text:
# The Φ⁴ quantum field in a scale invariant random metric

## 1 Introduction

We discuss $`D`$-dimensional Euclidean scalar field interacting with a quantized scale invariant metric. The metric depends on $`d`$-dimensional coordinates. The simplest case, which arises from a Gaussian metric, will be discussed in detail. If $`d=2`$ then we can give at least two non-Gaussian examples of such a scale invariant metric. In one example the metric is described as a two-dimensional $`SL(D,R)`$-valued field. As the second example we may consider the Polyakov model  in a non-critical dimension which in the conformal gauge is reduced to the two-dimensional Liouville model.

In the first model we treat a metric tensor on the Riemannian manifold (Euclidean formulation)

$$(G)^{AB}=g^{AB}$$
(1)
as a two-dimensional field $`G`$ with values in a set of real symmetric positive definite $`D\times D`$ matrices $`G`$. We choose the metric in a block diagonal form $`G^{AB}=\delta ^{AB}`$ if $`A,B>D2`$ and for $`A,BD2`$ the tensor $`g^{\mu \nu }(𝐱_F)`$ is a $`(D2)\times (D2)`$ matrix depending on $`𝐱_FR^2`$. The manifold of positive definite matrices is homeomorphic to $`R\times SL(D2,R)/O(D2)`$. We choose a conformal invariant action for $`G`$

$$\begin{array}{c}W(G)=Tr𝑑𝐱_FG^1GG^1\overline{}G+WZW\hfill \end{array}$$
(2)
where $`=_1i_2`$ is the holomorphic derivative and $`WZW`$ denotes the Wess-Zumino-Witten term . The conformal invariance of this model has been shown in refs. .

The first model is not invariant under the group of diffeomorphisms of the metric. In the second conformal invariant model of gravity we consider the string coordinates $`X^\mu `$ interacting with two-dimensional gravity in a way invariant under general coordinate transformations

$$W=𝑑𝐱_F\sqrt{g}g^{ab}_aX^\mu _bX^\mu $$
(3)
The classical model does not depend on the metric but the quantum one depends on the conformal Weyl factor. We choose $`g_{ab}=\delta _{ab}\mathrm{exp}\chi `$ . A functional integral over $`X`$ leads to the effective action

$$W_{eff}(g)=𝑑𝐱_F(_a\chi _a\chi +\alpha \mathrm{exp}\chi )$$
(4)
This Liouville model is scale invariant .

In secs.2-3 we discuss general scale invariant models. In sec.4 we restrict ourselves to the Gaussian metric where we can obtain detailed estimates on the perturbation series of the $`(\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{})^2`$ interaction ( we discuss the complex scalar field instead of the real one just for simplicity of the Gaussian combinatorics). It is shown that quantum fields interacting with a singular random metric are more regular than the free fields (a conjecture reviewed in ; see also )

## 2 The scalar propagator

We consider a complex scalar matter field $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ in $`D`$ dimensions interacting with gravitons depending only on a $`d`$-dimensional submanifold. We split the coordinates as $`x=(𝐱_G,𝐱_F)`$ with $`𝐱_FR^d`$. Without a self-interaction the $`\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{}`$ correlation function is equal to an average

$$\mathrm{}𝒟g\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}W\left(G\right)\right)𝒜^1(x,y)$$
(5)
over the gravitational field $`g`$ of the Green’s function of the operator

$$𝒜=\frac{1}{2}\underset{\mu =1,\nu =1}{\overset{Dd}{}}g^{\mu \nu }(𝐱_F)_\mu _\nu +\frac{1}{2}\underset{k=Dd+1}{\overset{D}{}}_k^2$$
(6)
We repeat some steps of ref. (our case here is simpler and more explicit). We represent the Green’s function by means of the proper time method

$$𝒜^1(x,y)=_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\tau \left(\mathrm{exp}\left(\tau 𝒜\right)\right)(x,y)$$
(7)
For a calculation of $`\left(\mathrm{exp}\left(\tau 𝒜\right)\right)(x,y)`$ we apply the functional integral

$$\begin{array}{c}K_\tau (x,y)=\left(\mathrm{exp}\left(\tau 𝒜\right)\right)(x,y)=𝒟x\mathrm{exp}(\frac{1}{2}\frac{d𝐱_F}{dt}\frac{d𝐱_F}{dt}\frac{1}{2}g^{\mu \nu }(𝐱_F)\frac{dx_\mu }{dt}\frac{dx_\nu }{dt})\hfill \\ \delta \left(x\left(0\right)x\right)\delta \left(x\left(\tau \right)y\right)\hfill \end{array}$$
(8)
In the functional integral (8) we make a change of variables ($`xb`$) determined by Stratonovitch stochastic differential equations

$$dx^\mathrm{\Omega }(s)=e_A^\mathrm{\Omega }\left(x\left(s\right)\right)db^A(s)$$
(9)
where for $`\mathrm{\Omega }=1,2,\mathrm{}.,Dd`$

$$e_a^\mu e_a^\nu =g^{\mu \nu }$$

and $`e_A^\mathrm{\Omega }=\delta _A^\mathrm{\Omega }`$ if $`\mathrm{\Omega }>Dd`$.

As a result of the transformation $`xb`$ the functional integral becomes Gaussian with the covariance

$$E[b_a(t)b_c(s)]=\delta _{ac}\mathrm{min}(s,t)$$
(10)
In contradistinction to  eq.(9) can be solved explicitly. The solution $`q_\tau `$ of eq.(9) consists of two vectors $`(𝐪_G,𝐪_F)`$ where

$$𝐪_F(\tau ,𝐱_F)=𝐱_F+𝐛_F(\tau )$$
(11)
and $`𝐪_G`$ has the components (for $`\mu =1,\mathrm{},Dd`$)

$$q^\mu (\tau ,𝐱)=x^\mu +_0^\tau e_a^\mu \left(𝐪_F(s,𝐱_F)\right)𝑑b^a(s)$$
(12)
The kernel is

$$\begin{array}{c}K_\tau (x,y)=E[\delta (yq_\tau (x))]=\hfill \\ =E[\delta (𝐲_F𝐱_F𝐛_F(\tau ))_\mu \delta \left(y_\mu q_\mu (\tau ,x)\right)]\hfill \end{array}$$
(13)
Using eq.(12) and the Fourier representation of the $`\delta `$-function we write eq.(13) in the form

$$\begin{array}{c}K_\tau (x,y)=(2\pi )^D𝑑𝐩_G𝑑𝐩_F\hfill \\ E[\mathrm{exp}\left(i𝐩_F\left(𝐲_F𝐱_F\right)+i𝐩_G\left(𝐲_G𝐱_G\right)i𝐩_F𝐛_F\left(\tau \right)ip_\mu e_a^\mu \left(𝐪(s,𝐱_F)\right)𝑑b^a\left(s\right)\right)]\hfill \end{array}$$
(14)
## 3 The scale invariant model

In general, we cannot calculate the average over the metric explicitly. However, the scale invariance of the metric is sufficient for a derivation of the short distance behaviour of the scalar propagator.

