{m_k}\mathrm{}[1]^{m_1}={\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{k}{}}}K_{l,\mu }^{(k)}(1)[l].`$
When we deal with fusion product, we consider also $`𝔰𝔩_2`$ embedded in $`𝔰𝔩_3`$. We write the generators as $`e_{23},e_{32},h_{23}`$. In particular, we use $`h_{23}[0]`$ for the action on the fusion product, and $`h[0]`$ for that on $`L_l^{(k)}(\mathrm{})`$.

Consider the fusion product of irreducible modules

$`W^{(2)}[\mu ]=\stackrel{m_k}{\stackrel{}{V_k\mathrm{}V_k}}\mathrm{}\stackrel{m_1}{\stackrel{}{V_1\mathrm{}V_1}}`$
taking the tensor product of lowest weight vectors

$`\stackrel{m_k}{\stackrel{}{v_k\mathrm{}v_k}}\mathrm{}\stackrel{m_1}{\stackrel{}{v_1\mathrm{}v_1}}`$
as cyclic vector. The eigenvalue of $`h_{23}[0]`$ on it is $`|\mu |`$. Denote by $`I_l^{(k)}`$ the left ideal of $`U(𝔰𝔩_2[t])`$ generated by the elements

$`h_{23}[0]+l,e_{23}[0],e_{23}[1]^{kl+1}.`$
Let $`S(I_l^{(k)})`$ be the right ideal obtained by applying the antipode $`S`$. The following result was obtained in \[FJKLM\],Theorem 4.1.

###### Proposition 3.1.

We have

$`\mathrm{ch}_{q,z_1}W^{(2)}[\mu ]/S(I_l^{(k)})=z_1^{\frac{|\mu |l}{2}}K_{l,\mu }^{(k)}(q).`$
### 3.2. Fusion product of $`𝔰𝔩_3`$-modules

In this section, we consider reducible $`𝔰𝔩_2`$-modules of the form

(3.4) $`W_r=V_0\mathrm{}V_r.`$
It is generated over $`𝔰𝔩_2`$ by the sum of lowest weight vectors $`w_r=v_0+\mathrm{}+v_r`$. We make use of the fact that (3.4) can also be viewed as the $`r`$-th symmetric tensor $`S^r(V_{(1,0)})`$ of the defining representation of $`𝔰𝔩_3`$, restricted to the subalgebra $`𝔰𝔩_2𝔰𝔩_3`$.

Let $`𝐌=(M_1,\mathrm{},M_k)_0^k`$, and

(3.5) $`\lambda =(k^{M_k},\mathrm{},1^{M_1})^{}.`$
Fix a set of distinct complex numbers $`𝒵=(z_1,\mathrm{},z_N)`$, $`N=M_1+\mathrm{}+M_k`$. Consider the filtered tensor product of $`𝔰𝔩_2[t]`$-modules

(3.6) $`_𝒵(\stackrel{M_k}{\stackrel{}{W_k,\mathrm{},W_k}},\mathrm{},\stackrel{M_1}{\stackrel{}{W_1,\mathrm{},W_1}}),`$
taking

(3.7) $`\stackrel{M_k}{\stackrel{}{w_k\mathrm{}w_k}}\mathrm{}\stackrel{M_1}{\stackrel{}{w_1\mathrm{}w_1}}`$
as cyclic vector.

###### Lemma 3.2.

The filtered tensor product (3.6) as $`𝔰𝔩_2[t]`$-module and with cyclic vector (3.7) coincides with the filtered tensor product as $`𝔰𝔩_3[t]`$-module and with cyclic vector

(3.8) $`\stackrel{M_k}{\stackrel{}{v_k\mathrm{}v_k}}\mathrm{}\stackrel{M_1}{\stackrel{}{v_1\mathrm{}v_1}}.`$
The proof is given in Appendix, Proposition A.2. Note that the fusion product in the latter sense is the same as the one over the abelian Lie algebra $`𝔞[t]`$, $`𝔞=e_{13}e_{23}`$. That is,

(3.9) $`W^{(3)}[\lambda ]=\stackrel{M_k}{\stackrel{}{W_k\mathrm{}W_k}}\mathrm{}\stackrel{M_1}{\stackrel{}{W_1\mathrm{}W_1}}`$
in the notation of the previous section.

