Artisanal Gold Mining in Russia and China
The purpose of the study was to compare artisanal gold small mining (AGSM) practices in Russia and China. The results suggest that Russian government do not develop institutional frameworks for small scale mining; as a result, extralegal AGSMin Russia is expanded. In contrast, owing to liberalization of gold market extralegal AGSMin China have been reduced since 2003, but remains considerable. Both Russian and Chinese situations affect on cross-border smuggling of Russian gold to China.