ESPECIALLY PROTECTED NATURAL TERRITORIES AS OBJECT OF RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY
The concept and categories of the especially protected natural territories (EPNT) are analysed. EPNT is considered as grounds, a surface of the water and air space over them where natural complexes and objects which have special nature protection, scientific, cultural, esthetic, recreational, and improving value which are withdrawn by decisions of public authorities in whole or in part from economic use settle down and for which the mode of special protection is set. Taking into account features of the mode and the status allocate the national natural parks, including biospheric, national parks, natural parks, the state natural wildlife areas, nature sanctuaries, dendrology parks and botanical gardens, medical and improving districts and resorts and other categories. Possibilities of implementation within EPNT of recreational activity, a place in system of recreational environmental management are revealed. The directions of realization of recreational function of especially protected natural territories are designated. Thus it is necessary to consider that the functional organization of recreational activity is carried out in the conditions of a prevalence of a nature protection component in system of environmental management in EPNT. In most cases recreational environmental management plays a supporting role and has adaptive character when the recreation seeks to fit into environment organically. In the conditions of a certain social order recreational function can gain parity character in relation to nature protection function, and for the EPNT some types (as, for example, medical and improving districts and resorts in system of the Russian EPNT) - priority character. Growth of the EPNT recreational functions naturally leads to increase in power of recreational streams, building of tourist infrastructure, change of employment of local population. Types of structures of EPNT - branch, functional, territorial and administrative are analysed. Specifics of a tourist product of EPNT are revealed. On EPNT it is necessary to refer sports tourism to number of the most characteristic types of recreational activity (including foot tourism (the equipped and controlled constant routes); bicycle, water sports, spelunking); hunting and fishing tourism (the administration of EPNT defines ways, terms, quotas, borders of zones of the allowed hunting, etc.); green rural tourism; informative and natural (excursion) tourism; medical and rehabilitation activity; trade recreation (gathering berries, mushrooms, nuts, herbs, etc.); ethnographic tourism; event and festival tourism. The territorial recreational system within especially protected natural territories can be presented as historically developed combination of the interconnected diverse components of nature protection and recreational branch created in the natural and ecological and social and economic environment of the region for maintenance of the functions of the territory and comfortable conditions of performance of recreational functions prevailing the function of formation of the environment within EPNT. It must be kept in mind that expansion of the EPNT functions and transition to diversified environmental management can lead to emergence and strengthening of conflict situations. Are the main reasons for the conflicts discrepancy of the purposes and modes of environmental management, and result - change of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the protected natural objects. As the priority direction of tourist and recreational activity on EPNT the ecological tourism providing creation of balance between the economic benefit received from a recreation by outdoors, and ecological safety of recreational territories acts.