Let $`Y_r`$ denote the right ideal of $`U(𝔰𝔩_2[t])`$ generated by

$`e_{23}[0]^{r+1},e_{32}[0],x[i](x𝔰𝔩_2𝔰𝔩_3,i>0).`$
As a left $`𝔰𝔩_2[t]`$-module we have

$`U(𝔰𝔩_2[t])/S(Y_r)W_r,`$
where $`x[i]`$ ($`i>0`$) acts as $`0`$ on the right hand side. Introduce the fusion right ideal in the sense of \[FJKLM\]

(3.10) $`Y_𝝀=\stackrel{M_k}{\stackrel{}{Y_k\mathrm{}Y_k}}\mathrm{}\stackrel{M_1}{\stackrel{}{Y_1\mathrm{}Y_1}}(𝒵).`$
Our aim is to determine the character of the space of coinvariants

(3.11) $`grL_l^{(k)}(\mathrm{})/Y_𝝀.`$
Concerning (3.11), the following are known.

###### Proposition 3.3.

$`(`$\[FJKLM\], Theorem 2.9$`)`$ The dimension of (3.11) is given by the Verlinde rule

$`dimL_l^{(k)}(\mathrm{})/Y_𝝀=(([0]+\mathrm{}+[k])^{M_k}\mathrm{}([0]+[1])^{M_1}:[l])_k.`$
From (3.3), the right hand side is written explicitly as

(3.12) $`{\displaystyle \underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mu \lambda }{|\mu |lmod2}}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\lambda _i\mu _{i+1}}{\mu _i\mu _{i+1}}}\right)K_{l,\mu }^{(k)}(1)={\displaystyle \underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mu \lambda }{|\mu |lmod2}}{}}F_{\lambda ,\mu }(1)K_{l,\mu }^{(k)}(1).`$
###### Proposition 3.4.

$`(`$\[FJKLM\], Theorem 3.6$`)`$ There is an isomorphism of filtered vector space

(3.13) $`L_l^{(k)}(\mathrm{})/Y_𝝀_𝒵(\stackrel{M_k}{\stackrel{}{W_k,\mathrm{},W_k}},\mathrm{},\stackrel{M_1}{\stackrel{}{W_1,\mathrm{},W_1}})/S(I_l^{(k)}).`$
On the space $`L_l^{(k)}(\mathrm{})`$ we have a grading by $`d=td/dt`$ and $`h[0]`$. Define the character of the associated graded space $`L=grL_l^{(k)}(\mathrm{})/Y_𝝀`$ by

$`\mathrm{ch}_{q,z}L=\mathrm{tr}_L\left(q^dz^{h[0]}\right).`$
We have also a grading on the fusion product $`W^{(3)}[\lambda ]`$. Its character is defined in (2.7), by assigning $`q^iz_1`$ (resp. $`q^iz_2`$) to $`e_{23}[i]`$ (resp.$`e_{13}[i]`$) and $`1`$ to the cyclic vector. Using the action of $`h_{ab}[0]𝔰𝔩_3`$, we can write the character as

$`\chi ^{(3)}[\lambda ](q,z_1,z_2)=(z_1z_2)^{|\lambda |/3}\mathrm{tr}_{W^{(3)}[\lambda ]}\left(q^dz_1^{\overline{\epsilon }_2}z_2^{\overline{\epsilon }_1}\right),`$
where

$`\overline{\epsilon }_1={\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}(h_{12}[0]+h_{13}[0]),\overline{\epsilon }_2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}(h_{21}[0]+h_{23}[0]).`$
###### Lemma 3.5.

