text:
# Spatially Averaged Quantum Inequalities Do Not Exist in Four-Dimensional Spacetime

## I Introduction

It is well known that quantum fields can produce local renormalized negative energy densities. This is despite the fact that the classical expression for the energy density appears to be positive definite. The negative energy density is possible because renormalization involves an infinite subtraction, and is needed to make the stress tensor operator well-defined. If there were no restrictions on the sorts of negative energy densities attainable, one could have a number of bizarre possibilities, including traversable wormholes MT ; MTY , faster-than-light travel A ; K ; Olum  time travel MT ; MTY ; E , and violations of the second law of thermodynamics F78 . Such phenomena are, at best, rare.

Fortunately, there are known to be severe constraints on the magnitude and duration of negative energy fluxes or densities, at least in the case of linear fields. These are the quantum inequalities, which take the typical form F91 ; FR95 ; FR97 ; FLAN ; PF971 ; PFGQI ; FE

$$_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}:T_{00}(𝐱,t):F(t)dt\frac{c}{t_0^d}.$$
(1)
Here $`:T_{00}(𝐱,t):`$ is the renormalized energy density in an arbitrary quantum state, $`F(t)`$ is a normalized sampling function with a characteristic width $`t_0`$, $`c`$ is a dimensionless constant, usually somewhat less than unity, and $`d`$ is the dimension of spacetime. Most of the work on quantum inequalities is for the cases of $`d=2`$ and $`d=4`$. More precisely, Eq. (1) is a worldline quantum inequality for an inertial observer in Minkowski spacetime, where $`t`$ is the observer’s proper time. (Recently, worldline inequalities have been established in much greater generality in globally hyperbolic spacetimes Fewster .) The physical interpretation of this constraint is that there is an inverse relation between the magnitude of the negative energy and its duration. For example, in four dimensions, the observer will not see the negative energy last for a time longer than about $`|\rho _{max}|^{\frac{1}{4}}`$, where $`\rho _{max}`$ is the maximally negative energy density seen by this observer. This type of constraint greatly limits the macroscopic effects of negative energy. In particular, macroscopic wormholes or “warp drive” spacetimes are severely constrained FRWH ; PFWD ; ER . Furthermore, one can use the worldline inequalities to place some constraints on the spatial distribution of negative energy BFR02 . All allowed spatial distributions must be such that Eq. (1) is satisfied for every inertial observer in Minkowski spacetime.

There is a different type of constraint on the energy density, which is that the total energy in any quantum state for a quantum field in boundary-free Minkowski spacetime must be non-negative. Let the Hamiltonian operator be

$$H=d^{d1}x:T_{00}(𝐱,t):,$$
(2)
where the integral is taken over all space at a fixed time. The expectation value of $`H`$ in an arbitrary quantum state is non-negative:

$$H0,$$
(3)
and $`H=0`$ only in the vacuum state. Thus any non-vacuum state must have net positive energy, even though there can be local regions with negative energy density.

This raises the question of whether there are spatial or spacetime quantum inequalities analogous to Eq. (1), but involving sampling over space or space and time. For spacetime averages, there is an abstract existence proof for a very general class of such inequalities in globally hyperbolic spacetimes. These include, for example, inequalities bounding violations of the dominant energy condition Helfer99 . However, at present quantitative estimates for these are not known.

One can get some spacetime quantum inequalities by simply averaging the worldline inequalities over families of worldlines with spatial weighting factors, but in at least some cases these are known not to be sharp. For example, stronger constraints were found in two-dimensional Minkowksi space FLAN ; Roman97 . We may express these as

$$dxdtF_S(x)F_T(t):T_{00}(x,t):B(x_0,t_0).$$
(4)
Here $`F_S(x)`$ is a spatial sampling function with width $`x_0`$, $`F_T(t)`$ is a temporal sampling function with width $`t_0`$, and the bound $`B(x_0,t_0)`$ is finite as long as at least one of $`x_0`$ and $`t_0`$ is nonzero. The sampling functions are assumed to be each normalized to unity:

$$𝑑xF_S(x)=𝑑tF_T(t)=\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}.$$
(5)
If the sampling functions are both Lorentzian functions, then $`B(x_0+t_0)^2`$; if they are both Gaussians, then $`B(x_0^2+t_0^2)^1`$. In either case, one obtains the corresponding worldline inequality when $`x_0=0`$, and a nontrivial bound on the spatially sampled energy density when $`t_0=0`$. One consequence of this is that in two dimensions the spacetime averaged results are stronger than the temporally averaged ones, since as $`t_00`$ (for $`x_0>0`$) one gets a finite bound.

It is natural to ask if there is a generalization of Eq. (4) to four-dimensional spacetime, especially one which gives a nontrivial bound when the sampling is over space only. One of us Helfer96  has given an argument that this is not the case, and that the spatially sampled energy density can be unbounded below. Actually, the argument was written out there for a more generic situation, that of evolution from a Cauchy surface in a general curved spacetime. While explicit constructions were given in this case, they were by pseudodifferential operator techniques, and they were not translated into more conventional quantum field-theoretic terms. Also, the details of the more special case of a surface of constant time in Minkowski space were not written out. So no explicit version of the argument in conventional special-relativistic quantum field-theoretic terms has yet been given. The purpose of the present paper is to provide such an example and to draw as many physical insights as possible from it. In the following section, we will provide the explicit construction of a class of quantum states for the massless, minimally coupled scalar field, with negative energy density, as well as give the two-point function and the energy density in this class of states. We then show that although this state satisfies Eq. (1), the spatially sampled energy density can be arbitrarily negative. Further implications of this example are discussed in Sect. III. We work in units where $`\mathrm{}=c=1`$. (A related construction has subsequently been used, in Ref. FewR , to prove that there are no quantum inequalities along null geodesics in four-dimensional Minkowski spacetime.)

## II The Energy Density in a Class of Quantum States

### II.1 Characterization of the State

The particular quantum states which will be used in this paper are of the form of a superposition of the vacuum and a multi-mode two-particle state:

$$|\psi =N\left[|0+\underset{𝐤_1,𝐤_2}{}c_{𝐤_1,𝐤_2}|𝐤_1,𝐤_2\right],$$
(6)
where we assume that the $`c_{𝐤_1,𝐤_2}`$’s are symmetric. Here $`|𝐤_1,𝐤_2`$ is a two-particle state containing a pair of particles with momenta $`𝐤_1`$ and $`𝐤_2`$, and the normalization factor is

$$N=\left[1+\xi \underset{𝐤_1,𝐤_2}{}|c_{𝐤_1,𝐤_2}|^2\right]^{\frac{1}{2}},$$
(7)
where $`\xi =2`$ if $`𝐤_1𝐤_2`$ and $`\xi =1`$ if $`𝐤_1=𝐤_2`$. Note that each of the two-particle states in Eq. (6) appears twice, since $`|𝐤_1,𝐤_2=|𝐤_2,𝐤_1`$; this leads to the factor of $`2`$ in Eq. (7) when $`𝐤_1𝐤_2`$. We can quantize the scalar field in a box of volume $`V`$, so that the momenta are discrete. Later, we will let $`V\mathrm{}`$, so that

$$\underset{𝐤}{}\frac{V}{(2\pi )^3}d^3k.$$
(8)
In this limit, we replace the coefficients $`c_{𝐤_1,𝐤_2}`$ by functions of continuous momenta defined by

$$b(𝐤_1,𝐤_2)=\frac{V}{(2\pi )^3}c_{𝐤_1,𝐤_2}.$$
(9)
The normalization factor then becomes

$$N=\left[1+2d^3k_1d^3k_2|b(𝐤_1,𝐤_2)|^2\right]^{\frac{1}{2}}.$$
(10)
The quantum state is also characterized by a cutoff $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, so that $`|𝐤_1|,|𝐤_2|<\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. Later, we will consider the limit in which the cutoff is removed, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{}`$. We will require that the functional form of $`b(𝐤_1,𝐤_2)`$ be such that the integral in Eq. (5) remain finite in this limit.

The particular choice of $`b(𝐤_1,𝐤_2)`$ which we adopt is the following:

$$b(𝐤_1,𝐤_2)=\chi (𝐤_1+𝐤_2)(|𝐤_1||𝐤_2|)^{\nu \frac{1}{2}},$$
(11)
where

$$\chi (𝐩)=\{\begin{array}{cc}\chi _0,\hfill & \text{if }|𝐩|p_0\hfill \\ 0,\hfill & \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}$$
(12)
where $`\chi _0`$ and $`p_0`$ are arbitrary constants. (The function $`\chi (𝐩)`$ is taken to have a sharp cutoff merely for convenience; it could be made smooth without affecting our essential argument.) Thus our state is really a four-parameter family of states defined by the parameters $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, $`\nu `$, $`\chi _0`$, and $`p_0`$. We will be especially interested in the limit in which the magnitudes of the momenta of both particles become large with $`p_0`$ fixed. In this limit, the pairs of particles have almost exactly opposite momenta.

The integral in Eq. (5) can now be written as

$$\chi _0^2d^3k_{|𝐩|p_0}d^3p(|𝐤||𝐤𝐩|)^{2\nu 1},$$
(13)
where $`𝐤=𝐤_1`$ and $`𝐩=𝐤_1+𝐤_2`$. In the limit that $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{}`$, the $`k`$-integration will converge at the upper limit provided that

$$\nu <\frac{1}{4}.$$
(14)
This is the condition that our quantum state be normalizable in the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{}`$ limit.

### II.2 The Two-Point Function

Now we wish to calculate the form of the two-point function for the massless scalar field in the states we have selected. First expand the field operator in terms of mode functions and creation and annihilation operators as

$$\phi =\underset{𝐤}{}(a_𝐤f_𝐤+a_𝐤^{}f_𝐤^{})$$
(15)
where the mode functions are

$$f_𝐤=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\omega V}}\mathrm{e}^{i(𝐤𝐱\omega t)},$$
(16)
with $`\omega =|𝐤|`$.

We are interested in the renormalized two-point function in the state $`|\psi `$, defined by

$$:\phi (x)\phi (x^{}):=\psi |\phi (x)\phi (x^{})|\psi 0|\phi (x)\phi (x^{})|0.$$
(17)
It may be expressed as

$`:\phi (x)\phi (x^{}):`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{𝐤,𝐤^{}}{}}[f_𝐤^{}(x)f_𝐤^{}(x^{})a_𝐤^{}a_𝐤^{}+f_𝐤(x)f_𝐤^{}^{}(x^{})a_𝐤^{}^{}a_𝐤`$ (18)
$`+`$ $`f_𝐤(x)f_𝐤^{}(x^{})a_𝐤a_𝐤^{}+f_𝐤^{}(x)f_𝐤^{}^{}(x^{})a_𝐤^{}a_𝐤^{}^{}],`$
where the expectation values are in the state $`|\psi `$.

If we evaluate this expression explicitly using the form of the quantum state in Eq. (6) and of the mode functions in Eq. (16), and then take the infinite volume limit, using Eq. (9), the result is

$`:\phi (x)\phi (x^{}):={\displaystyle \frac{2N^2}{(2\pi )^3}}\mathrm{Re}{\displaystyle }d^3kd^3k^{}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{\omega \omega ^{}}}}`$ (19)
$`\times `$ $`[2\mathrm{e}^{i(𝐤^{}𝐱^{}𝐤𝐱)}\mathrm{e}^{i(\omega t\omega ^{}t^{})}{\displaystyle }d^3k_1b^{}(𝐤_1,𝐤)b(𝐤_1,𝐤^{})`$
$`+`$ $`\mathrm{e}^{i(𝐤𝐱+𝐤^{}𝐱^{})}\mathrm{e}^{i(\omega t+\omega ^{}t^{})}b(𝐤,𝐤^{})].`$
The first term on the righthand side, which is quadratic in $`b`$, comes from the expectation value in the two-particle component of $`|\psi `$ alone, whereas the second term, which is linear in $`b`$, comes from a cross term involving both the vacuum and the two-particle component. It is the latter part which will be of greater interest to us. So long as $`\mathrm{\Lambda }<\mathrm{}`$, the integrals in Eq. (19) exist and define smooth functions of $`x`$ and $`x^{}`$, so the two-point function has the Hadamard form. More precisely, the behavior as $`xx^{}`$ has the Hadamard form. The falloff as the separation between $`x`$ and $`x^{}`$ increases will be slow, on account of the sharp cutoff in $`\chi (p)`$. Had we used a modified $`\chi `$, falling off smoothly, we could have arranged for a more rapid falloff as the spatial separation of $`x`$ and $`x^{}`$ becomes large.

### II.3 The Energy Density

The energy density in a given quantum state may be obtained from the renormalized two-point function. For the massless, minimally coupled scalar field, we can write

$$\rho =\frac{1}{2}\underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{𝐱^{}𝐱}{t^{}t}}{lim}\left[(_t_t^{}+\mathbf{}\mathbf{}\mathbf{}^{\mathbf{}}):\phi (x)\phi (x^{}):\right].$$
(20)
We may now use Eq. (19) to write the energy density as

$`\rho `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{N^2}{(2\pi )^3}}\mathrm{Re}{\displaystyle }d^3kd^3k^{}\sqrt{\omega \omega ^{}}(1+\widehat{𝐤}\widehat{𝐤}^{})[2\mathrm{e}^{i(𝐤^{}𝐤)𝐱}\mathrm{e}^{i(\omega \omega ^{})t}{\displaystyle }d^3k_1b^{}(𝐤_1,𝐤)b(𝐤_1,𝐤^{})`$ (21)
$``$ $`\mathrm{e}^{i(𝐤+𝐤^{})𝐱}\mathrm{e}^{i(\omega +\omega ^{})t}b(𝐤,𝐤^{})],`$
where $`\widehat{𝐤}`$ and $`\widehat{𝐤}^{}`$ are unit vectors in the directions of $`𝐤`$ and $`𝐤^{}`$, respectively. Let $`\rho _1`$ denote the term quadratic in $`b`$, and $`\rho _2`$ denote the term linear in $`b`$.

