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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

A domain wall spontaneously breaks the Poincaré invariance of the target space down to the symmetry group of the world volume subspace of the wall, which includes a lower dimensional Poincaré symmetry. The long wavelength oscillation modes of the domain wall are described by the Nambu-Goldstone bosons associated with the collective coordinate translations transverse to the wall. Indeed, the Nambu-Goto action governing the zero mode fields’ dynamics is easily obtained in a model independent way by nonlinearly realizing the broken symmetries on the Nambu-Goldstone fields . In the case of a two dimensional domain wall (or p=2-brane) embedded in three dimensional space, the D=3 Poincaré generators, $`p^m`$ for space-time translations and $`M^m=\frac{1}{2}ϵ^{mnr}M_{nr}`$ for Lorentz rotations, form an unbroken subgroup $`H=ISO(1,2)`$ of the D=4 Poincaré group $`G=ISO(1,3)`$. The broken generators are the D=4 translation generator transverse to the wall which is a D=3 Lorentz scalar, denoted $`Z`$, and the three broken D=4 Lorentz rotations which form a D=3 Lorentz vector, denoted $`K^m`$. The D=4 Poincaré group can be realized by group elements acting on the coset $`ISO(1,3)/SO(1,2)`$ element $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ formed from the $`p^m,Z,K^m`$ charges

$$\mathrm{\Omega }e^{ix^mp_m}e^{i\varphi (x)Z}e^{iv^m(x)K_m},$$
(1.1)
where the world volume D=3 space-time coordinates of the 2-brane wall in the static gauge are $`x^m`$, while $`\varphi (x)`$ and $`v^m(x)`$ are the collective coordinate Nambu-Goldstone bosons associated with the broken D=4 Poincaré symmetries corresponding to the excitation modes of the 2-brane. The D=4 Poincaré group transformations are realized by left multiplication by group elements $`g`$

$$g\mathrm{\Omega }=\mathrm{\Omega }^{}h,$$
(1.2)
where the new coset element $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$ has the form

$$\mathrm{\Omega }^{}=e^{ix^mp_m}e^{i\varphi ^{}(x^{})Z}e^{iv^m(x^{})K_m},$$
(1.3)
and yields the transformation law for the coordinates and fields and

$$h=e^{i\beta ^m(g,v)M_m}$$
(1.4)
allows $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$ to be written as a coset element. The set of charges $`\{p^m,M^m\}`$ generate the vacuum stability group $`H`$ of the system and are linearly represented. For the general set of infinitesimal transformations $`gG`$,

$$g=e^{i[a^mp_m+zZ+b^mK_m+\alpha ^mM_m]},$$
(1.5)
the D=4 Poincaré algebra, written in D=3 Lorentz group form

| $`[p^m,p^n]=0`$ | $`[M^m,M^n]=iϵ^{mnr}M_r`$ |
| --- | --- |
| $`[p^m,Z]=0`$ | $`[M^m,K^n]=iϵ^{mnr}K_r`$ |
|  | $`[K^m,K^n]=+iϵ^{mnr}M_r`$ |
| $`[M^m,p^n]=iϵ^{mnr}p_r`$ | $`[K^m,p^n]=+i\eta ^{mn}Z`$ |
| $`[M^m,Z]=0`$ | $`[K^m,Z]=+ip^m`$, |

(1.6)
can be exploited to find the space-time coordinate variations and field transformations

$`x^m`$ $`=`$ $`x^m+a^m\varphi b^m+ϵ^{mnr}\alpha _nx_r`$ (1.7)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }\varphi `$ $`=`$ $`zb_mx^m`$ (1.8)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }v^m`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{v^2}}{\mathrm{tanh}\sqrt{v^2}}}b^m+\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{v^2}}{\mathrm{tanh}\sqrt{v^2}}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{b_nv^nv^m}{v^2}}+ϵ^{mnr}\alpha _nv_r.`$ (1.9)
Here the field transformations are total variations so that $`\mathrm{\Delta }\varphi (x)=\varphi ^{}(x^{})\varphi (x)`$, and likewise for $`v^m`$.

Constructing the Maurer-Cartan world volume one-forms,

$$\mathrm{\Omega }^1d\mathrm{\Omega }i\left[\omega ^ap_a+\omega _ZZ+\omega _K^aK_a+\omega _M^aM_a\right],$$
(1.10)
defines the dreibein, $`e_m^a`$, which relates the covariant world volume coordinate differentials $`\omega ^a`$ to the world volume coordinate differentials $`dx^m`$, so that $`\omega ^a=dx^me_m^a`$, the covariant derivatives of the fields, $`\omega _Z\omega ^a_a\varphi `$ and $`\omega _K^b\omega ^a_av^b`$ , and the spin connection $`\omega _M^b\omega ^a\mathrm{\Gamma }_a^b`$. Once again utilizing the D=4 Poincaré algebra, the dreibein is found to be

$$e_m^a=\delta _m^a+\left[\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}1\right]\frac{v_mv^a}{v^2}+_m\varphi v^a\frac{\mathrm{sinh}\sqrt{v^2}}{\sqrt{v^2}},$$
(1.11)
while the $`\varphi `$-field covariant derivative is

$$\omega _Z=\omega ^a_a\varphi =dx^me_m^a_a\varphi =dx^m\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}\left[_m\varphi +v_m\frac{\mathrm{tanh}\sqrt{v^2}}{\sqrt{v^2}}\right].$$
(1.12)
The one-form transformation laws follow from equation (1.2)

$$\left(\mathrm{\Omega }^1d\mathrm{\Omega }\right)^{}=h\left(\mathrm{\Omega }^1d\mathrm{\Omega }\right)h^1+hdh^1,$$
(1.13)
and are homogeneous except for the case of the broken D=4 Lorentz rotations generated by $`K^n`$, in which case

$$h=e^{\frac{i}{2}\frac{\mathrm{tanh}\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{v^2}}{\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{v^2}}b_mv_rϵ^{mrn}M_n},$$
(1.14)
implying that $`\omega _M^m`$ transforms with an additional inhomogeneous term as required of a connection one-form.

Given these building blocks and their transformation laws, the low energy $`G`$-invariant action, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, is obtained in leading order in the domain wall (brane) tension $`\sigma `$

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }=\sigma d^3xdete,$$
(1.15)
with the determinant of $`e`$ determined to be

$$dete=\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}\left[1+_n\varphi v^n\frac{\mathrm{tanh}\sqrt{v^2}}{\sqrt{v^2}}\right].$$
(1.16)
Since the dreibein depends only on $`v^m`$ and not its derivatives, it’s Euler-Lagrange equation of motion can be used to eliminate $`v^m`$ in terms of $`\varphi `$. This is just the “inverse Higgs mechanism”, equivalently obtained by setting the $`\varphi `$ covariant derivative, equation (1.12), to zero: $`_a\varphi =0`$ and hence

$$v^m\frac{\mathrm{tanh}\sqrt{v^2}}{\sqrt{v^2}}=^m\varphi .$$
(1.17)
Substituting this into the dreibein, it has the form

$`e_m^a`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _m^a+\left({\displaystyle \frac{1\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}}{\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{v_mv^a}{v^2}}`$ (1.18)
$`=`$ $`\delta _m^a\left(1\sqrt{1(\varphi )^2}\right){\displaystyle \frac{_m\varphi ^a\varphi }{(\varphi )^2}}.`$ (1.19)
The determinant of $`e`$ simplifies to become

$$dete=\frac{1}{\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}}=\sqrt{1_m\varphi ^m\varphi },$$
(1.20)
and the Nambu-Goto action  for a p=2 brane embedded in D=4 space-time (in the static gauge) is obtained

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }=\sigma d^3x\sqrt{1_m\varphi ^m\varphi }.$$
(1.21)
Alternatively, the $`\varphi `$ and $`v^m`$ fields can be kept as independent degrees of freedom. The action is given in terms of equation (1.16). The $`\varphi `$ equation of motion, $`\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }/\delta \varphi =0`$, can be expressed as the D=3 Bianchi identity, $`_mF^m=0`$, for the field strength vector

$$F^mv^m\frac{\mathrm{sinh}\sqrt{v^2}}{\sqrt{v^2}}.$$
(1.22)
Substituting this into equation (1.16) yields $`dete=\sqrt{1+F^2}+_m\varphi F^m`$. Integrating the second term by parts and using $`_mF^m=0`$ implies duality of the Nambu-Goto p=2 brane action to the Born-Infeld action  for a D2-brane

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }=\sigma d^3xdete=\sigma d^3x\sqrt{1+F^2}.$$
(1.23)
A slightly generalized approach can be applied to the above coset method as described in . The brane world volume is parameterized by the D=3 vector $`\xi ^m`$ and the brane’s generalized coordinates are maps of this D=3 parameter space into the D=4 target manifold: $`x^\mu (\xi )=(x^m(\xi ),\varphi (\xi ))`$. The exterior derivative is given by $`d=d\xi ^m/\xi ^m`$ and it is world volume reparameterization invariant. The Maurer-Cartan one-forms, equation (1.10), are also reparameterization invariant since they depend on the exterior derivative. From this point of view the covariant differential one-forms, $`\omega ^a`$, define the dreibein as $`\omega ^ad\xi ^me_m^a`$ where now

$$e_m^a=\frac{x^a}{\xi ^m}+\left[\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}1\right]\frac{v_b\frac{x^b}{\xi ^m}v^a}{v^2}+\frac{\varphi }{\xi ^m}v^a\frac{\mathrm{sinh}\sqrt{v^2}}{\sqrt{v^2}}.$$
(1.24)
Similarly the covariant differential one-form $`\omega _Z`$ of the $`\varphi (\xi )`$ coordinate is given by its covariant derivative

$$\omega _Z=\omega ^a_a\varphi =d\xi ^m\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}\left[\frac{\varphi }{\xi ^m}+\frac{x^a}{\xi ^m}v_a\frac{\mathrm{tanh}\sqrt{v^2}}{\sqrt{v^2}}\right].$$
(1.25)
The Maurer-Cartan one-form can be calculated sequentially as

