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# The Toric Hilbert Scheme of a Rank Two Lattice is Smooth and Irreducible

## 1. Introduction

The main result of this paper is the following structure theorem.

###### Theorem 1.1.

Let $``$ be a two-dimensional lattice contained in $`^n`$. Then the toric Hilbert scheme $`H_{}`$ is smooth and irreducible.

Consider a sublattice $`^n`$ of dimension (rank) $`r`$ and the abelian group $`G=^n/`$. Let $`S:=𝐤[x_1,\mathrm{},x_n]`$ be the polynomial ring in $`n`$ variables over an arbitrary infinite field $`𝐤`$. We grade $`S`$ by setting $`\mathrm{deg}(x_i)=e_i+`$ for $`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$ where $`e_1,\mathrm{},e_n`$ are the unit vectors of $`^n`$. The set of possible degrees under this grading is $`G^+:=^n/`$.

###### Definition 1.2.

A homogeneous ideal $`IS`$ is $``$-graded if the value of its Hilbert function $`dim_𝐤((S/I)_g)=1`$ for all $`gG^+`$.

The notion of $``$-graded ideals extends the notion of $`A`$-graded ideals, first introduced in  and further developed in  and \[18, Chapter 10\]. In the $`A`$-graded situation, $`=\mathrm{ker}_{}(A):=\{u^n:Au=0\}`$ where $`A`$ is an integer matrix, and an ideal $`IS`$ is $`A`$-graded if and only if it is $`\mathrm{ker}_{}(A)`$-graded in the sense of Definition 1.2. The toric Hilbert scheme $`H_A`$ ,  parameterizes all $`A`$-graded ideals for a given $`A`$. Haiman and Sturmfels  have introduced multi-graded Hilbert schemes which provide a uniform setting for many known Hilbert schemes, including $`H_A`$. The multi-graded Hilbert scheme is a quasi-projective scheme which parameterizes all ideals in a polynomial ring that are homogeneous with respect to grading by a fixed abelian group and have a fixed Hilbert function. In the special case where the Hilbert function takes value one for all elements in the grading group, Haiman and Sturmfels call the resulting multi-graded Hilbert scheme a toric Hilbert scheme \[7, Section 5\].

###### Definition 1.3.

The toric Hilbert scheme of the lattice $``$, denoted by $`H_{}`$, is the multi-graded Hilbert scheme that parameterizes all $``$-graded ideals in $`S`$.

In the special case where the two-dimensional lattice $``$ equals $`\mathrm{ker}_{}(A)`$ ($`A`$ an integer matrix of corank two), Theorem 1.1 was proved by Gasharov, Peeva, and Stillman , . Another special case already in the literature is where $``$ is a two-dimensional lattice in $`^2`$. Then $`G`$ is a finite abelian group, and the lattice gives an embedding of $`G`$ into $`GL(2)`$. In this case the toric Hilbert scheme is Nakamura’s $`G`$-Hilbert scheme. This can be seen by comparing Reid’s functorial description \[4, Section 4.1\] with that of the toric Hilbert scheme given in . The fact that the $`G`$-Hilbert scheme is smooth and irreducible for abelian subgroups of $`GL(2)`$ is due to Kidoh .

Thus Theorem 1.1 can be viewed as providing a common generalization of both of these results, as well as a more combinatorial proof of the Gasharov-Peeva-Stillman result. Although the $`G`$-Hilbert scheme is smooth and irreducible for abelian subgroups of $`SL(3)`$ ,  there is no hope for a further common generalization, as \[18, Theorem 10.4\] shows that the toric Hilbert scheme of a rank three lattice can be reducible.

For an $`r`$-dimensional lattice $`^n`$ and a vector $`u`$, we write $`u=u^+u^{}`$ where $`u^+,u^{}^n`$ are defined by setting $`(u^+)_i=u_i`$ if $`u_i>0`$, and $`(u^+)_i=0`$ otherwise, and $`u^{}=(u)^+`$. If $`u^n`$ we write $`x^u`$ for the monomial $`_{i=1}^nx_i^{u_i}`$. The lattice ideal of $``$ is the $`(nr)`$-dimensional binomial ideal

$$I_{}=x^{u^+}x^u^{}:u=u^+u^{}S.$$

If $`=\mathrm{ker}_{}(A)`$ for some $`A^{d\times n}`$ of corank $`nd=r`$, then $``$ is saturated and $`I_{}`$ is the toric ideal of $`A`$, denoted by $`I_A`$. The ideal $`I_{}`$ is a distinguished point on the toric Hilbert scheme $`H_{}`$. It lies on an irreducible component of $`H_{}`$ called the coherent component \[7, page 30\]. The algebraic torus $`(𝐤^{})^n`$ acts on $``$-graded ideals by scaling variables. This action translates into an action on $`H_{}`$, and the coherent component of $`H_{}`$ is the closure of the $`(𝐤^{})^n`$-orbit of $`I_{}`$. An ideal $`JH_{}`$ lies on the coherent component, and is thus called coherent, if there is some weight vector $`w^n`$ and a $`\lambda (𝐤^{})^n`$ such that $`J=\lambda in_w(I_{})`$, where $`in_w(I_{})`$ is the initial ideal of $`I_{}`$ with respect to $`w`$. Note that $`I_{}=in_0(I_{})`$ and hence is coherent. For an arbitrary lattice $``$, $`H_{}`$ could have other components. Theorem 1.1 asserts that when $``$ is two-dimensional, the coherent component is the unique component of $`H_{}`$ and that it is smooth.

In Section 2 we establish some general results about $``$-graded ideals for lattices $``$ of arbitrary dimension, while Sections 3 and 4 focus on two-dimensional lattices. Our proof of Theorem 1.1 is in two parts. In Section 3 we show that all the monomial ideals on $`H_{}`$ are coherent (Theorem 3.1). Hence all the fixed points of $`H_{}`$ under the action of $`(𝐤^{})^n`$ lie on the coherent component. Gröbner basis theory implies that every irreducible component of $`H_{}`$ contains a monomial ideal. Thus Theorem 3.1 implies that every irreducible component of $`H_{}`$ intersects the coherent component at a monomial ideal and so $`H_{}`$ is connected. In Section 4 we show that the ideals parameterized by the torus fixed curves between two monomial ideals in $`H_{}`$ are also coherent (Theorem 4.4) which lets us prove that the Zariski tangent space at each monomial $``$-graded ideal is two-dimensional (Lemma 4.5). As the coherent component is itself two-dimensional, it is therefore smooth. Since $`H_{}`$ is both connected and smooth, it is irreducible.

## 2. General Lattice Lemmas

Before we restrict to the case where $`dim()`$, the dimension of $``$, equals two, we establish some basic results for monomial $``$-graded ideals when $`dim()=rn`$.

###### Definition 2.1.

A binomial $`x^ux^vI_{}`$ is a Graver binomial if there is no other binomial $`x^u^{}x^v^{}I_{}`$ such that $`x^u^{}`$ divides $`x^u`$ and $`x^v^{}`$ divides $`x^v`$. The set of Graver binomials of $`I_{}`$ is called the Graver basis of $`I_{}`$ and is denoted by $`Gr_{}`$.

###### Example 2.2.

For the two-dimensional lattice $`^4`$ generated by $`(2,0,2,2)`$ and $`(0,1,1,0)`$, we have $`Gr_{}=\{x_2x_31,x_3^2x_4^2x_1^2,x_1^2x_2^2x_4^2,x_1^2x_2x_3x_4^2\}`$. Note that the first two binomials come from the two generators of the lattice.

The Graver basis of $`I_{}`$ is finite and \[7, Proposition 5.2\] shows that it gives rise to a finite set of determinantal equations that cut out $`H_{}`$. For $`u^n`$, let $`\mathrm{supp}(u)=\{i:u_i0\}`$ be the support of $`u`$ and for a monomial $`x^u`$, we define its support $`\mathrm{supp}(x^u):=\mathrm{supp}(u)`$. If $`x^ux^vGr_{}`$, then $`x^u`$ and $`x^v`$ have disjoint supports. We repeatedly use the following lemma from  and .

###### Lemma 2.3.

\[12, Lemma 2.4\] \[15, Lemma 2.2\] If $`I`$ is an $``$-graded ideal with $`x^ucx^v`$ ($`c𝐤`$, possibly zero) in some reduced Gröbner basis for $`I`$, then $`x^ux^v`$ is a Graver binomial. If $`c=0`$, then we here assume that $`x^v`$ is a monomial not in $`I`$ of the same $``$-degree as $`x^u`$.

Although in  it is assumed that $`=\mathrm{ker}_{}(A)`$ and $`^n=\{0\}`$, the proof there is valid for general lattices. The same is true for other results quoted later from .

Fix a matrix $`B^{n\times r}`$ whose columns form a $``$-basis for $``$. This implies that $`=\{Bz:z^r\}`$ and the map

(1)
$$\varphi :^r\text{given by}zBz$$

is bijective. Let $`b_i`$ denote the $`i`$th row of $`B`$. The vector configuration $`=\{b_1,\mathrm{},b_n\}^r`$ is called the Gale diagram of $``$. For a subset $`\tau [n]:=\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$ let $`B_\tau `$ be the submatrix of $`B`$ whose rows are indexed by $`\tau `$ and $`_\tau :=\{b_i:i\tau \}`$. Write $`\mathrm{pos}(_\tau )`$ for the cone $`\{xB_\tau :x0,x^{|\tau |}\}^r`$. If $`\mathrm{pos}()=^r`$, $``$ is cyclic and otherwise acyclic. If $`r=2`$ and $``$ is cyclic, we set $`b_{n+1}:=b_1`$.

###### Example 2.4.

Let $``$ be the lattice from Example 2.2. Then the Gale diagram of $``$ is $`=\{(2,0),(0,1),(2,1),(2,0)\}`$. This is illustrated in Figure 1.

###### Remark 2.5.

We may assume that no $`b_i=0`$, and that for $`ij`$, $`b_imb_j`$ for any $`m_+`$. If some $`b_i=0`$ then $`l_i=0`$ for all $`l`$ and $`x_i`$ would not appear in any generator of any $``$-graded ideal. This means that there would be a bijection between the set of $``$-graded ideals in $`S`$ and the set of $`^{}`$-graded ideals in $`𝐤[x_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{x_i},\mathrm{},x_n]`$, where $`^{}`$ is the projection of $``$ which removes the $`i`$th coordinate. Similarly if $`b_i=mb_j`$ for $`m_+`$, the map which takes every occurrence of $`x_j`$ to $`x_i^mx_j`$ would give a bijection between $`^{}`$-graded ideals and $``$-graded ideals. These bijections would give rise to an isomorphism between $`H_{}`$ and $`H_{^{}}`$, and so it suffices to prove Theorem 1.1 for the smaller lattice $`^{}`$.

We say that $`\mathrm{pos}(_\tau )`$, or $`\tau `$, is a $`q`$-simplex if $`|\tau |=q`$ and $`\mathrm{pos}(_\tau )`$ is $`q`$-dimensional. A triangulation $`T`$ of $``$ is a collection of $`r`$-simplices such that (i) for $`\tau ,\tau ^{}T`$, $`\mathrm{pos}(_{\tau \tau ^{}})=\mathrm{pos}(_\tau )\mathrm{pos}(_\tau ^{})`$, and (ii) $`\mathrm{pos}()=_{\tau T}\mathrm{pos}(_\tau )`$. To be completely accurate, we must complete $`T`$ to a simplicial complex on $`[n]`$ by adding to $`T`$ all subsets of $`\tau T`$. Depending on the context, a simplex $`\tau T`$ will be either the set $`\tau [n]`$ or the cone $`\mathrm{pos}(_\tau )\mathrm{pos}()`$.

