Physiological effects of triazole fungicides in plants
The integrated protection of plants from diseases, pests and weeds is an essential element of technologies for their cultivation. Contemporary crop research involves the widespread use of fungicides, which is important not only for increasing plant productivity, but also in order to obtain a high-quality crop. Under conditions of significant spread, diseases such as wheat fusarium head blight, loose smut of wheat and rye, rye spur and others not only reduce the productivity of crops, but also prevent the use of grain crops for human nutrition or animal feed purposes. In addition to plant protection, measures aimed at managing crops are of great importance in cultivation technology. This is ensured by various technological methods, including the use of a variety of chemicals, including stimulants and regulators of plant growth and development. In addition to their main target effect, many pesticides are known to cause additional effects on plants. This is expressed not only in varying degrees of phytotoxic manifestations, but also in stimulating and growth-regulating effects. Knowledge of the direction of these effects will allow for more competent application of chemical plant protection products, as well as for obtaining positive and avoiding negative effects. Many contemporary large companies working in the field of plant protection inform agrarians about possible additional effects of the preparation. In addition to practical application, studying the influence of the physiological effects of preparations helps agriculturalists to understand the formation mechanisms of plant resistance to stress. The review discusses the physiological and biochemical effects of triazole fungicidal preparations on plants. Their retardant effect, ability to increase the content of photosynthetic pigments and sugars, effects on respiration, changes in the composition of fatty acids, increased resistance of plants to temperature stresses, water deficiency, as well as chloride salinity and oxidative stress are also clarified. The review also includes the results of our own research on the effects of tebuconazole and tebuconazole-containing protectants on the mechanisms of cold and frost resistance of cereals.