NALYSIS OF LABOR PRODUCTIVITY IN AGRICULTURE (THE CASE OF THE BASHKORTOSTAN REPUBLIC)
Higher labor productivity is the result of various factors; their combination depends on the scale of production, specialization of agricultural enterprises, climatic and natural conditions, manufacturing technology and available human resources. These factors cannot act in isolation. They are in close interaction with each other. These factors interact and affect labor productivity in agriculture in different ways at different time. In this context, the task of modern agricultural managers is timely identification of higher labor productivity problems and elaboration of measures to solve them. Labor productivity is paid great attention in works of foreign researchers. Thus, in their work Mc Millan and Dani Rodrik (2011) specify that "in the real world - especially in developing and transition economies - within the same industry can have long coexist different technological order multiple different in terms of their productivity". Among foreign researchers studying dynamics and ways of labor productivity growth in agriculture the following names must be highlighted as Andrew Dorward (2013) as well as Johnston and Mellor (1691), Mellor (1995), Timmer (1988), Christiaensen (2011). In their works the authors note that higher labor productivity in agriculture enables to reduce the cost of foodstuffs and consequently leads to higher demand for food and increased profits of agricultural workers. They, in turn, become owners of profit that can be changed for manufactured goods. Thus, there is an increase in consumer demand. Some foreign researchers, in particular, Denison (1967), analyzing differences in growth rates among major economies in the postwar period distinguish positive effects of a radical employment reduction in agriculture and non-agricultural selfemployment characterized by low productivity. Speaking of self-employed, he writes that there is a significant group of workers («the fringe group»), whose reduction and cross flow to hire employment would provide a significant supplement to the national income. Other foreign researchers as D. Gollin, D. Lagakos, M. Waugh (2012) and Caselli (2005), Vollrath (2009) note that "labor productivity in non-agricultural sectors of developing countries is four times higher than in rural economy". This leads to considerable wear and tear, aging of the human body. The difference in the level of labor productivity is actively discussed by the international community: Restuccia, Yang, and Zhu (2008), "the size of the gross domestic product per worker in the richest countries exceeds the gross domestic product per worker in the poorest countries, 78 times; despite the very low level of labor productivity in agriculture in the poorest countries, employing 86% of the population in this sector, while in the developed countries in the agricultural sector employs 4% of the population". In their works the authors stipulate that 'traditional agricultural systems can not generate high productivity in agriculture; opportunities for rapid growth in labor productivity can be available only through development of science-based innovation (for example, Schultz (1964); Hayami and Ruttan (1985); Huffman, W., Evenson, R. (1993). In this regard, Caselli and Coleman (2001) believe that the value of human capital among agricultural workers is lower than that of other workers. Underestimation of importance of agricultural products according to Gollin, Parente, and Rogerson (2004) is due to the fact that it is produced in households.