$`\mathrm{\Omega }^1d\mathrm{\Omega }`$ $`=`$ $`e^{iv^nK_n}\left(d+idx^\mu P_\mu \right)e^{+iv^nK_n}`$ (1.26)
$`=`$ $`idx^\mu \mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^\nu (v)P_\nu +e^{iv^nK_n}de^{+iv^nK_n},`$ (1.27)
where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^\nu (v)`$ is a broken D=4 Lorentz transformation determined by $`v^n`$, and $`P_\mu =(p_m,Z)`$. Thus it is seen that the one-forms $`\omega ^\mu (\omega ^a,\omega _Z)`$ are related to $`dx^\mu `$ by a Lorentz transformation

$$\omega ^\mu =dx^\nu \mathrm{\Lambda }_\nu ^\mu (v).$$
(1.28)
From the invariance of the D=4 Minkowski metric $`\eta _{\mu \nu }`$ under D=4 Lorentz transformations, it follows that

$`\omega ^\mu \eta _{\mu \nu }\omega ^\nu `$ $`=`$ $`dx^\mu \mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^\rho \eta _{\rho \sigma }\mathrm{\Lambda }_\nu ^\sigma dx^\nu `$ (1.29)
$`=`$ $`dx^\mu \eta _{\mu \nu }dx^\nu .`$ (1.30)
As before, the inverse Higgs mechanism may be applied, $`\omega _Z=0`$, yielding

$`\omega ^\mu \eta _{\mu \nu }\omega ^\nu `$ $`=`$ $`d\xi ^me_m^a\eta _{ab}e_n^bd\xi ^n`$ (1.31)
$`=`$ $`d\xi ^m{\displaystyle \frac{x^\mu }{\xi ^m}}\eta _{\mu \nu }{\displaystyle \frac{x^\nu }{\xi ^n}}d\xi ^n.`$ (1.32)
This is just the $`G`$-invariant interval, hence the world volume reparameterization invariant and $`G`$-invariant action is

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }=\sigma d^3\xi dete=\sigma d^3\xi \sqrt{det\left(\frac{x^\mu }{\xi ^m}\eta _{\mu \nu }\frac{x^\nu }{\xi ^n}\right)}.$$
(1.33)
Thus, the general form of the Nambu-Goto action for a p=2 brane is secured. The reparameterization invariance may be used to fix the static gauge: $`x^m=\xi ^m`$ and $`\varphi =\varphi (x)`$, in which case the action reduces to that of equation (1.21). The remainder of the paper is in the static gauge.

The above considerations can be generalized to apply in a supersymmetric context by embedding a topological defect in superspace. Apart from Goldstone bosons associated with spontaneously broken translational invariances, there are in this case additional fermionic long wavelength oscillations. These Goldstinos reflect collective Grassmann coordinates which are associated with spontaneously broken supersymmetries. Additional massless world volume degrees of freedom may be required to complete multiplets of the unbroken supersymmetries. Topological defects which spontaneously break down target space super-Poincaré invariance to a lower dimensional super-Poincaré symmetry were considered by . If the spatial extension of a defect in directions of broken translational invariance is small compared to the wavelength of its fluctuations, and if in addition some supersymmetry remains unbroken, then such a defect is a super p-brane . The world volume theory on the defect inherits extended supersymmetry. Part of this supersymmetry as well as central charges corresponding to spontaneously broken translation generators of the target space are nonlinearly realized .

The previous illustrative example dealt with a D=3 space-time world volume of the p=2 brane being embedded in a target D=4 space-time. Alternatively, the D=3 space-time world volume can be embedded in a target N=1, D=4 superspace; this is the case of a non-BPS brane embedded into N=1, D=4 superspace, the main topic of this paper. When such a 2-brane domain wall is embedded into superspace, all supersymmetry is spontaneously broken as well as the spatial translation symmetry.

If in contrast the defect is a BPS domain wall, then the supersymmetry is only partially broken . The tension saturates its lower bound, which is equal to the absolute value of the central charge, and the domain wall is therefore stable. The world volume of the corresponding super 2-brane is N=1, D=3 superspace. In the thin wall limit its dynamics were studied using the method of nonlinear realizations  as well as equivalently using the superembedding technique . The world volume theory of BPS domain walls with finite width was also studied  through an expansion in modes about classical domain wall solutions.

BPS saturated domain walls provide an effective mechanism for the partial breaking of supersymmetry and may even be a necessary ingredient in a more fundamental brane world and M-theory description of nature. On the other hand, a non-BPS domain wall can be stable and as such can provide a means to completely break the supersymmetry. The lower dimensional manifold of the domain wall will then also include the corresponding Goldstino modes besides the broken translational symmetry Nambu-Goldstone boson mode. These fields correspond to the excitations of the brane in all possible target space directions, the space direction orthogonal to the brane and in this case the Grassmann coordinate directions $`\theta _\alpha `$ and $`\overline{\theta }_{\dot{\alpha }}`$ of N=1, D=4 superspace when in the static gauge. It is the purpose of this paper to construct the effective action via the method of nonlinear realizations for these low energy degrees of freedom. In addition to the massless Nambu-Goldstone fields of the 2-brane motion, there also can be light matter field degrees of freedom localized on the domain wall brane. Their invariant interaction with the Nambu-Goldstone fields is determined as well.

Section 2 analyzes the method of the nonlinear realization of N=1, D=4 super-Poincaré symmetries on the Nambu-Goldstone fields as coset manifold coordinates. The associated Maurer-Cartan one-forms are constructed in section 3. Included in these is the D=3 world volume dreibein which is used to construct the N=1, D=4 super-Poincaré invariant action. In section 4, the covariant derivatives of the Nambu-Goldstone fields, obtained from the Maurer-Cartan one-forms, are shown to provide a means to covariantly reduce the number of fields, through the inverse Higgs mechanism , to the minimal set of independent degrees of freedom needed to describe the fluctuations of the 2-brane in N=1, D=4 superspace. This description of the brane dynamics is performed in the partially covariant one-form basis which reveals the product nature of the world volume dreibein and leads directly to the invariant synthesis of the Nambu-Goto and Akulov-Volkov actions. Alternatively, exploiting the general form of the brane action in terms of all fields, the duality between the Nambu-Goto-Akulov-Volkov action and the D2-brane (non linearly realized) supersymmetric Born-Infeld action is derived. Finally, in section 5, the invariant action describing scalar and fermion matter fields localized on the brane is constructed.

The brane and matter field actions are the lowest order terms in an expansion in powers of the domain wall thickness. In this approximation the 2-brane is thin relative to its fluctuation wavelength, but the amplitude of the fluctuations may be large. The covariant derivatives for Goldstone and matter fields determined in sections 4 and 5 form the building blocks from which higher order terms in the expansion can be constructed in order to obtain an action that describes large amplitude, shorter wavelength (but still larger than the domain wall thickness) fluctuations as well. Additional higher order terms have coefficients that parameterize in the world volume theory indirect effects of massive modes which exist in the underlying fundamental theory. Such massive modes generically have masses proportional to the inverse of the domain wall width. The remainder of the introduction outlines the results derived in sections 2-5 of the body of the paper.

The Nambu-Goldstone modes’ action is an invariant synthesis of the Akulov-Volkov action  and the Nambu-Goto action. This action consists of a product of the Akulov-Volkov lagrangian and a modified Nambu-Goto lagrangian allowing for excitations of the non-BPS brane in the Grassmann coordinate directions of the target superspace

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }=\sigma d^3xdete=\sigma d^3xdet\widehat{e}detN,$$
(1.34)
where the 2-brane dreibein is given by a product of dreibeine $`e_m^a=\widehat{e}_m^bN_b^a`$. The Akulov-Volkov dreibein $`\widehat{e}_m^a`$ is

$$\widehat{e}_m^a=A_m^a=\delta _m^a+i_m\theta \gamma ^0\gamma ^a\theta +i_m\lambda \gamma ^0\gamma ^a\lambda ,$$
(1.35)
with the Goldstino fields given by the D=3 Majorana spinors $`\theta _i(x)`$ and $`\lambda _i(x)`$. The Akulov-Volkov determinant term in the action has its typical form

$$det\widehat{e}=det\left[\delta _m^a+i_m\theta \gamma ^0\gamma ^a\theta +i_m\lambda \gamma ^0\gamma ^a\lambda \right].$$
(1.36)
The Nambu-Goto dreibein $`N_a^b`$ is given by a supersymmetric extension of equation (1.11) above

$$N_a^b=\delta _a^b+\left[\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}1\right]\frac{v_av^b}{v^2}+\left(\widehat{𝒟}_a\varphi +\widehat{𝒟}_a\theta \gamma ^0\lambda \theta \gamma ^0\widehat{𝒟}_a\lambda \right)v^b\frac{\mathrm{sinh}\sqrt{v^2}}{\sqrt{v^2}},$$
(1.37)
where $`\widehat{𝒟}_a=\widehat{e}_a^{1m}_m`$ is the Akulov-Volkov partial covariant derivative. The determinant of the Nambu-Goto dreibein is found to be

$$detN=\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}\left[1+\left(\widehat{𝒟}_a\varphi +\widehat{𝒟}_a\theta \gamma ^0\lambda \theta \gamma ^0\widehat{𝒟}_a\lambda \right)v^a\frac{\mathrm{tanh}\sqrt{v^2}}{\sqrt{v^2}}\right].$$
(1.38)
As with the dreibein, the Maurer-Cartan one-form associated with the central charge $`Z`$ has a supersymmetric generalization to include motion in the anticommuting directions

$$\omega _Z=\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}\left[\left(d\varphi +d\theta \gamma ^0\lambda \theta \gamma ^0d\lambda \right)+dx^m\widehat{e}_m^av_a\frac{\mathrm{tanh}\sqrt{v^2}}{\sqrt{v^2}}\right].$$
(1.39)
Setting it to zero once again leads to the “inverse Higgs mechanism”

$$v_a\frac{\mathrm{tanh}\sqrt{v^2}}{\sqrt{v^2}}=\left(\widehat{𝒟}_a\varphi +\widehat{𝒟}_a\theta \gamma ^0\lambda \theta \gamma ^0\widehat{𝒟}_a\lambda \right).$$
(1.40)
Thus the super Nambu-Goto determinant reduces to

$$detN=\frac{1}{\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}}=\sqrt{1\left(\widehat{𝒟}_a\varphi +\widehat{𝒟}_a\theta \gamma ^0\lambda \theta \gamma ^0\widehat{𝒟}_a\lambda \right)^2}.$$
(1.41)
Hence, the D=4 super-Poincaré invariant action is obtained from the product of equations (1.36) and (1.41).

