Some Features of Litter Formation in Bilberry Spruce Forests of Eastern Fennoscandia
The structural-functional organization of forest litters in old-growth and disturbed bilberry spruce forests were studied in Karelia and Finland. Speciﬁc features characterizing the formation of forest litters under different ecological conditions were revealed based on the detailed studies of the soils and litter properties (depth, morphological structure, fractional, component, biochemical composition, and ash content).