Agro-economic and energy provision of technology of cultivation of sunflower hybrids under conditions of South Steppe of Ukraine
The article presents the results of research for the influence of stand density of plants and fertilizing with complex fertilizers on the growth, development and yield formation, economic and energy efficiency of cultivation of sunflower seed hybrids. The aim of research was to determine the yield of seed, economic and energy efficiency technology elements of sunflower cultivation in the Southern Steppes of Ukraine. Field experiments with hybrids sunflower conducted during 2014-2016 In the experimental farm "Copan" Institute of irrigated farming NAAS according to universally accepted methods of research affairs. Repeated experiment quadruple, rectangular shape research sites, accommodation sites randomization. Complex fertilizers made manually on plots knapsack sprayer in the phase of 5-6 true leaves in sunflower. According to the research found that due to the influence of natural factors and, above all, differences in rainfall during the growing season Sunflower (2014 - 174 mm; 2015 - 240; 2016 - 162 mm) observed significant fluctuations in yields all investigated hybrids in some years. In unfavorable in 2016 this figure decreased to 14,4-16,6 kg/ha, due to a decrease water supply plants due to shortage of rainfall and deteriorating growth processes, as well as the adverse effects of air drought at the end of the growing season. The density stand of plants also caused significant fluctuations in plant productivity. When growing study of culture in 2014 saw an increase in the formation of the maximum yield of seeds (20.6-21.5 kg/ha) at a density of 40-50 thousand plants per 1 ha. In favorable conditions in 2015 the highest yield - at 22.1-22.7 kg/ha obtained also by this density. Density standing 50 thousand/ha was at best, an average of factor B, in 2016, when received 20.7 c/ha. On the contrary, various hybrids marked different reaction to thickening, especially Darius hybrid in 2014. Correlation-regression analysis demonstrated that the optimum ratio of the area of power factor and power consumption produce 1 kg seeds significantly varies depending on the studied hybrids. Developed depending indicate the need to study the energy technologies of sunflower depending on the hybrid and individual elements of growing technology, in particular, stand density of plants and fertilizing compound fertilizers. So when growing hybrids with high genetic potential can plan more energy consumption, which will continue to be fully offset by growth yield seeds. It was found that the highest yield of sunflower seeds at the level of 23-25 c/ha forms Megasan hybrid. For hybrids Megasan and Jason optimum plant population is 50 thousand/ha, and for hybrid Darius - 40 thousand/ha. Processing of sunflower complex fertilizers provide crops yield increase by 10.7-20.9% and improves the quality of seeds. The economic and energy indicators show a high level of net income (10.9-17.1 thousand UAH/ha), profitability (115-178%) and power factor (2.76-3.55) for the cultivation of the sunflower seeds.