Orographic effects on calculation of the urban heat island intensity
Using 20 meteorological stations in Moscow region as an example, it is show that relief-induced microclimate differences affect the calculations of the intensity of urban heat island in Moscow. Microclimate parameters were investigated on the basis of comparison between the daily maximum and minimum air temperatures and the analysis of large-scale topographic maps. In some instances, variations in the carbon monoxide concentration were used as evidences of microclimate relevant air circulations. The outcomes of the study prove that the urban heat island needs to be investigated using data from rural and urban meteorological stations located in similar microclimate.