Yellow rust of wheat. Expansion, harm, control measures (review)
Yellow rust of wheat caused by Puccinia striiformis f spr. tritici is one of the most significant diseases of cereal crops in the world. Infection can affect (naturally or artificially) about 320 species of grass of 50 genera. The review presents basic information about the pathogen, its economic significance, expansion, biological features of development. The current issues in the development of a pathogen remain the influence of an alternative host on the occurrence of epi-phytotics and the significance of sexual and asexual developmental stages in its life cycle. Closely isogenic lines and differentiating varieties allow to determine the racial composition of the P. striiformis population and to monitor its change. Population studies on virulence and racial composition have been conducted for many years in almost all countries of wheat production, therefore the study of the genetic structure of P. striiformis remains relevant due to the emergence of new, more aggressive races of the pathogen throughout the world. The main ways of pathogen migration are described. Long-term scientific research and annual surveys of sown areas revealed that the occurrence of wheat yellow rust in the world, including in southern Russia, is increasing due to climate change, the genetic structure of the pathogen population, infection from neighboring areas and other causes. The most effective, economical and environmentally friendly way to protect wheat from yellow rust is the use of resistant varieties, the selection of which must be carried out taking into account intrapopulation changes and the effectiveness of the known resistance genes (Yr).