The role of Vitamin D in the prevention of pregnancy complications and childhood diseases in the first year of life
Vitamin D status during pregnancy has an impact on fetal growth and development and plays an important role in the prevention of pregnancy complications. Fetal vitamin D supplementation is completely dependent on maternal status, which explains the high correlation between 25(OH)D concentrations in maternal and umbilical cord blood. Adequate vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women is associated with a decreased risk of preterm birth and low birth weight. Most newborns, regardless of gestational age, have insufficient vitamin D levels. Thus, the problem of Vitamin D supplementation is relevant not only for pregnant women, but also for newborns. Research studies of recent years have aimed at comparing the efficacy of Vitamin D dosing to prevent pregnancy complications. Doses higher than 4000 IU have virtually no effect on the risk of preeclampsia compared with doses of 4000 IU or less. Administration of Vitamin D in doses less than 2000 IU per day reduces the risk of low birth weight, intrauterine or neonatal mortality. Doses higher than 2000 IU have no additional benefit. Recommendations for vitamin D supplementation based on objective pharmacokinetic characteristics should be developed.