New intercalation modified structures of natural minerals for high-efficient Li <sup>+</sup>-cationic electricity generation
The possibility of a direct application of natural minerals of gibbsite (Al(OH) <sub>3</sub>), chalcopyrite (CuFeS <sub>2</sub>) and multigraphene for the efficient Li <sup>+</sup> - intercalation current formation was experimentally justified. The reason for studying these materials is that they are cheap, environmentally-friendly, affordable and abundant in nature. The dependences of changing the Gibbs free energy and the kinetic parameters of the intercalation reaction on the degree of “guest” lithium loading were analyzed for these materials. It was shown that the distinguishing feature of the Li <sup>+</sup> - intercalation current formation in structures under study was that it was significantly affected by the energy topology of surface states, controlled by the nanoscale dimensionality of the power generating particles and their molecular environment, therefore, acting as a powerful “tool” to improve power-generating capacities of the cathodes of the current lithium sources. Based on the data obtained by the impedance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and light-scattering spectroscopy, a mechanism of the observed phenomena was proposed.