GLOBAL AND LOCAL DIASPORAS
The proposed article examines the main trends in the study of diasporas by historians, anthropologists, sociologists and political scientists at macro and micro levels. The text summarizes the effective ideas of representatives of foreign and domestic schools studying ethnic phenomena. The foundation of the macro approach is the fundamental works of foreign authors. They are written in the tradition of «diaspora-victims» (classical diasporas), the ideas about trade minorities (ethnic) prevail. Important positions are given to the postulates of transnationalism. The attention of scientists was attracted by cross-border links and contacts, participation of diasporas in international relations. For example, in the form of lobbying for the interests of the historical homeland or country of exodus. In this interpretation, the diasporas are called «global» and look like a lot of organized «communities» that form influential social, cultural, economic and sometimes political units. The «global» diasporas are virtual. They are based on common origin and values, knowledge and assessments, which follow from this. Solidarity is symbolic, manifested as a rule in the days of national and religious holidays, anniversaries of important historical events, etc. This can not be said about the representatives of ethnodisperse groups, which form local enclaves. In them, the commonality of origin is complemented by the commonality of living, spatial and social affinity. The application of micro-approaches involves the description of diaspora and migrant associations in narrower territorial frameworks and conceptual boundaries. They include a region, a city, a settlement, a family or even a separate ethnic individual. The localization of the research object enables the historian to more fully understand the specifics of the relations within the diasporas, to see in detail how these communities function, what is the lifestyle of their members, what is the diaspora as a specific life situation and (or) personal choice.