PECULIARITIES OF LITERARY AND REAL TOPONYMY IN “PUGACHEV” BY S. A. YESENIN
For the first time, a theoretical approach to the study of the poem “Pugachev” by S. A. Yesenin from the standpoint of toponymy is proposed. There were used statistical, linguistic and historical-philological methods of studying literary toponyms associated with the events of the Pugachev People's War and with real geographical maps of two eras - the end of the 18<sup>th</sup> and the beginning of the 20<sup>th</sup> centuries. The difference in the variety, variability and number of toponyms in the main text and in the versions of the poem has been studied; hypotheses were put forward as to why there were more geographical names in the manuscripts. The article provides information about the poet's acquaintance with the toponyms of the Pugachev region, starting from the school curriculum to acquaintance with people from those places. The supposed circle of toponymic sources of the poem is outlined, some of them and their reflection in “Pugachev” are analysed in a transformed form. Possible reasons for the discrepancy between a number of historical toponyms and those that appear in the poem are indicated. Among such reasons is S. A. Yesenin's desire to emphasize the peasant character of the people's liberation movement, although its main driving force was the Cossacks and nomadic pastoralists - representatives of the autochthonous population of the Urals region. A real trip to the places of the Pugachev events, undertaken by S. A. Yesenin in the spring and summer of 1921, also confused the use of historical and modern names in the poem which reflect the author's principle of literary historicism.