Recall that all monomial prime ideals in $`S`$ are of the form $`P_\sigma :=x_j:j\sigma `$ for a set $`\sigma [n]`$. The following lemma is a mild extension of a special case of \[18, Theorem 10.10\].

###### Lemma 2.6.

Let $`I`$ be a monomial $``$-graded ideal, for a lattice $``$ with $`dim()=r<n`$. Let $`\mathrm{rad}(I)`$ be its radical and $`\mathrm{rad}(I)=_{\sigma \mathrm{\Delta }(I)}P_\sigma `$ be the unique prime decomposition of $`\mathrm{rad}(I)`$. Fix $`A=[a_1,\mathrm{},a_n]^{(nr)\times n}`$ such that $`AB=0`$ and $`rank(A)=nr`$, and let $`𝒜=\{a_1,\mathrm{},a_n\}`$. Then $`\mathrm{\Delta }(I)`$ is a triangulation of $`𝒜`$.

###### Proof.

We first note that since $`I_{}`$ is $`(nr)`$-dimensional, the same is true for $`I`$, so if $`\sigma \mathrm{\Delta }(I)`$ we have $`|\sigma |nr`$. We will show that $`\mathrm{\Delta }(I)`$ is a triangulation of $`𝒜`$, by showing firstly that the interiors of any two simplices in $`\mathrm{\Delta }(I)`$ do not intersect in this embedding, and secondly that each point in $`\mathrm{pos}(𝒜)`$ is covered by one of these simplices. This will also show that $`|\sigma |=nr`$ for all $`\sigma \mathrm{\Delta }(I)`$.

Suppose that $`\sigma `$ and $`\tau `$ are two simplices contained in simplices in $`\mathrm{\Delta }(I)`$ such that their relative interiors intersect. This means that there is some vector $`c\mathrm{pos}(𝒜)`$ with $`c=_{i\sigma }\lambda _ia_i=_{j\tau }\mu _ja_j`$, where we may take $`\lambda _i`$ and $`\mu _j`$ to be positive integers. Then $`\lambda \mu \mathrm{ker}_{}(A)`$, and so there is some multiple $`t(\lambda \mu )`$. Let $`t(\lambda \mu )=uv`$, where $`\mathrm{supp}(u)\mathrm{supp}(v)=\mathrm{}`$. Then since $`\mathrm{supp}(u)\sigma `$, we know that $`x^uI`$. Similarly, $`\mathrm{supp}(v)\tau `$, so $`x^vI`$. But this means there are two standard monomials of $`I`$ of the same $``$-degree, contradicting the fact that $`I`$ is an $``$-graded ideal. This shows that $`c`$ does not exist, and so the relative interiors of different simplices in $`\mathrm{\Delta }(I)`$ do not intersect. Note that we made no assumption on the dimension of $`\sigma `$ and $`\tau `$, so in particular they need not be $`r`$-dimensional.

We now show that each point $`c\{u:u=_in_ia_i,n_i_+\}`$ is covered by $`\mathrm{pos}(𝒜_\sigma )`$ for some $`\sigma \mathrm{\Delta }(I)`$. Grade the polynomial ring $`S`$ by setting $`\mathrm{deg}(x_i)=a_i`$. The $``$-grading of $`S`$ refines this grading. It suffices to show that there is some monomial $`x^u`$ of $`A`$-degree $`tc`$ for some $`t>0`$ with $`x^u\mathrm{rad}(I)`$. This will imply that $`\mathrm{supp}(u)\mathrm{\Delta }(I)`$, and so the point $`c`$ will be contained in a simplex of $`\mathrm{\Delta }(I)`$.

Consider the $`𝐤`$-algebra $`U=_{t0}S_{tc}`$, where $`S_{tc}`$ is the coarsely-graded part of $`S`$ of degree $`tc`$. We claim that $`U`$ is a finitely generated algebra, generated by a finite number of monomials. To see this consider the sequence of ideals $`P_t=x^u:Au=tc`$. By \[11, Theorem 1.1\] only a finite number of the $`P_t`$ are not contained in other ideals of this form. Let $`x^{u_1},\mathrm{},x^{u_s}`$ be the monomial generators of these inclusion-maximal $`P_t`$. If $`x^u`$ is any other monomial of degree $`tc`$ for some $`t>0`$, then $`x^u`$ is divisible by one of the $`x^{u_i}`$. Since $`x^{uu_i}`$ also has degree a multiple of $`c`$, we see that in fact we can write $`x^u`$ as a product of some (possibly repeated) of the $`x^{u_i}`$, and so $`x^{u_1},\mathrm{},x^{u_s}`$ generate $`U`$ as an algebra. Let $`J=_{t0}I_{tc}`$. If all of the $`x^{u_i}`$ lay in the radical of $`I`$, then there would be an $`N`$ for which $`x^{Nu_i}I`$ for all $`i`$ and hence $`x^{Nu_i}J`$ for all $`i`$. But this would mean that $`U/J`$ was a finite-dimensional algebra, which contradicts the fact that for all $`t>0`$ there is a standard monomial for $`I`$ of degree $`tc`$. Indeed, since the $``$-grading refines the $`A`$-grading, there may well be more than one standard monomial of each degree $`tc`$. From this contradiction we can conclude that there is a generator $`x^{u_j}`$ of $`U`$ with $`x^{u_j}\mathrm{rad}(I)`$, which in turn implies that the simplices of $`\mathrm{\Delta }(I)`$ cover $`\mathrm{pos}(𝒜)`$. ∎

###### Example 2.7.

For the lattice of Example 2.2, we have

$$B=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 2& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 1\\ \hfill 2& \hfill 1\\ \hfill 2& \hfill 0\end{array}\right),\text{so we can take}A=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}1\hfill & 1\hfill & 1\hfill & 0\hfill \\ 0\hfill & 1\hfill & 1\hfill & 1\hfill \end{array}\right).$$

Note that $`\mathrm{ker}_{}(A)`$ is the saturation of $``$; the lattice generated by the vectors $`(1,0,1,1)`$ and $`(0,1,1,0)`$. With this choice of $`A`$ we have $`𝒜=\{(1,0),(1,1),(1,1),(0,1)\}`$.

There are four monomial $``$-graded ideals. We list them in the table below, each with its radical and the prime decomposition of the radical.

$`\begin{array}{ccc}& & \\ \text{Monomial}\text{-graded ideal}& \text{radical}& \text{prime decomposition of radical}\\ & & \\ x_2x_3,x_1^2& x_2x_3,x_1& x_1,x_2x_1,x_3\\ x_2x_3,x_1^2x_2,x_3^2x_4^2& x_1x_2,x_2x_3,x_3x_4& x_1,x_3x_2,x_3x_2,x_4\\ x_2x_3,x_1^2x_2^2,x_3x_4^2& x_1x_2,x_2x_3,x_3x_4& x_1,x_3x_2,x_3x_2,x_4\\ x_2x_3,x_4^2& x_2x_3,x_4& x_2,x_4x_3,x_4\end{array}`$

Note that the second and third ideals have the same radical. The three radicals correspond to the triangulations of $`\mathrm{pos}(𝒜)`$ shown in Figure 2 in order from left to right.

###### Remark 2.8.

The proof of Lemma 2.6 shows that each $`\sigma \mathrm{\Delta }(I)`$ has cardinality $`nr`$. Since the ideals $`P_\sigma `$, $`\sigma \mathrm{\Delta }(I)`$ are precisely the minimal primes of $`I`$, this shows that $`I`$ is an equidimensional ideal of dimension $`nr`$. This is also true if $`r=n`$, as then $`I`$ is a zero-dimensional ideal.

Let $`P_\sigma `$ be a minimal prime of $`I`$, so $`|\sigma |=nr`$. We can localize $`I`$ at $`P_\sigma `$ to get an ideal $`I_\sigma `$. We identify $`I_\sigma `$ with the projection $`\pi _\sigma (I)`$ where $`\pi _\sigma `$ is the map:

$`\pi _\sigma :S`$ $``$ $`S_\sigma :=𝐤[x_i:i\sigma ]`$
$`x_j`$ $``$ $`\{\begin{array}{c}x_j\text{if}j\sigma \hfill \\ 1\text{if}j\sigma \hfill \end{array}`$
The ideal $`I_\sigma `$ is also the image under $`\pi _\sigma `$ of the $`P_\sigma `$-primary component of $`I`$ from an irredundant primary decomposition of $`I`$. Similarly, let $`\widehat{\pi }_\sigma `$ be the map that projects $`u^n`$ to the $`|\overline{\sigma }|`$-vector obtained by restricting $`u`$ to its coordinates indexed by $`\overline{\sigma }`$, where $`\overline{\sigma }=[n]\sigma `$.

###### Definition 2.9.

A homogeneous ideal $`JS`$ is weakly $``$-graded if its Hilbert function

$$dim_𝐤((S/J)_g)1\text{for all}gG^+.$$

We recall (\[12, Lemma 2.6\]) that a monomial ideal $`I`$ is weakly $``$-graded if and only if for each $`x^ux^vGr_{}`$, at least one of $`x^u`$ or $`x^v`$ lies in $`I`$.

###### Lemma 2.10.

Let $`P_\sigma `$ be a minimal prime of a monomial $``$-graded ideal $`I`$.

1. For each $`l`$ then there is some $`i\overline{\sigma }`$ for which $`l_i0`$.
2. The localized ideal $`I_\sigma S_\sigma `$ is weakly $`_\sigma `$-graded, where $`_\sigma =\widehat{\pi }_\sigma ()^{|\overline{\sigma }|}`$. This implies that $`I_\sigma `$ is an artinian monomial ideal.
3. If $`I=in_w(I_{})`$, where $`w_i=0`$ for $`i\sigma `$, then $`I_\sigma =in_{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (w)}(I__\sigma )`$. In particular, $`I_\sigma `$ is coherent.

###### Proof.

1. Since $`P_\sigma `$ is a minimal prime of $`I`$, if $`x^uP_\sigma `$ then $`x^uI`$. If $`l`$, then $`x^{l^+}`$ and $`x^l^{}`$ have the same $``$-degree, so at most one of them can be a standard monomial of $`I`$. This means that at least one of $`x^{l^+}`$ and $`x^l^{}`$ must lie in $`P_\sigma `$, and so there is some $`i\overline{\sigma }`$ with $`l_i0`$.
2. Let $`x^u`$ and $`x^v`$ be two monomials in $`S_\sigma `$ with $`uv_\sigma `$. Then there exist $`u^{},v^{}`$ with $`\mathrm{supp}(u^{}),\mathrm{supp}(v^{})\sigma `$ and $`(u+u^{})(v+v^{})`$. But this means that either $`x^{u+u^{}}I`$ or $`x^{v+v^{}}I`$, and thus one of $`x^u`$ or $`x^v`$ must lie in $`I_\sigma `$. This shows that $`I_\sigma `$ has at most one standard monomial of each $`_\sigma `$-degree.
3. By the previous part we know that $`I_\sigma `$ is a weakly $`_\sigma `$-graded ideal, so it suffices to show that it is contained in the $`_\sigma `$-graded ideal $`in_{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (w)}(I__\sigma )`$. Let $`x^u`$ be a generator of $`I_\sigma `$. Then there is a $`u^{}^n`$ with $`\mathrm{supp}(u^{})\sigma `$ and $`x^{u+u^{}}I`$. Let $`x^v`$ be the standard monomial of $`I`$ in the same degree as $`x^{u+u^{}}`$. Then $`w(u+u^{}v)>0`$, so $`\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (w)(u\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (v))>0`$, and so $`x^uin_{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (w)}(I__\sigma )`$.