Let us note that $`\sqrt{\tau }b(s/\tau )\stackrel{~}{b}(s)`$ where $`\stackrel{~}{b}`$ denotes an equivalent Brownian motion (the equivalence means that both random variables have the same correlation functions). Then, using the scale invariance of $`e`$ with the index $`\gamma `$ we can write

$$e(\sqrt{\tau }𝐱_F)\tau ^{\frac{\gamma }{2}}\stackrel{~}{e}(𝐱_F)$$
(15)
Hence, in eq.(12)

$$q^\mu (\tau ,𝐱)=x^\mu +\tau ^{\frac{1}{2}\frac{\gamma }{2}}_0^1\stackrel{~}{e}_a^\mu \left(\tau ^{\frac{1}{2}}𝐱_F+\stackrel{~}{𝐛}_F\left(s\right)\right)𝑑\stackrel{~}{b}^a(s)$$
(16)
The expectation value over $`e`$ is

$$\begin{array}{c}K_\tau (x,y)=\hfill \\ \tau ^{\frac{Dd}{2}(1\gamma )\frac{d}{2}}E\left[\delta \left(\left(𝐲_F𝐱_F\right)\tau ^{\frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{~}{𝐛}_F\left(1\right)\right)\delta \left(\tau ^{\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\gamma }{2}}\left(yx\right)\eta \right)\right]\hfill \end{array}$$
(17)
where

$$\eta ^\mu =_0^1\stackrel{~}{e}_a^\mu \left(\tau ^{\frac{1}{2}}𝐱_F+\stackrel{~}{𝐛}_F\left(s\right)\right)𝑑\stackrel{~}{b}^a(s)$$

Let $`P(𝐮,𝐯)`$ be the joint distribution of $`(\eta ,\stackrel{~}{𝐛}_F(1))`$ ( $`P`$ does not depend on $`𝐱_F`$ because of the translational invariance). Then, the propagator of the $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ field is

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{}𝒜^1(x,y)=\hfill \\ \mathrm{}_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\tau \tau ^{(1\gamma )\frac{Dd}{2}\frac{d}{2}}P(\left(𝐱_G𝐲_G\right)\tau ^{(1+\gamma )/2},\left(𝐱_F𝐲_F\right)\tau ^{\frac{1}{2}})\hfill \end{array}$$
(18)
Eq.(18) in momentum space has the representation

$$\mathrm{}𝒜^1(𝐤_G,𝐤_F)=\mathrm{}_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\tau \stackrel{~}{P}(\tau ^{\frac{1\gamma }{2}}𝐤_G,\sqrt{\tau }𝐤_F)$$
(19)
where $`\stackrel{~}{P}`$ denotes the Fourier transform of $`P`$. Using eq.(14) we may write

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{}𝒜^1(𝐤_G,𝐤_F)\hfill \\ =\mathrm{}_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\tau E[\mathrm{exp}i\left(\sqrt{\tau }𝐤_F\stackrel{~}{𝐛}_F\left(1\right)+\tau ^{\frac{1}{2}\frac{\gamma }{2}}𝐤_G\eta _G\right)]\hfill \end{array}$$

The dispersion relation (relating the frequency to the wave number) is determined by (after an analytic continuation $`k_0ik_0`$)

$$(𝒜^1(𝐤_G,𝐤_F))^1=0$$

It can be concluded from eq.(18) that in general the dispersion relation will be different from the standard one (resulting from a wave equation) $`k_0|𝐤|`$. In particular, we can see that if $`|𝐤_F||𝐤_G|`$ then $`𝒜^1(𝐤_G,𝐤_F)|𝐤_F|^2`$ whereas if $`|𝐤_G||𝐤_F|`$ then $`𝒜^1(𝐤_G,𝐤_F)|𝐤_G|^{\frac{2}{1\gamma }}`$. In the configuration space, the propagator tends to infinity if both $`|𝐱_F𝐲_F|`$ and $`|𝐱_G𝐲_G|`$ tend to zero. However, the singularity depends in a rather complicated way on the approach to zero. It becomes simple if either $`|𝐱_F𝐲_F|=0`$ or $`|𝐱_G𝐲_G|=0`$ . So, if $`|𝐱_F𝐲_F|=0`$ then we make a change of the time variable

$$\tau =t|𝐱_G𝐲_G|^{\frac{2}{1\gamma }}$$
(20)
Using eq.(18) we obtain the factor depending on $`|𝐱_G𝐲_G|`$ in front of the integral and a bounded function $`A`$ of coordinates ,i.e.,

$$𝒜^1(x,y)=A|𝐱_G𝐲_G|^{D+2}$$

If $`|𝐱_G𝐲_G|=0`$ then we change the time variable

$$\tau =t|𝐱_F𝐲_F|^2$$

As a result

$$𝒜^1(x,y)=A|𝐱_F𝐲_F|^{(D2)(1\gamma )}$$
(21)
with a certain bounded function $`A`$. We can see that in the $`𝐱_G`$ coordinate the singularity remains unchanged but the propagator is more regular in the $`𝐱_F`$ coordinate.

It is not possible to calculate the probability distribution $`P`$ exactly. Choosing as a first approximation $`\eta 𝐛_G(1)`$ we obtain

$$P(𝐮,𝐯)=(2\pi )^{\frac{D}{2}}\mathrm{exp}(\frac{𝐮^2}{2}\frac{𝐯^2}{2})$$

In this approximation

$$\mathrm{}𝒜^1(𝐤_G,𝐤_F)=\frac{\mathrm{}}{2}_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\tau \mathrm{exp}(\frac{1}{2}\tau ^{1\gamma }|𝐤_G|^2\frac{1}{2}\tau |𝐤_F|^2)$$
(22)
In the Higgs model we need the mass term $`:\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{}:`$. The perturbation series for the mass will be finite if the integral

$$_V𝑑𝐱_F𝑑𝐱_G|𝒜^1(x,y)|^2$$

is finite for any bounded region $`V`$. This integral is convergent if

$$_{|k|>ϵ}𝑑𝐤_G𝑑𝐤_F|𝒜^1(k)|^2<\mathrm{}$$
(23)
for any $`ϵ>0`$. It can be checked that if $`D=4`$ then for any $`\gamma >0`$ the integral (23) is convergent.

In fact, in $`D`$ dimensions the convergence of the integral (23) (with the proper time representation (18)) follows from the convergence of the integral

$$_0^1𝑑\tau _1_0^1𝑑\tau _2(\tau _1+\tau _2)^{\frac{d}{2}}(\tau _1^{1\gamma }+\tau _2^{1\gamma })^{\frac{Dd}{2}}$$
(24)
It is finite if $`d+(1\gamma )(Dd)<4`$. Together with the inequality $`\gamma <\frac{1}{2}`$ we obtain the inequality $`D<8d`$.

The integral (24) comes directly from the approximation (22) . However, we can prove this result in general under some mild regularity assumptions on the Fourier transform (19) of $`P`$ defined in eq.(18). So,

$$|𝒜^1(k)|^2𝑑k=𝑑\tau 𝑑\tau ^{}\stackrel{~}{P}(\tau ^{\frac{1\gamma }{2}}𝐤_G,\sqrt{\tau }𝐤_F)\stackrel{~}{P}(\tau ^{\frac{1\gamma }{2}}𝐤_G,\sqrt{\tau ^{}}𝐤_F)𝑑𝐤_G𝑑𝐤_F$$

We introduce the spherical coordinates on the plane $`\tau =r\mathrm{cos}\theta `$,$`\tau ^{}=r\mathrm{sin}\theta `$. Then, just by scaling of $`r`$ we derive the result (23) under the assumption that the integral over $`\theta `$ is finite.

## 4 The $`(\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{})^2`$ model in a random Gaussian metric

After the general scale invariant models of gravity in the previous sections we consider now a Gaussian model. For the Gaussian model we can prove explicit upper and lower bounds on the correlation functions. We consider a complex scalar matter field $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ in $`D`$ dimensions . Using eq.(12) and the Fourier representation of the $`\delta `$-function we write eq.(14) in the form

$$\begin{array}{c}K_\tau (x,y)=(2\pi )^{D+d}𝑑𝐩_G\mathrm{exp}\left(i𝐩_G\left(𝐲_G𝐱_G\right)\right)\hfill \\ E[\delta \left(𝐲_F𝐱_F𝐛_F\left(\tau \right)\right)\mathrm{exp}\left(ip_\mu e_a^\mu \left(𝐪(s,𝐱_F)\right)𝑑b^a\left(s\right)\right)]\hfill \end{array}$$

