Rings of rodanov culture (XI-XV centuries) of Perm pre-Urals
The article deals with rings from medieval monuments of the Perm pre-Urals of XI-XV centuries. Jewelry of this period is very diverse in technique and design and reflects the development of the Perm jewelry craft. A total of 112 rings were analyzed. The purpose of this work is to determine the historical and cultural significance of rings from medieval monuments of the Perm pre-Urals XI-XV centuries. The observed material can be divided into three groups: local, imported, made in imitation of imported. The bulk of products is represented by local variants, the share of imported is insignificant. Imported rings in this period come from the territory of Volga Bulgaria and the Kievan Rus (Novgorod, Belozerye, Russia). Local versions of jewelry were widespread in the XI-XII centuries and differ in simplicity of form and ornament. They are made mainly by casting on a wax model. In the XIII-XIV centuries the local products were replaced by products made in imitation of imported. The greatest influence on the development of the Perm jewelry craft was exerted by Volga Bulgaria, from whose masters the technique of production was borrowed-the appearance of stamped and engraved ornament on rings, blackening of the background. But due to the lack of professionalism Perm masters could not repeat the ornament, so there were products with a simpler pattern. Contacts with Ancient Russia did not contribute to the development of manufacturing techniques. Products made in imitation of the old Russian, repeated the form and ornament, but were made in the usual way for the Perm masters-by casting on a wax model, and not by casting in split stone forms, as the original ones.