INFLUENCE OF THE ECOSYSTEM ON HUMAN HEALTH IN THE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPED REGIONS OF KAZAKHSTAN. A LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction: In most regions of our republic, the environmental situation is not only unfavorable, but also catastrophic. Ecological problems of large cities of Kazakhstan are associated with the development of mining, non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy. Excessively high concentration of the population, transport and industrial enterprises leads to a violation of the ecological balance of the natural environment. Air pollution is also one of the main causes of ecosystem damage, which adversely affects human health. Purpose: to conduct a systematic search for scientific information on the impact of the ecosystem of Kazakhstan''s industrialized regions on human health.Search strategy: The search for sources was conducted in the PubMed database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/), using the specialized Google Scholar search engine and CyberLeninka electronic scientific library. The depth of the search was 15 years: from 2003 to 2018. The following key queries were used: MeSH Terms: Kazakhstan, heavy metals, lead, technogenesis, bioaccumulation, environmental pollution. Inclusion criteria: publications in full-text access, meta-analyzes and systematic reviews; articles in English, Russian, studies conducted on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Exclusion criteria: articles describing single cases and series of cases; articles published before 2003; materials that do not have an evidentiary basis, summaries of reports, abstracts and newspaper publications.A total of 3871 sources were found, of which 83 were selected for subsequent analysis.Results: Analysis of literature data showed that in Kazakhstan, among the zones of ecological stress, one of the special places is occupied by the East Kazakhstan, Karaganda, Pavlodar, Kustanai, Aktobe regions, and from cities - Almaty, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Semey, Ridder, Khromtau, Kentau. [2]. According to the literature for 2016, annually 3 million people die in the world as a result of diseases caused by environmental pollution. Of these, 1.7 million children under the age of 5 years (according to WHO, 2017). In the Republic of Kazakhstan, every 10th person in the adult population of industrial regions with an unfavorable ecosystem suffers from cardiovascular diseases of varying degrees of severity. For example, the proportion of coronary heart disease from the total number of diseases of the cardiovascular system was 28% in the city of Ekibastuz, 10% in the cities of Temirtau and Taraz, 8% in the city of Ust-Kamenogorsk and 5% in the city of Aktau [21]. Conclusions: Improving the ecosystem in the industrialized regions of Kazakhstan and, as a consequence, possible, reducing morbidity and improving the health indicators of the population, is the most important task for the state, society and health authorities in general.