Drug-induced tardive dyskinesia
Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a type caused by the use of different medications. The pathogenesis of TD is associated with dopamine receptor blockade, gamma-aminobutyric acid depletion, cholinergic deficiency, oxidative stress, impaired synaptic plasticity, and neurotoxicity. TD most often occurs after taking metoclopramide, antipsychotics, antidepressants, calcium channel blockers, and other drugs. The review considers an adequate assessment of the potential risk of TD when the patient uses prescribed drugs, as well as the monitoring and correction of risk factors for TD, discontinuation or replacement of drugs that potentially cause TD, as well as its treatment.