Let us first examine the behavior of $`\rho _2`$. If we use the explicit form for $`b`$ given in Eq. (11), and let $`𝐩=𝐤+𝐤^{}`$, we find

$$\rho _2=\frac{\chi _0N^2}{(2\pi )^3}\mathrm{Re}d^3k_{|𝐩|p_0}d^3p\sqrt{\omega \omega ^{}}(1+\widehat{𝐤}\widehat{𝐤}^{})\mathrm{e}^{i𝐩𝐱}\mathrm{e}^{i(\omega +|𝐩𝐤|)t}(\omega |𝐩𝐤|)^{\nu \frac{1}{2}}.$$
(22)
In the limit that $`\omega `$ becomes large compared to $`p_0`$, we can expand the product $`\widehat{𝐤}\widehat{𝐤}^{}`$ as follows:

$`\widehat{𝐤}\widehat{𝐤}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\widehat{𝐤}(𝐩𝐤)}{\sqrt{(𝐩𝐤)(𝐩𝐤)}}}=\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{\widehat{𝐤}𝐩}{\omega }}\right)\left[12{\displaystyle \frac{\widehat{𝐤}𝐩}{\omega }}+{\displaystyle \frac{p^2}{\omega ^2}}\right]^{\frac{1}{2}}`$ (23)
$``$ $`1+{\displaystyle \frac{p^2(\widehat{𝐤}𝐩)^2}{2\omega ^2}}+\mathrm{}.`$
To leading order when $`\omega p_0`$, we can write $`\omega ^{}\omega `$. If the integral for $`\rho _2`$ is dominated by values of $`\omega `$ large compared to $`p_0`$, we have

$$\rho _2\frac{\chi _0N^2}{2(2\pi )^3}\mathrm{Re}d^3k_{|𝐩|p_0}d^3p\omega ^{2(\nu 1)}[p^2(\widehat{𝐤}𝐩)^2]\mathrm{e}^{i𝐩𝐱}\mathrm{e}^{2i\omega t}.$$
(24)
We next perform the angular integrations. If we integrate over the directions of $`𝐤`$ with $`𝐩`$ fixed, we find

$$d^3kp^2=4\pi p^2𝑑\omega \omega ^2$$
(25)
and

$$d^3k(\widehat{𝐤}𝐩)^2=2\pi p^2𝑑\omega \omega ^2_1^1𝑑cc^2=\frac{4\pi }{3}p^2𝑑\omega \omega ^2,$$
(26)
where $`c=\mathrm{cos}\theta `$ and $`\theta `$ is the angle between $`𝐤`$ and $`𝐩`$. Next we integrate over the directions of $`𝐩`$ with $`𝐱`$ fixed to find

$`f_2(p_0,r)`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle _{|𝐩|p_0}}d^3pp^2\mathrm{e}^{i𝐩𝐱}=2\pi {\displaystyle _0^{p_0}}𝑑pp^4{\displaystyle _1^1}𝑑c^{}\mathrm{e}^{iprc^{}}={\displaystyle \frac{4\pi }{r}}{\displaystyle _0^{p_0}}𝑑pp^3\mathrm{sin}(pr)`$ (27)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi }{r^5}}[3(p_0^2r^22)\mathrm{sin}(p_0r)p_0r(p_0^2r^26)\mathrm{cos}(p_0r)],`$
where $`r=|𝐱|`$, $`c^{}=\mathrm{cos}\alpha `$, and $`\alpha `$ is the angle between $`𝐱`$ and $`𝐩`$. The function $`f_2(p_0,r)`$ has the following behavior:

$$f_2(p_0,r)\{\begin{array}{cc}(4\pi /r^2)p_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}\mathrm{cos}p_0r,\hfill & rp_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\hfill \\ (4\pi /5)p_0^5,\hfill & rp_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\hfill \end{array}.$$
(28)
Now we can write Eq. (24) as

$$\rho _2\frac{\chi _0N^2}{6\pi ^2}f_2(p_0,r)_{q_2p_0}^\mathrm{\Lambda }𝑑\omega \omega ^{2\nu }\mathrm{cos}(2\omega t),$$
(29)
where $`q_2`$ is a constant chosen so that the approximations made in finding the integrand ($`\omega p_0`$) are valid throughout the range of integration. Note that if $`t=0`$ and $`\nu \frac{1}{2}`$, the integral will diverge in the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{}`$ limit.

Let us now set $`t=0`$ and $`\nu =1/2`$. Then the $`\omega `$-integral becomes

$$_{q_2p_0}^\mathrm{\Lambda }\frac{d\omega }{\omega }=\mathrm{ln}\left(\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{q_2p_0}\right),$$
(30)
so that

$$\rho _2\frac{\chi _0N^2}{6\pi ^2}f_2(p_0,r)\mathrm{ln}\left(\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{q_2p_0}\right).$$
(31)
We now examine the contribution of $`\rho _1`$. From Eq. (21), we have

$$\rho _1=\frac{N^2}{(2\pi )^3}\mathrm{Re}d^3kd^3k^{}\sqrt{\omega \omega ^{}}(1+\widehat{𝐤}\widehat{𝐤}^{})\left[2\mathrm{e}^{i(𝐤^{}𝐤)𝐱}\mathrm{e}^{i(\omega \omega ^{})t}d^3k_1b^{}(𝐤_1,𝐤)b(𝐤_1,𝐤^{})\right].$$
(32)
If we use Eqs. (11) and (12), letting $`𝐩=𝐤_1+𝐤`$ and $`𝐩^{}=𝐤_1+𝐤^{}`$, and interchanging the order of integration, we can write

$`\rho _1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2\chi _{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}N^2}{(2\pi )^3}}\mathrm{Re}{\displaystyle d^3k_1|k_1|^{2\nu 1}_{|𝐩|p_0}d^3p_{|𝐩^{}|p_0}d^3p^{}(1+\widehat{𝐤}\widehat{𝐤}^{})}`$ (33)
$`\times `$ $`(|𝐩𝐤_1|)^\nu |𝐩^{}𝐤_1|)^\nu \mathrm{e}^{i(𝐩𝐩^{})𝐱}\mathrm{e}^{i[(|𝐩𝐤_1|)t(|𝐩^{}𝐤_1|)t]}.`$
If the $`𝐤_1`$-integral is dominated by values of $`|𝐤_1|p_0`$, then we can use $`|𝐩𝐤_1|^\nu |𝐩^{}𝐤_1|^\nu |𝐤_1|^\nu `$. Therefore, at $`t=0`$ we have

$$\rho _1\frac{2\chi _{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}N^2}{(2\pi )^3}\mathrm{Re}d^3k_1|k_1|^{4\nu 1}_{|𝐩|p_0}d^3p_{|𝐩^{}|p_0}d^3p^{}(1+\widehat{𝐤}\widehat{𝐤}^{})\mathrm{e}^{i(𝐩𝐩^{})𝐱}.$$
(34)
Note that in the high $`k_1`$ limit,

$$\widehat{𝐤}\widehat{𝐤}^{}=\frac{(𝐩𝐤_1)(𝐩^{}𝐤_1)}{\sqrt{(𝐩𝐤_1)(𝐩𝐤_1)}\sqrt{(𝐩^{}𝐤_1)(𝐩^{}𝐤_1)}}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}.$$
(35)
As before, we now set $`\nu =1/2`$. A similar calculation to that given previously for $`\rho _2`$ yields

$$\rho _1\frac{2\chi _{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}N^2}{\pi ^2}f_1(p_0,r)\mathrm{ln}\left(\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{q_1p_0}\right),$$
(36)
where $`q_1`$ is a constant defined analogously to $`q_2`$, and

$$f_1(p_0,r)\frac{(4\pi )^2}{r^6}[\mathrm{sin}(p_0r)p_0r\mathrm{cos}(p_0r)]^2,$$
(37)
and

$$f_1(p_0,r)\{\begin{array}{cc}(4\pi p_0)^2/r^4\mathrm{cos}^2(p_0r),\hfill & rp_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\hfill \\ (4\pi /3)^2p_0^6,\hfill & rp_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\hfill \end{array}.$$
(38)
Both $`|\rho _2|`$ and $`\rho _1`$ diverge logarithmically, but we can arrange for $`|\rho _2|/\rho _1>1`$, provided that

$$\chi _0<\frac{1}{12}\left(\frac{f_2}{f_1}\right)Y,$$
(39)
where

$$Y\left[\frac{\mathrm{ln}\left(\mathrm{\Lambda }/q_2p_0\right)}{\mathrm{ln}\left(\mathrm{\Lambda }/q_1p_0\right)}\right]\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1},\text{as }\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{}.$$
(40)
This is possible because $`\rho _1`$ and $`\rho _2`$ involve different powers of $`\chi _0`$, stemming from the fact that while $`\rho _1`$ is quadratic in $`b`$, $`\rho _2`$ is only linear in $`b`$. (We note in passing that the choice of $`\nu =1/2`$ gives $`\chi _0`$ dimensions of length.)

For any value of $`p_0`$, the energy density is approximately constant in space over a region of size, $`rp_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}`$. In this region, $`(f_2/f_1)9/(20\pi p_0)`$. Choose

$$\chi _0<\frac{1}{12}\left(\frac{f_2}{f_1}\right)Y\frac{3}{80\pi p_0}.$$
(41)
where we have used the fact that $`Y\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}`$, as $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{}`$. This allows $`\rho _2`$ to dominate $`\rho _1`$, so that $`\rho =\rho _1+\rho _2`$ can be made arbitrarily negative over an arbitrarily large region. In summary, we have a normalizable state in which the local energy density may be made arbitrarily negative at time $`t=0`$ in a finite region of space. It should be pointed out that in the strict $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{}`$ limit, our state will no longer have the Hadamard form. However, the key point here is that we can consider a sequence of states, each with a finite value of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. Therefore each state in this sequence will have the Hadamard form. By progressively increasing the values of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ as we vary over the states in the sequence, we can make the energy density in our spatially sampled region as negative as we like. In the next section, we will discuss some of the insights which may be drawn from this example.

## III Implications and Discussion

We are now in a position to draw a number of conclusions from our example. The first conclusion is the proof that there are no lower bounds on the spatially sampled energy density for the massless minimally coupled scalar field in four spacetime dimensions. To be more precise, consider the spatial average of the energy density

$$S(F)=d^3xF(𝐱):T_{00}(𝐱,t):$$
(42)
at time $`t`$, where $`F(𝐱)`$ is a spatial sampling function. Let $`r_0`$ be the characteristic width of this function. More generally, $`r_0`$ can be the maximum width of $`F(𝐱)`$ in any direction. If there were to be spatial quantum inequalities here, $`S(F)`$ would have to have a lower bound when we vary over all quantum states for a given $`F(𝐱)`$. However, the energy density in the above example varies in space only over a scale of the order of

$$\lambda _0=\frac{2\pi }{p_0},$$
(43)
which can be arbitrary. Furthermore, we can make the energy density in a region whose size is less than $`\lambda _0`$ arbitrarily negative. For a given sampling function $`F(𝐱)`$, we can choose $`\lambda _0>r_0`$, so that the energy density is approximately constant over the region being sampled and the spatial sampling has no effect, yet the energy density in that region is arbitrarily negative. Thus $`S(F)`$ is unbounded below. However, this state satisfies the temporal quantum inequality, Eq. (1). One can argue from energy conservation that physically what is happening is that there must be large fluxes of positive energy entering the region, which damp out the negative energy sufficiently for the temporal inequality to hold. Recall from Eqs. (22) and (33) that $`\rho _2`$ oscillates much more rapidly in time than does $`\rho _1`$. Thus if $`\rho _2<0`$ at one time, it has changed sign a short time later. This causes the time integral of $`\rho _2`$ to tend to average to zero, and allows the worldline quantum inequalities to be satisfied.

We can gain more physical insight into the behavior of this class of states by recalling that in the high frequency limit, the pairs of particles in the two-particle component of the state have nearly but not exactly opposite momenta, as shown in Fig. 1. This allows the scale for the spatial variation of $`\rho `$ to be large compared to the temporal scale, which is set by the characteristic frequency of the excited modes. This can be seen in Eq. (24), where the spatial factor $`\mathrm{e}^{i𝐩𝐱}`$ oscillates much more slowly than the temporal factor $`\mathrm{e}^{2i\omega t}`$. One can summarize the difference between the spatial and temporal behaviors by noting that it is possible for the three-momenta of a pair of particles to cancel, but not their energies. We can also see that it is a very special property of two-dimensional spacetime which allows for the existence of spatial bounds. Here the momenta of a pair of particles must be either exactly parallel or exactly anti-parallel. However, if they are anti-parallel, there is a factor analogous to the factor of $`1+\widehat{𝐤}\widehat{𝐤}^{}`$ in Eq. (21) which suppresses their contribution. Although in this paper we have looked only at four-dimensional spacetime, it seems likely that one can construct similar counterexamples to spatial quantum inequalities in all spacetime dimensions greater than two.

We can also understand why the Hamiltonian, obtained by integrating over all space, is bounded below, yet the spatial average over any sampling function with finite width is not. The integration over all space removes the contribution of the $`\rho _2`$ term, leaving only the non-negative contribution of the $`\rho _1`$ term. Thus the net energy in any state must be non-negative. However, it is possible for the spatial distribution at a fixed time to be such that the compensating positive energy is arbitrarily far from the negative energy, and hence violates a spatial quantum inequality.

The current results also shed light on an earlier proposed explanation of the “Garfinkle box”, given in Ref. BFR02 . This refers to an unpublished result of Garfinkle GAR , who showed that the total energy of a scalar field, $`E`$, contained within an imaginary box in Minkowski spacetime, at fixed time, is unbounded below. The box is “imaginary” in the sense that there are no physical boundaries at the walls of the box. The Garfinkle result is that there exist quantum states for which $`E`$ is arbitrarily negative. The proposed explanation given in Ref. BFR02  for the unboundedness of the total energy $`E`$ in this box involved two factors: (1) The energy is measured at a precise instant in time, and (2) the walls of the box are sharply defined. It was argued that this allows an arbitrary amount of negative energy to have entered the box by time $`t`$, while at this time excluding an even larger amount of positive energy which may be just outside of the box at time $`t`$. The results of the present paper show that, although this is an explanation of the Garfinkle result, it is not the only explanation. In particular, the unboundedness of the energy in our case does not require the spatial region over which we average to be sharply defined.

In this connection, we emphasize that our results show that the unboundedly negative energies cannot be ascribed to “edge effects” associated with the sampling function. This is because in our examples, the energy density is uniformly negative throughout the sampling region.

