Communicative Strategies for Overcoming Speech Failures in a Multilingual Environment
The article considers the causes of speech errors and failures identified in the process of communication between Dagestan bilinguals in a multilingual environment. Errors are observed at all levels of the language. At the lexical level, failure in speech is due to the fact that bilinguals in most cases first form the idea in their native language, and then try to find words and expressions that are relevant in meaning in Russian. Thus, the cognitive process is carried out on the basis of the native language, and the communicative process is in Russian. At the phonetic level, there are differences in the phonetic and phonological system of contacting languages, in particular the combination of sounds. Each bilingual has his/her own special articulation base, formed on the basis of the sounds of the native language. At the grammatical level, communicative failures are caused by significant differences in the number of cases and the declension system in Russian and Dagestan languages, the absence of a gender category (it does not correspond to grammatical classes in the native language), the accusative case, prepositions, the presence of an ergative case, etc. The multi-case declension of names and the presence of an ergative case make the grammatical structure of Dagestan languages extremely complicated. Unlike the Russian language, the nominative case in Dagestan languages expresses not only the initial form of the name, but also appears in the meaning of the subject with intransitive verbs and in the role of a direct object with transitive verbs. The ergative case serves as the initial form for the formation of all other indirect cases and is used as the subject to transitive verbs. Some techniques for preventing and overcoming communicative failures in Russian speech of bilinguals in a multilingual environment are recommended.