In the isomorphism (3.13), the grading by $`h[0]`$ in the left hand side translates in the right hand side to the grading by the operator $`(h_{21}[0]+h_{31}[0]+2|\lambda |)/3`$.

###### Proof.

Consider the cyclic vector $`w_r=v_0+\mathrm{}+v_r`$ of $`W_r`$. As it is explained in (3.20), \[FJKLM\], the grading by $`h[0]`$ counts $`xv_j`$ as $`j`$ for any $`x𝔰𝔩_2`$. Denote the natural basis of $`^3`$ by $`u_i`$ ($`i=1,2,3`$), on which $`e_{jj}[0]`$ acts as $`e_{jj}[0]u_i=\delta _{ij}u_i`$. In the identification $`W_rS^r(^3)`$, $`v_j`$ is identified with the symmetrization of $`u_1^{rj}u_3^j`$. Therefore $`h[0]`$ acts on $`S^r(^3)`$ as

$`e_{22}[0]+e_{33}[0]={\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\left(h_{21}[0]+h_{31}[0]+2r\right).`$
The lemma follows from this. ∎

From the lemma we find the following relation

$`\mathrm{ch}_{q,z}grL_l^{(k)}(\mathrm{})/Y_𝝀=z^{|\lambda |}\mathrm{ch}_{q,z_1,z_2}W^{(3)}[\lambda ]/S(I_l^{(k)})|_{z_1=1,z_2=z^1},`$
where we have used

$`z_1^{\overline{\epsilon }_2}z_2^{\overline{\epsilon }_1}=z_1^{h_{23}[0]/2}(z_1^{1/2}z_2^1)^{h[0]+2|\lambda |/3}.`$
### 3.3. Character formulas

With the preparations above, let us proceed to the character of a quotient of the fusion product.

###### Proposition 3.6.

We have

$`\mathrm{ch}_{q,z_1,z_2}W^{(3)}[\lambda ]/S(I_l^{(k)})={\displaystyle \underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mu \lambda }{|\mu |lmod2}}{}}z_1^{\frac{|\mu |l}{2}}z_2^{|\lambda ||\mu |}F_{\lambda ,\mu }(q)K_{l,\mu }^{(k)}(q),`$
where $`F_{\lambda ,\mu }(q)`$ is defined in (2.49).

###### Proof.

By Proposition 3.3 and 3.4, (3.12) gives a lower bound to the dimension $`dimW^{(3)}[\lambda ]/S(I_l^{(k)})`$.

On the other hand, from Proposition 2.10 we have a filtration of $`W^{(3)}[\lambda ]`$ by submodules with composition factors of the form $`W^{(2)}[\mu ]`$. The operators $`h_{23}[0]+l`$, $`e_{23}[0]`$ and $`e_{23}[1]^{kl+1}`$ leave the filtration invariant. Replacing the character of the quotient by that of the quotient of the associated graded space, we obtain an upper estimate

$`\mathrm{ch}_{q,z_1,z_2}W^{(3)}[\lambda ]/S(I_l^{(k)})`$
(3.14) $`{\displaystyle \underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mu \lambda }{|\mu |lmod2}}{}}z_2^{|\lambda ||\mu |}F_{\lambda ,\mu }(q)\mathrm{ch}_{q,z_1}W^{(2)}[\mu ]/S(I_l^{(k)}).`$
Proposition 3.1 states that up to a power of $`z_1`$ the last factor is given by $`K_{l,\mu }^{(k)}(q)`$. Setting $`q=z_1=z_2=1`$, the right hand side of (3.14) becomes the lower bound (3.12). This in turn implies that the equality holds in each step, and the proof is over. ∎

Writing $`F_{\lambda \mu }(q)`$ explicitly, we obtain the following as an immediate consequence of Proposition 3.1 and 3.4.

