Mechanism of reflection of personality characteristics in movements as a basis for the formalization of identity information in forensics
Since its inception in the 19th century forensics has been studying traces of the crime. Initial knowledge was based within the rules of their detection, identification and fixation (basics of forensic techniques). Later, the accumulated empirical material formed the basic theoretical foundation of traceology. But all this until recently was only an abstract design, and could not be applied. The situation has changed since the 1960s, when the subject of the forensic science expanded by including the offender''s personality as the object of study. Only the study of the two objects together "evidence of a crime" and "offender''s identity" can reveal the true purpose of the forensic science - help the investigator with the detection and investigation of crimes. Today, forensic scientists should establish specific recommendations aimed at establishing an unknown person. Thus the acquired knowledge will be implemented in practice. In this connection one must first understand the overall mechanism of how the information about a person is identified in traces, especially regarding mental properties. The present stage of science development does not deny that every person has one''s own individual motor, speech and behavior features. Today, it is necessary to define a set of reasons determining the individual and to consider the possibility of accurate identifying of patterns. Only in this case the research becomes scientific, and any knowledge gained can be applied in the investigation and detection of crime, when the object of study becomes the offender''s identity as a set of unique parameters. The very ability to reflect the physiological characteristics of the individual is based primarily on the effects of subjective (internal) factors on a person. At the same time it is recognized that objective (external) factors, albeit indirectly, also influence a person. For the most efficient review of the patterns the article presents a detailed study of one of the three levels of the outer reflection of the individual''s characteristics, including crime traces - the motor level. Given that this level of forensics is interesting practically rather than theoretically, it is analyzed by forensically important parameters that allow to prove the validity of the revealed patterns. These parameters are: stability, controllability, situationality, investigatability (formalization). Motor activity is based on the basis of motor skills with low variability. Thus, the study of handwriting and gait bases on such materially fixed results of activity as manuscripts and footprints. Collecting information here will be maximally objective, as it is based on the common system of signs and measurements. The result is that not only the expert / specialist, but also the investigator with knowledge and experience can determine the data on the perpetrator''s identity without too much difficulty. It is particularly important when determining an unknown person who left the footprints at the crime scene.