The domain wall world volume embedded in superspace is dual to the D2-brane embedded in superspace  as is expressed by the above Nambu-Goto-Akulov-Volkov action being dual to the supersymmetric Born-Infeld action. Treating all fields as independent degrees of freedom, the $`\varphi `$ field equation is obtained from equations (1.36) and (1.38) above and takes the form of the D=3 Bianchi identity, $`_mF^m=0`$, with the field strength vector now given by

$$F^mdet\widehat{e}\frac{\mathrm{sinh}\sqrt{v^2}}{\sqrt{v^2}}v^a\widehat{e}_a^{1m}.$$
(1.42)
Substituting this into the determinant of the dreibein yields

$$det\widehat{e}detN=det\widehat{e}\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}+F^n\left(_n\theta \gamma ^0\lambda \theta \gamma ^0_n\lambda \right)+F^n_n\varphi .$$
(1.43)
The last term integrates to zero to obtain that the non-BPS p=2 brane Nambu-Goto-Akulov-Volkov action is dual to the D2-brane supersymmetric Born-Infeld action

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ $`=`$ $`\sigma {\displaystyle d^3x\left(\sqrt{det\left(\widehat{g}_{mn}+F_{mn}\right)}+F^n[_n\theta \gamma ^0\lambda \theta \gamma ^0_n\lambda ]\right)}`$ (1.44)
$`=`$ $`\sigma {\displaystyle d^3x\left(\sqrt{det\widehat{g}+F^m\widehat{g}_{mn}F^n}+F^n[_n\theta \gamma ^0\lambda \theta \gamma ^0_n\lambda ]\right)},`$ (1.45)
where the Akulov-Volkov metric is given by $`\widehat{g}_{mn}=\widehat{e}_m^a\eta _{ab}\widehat{e}_n^b`$ and $`F_{mn}=ϵ_{mnr}F^r`$.

A specific example of an underlying field theory realizing a stable non-BPS domain wall can be constructed as a generalized Wess-Zumino model in D=4 dimensions . It contains two chiral superfields $`X`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$, with superpotential $`W=X(\mu ^2\lambda \mathrm{\Phi }^2)`$ and canonical Kähler potential. The tension $`\sigma =\frac{8}{3}\mu ^3/\sqrt{\lambda }`$ of the domain wall that interpolates between the two vacua $`X=0,\mathrm{\Phi }=\pm \sqrt{\mu ^2/\lambda }`$ does not saturate the BPS bound $`\left|2\mathrm{\Delta }W\right|=0`$, yet the wall is stable. The width of the wall is $`1/\sqrt{\mu ^2\lambda }`$. All of the supersymmetry and the translational symmetry in one direction are broken by the domain wall solution, however the R-symmetry of the model is left unbroken. The quantum fluctuations about the wall solution include the zero mode Nambu-Goldstone and Goldstino excitations. The spectrum in addition contains a number of localized massive excitations corresponding to breathing modes of the wall with masses between $`\sqrt{\mu ^2\lambda }`$ and $`2\sqrt{\mu ^2\lambda }`$, and a continuum of non-localized modes starting at $`2\sqrt{\mu ^2\lambda }`$. The parameters of the effective domain wall world volume theory valid below the scale $`\sqrt{\mu ^2\lambda }`$ of all the massive modes are in principle determined by integrating out these massive excitations. However, the form of the low energy effective action is determined solely by the group theoretical non-linearly realized broken symmetry techniques discussed above. The thin domain wall action is given by equations (1.34), (1.36) and (1.41). Non-BPS domain walls also have been considered in case one of the target space dimensions is compact .

The brane localized matter fields’ action is constructed using the covariant derivatives of the nonlinearly realized spontaneously broken D=4 super-Poincaré symmetries. To this end the method to include matter fields in theories with non-linearly realized supersymmetry  is extended to also include nonlinearly realized translation symmetry. The form of the leading terms in the domain wall width expansion of the effective action for scalar, $`S(x)`$, and fermion, $`\psi _i(x)`$, matter fields is determined to be

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{matter}}=d^3xdete_{\mathrm{matter}},$$
(1.46)
with the $`G`$-invariant matter field lagrangian

$`_{\mathrm{matter}}`$ $`=`$ $`_aS\eta ^{ab}_bSV(S)`$ (1.48)
$`+i\overline{\psi }\gamma ^a_a\psi m\overline{\psi }\psi +Y(S,\overline{\psi }\psi ).`$
The scalar field potential $`V(S)`$ is an arbitrary function of $`S`$ and the generalized Yukawa coupling $`Y(S,\overline{\psi }\psi )`$ is a function coupling the scalar fields $`S`$ to the scalar bilinears $`\overline{\psi }\psi `$. In the case of a single species of D=3 Majorana fermion, the Yukawa term terminates at the form $`y(S)\overline{\psi }\psi `$, with the arbitrary Yukawa coupling function $`y(S)`$. The masses and coupling constants of the matter are left as parameters of the effective theory to be specified by the matching to a specific underlying domain wall model. The $`G`$-covariant derivatives of the matter fields are obtained in terms of the $`G`$-covariant space-time derivatives $`𝒟_a=e_a^{1m}_m`$ and the components of the spin connection $`\omega _M^b=\omega ^a\mathrm{\Gamma }_a^b`$ in the $`G`$-covariant basis $`\omega ^a=dx^me_m^a`$

$`_aS`$ $`=`$ $`𝒟_aS`$ (1.49)
$`_a\psi _i`$ $`=`$ $`𝒟_a\psi _i{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_a^b\gamma _{bij}\psi _j.`$ (1.50)
The fully covariant derivatives $`𝒟_a`$ can be expressed in terms of the partially covariant Akulov-Volkov derivatives $`\widehat{𝒟}_a`$ with the help of the Nambu-Goto dreibein

$$𝒟_a=N_a^{1b}\widehat{𝒟}_b.$$
(1.51)
Likewise, the components of the spin connection can be expressed in this partially covariant basis $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_a^b=N_a^{1c}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_c^b`$. So doing, the fully $`G`$-invariant matter field lagrangian in the partially covariant basis becomes

$`_{\mathrm{matter}}`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{}_aSn^{ab}\widehat{}_bSV(S)`$ (1.53)
$`+i\overline{\psi }\gamma ^bN_b^{1a}\widehat{}_a\psi m\overline{\psi }\psi +Y(S,\overline{\psi }\psi ),`$
with the Nambu-Goto metric given in terms of the Nambu-Goto dreibein $`n^{ab}=N_c^{1a}\eta ^{cd}N_d^{1b}`$ while the partially covariant matter field derivatives are defined by

$`\widehat{}_aS`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{𝒟}_aS`$ (1.54)
$`\widehat{}_a\psi _i`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{𝒟}_a\psi _i{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_a^n\gamma _{nij}\psi _j.`$ (1.55)
Finally, Appendix A is a summary of D=3 Lorentz spinor and tensor definitions and identities along with Dirac matrix conventions.

## 2 Coset Construction And Super-Poincaré Symmetries

Besides the space-time translation and Lorentz rotation generators, the N=1, D=4 super-Poincaré transformations include the Weyl spinor supersymmetry charges $`Q_\alpha `$ and $`\overline{Q}_{\dot{\alpha }}`$ obeying the anticommutation relation

$$\{Q_\alpha ,\overline{Q}_{\dot{\alpha }}\}=+2\sigma _{\alpha \dot{\alpha }}^\mu P_\mu .$$
(2.1)
This relation is invariant under the automorphism generated by the $`R`$ charge

$`[R,Q_\alpha ]`$ $`=`$ $`+Q_\alpha `$ (2.2)
$`[R,\overline{Q}_{\dot{\alpha }}]`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{Q}_{\dot{\alpha }}`$ (2.3)
$`[R,P^\mu ]`$ $`=`$ $`0=[R,M^{\mu \nu }].`$ (2.4)
A domain wall spontaneously breaks the D=4 symmetries to those of D=3. In the case of a static planar non-BPS domain wall centered on the $`x`$-$`y`$ plane, the above symmetries are broken to only retain those of the D=3 Poincaré transformations of the wall. Nambu-Goldstone zero mode degrees of freedom corresponding to the broken $`z`$ direction translation generator and the four supersymmetry generators propagate along the wall. Geometrically this describes the embedding of a non-BPS spatial 2-brane having a D=3 space-time world volume into a target N=1, D=4 superspace. In the static gauge, the Nambu-Goldstone boson describes motion of the brane in the spatial ($`z`$) direction normal to the brane while the Goldstino fields correspond to motion of the brane in the Grassmann coordinate directions of N=1, D=4 superspace.

Since the unbroken symmetries are those of the D=3 Poincaré group, it is useful to express the D=4 charges in terms of their D=3 Lorentz group transformation properties. However, the SUSY is completely broken in the non-BPS case, so the fields will not belong to linear SUSY representation multiplets. Thus, the space-time translation generator $`P^\mu `$, which transforms as a vector $`(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2})`$ representation of the D=4 Lorentz group, consists of a D=3 Lorentz group vector, $`p^m=P^m`$, with $`m=0,1,2`$, and a D=3 central charge scalar, $`ZP_3`$. Likewise, the Lorentz transformation charges $`M^{\mu \nu }`$ are in the D=4 $`(1,1)_A`$ representation which consists of two D=3 vector representations: $`M^{mn}=ϵ^{mnr}M_r`$ and $`K^mM^{m3}`$. The $`R`$ charge is a singlet from both points of view. Finally the D=4 SUSY $`(\frac{1}{2},0)`$ spinor $`Q_\alpha `$ and the $`(0,\frac{1}{2})`$ spinor $`\overline{Q}_{\dot{\alpha }}`$ consist of two D=3 two-component Majorana spinors: $`q_i`$ and $`s_i`$, with $`i=1,2`$, comprising the charges for (centrally extended) N=2, D=3 SUSY. These spinors are given as linear combinations of $`Q_\alpha `$ and $`\overline{Q}_{\dot{\alpha }}`$ according to

$`q_1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left[a(Q_1Q_2)+\overline{a}(\overline{Q}_1\overline{Q}_2)\right]`$ (2.5)
$`q_2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\left[a(Q_1+Q_2)\overline{a}(\overline{Q}_1+\overline{Q}_2)\right]`$ (2.7)
$`s_1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left[\overline{a}(Q_1Q_2)+a(\overline{Q}_1\overline{Q}_2)\right]`$ (2.9)
$`s_2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\left[\overline{a}(Q_1+Q_2)a(\overline{Q}_1+\overline{Q}_2)\right],`$ (2.11)
where the complex number $`a`$ is $`ae^{i\pi /4}`$.