###### Remark 2.11.

A stronger result than part two of Lemma 2.10 is true, as $`I_\sigma `$ is in fact $`_\sigma `$-graded. The proof is longer, however, so we prove it in the next section only in the case where $``$ is two-dimensional.

## 3. Monomial Ideals

In the rest of this paper we assume that $`dim()=2`$. In this section we show that all monomial ideals in the toric Hilbert scheme $`H_{}`$ are coherent.

###### Theorem 3.1.

Let $`I`$ be a monomial $``$-graded ideal where $``$ is a two-dimensional sublattice of $`^n`$. Then $`I=in_w(I_{})`$ for some $`w^n`$.

The proof of Theorem 3.1 is established in several steps. We first show that the localization of a monomial $``$-graded ideal $`I`$ at a minimal prime $`P_\sigma `$ is coherent in the sense that it is an initial ideal of $`I__\sigma `$. One of these coherent localizations is special in the sense that there is no other monomial $``$-graded ideal with the same localization. This localization determines $`I`$. The coherence of this special localization implies that it is the localization of a monomial initial ideal of $`I_{}`$. Thus $`I`$ is this initial ideal.

We first recall the result of Lee  that all triangulations of $`n`$ vectors in $`^{n2}`$ are regular. Recall \[18, Chapter 8\] that a triangulation $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ of $`\{p_1,\mathrm{},p_n\}^{n2}`$ is regular if there exists a cost-vector $`w^n`$ such that $`\sigma \mathrm{\Delta }`$ if and only if there exists an $`x^{n2}`$ for which $`p_ix=w_i`$ for $`i\sigma `$, and $`p_ix<w_i`$ for $`i\sigma `$. If such a $`w`$ exists we denote $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ as $`\mathrm{\Delta }_w`$. Applying this definition to triangulations of $`𝒜`$ , we get that $`\mathrm{\Delta }=\mathrm{\Delta }_w`$ if and only if $`\sigma \mathrm{\Delta }`$ exactly when $`wB=(wxA)B\mathrm{pos}(_{\overline{\sigma }})`$. (Recall that $`AB=0`$.) Thus for a $`w^n`$ such that $`wB\mathrm{pos}()`$, the maximal simplices of the regular triangulation $`\mathrm{\Delta }_w`$ of $`𝒜`$ are the $`(n2)`$-simplices $`\sigma [n]`$ such that $`wB\mathrm{pos}(_{\overline{\sigma }})`$. This means that there is a bijection between the regular triangulations of $`𝒜`$ and the chambers of $``$.

###### Definition 3.2.

Given a collection $`𝒫`$ of vectors in $`^n`$, the chamber complex $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(𝒫)`$ of $`𝒫`$ is the polyhedral fan obtained by intersecting all the simplices in $`𝒫`$. If $`n=2`$, then the chamber complex is the collection of cones formed by taking the positive hull of adjacent vectors in $`𝒫`$. We identify chambers in the chamber complex with the collection of maximal simplices (of $`𝒫`$) which contain them. If $``$ is a lattice with generating matrix $`B`$, we denote by $`\mathrm{\Sigma }()`$ the chamber complex $`\mathrm{\Sigma }()`$.

###### Example 3.3.

For $`=\{(2,0),(0,1),(2,1),(2,0)\}`$, the chamber complex is the collection of three cones shown in Figure 1.

By Lee’s result and Lemma 2.6, when $``$ is two-dimensional, Lemma 2.6 reduces to:

###### Lemma 3.4.

Let $`I`$ be a monomial $``$-graded ideal where $`dim()=2`$. Then the collection $`\{\overline{\sigma }:\sigma \mathrm{\Delta }(I)\}=\{\overline{\sigma }:P_\sigma \text{ is a minimal prime of }I\}`$ is a chamber of $``$.

###### Definition 3.5.

If the monomial $``$-graded ideal $`I`$ maps to the chamber $`\mathrm{pos}(b_i,b_j)`$ then the $`(n2)`$-simplex $`\sigma =[n]\backslash \{i,j\}`$ is called the special simplex of $`I`$, and the localization $`I_\sigma S_\sigma =𝐤[x_i,x_j]`$, the special localization of $`I`$. If $`n=2`$ we set $`I_\sigma =I`$.

Note that the special simplex determines the corresponding triangulation of $`𝒜`$ \[5, Corollary 5.9\]. This is because since $`b_i`$ and $`b_j`$ are adjacent in the Gale diagram $``$, $`\mathrm{pos}(b_i,b_j)`$ does not contain any other chamber of $``$.

###### Example 3.6.

Let $`I`$ be the $``$-graded ideal $`x_2x_3,x_1^2x_2,x_3^2x_4^2`$ from Example 2.2. We saw in Example 2.7 that $`I`$ corresponds to the chamber $`\mathrm{pos}(b_2,b_3)`$, so the special simplex is $`\sigma =\{1,4\}`$. Note that the corresponding triangulation in Figure 2 is the only triangulation of $`𝒜`$ containing the simplex $`\mathrm{pos}(a_1,a_4)`$.

From now on, we fix a monomial $``$-graded ideal $`I`$ and let $`\sigma =[n]\{i,j\}`$ always be its special simplex. We now show that $`I_\sigma `$ is coherent by showing that it is an initial ideal of $`I__\sigma `$. To prove this it suffices to show that there exists some $`\stackrel{~}{w}^2`$ such that $`\stackrel{~}{w}\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (uv)>0`$ for all $`x^ux^vGr_{}`$ such that $`\pi _\sigma (x^u)I_\sigma `$ and $`\pi _\sigma (x^v)I_\sigma `$. This follows from Lemma 2.3 because $`Gr__\sigma \{\pi _\sigma (x^ux^v):x^ux^vGr_{}\}`$.

###### Proposition 3.7.

1. There exists a cost-vector $`w^n`$ such that $`w(uv)>0`$ whenever $`x^ux^vGr_{}`$ with $`\pi _\sigma (x^v)I_\sigma `$. We can choose $`w`$ so that $`w_i=0`$ for $`i\sigma `$. This implies that $`I_\sigma =in_{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (w)}(I__\sigma )`$ and is therefore coherent.
2. The special simplex $`\sigma `$ of $`I`$ is also the special simplex of the initial ideal $`in_w(I_{})`$ of $`I_{}`$, and $`(in_w(I_{}))_\sigma =I_\sigma `$.

###### Proof.

(1) Let $`x_i^a`$ and $`x_j^b`$ be minimal generators of $`I_\sigma `$ which exist by Lemma 2.10 (2), and let $`w^n`$ be the cost-vector with $`w_i=b,w_j=a,`$ and $`w_k=0`$ for $`ki,j`$. Suppose $`x^ux^vGr_{}`$, with $`\pi _\sigma (x^v)I_\sigma `$. Since $`x^u`$ and $`x^v`$ have disjoint support, if $`v_i0`$, we must have $`u_i=0`$. But then we must have $`u_jb`$, since $`\pi _\sigma (x^u)I_\sigma `$. Since $`\pi _\sigma (x^v)I_\sigma `$, we must have $`v_i<a`$. But now $`w(uv)=w_iv_i+w_ju_j=bv_i+au_j>ba+ab=0`$. Similarly, if $`v_j0`$ we must have $`v_j<b`$ and $`u_i>a`$, so $`w(uv)>0`$. Finally, if $`v_i=v_j=0`$, then $`w(uv)=bu_i+au_j`$. If $`u_i=u_j=0`$ then that would mean that $`uv=l`$ and $`l_i=l_j=0`$ which contradicts Lemma 2.10 (1). So we conclude that $`w(uv)>0`$ as required.

(2) It suffices to show that $`\sigma `$ is the special simplex for $`in_w(I_{})`$, as then Lemma 2.10 (3) and part (1) of this proposition together imply that $`(in_w(I_{}))_\sigma =in_{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (w)}(I__\sigma )=I_\sigma `$. Let $`x^v`$ be a monomial with $`v_i=v_j=0`$. Then for all $`x^u`$ such that $`x^ux^vI_{}`$, either $`u_i>0`$ or $`u_j>0`$ by Lemma 2.10 (1). This implies that $`in_w(x^ux^v)=x^u`$ and hence $`x^vin_w(I_{})`$. This shows that $`in_w(I_{})P_\sigma `$. Since $`in_w(I_{})`$ is $`(n2)`$-dimensional, $`P_\sigma `$ must be a minimal prime of $`in_w(I_{})`$ and hence $`\sigma `$ appears in $`\mathrm{\Delta }(in_w(I_{}))`$. However this implies that $`\mathrm{\Delta }(I)=\mathrm{\Delta }(in_w(I_{}))`$ since $`\sigma `$ appears in only one triangulation of $`𝒜`$. Hence $`\sigma `$ is the special simplex of $`in_w(I_{})`$. ∎

Notice that the proof of Proposition 3.7 (1) works for any localization $`I_\tau `$ of $`I`$ at a minimal prime $`P_\tau `$ and hence all these localizations of $`I`$ are coherent. Proposition 3.7 proves that Theorem 3.1 holds when $`^2`$ since in this case, $`=\{b_1,b_2\}`$ and $`I=I_{\mathrm{}}=I_\sigma `$.

###### Example 3.8.

Continuing Example 3.6, $`I_\sigma =x_2,x_3^2`$, so from the proof of Proposition 3.7 we see that $`w=(0,2,1,0)`$ satisfies $`w(uv)>0`$ whenever $`x^ux^vGr_{}`$ with $`\pi (x^v)I_\sigma `$. Every Graver binomial satisfies this condition on $`\pi (x^v)`$, and it is easy to check that they all also satisfy the condition on $`w(uv)`$.

In the rest of this section we fix $`w`$ to be the vector constructed in the proof of Proposition 3.7 for the special localization $`I_\sigma `$. The final step in the proof of Theorem 3.1 is to show that $`I=in_w(I_{})`$. This requires understanding the Gröbner fan of $`I_{}`$ , . This is a fan in $`^n`$ whose cells (which are open polyhedral cones) are in bijection with the initial ideals of $`I_{}`$. The open cone indexing an initial ideal $`J`$ of $`I_{}`$ is the set of all $`p^n`$ such that $`J=in_p(I_{})`$. The closure of this cone is called the Gröbner cone of $`J`$. Full dimensional Gröbner cones index the monomial initial ideals of $`I_{}`$.

The Gröbner fan of $`I_{}`$ can be drawn in $`^2`$ as follows. By Lemma 2.3, the normal vector to a facet (wall) of a full dimensional Gröbner cone is an $`l`$ such that $`x^{l^+}x^l^{}Gr_{}`$. Using the injective map $`\varphi `$ from (1) we can represent $`l`$ by $`\varphi ^1(l)^2`$ and the wall with normal $`l`$ by the ray in $`^2`$ with normal $`\varphi ^1(l)`$. We will always mean this two-dimensional fan when we refer to the Gröbner fan of $`I_{}`$. If a wall of the fan (ray in $`^2`$) is $`\mathrm{pos}(g)`$ for some $`g^2`$, then we always mean the primitive clockwise normal vector $`g^{}`$ to $`g`$ by the normal to this wall. We now recall that the Gröbner fan of $`I_{}`$ is a refinement of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }()`$. Let $``$ be the lattice in $`^2`$ generated by the elements of $``$. Recall that $`=^2`$ if and only if $``$ is saturated or equivalently, if $`I_{}`$ is a toric ideal.