While spatially averaged quantum inequalities do not exist, we noted earlier that spacetime averaged ones do. This means that the lower bounds associated with the spacetime averages must diverge as the temporal averaging scale goes to zero. It is natural to conjecture that this is related to the divergence in the spatially averaged inequalities, as follows. Suppose the most severe divergence attainable in the spatial average is

$$dxF_S(𝐱):T_{00}(𝐱,t):\text{diverges as}f(\mathrm{\Lambda })\text{as}\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{},$$
(44)
for some function $`f`$ of the ultraviolet cutoff $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. Similarly, suppose that for a temporal averaging function $`F_T(t)`$ with characteristic width $`t_0`$, we have

$$dxdtF_S(𝐱)F_T(t):T_{00}(𝐱,t):\text{diverges as}g(t_0)\text{as}t_00,$$
(45)
for some function $`g(t_0)`$. It is natural to ask if $`f(\mathrm{\Lambda })g(1/\mathrm{\Lambda })`$. A relation like this would probably give the most direct physical significance to the divergences in the spatial averages. (Such a relation would not hold in two dimensions, but might in four.)

The logarithmic divergences (of the energy density with the cutoff $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$) are rather slow. We do not know whether it is possible to construct examples in Minkowski space with more severe divergences. (In Ref. Helfer96 , more severe divergences were found at Cauchy surfaces with non-zero second fundamental forms. In generic curved spacetimes, this would be the case for all Cauchy surfaces.)

In summary, we have shown that there are no purely spatially averaged quantum inequalities over bounded regions in four-dimensional Minkowski spacetime, even though the integral over all space is bounded. However, spacetime averaged quantum inequalities do exist. As noted earlier, in at least the two-dimensional case, spacetime averaging seems to lead to tighter bounds than does temporal averaging alone. Recent numerical results of Dawson and Fewster DF  indicate that similar behavior occurs in four dimensions. However, at present the extent to which spacetime averaging improves temporal averaging is unclear. Thus there appear to be two approaches for better understanding the allowed spatial distributions of negative energy. One is the search for spacetime averaged quantum inequalities, and the other is the continuation of the program begun in Ref. BFR02 , which seeks to extract as much information as possible from the worldline inequalities. Both of these approaches are currently under investigation.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Chris Fewster for extensive discussions on these issues, and Bill Unruh for useful comments. TAR is grateful to the Tufts Institute of Cosmology, to Werner Israel and the Physics and Astronomy Department of the University of Victoria, and to the Mathematical Physics group at the University of York for their hospitality during this work. LHF and TAR would also like to thank the Erwin Schrödinger Institute in Vienna for hospitality while this work was completed. This research was supported in part by NSF Grants No. Phy-9800965 (to LHF) and No. Phy-9988464 (to TAR).


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# LIGHT MESONS FROM CHARM MESON DECAYS IN FNAL E791

## 1 Introduction

Decays of $`D`$ mesons to three pseudo scalar mesons can produce intermediate, two meson systems with natural parity. Kinematics and angular momentum barrier factors generally favour scalar ($`J^P=0^+`$) over vector $`1^{}`$ or tensor $`2^+`$ systems. Analysis of these decays can therefore provide new information on the poorly understood scalar meson system.

In most instances, $`D`$ decays appear to proceed through quasi two body channels. In the cases of $`D^+`$ decays bbbExcept where indicated otherwise, charge conjugate systems are implied in this paper. to $`\pi ^{}\pi ^+\pi ^+`$ and to $`K^{}\pi ^+\pi ^+`$ however, intermediate states found in the Particle Data Group listings $`^\mathrm{?}`$ (PDG) have been found to contribute only partially to the decays, with three body modes apparently dominant $`^{\mathrm{?},\mathrm{?}}`$. We report here on analyses $`^{\mathrm{?},\mathrm{?}}`$ of these decays using the largest samples so far examined.

## 2 Fermilab Experiment E791

In this experiment $`^\mathrm{?}`$ $`2\times 10^{10}`$ charm enhanced interactions between 500 GeV/c $`\pi ^{}`$ mesons and thin foil targets (four $`C`$, one $`Pt`$) are recorded $`^\mathrm{?}`$. Foils are spaced so that decays of $`D`$ mesons produced in them occur predominantly between them. Silicon strip detectors measure $`D`$ decay lengths (mean $``$5 mm) with a typical precision of 350 $`\mu `$m. Charged particle momenta are measured with two dipole magnets and drift chambers and two threshold gas Cherenkov detectors provide $`K/\pi /p`$ separation in the 6-60 GeV/c momentum range.

Events with one negative and two positive charged tracks making a good vertex, well separated from any foil and from the primary interaction point, are selected for further analysis. The resultant momentum is required to point back to within 40 $`\mu `$m of the primary vertex. For the $`K^{}\pi ^+\pi ^+`$ sample the $`K^{}`$ is required to have momentum $`6`$ GeV/c$`<|\stackrel{}{p}_K|<40`$ GeV/c and to be identified by the Cherenkov detectors. Other cuts are also made to reduce contamination from tracks that are really associated with the primary vertex. With these selection criteria, the major sources of background are mostly misidentified (or incomplete) charm decays, with a small, “combinatorial” contribution from false secondary vertices. Yields of 15,090 $`K^{}\pi ^+\pi ^+`$ (6% background) and 1,686 $`\pi ^{}\pi ^+\pi ^+`$ (28% background) remain in the signal regions.

## 3 Isobar Analysis of $`D`$ Decay to Three Pseudo-Scalars

Decays of $`D`$ mesons to three pseudo scalars $`i,j,k`$ can be described approximately as a sum of isobar amplitudes, each corresponding to a quasi two body decay $`DR(ij)k`$. Each amplitude must satisfy Lorentz invariance and conserve total spin and has the form

$`𝒜_R(s_{ij},s_{ik})`$ $`=`$ $`F_D(q,r_D)F_R(p,r_R)\times BW_R(s_{ij})\times (2)^J|\stackrel{}{p}|^J|\stackrel{}{q}|^JP_J(\mathrm{cos}\theta )`$
where $`\stackrel{}{p},\stackrel{}{q}`$ are momenta of $`i`$ and $`k`$ respectively in the $`(ij)`$ rest frame and $`\mathrm{cos}\theta =\widehat{p}\widehat{q}`$. Form factors $`F_D`$ ($`F_R`$) for $`D`$ ($`R`$) are parametrized in terms of effective radii $`R_D`$ ($`R_R`$). A Breit Wigner propagator $`BW_R=\left[s_Rs_{ij}i\sqrt{s_R}\mathrm{\Gamma }(s_{ij})\right]^1`$ describes the resonance $`R`$ with spin $`J`$, mass $`\sqrt{s_R}`$. Suffix $`R`$ denotes a quantity evaluated at $`s_{ij}=s_R`$.

A decay is kinematically specified by coordinates $`(s_{ij},s_{ik})`$ on a Dalitz plot and by the three body mass $`M_{ijk}`$ whose distribution about the $`D`$ mass $`m_D`$ due to resolution is $`G(M_{ijk})`$, determined from the data. The signal distribution of decays is

$$𝒫_S(s_{ij},s_{ik},M_{ijk})=G(M_{ijk})\times \left|a_{NR}e^{i\delta _{NR}}+\underset{R}{}a_Re^{i\delta _R}𝒜_R(s_{ij},s_{ik})\right|^2$$

in which three body decays (NR) are described by a constant, “contact” amplitude $`a_{NR}e^{i\delta _{NR}}`$.

The distribution $`𝒫_B(s_{ij},s_{ik},M_{ijk})`$ of backgrounds is modelled using events from side bands in $`M_{ijk}`$ for combinatorial, and from MC simulations for broken charm sources. The efficiency $`ϵ(s_{ij},s_{ik})`$ for observing decays is determined from MC simulations.

Complex coefficients $`ae^{i\delta }`$ and resonance parameters are determined from fits to a linear combination of $`ϵ𝒫_S`$ and $`𝒫_B`$ in the correct proportions. The fraction of $`D`$ decay to an isobar $`R`$ is $`f_R=G(M_{ijk})|𝒜_R|^2𝑑s_{ij}𝑑s_{ik}/𝒫_S𝑑s_{ij}𝑑s_{ik}`$ evaluated at $`M_{ijk}=m_D`$.

## 4 The $`K^{}\pi ^+\pi ^+`$ Channel.

The Dalitz plot in figure 1(a) shows clear bands in the $`\overline{K}_1(890)`$ regions with an asymmetric structure indicative of interference with a significant, underlying $`s`$-wave. An accumulation of events near 2 (GeV/c$`{}_{}{}^{2})^2`$ indicates contributions from $`\overline{K}_{_{}}(1430)`$ or $`\overline{K}_2(1430)`$. A fit is made including isobar amplitudes for these resonances and the $`\overline{K}_1(1688)`$, each with mass and width fixed at their PDG values. Results are shown in table 1 (model I) and compared with the $`K^{}\pi ^+`$ mass projections in figures 1(b) and (c). As in previous analyses $`^{\mathrm{?},\mathrm{?}}`$ using this model, a large NR component is required ($`90`$%) and the sum of all contributions is $`140`$% indicating much destructive interference.

The fit is poor with a $`\chi ^2`$, found by comparing predictions of model I with data in equal square bins in the Dalitz plot, of 167 for 63 degrees of freedom $`\nu `$. Major discrepancies are at low $`K^{}\pi ^+`$ masses, and the corresponding high mass reflection, and can be seen in earlier data for both this channel $`^\mathrm{?}`$ and for $`D^{_{}}K^{}\pi ^+\pi ^{}`$ $`^\mathrm{?}`$. However the large E791 sample underlines their significance, and demands that a better model be found.

First, the radii $`R_D`$, $`R_R`$ and the mass and width of $`K_0(1430)`$ are allowed to float $`^\mathrm{?}`$. This produces little improvement. Next, a further scalar amplitude “$`\kappa \mathrm{"}`$ having a Breit Wigner form similar to $`K_0(1430)`$ is added (model II in Table 1). This does provide an excellent description of the data with $`\chi ^2/\nu =46/63`$. The $`\kappa `$ mode is dominant while the NR component is consistent with zero. The sum of fractions is $`86`$%. The $`\kappa `$ mass and width, determined from the fit, are $`M_{_{}}=797\pm 19\pm 43`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{_{}}=175\pm 12\pm 12`$ MeV/c2. In this model, however, the $`K_0(1430)`$ mass and width are found to be $`1459\pm 7\pm 12`$ MeV/c2 and $`175\pm 12\pm 12`$ MeV/c2 respectively, differing somewhat from the values from LASS $`^\mathrm{?}`$.

The $`s`$-wave BW form used for the $`\kappa `$ in model II appears to be important. Variations in this, or in form factors for $`\kappa `$ and NR terms, are found to affect principally the amounts of $`\kappa `$ and NR, but to have relatively small effects on $`\kappa `$ mass and width parameters. Replacing the complex BW in model II by its absolute magnitude (a “$`\kappa `$” mass enhancement, but no phase variation) results in unphysically large $`\kappa `$ and NR fractions. A vector form for $`\kappa `$ converges with mass $`1100`$ MeV/c2 and negligible fraction. A tensor $`\kappa `$ fit fails to converge.

## 5 $`D^+\pi ^{}\pi ^+\pi ^+`$ Decays.

Figure 2(a) is the Dalitz plot for these decays $`^\mathrm{?}`$. Table 1 shows results for model III in which only resonances from the PDG are included. The fit is poor ($`\chi ^2/\nu =1.5`$), especially in the low mass $`\pi ^{}\pi ^+`$ system as seen in figure 2(b). The contribution from $`\rho (1450)`$ is larger than that from $`\rho (770)`$ \- a somewhat unlikely result. As observed in the previous analysis $`^\mathrm{?}`$ of this channel with a similar model, the NR mode dominates.

Adding a scalar amplitude ($`\sigma `$, similar to the $`\kappa `$ in model II) results in a superior fit ($`\chi ^2/\nu =0.9`$). Results for this (model IV) are in table 1. Mass and width for $`\sigma `$ are found to be $`M_{_{}}=478_{23}^{+24}\pm 17`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{_{}}=324_{40}^{+42}\pm 21`$ MeV/c2. Both NR and $`\rho (1450)\pi `$ contributions are insignificant, and the $`\sigma \pi `$ amplitude is dominant. As for the $`\kappa `$, the $`s`$-wave BW form seems to be the best model of those applied to these data.

## 6 Conclusions.

We conclude that the $`s`$-wave $`K^{}\pi ^+`$ system from decay of $`D^+`$ to $`K^{}\pi ^+\pi ^+`$ has amplitude and phase variation consistent with a sum of NR, $`K_0(1430)`$ and scalar $`\kappa `$ terms. Similarly, the $`s`$-wave $`\pi ^{}\pi ^+`$ system from decay of $`D^+\pi ^{}\pi ^+\pi ^+`$ has amplitude and phase variation consistent with a sum of NR, $`f_0(980)`$ and scalar $`\sigma `$ terms. Though this hints at the existence of scalar $`\kappa `$ and $`\sigma `$ resonances, use of Breit Wigner functions to describe such broad states near threshold may not be appropriate, and other interpretations of the data may be possible.

## References


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# Sections of Serre fibrations with low-dimensional fibers

## 1. Introduction

It was proved by H. Whitney in 1933  that it is possible to mark a point in all curves in a continuous way. The main result of this paper extends the Whitney theorem to dimensions 2 and 3. To be precise we prove that it is possible to choose a point continuously in all two-dimensional surfaces sufficiently close to a given surface, and in all $`3`$-manifolds sufficiently close to a given 3-manifold. On the other hand this theorem fails for dimensions greater than 4. In dimension 4 the question is an open problem.

The main tool used by Whitney is Whitney function. This function produces a simultaneous parameterization of curves also known as the Morse parameterization. E.V. Shchepin conjectured that the analog of the Morse parameterization exists in dimensions less than 5. The results of this paper count in favor of Shchepin’s Conjecture in dimensions 2 and 3.

Under the space $`[M]`$ of all manifolds of a given topological type we mean the space of all closed subsets of a Hilbert cube which are homeomorphic to the given manifold $`M`$ equipped with Freshet topology. Let us denote by $`[M,pt]`$ the space of all marked manifolds of the type $`M`$. Then there is a natural mapping $`p:[M,pt][M]`$ which is the universal Serre fibration with fiber $`M`$. And continuous choice of a point means continuous section in this fibration. That is why we will speak later on the sections of Serre fibrations only.