The N=1, D=4 super-Poincaré algebra can be written in terms of the D=3 Lorentz group representation charges as that in equation (1.6) and the commutators involving the supersymmetry charges

| $`[M^{mn},q_i]=\frac{1}{2}\gamma _{ij}^{mn}q_j`$ | $`[K^m,q_i]=+\frac{1}{2}\gamma _{ij}^ms_j`$ |
| --- | --- |
| $`[M^{mn},s_i]=\frac{1}{2}\gamma _{ij}^{mn}s_j`$ | $`[K^m,s_i]=\frac{1}{2}\gamma _{ij}^mq_j`$ |
| $`[R,q_i]=+is_i`$ | $`\{q_i,q_j\}=+2\left(\gamma ^mC\right)_{ij}p_m`$ |
| $`[R,s_i]=iq_i`$ | $`\{s_i,s_j\}=+2\left(\gamma ^mC\right)_{ij}p_m`$ |
|  | $`\{q_i,s_j\}=2iC_{ij}Z.`$ |

(2.12)
The charge conjugation matrix and the $`2+1`$ (D=3) dimensional gamma matrices in the appropriate representation are presented in Appendix A.

The action for the 2-brane can be found by means of the coset construction. Towards this end a coset $`G/SO(1,2)R`$ element $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, with $`G`$ the N=1, D=4 super-Poincaré group, is written as

$$\mathrm{\Omega }e^{ix^mp_m}e^{i\left[\varphi Z+\overline{\theta }_iq_i+\overline{\lambda }_is_i\right]}e^{iv^mK_m},$$
(2.13)
where the $`x^m`$ denote the D=3 space-time coordinates parameterizing the world volume of the 2-brane in the static gauge, while the Nambu-Goldstone fields, denoted by $`\varphi (x),\theta _i(x),\lambda _i(x)`$ and $`v^m(x)`$, describe the target space excitations of the brane. Taken together, they act as coordinates of the coset manifold. The unbroken symmetry group $`H`$ is generated by the set of charges $`\{p^m,M^m,R\}`$. Multiplication of the coset elements $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ by group elements $`gG`$ from the left results in transformations of the space-time coordinates and the Nambu-Goldstone fields according to the general structure

$$g\mathrm{\Omega }=\mathrm{\Omega }^{}h,$$
(2.14)
where the infinitesimal transformations $`g`$ are parameterized as

$$g=e^{i[a^mp_m+\overline{\xi }q+\overline{\eta }s+zZ+b^mK_m+\alpha ^mM_m+\rho R]}.$$
(2.15)
Upon application of the Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff formulae for infinitesimal $`A`$ and arbitrary $`B`$, with Lie derivative $`_AB=[A,B]`$,

$`e^Ae^Be^A`$ $`=`$ $`e^{B+[A,B]}`$ (2.16)
$`e^Be^A`$ $`=`$ $`e^{B+_{B/2}\left[A+\mathrm{coth}(_{B/2})A\right]}`$ (2.17)
$`e^Ae^B`$ $`=`$ $`e^{B_{B/2}\left[A\mathrm{coth}(_{B/2})A\right]},`$ (2.18)
the transformed coset element is given by the total variation of the fields so that

$$\mathrm{\Omega }^{}=e^{ix^mp_m}e^{i\left[\varphi ^{}(x^{})Z+\overline{\theta }_i^{}(x^{})q_i+\overline{\lambda }_i^{}(x^{})s_i\right]}e^{iv^n(x^{})K_n},$$
(2.19)
while $`h`$ allows $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$ to be written as a coset element and is given by

$$h=e^{i\left(\alpha ^nM_m+\rho R\frac{1}{2}\frac{\mathrm{tanh}\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{v^2}}{\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{v^2}}b_mv_rϵ^{mrn}M_n\right)}=e^{i\rho R}e^{i\beta ^m(g,v)M_m}.$$
(2.20)
The infinitesimal transformations induced on the 2-brane space-time coordinates and fields are obtained as

$`x^m`$ $`=`$ $`x^m+a^mi(\overline{\xi }\gamma ^m\theta +\overline{\eta }\gamma ^m\lambda )\varphi b^m+ϵ^{mnr}\alpha _nx_r`$ (2.21)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }\theta _i`$ $`=`$ $`\xi _i+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}b_m(\gamma ^m\lambda )_ii\rho \lambda _i{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\alpha _m(\gamma ^m\theta )_i`$ (2.22)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }\lambda _i`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _i{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}b_m(\gamma ^m\theta )_i+i\rho \theta _i{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\alpha _m(\gamma ^m\lambda )_i`$ (2.23)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }\varphi `$ $`=`$ $`z+(\xi \gamma ^0\lambda \theta \gamma ^0\eta )b^mx_m`$ (2.24)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }v^m`$ $`=`$ $`+{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{v^2}}{\mathrm{tanh}\sqrt{v^2}}}\left(b^m{\displaystyle \frac{v^rb_rv^m}{v^2}}\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{v^rb_rv^m}{v^2}}+ϵ^{mnr}\alpha _nv_r.`$ (2.25)
The intrinsic variation of the fields, $`\delta \phi \phi ^{}(x)\phi (x)`$, is related to the above total variation, $`\mathrm{\Delta }\phi `$, by the Taylor expansion shift in the space-time coordinates:

$$\delta \phi =\mathrm{\Delta }\phi \delta x^m_m\phi ,$$
(2.26)
with $`\delta x^m=x^mx^m`$.

The nonlinearly realized D=4 super-Poincaré symmetries induce a field dependent general coordinate transformation of the world volume space-time coordinates. From above, the general coordinate transformation for the world volume space-time coordinate differentials is given by

$$dx^m=dx^nG_n^m,$$
(2.27)
where

$`G_n^m`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{x^m}{x^n}}`$ (2.28)
$`=`$ $`\delta _n^mi(_n\theta \gamma ^0\gamma ^m\xi +_n\lambda \gamma ^0\gamma ^m\eta )_n\varphi b^m+ϵ_n^{ms}\alpha _s.`$ (2.29)
The $`G`$-invariant interval can be formed by means of the metric tensor $`g_{mn}`$ so that $`ds^2=dx^mg_{mn}dx^n=ds^2=dx^mg_{mn}^{}dx^n`$ where the metric transforms as a tensor

$$g_{mn}^{}=G_m^{1r}g_{rs}G_n^{1s}.$$
(2.30)
The metric can be constructed from the domain wall dreibein obtained from the Maurer-Cartan one-form.

## 3 Maurer-Cartan One-Forms And The Invariant Action

According to the coset construction method, the dreibein, the covariant derivatives of the Nambu-Goldstone fields and the spin connection can be obtained from the Maurer-Cartan one-forms. The Maurer-Cartan one-forms can be determined by use of the Feynman formula for the variation of an exponential operator along with the B-C-H formula $`e^ABe^A=e^_AB`$,

$`e^{iA}\delta e^{+iA}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑te^{itA}(i\delta A)e^{+itA}`$ (3.1)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{e^{_{iA}}1}{_{iA}}}(i\delta A)`$ (3.2)
$`=`$ $`i\delta A{\displaystyle \frac{(i)^2}{2}}[A,\delta A]\mathrm{}`$ (3.4)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i^{(n+1)}}{(n+1)!}}\underset{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{commutators}}{\underset{}{[A,[A,\mathrm{}[A,\delta A]\mathrm{}]}}\mathrm{}.`$
The Maurer-Cartan one-forms are given as

$$\mathrm{\Omega }^1d\mathrm{\Omega }=i\left[\omega ^ap_a+\overline{\omega }_{qi}q_i+\overline{\omega }_{si}s_i+\omega _ZZ+\omega _K^aK_a+\omega _M^aM_a+\omega _RR\right]$$
(3.5)
where the individual world volume one-forms are found to be

$`\omega ^a`$ $`=`$ $`\left(dx^m+id\theta \gamma ^0\gamma ^m\theta +id\lambda \gamma ^0\gamma ^m\lambda \right)\left(\delta _m^a+(\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}1){\displaystyle \frac{v_mv^a}{v^2}}\right)`$ (3.8)
$`+\left(d\varphi +d\theta \gamma ^0\lambda d\lambda \gamma ^0\theta \right){\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sinh}\sqrt{v^2}}{\sqrt{v^2}}}v^a`$
$`\omega _{qi}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{cosh}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\sqrt{v^2}d\theta _i{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sinh}\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{v^2}}{\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{v^2}}}(\text{/}vd\lambda )_i`$ (3.9)
$`\omega _{si}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{cosh}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\sqrt{v^2}d\lambda _i+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sinh}\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{v^2}}{\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{v^2}}}(\text{/}vd\theta )_i`$ (3.10)
$`\omega _Z`$ $`=`$ $`\left(d\varphi +d\theta \gamma ^0\lambda d\lambda \gamma ^0\theta \right)\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}`$ (3.12)
$`+\left(dx^m+id\theta \gamma ^0\gamma ^m\theta +id\lambda \gamma ^0\gamma ^m\lambda \right)v_m{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sinh}\sqrt{v^2}}{\sqrt{v^2}}}`$
$`\omega _K^a`$ $`=`$ $`dv^b\left[\delta _b^a+\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sinh}\sqrt{v^2}}{\sqrt{v^2}}}1\right)P_{vTb}^a\right]`$ (3.13)
$`\omega _M^a`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}1\right){\displaystyle \frac{v_bdv_c}{v^2}}ϵ^{abc}`$ (3.14)
$`\omega _R`$ $`=`$ $`0.`$ (3.15)
The Maurer-Cartan one-forms transform covariantly under all of the $`G`$ symmetries except the unbroken D=3 Lorentz transformation one-form $`\omega _M^a`$, which transforms with an additional shift ($`hdh^10`$) under the broken D=4 Lorentz transformations, as required of a connection one-form. Explicitly, recalling that left multiplication by a group member induces a transformation in the world volume space-time coordinates and fields, $`g\mathrm{\Omega }=\mathrm{\Omega }^{}h`$, the Maurer-Cartan one-forms transform as