###### Definition 3.9.

Let $`K`$ be a two-dimensional pointed rational polyhedral cone in $`^2`$ and $`H`$ be its Hilbert basis (i.e., H is a minimal generating set for the semigroup $`K`$). We call the fan obtained by subdividing $`K`$ by drawing in the rays $`_0h`$ for each $`hH`$ the Hilbert refinement of $`K`$.

By Lemma 3.3.3 in , the Gröbner fan of $`I_{}`$ is supported on $`\mathrm{pos}()`$. Also, for any $`\{r,s\}[n]`$ and $`\tau =[n]\backslash \{r,s\}`$ such that $`B_{\{r,s\}}`$ is non-singular, the Gröbner fan of $`I__\tau `$ is supported on $`\mathrm{pos}(b_r,b_s)`$, and Example 3.3.4 in  shows that the Gröbner fan of $`I__\tau `$ is the Hilbert refinement of $`\mathrm{pos}(b_r,b_s)`$. Theorem 3.3.8 in  implies the following.

###### Lemma 3.10.

 The Gröbner fan of $`I_{}`$ is the fan obtained by taking the Hilbert refinement of each full dimensional cone (chamber) in the chamber complex $`\mathrm{\Sigma }()`$.

A two-dimensional rational cone $`K`$ is unimodular if the primitive integer generators of the two extreme rays of the cone form a basis for the lattice $``$.

The next two results rely on the geometry of the Hilbert basis of a two dimensional rational polyhedral cone $`K`$. It is known that the Hilbert basis elements of $`K`$ are precisely the lattice points that lie on the bounded faces of the polyhedron $`K^{}=\{zK:z0\}`$. See \[14, Proposition 1.19\] for instance. For Corollaries 3.11 and 3.13, assume that the Hilbert basis elements of a chamber $`\mathrm{pos}(b_r,b_s)`$ in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }()`$ are $`g_0=b_r,g_1,\mathrm{},g_t,b_s=g_{t+1}`$ in the order they occur on the boundary of $`K^{}`$ consisting of its bounded faces.

###### Corollary 3.11.

Each full dimensional Gröbner cone of $`I_{}`$ is unimodular.

###### Proof.

If $`g_k`$ and $`g_{k+1}`$ are adjacent Hilbert basis elements, then there is no element of the lattice $``$ in the convex hull of $`0`$, $`g_k`$, and $`g_{k+1}`$ other than the three vertices. Indeed, if a lattice point $`g`$ existed, then the fact that the $`g_i`$ are vertices of a convex polyhedron means that $`g`$ cannot be written as an integral combination of any of the $`g_i`$, which would mean that the Hilbert basis was not complete. Now consider the triangle with vertices $`g_k,g_{k+1}`$ and $`g_k+g_{k+1}`$. If there was a lattice point $`v`$ in the interior of this triangle, then $`v=\lambda g_k+\mu g_{k+1}`$ where $`0<\lambda ,\mu <1`$ and $`\lambda +\mu >1`$. This implies that $`g_k+g_{k+1}v=g_k(1\lambda )+g_{k+1}(1\mu )`$ lies in the interior of the convex hull of $`0`$, $`g_k`$, and $`g_{k+1}`$ since $`1\lambda ,1\mu >0`$ and their sum $`1\lambda +1\mu =2(\lambda +\mu )<1`$. Since this contradicts the earlier observation, we can conclude that there are no lattice points in the interior of the parallelogram spanned by $`g_k`$ and $`g_{k+1}`$ which is hence a fundamental domain of $``$. Therefore, $`\mathrm{pos}(g_k,g_{k+1})`$ is unimodular. ∎

###### Example 3.12.

The Gröbner fan for the lattice of Example 2.2 is shown in Figure 3. Note that of the three cones in the chamber complex, only the middle one contains an extra Hilbert basis element, so we get four Gröbner cones.

###### Corollary 3.13.

Let $`\mathrm{pos}(b_r,b_s)`$ be a chamber of $``$ and $`g_0=b_r,g_1,g_2,\mathrm{},g_t,b_s=g_{t+1}`$ be the elements in the Hilbert basis of $`\mathrm{pos}(b_r,b_s)`$ in clockwise order. Then $`b_sg_k^{}<b_sg_{k+1}^{}`$ for all $`k=1,\mathrm{},t1`$. Similarly, $`b_rg_k^{}>b_rg_{k+1}^{}`$ for all $`k=1,\mathrm{},t1`$.

###### Proof.

Since rotating the cone does not affect the statement, for the first assertion, we may assume without loss of generality that $`b_r=(0,y)`$, $`y_+`$ and $`b_s=(p,q)^2`$ with $`p>0`$. Let $`m_0,m_1,\mathrm{},m_t`$ be the slopes of the line segments $`[g_0,g_1],[g_1,g_2],\mathrm{},[g_t,g_{t+1}]`$. Since the $`g_i`$ are vertices of a polyhedron, it now follows that $`m_0m_1\mathrm{}m_t<q/p`$. Let $`g_k=(a,b)`$ and $`g_{k+1}=(c,d)`$. Then $`g_k^{}=(b,a)`$ and $`g_{k+1}^{}=(d,c)`$. Since $`m_k=(bd)/(ac)<q/p`$, we get that $`pbpd<qaqc`$ which implies that $`b_sg_k^{}=pbqa<pdqc=b_sg_{k+1}^{}`$. The assertion for $`b_r`$ is proved similarly. ∎

We now begin the arguments to prove that $`I=in_w(I_{})`$. Recall that $`\sigma =[n]\{i,j\}`$ is the special simplex of $`I`$. Let $`\mathrm{int}(C)`$ denote the interior of a cone $`C`$.

###### Lemma 3.14.

1. If $`b_k\mathrm{int}(\mathrm{pos}(b_i,b_j))`$, then $`k\tau `$ for all $`\tau \mathrm{\Delta }(I)`$.
2. If $`b_k\varphi ^1(l)=0`$ for $`l`$, $`l_k=0`$.

###### Proof.

(1) Recall that $`k\tau \mathrm{\Delta }(I)`$ if and only if there exists some $`q`$ such that $`\mathrm{pos}(b_q,b_k)\mathrm{pos}(b_i,b_j)`$. However, if this was the case, then $`b_k\mathrm{int}(\mathrm{pos}(b_i,b_j))`$ would mean $`b_k\mathrm{int}(\mathrm{pos}(b_k,b_q))`$ which is not possible.
(2) Let $`z=\varphi ^1(l)`$. Recall that $`zb_i=l_i`$ for all $`i`$, and so if $`zb_k=0`$ then $`l_k=0`$. ∎

Let $`C^{}=\mathrm{pos}(g_1,g_2)`$ be the Gröbner cone of $`in_w(I_{})`$ and $`\varphi (g_1^{})=l_1,\varphi (g_2^{})=l_2`$. Then $`C^{}`$ is also the Gröbner cone of $`(in_w(I_{}))_\sigma =in_{\widehat{\pi }(w)}(I__\sigma )`$ and hence lies in $`\mathrm{pos}(b_i,b_j)`$ which is the support of the Gröbner fan of $`I__\sigma `$. We focus on the cones $`\mathrm{pos}(b_i,b_j)`$ and $`C^{}=\mathrm{pos}(g_1,g_2)`$ in the rest of this section. Assume they are as in Figure 4 (a), where it could be that $`b_i=g_1`$ or $`b_j=g_2`$.

###### Lemma 3.15.

Suppose $`g\mathrm{pos}(g_1,g_2)`$ such that $`g=\lambda g_1+\mu g_2^2`$ with $`\lambda ,\mu _+`$ and $`\varphi (g^{})=l`$. Then $`x^{l_1^+}`$ divides $`x^{l^+}`$ and $`x^{l_2^{}}`$ divides $`x^l^{}`$.

###### Proof.

We refer to Figure 4 (b) for this proof. If there is some index $`k`$ for which $`(l_1)_k`$ and $`(l_2)_k`$ have opposite signs, then there must be some vector $`l\mathrm{int}(\mathrm{pos}(l_1,l_2))`$ with $`l_k=0`$. By Lemma 3.14 (2), $`\varphi ^1(l)b_k=0`$ which implies that $`\pm b_k\mathrm{int}(C^{})`$. Since $`b_k\mathrm{int}(C^{})`$ for any $`k`$, this can only happen if $`b_k\mathrm{int}(C^{})`$.

Let $`U[n]`$ be the set of indices $`k`$ for which $`b_k\mathrm{int}(C^{})`$, where $`U`$ may be empty. Then $`l,l_1,l_2`$ are sign compatible in all slots except those indexed by $`U`$. If $`kU`$ then $`g_1^{}(b_k)>0`$, and so $`(l_1)_k<0`$. This means that $`\mathrm{supp}(l_1^+)U=\mathrm{}`$. Similarly for $`kU`$, $`g_2^{}(b_k)<0`$, so $`(l_2)_k>0`$, and thus $`\mathrm{supp}(l_2^{})U=\mathrm{}`$. Therefore, looking at $`l^+l^{}=\lambda (l_1^+l_1^{})+\mu (l_2^+l_2^{})=(\lambda l_1^++\mu l_2^+)(\lambda l_1^{}+\mu l_2^{})`$, we see that $`l_1^+l^+`$ and $`l_2^{}l^{}`$. ∎

###### Definition 3.16.

Let $`MS`$ be a weakly $``$-graded monomial ideal. The forced ideal of $`M`$ is the ideal generated by all monomials $`x^u`$ for which $`x^ux^vGr_{}`$ and $`x^vM`$.

###### Remark 3.17.

If $`M`$ is a weakly $``$-graded monomial ideal, then note that the forced ideal of $`M`$ is contained in $`M`$ as well as in all $``$-graded monomial ideals contained in $`M`$. In particular, if the forced ideal of $`M`$ is $``$-graded then it is the unique $``$-graded ideal contained in $`M`$ since one monomial $``$-graded ideal cannot be contained in another.

In Proposition 3.19 we will prove that $`I`$ is the forced ideal of $`I_\sigma `$. We now collect together some facts needed for this proof.

###### Lemma 3.18.

1. The special localization $`I_\sigma 𝐤[x_i,x_j]S`$, of the monomial $``$-graded ideal $`I`$, is weakly $``$-graded when considered as an ideal in $`S`$.
2. The monomials $`x^{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (l_1^+)},x^{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (l_2^{})}`$ are minimal generators of $`I_\sigma 𝐤[x_i,x_j]`$ and the monomials $`x^{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (l_1^{})},x^{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (l_2^+)}`$ are not in $`I_\sigma 𝐤[x_i,x_j]`$. Hence $`x^{l_1^+},x^{l_2^{}}`$ lie in the forced ideal of $`I_\sigma S`$.
3. If $`g\mathrm{int}(\mathrm{pos}(b_i,b_j))`$ and $`\varphi (g^{})=lGr_{}`$ then $`x_i|x^l^{}`$ and $`x_j|x^{l^+}`$. If $`g\mathrm{pos}(b_i,b_j)`$ and $`\mathrm{pos}(b_i,b_j)`$ lies on the same side of $`g`$ as $`g^{}`$, then $`x^{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (l^{})}=1`$ which implies that $`x^{l^+}I_\sigma S`$.