Now we can formulate

Shchepin’s Conjecture. A Serre fibration with a locally arcwise connected metric base is locally trivial if it has a low-dimensional $`(`$of dimension $`n4)`$ compact manifold as a constant fiber.

In dimension $`n=1`$ the Shchepin’s Conjecture is proved even for non-compact fibers . Shchepin has proved , that positive solution of this Conjecture in dimension $`n`$ implies positive solutions of both CE-problem and Homeomorphism Group problem in dimension $`n`$. Since $`CE`$-problem was solved in a negative way by A.N. Dranishnikov, there are dimensional restrictions in Shchepin’s Conjecture.

In dimension $`n=2`$ we generalize the main result from .

###### Theorem 4.3.

Let $`p:EB`$ be a Serre fibration of $`LC^0`$-compacta with a constant fiber which is a compact two-dimensional manifold. If $`BANR`$, then any section of $`p`$ over closed subset $`AB`$ can be extended to a section of $`p`$ over some neighborhood of $`A`$.

In dimension $`n=3`$ we consider topologically regular mappings. Note that if the Poincare Conjecture is true, then any Serre fibration of $`LC^2`$-compacta with a constant fiber which is a compact 3-manifold is topologically regular .

###### Theorem 5.3.

Let $`p:EB`$ be a topologically regular mapping of compacta with fibers homeomorphic to a 3-dimensional manifold. If $`BANR`$, then any section of $`p`$ over closed subset $`AB`$ can be extended to a section of $`p`$ over some neighborhood of $`A`$.

Also we prove two theorems on global sections in Serre fibrations.

###### Theorem 4.8.

Let $`p:EB`$ be a Serre fibration of $`LC^0`$-compactum $`E`$ onto an $`ANR`$-compactum $`B`$ with a constant fiber which is a connected two-dimensional compact manifold $`M`$ not homeomorphic to the sphere or the projective plane. Then $`p`$ admits a global section if either of the following conditions hold:

* $`\pi _1(M)`$ is abelian and $`H^2(B;\pi _1(F_b))=0`$
* $`\pi _1(M)`$ is non-abelian, $`M`$ is not homeomorphic to the Klein bottle and $`\pi _1(B)=0`$.
* $`M`$ is homeomorphic to the Klein bottle and $`\pi _1(B)=\pi _2(B)=0`$.

###### Theorem 5.4.

Let $`p:EB`$ be topologically regular mapping of compacta with fibers homeomorphic to some compact connected 3-dimensional manifold $`M`$. If $`B`$ is ANR-space, then $`p`$ admits a global section if either of the following conditions hold:

* $`\pi _1(M)`$ is abelian, $`M`$ is aspheric, and $`H^2(B;\pi _1(F_b))=0`$
* $`M`$ is closed hyperbolic 3-manifold and $`\pi _1(B)=0`$.
* $`M`$ is closed, irreducible, sufficiently large, contains no embedded $`P^2`$ having a trivial normal bundle, and $`\pi _1(B)=\pi _2(B)=0`$.

Let us recall some definitions and introduce our notations. All spaces will be separable metrizable. If not otherwise stated, by mapping we mean continuous single-valued mapping. We equip the product $`X\times Y`$ with the metric

$$\mathrm{dist}_{X\times Y}((x,y),(x^{},y^{}))=\mathrm{dist}_X(x,x^{})+\mathrm{dist}_Y(y,y^{}).$$

By $`O(x,\epsilon )`$ we denote the open $`\epsilon `$-neighborhood of the point $`x`$.

A multivalued mapping $`F:XY`$ is called submapping (or selection) of multivalued mapping $`G:XY`$ if $`F(x)G(x)`$ for every $`xX`$. The gauge of a multivalued mapping $`F:XY`$ is defined as $`\mathrm{cal}(F)=sup\{\mathrm{diam}F(x)xX\}`$. The graph of multivalued mapping $`F:XY`$ is the subset $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_F=\{(x,y)X\times YyF(x)\}`$ of the product $`X\times Y`$. For arbitrary subset $`𝒰X\times Y`$ denote by $`𝒰(x)`$ the subset $`pr_Y(𝒰(\{x\}\times Y))`$ of $`Y`$. Then for the graph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_F`$ we have $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_F(x)=F(x)`$.

A multivalued mapping $`G:XY`$ is called complete if all sets $`\{x\}\times G(x)`$ are closed with respect to some $`G_\delta `$-set $`SX\times Y`$ containing the graph of this mapping. A multivalued mapping $`F:XY`$ is called upper semicontinuous if for any open set $`UY`$ the set $`\{xXF(x)U\}`$ is open in $`X`$. A compact mapping is an upper semicontinuous multivalued mapping with compact images of points.

An increasing111We consider only increasing filtrations indexed by a segment of the natural series starting at zero. sequence (finite or infinite) of subspaces

$$Z_0Z_1Z_2\mathrm{}Z$$

is called a filtration of space $`Z`$. A sequence of multivalued mappings $`\{F_k:XY\}`$ is called a filtration of multivalued mapping $`F:XY`$ if for any $`F(x)`$, $`\{F_k(x)\}`$ is a filtration.

We say that a filtration of multivalued mappings $`G_i:XY`$ is complete (resp. compact) if every mapping $`G_i`$ is complete (resp. compact).

## 2. Local properties of multivalued mappings

Let $`\gamma `$ be a property of a topological space such that every open subset inherits this property: if a space $`X`$ satisfies $`\gamma `$, then any open subset $`UX`$ also satisfies $`\gamma `$. We say that a space $`Z`$ satisfies $`\gamma `$ locally if every point $`zZ`$ has a neighborhood with this property.

For a multivalued map $`F:XY`$ to satisfy $`\gamma `$ locally we not only require that every point-image $`F(x)`$ has this property locally, but for any points $`xX`$ and $`yF(x)`$ there exist a neighborhood $`W`$ of $`y`$ in $`Y`$ and $`U`$ of $`x`$ in $`X`$ such that $`WF(x^{})`$ satisfies $`\gamma `$ for every point $`x^{}U`$. And we use the word ”equi” for local properties of multivalued maps.

First example of such property is the local compactness.

###### Definition 2.1.

A space $`X`$ is called locally compact if every point $`xX`$ has a compact neighborhood. We say that a multivalued map $`F:XY`$ is equi locally compact if for any points $`xX`$ and $`yF(x)`$ there exists a neighborhood $`W`$ of $`y`$ in $`Y`$ and $`U`$ of $`x`$ in $`X`$ such that $`WF(x^{})`$ is compact for every point $`x^{}U`$.

Another local property we are going to use is the hereditary asphericity. This property is important in Geometric Topology (see ) and we will use the fact (which is easy to prove) that the 2-dimensional Euclidean space is hereditary aspheric. Recall that a compactum $`K`$ is called approximately aspheric if for any (equivalently, for some) embedding of $`K`$ into an ANR-space $`Y`$ every neighborhood $`U`$ of $`K`$ in $`Y`$ contains a neighborhood $`V`$ with the following property: any mapping of the sphere $`S^n`$ into $`V`$ is homotopically trivial in $`U`$ provided $`n2`$.

###### Definition 2.2.

We call a space $`Z`$ hereditarily aspheric if any compactum $`KZ`$ is approximately aspheric.

A space $`Z`$ is said to be locally hereditarily aspheric if any point $`zZ`$ has a hereditarily aspheric neighborhood.

Note that any 2-dimensional manifold is locally hereditarily aspheric. Since 3-dimensional Euclidean space is not hereditarily aspheric, we introduce a new property called hereditarily coconnected asphericity to apply our technique to 3-dimensional manifolds.

###### Definition 2.3.

We call a space $`Z`$ hereditarily coconnectedly aspheric if any non-separating compactum $`KZ`$ is approximately aspheric.

A space $`Z`$ is said to be locally hereditarily coconnectedly aspheric if any point $`zZ`$ has a hereditarily coconnectedly aspheric neighborhood.

Very important example of hereditarily coconnectedly aspheric space is Euclidean 3-space . Therefore, any 3-dimensional manifold is locally hereditarily coconnectedly aspheric.

###### Definition 2.4.

We say that a multivalued map $`F:XY`$ is equi locally hereditarily (coconnectedly) aspheric if for any points $`xX`$ and $`yF(x)`$ there exists a neighborhood $`W`$ of $`y`$ in $`Y`$ and $`U`$ of $`x`$ in $`X`$ such that $`WF(x^{})`$ is hereditarily (coconnectedly) aspheric for every point $`x^{}U`$.

Now we consider different properties of pairs of spaces and define the corresponding local properties for spaces and multivalued maps. We follow definitions and notations from .

###### Definition 2.5.

An ordering $`\alpha `$ of the subsets of a space $`Y`$ is proper provided:

* If $`W\alpha V`$, then $`WV`$;
* If $`WV`$, and $`V\alpha R`$, then $`W\alpha R`$;
* If $`W\alpha V`$, and $`VR`$, then $`W\alpha R`$.

###### Definition 2.6.

Let $`\alpha `$ be a proper ordering.

* A space $`Y`$ is locally of type $`\alpha `$ if, whenever $`yY`$ and $`V`$ is a neighbourhood of $`y`$, then there a neighbourhood $`W`$ of $`y`$ such that $`W\alpha V`$.
* A multivalued mapping $`F:XY`$ is lower $`\alpha `$-continuous if for any points $`xX`$ and $`yF(x)`$ and for any neighbourhood $`V`$ of $`y`$ in $`Y`$ there exist neighbourhoods $`W`$ of $`y`$ in $`Y`$ and $`U`$ of $`x`$ in $`X`$ such that $`(WF(x^{}))\alpha (VF(x^{}))`$ provided $`x^{}U`$.

For example, if $`W\alpha V`$ means that $`W`$ is contractible in $`V`$, then locally of type $`\alpha `$ means locally contractible. Another topological property which arises in this manner is $`LC^n`$ (where $`W\alpha V`$ means that every continuous mapping of the $`n`$-sphere into $`W`$ is homotopic to a constant mapping in $`V`$) and the corresponding lower $`\alpha `$-continuity of multivalued map is called lower $`(n+1)`$-continuity. For the special case $`n=1`$ the property $`W\alpha V`$ means that $`V`$ is non-empty, and lower $`\alpha `$-continuity is the lower semicontinuity.

The following result is weaker than Lemma 3.5 from . We will use it with different properties $`\alpha `$ in Sections 4 and 5.

###### Lemma 2.7.

Let a lower $`\alpha `$-continuous mapping $`\mathrm{\Phi }:XY`$ of compactum $`X`$ to a metric space $`Y`$ contains a compact submapping $`F`$. Then for any $`\epsilon >0`$ there exists a positive number $`\delta `$ such that for every point $`(x,y)O(\mathrm{\Gamma }_F,\delta )`$ we have $`(O(y,\delta )\mathrm{\Phi }(x))\alpha (O(y,\epsilon )\mathrm{\Phi }(x))`$.

In order to use results from  we need a local property called polyhedral $`n`$-connectedness. A pair of spaces $`VU`$ is called polyhedrally $`n`$-connected if for any finite $`n`$-dimensional polyhedron $`M`$ and its closed subpolyhedron $`A`$ any mapping of $`A`$ in $`V`$ can be extended to a map of $`M`$ into $`U`$. Note that for spaces being locally polyhedrally $`n`$-connected is equivalent to be $`LC^{n1}`$ (it follows from Lemma 2.8). The corresponding local property for multivalued map is called polyhedral lower $`n`$-continuity.

###### Lemma 2.8.

Any lower $`n`$-continuous multivalued mapping is lower polyhedrally $`n`$-continuous.

###### Proof.

The proof easely follows from the fact that in connected filtration $`Z_0Z_1\mathrm{}Z_n`$ of spaces the pair $`Z_0Z_n`$ is polyhedrally $`n`$-connected. Given a mapping $`f:AZ_0`$ of subpolyhedron $`A`$ of $`n`$-dimensional polyhedron $`P`$, we extend it successively over skeleta $`P^{(k)}`$ of $`P`$ such that the image of $`k`$-dimensional skeleton $`P^{(k)}`$ is contained in $`Z_k`$. Resulting map gives us an extension $`\stackrel{~}{f}:PZ_n`$ of $`f`$ which proves that the pair $`Z_0Z_n`$ is polyhedrally $`n`$-connected. ∎

A filtration of multivalued maps $`\{F_i\}`$ is called polyhedrally connected if every pair $`F_{i1}(x)F_i(x)`$ is polyhedrally $`i`$-connected. A filtration $`\{F_i\}`$ is called lower continuous if for any $`i`$ the mapping $`F_i`$ is lower $`i`$-continuous.

The following Lemma explains the reason to introduce the notion of polyhedral $`n`$-connectivity. This Lemma is a weak form of Compact Filtration Lemma from .

###### Lemma 2.9.

Any polyhedrally connected lower continuous finite filtration of complete mappings of a compact space contains a compact approximately connected222See Definition 3.6. subfiltration of the same length.

###### Lemma 2.10.

If $`p:EB`$ is a Serre fibration of $`LC^0`$-compacta with fibers homeomorphic to some compact 2-dimensional manifold, then the multivalued mapping $`p^1:BE`$ is

* equi locally hereditarily aspheric
* polyhedrally lower $`2`$-continuous

###### Proof.

Since every open proper subset of a two-dimensional manifold is aspheric, every compact proper subset of 2-manifold is approximately aspheric. Therefore, the mapping $`F`$ is equi locally hereditarily aspheric.

It follows from a theorem of McAuley  that the mapping $`p^1`$ is lower 2-continuous. By Lemma 2.8, the mapping $`p^1`$ is polyhedrally lower 2-continuous. ∎

We say that a subset $`A`$ of a space $`Z`$ is coconnected if the complement $`ZA`$ is connected. The following definition extends this property to pairs.

###### Definition 2.11.

A pair $`VU`$ of proper subsets of a space $`Z`$ is called coconnected if there exists a connected component of $`ZV`$ containing $`ZU`$.

