History of surnames: surnames formed from female names
In the article, based on the material of the surnames of the Smolensk Region, the question of the formation of family names from female names, both baptismal and non-baptismal, is considered. The article describes the situation of women during the formation of the family system, which allows us to draw a conclusion about the objective scarcity of surnames of this kind. Examples of Smolensk names recorded in the "Dictionary of Surnames of the Smolensk Region" are given. Both structural models and semantics of family bases are considered. For the analysis, we use well-known lexicographic works - the historical onomastic dictionary of N.M. Tupikov and the modern dictionary of personal names of N.A. Petrovsky.