The random variables $`𝐛_F`$ and $`b^a`$ are independent. Hence, using the formula

$$E[\mathrm{exp}if_a(𝐪_F)𝑑b^a]=E[\mathrm{exp}(\frac{1}{2}f_af_a𝑑s)]$$

we can rewrite eq.(14) solely in terms of the metric tensor

$$\begin{array}{c}K_\tau (x,y)=(2\pi )^{D+d}𝑑𝐩_G\mathrm{exp}\left(i𝐩_G\left(𝐲_G𝐱_G\right)\right)\hfill \\ E[\delta \left(𝐲_F𝐱_F𝐛_F\left(\tau \right)\right)\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{1}{2}p_\mu p_\nu g^{\mu \nu }\left(𝐪(s,𝐱_F)\right)𝑑s\right)]\hfill \end{array}$$
(25)
We assume that the metric $`g^{\mu \nu }`$ is Gaussian with the short distance correlations

$$g^{\mu \nu }(𝐱_F)g^{\sigma \rho }(𝐲_F)=D^{\mu \nu ;\sigma \rho }(𝐱_F𝐲_F)=C^{\mu \nu ;\sigma \rho }|𝐲_F𝐱_F|^{4\gamma }$$
(26)
where $`C`$ is a scale invariant tensor and $`D`$ must be positive definite if the momentum integrals in the final formula are to exist. Such a requirement contradicts the positive definiteness of the action for the gravitational field. However, in the Einstein gravity the conformal modes give a negative contribution to the action. The model of a conformally flat metric with $`C^{\mu \nu ;\sigma \rho }=\delta ^{\mu \nu }\delta ^{\sigma \rho }`$ would be satisfactory for our purposes ( a proper contour rotation in the complex space of metrics is needed in order to perform the functional integral; such an interpretation of the functional integral over the conformal modes has been considered also in quantum gravity ). Then, the integral (17) over $`g`$ can be calculated

$$\begin{array}{c}K_\tau (x,y)=(2\pi )^D𝑑𝐩_G\mathrm{exp}\left(i𝐩_G\left(𝐲_G𝐱_G\right)\right)\hfill \\ E[\delta \left(𝐲_F𝐱_F𝐛_F\left(\tau \right)\right)\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{1}{4}_0^\tau p_\mu p_\sigma p_\nu p_\rho D^{\mu \nu ;\sigma \rho }\left(𝐛_F\left(s\right)𝐛_F\left(s^{}\right)\right)𝑑s𝑑s^{}\right)]\hfill \end{array}$$
(27)
The propagator of eq.(3) has the form

$$𝒜^1(x,y)=_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\tau \tau ^{\frac{d}{2}(Dd)(1\gamma )/2}F(\tau ^{\frac{1}{2}}(𝐲_F𝐱_F),\tau ^{\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\gamma }{2}}(𝐲_G𝐱_G))$$
(28)
There is a restriction on the allowed singularity of the two-point function of the metric field. So, if the random variable in the exponential (25) is to be well-defined (without any renormalization) then the expectation value of its square should be finite

$$E[\left(_0^\tau g^{\mu \nu }\left(𝐪(s,𝐱_F)\right)𝑑s\right)^2]<\mathrm{}$$

This expectation value leads to the integral (if the singularity of $`D`$ is $`|𝐮_F|^{4\gamma }`$ )

$$𝑑𝐮_F𝑑s_0^s𝑑s^{}(ss^{})^{\frac{d}{2}}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{1}{2}𝐮_F^2/(ss^{})\right)|𝐮_F|^{4\gamma }$$

The integral is finite if $`\gamma <\frac{1}{2}`$.

We calculate the expectation value in the gravitational field (26) of a product of any number of propagators. First, consider the two-point function of the Wick square which we need for the mass term in the Higgs model

$$\begin{array}{c}:\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{}:(x):\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{}:(y)=\left(𝒜^1(x,y)\right)^2\hfill \\ =(2\pi )^{2D+2d}𝑑\tau _1𝑑\tau _2𝑑𝐩_G𝑑𝐩_G^{}\mathrm{exp}\left(i𝐩_G\left(𝐲_G𝐱_G\right)+i𝐩_G^{}\left(𝐲_G𝐱_G\right)\right)\hfill \\ E[\delta (𝐲_F𝐱_F𝐛_F\left(\tau _1\right))\delta (𝐲_F𝐱_F𝐛_F^{}\left(\tau _2\right))\hfill \\ \mathrm{exp}(\frac{1}{4}_0^{\tau _1}_0^{\tau _1}p_\mu p_\sigma p_\nu p_\rho D^{\mu \nu ;\sigma \rho }(𝐛_F\left(s\right)𝐛_F\left(s^{}\right))dsds^{}\hfill \\ \frac{1}{4}_0^{\tau _2}_0^{\tau _2}p_\mu ^{}p_\sigma ^{}p_\nu ^{}p_\rho ^{}D^{\mu \nu ;\sigma \rho }\left(𝐛_F^{}\left(s\right)𝐛_F^{}\left(s^{}\right)\right)𝑑s𝑑s^{}\hfill \\ \frac{1}{2}_0^{\tau _1}_0^{\tau _2}p_\mu p_\nu p_\rho ^{}p_\sigma ^{}D^{\mu \nu ;\sigma \rho }(𝐛_F\left(s\right)𝐛_F^{}\left(s^{}\right))dsds^{})]\hfill \end{array}$$
(29)
We introduce the spherical coordinates on the $`(\tau _1,\tau _2)`$-plane $`\tau _1=r\mathrm{cos}\theta `$ and $`\tau _2=r\mathrm{sin}\theta `$. Next, we rescale the momenta $`𝐤_F=𝐩_F\sqrt{r}`$, $`𝐤_F^{}=𝐩_F^{}\sqrt{r}`$ , $`𝐤_G=𝐩_Gr^{\frac{1}{2}\frac{\gamma }{2}}`$ and $`𝐤_G^{}=𝐩_G^{}r^{\frac{1}{2}\frac{\gamma }{2}}`$. Then, we can see that

$$\begin{array}{c}:\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{}:(x):\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{}:(y)\hfill \\ =𝑑\theta 𝑑rrr^{d(1\gamma )(Dd)}F(\theta ,r^{\frac{1}{2}}(𝐱_F𝐲_F),r^{\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\gamma }{2}}(𝐱_G𝐲_G))\hfill \end{array}$$
(30)
It follows just by scaling of coordinates (the $`r`$\- integral scales as twice the $`\tau `$-integral in eq.(18)) that for short distances

$$:\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{}:(x):\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{}:(y)\left(𝒜^1(x,y)\right)^2$$
(31)
We need to prove that correlation functions (28) are finite and non-zero. We show first that the bilinear form $`(f_j,𝒜^1f_l)`$ is finite and non-zero on a dense set of functions $`f`$. For this purpose we choose

$$f_𝐤(𝐱_G)=(2\pi a)^{\frac{Dd}{2}}\mathrm{exp}(\frac{a}{2}𝐱_G^2+i\mathrm{𝐤𝐱}_G)$$

Then,

$$\begin{array}{c}(f_𝐤,𝒜^1f_𝐤^{})=(2\pi )^{D+d}_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\tau \tau ^{\frac{d}{2}}𝑑𝐩_G\hfill \\ E[\delta (\tau ^{\frac{1}{2}}(𝐲_F𝐱)_F𝐛_F\left(1\right))\hfill \\ \mathrm{exp}(\frac{1}{2a}(𝐩_G𝐤)^2\frac{1}{2a}(𝐩_G𝐤^{})^2\hfill \\ \frac{1}{4}\tau ^{22\gamma }_0^1p_\mu p_\sigma p_\nu p_\rho D^{\mu \nu ;\sigma \rho }(𝐛_F\left(s\right)𝐛_F\left(s^{}\right))dsds^{})]\hfill \end{array}$$
(32)
Both sides depend on $`𝐱_F`$ and $`𝐲_F`$ because we integrated out only $`𝐱_G`$ and $`𝐲_G`$. In our estimates we apply Jensen inequalities in the form (for real functions $`A`$ and $`f`$)

$$E[\mathrm{exp}A]\mathrm{exp}E[A]$$
(33)
and

$$E[\mathrm{exp}\left(_0^1𝑑s𝑑s^{}f(s,s^{})\right)]_0^1𝑑s𝑑s^{}E[\mathrm{exp}(f(s,s^{}))]$$
(34)
An upper bound can be obtained by means of the Jensen inequality (34) expressed in the form