If a pair $`G_0G_1`$ of proper subsets of a space $`Z`$ is coconnected, then we can define an operation of coconnectification on subsets of $`G_0`$ as follows: for a subset $`F_0G_0`$ its coconnectification is the union of $`F_0`$ and all components of $`ZF_0`$ which do not intersect $`ZG_1`$. Clearly, for a connected space $`Z`$ the coconnectification of $`F_0`$ is the minimal subset $`F_1G_1`$ containing $`F_0`$ such that $`ZF_1`$ is connected.

###### Definition 2.12.

A multivalued mapping $`F:XY`$ is called lower coconnected if for any points $`xX`$ and $`yF(x)`$ and for any sufficiently small neighbourhood $`V`$ of $`y`$ in $`Y`$ there exist neighbourhoods $`W`$ of $`y`$ in $`Y`$ and $`U`$ of $`x`$ in $`X`$ such that the pair $`(WF(x^{}))(VF(x^{}))`$ is coconnected in $`F(x^{})`$ for every point $`x^{}U`$.

If a multivalued mapping $`F:XY`$ contains proper submappings $`G_0`$ and $`G_1`$ such that for any $`xX`$ the pair $`G_0(x)G_1(x)`$ is coconnected in $`F(x)`$, then for any submapping $`F_0G_0`$ we define a coconnectification of $`F_0`$ as a multivalued mapping taking a point $`xX`$ to the coconnectification of $`F_0(x)`$ in $`G_1(x)`$.

###### Lemma 2.13.

Suppose that lower $`1`$-continuous multivalued mapping $`F:XY`$ contains proper submappings $`G_0G_1`$ such that $`G_1`$ is compact and for any $`xX`$ the pair $`G_0(x)G_1(x)`$ is coconnected in $`F(x)`$. Then for any compact submapping $`F_0G_0`$ its coconnectification $`F_1`$ is a compact submapping of $`G_1`$.

###### Proof.

Since the coconnectification of the set $`F_0(x)`$ is closed in $`F(x)`$ and is contained in $`G_1(x)`$, the set $`F_1(x)`$ is compact.

Let us prove that $`F_1`$ is u.s.c. Suppose that for some point $`yG_1(x)F_1(x)`$ there is a sequence $`\{y_i\}_{i=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ of point converging to $`y`$ such that $`y_i`$ belongs to a set $`F_1(x_i)F_0(x_i)`$ for some $`x_iX`$. Fix a point $`zF(x)G_1(x)`$. The points $`y`$ and $`z`$ belong to connected set $`F(x)F_1(x)`$ which is open in $`F(x)`$ and therefore is locally path connected (since $`F(x)LC^0`$). Hence, there exists a path $`s:[0,1]F(x)F_1(x)`$ such that $`s(0)=y`$ and $`s(1)=z`$. Since $`F`$ is l.s.c. and $`G_1`$ is u.s.c., there is a sequence of points $`\{z_iF(x_i)G_1(x_i)\}_{i=M}^{\mathrm{}}`$, converging to $`z`$.

Using lower $`1`$-continuity of the mapping $`F`$ we can choose a sequence of maps $`\{s_i:[0,1]F(x_i)\}_{i=M^{}}^{\mathrm{}}`$ such that $`s_i(0)=y_i`$, $`s_i(1)=z_i`$ and $`s_i_i\mathrm{}s`$. Since the path $`s`$ does not intersect the fiber $`F_0(x)`$ and $`F_0`$ is u.s.c., all but the finite number of paths $`s_i`$ do not intersect the fibers of $`F_0`$. It means that the points $`y_i`$ and $`z_i`$ belong to the same connected component of the set $`F(x_i)F_0(x_i)`$, which contradicts to the choices of $`y_i`$ and $`z_i`$. ∎

###### Definition 2.14.

The mapping $`f:XY`$ is said to be topologically regular provided that if $`\epsilon >0`$ and $`yY`$, then there is a positive number $`\delta `$ such that $`dist(y,y^{})<\delta `$, $`y^{}Y`$, implies that there is a homeomorphism of $`f^1(y)`$ onto $`f^1(y^{})`$ which moves no point as much as $`\epsilon `$ (i.e. an $`\epsilon `$-homeomorphism).

Note that if the Poincare Conjecture is true, then any Serre fibration $`f:XY`$ of $`LC^2`$-compacta with a constant fiber which is a compact three-dimensional manifold is topologically regular .

###### Lemma 2.15.

If $`p:EB`$ is a topologically regular mapping of compacta with fibers homeomorphic to some connected 3-dimensional manifold, then the multivalued mapping $`p^1:BE`$ is

* equi locally hereditarily coconnectedly aspheric
* lower coconnected
* equi locally compact
* lower polyhedrally $`2`$-continuous

###### Proof.

Clearly, we can identify the graph of $`p^1`$ with the space $`E`$ and the projection of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{p^1}`$ onto $`B`$ with $`p`$. Fix a point $`qE`$ and $`\epsilon >0`$. We will find $`\delta >0`$ such that for any point $`xp(O(q,\delta ))`$ there exist subsets $`D^3`$ and $`O^3`$ of the fiber $`p^1(x)`$ such that

$$O(q,\delta )p^1(x)D^3O^3O(q,\epsilon )p^1(x)$$

where $`D^3`$ is homeomorphic to closed 3-ball and $`O^3`$ is homeomorphic to $`^3`$. Then last three properties of $`p^1`$ follow easely. And the first property follows from Lemma 2.4 from  which states that a compactum in $`^3`$ which does not separate $`^3`$ is approximately aspheric.

Take a neighborhood $`O_q^3`$ of the point $`q`$ in the fiber $`p^1(p(q))`$ such that $`O_q^3`$ is homeomorphic to $`^3`$ and is contained in $`O(q,\epsilon /2)`$. Note that if $`h`$ is $`\epsilon /2`$-homeomorphism of $`O_q^3`$, then $`h(O_q^3)`$ is contained in $`O(q,\epsilon )`$. Let $`D_q^3`$ be a neighborhood of $`q`$ in $`p^1(p(q))`$ homeomorphic to closed 3-ball. Take a number $`\sigma >0`$ such that $`O(q,\sigma )p^1(p(q))`$ is contained in $`D_q^3`$. Choose a positive number $`\delta <\sigma /2`$ such that for any point $`xO(p(q),\delta )`$ there exists $`\sigma /2`$-homeomorphism of the fiber $`p^1(p(q))`$ onto $`p^1(x)`$. Now take a point $`xp(O(q,\delta ))`$ and fix $`\sigma /2`$-homeomorphism $`h`$ of the fiber $`p^1(p(q))`$ onto $`p^1(x)`$. By the choice of $`\sigma `$, the set $`h(D_q^3)`$ contains $`O(q,\sigma /2)p^1(x)`$. Therefore, we have

$$O(q,\delta )p^1(x)h(D_q^3)h(O_q^3)O(q,\epsilon )p^1(x).$$

## 3. Singlevalued approximations

In this Section we prove filtered finite dimensional approximation theorem (Theorem 3.13) and then apply it in a usual way (compare ) to prove an approximation theorem for maps of ANR-spaces. Since we are going to use singular filtrations of multivalued maps instead of usual filtrations, our Theorem 3.13 generalizes the Filtered approximation theorem proved in . But the proof of our singular version of filtered approximation theorem in full generality requires a lot of technical details to establish. So, we decided to prove precisely the version that we need — for compact maps of metric spaces.

Let us introduce a notion of singular filtration.

###### Definition 3.1.

A singular pair of spaces is a triple $`(Z,\varphi ,Z^{})`$ where $`\varphi :ZZ^{}`$ is a mapping.

We say that a space $`Z`$ contains a singular filtration of spaces if a finite sequence of pairs $`\{(Z_i,\varphi _i)\}_{i=0}^n`$ is given where $`Z_i`$ is a space and $`\varphi _i:Z_iZ_{i+1}`$ is a map (we identify $`Z_{n+1}`$ with $`Z`$).

For a multivalued map $`F:XY`$ it is useful to consider its graph fibers $`\{x\}\times F(x)\mathrm{\Gamma }_F`$ instead of usual fibers $`F(x)Y`$. While the graph fibers are always homeomorphic to the usual fibers, different graph fibers do not intersect (the usual fibers may intersect in $`Y`$). We denote the graph fiber of the map $`F`$ over a point $`xX`$ by $`F^\mathrm{\Gamma }(x)`$.

To define the notion of singular filtration for multivalued maps we introduce a notion of fiberwise transformation of multivalued maps.

###### Definition 3.2.

For multivalued mappings $`F`$ and $`G`$ of a space $`X`$ a fiberwise transformation from $`F`$ to $`G`$ is a continuous mapping $`T:\mathrm{\Gamma }_F\mathrm{\Gamma }_G`$ such that $`T(F^\mathrm{\Gamma }(x))G^\mathrm{\Gamma }(x)`$ for every $`xX`$.

A fiber $`T(x)`$ of the fiberwise transformation $`T`$ over the point $`xX`$ is a mapping $`T(x):F(x)G(x)`$ determined by $`T`$.

We say that a multivalued mapping $`F:XY`$ contains a singular filtration of multivalued maps if a finite sequence of pairs $`\{(F_i,T_i)\}_{i=0}^n`$ is given where $`F_i:XY_i`$ is a multivalued mapping and $`T_i`$ is a fiberwise transformation from $`F_i`$ to $`F_{i+1}`$ (we identify $`F_{n+1}`$ with $`F`$).

To construct continuous approximations of multivalued maps we need the notion of approximate asphericity.

###### Definition 3.3.

A pair of compacta $`KK^{}`$ is called approximately $`n`$-aspheric if for any embedding of $`K^{}`$ into $`ANR`$-space $`Z`$ for every neighborhood $`U`$ of $`K^{}`$ in $`Z`$ there exists a neighborhood $`V`$ of $`K`$ such that any mapping $`f:S^nV`$ is homotopically trivial in $`U`$.

A compactum $`K`$ is approximately $`n`$-aspheric if the pair $`KK`$ is approximately $`n`$-aspheric.

The following is a singular version of approximate asphericity.

###### Definition 3.4.

A singular pair of compacta $`(K,\varphi ,K^{})`$ is called approximately $`n`$-aspheric if for any embeddings $`KZ`$ and $`K^{}Z^{}`$ in $`ANR`$-spaces and for any extension of $`\varphi `$ to a map $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }:OKZ^{}`$ of some neighborhood $`OK`$ of $`K`$ the following holds: for every neighborhood $`U`$ of $`K^{}`$ in $`Z^{}`$ there exists a neighborhood $`V`$ of $`K`$ in $`OK`$ such that for any mapping $`f:S^nV`$ the spheroid $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }f:S^nU`$ is homotopically trivial in $`U`$.

Following R.C. Lacher , one can prove that this notion does not depend on the choices of $`ANR`$-spaces $`Z`$ and $`Z^{}`$ and on the embeddings of $`K`$ and $`K^{}`$ into these spaces.

###### Definition 3.5.

A singular filtration of compacta $`\{(K_i,\varphi _i)\}_{i=0}^n`$ is called approximately connected if for every $`i<n`$ the singular pair $`(K_i,\varphi _i,K_{i+1})`$ is approximately $`i`$-aspheric.

Clearly, a singular pair of compacta $`(K,\varphi ,K^{})`$ is approximately $`n`$-aspheric in either of the following three situations: compactum $`K`$, compactum $`K^{}`$, or the pair $`\varphi (K)K^{}`$ is approximately $`n`$-aspheric.

###### Definition 3.6.

A singular filtration $`=\{(F_i,T_i)\}_{i=0}^n`$ of compact mappings $`F_i:XY_i`$ is said to be approximately connected if for every point $`xX`$ the singular filtration of compacta $`\{(F_i(x),T_i(x))\}_{i=0}^n`$ is approximately connected.

An approximately connected singular filtration $`=\{(F_i:XY_i,T_i)\}_{i=0}^n`$ is said to be approximately $`\mathrm{}`$-connected if the mapping $`F_n`$ has approximately $`k`$-aspheric point-images $`F_n(x)`$ for all $`kn`$ and all $`xX`$.

Note that if a singular filtration $`=\{(F_i,T_i)\}_{i=0}^n`$ is approximately $`\mathrm{}`$-connected, then the mapping $`F_n`$ contains an approximately connected singular filtration of any given finite length.

We will reduce our study of singular filtrations to the study of usual filtrations using the following cylinder construction.

###### Definition 3.7.

For a continuous singlevalued mapping $`f:XY`$ we define a cylinder of $`f`$ denoted by $`\mathrm{cyl}(f)`$ as a space obtained from the disjoint union of $`X\times [0,1]`$ and $`Y`$ by identifying each $`\{x\}\times \{1\}`$ with $`f(x)`$.

Note that the cylinder $`\mathrm{cyl}(f)`$ contains a homeomorphic copy of $`Y`$ called the bottom of the cylinder, and a homeomorphic copy of $`X`$ as $`X\times \{0\}`$ called the top of the cylinder.

###### Remark 3.8.

There is a natural deformation retraction $`r:\mathrm{cyl}(f)Y`$ onto the bottom $`Y`$. Clearly, the fiber of the mapping $`r`$ over a point $`yY`$ is either one point $`\{y\}`$ or a cone over the set $`f^1(y)`$. Therefore, if the map $`f`$ is proper, then $`r`$ is $`UV^{\mathrm{}}`$-mapping.

###### Remark 3.9.

Suppose that $`X`$ is embedded into Banach space $`B_1`$ and $`Y`$ is embedded into Banach space $`B_2`$. Then we can naturally embed the cylinder $`\mathrm{cyl}(f)`$ into the product $`B_1\times \times B_2`$. The embedding is clearly defined on the top as embedding into $`B_1\times \{0\}\times \{0\}`$ and on the bottom as embedding into $`\{0\}\times \{1\}\times B_2`$. We extend these embeddings to the whole cylinder by sending its point $`\{x\}\times \{t\}`$ to the point $`\{(1t)x\}\times t\times \{tf(x)\}`$.

###### Lemma 3.10.

If a singular pair of compacta $`(K,\varphi ,K^{})`$ is approximately $`n`$-aspheric, then the pair $`K\mathrm{cyl}(\varphi )`$ is approximately $`n`$-aspheric.