###### Theorem 3.7.

We have a fermionic formula for the character of the space of coinvariants

(3.15) $`\mathrm{ch}_{q,z}grL_l^{(k)}(\mathrm{})/Y_𝝀`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mu \lambda }{|\mu |lmod2}}{}}z^{|\mu |}q^{_{i=1}^{k1}\mu _{i+1}(\lambda _i\mu _i)}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}}\left[\begin{array}{c}\lambda _i\mu _{i+1}\\ \mu _i\mu _{i+1}\end{array}\right]K_{l,\mu }^{(k)}(q).`$
Since $`W^{(3)}[\lambda ]`$ has an $`𝔰𝔩_2`$-structure, its character is a linear combination of $`𝔰𝔩_2`$-characters $`\chi _j(z)=z^{j/2}+\mathrm{}+z^{j/21}+z^{j/2}`$. Let us define $`X_{j\lambda }(q,z)`$ as the coefficient of the expansion

$`\chi ^{(3)}[\lambda ](q,z_1,z_2)=z_2^{|\lambda |}{\displaystyle \underset{j0}{}}\chi _j(z_1)X_{j\lambda }(q,z_1^{1/2}z_2^1).`$
Then we have the following alternating sum formula. When specialized to the case $`𝐌=(0,\mathrm{},0,M)`$, it settles the ‘main conjecture’ of \[FL\] (Conjecture 3.5) for $`𝔤=𝔰𝔩_2`$.

###### Theorem 3.8.

$`\mathrm{ch}_{q,z}grL_l^{(k)}(\mathrm{})/Y_𝝀`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i0}{}}q^{(k+2)i^2+(l+1)i}X_{2(k+2)i+l,\lambda }(q,z)`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i>0}{}}q^{(k+2)i^2(l+1)i}X_{2(k+2)il2,\lambda }(q,z).`$
###### Proof.

We have from (2.50) and (2.52)

(3.17) $`\chi ^{(3)}[\lambda ](q,z_1,z_2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\mu \lambda }{}}z_2^{|\lambda ||\mu |}F_{\lambda \mu }(q)\chi ^{(2)}[\mu ](q,z_1),`$
(3.18) $`\chi ^{(2)}[\mu ](q,z_1)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{0j|\mu |}{}}z_1^{(|\mu |j)/2}\stackrel{~}{S}_{\sigma (j),\mu }(q),`$
where we have set $`\sigma (j)=(\frac{|\mu |+j}{2},\frac{|\mu |j}{2})`$. Let $`K_{j,\mu }(q)`$ denote the non-restricted Kostka polynomial for $`𝔰𝔩_2`$, which is related to the $`q`$-supernomial coefficients $`\stackrel{~}{S}_{\sigma (j),\mu }(q)`$ via $`\chi ^{(2)}[\mu ](q,z_1)`$ as

$`\chi ^{(2)}[\mu ](q,z_1)={\displaystyle \underset{0j|\mu |}{}}z_1^{|\mu |/2}\chi _j(z_1)K_{j,\mu }(q).`$
From this and (3.17),(3.18), we find an expression

$`X_{j\lambda }(q,z)={\displaystyle \underset{|\mu |=j}{}}z^{|\mu |}F_{\lambda \mu }(q)K_{j\mu }(q).`$
The statement of Theorem now follows from Theorem 3.7 together with the known formula (see \[SS\], eq.(6.8))

$`K_{l,\mu }^{(k)}(q)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i0}{}}q^{(k+2)i^2+(l+1)i}K_{2(k+2)i+l,\mu }(q)`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i>0}{}}q^{(k+2)i^2(l+1)i}K_{2(k+2)il2,\mu }(q).`$
## Appendix A A Lemma on changing cyclic vectors

In this appendix we prove one of the steps used in the main text in a more general setting, i.e., to show the equality of certain filtered tensor products of $`𝔰𝔩_{n1}[t]`$ and $`𝔰𝔩_n[t]`$ representations. In this paper, we use only the case of $`(𝔰𝔩_2,𝔰𝔩_3)`$ pair and for symmetric tensor representations.