$$\begin{array}{c}(f_𝐤,𝒜^1f_𝐤^{})\hfill \\ 2_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\tau _0^1𝑑s_0^s𝑑s^{}𝑑𝐮_1𝑑𝐮_2𝑑𝐩_G\hfill \\ \tau ^{\frac{d}{2}}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{1}{2a}\left(𝐩_G𝐤\right)^2\frac{1}{2a}\left(𝐩_G𝐤^{}\right)^2\right)p(s^{},𝐮_1)p(ss^{},𝐮_2𝐮_1)\hfill \\ p(1s,\tau ^{\frac{1}{2}}\left(𝐲𝐱\right)𝐮_2)\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{\tau ^{22\gamma }}{4}p_\mu p_\sigma p_\nu p_\rho D^{\mu \nu ;\sigma \rho }\left(𝐮_1𝐮_2\right)\right)\hfill \end{array}$$
(35)
where $`p(s,𝐮)=(2\pi s)^{\frac{d}{2}}\mathrm{exp}(𝐮^2/2s)`$. We can convince ourselves by means of explicit calculations (using a proper change of variables) that the integral on the r.h.s. of eq.(35) is finite. For the lower bound it will be useful to introduce the Brownian bridge starting from $`𝐱`$ and ending in $`𝐱+𝐮`$  defined on the time interval $`[0,1]`$

$$𝐚(𝐱,𝐮,s)=𝐱+𝐮s+𝐜(s)$$
(36)
where $`𝐜`$ is the Gaussian process starting from $`0`$ and ending in $`0`$ with the correlation function

$$E[c_j(s^{})c_k(s)]=\delta _{jk}s^{}(1s)$$

for $`s^{}s`$. Then, the $`\delta `$ function in eq.(27) defines the Brownian bridge and the Jensen inequality (33) takes the form

$$\begin{array}{c}(f_𝐤,𝒜^1f_𝐤^{})(2\pi )^{D+d}_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\tau \tau ^{\frac{d}{2}}𝑑𝐩_G\hfill \\ \mathrm{exp}(\frac{1}{2a}(𝐩_G𝐤)^2\frac{1}{2a}(𝐩_G𝐤^{})^2\frac{1}{4}\tau ^{22\gamma }_0^1p_\mu p_\sigma p_\nu p_\rho \hfill \\ E[D^{\mu \nu ;\sigma \rho }(𝐚(0,\tau ^{\frac{1}{2}}𝐲_F\tau ^{\frac{1}{2}}𝐱_F,s)𝐚(0,\tau ^{\frac{1}{2}}𝐲_F\tau ^{\frac{1}{2}}𝐱_F,s^{}))]dsds^{})\hfill \end{array}$$
(37)
where the expectation value in the exponential on the r.h.s. of eq.(37) is equal to

$$\begin{array}{c}𝑑𝐮𝑑s_0^s𝑑s^{}\omega (s,s^{})^{\frac{d}{2}}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{1}{2}𝐮^2/\omega (s,s^{})\right)\hfill \\ |𝐮\tau ^{\frac{1}{2}}s\left(𝐲_F𝐱_F\right)+\tau ^{\frac{1}{2}}s^{}\left(𝐲_F𝐱_F\right)|^{4\gamma }\hfill \end{array}$$
(38)
where $`\omega (s,s^{})=(ss^{})(1s+s^{})`$. It is finite if $`\gamma <\frac{1}{2}`$ (the form (26) of the graviton two-point function is assumed).

We can make the same estimates for the Wick square

$$\begin{array}{c}:\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{}:(f_𝐤):\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{}:(f_𝐤^{})\hfill \\ =(2\pi )^{2D+2d}𝑑\tau _1𝑑\tau _2𝑑𝐩_G𝑑𝐩_G^{}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{1}{2a}\left(𝐩_G+𝐩_G^{}𝐤\right)^2\frac{1}{2a}\left(𝐩_G+𝐩_G^{}𝐤^{}\right)^2\right)\hfill \\ E[\delta (𝐲_F𝐱_F𝐛_F\left(\tau _1\right))\delta (𝐲_F𝐱_F𝐛_F^{}\left(\tau _2\right))\hfill \\ \mathrm{exp}(\frac{1}{4}_0^{\tau _1}_0^{\tau _1}p_\mu p_\sigma p_\nu p_\rho D^{\mu \nu ;\sigma \rho }(𝐛_F\left(s\right)𝐛_F\left(s^{}\right))dsds^{}\hfill \\ \frac{1}{4}_0^{\tau _2}_0^{\tau _2}p_\mu ^{}p_\sigma ^{}p_\nu ^{}p_\rho ^{}D^{\mu \nu ;\sigma \rho }\left(𝐛_F^{}\left(s\right)𝐛_F^{}\left(s^{}\right)\right)𝑑s𝑑s^{}\hfill \\ \frac{1}{2}_0^{\tau _1}_0^{\tau _2}p_\mu p_\nu p_\rho ^{}p_\sigma ^{}D^{\mu \nu ;\sigma \rho }(𝐛_F\left(s\right)𝐛_F^{}\left(s^{}\right))dsds^{})]\hfill \end{array}$$
(39)
It is clear that we can obtain lower and upper bounds applying the Jensen inequalities (33) and (34). So, for the upper bound

$$\begin{array}{c}:\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{}:(f_𝐤):\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{}:(f_𝐤^{})\hfill \\ 2(2\pi )^{2D+2d}𝑑\tau _1𝑑\tau _2_0^1𝑑s_0^s𝑑s^{}𝑑𝐩_G𝑑𝐩_G^{}\hfill \\ \mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{1}{2a}\left(𝐩_G+𝐩_G^{}𝐤\right)^2\frac{1}{2a}\left(𝐩_G+𝐩_G^{}𝐤^{}\right)^2\right)\hfill \\ E[\delta (𝐲_F𝐱_F\sqrt{\tau _1}𝐛_F\left(1\right))\delta (𝐲_F𝐱_F\sqrt{\tau _2}𝐛_F^{}\left(1\right))\hfill \\ \mathrm{exp}(\frac{1}{4}\tau _1^2p_\mu p_\sigma p_\nu p_\rho D^{\mu \nu ;\sigma \rho }(\sqrt{\tau _1}𝐛_F\left(s\right)\sqrt{\tau _1}𝐛_F\left(s^{}\right))\hfill \\ \frac{1}{4}\tau _2^2p_\mu ^{}p_\sigma ^{}p_\nu ^{}p_\rho ^{}D^{\mu \nu ;\sigma \rho }\left(\sqrt{\tau _2}𝐛_F^{}\left(s\right)\sqrt{\tau _2}𝐛_F^{}\left(s^{}\right)\right)\hfill \\ \frac{1}{2}\tau _1\tau _2p_\mu p_\nu p_\rho ^{}p_\sigma ^{}D^{\mu \nu ;\sigma \rho }(\sqrt{\tau _1}𝐛_F\left(s\right)\sqrt{\tau _2}𝐛_F^{}\left(s^{}\right)))]\hfill \end{array}$$
(40)
where the r.h.s. of eq.(40) can be expressed by the transition function for the Brownian motion as in eq.(35).

For the lower bound we obtain

$$\begin{array}{c}:\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{}:(f_𝐤):\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{}:(f_𝐤^{})(2\pi )^{2D+2d}d\tau _1d\tau _2d𝐩_Gd𝐩_G^{}\hfill \\ \tau _1^{\frac{d}{2}}\tau _2^{\frac{d}{2}}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{1}{2a}\left(𝐩_G+𝐩_G^{}𝐤\right)^2\frac{1}{2a}\left(𝐩_G+𝐩_G^{}𝐤^{}\right)^2\right)\hfill \\ \mathrm{exp}(E[\frac{1}{4}_0^1_0^1p_\mu p_\sigma p_\nu p_\rho D^{\mu \nu ;\sigma \rho }(𝐚\left(s\right)𝐚\left(s^{}\right))dsds^{}\hfill \\ \frac{1}{4}_0^1_0^1p_\mu ^{}p_\sigma ^{}p_\nu ^{}p_\rho ^{}D^{\mu \nu ;\sigma \rho }\left(𝐚^{}\left(s\right)𝐚^{}\left(s^{}\right)\right)𝑑s𝑑s^{}\hfill \\ \frac{1}{2}_0^1_0^1p_\mu p_\nu p_\rho ^{}p_\sigma ^{}D^{\mu \nu ;\sigma \rho }(𝐚\left(s\right)𝐚^{}\left(s^{}\right))dsds^{}])\hfill \end{array}$$
(41)
where we denoted

$$𝐚(s)=𝐱_F+(𝐲_F𝐱_F)s+\sqrt{\tau _1}𝐜(s)$$

and

$$𝐚^{}(s)=𝐱_F+(𝐲_F𝐱_F)s+\sqrt{\tau _2}𝐜^{}(s)$$

The r.h.s. of eq.(41) can be calculated explicitly using the correlation function for the Brownian bridge.