###### Proof.

Let us fix embeddings of $`K`$ into Banach space $`B_1`$, of $`K^{}`$ into Banach space $`B_2`$, and of the cylinder $`\mathrm{cyl}(\varphi )`$ into the product $`B=B_1\times \times B_2`$ as described in Remark 3.9. Fix a neighborhood $`U`$ of $`\mathrm{cyl}(\varphi )`$ in $`B`$. Extend the mapping $`\varphi `$ to a map $`\varphi _1:B_1B_2`$. Take a neighborhood $`V_1`$ of the top of our cylinder in $`B_1`$ such that the cylinder $`\mathrm{cyl}(\varphi _1|_{V_1})`$ is contained in $`U`$. Using approximate $`n`$-asphericity of the pair $`(K,\varphi ,K^{})`$ we find for a neighborhood $`U\{0\}\times \{1\}\times B_2`$ of $`K^{}`$ in $`\{0\}\times \{1\}\times B_2`$ a neighborhood $`V^{}`$ of $`K`$ in $`B_1\times \{0\}\times \{0\}`$. Let $`\epsilon `$ be a positive number such that the product $`V=V^{}\times (\epsilon ,\epsilon )\times O(0,\epsilon )`$ is contained in $`U`$.

Given a spheroid $`f:S^nV`$ we retract it into $`V^{}\times \{0\}\times \{0\}`$, then retract it to the bottom of the cylinder $`\mathrm{cyl}(\varphi _1|_{V_1})`$ using Remark 3.8, and finally contract it to a point inside $`U\{0\}\times \{1\}\times B_2`$. Clearly, the whole retraction sits inside $`U`$, as required. ∎

###### Definition 3.11.

Let $`=\{(F_i:XY_i,T_i)\}_{i=0}^n`$ be a singular filtration of a multivalued mapping $`F:XY=Y_{n+1}`$. If all the spaces $`Y_i`$ are Banach, then for a multivalued mapping $`𝔽`$ from $`X`$ to $`𝕐=Y\times _{i=0}^n(Y_i\times )`$ defined as $`𝔽(x)=_{k=0}^n\mathrm{cyl}(T_k(x))`$ we can define a cylinder $`\mathrm{cyl}()`$ as a filtration of multivalued maps $`\{𝔽_i\}_{i=0}^n`$ defined as follows:

$$𝔽_0=F_0\text{ and }𝔽_i(x)=\underset{k=0}{\overset{i1}{}}\mathrm{cyl}(T_k(x)).$$

It is easy to see that for a singular filtration $`=\{(F_i,T_i)\}_{i=0}^n`$ of compact mappings $`F_i`$ the filtration $`\mathrm{cyl}()`$ consists of compact mappings $`_i`$.

###### Lemma 3.12.

If a singular filtration $`=\{(F_i,T_i)\}_{i=0}^n`$ of compact maps is approximately connected, then the filtration $`\mathrm{cyl}()=\{𝔽_i\}_{i=0}^n`$ is approximately connected.

###### Proof.

Using Remark 3.8 it is easy to define a deformation retraction $`r:𝔽_i(x)F_i(x)`$ which is $`UV^{\mathrm{}}`$-mapping. This retraction defines $`UV^{\mathrm{}}`$-mapping of pairs $`(𝔽_i(x),𝔽_{i+1}(x))(F_i(x),\mathrm{cyl}(T_i(x)))`$. By Lemma 3.10 the pair $`F_i(x)\mathrm{cyl}(T_i(x))`$ is approximately $`i`$-aspheric, and by Pairs Mapping Lemma from  the pair $`𝔽_i(x)𝔽_{i+1}(x)`$ is also approximately $`i`$-aspheric ∎

###### Theorem 3.13.

Let $`H:XY`$ be a multivalued mapping of metric space $`X`$ to a Banach space $`Y`$. If $`dimXn`$ and $`H`$ contains approximately connected singular filtration $`=\{(H_i:XY_i,T_i)\}_{i=0}^n`$ of compact mappings, then any neighborhood $`𝒰`$ of the graph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_H`$ contains the graph of a single-valued and continuous mapping $`h:XY`$.

###### Proof.

Without loss of generality we may assume that all spaces $`Y_i`$ are Banach spaces. We consider $`Y`$ as a subspace of the product $`𝕐=Y\times _{i=0}^n(Y_i\times )`$. Clearly, $`H`$ is a submapping of a multivalued mapping $`:X𝕐`$ defined as $`(x)=_{k=0}^n\mathrm{cyl}(T_k(x))`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}`$ admits a deformation retraction $`R`$ onto $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_H`$. Fix a neighborhood $`𝒰`$ of the graph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_H`$ in $`X\times Y`$. Since all maps $`H_i`$ are compact, $``$ is also compact and the graph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}`$ is closed in $`X\times 𝕐`$. Extend the mapping $`\mathrm{pr}_YR:\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}Y`$ to some neighborhood $`𝒲`$ of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}`$ in $`X\times 𝕐`$ and denote by $`R^{}`$ the map of $`𝒲`$ to $`X\times Y`$ such that $`\mathrm{pr}_YR^{}`$ is our extension. Clearly, we may assume that $`R^{}(𝒲)`$ is contained in $`𝒰`$.

By Lemma 3.12 the multivalued map $``$ admits approximately connected filtration $`\mathrm{cyl}()`$ of compact multivalued maps. By Single-Valued Approximation Theorem from  there exists a singlevalued continuous mapping $`𝐡:X𝕐`$ with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝐡𝒲`$. Define a singlevalued continuous map $`h`$ by the equality $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_h=R^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_𝐡)`$. Clearly, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_h`$ is contained in $`R^{}(𝒲)𝒰`$. ∎

###### Theorem 3.14.

Suppose that a compact mapping of separable metric ANRs $`F:XY`$ admits a compact singular approximately $`\mathrm{}`$-connected filtration. Then for any compact space $`KX`$ every neighborhood of the graph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_F(K)`$ contains the graph of a single-valued and continuous mapping $`f:KY`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`𝒰`$ be an open neighborhood of the graph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_F(K)`$ in the product $`X\times Y`$. Since $`F`$ is upper semicontinuous, there is a neighborhood $`OK`$ of compactum $`K`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_F(OK)`$ is contained in $`𝒰`$. Since any open subset of separable ANR-space is separable ANR-space , we can denote $`OK`$ by $`X`$ and consider $`𝒰`$ as an open neighborhood of the graph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_F`$.

For every point $`xX`$ take open neighborhoods $`O_xX`$ of the point $`x`$ and $`V_xX`$ of the compactum $`F(x)`$ such that the product $`O_x\times V_x`$ is contained in $`𝒰`$. Using upper semicontinuity of $`F`$ we can choose $`O_x`$ so small that the following inclusion holds: $`F(O_x)V_x`$. Fix an open covering $`\omega _1`$ of the space $`X`$ which is starlike refinement of $`\{O_x\}_{xX}`$. Let $`\omega _2`$ be a locally finite open covering of the space $`X`$ which is starlike refined into $`\omega _1`$.

There exist a locally finite simplicial complex $`L`$ and mappings $`r:XL`$ and $`j:LX`$ such that the map $`jr`$ is $`\omega _2`$-close to $`\mathrm{id}_X`$ . Fix a finite subcomplex $`NL`$ containing the compact set $`r(K)`$. Define a compact mapping $`\mathrm{\Psi }:NY`$ by the formula $`\mathrm{\Psi }=Fj`$. Clearly, the mapping $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ admits a compact approximately connected singular filtration of any length (particularly, of the length $`dimN`$). Let us define a neighborhood $`𝒲`$ of the graph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mathrm{\Psi }`$. For every point $`qN`$ we put

$$𝒲(q)=\{𝒰(y)y\mathrm{st}_{\omega _1}(\mathrm{St}_{\omega _2}(j(q)))\}.$$

By $`\mathrm{St}_{\omega _2}(j(q))`$, we denote the star of the point $`j(q)`$ with respect to the covering $`\omega _2`$. And by $`\mathrm{st}(A,\omega )`$, we denote the set $`\{U\omega AU\}`$.

By Theorem 3.13 there exists a single-valued continuous mapping $`\psi :NY`$ such that the graph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\psi `$ is contained in $`𝒲`$. Put $`f=\psi r:XY`$. For any point $`xK`$ we have $`\psi (r(x))\{𝒰(x^{})x^{}\mathrm{St}_{\omega _2}(jr(x))\}`$. Since $`x\mathrm{St}_{\omega _2}(jr(x))`$, then $`\psi (r(x))𝒰(x)`$. That is, the graph of $`f`$ is contained in $`𝒰`$. ∎

## 4. Fibrations with 2-manifold fibers

Our strategy of constructing a section of a Serre fibration is as follows. We consider the inverse (multivalued) mapping and find its compact submapping admitting continuous approximations. Then we take very close continuous approximation and use it to find again a compact submapping with small diameters of fibers admitting continuous approximations. When we continue this process we get a sequence of compact submappings with diameters of fibers tending to zero. This sequence will converge to the desired singlevalued submapping (selection).

###### Lemma 4.1.

Let $`F:XY`$ be equi locally hereditarily aspheric, lower 2-continuous complete multivalued mapping of $`ANR`$-space $`X`$ to Banach space $`Y`$. Suppose that a compact submapping $`\mathrm{\Psi }:AY`$ of $`F|_A`$ is defined on a compactum $`AX`$ and admits continuous approximations. Then for any $`\epsilon >0`$ there exists a neighborhood $`OA`$ of $`A`$ and a compact submapping $`\mathrm{\Psi }^{}:OAY`$ of $`F|_{OA}`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mathrm{\Psi }^{}O(\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mathrm{\Psi },\epsilon )`$, $`\mathrm{\Psi }^{}`$ admits a compact approximately $`\mathrm{}`$-connected filtration, and $`\mathrm{cal}\mathrm{\Psi }^{}<\epsilon `$.

###### Proof.

Fix a positive number $`\epsilon `$. Apply Lemma 2.7 with $`\alpha `$ being equi local hereditary asphericity to get a positive number $`\epsilon _2<\epsilon /4`$. By Lemma 2.8 the mapping $`F`$ is lower polyhedrally 2-continuous. Subsequently applying Lemma 2.7 with $`\alpha `$ being polyhedral $`n`$-continuity for $`n=2,1,0`$, we find positive numbers $`\epsilon _1`$, $`\epsilon _0`$, and $`\delta `$ such that $`\delta <\epsilon _0<\epsilon _1<\epsilon _2`$ and for every point $`(x,y)O(\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mathrm{\Psi },\delta )`$ the pair $`(O(y,\epsilon _1)F(x),O(y,\epsilon _2)F(x))`$ is polyhedrally 2-connected, the pair $`(O(y,\epsilon _0)F(x),O(y,\epsilon _1)F(x))`$ is polyhedrally 1-connected, and the intersection $`O(y,\epsilon _0)F(x)`$ is not empty.

Let $`f:KY`$ be a continuous single-valued mapping whose graph is contained in $`O(\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mathrm{\Psi },\delta )`$. Let $`f^{}:𝒪KY`$ be a continuous extension of the mapping $`f`$ over some neighborhood $`𝒪K`$ such that the graph of $`f^{}`$ is contained in $`O(\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mathrm{\Psi },\delta )`$. Now we can define a polyhedrally connected filtration $`G_0G_1G_2:𝒪KY`$ of the mapping $`F|_{𝒪K}`$ by the equality

$$G_i(x)=O(f^{}(x),\epsilon _i)F(x).$$

Since the set $`_{x𝒪K}\{\{x\}\times O(f^{}(x),\epsilon _i)\}`$ is open in the product $`𝒪K\times Y`$ and the mapping $`F`$ is complete, then $`G_i`$ is also complete. Clearly, $`\mathrm{cal}G_2<2\epsilon _2<\epsilon `$ and for any point $`xK`$ the set $`G_2^\mathrm{\Gamma }(x)`$ is contained in $`O(\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mathrm{\Psi },\epsilon )`$. Now, applying Lemma 2.9 to the filtration $`G_0G_1G_2`$, we obtain a compact approximately connected subfiltration $`F_0F_1F_2:𝒪KY`$. By the choice of $`\epsilon _2`$ the mapping $`F_2`$ has approximately aspheric point-images. Therefore, the filtration $`F_0F_1F_2`$ is approximately $`\mathrm{}`$-connected. Finally, we put $`\mathrm{\Psi }^{}=F_2`$. ∎

###### Theorem 4.2.

Let $`F:XY`$ be equi locally hereditarily aspheric, lower 2-continuous complete multivalued mapping of locally compact $`ANR`$-space $`X`$ to Banach space $`Y`$. Suppose that a compact submapping $`\mathrm{\Psi }:AY`$ of $`F|_A`$ is defined on compactum $`AX`$ and admits continuous approximations. Then for any $`\epsilon >0`$ there exists a neighborhood $`OA`$ of $`A`$ and a single-valued continuous selection $`s:OAY`$ of $`F|_{OA}`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_sO(\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mathrm{\Psi },\epsilon )`$.

###### Proof.

Consider a $`G_\delta `$-subset $`GX\times Y`$ such that all fibers of $`F`$ are closed in $`G`$ and fix open sets $`G_iX\times Y`$ such that $`G=_{i=1}^{\mathrm{}}G_i`$. Fix $`\epsilon >0`$ such that $`O(\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mathrm{\Psi },\epsilon )G_1`$. By Lemma 4.1 there is a neighborhood $`U_1`$ of $`A`$ in $`X`$ and a compact submapping $`\mathrm{\Psi }_1:U_1Y`$ of $`F|_{U_1}`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{\Psi }_1}O(\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mathrm{\Psi },\epsilon )`$, $`\mathrm{\Psi }_1`$ admits a compact approximately $`\mathrm{}`$-connected filtration, and $`\mathrm{cal}\mathrm{\Psi }_1<\epsilon `$. Since $`X`$ is locally compact and $`A`$ is compact, there exists a compact neighborhood $`OA`$ of $`A`$ such that $`OAU_1`$. By Theorem 3.14 the mapping $`\mathrm{\Psi }_1|_{OA}`$ admits continuous approximations. Take $`\epsilon _1<\epsilon `$ such that the neighborhood $`𝒰_1=O(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{\Psi }_1}(OA),\epsilon _1)`$ lies in $`O(\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mathrm{\Psi },\epsilon )`$. Clearly, $`𝒰_1G_1`$.