Since the essential part of the argument is contained in the simplest case $`n=2`$, we first formulate it and give a proof to that particular case. Consider the subalgebra $`h[t]𝔰𝔩_2[t]`$.

###### Proposition A.1.

Let $`v_a`$ $`(1aN)`$ be the lowest weight vectors of finite dimensional irreducible representations of $`𝔰𝔩_2`$. We denote by $`U_a`$ the representation generated by $`v_a`$. Let $`𝒵=(z_1,\mathrm{},z_N)`$ be (not necessarily distinct) complex numbers. Consider the tensor product of the evaluation representations $`U_a`$ $`(1aN)`$ of $`𝔰𝔩_2[t]`$, for which the evaluation parameter is set to $`z_a`$. We denote this tensor product by $`W(𝒵)`$.

Let $`w_0=v_1\mathrm{}v_N`$, and consider the subspace $`G^i`$ of $`W(𝒵)`$ spanned by the vectors $`x_1[i_1]\mathrm{}x_l[i_l]w_0`$ where $`l0`$, $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_l𝔰𝔩_2`$ and $`_ai_ai`$.

Let

$$w=(\underset{i}{}\frac{e[0]^i}{i!}v_1)\mathrm{}(\underset{i}{}\frac{e[0]^i}{i!}v_N),$$

and let $`F^i`$ be the subspace of $`W(𝒵)`$ spanned by the vectors $`h[i_1]\mathrm{}h[i_l]w`$ where $`l0`$ and $`_ai_ai`$.

Under this setting, the equality $`F^i=G^i`$ holds for all $`i0`$.

###### Proof.

Note that

$$w=\underset{i}{}\frac{e[0]^i}{i!}w_0.$$

Since the $`h[0]`$-weights of the vectors $`e[0]^iw_0`$ $`(i0)`$ are distinct, they all belong to $`F^0`$. Since $`_i𝐂e[0]^iw_0`$ is $`ht^0`$-invariant, we have $`F^0=_i𝐂e[0]^iw_0`$. Since $`f[0]w_0,h[0]w_0𝐂w_0`$, $`F^0`$ is $`𝔰𝔩_2t^0`$ invariant, and therefore, $`F^0=G^0`$.

Now, we will show that $`(𝔰𝔩_2t^j)F^iF^{i+j}`$ for all $`i,j0`$. From this follows $`F^i=G^i`$ for all $`i`$. Note that

$$F^i=\underset{m0}{}\underset{i_1+\mathrm{}+i_Ki}{}𝐂h[i_1]\mathrm{}h[i_K]e[0]^mw_0.$$

First, we show that

$$e[j]h[i_1]\mathrm{}h[i_K]e[0]^mw_0F^{i_1+\mathrm{}i_K+j}$$

by induction on $`K`$. For $`K=0`$, we have

$`e[j]e[0]^mw_0`$ $`=`$ $`e[0]^me[j]w_0`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}e[0]^m[h[j],e[0]]w_0.`$
We use $`a_ib`$ meaning $`abF^i`$. Since $`h[j]w_0𝐂w_0`$ and $`h[j]e[0]^{m+1}w_0F^j`$, we have

$`e[j]e[0]^mw_0`$ $`_j`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}e[0]^mh[j]e_0w_0`$
$`_j`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}[e[0]^m,h[j]]e[0]w_0`$
$`=`$ $`me[j]e[0]^mw_0.`$
From this follows that $`e[j]e[0]^mw_0F^j`$.

For $`K1`$, we have

$$e[j]h[i_1]\mathrm{}h[i_K]e[0]^mw_0=[e[j],h[i_1]]\mathrm{}h[i_K]w_0+h[i_1]e[j]\mathrm{}h[i_K]w_0.$$

Using induction hypothesis, we see that this element belongs to $`F^{i_1+\mathrm{}i_K+j}`$. ∎

Now, we proceed to the case of $`(𝔰𝔩_{n1},𝔰𝔩_n)`$ pair.