$$\left(\mathrm{\Omega }^1d\mathrm{\Omega }\right)^{}=h(\mathrm{\Omega }^1d\mathrm{\Omega })h^1+hdh^1.$$
(3.16)
From this the dreibein, the covariant derivatives and the spin connection transformations can be obtained. In addition, as shown below, the $`G`$-covariant one-form $`\omega _Z`$ can be used to eliminate the would be Nambu-Goldstone field $`v^m`$ so that the independent degrees of freedom include only the Nambu-Goldstone modes for the spontaneously broken translation symmetry and supersymmetry. These correspond to excitations of the 2-brane into N=1, D=4 superspace directions “normal” to the spatial non-BPS domain wall brane. Towards this end, the world volume tangent space covariant coordinate basis differentials are given by the $`\omega ^a`$ one-form. For a $`G`$-transformation they transform under the broken D=4 Lorentz transformations and the unbroken D=3 Lorentz rotations according to their D=3 (local) Lorentz vector nature as given by $`h`$ in equation (2.20) (and are $`R`$ invariant). Writing $`h`$ as $`h=e^{i\beta _a(g,v)M^a}`$, the transformation of $`\omega ^a`$ is given by

$$\omega ^a=\omega ^bL_b^a,$$
(3.17)
where the transformation is simply

$$L_b^a=\delta _b^a+\beta ^cϵ_{cb}^a=\left(e^{i\beta _c\stackrel{~}{M}_{\mathrm{vector}}^c}\right)_b^a,$$
(3.18)
with the D=3 Lorentz vector representation matrix $`(\stackrel{~}{M}_{\mathrm{vector}c})_a^b=iϵ_{ca}^b`$. The determinant of $`L`$ is unity: $`detL=1`$. (The remaining one-forms similarly transform according to their D=3 Lorentz character. Because of this local Lorentz structure group transformation property of the vector one-forms, their indices are denoted by letters from the beginning of the alphabet: $`a,b,c,\mathrm{}=0,1,2`$.)

The two sets of coordinate basis differentials $`dx^m`$ and $`\omega ^a`$ are related to each other through the dreibein $`e_m^a`$

$$\omega ^a=dx^me_m^a.$$
(3.19)
From equation (3.15) this yields

$`e_m^a`$ $`=`$ $`(\delta _m^b+i_m\theta \gamma ^0\gamma ^b\theta +_m\lambda \gamma ^0\gamma ^b\lambda )(\delta _b^a+(\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}1){\displaystyle \frac{v_bv^a}{v^2}}`$ (3.21)
$`+(\widehat{𝒟}_b\varphi +\widehat{𝒟}_b\theta \gamma ^0\lambda \theta \gamma ^0\widehat{𝒟}_b\lambda )v^a{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sinh}\sqrt{v^2}}{\sqrt{v^2}}}),`$
with the Akulov-Volkov derivative $`\widehat{𝒟}_a=\widehat{e}_a^{1m}_m`$ defined below (see equation (4.16)). Under a $`G`$-transformation the dreibein transforms with one world index and one tangent space (structure group) index as

$$e_m^a=G_m^{1n}e_n^bL_b^a,$$
(3.22)
and likewise for the inverse dreibein $`e_a^{1m}=L_a^{1b}e_b^{1n}G_n^m`$. By direct calculation from the form of $`L`$, equation (3.18), the flat tangent space metric, $`\eta _{ab}`$, is invariant

$$\eta _{ab}^{}=L_a^c\eta _{cd}L_b^d=\eta _{ab}.$$
(3.23)
The metric tensor is given in terms of the dreibein as

$$g_{mn}=e_m^a\eta _{ab}e_n^b,$$
(3.24)
the transformation properties of which are given by equation (2.30) and follow from those of the dreibein and the flat tangent space metric. Consequently the covariant Maurer-Cartan one-form can be used to express the invariant interval as

$$ds^2=dx^mg_{mn}dx^n=\omega ^a\eta _{ab}\omega ^b.$$
(3.25)
The leading term in the D=4 super-Poincaré invariant action is given by the “cosmological constant”term

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }=\sigma d^3xdete,$$
(3.26)
with the brane tension parameter $`\sigma `$. The lagrangian is the constant brane tension integrated over the area of the brane. The action is invariant

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}=\sigma d^3x^{}dete^{}=\sigma \left(d^3xdetG\right)\left(detG^1detedetL\right)=\sigma d^3xdete=\mathrm{\Gamma }.$$
(3.27)
## 4 Dreibeine, Covariant Derivatives And Brane Dynamics

The world volume exterior derivative, $`d=dx^m_m`$, can also be written in terms of the fully $`G`$-covariant one-form basis

$$d=dx^m_m=\omega ^ae_a^{1m}_m\omega ^a𝒟_a,$$
(4.1)
with the fully $`G`$-covariant derivative

$$𝒟_ae_a^{1m}_m.$$
(4.2)
The exterior derivative is fully $`G`$-invariant $`d^{}=d`$ since the coordinate derivative transforms inversely to the coordinate differential: $`_m^{}=G_m^{1n}_n`$. Hence, $`𝒟_a`$ transforms as $`𝒟_a^{}=L_a^{1b}𝒟_b`$.

For each one-form, $`\omega _{Q_\phi }`$, with $`Q_\phi =\{q_i,s_i,Z,K^m\}`$, the respective covariant derivative of the related Nambu-Goldstone field, $`\phi =\{\theta _i,\lambda _i,\varphi ,v^m\}`$, is defined according to

$`\omega _{Q_\phi }`$ $``$ $`\omega ^a_a\phi =dx^me_m^a_a\phi `$ (4.3)
$``$ $`dx^m\omega _{Q_\phi m}=\omega ^ae_a^{1m}\omega _{Q_\phi m}.`$ (4.4)
Hence it is obtained that

$$_a\phi =e_a^{1m}\omega _{Q_\phi m}$$
(4.5)
or the inverse

$$e_m^a_a\phi =\omega _{Q_\phi m}.$$
(4.6)
Recall that each one-form begins with the space-time derivative of the associated Nambu-Goldstone field: $`\omega _{Q_\phi m}=_m\phi +\mathrm{}`$.

Besides the fully $`G`$-covariant basis of one-forms, partially covariant bases associated with restricted motions in the coset manifold can be defined. In particular the basis obtained from motion in the manifold with the coset coordinate $`v^n=0`$ is a D=3 Lorentz but not D=4 Lorentz covariant one-form basis. Most directly these one-forms, dreibein and partially covariant derivatives can be obtained by taking the $`v^n`$ field to zero in the above expressions, for example, $`\widehat{\omega }^a\omega ^a|_{v^n=0}`$. Alternatively, since the Maurer-Cartan one-forms can be built-up sequentially by including the different symmetry generators

$$\mathrm{\Omega }^1d\mathrm{\Omega }=e^{iv^nK_n}[d+\widehat{\mathrm{\Omega }}^1d\widehat{\mathrm{\Omega }}]e^{+iv^nK_n},$$
(4.7)
where the $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Omega }}`$ includes the remaining generators, the partially covariant one-forms are given by

$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Omega }}^1d\widehat{\mathrm{\Omega }}`$ $``$ $`i\left[\widehat{\omega }^ap_a+\overline{\widehat{\omega }}_{qi}q_i+\overline{\widehat{\omega }}_{si}s_i+\widehat{\omega }_ZZ\right]`$ (4.8)
$`=`$ $`i[dx^a+id\theta \gamma ^0\gamma ^a\theta +id\lambda \gamma ^0\gamma ^a\lambda ]p_a+id\overline{\theta }q+id\overline{\lambda }s`$ (4.10)
$`+i[d\varphi +d\theta \gamma ^0\lambda d\lambda \gamma ^0\theta ]Z.`$
The space-time coordinate differentials can be expressed in terms of this one-form basis through the Akulov-Volkov dreibein

$$\widehat{\omega }^a=dx^m\widehat{e}_m^a.$$
(4.11)
From equations (4.10) and (4.11), (or $`\widehat{e}_m^a=e_m^a|_{v^n=0}`$ in equation (3.21))

$$\widehat{e}_m^a=A_m^a$$
(4.12)
where the Akulov-Volkov matrix $`A_m^a`$ is defined as

$$A_m^a=\delta _m^a+i_m\theta \gamma ^0\gamma ^a\theta +i_m\lambda \gamma ^0\gamma ^a\lambda .$$
(4.13)
From these the D=3 SUSY SO(1,2) covariant derivatives follow

$$d=dx^m_m\widehat{\omega }^a\widehat{𝒟}_a,$$
(4.14)
whence $`\widehat{𝒟}_a=\widehat{e}_a^{1m}_m`$ where the inverse dreibein $`\widehat{e}_a^{1m}`$, so that $`\widehat{e}_a^{1m}\widehat{e}_m^b=\delta _a^b`$ and $`\widehat{e}_m^a\widehat{e}_a^{1n}=\delta _m^n`$, is given by

$$\widehat{e}_a^{1m}=A_a^{1m}.$$
(4.15)
Hence the partial covariant Akulov-Volkov derivative is obtained

$$\widehat{𝒟}_a=\widehat{e}_a^{1m}_m=A_a^{1m}_m.$$
(4.16)
The $`G`$-transformation properties of the partially covariant one-forms, equation (4.10), can be found from the factorization of the coset element and the general transformation law. Writing $`\mathrm{\Omega }=\widehat{\mathrm{\Omega }}\mathrm{\Omega }_K`$, the transformation law $`g\mathrm{\Omega }=\mathrm{\Omega }^{}h`$ implies that

$$\left(\widehat{\mathrm{\Omega }}^1d\widehat{\mathrm{\Omega }}\right)^{}=\widehat{h}\left(\widehat{\mathrm{\Omega }}^1d\widehat{\mathrm{\Omega }}\right)\widehat{h}^1,$$
(4.17)
where now $`\widehat{h}`$ involves the broken and unbroken Lorentz generators but with the field independent transformation parameters of $`g`$, $`\widehat{h}=e^{i\rho R}e^{ib^nK_n}e^{i\alpha ^nM_n}`$. In particular, this yields the non-covariant transformation law for $`\widehat{\omega }^a`$ (even so, the use of indices from the beginning of the alphabet is retained)

$`\widehat{\omega }^a`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{\omega }^b\widehat{L}_b^a`$ (4.18)
$`=`$ $`\widehat{\omega }^b\left(\delta _b^a+\alpha ^cϵ_{cb}^a\widehat{}_b\varphi b^a\right),`$ (4.19)
with the partially covariant derivative of $`\varphi `$, $`\widehat{}_a\varphi `$, given by the Maurer-Cartan one-form $`\widehat{\omega }_Z`$,

$$\widehat{\omega }_Z=\widehat{\omega }^a\widehat{}_a\varphi =\widehat{\omega }^a\left[\widehat{𝒟}_a\varphi +\widehat{𝒟}_a\theta \gamma ^0\lambda \theta \gamma ^0\widehat{𝒟}_a\lambda \right].$$
(4.20)
Hence, the Akulov-Volkov derivative transforms as

$$\widehat{𝒟}_a^{}=\widehat{L}_a^{1b}\widehat{𝒟}_b,$$
(4.21)
and as such is not fully $`G`$-covariant due to its variation under the broken Lorentz transformations ($`b^n0`$). As with $`\widehat{\omega }^a`$, the Akulov-Volkov derivative $`\widehat{𝒟}_a`$ is only $`SO(1,2)`$ partially covariant.