Now by induction with the use of Lemma 4.1, we construct a sequence of neighborhoods $`U_1U_2U_3\mathrm{}`$ of the compactum $`OA`$, a sequence of compact submappings $`\{\mathrm{\Psi }_k:U_kY\}_{k=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ of the mapping $`F`$, and a sequence of neighborhoods $`𝒰_k=O(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{\Psi }_1}(OA),\epsilon _k)`$ such that for every $`k2`$ we have $`\mathrm{cal}\mathrm{\Psi }_k<\epsilon _{k1}/2<\epsilon /2^k`$, and $`𝒰_k(OA)`$ is contained in $`𝒰_{k1}(OA)G_k`$. It is not difficult to choose the neighborhood $`𝒰_k`$ of the graph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{\Psi }_k}`$ in such a way that for every point $`xU_k`$ the set $`𝒰_k(x)`$ has diameter less than $`\frac{3}{2^k}`$.

Then for any $`mk1`$ and for any point $`xOA`$ we have $`\mathrm{\Psi }_m(x)O(\mathrm{\Psi }_k(x),\frac{3}{2^k})`$; this implies the fact that the sequence $`\{\mathrm{\Psi }_k|_{OA}\}_{k=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ is a Cauchy sequence. Since $`Y`$ is complete, there exists the limit $`s:OAY`$ of this sequence. The mapping $`s`$ is single-valued by the condition $`\mathrm{cal}\mathrm{\Psi }_k<\frac{1}{2^k}`$ and is upper semicontinuous (and, therefore, is continuous) by the upper semicontinuity of all the mappings $`\mathrm{\Psi }_k`$. Clearly, for any $`xOA`$ the point $`s(x)`$ lies in $`G(x)`$ and is a limit point of the set $`F(x)`$. Since $`F(x)`$ is closed in $`G(x)`$, then $`s(x)F(x)`$, i.e. $`s`$ is a selection of the mapping $`F`$. ∎

###### Theorem 4.3.

Let $`p:EB`$ be a Serre fibration of $`LC^0`$-compacta with a constant fiber which is a compact two-dimensional manifold. If $`BANR`$, then any section of $`p`$ over closed subset $`AB`$ can be extended to a section of $`p`$ over some neighborhood of $`A`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`s:AE`$ be a section of $`p`$ over $`A`$. Embed $`E`$ into Hilbert space $`l_2`$ and consider a multivalued mapping $`F:Bl_2`$ defined as follows:

$$F(b)=\{\begin{array}{cc}s(b),\hfill & \text{if }bA\hfill \\ p^1(b),\hfill & \text{if }xBA\text{.}\hfill \end{array}$$

Since every fiber $`p^1(b)`$ is compact, the mapping $`F`$ is complete. By Lemma 2.10 the mapping $`F`$ is equi locally hereditarily aspheric and lower $`2`$-continuous. We can apply Theorem 4.2 to the mapping $`F`$ and its submapping $`s`$ to find a single-valued continuous selection $`\stackrel{~}{s}:OAl_2`$ of $`F|_{OA}`$. By definition of $`F`$, we have $`\stackrel{~}{s}|_A=F|_A=s`$. Clearly, $`\stackrel{~}{s}`$ defines a section of the fibration $`p`$ over $`OA`$ extending $`s`$. ∎

###### Definition 4.4.

For a mapping $`p:EB`$ we say that $`s:BE`$ is $`\epsilon `$-section if the map $`ps`$ is $`\epsilon `$-close to the identity $`\mathrm{id}_B`$.

The following proposition easily follows from Theorem 4.1 of the paper .

###### Proposition 4.5.

If $`p:EB`$ is a locally trivial fibration of finite-dimensional compacta with locally contractible fiber, then there is $`\epsilon >0`$ such that an existence of $`\epsilon `$-section for $`p`$ implies an existence of a section for $`p`$.

We will use the following two statements in the proof of existence of global sections in Serre fibrations. The proof of these two Propositions follows from the Bestvina’s construction of Menger manifold  and Dranishnikov’s triangulation theorem for Menger manifolds .

###### Proposition 4.6.

Let $`X`$ be a compact 2-dimensional Menger manifold. For any $`\epsilon >0`$ there exist a finite polyhedron $`P`$ and maps $`g:XP`$ and $`h:PX`$ such that $`hg`$ is $`\epsilon `$-close to the identity. If $`\pi _1(X)=0`$, then we may choose $`P`$ with $`\pi _1(P)=0`$.

###### Proposition 4.7.

Let $`X`$ be a compact 3-dimensional Menger manifold with $`\pi _1(X)=\pi _2(X)=0`$. For any $`\epsilon >0`$ there exist a finite polyhedron $`P`$ with $`\pi _1(P)=\pi _2(P)=0`$ and maps $`g:XP`$ and $`h:PX`$ such that $`hg`$ is $`\epsilon `$-close to the identity.

###### Theorem 4.8.

Let $`p:EB`$ be a Serre fibration of $`LC^0`$-compactum $`E`$ onto $`ANR`$-compactum $`B`$ with a constant fiber which is a compact connected two-dimensional manifold $`M`$ not homeomorphic to sphere or projective plane. Then $`p`$ admits a global section if either of the following conditions hold:

* $`\pi _1(M)`$ is abelian and $`H^2(B;\pi _1(F_b))=0`$
* $`\pi _1(M)`$ is non-abelian, $`M`$ is not homeomorphic to the Klein bottle and $`\pi _1(B)=0`$.
* $`M`$ is homeomorphic to the Klein bottle and $`\pi _1(B)=\pi _2(B)=0`$.

###### Proof.

Embed $`E`$ into the Hilbert space $`l_2`$ and consider a multivalued mapping $`F:Bl_2`$ defined as $`F=p^1`$. Since every fiber $`p^1(b)`$ is compact, the mapping $`F`$ is complete. It follows from Lemma 2.10 that the mapping $`F`$ is equi locally hereditarily aspheric and lower $`2`$-continuous.

Now we show that $`F`$ admits a compact singular approximately $`\mathrm{}`$-connected filtration. In cases (a) and (b) there exists $`UV^1`$-mapping $`\mu `$ of Menger 2-dimensional manifold $`L`$ onto $`B`$ . Note that $`\pi _1(L)=0`$ if $`\pi _1(B)=0`$. In case (c) we consider $`UV^2`$-mapping $`\mu `$ of Menger 3-dimensional manifold $`L`$ onto $`B`$ ; note that $`\pi _1(L)=\pi _2(L)=0`$ if $`\pi _1(B)=\pi _2(B)=0`$. Since $`dimL<\mathrm{}`$, the induced fibration $`p_L=\mu ^{}(p):E_LL`$ is locally trivial . By Proposition 4.5 there is $`\epsilon >0`$ such that an existence of $`\epsilon `$-section for $`p_L`$ implies an existence of a section for $`p_L`$. In cases (a) and (b), by Proposition 4.6, there exist a 2-dimensional finite polyhedron $`P`$ and continuous maps $`g:LP`$ and $`h:PL`$ such that $`hg`$ is $`\epsilon `$-close to the identity (we assume $`\pi _1(P)=0`$ in case $`\pi _1(B)=0`$). In case (c) by Proposition 4.7 there exist a 3-dimensional finite polyhedron $`P`$ with $`\pi _1(P)=\pi _2(P)=0`$ and continuous maps $`g:LP`$ and $`h:PL`$ such that $`hg`$ is $`\epsilon `$-close to the identity.

Consider a locally trivial fibration $`p_P=h^{}(p_L):E_PP`$.

Claim. The fibration $`p_P`$ has a section $`s_P`$.

###### Proof.

* If $`\pi _1(M)`$ is abelian and $`H^2(B;\pi _1(F_b))=0=H^2(P;\pi _1(F_b))`$, the fibration $`p_P`$ has a section $`s_P`$ .
* Since $`\pi _1(P)=0`$ and $`dimP=2`$, then $`P`$ is homotopy equivalent to a bouquet of 2-spheres $`\mathrm{\Omega }=_{i=1}^mS_i^2`$. Let $`\psi :P\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and $`\varphi :\mathrm{\Omega }P`$ be maps such that $`\varphi \psi `$ is homotopic to the identity $`\mathrm{id}_P`$. The locally trivial fibration over a bouquet $`p_\mathrm{\Omega }=\varphi ^{}(p_P):E_\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Omega }`$ has a global section if and only if it has a section over every sphere of the bouquet. If the fiber $`M`$ has non-abelian fundamental group and is not homeomorphic to Klein bottle, then the space of autohomeomorphisms $`\mathrm{Homeo}(M)`$ has simply connected identity component  and therefore any locally trivial fibration over 2-sphere with fiber homeomorphic to $`M`$ has a section (in fact, this fibration is trivial). Hence, the fibration $`p_\mathrm{\Omega }`$ has a section $`s_\mathrm{\Omega }`$. This section defines a lifting of the map $`\varphi \psi :PP`$ with respect to $`p_P`$. Since $`p_P`$ is a Serre fibration and $`\varphi \psi `$ is homotopic to the identity, the identity mapping $`\mathrm{id}_P`$ has a lifting $`s_P:PE_P`$ with respect to $`p_P`$ which is simply a section of $`p_P`$.
* Since $`\pi _1(P)=\pi _2(P)=0`$ and $`dimP=3`$, then $`P`$ is homotopy equivalent to a bouquet of 3-spheres $`\mathrm{\Omega }=_{i=1}^mS_i^3`$. Let $`\psi :P\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and $`\varphi :\mathrm{\Omega }P`$ be maps such that $`\varphi \psi `$ is homotopic to the identity $`\mathrm{id}_P`$. The locally trivial fibration over the bouquet $`p_\mathrm{\Omega }=\varphi ^{}(p_P):E_\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Omega }`$ has a global section if and only if it has a section over every sphere of the bouquet. Since the space of autohomeomorphisms of the Klein bottle $`\mathrm{Homeo}(K^2)`$ has $`\pi _2(\mathrm{Homeo}(K^2))=0`$ , any locally trivial fibration over 3-sphere with fiber homeomorphic to $`K^2`$ has a section (in fact, this fibration is trivial). Hence, the fibration $`p_\mathrm{\Omega }`$ has a section $`s_\mathrm{\Omega }`$. This section defines a lifting of the map $`\varphi \psi :PP`$ with respect to $`p_P`$. Since $`p_P`$ is a Serre fibration and $`\varphi \psi `$ is homotopic to the identity, the identity mapping $`\mathrm{id}_P`$ has a lifting $`s_P:PE_P`$ with respect to $`p_P`$ which is simply a section of $`p_P`$.

By the construction of $`P`$ the section $`s_P`$ defines an $`\epsilon `$-section for $`p_L`$. Therefore, $`p_L`$ has a section $`s_L`$. Clearly, $`s_L`$ defines a lifting $`T:LE`$ of $`\mu `$ with respect to $`p`$. Finally, we define compact singular filtration $`=\{(F_i,T_i)\}_{i=0}^2`$ of $`F`$ as follows:

$$F_0=F_1=\mu ^1:BL,F_2=F,T_i=\mathrm{id}\text{ for }i=0$$

and $`T_1`$ is defined fiberwise by $`T_1(x)=T|_{\mu ^1(x)}:\mu ^1(x)F(x)`$. The filtration $``$ is approximately connected since for $`i=0,1`$ any compactum $`F_i(x)`$ is $`UV^1`$. And $``$ is approximately $`\mathrm{}`$-connected since every compactum $`F(x)`$ is an aspheric 2-manifold (and therefore is approximately $`n`$-aspheric for all $`n2`$).

Now we can apply Theorem 4.2 to the mapping $`F`$ to find a single-valued continuous selection $`s:Bl_2`$ of $`F`$. Clearly, $`s`$ defines a section of the fibration $`p`$. ∎

The following Remark explains the appearence of the condition (c) in Theorem 4.8.

###### Remark 4.9.

There exists a locally trivial fibration over 2-sphere with fibers homeomorphic to Klein bottle having no global section.

## 5. Fibrations with 3-manifold fibers

Our strategy of construction the section here is the same as in Section 4. The only difference is that instead of local hereditary asphericity of fibers we will use local hereditary coconnected asphericity.

###### Lemma 5.1.

Let $`F:XY`$ be equi locally hereditarily coconnectedly aspheric, lower coconnected, equi locally compact, lower 2-continuous complete multivalued mapping of $`ANR`$-space $`X`$ to Banach space $`Y`$. Suppose that a compact submapping $`\mathrm{\Psi }:AY`$ of $`F|_A`$ is defined on compactum $`AX`$ and admits continuous approximations. Then for any $`\epsilon >0`$ there exists a neighborhood $`OA`$ of $`A`$ and a compact submapping $`\mathrm{\Psi }^{}:OAY`$ of $`F|_{OA}`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mathrm{\Psi }^{}O(\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mathrm{\Psi },\epsilon )`$, $`\mathrm{\Psi }^{}`$ admits a compact approximately $`\mathrm{}`$-connected filtration, and $`\mathrm{cal}\mathrm{\Psi }^{}<\epsilon `$.

###### Proof.

Fix a positive number $`\epsilon `$. Apply Lemma 2.7 with $`\alpha `$ being equi local compactness to get a positive number $`\epsilon _4<\epsilon `$. Apply Lemma 2.7 with $`\alpha `$ being equi local hereditary coconnected asphericity to get a positive number $`\epsilon _3<\epsilon _4`$. Apply Lemma 2.7 with $`\alpha `$ being lower coconnectedness to get a positive number $`\epsilon _2<\epsilon _3/2`$. By Lemma 2.8 the mapping $`F`$ is lower polyhedrally 2-continuous. Subsequently applying Lemma 2.7 with $`\alpha `$ being polyhedral $`n`$-continuity for $`n=2,1,0`$, we find positive numbers $`\epsilon _1`$, $`\epsilon _0`$, and $`\delta `$ such that $`\delta <\epsilon _0<\epsilon _1<\epsilon _2`$ and for every point $`(x,y)O(\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mathrm{\Psi },\delta )`$ the pair $`(O(y,\epsilon _1)F(x),O(y,\epsilon _2)F(x))`$ is polyhedrally 2-connected, the pair $`(O(y,\epsilon _0)F(x),O(y,\epsilon _1)F(x))`$ is polyhedrally 1-connected, and the intersection $`O(y,\epsilon _0)F(x)`$ is not empty.