###### Proposition A.2.

Let $`v_a`$ $`(1aN)`$ be the lowest weight vectors of finite dimensional irreducible representations of $`𝔰𝔩_n`$ $`(n3)`$. We denote by $`U_a`$ the representation generated by $`v_a`$. Let $`𝒵=(z_1,\mathrm{},z_N)`$ be (not necessarily distinct) complex numbers. Consider the tensor product of the evaluation representations $`U_a`$ $`(1aN)`$ of $`𝔰𝔩_n[t]`$, for which the evaluation parameter is set to $`z_a`$. We denote this tensor product by $`W(𝒵)`$.

Let $`w_0=v_1\mathrm{}v_N`$, and consider the subspace $`G^i`$ of $`W(𝒵)`$ spanned by the vectors $`x_1[i_1]\mathrm{}x_l[i_l]w_0`$ where $`l0`$, $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_l𝔰𝔩_n`$ and $`_ai_ai`$.

Let

$$w=(\underset{i}{}\frac{e_{1n}^i}{i!}v_1)\mathrm{}(\underset{i}{}\frac{e_{1n}^i}{i!}v_N),$$

and let $`F^i`$ be the subspace of $`W(𝒵)`$ spanned by the vectors $`x_1[i_1]\mathrm{}x_l[i_l]w`$ where $`l0`$, $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_l𝔰𝔩_{n1}`$ and $`_ai_ai`$.

Under this setting, the equality $`F^i=G^i`$ holds for all $`i0`$.

###### Proof.

First Step : We show that $`F^0`$ is spanned by the vectors

(A.1)
$$e_{a_1b_1}[0]\mathrm{}e_{a_Jb_J}[0]\underset{2an}{}e_{1a}[0]^{m_a}w_0,$$

where $`J0`$, $`2a_i<b_in`$ for $`1iJ`$, and $`m_a0`$ for $`2an`$.

Proceeding as in the proof of Proposition A.1, we see that $`F^0`$ contains the vectors $`e_{1n}[0]^mw_0`$ $`(m0)`$. Then, by using $`[e_{na}[0],e_{1b}[0]]=\delta _{n,b}e_{1a}[0]`$ and $`[e_{1a}[0],e_{1b}[0]]=0`$ for $`2an1`$ and $`2bn`$, we see that $`F^0`$ contains the vectors $`_{2an}e_{1a}[0]^{m_a}w_0`$ for $`m_2,\mathrm{},m_n0`$.

Now, by using the PBW theorem, it is straightforward to see that $`F^0`$ is spanned by the vectors (A.1).

Second Step : We show that $`F^0=G^0`$. It is enough to show that $`F^0`$ is invariant by the actions of $`e_{1a}[0]`$ and $`e_{a1}[0]`$ for $`2an`$. The invariance for $`e_{1a}[0]`$ follows from $`[e_{1a}[0],e_{bc}[0]]=\delta _{ab}e_{1c}[0]`$ for $`2an`$ and $`2b<cn`$. The invariance for $`e_{a1}[0]`$ follows from $`e_{a1}[0]w_0=0`$, $`[e_{a1}[0],e_{bc}[0]]=\delta _{ac}e_{b1}[0]`$ for $`2an`$ and $`2b<cn`$, and

$`[e_{a1}[0],e_{1b}[0]]=\{\begin{array}{cc}h_{1a}[0]\hfill & \text{if }a=b;\hfill \\ e_{ab}[0]\hfill & \text{if }ab,\hfill \end{array}`$
for $`2a,bn`$.