It is useful to expand the one-forms of the fully $`SO(1,3)`$ covariant basis in terms of the $`SO(1,2)`$ covariant basis. The two bases are related as

$`\widehat{\omega }^a`$ $`=`$ $`\omega ^be_b^{1m}\widehat{e}_m^a`$ (4.22)
$`\omega ^a`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{\omega }^b\widehat{e}_b^{1m}e_m^a`$ (4.23)
which follows from the superspace coordinate differentials

$$dx^m=\omega ^ae_a^{1m}=\widehat{\omega }^a\widehat{e}_a^{1m}.$$
(4.24)
Likewise, through the exterior derivative, $`d=dx^m_m=\omega ^a𝒟_a=\widehat{\omega }^a\widehat{𝒟}_a`$, the (partially) covariant derivatives are related

$`\widehat{𝒟}_a`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{e}_a^{1m}e_m^b𝒟_b`$ (4.25)
$`𝒟_a`$ $`=`$ $`e_a^{1m}\widehat{e}_m^b\widehat{𝒟}_b.`$ (4.26)
In particular the $`G`$-covariant coordinate differential one-form, $`\omega ^a`$, has a simple relation to the partially covariant coordinate differential one-form, $`\widehat{\omega }^a`$,

$$\omega ^a=\widehat{\omega }^bN_b^a,$$
(4.27)
where the Nambu-Goto dreibein, $`N_b^a`$, is found from equations (3.15) and (4.10)

$`N_b^a`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _b^a+\left(\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}1\right){\displaystyle \frac{v_bv^a}{v^2}}`$ (4.29)
$`+\left(\widehat{𝒟}_b\varphi +\widehat{𝒟}_b\theta \gamma ^0\lambda \theta \gamma ^0\widehat{𝒟}_b\lambda \right)v^a{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sinh}\sqrt{v^2}}{\sqrt{v^2}}}.`$
Similarly the dreibeine are related, equation (3.21),

$$e_m^a=\widehat{e}_m^bN_b^a.$$
(4.30)
Thus the invariant action takes on a factorized form

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }=\sigma d^3xdete=\sigma d^3xdet\widehat{e}detN.$$
(4.31)
The $`det\widehat{e}`$ has the usual form of the Akulov-Volkov determinant for spontaneously broken N=2, D=3 supersymmetry. The $`detN`$ term can be evaluated to yield the SUSY generalization to the Nambu-Goto action for the p=2 brane allowing for its motion into the Grassmann directions of the target N=1, D=4 superspace

$$detN=\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}\left[1+\left(\widehat{𝒟}_a\varphi +\widehat{𝒟}_a\theta \gamma ^0\lambda \theta \gamma ^0\widehat{𝒟}_a\lambda \right)v^a\frac{\mathrm{tanh}\sqrt{v^2}}{\sqrt{v^2}}\right].$$
(4.32)
There are two equivalent ways in which to proceed in order to simplify the action by the elimination of the $`v^m`$ field. The Euler-Lagrange approach is a result of the fact that the action depends only on $`v^m`$ and not its derivatives. Hence the $`v^m`$ field equation, $`\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }/\delta v^m=0`$, will express $`v^m`$ in terms of the independent Nambu-Goldstone fields, $`\varphi `$, $`\theta `$ and $`\lambda `$. Alternatively, the Maurer-Cartan one-form associated with the broken translation generator $`Z`$ can be $`G`$-covariantly set to zero. Expanding the $`\omega _Z`$ one-form in terms of the $`\widehat{\omega }^a`$ basis gives

$$\omega _Z=\widehat{\omega }^a\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}\left[\left(\widehat{𝒟}_a\varphi +\widehat{𝒟}_a\theta \gamma ^0\lambda \theta \gamma ^0\widehat{𝒟}_a\lambda \right)+v_a\frac{\mathrm{tanh}\sqrt{v^2}}{\sqrt{v^2}}\right].$$
(4.33)
Setting this to zero results in the “inverse Higgs mechanism”

$$v_a\frac{\mathrm{tanh}\sqrt{v^2}}{\sqrt{v^2}}=\left(\widehat{𝒟}_a\varphi +\widehat{𝒟}_a\theta \gamma ^0\lambda \theta \gamma ^0\widehat{𝒟}_a\lambda \right)=\widehat{}_a\varphi .$$
(4.34)
This result is also obtained in the Euler-Lagrange approach. Substituting this into the determinant of the Nambu-Goto dreibein yields the SUSY generalization of the Nambu-Goto lagrangian as given in equation (1.41)

$`detN`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}}}`$ (4.35)
$`=`$ $`\sqrt{1\left(\widehat{𝒟}_a\varphi +\widehat{𝒟}_a\theta \gamma ^0\lambda \theta \gamma ^0\widehat{𝒟}_a\lambda \right)^2}.`$ (4.36)
Hence the complete $`G`$-invariant Nambu-Goto-Akulov-Volkov action is given by

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ $`=`$ $`\sigma {\displaystyle }d^3x\{det[\delta _m^a+i_m\theta \gamma ^0\gamma ^a\theta +i_m\lambda \gamma ^0\gamma ^a\lambda ]\times `$ (4.38)
$`\times \sqrt{1\left(\widehat{𝒟}_b\varphi +\widehat{𝒟}_b\theta \gamma ^0\lambda \theta \gamma ^0\widehat{𝒟}_b\lambda \right)^2}\}.`$
Returning to equation (4.32) and treating all fields as independent leads to the $`\varphi `$ equation of motion as the D=3 Bianchi identity for the field strength vector $`F^m`$

$$0=\frac{\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }}{\delta \varphi }=_mF^m,$$
(4.39)
where

$$F^m=det\widehat{e}v^a\widehat{e}_a^{1m}\frac{\mathrm{sinh}\sqrt{v^2}}{\sqrt{v^2}}.$$
(4.40)
Substituting this back into the lagrangian yields

$$det\widehat{e}detN=det\widehat{e}\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}+F^m\left[_m\varphi +_m\theta \gamma ^0\lambda \theta \gamma ^0_m\lambda \right].$$
(4.41)
Exploiting the definition of $`F^m`$ so that

$$\frac{v^av^b}{v^2}=\frac{(F^m\widehat{e}_m^a)(F^n\widehat{e}_n^b)}{(F\widehat{e})^2}$$
(4.42)
results in

$$\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}=\sqrt{\left(1+\frac{(F\widehat{e})^2}{(det\widehat{e})^2}\right)}.$$
(4.43)
Integrating this over the world volume, the non-BPS p=2 brane supersymmetric Nambu-Goto-Akulov-Volkov action is dual to the D2-brane supersymmetric Born-Infeld action

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ $`=`$ $`\sigma {\displaystyle d^3x\left(\sqrt{det\left(\widehat{g}_{mn}+F_{mn}\right)}+F^n[_n\theta \gamma ^0\lambda \theta \gamma ^0_n\lambda ]\right)}`$ (4.44)
$`=`$ $`\sigma {\displaystyle d^3x\left(\sqrt{det\widehat{g}+F^m\widehat{g}_{mn}F^n}+F^n[_n\theta \gamma ^0\lambda \theta \gamma ^0_n\lambda ]\right)},`$ (4.45)
where the Akulov-Volkov metric is given by $`\widehat{g}_{mn}=\widehat{e}_m^a\eta _{ab}\widehat{e}_n^b`$ and $`F_{mn}=ϵ_{mnr}F^r`$.

## 5 Brane Localized Matter Fields

The matter fields localized on the brane are characterized by their D=3 Lorentz transformation properties. A scalar field, $`S(x)`$, is in the trivial representation of the Lorentz group: $`M^a(\stackrel{~}{M}^a)=0`$. Fermion fields, $`\psi _i(x)`$, are in the spinor representation: $`M^a(\stackrel{~}{M}^a)_{ij}=1/2\gamma _{ij}^a`$. Each matter field, $`M(x)`$, transforms under $`G`$ as

$$M^{}(x^{})\stackrel{~}{h}M(x),$$
(5.1)
where $`\stackrel{~}{h}`$ is given by $`h`$, equation (2.20), with $`M^a`$ replaced by $`\stackrel{~}{M}^a`$ and the field s $`R`$-weight phase, $`\rho _M`$, a model dependent convention

$$\stackrel{~}{h}=e^{i\beta _a(g,v)\stackrel{~}{M}^a}e^{i\rho _M}.$$
(5.2)
The covariant derivative for the matter field is defined using the spin connection one-form

$$M(d+i\omega _M^a\stackrel{~}{M}_a)M.$$
(5.3)
The transformation properties of the covariant derivative,

$$(M)^{}(x^{})=\stackrel{~}{h}M(x),$$
(5.4)
are obtained from the invariant nature of the exterior derivative $`d`$, the field dependent transformation equation for $`M`$ and the inhomogeneous transformation property of the connection. For infinitesimal $`G`$ transformations recall that $`hdh^1=id\beta ^aM_a`$ so that the connection one-form transforms according to (with $`(\stackrel{~}{M}_{\mathrm{vector}}^a)_{bc}=iϵ_{bc}^a`$)

$`\omega _M^a`$ $`=`$ $`\omega _M^bL_b^ad\beta ^a`$ (5.5)
$`=`$ $`\omega _M^b\left(e^{i\beta _c\stackrel{~}{M}_{\mathrm{vector}}^c}\right)_b^ad\beta ^a.`$ (5.6)
The covariant derivative transformation law equation (5.4) follows.