###### Proof.

1. If there exists $`x^u,x^vS`$ of the same $``$-degree such that $`x^u,x^vI_\sigma `$ then $`x^u,x^vII_\sigma S`$. This cannot happen as $`I`$ is $``$-graded.
2. Recall that $`C^{}`$ is the Gröbner cone of $`in_{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (w)}(I__\sigma )`$ with the binomials $`x^{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (l_1^+)}x^{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (l_1^{})}`$ and $`x^{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (l_2^{})}x^{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (l_2^+)}`$ defining the facets $`pos(g_1)`$ and $`pos(g_2)`$ of $`C^{}`$. Further, the initial terms in both binomials are the positive terms $`x^{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (l_1^+)}`$ and $`x^{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (l_2^{})}`$ which are minimal generators of $`in_{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (w)}(I__\sigma )`$. It is known that $`in_{g_1}(I__\sigma )=x^{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (l_1^+)}x^{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (l_1^{})}+x^p:x^p\text{is a minimal generator of}in_{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (w)}(I__\sigma ),x^px^{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (l_1^+)}.`$ Hence if $`x^{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (l_1^{})}`$ is also in $`in_{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (w)}(I__\sigma )`$, then we will get that $`in_{g_1}(I__\sigma )in_{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (w)}(I__\sigma )`$ which is impossible as an initial ideal of an ideal cannot be contained in another initial ideal of the same ideal. Therefore, $`x^{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (l_1^{})}`$ and similarly, $`x^{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (l_2^+)}`$ are not in $`I_\sigma =in_{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (w)}(I__\sigma )𝐤[x_i,x_j]`$. This implies that $`x^{l_1^{}},x^{l_2^+}`$ are not in $`I_\sigma S`$ and hence $`x^{l_1^+},x^{l_2^{}}`$ lie in the forced ideal of $`I_\sigma S`$.
3. Since $`l_i=b_ig^{}=0`$ if and only if $`g`$ and $`b_i`$ are dependent, it follows that $`l_i`$ changes sign as $`g`$ is rotated from one side of $`b_i`$ to the other. Similarly $`l_j`$ changes sign as $`g`$ is rotated from one side of $`b_j`$ to the other. In particular, if $`g\mathrm{pos}(b_i,b_j)`$, then $`l_i`$ and $`l_j`$ must have the same sign, while if $`g\mathrm{int}(\mathrm{pos}(b_i,b_j))`$, then $`l_i`$ and $`l_j`$ must have opposite signs. Further, if $`g`$ lies on the clockwise side of $`\mathrm{pos}(b_i,b_j)`$ as in the claim, then $`\pi _\sigma (x^{l^+})`$ lies in all initial ideals corresponding to Gröbner cones in $`\mathrm{pos}(b_i,b_j)`$ which shows that $`l_i^+,l_j^+>0`$, as $`\pi _\sigma (x^l^{})=1`$ which does not lie in any initial ideal. Finally, in the case that $`g\mathrm{pos}(b_i,b_j)`$, the fact that $`\pi _\sigma (x^{l^+})`$ lies in all initial ideals of $`I__\sigma `$ corresponding to Gröbner cones that lie between $`g`$ and $`b_j`$ while $`\pi _\sigma (x^l^{})`$ lies in all initial ideals of $`I__\sigma `$ corresponding to Gröbner cones that lie between $`g`$ and $`b_i`$ means that $`l_i<0`$ and $`l_j>0`$.

###### Proposition 3.19.

The monomial $``$-graded ideal $`I`$ is the forced ideal of $`I_\sigma S`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`J`$ be the forced ideal of $`I_\sigma `$. Then $`JII_\sigma `$. To show that $`J=I`$, it suffices to show that $`J`$ is weakly $``$-graded. This is true if for every $`x^ux^vGr_{}`$ either $`x^uJ`$ or $`x^vJ`$. By the definition of $`J`$, if one of $`x^u`$ or $`x^v`$ does not lie in $`I_\sigma `$ then the other is in $`J`$, so we may assume that $`x^u,x^vI_\sigma `$. Let $`g^{}=\varphi ^1(uv)`$ and $`g^2`$ be the primitive vector such that $`g^{}`$ is the clockwise normal to the ray $`\mathrm{pos}(g)`$. Since $`x^u,x^vI_\sigma `$, Lemma 3.18 (3) lets us assume $`g\mathrm{pos}(b_i,b_j)`$ (where we use $`vu`$ instead of $`uv`$ if necessary).

Since $`C^{}=\mathrm{pos}(g_1,g_2)`$ is unimodular (Corollary 3.11), we can write $`uv=\lambda l_1+\mu l_2`$ for $`\lambda ,\mu `$. If $`\lambda \mu =0`$, then since $`x^ux^vGr_{}`$ either $`uv=l_1`$ or $`uv=l_2`$. In either case, $`x^u`$ and $`x^v`$ do not both belong to $`I_\sigma `$ by Lemma 3.18 (2) which contradicts our assumption. So $`\lambda \mu 0`$. The proof now breaks into two cases, depending on the sign of $`\lambda \mu `$.

Case 1. $`\lambda \mu >0`$: From our assumption that $`g\mathrm{pos}(b_i,b_j)`$ it follows that $`\lambda ,\mu >0`$. Then $`g\mathrm{pos}(g_1,g_2)`$ and hence by Lemma 3.15, $`x^{l_1^+}|x^u`$ and $`x^{l_2^{}}|x^v`$ which implies that $`x^u,x^vJ`$ by Lemma 3.18 (2).

Case 2. $`\lambda \mu <0`$: Then $`g\mathrm{int}(\mathrm{pos}(b_i,b_j))C^{}`$. We may assume that $`C^{}`$ lies on the same side of $`g`$ as $`g^{}`$ (see Figure 4 (c) and (d)) and consider two subcases.

Subcase 2.1: Suppose $`g`$ is in the Hilbert basis of $`\mathrm{pos}(b_i,b_j)`$. Then by Lemma 3.18 (3), $`v_i=(b_ig^{})>0`$. Also, $`(l_2^{})_i=(b_ig_2^{})`$. Then Corollary 3.13 implies that $`b_ig^{}>b_ig_2^{}`$ which implies that $`v_i<(l_2^{})_i`$. Hence $`x^{\widehat{\pi }_\sigma (v)}=x_i^{v_i}I_\sigma `$ since $`x_i^{(l_2^{})_i}`$ is a minimal generator of $`I_\sigma `$. This means $`x^vI_\sigma `$ which is a contradiction.

Subcase 2.2: Suppose $`g`$ is not in the Hilbert basis of $`\mathrm{pos}(b_i,b_j)`$. Since $`g`$ lies in $`\mathrm{int}(\mathrm{pos}(b_i,b_j))\backslash C^{}`$, it lies in the interior of some Gröbner cone of $`I_{}`$ contained in $`\mathrm{pos}(b_i,b_j)`$ different from $`C^{}`$. Suppose this Gröbner cone is $`\mathrm{pos}(g_3,g_4)`$ with $`\varphi (g_3^{})=l_3Gr_{}`$ and $`\varphi (g_4^{})=l_4Gr_{}`$ as in Figure 4 (d). By Lemma 3.15, $`x^{l_3^+}|x^u`$. Since $`g_3`$ lies in the Hilbert basis of $`\mathrm{pos}(b_i,b_j)`$, the arguments in the previous subcase show that $`x^{l_3^{}}I_\sigma `$ which implies that $`x^{l_3^+}J`$ and hence $`x^uJ`$. ∎

###### Example 3.20.

In Example 3.6 we saw that for $`I=x_2x_3,x_1^2x_2,x_3^2x_4^2`$ we have $`\sigma =\{1,4\}`$, and $`I_\sigma =x_2,x_3^2`$. Then in the notation of the preceding proofs, $`b_i=b_3`$, $`b_j=b_2`$, $`g_1=(1,1)`$, and $`g_2=b_2`$. We now check that the forced ideal of $`I_\sigma `$ is weakly $``$-graded, by checking that each binomial in the Graver basis has one of its monomials lying in $`I_\sigma `$. The Graver binomial $`x_2x_31`$ is covered by part 3 of Lemma 3.18, as $`1I_\sigma `$. The binomial $`x_3^2x_4^2x_1^2`$ comes from $`\varphi (b_2^{})`$, while $`x_1^2x_2x_3x_4^2`$ comes from $`\varphi (g_1^{})`$, so they are both dealt with by part 2 of Lemma 3.18. Note that $`x_1^2`$ and $`x_3x_4^2`$ do not lie in $`I_\sigma `$. Finally, $`x_1^2x_2^2x_4^2`$ comes from $`\varphi (b_3^{})`$, so is covered by subcase 2.1. of Proposition 3.19. Note that $`x_4^2I_\sigma `$.

The intersection of the minimal primary components of a monomial ideal $`M`$ is called $`Top(M)`$ in . Theorem 3.3.6 in  and Theorem 4.4 in  then follow from the following corollary of Proposition 3.19.

###### Corollary 3.21.

If $`dim()=2`$ and $`I`$ and $`I^{}`$ are two distinct monomial $``$-graded ideals, then $`Top(I)Top(I^{})`$.

###### Proof.

If $`II^{}`$, then Proposition 3.19 implies that $`I_\sigma I_\sigma ^{}^{}`$, where $`\sigma `$ and $`\sigma ^{}`$ are the special simplices of the two ideals. Since the minimal primary components are uniquely determined from $`Top(I)`$, this implies that $`Top(I)Top(I^{})`$. ∎

Propositions 3.7 and 3.19 combine to prove Theorem 3.1.

###### Proof of Theorem 3.1.

Proposition 3.19 says that $`I`$ is generated by monomials $`x^u`$ for which there is some $`x^vI_\sigma `$ with $`x^ux^vGr_{}`$. Proposition 3.7 says that there is a cost-vector $`w`$ for which $`w(uv)>0`$ for all such Graver binomials $`x^ux^v`$. This implies that $`Iin_w(I_{})`$. Since we cannot have a proper inclusion of monomial $``$-graded ideals, we conclude that $`I=in_w(I_{})`$. ∎

## 4. The General Case

In this section we finish proving Theorem 1.1. We first recall from  the notion of a flip.

###### Definition 4.1.

Let $`M_1`$ be a monomial $``$-graded ideal with minimal generator $`x^u`$. Let $`x^v`$ be the standard monomial for $`M_1`$ of the same degree as $`x^u`$. The wall ideal $`W`$ associated to $`M_1`$ and $`x^u`$ is the ideal obtained by replacing the generator $`x^u`$ of $`M_1`$ by the binomial $`x^ux^v`$. We say the binomial $`x^ux^v`$ is flippable if $`in_{}(W)=M_1`$ for any term order with $`x^vx^u`$. If there is some other term order $`^{}`$ with $`x^u^{}x^v`$ then we set $`M_2`$ to be the $``$-graded monomial ideal $`in_{^{}}(W)`$. We say that $`M_2`$ and $`M_1`$ differ by a flip over the true flip $`x^ux^v`$. If there is no such term order $`^{}`$ we say that $`x^ux^v`$ is a fake flip.

