THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF BIOGENIC AMINES- AND ACETYLCHOLINE-REGULATED SIGNALING SYSTEMS OF THE BRAIN IN DIABETES MELLITUS
The role of hormonal signaling systems in the etiology and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM) and the neurodegenerative diseases induced by them is currently poorly understood. It is generally accepted that the main causes of diabetes of types 1 and 2 and their CNS complications are disturbances in signaling systems regulated by insulin, leptin and glutamate. However, in recent years, there are many evidences in favor of participation of the brain signaling systems regulated by biogenic amines and cholinergic receptor agonists in the development of these diseases. The alterations in the expression and functional activity of signal proteins, the components of these systems, as well as the disturbances of the biosynthesis, transport and degradation of signal molecules for their regulation contribute significantly to the pathological processes in the brain in DM, and in some cases themselves are a trigger for the development of this disease. The main factors that cause dysfunctions of dopaminergic, serotonergic, adrenergic and cholinergic systems of the brain in DM are hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, and hypoglycemia that occurs as a result of inadequate insulin therapy. This review is devoted to the functional state of the brain signaling systems regulated by biogenic amines and cholinergic agonists in DM, as well as the relationship between the changes in these systems and the development of neurodegenerative processes in the diabetic brain.