Expanding the covariant derivative one-form in terms of the tangent space covariant coordinate basis differentials, $`\omega ^a`$, the component form of the covariant derivative is obtained

$$_aM=\left(𝒟_a+i\mathrm{\Gamma }_a^b\stackrel{~}{M}_b\right)M,$$
(5.7)
where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_a^b`$ are the components of the connection, $`\omega _M^b=\omega ^a\mathrm{\Gamma }_a^b`$. Also, in component form, the connection transformation law is found to be

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_a^b=L_a^{1c}\mathrm{\Gamma }_c^dL_d^bL_a^{1c}𝒟_c\beta ^b.$$
(5.8)
Since the covariant coordinate differentials transform according to the D=3 (field dependent) local Lorentz (structure) group vector representation matrices, $`L_a^b`$, equation (3.17), the component form of the covariant derivative has the $`G`$ transformation law

$$\left(_aM\right)^{}(x^{})=\stackrel{~}{h}L_a^{1b}_bM(x).$$
(5.9)
For scalar matter fields the covariant derivative is simply the covariant space-time derivative $`𝒟_a=e_a^{1m}_m`$:

$$_aS(x)=𝒟_aS(x).$$
(5.10)
Since $`S`$ is invariant, $`S^{}(x^{})=S(x)`$, the covariant derivative transforms as a tangent space vector

$$(_aS)^{}(x^{})=L_a^{1b}_bS(x).$$
(5.11)
Because the flat tangent space metric, $`\eta ^{ab}`$, is invariant, the leading terms in the brane width expansion of the $`G`$-invariant action for the scalar matter field are obtained as

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_S=d^3xdete_S,$$
(5.12)
with the scalar field invariant lagrangian (that is invariant under total $`G`$-transformations and hence a scalar density under intrinsic $`G`$-transformations) given by

$$_S=(_aS\eta ^{ab}_bS)V(S),$$
(5.13)
where the scalar field potential $`V(S)`$ is an arbitrary function of $`S`$.

The fermion matter field $`\psi _i(x)`$ transforms as the D=3 Lorentz group spinor representation

$$\psi _i^{}(x^{})=\stackrel{~}{h}_{ij}\psi _j(x),$$
(5.14)
with (suppressing the $`R`$-transformation weight)

$$\stackrel{~}{h}_{ij}=\left(e^{\frac{i}{2}\beta _a\gamma ^a}\right)_{ij}.$$
(5.15)
Hence the bilinear product, $`\overline{\psi }\psi `$, is invariant, $`(\overline{\psi }\psi )^{}(x^{})=(\overline{\psi }\psi )(x)`$. The vector bilinear product transforms as a tangent space vector, $`(\overline{\psi }\gamma ^a\psi )^{}(x^{})=(\overline{\psi }\gamma ^b\psi )(x)L_b^a`$. The covariant derivative now involves the spin connection and, in component form, is given by

$$_a\psi _i=𝒟_a\psi _i\frac{i}{2}\mathrm{\Gamma }_a^b\gamma _{bij}\psi _j.$$
(5.16)
The fermion covariant derivative transforms according to

$$(_a\psi _i)^{}(x^{})=\stackrel{~}{h}_{ij}L_a^{1b}_b\psi _j.$$
(5.17)
The invariant kinetic energy bilinear is given by $`(\overline{\psi }\gamma ^a_a\psi )`$ so that

$$(\overline{\psi }\gamma ^a_a\psi )^{}(x^{})=(\overline{\psi }\gamma ^a_a\psi )(x).$$
(5.18)
The $`G`$ invariant action has the form

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_f=d^3xdete_f,$$
(5.19)
where the invariant lagrangian involves the fermion and scalar matter fields

$$_f=i\overline{\psi }\gamma ^a_a\psi m\overline{\psi }\psi +Y(S,\overline{\psi }\psi ),$$
(5.20)
with the generalized Yukawa coupling to the scalar fields, $`Y(S,\overline{\psi }\psi )`$. In the case of a single species of D=3 Majorana fermion, the Yukawa term terminates at the form $`y(S)\overline{\psi }\psi `$, with the arbitrary Yukawa coupling function $`y(S)`$.

The above covariant derivatives were expanded in the fully covariant $`\omega ^a`$ basis, the relation to the expansion in terms of the partially covariant $`\widehat{\omega }^a`$ basis can also be obtained. As found above, the scalar and fermion covariant derivatives in the fully $`G`$ covariant basis are

$`_aS`$ $`=`$ $`𝒟_aS`$ (5.21)
$`_a\psi _i`$ $`=`$ $`𝒟_a\psi _i{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_a^b\gamma _{bij}\psi _j.`$ (5.22)
The covariant derivatives are related through the exterior derivative and the dreibeine as in equations (4.23)-(4.26). The coordinate differentials are related according to

$`\omega ^a`$ $`=`$ $`dx^me_m^adx^m=\omega ^ae_a^{1m}`$ (5.23)
$`\widehat{\omega }^a`$ $`=`$ $`dx^m\widehat{e}_m^adx^m=\widehat{\omega }^a\widehat{e}_a^{1m}`$ (5.24)
$`\omega ^a`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{\omega }^bN_b^ae_a^{1n}\widehat{e}_n^b=N_a^{1b}.`$ (5.25)
The relation between the covariant derivatives is found through the exterior derivative

$`d`$ $`=`$ $`dx^m_m=\omega ^a𝒟_a=\widehat{\omega }^a\widehat{𝒟}_a`$ (5.26)
$`=`$ $`dx^me_m^a𝒟_a=dx^m\widehat{e}_m^a\widehat{𝒟}_a,`$ (5.27)
with, as previously defined,

$`𝒟_a`$ $`=`$ $`e_a^{1m}_m`$ (5.28)
$`\widehat{𝒟}_a`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{e}_a^{1m}_m.`$ (5.29)
The relation between (partially) covariant derivatives is secured (see equation (4.26))

$`𝒟_a`$ $`=`$ $`e_a^{1m}\widehat{e}_m^b\widehat{𝒟}_b`$ (5.30)
$`=`$ $`N_a^{1b}\widehat{𝒟}_b.`$ (5.31)
Recall that $`\widehat{𝒟}_a=A_a^{1m}_m`$ is just the SUSY covariant Akulov-Volkov derivative, equation (4.16).

Besides the derivatives, also the connection can be expressed in terms of the partially covariant coordinate differentials. Recall the connection from equation (3.15)

$`\omega _M^b`$ $`=`$ $`\omega ^a\mathrm{\Gamma }_a^b=\widehat{\omega }^a\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_a^b`$ (5.32)
$`=`$ $`\left(\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}1\right)ϵ^{bac}{\displaystyle \frac{v_adv_c}{v^2}}.`$ (5.33)
Upon application of the $`\omega _Z=0`$ constraint, the above expression becomes

$$\omega _M^b=\left(1/detN1\right)ϵ^{bac}\frac{\phi _ad\phi _c}{\phi ^2},$$
(5.34)
where $`\phi _a`$ is defined by

$$\phi _a=\widehat{𝒟}_a\varphi +\widehat{𝒟}_a\theta \gamma ^0\lambda \theta \gamma ^0\widehat{𝒟}_a\lambda .$$
(5.35)
In components in the fully covariant basis, the connection involves the fully covariant derivative

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_a^b=\left(\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}1\right)ϵ^{bcd}\frac{v_c𝒟_av_d}{v^2}.$$
(5.36)
Using the relation between the two bases, the connection components are related according to

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_a^b=N_a^{1c}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_c^b,$$
(5.37)
with

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_a^b=\left(\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}1\right)ϵ^{bcd}\frac{v_c\widehat{𝒟}_av_d}{v^2},$$
(5.38)
which, after imposition of the $`\omega _Z=0`$ constraint, becomes

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_a^b=\left(1/detN1\right)ϵ^{bcd}\frac{\phi _c\widehat{𝒟}_a\phi _d}{\phi ^2}.$$
(5.39)
The matter field covariant derivatives then have the form

$`_aS`$ $`=`$ $`𝒟_aS=N_a^{1b}\widehat{}_bS`$ (5.40)
$`_a\psi _i`$ $`=`$ $`N_a^{1b}\widehat{}_b\psi _i,`$ (5.41)
with the scalar and fermion fields’ partially covariant derivatives defined as

$`\widehat{}_aS`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{𝒟}_aS`$ (5.42)
$`\widehat{}_a\psi _i`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{𝒟}_a\psi _i{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_a^b\gamma _{bij}\psi _j.`$ (5.43)
The matter field action can be written in terms of the partially covariant derivatives but the Nambu-Goto dreibein and metric are needed in order to restore full $`G`$-invariance. Using the Nambu-Goto dreibein $`N`$, its inverse is

$$N_a^{1b}=\delta _a^b\frac{1}{\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}+d_cv^c}\left(N_a^b\delta _a^b\right),$$
(5.44)
where

$$d_a=\phi _a\frac{\mathrm{sinh}\sqrt{v^2}}{\sqrt{v^2}}$$
(5.45)
and $`N`$ is given in equation (4.29)

$$N_a^b=P_{vTa}^b+\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}P_{vLa}^b+d_av^b.$$
(5.46)
Upon application of the $`\omega _Z=0`$ $`G`$-covariant constraint, these dreibeine reduce to

$`N_a^b`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _a^b+{\displaystyle \frac{1\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}}{\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{v_av^b}{v^2}}`$ (5.47)
$`N_a^{1b}`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _a^b+\left(\mathrm{cosh}\sqrt{v^2}1\right)P_{vLa}^b.`$ (5.48)
This can be used to form the Nambu-Goto metric

$`n^{ab}`$ $`=`$ $`N_c^{1a}\eta ^{cd}N_d^{1b}`$ (5.49)
$`=`$ $`\eta ^{ab}+{\displaystyle \frac{v^av^b}{v^2}}\mathrm{sinh}^2\sqrt{v^2}.`$ (5.50)
The invariant interval can be written as

$$ds^2=dx^mg_{mn}dx^n=\omega ^a\eta _{ab}\omega ^b=\widehat{\omega }^an_{ab}\widehat{\omega }^b,$$
(5.51)
with $`n_{ab}=N_a^c\eta _{cd}N_b^d=\eta _{ab}\frac{v_av_b}{v^2}\mathrm{tanh}^2\sqrt{v^2}`$.