###### Remark 4.2.

1. In  the assumption that $`\mathrm{ker}(A)^n=\{0\}`$ (the positively-graded assumption) avoided the possibility of fake flips.
2. For a true flip, we recall Definition 2.7 and Lemma 2.9 of  which says that $`M_2=x^\alpha M_1:\alpha u\text{and}x^\beta M_1\text{ with }x^\alpha x^\beta Gr_{}+x^v.`$

###### Example 4.3.

Let $``$ be the lattice of Example 2.2. For the $``$-graded ideal $`x_2x_3,x_1^2`$ the binomial $`x_2x_31`$ is a fake flip, and the binomial $`x_1^2x_3^2x_4^2`$ is a true flip. Flipping over the true flip, we get the other initial ideal of $`x_1^2x_3^2x_4^2,x_2x_3`$, which is $`x_2x_3,x_1^2x_2,x_3^2x_4^2`$. This has two true flips: $`x_1^2x_3^2x_4^2`$ and $`x_1^2x_2x_3x_4^2`$. Flipping over the second true flip gives the ideal $`x_2x_3,x_1^2x_2^2,x_3x_4^2`$, which again has two true flips: $`x_1^2x_2x_3x_4^2`$ and $`x_1^2x_2^2x_4^2`$. Flipping over $`x_1^2x_2^2x_4^2`$ we get the last $``$-graded ideal $`x_2x_3,x_4^2`$. For this ideal $`x_1^2x_2^2x_4^2`$ is a true flip, and $`x_2x_31`$ is a fake flip.

We first prove that every wall ideal is coherent. If $`x^a`$ is a monomial, we write $`x^{\mathrm{supp}(a)}`$ for the monomial $`_{i\mathrm{supp}(a)}x_i`$.

###### Lemma 4.4.

Let $``$ be a two-dimensional lattice contained in $`^n`$, and let $`I`$ and $`J`$ be two monomial initials ideals of $`I_{}`$ which differ by a flip. Then the wall ideal $`W`$ of $`I`$ and $`J`$ is coherent.

###### Proof.

Let the flip be over the binomial $`x^ux^v`$, with $`x^uIJ`$, and $`x^vJI`$. Choose cost-vectors $`w_0`$ and $`w_1`$ for which $`in_{w_0}(I_{})=I`$, and $`in_{w_1}(I_{})=J`$. Let $`w^{}`$ be the composite cost-vector $`(w_0(uv))w_1(w_1(uv))w_0`$. This is chosen so that $`w^{}(uv)=0`$. Pick a monomial generator $`x^\alpha `$ of $`W`$. If the standard monomial of the same degree as $`x^\alpha `$ is the same monomial $`x^c`$ for both $`I`$ and $`J`$, then $`w_i(\alpha c)>0`$ for $`i=0,1`$. This means that $`w^{}(\alpha c)>0`$, and so $`x^\alpha in_w^{}(I_{})`$. If this is the case for all such minimal monomial generators $`x^\alpha `$, then $`Win_w^{}(I_{})`$. As we cannot have a proper inclusion of $``$-graded ideals, we conclude that in this case we have $`W=in_w^{}(I_{})`$.

Suppose on the contrary that there is some minimal generator $`x^\alpha `$ of $`W`$ for which the standard monomials for $`I`$ and $`J`$ are different monomials $`x^c`$ and $`x^d`$ respectively. The rest of the proof deals with this case. Let $`x^ex^f`$ be a Graver binomial with $`x^e`$ dividing $`x^c`$ and $`x^f`$ dividing $`x^d`$. Then we must have $`x^eJI`$ and $`x^fIJ`$. The second observation in Remark 4.2 now implies that $`e=v`$ and $`f=u`$. So we can write $`c=kv+\gamma `$, and $`d=ku+\gamma `$, where $`\gamma =\gamma _u+\gamma _v+\gamma ^{}`$ with $`\mathrm{supp}(\gamma _u)\mathrm{supp}(u)`$, $`\mathrm{supp}(\gamma _v)\mathrm{supp}(v)`$, and $`\mathrm{supp}(\gamma ^{})(\mathrm{supp}(u)\mathrm{supp}(v))=\mathrm{}`$. Also note that by Lemma 2.3 $`x^\alpha x^c`$ and $`x^\alpha x^d`$ are both Graver basis elements, so $`\mathrm{supp}(\alpha )\mathrm{supp}(c)=\mathrm{supp}(\alpha )\mathrm{supp}(d)=\mathrm{}`$.

We next claim that $`x^{u+v+\gamma }\mathrm{rad}(W)`$. If $`x^{u+v+\gamma }\mathrm{rad}(W)`$, there is some $`l`$ for which $`x^{l(u+v+\gamma )}W`$. We may assume that $`lk`$. Choose a monomial $`x^g`$ with $`\mathrm{supp}(g)\mathrm{supp}(u)`$ so that $`x^{\gamma _u+g}=x^{pu}`$ for some integer $`p`$. Since $`x^ux^vW`$, and $`x^{l(u+v+\gamma )+lg}W`$, it follows that $`x^{l((2+p)v+\gamma _v+\gamma ^{})}W`$, and thus $`x^{l((2+p)v+\gamma _v+\gamma ^{})}I`$. Note that $`\mathrm{supp}(l((2+p)v+\gamma _v+\gamma ^{}))=\mathrm{supp}(v)\mathrm{supp}(\gamma ^{})`$.

Let $`x^s`$ be a monomial not lying in $`\mathrm{rad}(I)`$. Since $`x^\alpha W`$, and thus $`x^\alpha I`$, we cannot have $`\mathrm{supp}(\alpha )\mathrm{supp}(s)`$. Similarly we cannot have $`\mathrm{supp}(u)\mathrm{supp}(s)`$ or $`\mathrm{supp}(v)\mathrm{supp}(\gamma ^{})\mathrm{supp}(s)`$. Since these three sets are pairwise disjoint, we conclude that $`|\mathrm{supp}(s)|n3`$. But since $`s`$ was arbitrary this contradicts the observation of Remark 2.8 that $`I`$ is a $`(n2)`$-dimensional ideal. From this we conclude that $`x^{u+v+\gamma }\mathrm{rad}(W)`$.

Since $`\alpha c`$ and $`\alpha d`$ are not linearly dependent, they must be a basis for the real span of $``$, so every vector $`l`$ can be written as a (possibly non-integral) linear combination of $`\alpha c`$ and $`\alpha d`$.

Let $`w`$ be the cost-vector with $`w_i=1`$ if $`i\mathrm{supp}(\alpha )`$, and $`w_i=0`$ otherwise. We will show that $`W=in_w(I_{})`$. Let $`F`$ be the generating set for $`in_w(I_{})`$ obtained from the corresponding reduced Gröbner basis for $`I_{}`$. If $`fF`$ then $`f`$ is either a binomial or a monomial. If $`f`$ is a binomial, then $`f`$ comes from a lattice vector $`l=\lambda (\alpha c)+\mu (\alpha d)`$ with $`wl=0`$. This means that $`\lambda =\mu `$, and so $`l=kukv`$. Since $`f`$ must be a Graver binomial, we know that $`k=1`$, and thus $`f=x^ux^vW`$. Now consider the case that $`f`$ is a monomial $`x^\beta `$, and let $`x^\delta `$ be a standard monomial of $`in_w(I_{})`$ with $`x^\beta x^\delta Gr_{}`$. Since $`\beta \delta `$, it equals $`\lambda (\alpha c)+\mu (\alpha d)`$ for some constants $`\lambda `$ and $`\mu `$, so $`\beta \delta =(\lambda +\mu )\alpha k\lambda vk\mu u(\lambda +\mu )\gamma `$. Because $`x^\beta `$ is the leading term of $`x^\beta x^\delta `$ with respect to the cost-vector $`w`$, we know that $`\lambda +\mu >0`$. It follows that $`\mathrm{supp}(\delta )\mathrm{supp}(u)\mathrm{supp}(v)\mathrm{supp}(\gamma )`$, so $`x^\delta W`$. But this means that there is some constant $`\rho `$ for which $`x^\beta \rho x^\delta W`$, and so $`x^{N\beta }\rho ^Nx^{N\delta }W`$ for all $`N`$. We can choose $`N`$ sufficiently large so that $`N(\lambda +\mu )>1`$, so $`x^\alpha `$ divides $`x^\beta `$. But $`x^\alpha `$ was chosen to be in $`W`$, so if $`\rho 0`$ this implies that $`x^{N\delta }W`$, and so $`x^\delta \mathrm{rad}(W)`$. From this contradiction we conclude that $`\rho =0`$, and so $`x^\beta W`$. This shows that every minimal generator of the $``$-graded ideal $`in_w(I_{})`$ lies in $`W`$, and so since $`W`$ is itself $``$-graded, we must have $`W=in_w(I_{})`$. ∎

###### Corollary 4.5.

Let $``$ be a two-dimensional lattice. Then every monomial $``$-graded ideal has exactly two flips.

###### Proof.

Let $`I`$ be a monomial $``$-graded ideal. By Theorem 3.1 we know that $`I`$ is an initial ideal of $`I_{}`$, and thus corresponds to a cone in the Gröbner fan of $`I_{}`$. Now Lemma 4.4 says that any true flip of $`I`$ connects $`I`$ to an initial ideal $`J`$ that corresponds to an adjacent Gröbner cone. There are thus exactly two true flips of $`I`$, unless $`I`$ corresponds to a cone which is adjacent to the boundary of the Gröbner fan of $`I_{}`$, in which case $`I`$ has only one true flip.

It thus suffices to show that $`I`$ has no fake flips unless it corresponds to a cone adjacent to the boundary of the Gröbner fan, in which case $`I`$ has exactly one fake flip.

We first recall that if $`x^ux^v`$ is a flip of $`I`$ then $`x^ux^vGr_{}`$. This means that $`x^u`$ and $`x^v`$ have disjoint supports, and so if $`\mathrm{supp}(v)\mathrm{}`$ there is some term order $``$ with $`x^ux^v`$. Thus the only way for $`x^ux^v`$ to be a fake flip is to have $`x^v=1`$.

Suppose $`x^u1`$ is a fake flip for $`I`$. If $`x^u^{}`$ were another minimal generator of $`I`$ with $`\mathrm{supp}(u)\mathrm{supp}(u^{})\mathrm{}`$, then the $`S`$-pair $`S(x^u1,x^u^{})`$ would divide $`x^u^{}`$, contradicting the flippability of $`x^u1`$. On the other hand, if $`x^u^{}`$ is a minimal generator of $`I`$ with $`\mathrm{supp}(u)\mathrm{supp}(u^{})=\mathrm{}`$, then $`S(x^u1,x^u^{})=x^u^{}I`$. So we see that a necessary and sufficient condition for a minimal generator $`x^u`$ of $`I`$ of the same $``$-degree as $`1`$ to give rise to a fake flip $`x^u1`$ is for $`\mathrm{supp}(u)\mathrm{supp}(u^{})=\mathrm{}`$ for all other minimal generators $`x^u^{}`$ of $`I`$.

We note that for any vector $`x^u1I_{}`$ (such as a fake flip) there is a vector $`v^2`$ for which $`u=\varphi (v)`$, and $`b_iv0`$ for all $`i`$. Note that we can have $`b_iv=0`$ for at most two values of $`i`$, and if $`b_iv=b_jv=0`$, then $`b_i`$ is a negative multiple of $`b_j`$.

