Aspects of correlation of dichotomy “language” and “speech”, “value” and “evaluation”
This article deals with the problem of the correlation of two dichotomies “language” and “speech”, “value” and “evaluation”. The authors compare two dichotomies “language” and “speech”, “value” and “evaluation” as phenomena belonging to static and dynamic processes, language, and language activity. A lot of works such as articles and books of foreign and Russian authors are devoted to the study of the above-mentioned phenomena. Western scholars focused their attention on the philosophically based problem of value, but they paid less attention to the speech expression of evaluation, the latter plays only the formal role. Our Russian linguists separated the object of research of evaluation in linguistics and philosophy. Not long ago relations of evaluation as a phenomenon were investigated not taking into consideration the concept of value. Traditionally only evaluative speech characteristics of a person, phenomena, things, and living beings were in the focus of attention in linguistics or they were studied in connection with definite models of forming different syntactical constructions. It is shown that evaluation is always correlated with the value scale typical of this or that language community, and some value orientations are nationally specific. But certainly, some values were always universals and they stay universal ones nowadays. It is stated that the differentiation between “language” and “speech” can be received by describing the dichotomy “value” and “evaluation”. Speaking about the theory of language evaluation the study of correlation of mechanisms of speech generation with mechanisms of evaluation as a sum of mechanisms of transferring evaluative attitude to evaluation expressed by speech patterns is the most important problem in this theory. It is concluded that the correlation of language dichotomy “language” and “speech”, on the one hand, “value” and “evaluation”, on the other hand, is a mirror attitude to each other.