The fully $`G`$-invariant kinetic energy term for the scalar field in terms of the partially covariant derivatives then becomes

$$_aS\eta ^{ab}_bS=\widehat{}_aSn^{ab}\widehat{}_bS.$$
(5.52)
Likewise, the fully $`G`$-invariant fermion kinetic energy becomes

$$i\overline{\psi }\gamma ^a_a\psi =i\overline{\psi }\widehat{\gamma }^a\widehat{}_a\psi ,$$
(5.53)
where the Dirac matrices in the partially covariant basis are defined by means of the Nambu-Goto dreibein

$$\widehat{\gamma }^a=\gamma ^bN_b^{1a}.$$
(5.54)
The fully $`G`$-invariant matter action then takes the form

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{matter}}=\mathrm{\Gamma }_S+\mathrm{\Gamma }_f=d^3xdete_{\mathrm{matter}},$$
(5.55)
where the invariant matter lagrangian can be written as

$`_{\mathrm{matter}}`$ $`=`$ $`_S+_f`$ (5.56)
$`=`$ $`\widehat{}_aSn^{ab}\widehat{}_bSV(S)`$ (5.58)
$`+i\overline{\psi }\widehat{\gamma }^a\widehat{}_a\psi m\overline{\psi }\psi +Y(S,\overline{\psi }\psi ).`$
## Acknowledgements

MN would like to thank Koji Hashimoto and TtV would like to thank Mikhail Shifman, Arkady Vainshtein and Mikhail Voloshin for interesting discussions. The work of TEC and MN was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy under grant DE-FG02-91ER40681 (Task B).

## Appendix A: Conventions

The D=3 Dirac matrix conventions are (labelling all space-time indices by $`m,n,\mathrm{}=0,1,2`$ for convenience here):

$`\eta _{mn}`$ $`=`$ $`(+,,);ϵ^{012}=+1`$ (A.1)
$`ϵ_{mnl}ϵ^{lrs}`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _m^r\delta _n^s\delta _m^s\delta _n^r`$ (A.2)
$`ϵ_{mnl}ϵ^{nls}`$ $`=`$ $`+2\delta _m^s`$ (A.3)
$`\gamma ^m`$ $`=`$ $`(\sigma ^2,i\sigma ^1,i\sigma ^3)=\gamma ^m;\sigma ^1\sigma ^2=i\sigma ^3`$ (A.4)
$`C`$ $`=`$ $`\gamma ^0=\sigma ^2=C^1;C^T=C`$ (A.5)
$`\gamma ^m\gamma ^n`$ $`=`$ $`\eta ^{mn}1+iϵ^{mnr}\gamma _r`$ (A.6)
$`\gamma ^m\gamma ^n\gamma ^r`$ $`=`$ $`+iϵ^{mnr}1+\eta ^{mn}\gamma ^r\eta ^{mr}\gamma ^n+\eta ^{nr}\gamma ^m`$ (A.7)
$`\{\gamma ^m,\gamma ^n\}`$ $`=`$ $`+2\eta ^{mn}`$ (A.8)
$`\gamma ^{mn}`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}[\gamma ^m,\gamma ^n]=ϵ^{mnr}\gamma _r`$ (A.9)
$`\gamma ^{mT}`$ $`=`$ $`\gamma ^0\gamma ^m\gamma ^0=\gamma ^m;(\gamma ^0\gamma ^m)^T=\gamma ^0\gamma ^m`$ (A.10)
$`\gamma _{ij}^m\gamma _{ji}^n`$ $`=`$ $`2\eta ^{mn}`$
$`\gamma _{ij}^k\gamma _{jk}^l\gamma _{ki}^m`$ $`=`$ $`2iϵ^{klm}`$ (A.11)
$`\gamma ^{12}`$ $`=`$ $`\sigma ^2=\gamma ^{21}`$ (A.12)
$`\gamma ^{01}`$ $`=`$ $`i\sigma ^3=\gamma ^{10}`$ (A.13)
$`\gamma ^{02}`$ $`=`$ $`i\sigma ^1=\gamma ^{20}`$ (A.14)
$`\gamma ^mC`$ $`=`$ $`(1,\sigma ^3,\sigma ^1)`$ (A.15)
$`(\gamma ^mC)_{ij}A_m`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}(A_0A_1)& A_2\\ A_2& (A_0+A_1)\end{array}\right)_{ij}.`$ (A.16)
(A.17)
Conventions involving the two-component real Grassmann variable (Majorana) fields $`\theta _i`$ and $`\lambda _i`$ are given below in terms of $`\theta `$ with corresponding formulae for all such anti-commuting variables. The derivative with respect to $`\theta _i`$ is defined through the Taylor expansion formula

$$f(\theta +\delta \theta )=f(\theta )+\delta \theta _i\frac{}{\theta _i}f(\theta ).$$
(A.18)
Hence the derivative is given by

$$\frac{}{\theta _i}\theta _j=\delta _{ij}.$$
(A.19)
In a similar manner the conjugate Majorana spinor $`\overline{\theta }_i`$ is defined as

$$\overline{\theta }_i(\gamma ^0)_{ij}\theta _j=C_{ij}\theta _j.$$
(A.20)
(For complex spinors (matter fields), $`\psi _i`$, the adjoint is defined as usual $`\overline{\psi }=\psi ^{}\gamma ^0`$.) The derivative with respect to $`\overline{\theta }`$ is defined analogously

$$\frac{}{\overline{\theta }_i}\overline{\theta }_j=\delta _{ij}.$$
(A.21)
In other words

$$\frac{}{\overline{\theta }_i}=(\gamma ^0)_{ij}\frac{}{\theta _j},$$
(A.22)
so that the mixed derivative formulas are

$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{\theta }_i}}\theta _j`$ $`=`$ $`(\gamma ^0)_{ij}`$ (A.23)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\theta _i}}\overline{\theta }_j`$ $`=`$ $`(\gamma ^0)_{ij}.`$ (A.24)
Consequently the product of spinors

$$\left(\overline{\theta }_i\psi _i\right)^{}=\overline{\theta }_i\psi _i.$$
(A.25)
Further

$$\theta _i\theta _j=\frac{1}{2}\overline{\theta }\theta \gamma _{ij}^0,$$
(A.26)
which leads to

$`\overline{\theta }\gamma ^m\theta `$ $`=`$ $`0`$ (A.27)
$`\overline{\theta }\gamma ^m\gamma ^n\theta `$ $`=`$ $`\overline{\theta }\theta \eta ^{mn}`$ (A.28)
$`\overline{\theta }\gamma ^m\gamma ^n\gamma ^r\theta `$ $`=`$ $`i\overline{\theta }\theta ϵ^{mnr}.`$ (A.29)
Projectors can be defined in terms of the D=3 vector $`v^m`$ as

$`P_{vT}^{mn}`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\eta ^{mn}{\displaystyle \frac{v^mv^n}{v^2}}\right)`$ (A.30)
$`P_{vL}^{mn}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{v^mv^n}{v^2}}.`$ (A.31)


format: text

text:
# THE VALENCE QUARK DISTRIBUTION OF THE PION1

## 1 The Model

We consider  an isospin triplet pion field $`\stackrel{}{\pi }=(\pi ^+,\pi ^0,\pi ^{})`$ interacting with quark fields $`\psi `$ through the Lagrangian density

$$_{int}=ig(\overline{\psi }\text{ }\stackrel{}{\tau }\gamma _5\psi ).\text{ }\stackrel{}{\pi },$$
(1)
where $`\stackrel{}{\tau }`$ is the isospin vector operator. The imaginary part of the amplitude for $`\gamma ^{}\pi \gamma ^{}\pi `$ is considered at lowest order ($`\alpha g^2`$) and obtained using Cutkosky rules. The coupling constant $`g`$ (see Fig. 1.a) is chosen to fulfill the number of particles sum rule ($`F_1(x)𝑑x=\frac{5}{18}`$). The effects of the pion size are mimicked by the introduction of a cut-off ($`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$) on an observable quantity, i.e. $`t`$ for the process $`\gamma ^{}\pi q\overline{q}`$, –thus in a gauge invariant way–.

## 2 Results

As seen in Fig. 1, $`g`$ exhibits plateaux for $`Q^2>1.5`$ GeV2. These plateau values are in reasonable agreement with those extracted in the NJL model . A similar behaviour is obtained for the momentum fraction $`2x`$ derived from $`F_2𝑑x`$.

The structure function $`F_2`$ is shown in Fig. 2, which illustrates the effect of the parameters $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and $`m_q`$, and the evolution for increasing $`Q^2`$.

The most striking feature of these distributions is the vanishing of $`F_2`$ for $`x`$ larger than some value $`x_{max}`$. This effect originates from the kinematical cuts. Indeed for a finite $`Q^2`$, when $`x`$ is large, there is no way to put the cut quarks on their mass shell: this requires at least an energy of $`2m_q`$.

The vanishing at large $`x`$ is not obtained in similar works, in particular in Ref. . In this reference, the Bjorken limit is taken first and the kinematical constraint is not applied. This procedure does not seem correct for evaluating cross-sections at finite $`Q^2`$.

## 3 Discussion and Conclusion

We have presented the simplest model allowing to relate virtual photon-pion forward elastic scattering to quark distributions. The introduction of a cut-off due to the pion size makes crossed diagrams appear as higher twists and thus allows us to define quark distributions. However, the introduction of the cut-off breaks the momentum sum rule (2$`x=1`$) at $`Q^2=\mathrm{}`$ because, in the case of the pion, constituent quarks can never be considered as free.

We motivated the cut-off as a manifestation of the pion size. The value $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^1=(0.75`$ GeV$`)^1`$ is close to the hard core rms radius of the chiral bag model, 0.35 fm . The cut-off has been imposed on the relative quark momentum. This procedure is at variance with the double-subtraction Pauli-Villars procedure proposed in Ref. , or with other ones introduced in similar works based on NJL models.

In addition, there is no need in our approach to consider additional diagrams with local pion-pion-quark-quark interactions. Yet, the pion-quark-quark coupling constant turns out to be the same in our approach and in NJL models. This may not be too surprising, as in both cases this coupling is determined by the requirement that the pion appears as made of two constituent quarks.

Our main conclusion is that pions are different from other hadrons, in the sense that the quark momentum fraction should be smaller, and that higher twist terms disappear for $`Q^2`$ 2 GeV2.