Let $`f:KY`$ be a continuous single-valued mapping whose graph is contained in $`O(\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mathrm{\Psi },\delta )`$. Let $`f^{}:𝒪KY`$ be a continuous extension of the mapping $`f`$ over some neighborhood $`𝒪K`$ such that the graph of $`f^{}`$ is contained in $`O(\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mathrm{\Psi },\delta )`$. Now we can define a polyhedrally connected filtration $`G_0G_1G_2:𝒪KY`$ of the mapping $`F|_{𝒪K}`$ by the equality

$$G_i(x)=O(f^{}(x),\epsilon _i)F(x).$$

Since the set $`_{x𝒪K}\{\{x\}\times O(f^{}(x),\epsilon _i)\}`$ is open in the product $`𝒪K\times Y`$ and the mapping $`F`$ is complete, then $`G_i`$ is also complete. Clearly, the set $`G_2^\mathrm{\Gamma }(x)`$ is contained in $`O(\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mathrm{\Psi },2\epsilon _2)`$. Now, applying Lemma 2.9 to the filtration $`G_0G_1G_2`$, we obtain a compact approximately connected subfiltration $`F_0F_1F_2:𝒪KY`$. By the choice of $`\epsilon _2`$ we can find u.s.c. closed-valued mapping $`F_3`$ containing $`F_2`$ such that the pair $`F_2(x)F_3(x)`$ is coconnected in $`F(x)`$ for any $`xX`$. By the choice of $`\epsilon _4`$ we may assume that $`F_3`$ is compact. Using Lemma 2.13 and the choice of $`\epsilon _3`$ we find a coconnectification $`F_4`$ of $`F_2`$ inside $`F_3`$. Then $`F_4`$ is compact submapping of $`F`$ having approximately aspheric point-images. Therefore, the filtration $`F_0F_1F_4`$ is approximately $`\mathrm{}`$-connected and we can put $`\mathrm{\Psi }^{}=F_4`$. ∎

###### Theorem 5.2.

Let $`F:XY`$ be equi locally hereditarily coconnectedly aspheric, lower coconnected, equi locally compact, lower 2-continuous complete multivalued mapping of locally compact $`ANR`$-space $`X`$ to Banach space $`Y`$. Suppose that a compact submapping $`\mathrm{\Psi }:AY`$ of $`F|_A`$ is defined on compactum $`AX`$ and admits continuous approximations. Then for any $`\epsilon >0`$ there exists a neighborhood $`OA`$ of $`A`$ and a single-valued continuous selection $`s:OAY`$ of $`F|_{OA}`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_sO(\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mathrm{\Psi },\epsilon )`$.

###### Proof.

Consider a $`G_\delta `$-subset $`GX\times Y`$ such that all fibers of $`F`$ are closed in $`G`$ and fix open sets $`G_iX\times Y`$ such that $`G=_{i=1}^{\mathrm{}}G_i`$. Fix $`\epsilon >0`$ such that $`O(\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mathrm{\Psi },\epsilon )G_1`$. By Lemma 5.1 there is a neighborhood $`U_1`$ of $`A`$ in $`X`$ and a compact submapping $`\mathrm{\Psi }_1:U_1Y`$ of $`F|_{U_1}`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{\Psi }_1}O(\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mathrm{\Psi },\epsilon )`$, $`\mathrm{\Psi }_1`$ admits a compact approximately $`\mathrm{}`$-connected filtration, and $`\mathrm{cal}\mathrm{\Psi }_1<\epsilon `$. Since $`X`$ is locally compact and $`A`$ is compact, there exists a compact neighborhood $`OA`$ of $`A`$ such that $`OAU_1`$. By Theorem 3.14 the mapping $`\mathrm{\Psi }_1|_{OA}`$ admits continuous approximations. Take $`\epsilon _1<\epsilon `$ such that the neighborhood $`𝒰_1=O(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{\Psi }_1}(OA),\epsilon _1)`$ lies in $`O(\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mathrm{\Psi },\epsilon )`$. Clearly, $`𝒰_1G_1`$.

Now by induction with the use of Lemma 5.1, we construct a sequence of neighborhoods $`U_1U_2U_3\mathrm{}`$ of the compactum $`OA`$, a sequence of compact submappings $`\{\mathrm{\Psi }_k:U_kY\}_{k=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ of the mapping $`F`$, and a sequence of neighborhoods $`𝒰_k=O(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{\Psi }_1}(OA),\epsilon _k)`$ such that for every $`k2`$ we have $`\mathrm{cal}\mathrm{\Psi }_k<\epsilon _{k1}/2<\epsilon /2^k`$, and $`𝒰_k(OA)`$ is contained in $`𝒰_{k1}(OA)G_k`$. It is not difficult to choose the neighborhood $`𝒰_k`$ of the graph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{\Psi }_k}`$ in such a way that for every point $`xU_k`$ the set $`𝒰_k(x)`$ has diameter less than $`\frac{3}{2^k}`$.

Then for any $`mk1`$ and for any point $`xOA`$ we have $`\mathrm{\Psi }_m(x)O(\mathrm{\Psi }_k(x),\frac{3}{2^k})`$; this implies the fact that the sequence $`\{\mathrm{\Psi }_k|_{OA}\}_{k=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ is a Cauchy sequence. Since $`Y`$ is complete, there exists a limit $`s:OAY`$ of this sequence. The mapping $`s`$ is single-valued by the condition $`\mathrm{cal}\mathrm{\Psi }_k<\frac{1}{2^k}`$ and is upper semicontinuous (and, therefore, is continuous) by the upper semicontinuity of all the mappings $`\mathrm{\Psi }_k`$. Clearly, for any $`xOA`$ the point $`s(x)`$ lies in $`G(x)`$ and is a limit point of the set $`F(x)`$. Since $`F(x)`$ is closed in $`G(x)`$, then $`s(x)F(x)`$, i.e. $`s`$ is a selection of the mapping $`F`$. ∎

###### Theorem 5.3.

Let $`p:EB`$ be a topologically regular mapping of compacta with fibers homeomorphic to a 3-dimensional manifold. If $`BANR`$, then any section of $`p`$ over closed subset $`AB`$ can be extended to a section of $`p`$ over some neighborhood of $`A`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`s:AE`$ be a section of $`p`$ over $`A`$. Embed $`E`$ into Hilbert space $`l_2`$ and consider a multivalued mapping $`F:Bl_2`$ defined as follows:

$$F(b)=\{\begin{array}{cc}s(b),\hfill & \text{if }bA\hfill \\ p^1(b),\hfill & \text{if }xBA\text{.}\hfill \end{array}$$

Since every fiber $`p^1(b)`$ is compact, the mapping $`F`$ is complete. It follows from Lemma 2.15 that the mapping $`F`$ is equi locally hereditarily coconnectedly aspheric, lower coconnected, equi locally compact, and lower $`2`$-continuous. We can apply Theorem 5.2 to the mapping $`F`$ and its submapping $`s`$ to find a single-valued continuous selection $`\stackrel{~}{s}:OAl_2`$ of $`F|_{OA}`$. By definition of $`F`$, we have $`\stackrel{~}{s}|_A=F|_A=s`$. Clearly, $`\stackrel{~}{s}`$ defines a section of the fibration $`p`$ over $`OA`$ extending $`s`$. ∎

###### Theorem 5.4.

Let $`p:EB`$ be topologically regular mapping of compacta with fibers homeomorphic to some compact connected 3-dimensional manifold $`M`$. If $`B`$ is ANR-space, then $`p`$ admits a global section if either of the following conditions hold:

* $`\pi _1(M)`$ is abelian, $`M`$ is aspheric, and $`H^2(B;\pi _1(F_b))=0`$
* $`M`$ is closed hyperbolic 3-manifold and $`\pi _1(B)=0`$.
* $`M`$ is closed, irreducible, sufficiently large, contains no embedded $`P^2`$ having a trivial normal bundle, and $`\pi _1(B)=\pi _2(B)=0`$.

###### Proof.

Embed $`E`$ into Hilbert space $`l_2`$ and consider a multivalued mapping $`F:Bl_2`$ defined as $`F=p^1`$. Since every fiber $`p^1(b)`$ is compact, the mapping $`F`$ is complete. It follows from Lemma 2.15 that the mapping $`F`$ is equi locally hereditarily coconnectedly aspheric, lower coconnected, equi locally compact, and lower $`2`$-continuous.

Now we show that $`F`$ admits a compact singular approximately $`\mathrm{}`$-connected filtration. In cases (a) and (b) there exists $`UV^1`$-mapping $`\mu `$ of Menger 2-dimensional manifold $`L`$ onto $`B`$ . Note that $`\pi _1(L)=0`$ if $`\pi _1(B)=0`$. In case (c) we consider $`UV^2`$-mapping $`\mu `$ of Menger 3-dimensional manifold $`L`$ onto $`B`$ ; note that $`\pi _1(L)=\pi _2(L)=0`$ if $`\pi _1(B)=\pi _2(B)=0`$. Since $`dimL<\mathrm{}`$, the induced fibration $`p_L=\mu ^{}(p):E_LL`$ is locally trivial . By Proposition 4.5 there is $`\epsilon >0`$ such that an existence of $`\epsilon `$-section for $`p_L`$ implies an existence of a section for $`p_L`$. In cases (a) and (b) by Proposition 4.6 there exist a 2-dimensional finite polyhedron $`P`$ and continuous maps $`g:LP`$ and $`h:PL`$ such that $`hg`$ is $`\epsilon `$-close to the identity (we assume $`\pi _1(P)=0`$ in case $`\pi _1(B)=0`$). In case (c) by Proposition 4.7 there exist a 3-dimensional finite polyhedron $`P`$ with $`\pi _1(P)=\pi _2(P)=0`$ and continuous maps $`g:LP`$ and $`h:PL`$ such that $`hg`$ is $`\epsilon `$-close to the identity.

Consider a locally trivial fibration $`p_P=h^{}(p_L):E_PP`$.

Claim. The fibration $`p_P`$ has a section $`s_P`$.

###### Proof.

* If $`\pi _1(M)`$ is abelian and $`H^2(B;\pi _1(F_b))=0=H^2(P;\pi _1(F_b))`$, the fibration $`p_P`$ has a section $`s_P`$ .
* Since $`\pi _1(P)=0`$ and $`dimP=2`$, then $`P`$ is homotopy equivalent to a bouquet of 2-spheres $`\mathrm{\Omega }=_{i=1}^mS_i^2`$. Let $`\psi :P\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and $`\varphi :\mathrm{\Omega }P`$ be maps such that $`\varphi \psi `$ is homotopic to the identity $`\mathrm{id}_P`$. The locally trivial fibration over a bouquet $`p_\mathrm{\Omega }=\varphi ^{}(p_P):E_\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Omega }`$ has a global section if and only if it has a section over every sphere of the bouquet. For a closed hyperbolic 3-manifold $`M`$ the space of autohomeomorphisms $`\mathrm{Homeo}(M)`$ has simply connected identity component  and therefore any locally trivial fibration over 2-sphere with fiber homeomorphic to $`M`$ has a section (in fact, this fibration is trivial). Hence, the fibration $`p_\mathrm{\Omega }`$ has a section $`s_\mathrm{\Omega }`$. This section defines a lifting of the map $`\varphi \psi :PP`$ with respect to $`p_P`$. Since $`p_P`$ is a Serre fibration and $`\varphi \psi `$ is homotopic to the identity, the identity mapping $`\mathrm{id}_P`$ has a lifting $`s_P:PE_P`$ with respect to $`p_P`$ which is simply a section of $`p_P`$.
* Since $`\pi _1(P)=\pi _2(P)=0`$ and $`dimP=3`$, then $`P`$ is homotopy equivalent to a bouquet of 3-spheres $`\mathrm{\Omega }=_{i=1}^mS_i^3`$. Let $`\psi :P\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and $`\varphi :\mathrm{\Omega }P`$ be maps such that $`\varphi \psi `$ is homotopic to the identity $`\mathrm{id}_P`$. The locally trivial fibration over the bouquet $`p_\mathrm{\Omega }=\varphi ^{}(p_P):E_\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Omega }`$ has a global section if and only if it has a section over every sphere of the bouquet. Since the space of autohomeomorphisms $`\mathrm{Homeo}(M)`$ in this case has $`\pi _2(\mathrm{Homeo}(M))=0`$ , any locally trivial fibration over 3-sphere with fiber homeomorphic to $`M`$ has a section (in fact, this fibration is trivial). Hence, the fibration $`p_\mathrm{\Omega }`$ has a section $`s_\mathrm{\Omega }`$. This section defines a lifting of the map $`\varphi \psi :PP`$ with respect to $`p_P`$. Since $`p_P`$ is a Serre fibration and $`\varphi \psi `$ is homotopic to the identity, the identity mapping $`\mathrm{id}_P`$ has a lifting $`s_P:PE_P`$ with respect to $`p_P`$ which is simply a section of $`p_P`$.

By the construction of $`P`$ the section $`s_P`$ defines an $`\epsilon `$-section for $`p_L`$. Therefore, $`p_L`$ has a section $`s_L`$. Clearly, $`s_L`$ defines a lifting $`T:LE`$ of $`\mu `$ with respect to $`p`$. Finally, we define compact singular filtration $`=\{(F_i,T_i)\}_{i=0}^2`$ of $`F`$ as follows:

$$F_0=F_1=\mu ^1:BL,F_2=F,T_i=\mathrm{id}\text{ for }i=0$$

and $`T_1`$ is defined fiberwise by $`T_1(x)=T|_{\mu ^1(x)}:\mu ^1(x)F(x)`$. The filtration $``$ is approximately connected since for $`i=0,1`$ any compactum $`F_i(x)`$ is $`UV^1`$. And $``$ is approximately $`\mathrm{}`$-connected since every compactum $`F(x)`$ is an aspheric 2-manifold (and therefore is approximately $`n`$-aspheric for all $`n2`$).

Now we can apply Theorem 5.2 to the mapping $`F`$ to find a single-valued continuous selection $`s:Bl_2`$ of $`F`$. Clearly, $`s`$ defines a section of the fibration $`p`$. ∎

## 6. Acknowledgements

Authors wish to express their sincere thanks to P. Akhmetiev, R.J. Daverman, B. Hajduk and T. Yagasaki for helpful discussions during the development of this work.