We compute now higher order correlation functions

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Phi }(x)\mathrm{\Phi }(x^{})\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(y)\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(y^{})\hfill \\ =𝒜^1(x,y)𝒜^1(x^{},y^{})+(xx^{})\hfill \\ =(2\pi )^{2D+2d}𝑑\tau _1𝑑\tau _2𝑑𝐩_G𝑑𝐩_G^{}\mathrm{exp}\left(i𝐩_G\left(𝐲_G𝐱_G\right)+i𝐩_G^{}\left(𝐲_G^{}𝐱_G^{}\right)\right)\hfill \\ E[\delta (𝐲_F𝐱_F𝐛_F\left(\tau _1\right))\delta (𝐲_F^{}𝐱_F^{}𝐛_F^{}\left(\tau _2\right))\hfill \\ \mathrm{exp}(\frac{1}{4}_0^{\tau _1}_0^{\tau _1}p_\mu p_\sigma p_\nu p_\rho D^{\mu \nu ;\sigma \rho }(𝐛_F\left(s\right)𝐛_F\left(s^{}\right))dsds^{}\hfill \\ \frac{1}{4}_0^{\tau _2}_0^{\tau _2}p_\mu ^{}p_\sigma ^{}p_\nu ^{}p_\rho ^{}D^{\mu \nu ;\sigma \rho }\left(𝐛_F^{}\left(s\right)𝐛_F^{}\left(s^{}\right)\right)𝑑s𝑑s^{}\hfill \\ \frac{1}{2}_0^{\tau _1}_0^{\tau _2}p_\mu p_\nu p_\rho ^{}p_\sigma ^{}D^{\mu \nu ;\sigma \rho }(𝐱_F𝐱_F^{}+𝐛_F\left(s\right)𝐛_F^{}\left(s^{}\right))dsds^{})]+(xx^{})\hfill \end{array}$$
(42)
where $`(xx^{})`$ means the same expression in which $`x`$ is exchanged with $`x^{}`$. The four-linear form (42) calculated on the basis $`f`$ reads

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Phi }(f_{𝐤_1})\mathrm{\Phi }(f_{𝐤_3})\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(f_{𝐤_2})\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(f_{𝐤_4})\hfill \\ =(2\pi )^{2D+2d}d\tau _1d\tau _2d𝐩_Gd𝐩_G^{}E[\delta (𝐲_F𝐱_F𝐛_F\left(\tau _1\right))\delta (𝐲_F^{}𝐱_F^{}𝐛_F^{}\left(\tau _2\right))\hfill \\ \mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{1}{2a}(𝐩_G𝐤_1)^2\frac{1}{2a}(𝐩_G𝐤_2)^2\frac{1}{2a}(𝐩_G^{}𝐤_3)^2\frac{1}{2a}(𝐩_G^{}𝐤_4)^2\right)\hfill \\ \mathrm{exp}(\frac{1}{4}_0^{\tau _1}_0^{\tau _1}p_\mu p_\sigma p_\nu p_\rho D^{\mu \nu ;\sigma \rho }(𝐛_F\left(s\right)𝐛_F\left(s^{}\right))dsds^{}\hfill \\ \frac{1}{4}_0^{\tau _2}_0^{\tau _2}p_\mu ^{}p_\sigma ^{}p_\nu ^{}p_\rho ^{}D^{\mu \nu ;\sigma \rho }\left(𝐛_F^{}\left(s\right)𝐛_F^{}\left(s^{}\right)\right)𝑑s𝑑s^{}\hfill \\ \frac{1}{2}_0^{\tau _1}_0^{\tau _2}p_\mu p_\nu p_\rho ^{}p_\sigma ^{}D^{\mu \nu ;\sigma \rho }(𝐱_F𝐱_F^{}+𝐛_F\left(s\right)𝐛_F^{}\left(s^{}\right))dsds^{})]+(1,23,4)\hfill \end{array}$$
(43)
where the last term means the same expression with exchanged wave numbers. We introduce the spherical coordinates on the $`(\tau _1,\tau _2)`$-plane $`\tau _1=r\mathrm{cos}\theta `$ and $`\tau _2=r\mathrm{sin}\theta `$. Let us rescale the momenta $`𝐤=𝐩\sqrt{r}`$, $`𝐤^{}=𝐩^{}\sqrt{r}`$ , $`𝐤=𝐩r^{\frac{1}{2}\frac{\gamma }{2}}`$ and $`𝐤^{}=𝐩_G^{}r^{\frac{1}{2}\frac{\gamma }{2}}`$. Then, we can see that the four-point function (42) takes the form

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Phi }(x)\mathrm{\Phi }(x^{})\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(y)\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(y^{})\hfill \\ =d\theta drrr^{d(1\gamma )(Dd)}F_4(\theta ,r^{\frac{1}{2}}(𝐱_F𝐲_F),r^{\frac{1}{2}}(𝐱_F^{}𝐲_F^{}),\hfill \\ r^{\frac{1}{2}}(𝐱_F^{}𝐱_F),r^{\frac{1}{2}}(𝐱_F^{}𝐲_F),r^{\frac{1}{2}}(𝐲_F^{}𝐱),\hfill \\ r^{\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\gamma }{2}}(𝐱_G𝐲_G),r^{\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\gamma }{2}}(𝐱_G^{}𝐲_G^{}),r^{\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\gamma }{2}}(𝐱_G^{}𝐲_G),r^{\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\gamma }{2}}(𝐱_G𝐲_G^{}))\hfill \end{array}$$
(44)
We can conclude from eq.(44) just by scaling that the singularity of the four-point function is a product of singularities.

We must define now the $`(\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{})^2`$ interaction . First, let us calculate the two-point function of the interaction Lagrangian

$$\begin{array}{c}:(\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{})^2:(x):(\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{})^2:(y)=\left(𝒜^1(x,y)\right)^4\hfill \\ =(2\pi )^{2D+2d}E[_{a=1}^{a=4}d\tau _ad𝐩^a\mathrm{exp}\left(i𝐩^a(𝐲_G𝐱_G)\right)\delta (𝐲_F𝐱_F𝐛_F^a\left(\tau _a\right))\hfill \\ \mathrm{exp}(\frac{1}{4}_{a,a^{}}_0^{\tau _a}_0^{\tau _a^{}}p_\mu ^ap_\sigma ^ap_\nu ^a^{}p_\rho ^a^{}D^{\mu \nu ;\sigma \rho }(𝐛_F^a\left(s\right)𝐛_F^a^{}\left(s^{}\right))dsds^{})]\hfill \end{array}$$
(45)
For the lower bound it is sufficient if we let $`𝐱_G=𝐲_G`$. Then,

$$\begin{array}{c}:(\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{})^2:(x):(\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{})^2:(y)\hfill \\ (2\pi )^{2D+2d}_{a=1}^{a=4}d\tau _ad𝐩^a\tau _a^{\frac{d}{2}}\hfill \\ \mathrm{exp}(\frac{1}{4}E[_{a,a^{}}_0^1_0^1p_\mu ^ap_\sigma ^ap_\nu ^a^{}p_\rho ^a^{}D^{\mu \nu ;\sigma \rho }(𝐚_F^a\left(s\right)𝐚_F^a^{}\left(s^{}\right))dsds^{})]\hfill \end{array}$$
(46)
where the expectation value in the exponential can be calculated and the integral on the r.h.s. is finite. For the upper bound of the interaction $`_V𝑑x(\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{})^2(x)`$ we may take the test functions of eq.(32) with $`2\pi a=V^{\frac{2}{Dd}}`$ and $`𝐤=0`$ in order to approximate the finite volume integral. With these test-functions we obtain the upper bounds in the same way as we did it in eqs.(35) and(40) from the Jensen inequality (34).

Through an introduction of spherical coordinates in the $`(\tau _1,\mathrm{},\tau _4)`$ space we can show that for short distances

$$:(\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{})^2:(x):(\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{})^2:(y)\left(𝒜^1(x,y)\right)^4$$
(47)
(because the $`r`$-integral scales as four-times the $`\tau `$-integral in eq.(28)).