Let the Gröbner cone of $`I`$, $`\mathrm{pos}(g_1,g_2)`$, be contained in the secondary cone $`\mathrm{pos}(b_i,b_j)`$. Let $`g_k^{}`$ be the clockwise normal to $`g_k`$ for $`k=1,2`$, and let $`l_k=\varphi (g_k^{})`$. We assume that $`g_1`$ and $`g_2`$ are in clockwise order.

We first consider the case where $`I`$ is a monomial $``$-graded ideal with two true flips. Then $`x^{l_1^+},x^{l_2^{}}I`$. Note that $`(l_1)_j=g_1^{}b_j>0`$, and $`(l_2)_i=g_2^{}b_i<0`$. Hence $`i,j\mathrm{supp}(u)`$. This means that if $`x^u1`$ is a fake flip with $`u=\varphi (v)`$, then $`vb_j=vb_i=0`$. Since $`\mathrm{pos}(b_i,b_j)`$ is a pointed cone this is not possible for $`v0`$, so we conclude that $`I`$ has no fake flips.

We now consider the case where $`I`$ is a monomial $``$-graded ideal with at most one true flip, so $`I`$ corresponds to a cone on the boundary of the Gröbner fan of $`I_{}`$. Without loss of generality we may assume that this boundary is the counter-clockwise outer wall $`b_i`$. We first note that the fact that the Gröbner fan has a boundary implies that it is pointed. If the fan is not pointed, then for every vector $`x^2`$ there is some $`b_k`$ with $`xb_k<0`$, and so $`^n=\{0\}`$. This means that the ideal $`I_{}`$ is positively graded, which in turn means that the Gröbner region of the ideal is all of $`^n`$, so the fan does not have a boundary. The fact that the Gröbner fan is pointed means that $`b_i^{}b_j0`$ for all $`i`$, and so if $`u=\varphi (b_i^{})`$, then $`u0`$, and we will show that $`x^u1`$ is a fake flip.

We know that the Gröbner cone for $`I`$ is $`\mathrm{pos}(b_i,g_2)`$ for some vector $`g_2`$, and $`x^{l_2^{}}I`$. Note that $`l_2^{}=ae_i`$ for some $`a`$. We now show that this $`x_i^a`$ is the only generator of $`I`$ divisible by $`x_i`$. Let $`l^{}`$, and write $`l^{}=\varphi (g^{})`$ for a vector $`g^{}^2`$. Write $`g`$ for the primitive vector in $`^2`$ whose clockwise normal is $`g^{}`$. By Corollary 3.11 we know that $`\mathrm{pos}(b_i,g_2)`$ is a unimodular cone, so $`g=\lambda b_i+\mu g_2`$ with $`\lambda ,\mu `$. Since $`\varphi (b_i^{})_i=0`$, we know that $`l_i^{}=\mu \varphi (g_2^{})_i=\mu a`$. Since $`|\mu a|>a`$ for $`|\mu |1`$, we see that $`x^l_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}`$ is in $`I`$ but not a minimal generator, so $`l^{}`$ does not give rise to a minimal generator of $`I`$ unless $`l^{}=l_1`$ or $`l_2`$. So the two generators of $`I`$ are $`x^{l_1^+}=x^u`$ and $`x^{l_2^{}}=x_i^a`$. Since $`u_i=b_i^{}b_i=0`$, it follows from the above characterization of fake flips that $`x^u1`$ is a fake flip. The only other possible flip come from $`x_i^a`$. If $`I`$ has any true flips, this must come from $`x_i^a`$, giving $`I`$ a total of two flips. Otherwise $`I`$ is the only monomial $``$-graded ideal, and $`g_2`$ must be the other boundary of the Gröbner fan, so $`x_i^a`$ gives rise to a second fake flip. ∎

We recall the following theorem which is Corollary 5.2 of .

###### Theorem 4.6.

Let $`I`$ be a monomial $``$-graded ideal. Then the number of flips of $`I`$ is equal to $`dim_𝐤(\mathrm{Hom}_S(I,S/I))_0`$.

We note that in  the assumption was made that $``$ was saturated and positively graded. The proof goes through word for word in the case of general lattices.

We also recall the following theorem which is Proposition 1.6 of  applied to $`H_{}`$.

###### Theorem 4.7.

The Zariski tangent space to the toric Hilbert scheme $`H_{}`$ at an ideal $`I`$ is canonically isomorphic to $`(Hom_S(I,S/I))_0`$.

We now complete the proof of Theorem 1.1.

###### Proof of Theorem 1.1.

There is an action of the torus $`(𝐤^{})^n`$ on $`H_{}`$ given by scaling the variables occurring in an ideal $`I`$. Since the singular locus of $`H_{}`$ must be fixed under this torus action, and the monomial $``$-graded ideals are the torus-fixed points, to show that the scheme is smooth we need only show that it is smooth at each monomial ideal. Now Corollary 4.5 and Theorem 4.6 imply that for a monomial $``$-graded ideal we have $`dim_𝐤\mathrm{Hom}(I,S/I)=2`$, which Theorem 4.7 says is the dimension of the tangent space of $`H_{}`$ at $`I`$.

Pick any two linearly independent vectors $`b_i,b_j`$. Let $`\lambda (a,b)(𝐤^{})^n`$ have $`(\lambda (a,b))_l=1`$ for $`li,j`$, $`(\lambda (a,b))_i=a`$, and $`(\lambda (a,b))_j=b`$. There exist $`l,l^{}`$ with $`l_i=0,l_j0`$ and $`l_i^{}0,l_j^{}=0`$, so considering the action of $`\lambda (a,b)`$ on the binomials $`x^{l^+}x^l^{}`$ and $`x^{l_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}}x^l_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}`$ we see that the map of $`(𝐤^{})^2`$ to the underlying reduced scheme of $`H_{}`$ given by $`(a,b)\lambda (a,b)I_{}`$ is injective, so the coherent component of $`H_{}`$ is at least two-dimensional. Since we showed above that the dimension of the tangent space to $`H_{}`$ at each monomial ideal is two, this shows that $`H_{}`$ is smooth at every monomial ideal, and thus everywhere. Every irreducible component must contain a monomial ideal, so Theorem 3.1 says that every irreducible component must intersect the coherent component. Since we just showed that $`H_{}`$ is smooth, we conclude that it is also irreducible. ∎

Acknowledgements. We wish to thank Alastair Craw for details and references on $`G`$-Hilb.


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# Exact solutions of Dirac equation on a 2D gravitational background

## I Introduction

To describe the physics governing the dynamics of scalar and spinor particles the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations must be solved. In general, solving these equations in (3+1)-dimensional curved background is difficult and a weak field approximation  may be required, or asymptotic solutions may be obtained . One can also solve these equations by numerical methods , and WKB approximations . An alternative approach is to consider lower-dimensional space-times and obtain exact solutions . This may help us to get a deeper insight into general features of (3+1)-dimensional problems.

In a previous work , we have solved exactly the Klein-Gordon equation on a static 2-dimensional space-time, by using the standard techniques of supersymmetric quantum mechanics. The purpose of the present paper is to solve exactly the Dirac equation on a 2-dimensional conformally flat static space-time and then find its energy spectrum. We are interested in solving the Dirac equation through the supersymmetric formalism of quantum mechanics .

## II Dirac equation on a (1+1)-dimensional Lorentzian manifold

Dirac’s equation in curved space-time requires the use of bein formalism to project the spinors into a Minkowskian local inertial frame . In our notation, the Latin indices refer to local inertial frame with the metric $`\eta _{ab}`$, while the Greek ones refer to curved space-time with the metric $`g_{\mu \nu }`$. The zweibeins $`e_\mu ^a`$ are used to project the vectors between the two frames, and satisfy the following relation

$$g_{\mu \nu }(X)=\eta _{ab}e_\mu ^a(X)e_\nu ^b(X),$$
(1)
where $`X:=(t,x)`$, and $`\eta _{ab}=\text{diag}(+1,1)`$. In flat space-time the Dirac equation is written as

$$i\gamma ^a_a\mathrm{\Psi }m\mathrm{\Psi }=0,$$
(2)
where the $`\gamma `$ matrix conventions are

$$\{\gamma ^a,\gamma ^b\}=2\eta ^{ab},\sigma ^{ab}=\frac{1}{4}[\gamma ^a,\gamma ^b],$$

with $`\sigma ^{ab}`$ being the generator of Lorentz rotations.

Dirac equation is generalized to curved space-time through the spin connections $`\omega _\mu ^{bc}`$

$$i\gamma ^\mu _\mu \mathrm{\Psi }m\mathrm{\Psi }=0,$$
(3)
where

$$_\mu =_\mu +\frac{1}{2}\sigma ^{bc}\omega _{bc\mu },\omega _{bc\mu }E_b^\nu E_{c\nu };$$

with the semicolon denoting covariant differentiation, and

$$\gamma ^\mu =\gamma ^aE_a^\mu ,\{\gamma ^\mu ,\gamma ^\nu \}=2g^{\mu \nu },$$

with $`E_a^\mu `$ being the inverse of $`e_\mu ^a`$.

Now, we take the static conformally flat metric $`g_{\mu \nu }`$

$$ds^2=e^{\sigma (x)}(dt^2dx^2),$$
(4)
where $`\sigma (x)`$ is a dilatonic static field. Using the relation (1), the zweibeins and their inverse corresponding to the metric (4) are respectively obtained

$$e_\mu ^a=\left(\begin{array}{cc}e^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma (x)}& 0\\ 0& e^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma (x)}\end{array}\right)_,$$
(5)
$$E_a^\mu =\left(\begin{array}{cc}e^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma (x)}& 0\\ 0& e^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma (x)}\end{array}\right)_.$$
(6)
It is well known that Dirac equation in conformally flat space-time is identical to the Minkowskian one ( apart from a conformal factor ) once an appropriate transformation is employed on the spinor $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$.