Third Step : We show that $`F^j`$ contains the vectors

(A.2)
$$e_{a_1b_1}[j_1]\mathrm{}e_{a_Jb_J}[j_J]\underset{i=1}{\overset{K}{}}h_{c_i}[k_i]\underset{i=1}{\overset{L}{}}e_{1d_i}[l_i]e_{1n}[0]^mw_0,$$

where $`J,K,L,j_i,l_i,m0`$, $`k_i>0`$, $`2a_i<b_in`$, $`2c_i,d_in1`$, and

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{J}{}}j_i+\underset{i=1}{\overset{K}{}}k_i+\underset{i=1}{\overset{L}{}}l_ij.$$

We have shown that $`F^0`$ contains the vectors $`_{a=2}^ne_{1a}[0]^{m_a}w_0`$. Applying $`e_{32}[l_i^{(2)}]`$ $`(1im_2^{}m_3;l_i^{(2)}>0)`$, we get

$$\underset{a=4}{\overset{n}{}}e_{1a}[0]^{m_a}e_{13}[0]^{m_3m_2^{}}\underset{i=1}{\overset{m_2^{}}{}}e_{12}[l_i^{(2)}]e_{12}[0]^{m_2}w_0F^{_{i=1}^{m_2^{}}l_i^{(2)}}$$

Repeating this procedure successively for $`e_{43},\mathrm{},e_{n,n1}`$, we obtain the vectors $`_{i=1}^Le_{1d_i}[l_i]e_{1n}[0]^mw_0F^{_{i=1}^Ll_i}`$. Therefore, $`F^j`$ contains the vectors (A.2). We denote by $`H^j`$ the linear span of these vectors.

Last Step : We show that

$$(𝔰𝔩_nt^i)H^jH^{i+j}.$$

Since $`H^0=F^0=G^0`$, it then follows that $`H^j=F^j=G^j`$. The only non-trivial calculation is to show that $`e_{1n}[i]H^jH^{i+j}`$. This can be shown similarly as in the proof of Proposition A.1. ∎

Let us explain these statements in more invariant terms. To define a lowest vector of an irreducible representation it is enough to choose a Borel subalgebra $`𝔟𝔰𝔩_n`$. The set of all possible Borel subalgebras inherits the natural topology of a homogeneous space, namely they form the flag manifold.

Now take the standard inclusion $`𝔰𝔩_{n1}𝔰𝔩_n`$ and choose a Borel subalgebra $`𝔟𝔰𝔩_n`$. Then for any irreducible representation $`U`$ of $`𝔰𝔩_n`$ by $`v_U^𝔟`$ denote the corresponding lowest weight vector and by $`\overline{U}`$ denote the restriction of $`U`$ to $`𝔰𝔩_{n1}`$.

###### Theorem A.3.

Consider a set of irreducible representations $`U_1,\mathrm{},U_N`$ of $`𝔰𝔩_n`$ and a set of distinct points $`𝒵=(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n)`$. Choose a generic Borel subalgebra $`𝔟𝔰𝔩_n`$. Then vectors $`v_{U_a}^𝔟`$ are cyclic in $`\overline{U}_a`$ as well as in $`U_a`$ and we have an isomorphism of filtered spaces

(A.3)
$$_𝒵(U_1,\mathrm{},U_N)_𝒵(\overline{U}_1,\mathrm{},\overline{U}_N).$$

###### Proof.

Note, that $`(\text{A.3})`$ is satisfied for an algebraically open set of Borel subalgebras. So it is enough to show it for a certain subalgebra.

Let $`𝔟_0`$ be the standard Borel subalgebra of upper-triangular matrices. Then Proposition A.2 implies (A.3) for

$$𝔟=\mathrm{exp}(e_{1n})𝔟_0\mathrm{exp}(e_{1n}).$$

Acknowledgments. This work is partially supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B2) no.12440039, no.14340040 and (A1) no.13304010, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. BF is partially supported by grants RFBR 02-01-01015 and INTAS-00-00055. The work of SL is partially supported by the grant RFBR-01-01-00546. The last stage of this work was carried out while the authors were visiting Mathematical Sciences Research Institute, Berkeley, March 2002.