Let us calculate now the vacuum diagram

$$I_2=_Vdx_Vdy:(\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{})^2:(x):(\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{})^2:(y)$$
(48)
corresponding to the second order perturbation expansion in the coupling constant. In the momentum space the convergence of this diagram follows from the convergence of the integral (for large momenta)

$$𝑑k_1𝑑k_2𝑑k_3𝒜^1(k_1)𝒜^1(k_2)𝒜^1(k_3)𝒜^1(k_1+k_2+k_3)$$
(49)
On the basis of eq.(47) the integral (49) can be approximated by

$$𝑑k_1𝑑k_2𝑑k_3𝒜^1(k_1)𝒜^1(k_2)𝒜^1(k_3)𝒜^1(k_1+k_2+k_3)$$
(50)
In the proper time representation the convergence of the integral (50) depends on the convergence of the integral (for small $`\tau `$)

$$\begin{array}{c}𝑑\tau _1𝑑\tau _2𝑑\tau _3𝑑\tau _4(\tau _1+\tau _4)^{\frac{d}{2}}\left(\tau _1^2\tau _4^2+\left(\tau _1\tau _3+\tau _1\tau _4+\tau _3\tau _4\right)\left(\tau _1\tau _2+\tau _1\tau _4+\tau _2\tau _4\right)\right)^{\frac{d}{2}}\hfill \\ (\tau _1^{1\gamma }+\tau _4^{1\gamma })^{\frac{d}{2}+\frac{D}{2}}\hfill \\ (\tau _1^{22\gamma }\tau _4^{22\gamma }\hfill \\ +(\tau _1^{1\gamma }\tau _3^{1\gamma }+\tau _1^{1\gamma }\tau _4^{1\gamma }+\tau _3^{1\gamma }\tau _4^{1\gamma })(\tau _1^{1\gamma }\tau _2^{1\gamma }+\tau _1^{1\gamma }\tau _4^{1\gamma }+\tau _2^{1\gamma }\tau _4^{1\gamma }))^{\frac{d}{2}\frac{D}{2}}\hfill \end{array}$$
(51)
We obtained the formula (51) from the representation (19) by scaling of momenta as in the argument at the end of sec.3 (we could obtain lower and upper bounds on the expectation value (48) using the lower and upper bounds on the Wick powers as in eqs.(40) and (46); however the explicit integrals are harder for analysis than eq.(51)). In order to investigate the convergence of the integral (51) it is useful to introduce the spherical coordinates. Then, the condition for the convergence of the radial part of the integral (51) reads

$$\frac{3}{2}d+\frac{3}{2}(Dd)(1\gamma )<4$$
(52)
For $`D=4`$ this condition has a solution only if $`d=1`$ and $`\gamma >\frac{4}{9}`$ (together with $`\gamma <\frac{1}{2}`$). If the condition (52) is satisfied then we obtain quantum field theory without any divergencies. However, with any $`\gamma >0`$ the ultraviolet behaviour is better than the one with $`\gamma =0`$. As can be deduced from the dimensional regularization, if a diagram is only logarithmically divergent (as for the charge renormalization in $`D=4`$ model), then after coupling to quantum gravity it becomes convergent. In $`D=4`$ with $`\gamma >0`$ (but without the inequality (52)) the vacuum diagrams are divergent but the ones corresponding to the charge renormalization are convergent. We calculate, e.g., the four-point function in perturbation expansion at the second order in the coupling constant

$$d^4z_1d^4z_2\mathrm{\Phi }(x_1)\mathrm{\Phi }(x_2)\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(y_1)\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(y_2):(\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{})^2:(z_1):(\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{})^2:(z_2)$$
(53)
It is clear from our estimates that the four-point function (53) will be non-trivial and finite with any $`\gamma >0`$. We can calculate $`n`$-point functions. It follows that with the lower and upper bounds established in this section we can obtain finite lower and upper bounds on each term (eventually after a mass renormalization) of the perturbation series of the $`(\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{})^2`$ model.

The Gaussian metric with the two-point function (26) may be unphysical. We applied this model in order to obtain explicit estimates on correlation functions in the perturbation series. As shown in sec.3 the regularizing property of the singular random metric is universal. We expect that with some harder work the estimates on the perturbation expansion in $`(\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{})^2`$ , with the two-dimensional gravity of sec.1, are possible as well.


format: text

text:
# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

The pp-wave background has received much attention recently since it can be obtained by taking a Penrose limit of AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times S^5`$ . Via the AdS/CFT correspondence (for a review, see ), it corresponds to a particular limit of $`𝒩=4`$ SYM theory, where the number of colors $`N`$ is taken to infinity, the Yang-Mills coupling $`g_{YM}`$ is kept fixed and one considers operators with infinite R-charge $`J`$ such that $`J/\sqrt{N}`$ is fixed. Since string theory on a pp-wave background is solvable, it was argued in  that the anomalous dimensions of a class of operators with large R-charge can be predicted to all orders in perturbation in the planar limit.

Obviously, it would be nice if the string theory predictions can be confirmed on the CFT side. For $`𝒩=4`$ SYM theory, the authors of  performed an exact computation of the anomalous dimensions. The results were in agreement with the string theory analysis.

The aim of this letter is to perform a similar computation for $`𝒩=2`$ superconformal field theories (SCFTs) based on $`ADE`$ quiver diagrams. These theories are conjectured to be dual to IIB string on AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times S^5/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$  where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is one of the $`ADE`$ finite subgroup of $`SU(2)`$.

The letter is organized as follows. In section 2 we describe the construction of the $`𝒩=2`$ quiver gauge theories. In section 3 we compute the exact spectrum of anomalous dimensions.

## 2 Quiver gauge theories

The quiver gauge theories can be constructed by considering $`N|\mathrm{\Gamma }(G)|`$ D3-branes on the covering space of $`𝐂^2/\mathrm{\Gamma }(G)`$ and performing a $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(G)`$ projection on the worldvolume fields and the Chan-Paton factors . We start with $`𝒩=4`$ SYM theory with the gauge group $`SU(N|\mathrm{\Gamma }(G)|)`$ and the action given by

$`S`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle d^4xd^4\theta \mathrm{tr}\left(e^{g_{\mathrm{YM}}𝑽}\overline{𝚽}_ie^{g_{\mathrm{YM}}𝑽}𝚽^i\right)}`$ (2.1)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2g_{\mathrm{YM}}^2}}{\displaystyle d^4xd^2\theta \mathrm{tr}\left(𝑾^\alpha 𝑾_\alpha \right)}+{\displaystyle \frac{ig_{\mathrm{YM}}}{3!}}{\displaystyle d^4xd^2\theta ϵ_{ijk}\mathrm{tr}\left(𝚽^i[𝚽^j,𝚽^k]\right)}+\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{c}.`$
The $`𝒩=1`$ vector superfield $`𝑽`$ and chiral superfields $`𝚽^i,i=1,2,3`$ belong to the adjoint representation of $`SU(N|\mathrm{\Gamma }(G)|)`$. $`g_{\mathrm{YM}}^2=4\pi g_s`$ is the gauge coupling of the $`𝒩=4`$ SYM. We follow the notations adopted in . The manifest global symmetries of this action are

$`U(1)_X:`$ $`𝑾(\theta )e^{i\alpha }𝑾(e^{i\alpha }\theta ),𝚽^i(\theta )e^{i\frac{2}{3}\alpha }𝚽^i(e^{i\alpha }\theta ),`$
$`SU(3):`$ $`𝑾(\theta )𝑾(\theta ),𝚽^i(\theta )U_j^i𝚽^j(\theta ).`$ (2.3)
We denote $`𝚽𝚽^1,𝚿𝚽^2,𝒁𝚽^3`$.

