THE SPHERE OF FUNCTIONING AND LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGN-LANGUAGE LOANS IN "THE CODE KUMANIKUS"
This article identifies Iranian, Arabic, Mongolian, Greek, Slavic and other borrowings in the lexical composition of the Kuman (Tatar) language, which are reflected in the written monument “Codex Cumanicus” (XIII century). The nature of language contacts is established, the role of foreign language borrowings in the development of vocabulary of the Tatar (Kuman) language is determined, the borrowed words are classified by subject groups, the adaptation features of borrowings from other languages are analyzed at the lexical and grammatical level of the host language. Using the continuous sampling method, we analyzed the entire lexical composition of the vocabulary part of the “Code of Cumanicus”. A total of about three thousand word signs were investigated. Of these, Turkic are 2347 word signs. Borrowed words make up 381 words-tokens. Including, Persian - 163, Arabic - 145, Mongolian - 29, Greek - 16, Russian - 6, Italian - 2, Sogdian - 2, Latin - 1, from other languages - 17. In the course of further classification, the Turkic layer of vocabulary is divided into the following groups: 1) the common Turkic layer, which includes both the Turkic vocabulary and words that have become common Turkic due to linguistic contacts and borrowings; 2) the common Kipchak layer, which is partly spread among the non-Kypchak Turkic languages that had connections with the Kypchak languages; 3) areal vocabulary for Western languages; 4) vocabulary that has a commonality with the ranges directly in contact with Western languages (West-Pypchak-Oguz or South-West, Western-Kypchak-North Kypchak, Western Pypchak-East-Pypchak); 5) vocabulary, characteristic only for the Kuman (Tatar) language.