In this regards, one may obtain the (1+1)-dimensional Dirac equation in the curved space-time (4) by employing the following transformations

$$\gamma ^a_ae^{\frac{\sigma }{2}}\gamma ^a_a,$$

$$\mathrm{\Psi }e^{\frac{\sigma }{4}}\mathrm{\Psi },$$

on the Dirac equation (2). Therefore, we obtain

$$[(i\gamma ^0_t+i\gamma ^1_x)+\frac{i}{4}\gamma ^1\frac{d\sigma (x)}{dx}me^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma (x)}]\mathrm{\Psi }(X)=0,$$
(7)
where we consider $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ as

$$\mathrm{\Psi }(X)=\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Psi }_1(X)\\ \mathrm{\Psi }_2(X)\end{array}\right)_.$$
(8)
Following Jackiw and Rebbi , we take the following representations for the $`\gamma ^a`$ matrices

$$\gamma ^0=\sigma ^1,\gamma ^1=i\sigma ^3,$$
(9)
where $`\sigma ^1,\sigma ^3`$ are the Pauli spin matrices. If we now operate $`\gamma ^0`$, from left, on both sides of Eq. (7), we have

$$\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& _x\frac{1}{4}\frac{d\sigma (x)}{dx}+me^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma (x)}\\ & \\ _x+\frac{1}{4}\frac{d\sigma (x)}{dx}+me^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma (x)}& 0\end{array}\right)\mathrm{\Psi }(X)=i_t\mathrm{\Psi }(X).$$
(10)
## III Exact solutions of 2D Dirac equation by SUSY QM methods

In this section, we will find the exact solutions of Dirac equation by using the standard techniques of supersymmetric quantum mechanics. By assuming the time dependence of the two component spinor $`\mathrm{\Psi }(X)`$ as

$$\mathrm{\Psi }(X)=e^{it}\psi (x),$$
(11)
Eq.(10) can be written as the following eigenvalue equation

$$H_D\psi (x)=\psi (x),$$
(12)
where $`H_D`$, and $`\psi (x)`$ are

$$H_D=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& \frac{d}{dx}\frac{1}{4}\frac{d\sigma (x)}{dx}+me^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma (x)}\\ & \\ \frac{d}{dx}+\frac{1}{4}\frac{d\sigma (x)}{dx}+me^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma (x)}& 0\end{array}\right)_,$$
(13)
$$\psi (x)=\left(\begin{array}{c}\psi _1(x)\\ \psi _2(x)\end{array}\right)_.$$
(14)
By defining the transformation matrix

$$U(x)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}e^{\frac{1}{4}\sigma (x)}& 0\\ & \\ 0& e^{\frac{1}{4}\sigma (x)}\end{array}\right)_,$$
(15)
and doing a similarity transformation on Eq.(12), we have

$$\stackrel{~}{H}_D\stackrel{~}{\psi }(x)=\stackrel{~}{\psi }(x),$$
(16)
where

$$\stackrel{~}{H}_D=UH_DU^1=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& \frac{d}{dx}+me^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma (x)}\\ & \\ \frac{d}{dx}+me^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma (x)}& 0\end{array}\right)_,$$
(17)
and

$$\stackrel{~}{\psi }(x)=U\psi (x)=e^{\frac{1}{4}\sigma (x)}\left(\begin{array}{c}\psi _1(x)\\ \psi _2(x)\end{array}\right)_.$$
(18)
Now, we show that the Dirac equation (16) is equivalent to the spinor field equation which is obtained from the (1+1)-dimensional Lagrangian in the flat space-time

$$=i\overline{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}}\gamma ^a_a\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}\overline{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}W,$$
(19)
where $`W(x)`$ is a static scalar function to be determined later.

The field equation derived from the Lagrangian (19) becomes

$$i\gamma ^a_a\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}(t,x)W(x)\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}(t,x)=0.$$
(20)
By using the representations (9), and considering the time dependence of the spinor as $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}(t,x)=e^{it}\stackrel{~}{\psi }(x)`$, the equation of motion (20) after multiplying by $`\gamma ^0`$ from left, can be written as

$$\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& \frac{d}{dx}+W(x)\\ & \\ \frac{d}{dx}+W(x)& 0\end{array}\right)\stackrel{~}{\psi }(x)=\stackrel{~}{\psi }(x).$$
(21)
Now, considering Eqs.(21) and (16), it is seen that they have equivalent mathematical structures. The function $`W(x)`$ in Eq.(21) is commonly called superpotential  in the context of supersymmetric quantum mechanics. By direct comparison of (21) and (16) the conformal factor in the metric (4) is related to the superpotential $`W(x)`$ through the relation

$$W(x)=me^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma (x)}.$$
(22)
Now we define the operators $`𝒜^{}`$ and $`𝒜`$, respectively as

$$𝒜^{}:=\frac{d}{dx}+W(x),$$
(23)
$$𝒜:=\frac{d}{dx}+W(x).$$
(24)
Therefore, Eq.(21) can be written as

$$\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 𝒜^{}\\ & \\ 𝒜& 0\end{array}\right)\stackrel{~}{\psi }(x)=\stackrel{~}{\psi }(x).$$
(25)
By operating $`\stackrel{~}{H}_D`$, defined by Eq.(17), from left on both sides of Eq.(16) ( or Eq.(25) ) we obtain

$$H_{}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_1(x)=^2\stackrel{~}{\psi }_1(x),$$
(26)
$$H_+\stackrel{~}{\psi }_2(x)=^2\stackrel{~}{\psi }_2(x),$$
(27)
where $`H_{}=𝒜^{}𝒜`$ and $`H_+=𝒜𝒜^{}`$ are Partner Hamiltonians . Equations (26) and (27) can now be solved by supersymmetric quantum mechanical methods for shape invariant potentials.

For a typical example we study the superpotential associated with the modified harmonic oscillator, namely

$$W(x)=\frac{1}{2}\omega |x|+c,$$
(28)
where $`\omega `$ and $`c`$ are real positive quantities. Using equations (22) and (28) the metric (4) is obtained

$$ds^2=\left(\frac{\omega |x|}{2m}+\frac{c}{m}\right)^2(dt^2dx^2).$$
(29)
Considering the superpotential (28), the partner Hamiltonians $`H_\pm `$ are

$$\{\begin{array}{cc}H_+=\frac{d^2}{dx^2}+\frac{1}{4}\omega ^2x^2+\frac{1}{2}\omega +\omega xc+c^2\hfill & \\ & \\ H_{}=\frac{d^2}{dx^2}+\frac{1}{4}\omega ^2x^2\frac{1}{2}\omega +\omega xc+c^2\hfill & \end{array}x>0,$$

$$\{\begin{array}{cc}H_+=\frac{d^2}{dx^2}+\frac{1}{4}\omega ^2x^2\frac{1}{2}\omega \omega xc+c^2\hfill & \\ & \\ H_{}=\frac{d^2}{dx^2}+\frac{1}{4}\omega ^2x^2+\frac{1}{2}\omega \omega xc+c^2\hfill & \end{array}x<0.$$
(30)
Now, by inserting $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }_i(x)=e^{\frac{\omega }{4}(x+\frac{2c}{\omega })^2}\varphi _i(x)`$ $`(i=1,2)`$ in Eqs.(26), (27) and change of variable $`y=\sqrt{\frac{\omega }{2}}(x+\frac{2c}{\omega })`$ for $`x>0`$, we find the following differential equations

$$\frac{d^2\varphi _1}{dy^2}2y\frac{d\varphi _1}{dy}+2\frac{^2}{\omega }\varphi _1=0,$$

$$\frac{d^2\varphi _2}{dy^2}2y\frac{d\varphi _2}{dy}+2[\frac{^2}{\omega }1]\varphi _2=0,$$
(31)
respectively. In the same way, inserting $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }_i(x)=e^{\frac{\omega }{4}(x+\frac{2c}{\omega })^2}\varphi _i(x)`$ $`(i=1,2)`$ and change of variable $`y=\sqrt{\frac{\omega }{2}}(x+\frac{2c}{\omega })`$ for $`x<0`$ leads to

$$\frac{d^2\varphi _1}{dy^2}2y\frac{d\varphi _1}{dy}+2[\frac{^2}{\omega }1]\varphi _1=0,$$

$$\frac{d^2\varphi _2}{dy^2}2y\frac{d\varphi _2}{dy}+2\frac{^2}{\omega }\varphi _2=0,$$
(32)
respectively. The wave functions $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }_1(x)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }_2(x)`$ in Eqs.(26) and (27) are given by

$$\stackrel{~}{\psi }_1(x)=\{\begin{array}{cc}e^{\frac{\omega }{4}(x+\frac{2c}{\omega })^2}H_n(\sqrt{\frac{\omega }{2}}(x+\frac{2c}{\omega }))x>0\hfill & \\ e^{\frac{\omega }{4}(x+\frac{2c}{\omega })^2}H_{n1}(\sqrt{\frac{\omega }{2}}(x+\frac{2c}{\omega }))x<0,\hfill & \end{array}$$
(33)
$$\stackrel{~}{\psi }_2(x)=\{\begin{array}{cc}e^{\frac{\omega }{4}(x+\frac{2c}{\omega })^2}H_{(n1)}(\sqrt{\frac{\omega }{2}}(x+\frac{2c}{\omega }))x>0\hfill & \\ e^{\frac{\omega }{4}(x+\frac{2c}{\omega })^2}H_n(\sqrt{\frac{\omega }{2}}(x+\frac{2c}{\omega }))x<0.\hfill & \end{array}$$
(34)
where $`H_n`$ and $`H_{n1}`$ are Hermite polynomials leading to the following energy spectrum

$$_n=\pm \sqrt{n\omega },$$
(35)
for both $`x<0`$ and $`x>0`$, where $`n`$ is a non-negative integer number. Now, using Eqs.(11), (18), (33), and (34), the final solution of Dirac equation is obtained

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_n(X)=\{\begin{array}{cc}a(\frac{\omega x}{2m}+\frac{c}{m})^{\frac{1}{2}}e^{\frac{1}{4}\omega (x+\frac{2c}{\omega })^2i\sqrt{n\omega }t}\left(\begin{array}{c}H_n(\sqrt{\frac{\omega }{2}}(x+\frac{2c}{\omega }))\\ H_{n1}(\sqrt{\frac{\omega }{2}}(x+\frac{2c}{\omega }))\end{array}\right)+C.Cx>0,\hfill & \\ & \\ b(\frac{\omega x}{2m}+\frac{c}{m})^{\frac{1}{2}}e^{\frac{1}{4}\omega (x+\frac{2c}{\omega })^2i\sqrt{n\omega }t}\left(\begin{array}{c}H_{n1}(\sqrt{\frac{\omega }{2}}(x+\frac{2c}{\omega }))\\ H_n(\sqrt{\frac{\omega }{2}}(x+\frac{2c}{\omega }))\end{array}\right)+C.Cx<0,\hfill & \end{array}$$
(36)
where $`a`$ and $`b`$ are complex constants and $`C.C`$ means complex conjugation.

We note that the ansatz (11) does not work for $`n=0`$ quantum number. Therefore, we restrict ourselves to the positive integer for the quantum numbers, $`n`$. This gives rise to a broken supersymmetry . The continuity condition for the spinor wave function (36) at $`x=0`$ implies

$$\{\begin{array}{cc}aH_n(\lambda )=bH_{n1}(\lambda )\hfill & \\ aH_{n1}(\lambda )=bH_n(\lambda )\hfill & \\ a^{}H_n(\lambda )=b^{}H_{n1}(\lambda )\hfill & \\ a^{}H_{n1}(\lambda )=b^{}H_n(\lambda ),\hfill & \end{array}$$
(37)
where the positive constant $`\lambda `$ is defined as follows

$$\lambda =c\sqrt{\frac{2}{\omega }}.$$
(38)
Eqs.(37) have non-trivial solutions if

$$\{\begin{array}{cc}H_n(\lambda )=H_{n1}(\lambda ))\hfill & \\ & \\ or\hfill & \\ & \\ H_n(\lambda )=H_{n1}(\lambda ))_.\hfill & \end{array}$$
(39)
For example when $`n=1`$, according to Eqs.(37), the allowed value for $`\lambda `$ is $`\frac{1}{2}`$ ( $`c=\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\frac{\omega }{2}}`$ ), and for $`n=2`$ the corresponding allowed values are $`\lambda =1`$ ( $`c=\sqrt{\frac{\omega }{2}}`$ ) and $`\lambda =\frac{1}{2}`$ ( $`c=\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\frac{\omega }{2}}`$ ). Therefore, the continuity of spinor wave function (36) at $`x=0`$ requires, for each mode $`n`$, a relation between the constants $`\omega `$ and $`c`$ in Eq.(28).

## Acknowledgment

The authors would like to thank the referee for useful comments. This work has been supported by the Research Institute for Fundamental Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.