The orbifold group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(G)`$ is a subgroup

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(G)SU(2)SU(3).$$
(2.4)
By this orbifolding, $`𝒩=4`$ SUSY is broken to $`𝒩=2`$ SUSY where the $`U(1)_R`$ symmetry is an appropriate linear combination of $`U(1)_X`$ and $`U(1)^{}`$. $`U(1)^{}`$ is the normal subgroup to $`SU(2)SU(3)`$. There is also an $`SU(2)_R`$ symmetry under which the scalar components of $`𝚽,\overline{𝚿}`$ transform as a doublet. The orbifolding for the worldvolume fields is implemented by the conditions

$$R𝑾R^1=𝑾,R𝒁R^1=𝒁,\left(\begin{array}{c}R𝚽R^1\\ R𝚿R^1\end{array}\right)=Q\left(\begin{array}{c}𝚽\\ 𝚿\end{array}\right).$$

$`R`$ is the $`N|\mathrm{\Gamma }(G)|`$-dimensional regular representation of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(G)`$ which can be decomposed as $`_{i=1}^r(n_ir_iI_N)`$ with $`r_i`$ being the irreducible representations of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(G)`$. $`r=\mathrm{rank}G`$, and $`Q`$ is a two-dimensional representation of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(G)`$.

### 2.1 $`A_{k1}`$ orbifolds

Consider $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(A_{k1})=𝐙_k`$. $`R`$ can be taken to be $`\mathrm{diag}(1,\omega ^1,\omega ^2,\mathrm{},\omega ^{k+1})`$ where $`\omega =e^{2\pi i/k}`$ and each block is proportional to an $`N\times N`$ unit matrix. $`Q`$ is the $`2\times 2`$ matrix of the form $`\mathrm{diag}(\omega ,\omega ^1)`$. It is easy to verify that the following components survive the projections

$`𝑾=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}W_0& & & \\ & W_1& & \\ & & \mathrm{}& \\ & & & W_{k1}\end{array}\right)𝒁=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}Z_0& & & \\ & Z_1& & \\ & & \mathrm{}& \\ & & & Z_{k1}\end{array}\right)`$ (2.13)
(2.14)
$`𝚽=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}0& \mathrm{\Phi }_{01}& & \\ & 0& \mathrm{\Phi }_{12}& \\ & & \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ \mathrm{\Phi }_{k1,0}& & & \end{array}\right)𝚿=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}0& & & \mathrm{\Psi }_{k1,0}\\ \mathrm{\Psi }_{01}& 0& & \\ & \mathrm{\Psi }_{12}& \mathrm{}& \\ & & \mathrm{}& 0\end{array}\right)`$ (2.23)
The resulting theory is an $`_{i=0}^{k1}SU(N)_i`$ gauge theory with the $`𝒩=1`$ chiral superfields $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{i,i+1}`$ in the $`(𝐍,\overline{𝐍})`$ representation of $`SU(N)_i\times SU(N)_{i+1}`$, and $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{i,i+1}`$ in the $`(\overline{𝐍},𝐍)`$ representation of $`SU(N)_i\times SU(N)_{i+1}`$ 111The sub-index $`k`$ is equivalent to $`0`$..

### 2.2 $`D,E`$ orbifolds

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }(D_k)=𝐃_{k2}`$ is the binary extension of the dihedral group of order $`4(k2)`$. $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(E_6)=𝒯`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(E_7)=𝒪`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(E_8)=`$ are the binary tetrahedral, octahedral and icosahedral groups of order 24, 48 and 120, respectively. The gauge group and matter content of the $`D`$ and $`E`$ theories are worked out by the same procedure. The results are summarized in terms of quiver diagrams corresponding to the extended Dynkin diagrams of the group. The gauge group is associated with the nodes of the diagram. It is $`_{i=0}^rG_i`$ with $`G_i=SU(n_iN)`$ where $`n_i`$ is the dimension of the irreducible representation of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(G)`$ corresponding to the node $`i`$. The matter content is associated with the links of the diagram. A link between the node $`i`$ and $`j`$ is a hypermultiplet $`H_{ij}=(\mathrm{\Phi }_{ij},\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_{ij})`$ which transforms in the bifundamental representation of $`G_i\times G_j`$. The $`𝒩=1`$ chiral superfields in the adjoint representation of $`_iG_i`$ which are part of the $`𝒩=2`$ vector multiplets are denoted by $`Z_i`$. Recall that the $`U(1)_R`$ charge of $`𝒁`$ is 2 while $`𝚽`$ and $`𝚿`$ are neutral.

## 3 Anomalous dimensions

The action of the quiver gauge theories is given by (2.1) divided by $`|\mathrm{\Gamma }(G)|`$ with only the fields that remain after the projections (2). The field equations read

$`\overline{D}^2\overline{𝚽}+ig_{\mathrm{YM}}(𝚿𝒁𝒁𝚿)=0,`$
$`\overline{D}^2\overline{𝚿}+ig_{\mathrm{YM}}(𝒁𝚿𝚿𝒁)=0,`$
$`\overline{D}^2\overline{𝒁}+ig_{\mathrm{YM}}(𝚽𝚿𝚿𝚽)=0.`$ (3.1)
The propagators take the form

$`Z_i(z)\overline{Z}_j(z^{})=\delta _{ij}{\displaystyle \frac{|\mathrm{\Gamma }(G)|}{4\pi ^2n_i}}\overline{D}^2{\displaystyle \frac{\delta ^4(\theta \theta ^{})}{|xx^{}|^2}}\stackrel{}{D}^2,`$
$`\mathrm{\Phi }_{ij}(z)\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}_{i^{}j^{}}(z^{})=\mathrm{\Psi }_{ij}(z)\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_{i^{}j^{}}(z^{})=c_{ij}\delta _{ij}\delta _{i^{}j^{}}{\displaystyle \frac{|\mathrm{\Gamma }(G)|}{4\pi ^2}}\overline{D}^2{\displaystyle \frac{\delta ^4(\theta \theta ^{})}{|xx^{}|^2}}\stackrel{}{D}^2.`$ (3.2)
$`c_{ij}`$ are constants that are fixed by the action. For $`G=A_{k1}`$ $`c_{ij}=1`$ for all $`ij`$. For $`G=D_4`$ $`c_{ij}=1/2`$. We will not work out $`c_{ij}`$ in general as it is not needed in the sequel.

Consider now the dictionary between CFT operators and string states on the pp-wave background . 222For an earlier work on comparison of the spectrum between AdS orbifolds and the dual $`𝒩=2`$ quiver gauge theories, see . We will work in the light-cone gauge. Let us discuss first the ground states $`|0,2p^+_q`$, where $`q=0,1,\mathrm{},r`$ label the $`q`$-twisted sectors of the string theory. These ground states can be identified with the CFT operators $`\mathrm{tr}(R_q𝒁^J)`$. $`R_q`$ are representatives of the conjugacy classes of the $`N|\mathrm{\Gamma }(G)|`$ dimensional regular representation of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(G)`$. $`R_0`$ corresponds to the identity. Recall that the operators depend only on the conjugacy classes by using an appropriate constant gauge transformation of $`SU(N|\mathrm{\Gamma }(G)|)`$. Now consider the CFT operators

$`𝒪_J=\left({\displaystyle \frac{|\mathrm{\Gamma }(G)|}{4\pi ^2}}\right)^{(J+1)/2}N^{J/2}{\displaystyle \underset{l}{}}e^{i\phi (q)l}R_q𝒁^l𝚽𝒁^{Jl},`$
(3.3)
$`𝒰_J=\left({\displaystyle \frac{|\mathrm{\Gamma }(G)|}{4\pi ^2}}\right)^{(J+1)/2}N^{J/2}{\displaystyle \underset{l}{}}e^{i\phi (q)l}R_q𝒁^l\overline{𝚿}𝒁^{Jl},`$ (3.4)
where $`\phi (q)=2\pi n(q)/J`$. The overall normalization factors are chosen in order to get later a finite result for the two-point functions in the large $`N`$ and $`J`$ limit. The string state corresponding to $`𝒪_J`$ is obtained by acting with a creation operator in the $`𝐂^2/\mathrm{\Gamma }(G)`$ part with the oscillation number $`n(q)`$. Note that we are working in the “dilute gas” approximation  that is valid for $`J1`$. This implies that the diagrams relevant to the anomalous dimension of an operator with a large number of impurities involve only one impurity and $`𝒁`$ fields next to the impurity field. The operators $`𝒪_J,𝒰_J`$ are the building blocks for it.

We are interested in the exact form of the anomalous dimension of $`𝒪_J`$, $`\gamma `$. To compute this, we first notice that (3.1) implies the relation

$$\overline{D}^2𝒰_J(z)D^2\overline{𝒰}_J(z^{})=\frac{g_{\mathrm{YM}}^2N|\mathrm{\Gamma }(G)|}{4\pi ^2}\alpha (q)𝒪_{J+1}(z)\overline{𝒪}_{J+1}(z^{}),$$
(3.5)
with $`z=(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })`$ being the $`𝒩=1`$ superspace coordinates and $`\alpha (q)=(e^{i\phi (q)}1)(e^{i\phi (q)}1)`$. The computation of $`\gamma `$ proceeds exactly the same way as in the case of $`𝒩=4`$ SYM . Let us first compute the two-point functions of $`𝒪_{J+1}`$ and $`𝒰_J`$. Notice that $`𝒪_{J+1}`$ and $`𝒰_J`$ consist of the blocks of the form

$`(𝒪_{J+1})_{ij}`$ $``$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{|\mathrm{\Gamma }(G)|}{4\pi ^2}}\right)^{(J+2)/2}N^{(J+1)/2}{\displaystyle \underset{l}{}}e^{i\phi (q)l}(Z_i)^l\mathrm{\Phi }_{ij}(Z_j)^{Jl+1},`$
$`(𝒰_J)_{ij}`$ $``$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{|\mathrm{\Gamma }(G)|}{4\pi ^2}}\right)^{(J+1)/2}N^{J/2}{\displaystyle \underset{l}{}}e^{i\phi (q)l}(Z_i)^l\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_{ij}(Z_j)^{Jl}.`$ (3.6)
Using the propagators (3.2), the two-point functions at tree level read

$`(𝒪_{J+1})_{ij}(z)(\overline{𝒪}_{J+1})_{ij}(z^{})`$ $`=`$ $`c_{ij}(\overline{D}^2D^2{\displaystyle \frac{i}{4}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒪\omega _𝒪}{\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒪}}[D^\alpha ,\overline{D}^{\dot{\alpha }}]_{\alpha \dot{\alpha }}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒪+\omega _𝒪)(\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒪\omega _𝒪)}{\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒪(\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒪1)}}\mathrm{}){\displaystyle \frac{\delta ^4(\theta \theta ^{})}{|xx^{}|^{2\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒪}}},`$
$`\overline{D}^2(𝒰_J)_{ij}(z)D^2(\overline{𝒰}_J)_{ij}(z^{})`$ $`=`$ $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒰\omega _𝒰)(\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒰\omega _𝒰2)c_{ij}\overline{D}^2D^2{\displaystyle \frac{\delta ^4(\theta \theta ^{})}{|xx^{}|^{2(\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒰+1)}}}.`$ (3.7)
Here $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{𝒪,𝒰}`$ and $`\omega _{𝒪,𝒰}`$ are the scaling dimensions and the chiral weights of $`𝒪_{J+1},𝒰_J`$ and given by $`\mathrm{\Delta }=h+\overline{h},\omega =h\overline{h}`$ with $`h,\overline{h}`$ being the number of chiral and anti-chiral superfields, respectively.

The two-point functions receive quantum corrections: the scaling dimensions shift by the anomalous dimensions $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{𝒰,𝒪}\mathrm{\Delta }_{𝒰,𝒪}+\gamma _{𝒰,𝒪}`$, and the overall factor $`c_{ij}`$ should be replaced by some functions of the coupling constant. Furthermore the chiral weights may change as $`\omega _{𝒰,𝒪}\omega _{𝒰,𝒪}+\delta \omega _{𝒰,𝒪}`$. It then follows that the exact two-point functions in the planar and large $`J`$ limit take the form

$`\overline{D}^2(𝒰_J)_{ij}(z)D^2(\overline{𝒰}_J)_{ij}(z^{})`$ $`=`$ $`(\gamma _𝒰\delta \omega _𝒰)(\gamma _𝒰\delta \omega _𝒰2)f_{ij}^𝒰\overline{D}^2D^2{\displaystyle \frac{\delta ^4(\theta \theta ^{})}{|xx^{}|^{2(J+2+\gamma _𝒰)}}},`$
$`(𝒪_{J+1})_{ij}(z)(\overline{𝒪}_{J+1})_{ij}(z^{})`$ $`=`$ $`f_{ij}^𝒪\overline{D}^2D^2{\displaystyle \frac{\delta ^4(\theta \theta ^{})}{|xx^{}|^{2(J+2+\gamma _𝒪)}}},`$ (3.9)
with $`f_{ij}^{𝒰,𝒪}=c_{ij}+O(g_{\mathrm{YM}}^2N/J^2)`$. Here we assume that $`\gamma `$ and $`\delta \omega `$ are of order one. We now observe that

$$\gamma _𝒰=\gamma _𝒪\gamma ,\delta \omega _𝒰=\delta \omega _𝒪\delta \omega ,f_{ij}^𝒰=f_{ij}^𝒪f_{ij}.$$
(3.10)
To see this, recall that $`𝒪_{J+1}`$ differs from $`𝒪_J`$ only by the presence of an extra $`𝒁`$-field. As pointed out in , this difference is irrelevant to the renormalization in the dilute gas approximation. Also since the scalar components of $`𝒪_J`$ and $`𝒰_J`$ belong to the same $`𝒩=2`$ multiplet, one can use $`SU(2)_R`$ symmetry to see that $`𝒰_J(z)\overline{𝒰}_J(z^{})=𝒪_J(z)\overline{𝒪}_J(z^{})`$.

Plugging into (3.5), we obtain

$$(\gamma \delta \omega )(\gamma \delta \omega 2)=\frac{g_{\mathrm{YM}}^2N|\mathrm{\Gamma }(G)|}{4\pi ^2}\alpha (q).$$
(3.11)
Under the assumption that $`\delta \omega =0`$, the anomalous dimension in the large $`J`$ limit can be solved to be

$$\gamma =1+\sqrt{1+\frac{g_{\mathrm{YM}}^2N|\mathrm{\Gamma }(G)|}{J^2}n(q)^2}.$$
(3.12)
When setting $`g_{\mathrm{YM}}^2=4\pi g_s`$, this result coincides with the string computation by choosing $`n(q)`$ to be the oscillation number.

$`G=A_{k1}`$

For $`G=A_{k1}`$, one has $`n(q)=n+\frac{q}{k}`$ with $`n𝐙`$ and $`q=0,1,\mathrm{},k1`$.

$`G=D_k`$

The $`4(k2)`$ elements of the two-dimensional defining representation of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(D_k)`$ consist of the matrices of the form 333See, for instance, .

$$F_l=\left(\begin{array}{cc}e^{\frac{i\pi l}{k2}}& 0\\ 0& e^{\frac{i\pi l}{k2}}\end{array}\right),G_l=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& ie^{\frac{i\pi l}{k2}}\\ ie^{\frac{i\pi l}{k2}}& 0\end{array}\right),$$

with $`l=0,1,\mathrm{},2k5`$. There are $`k+1`$ conjugacy classes:

* $`KE`$ contains only the identity $`F_0`$.
* $`KZ`$ contains the central extension $`𝒵F_{k2}=1`$.
* $`KG_\mathrm{e}`$ contains the elements $`G_{2\nu }`$ with $`\nu =1,2,\mathrm{},k3`$.
* $`KG_\mathrm{o}`$ contains the elements $`G_{2\nu +1}`$.
* There exist $`k3`$ classes denoted by $`KF_\mu ,\mu =0,1,\mathrm{},k3`$. Each of these contains the pair of the elements $`\{F_\mu ,F_{2(k2)\mu }\}`$.

The matrices in each conjugacy class set a boundary condition for the 2d fields of the orbifold CFT on $`𝐂^2/\mathrm{\Gamma }(D_k)`$. One can verify that the resulting (un)twisted sectors contain string modes with the following oscillation numbers

$`n(KE)=n,n(KZ)=n+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}},n(KG_\mathrm{e})=n(KG_\mathrm{o})=n+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}},n(KF_\mu )=n+{\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{2(k2)}}.`$ (3.13)
One can work out in a similar way the explicit oscillation numbers for $`G=E_k`$.

## Acknowledgements

This research is supported by the US-Israel Binational Science Foundation.