TRANSFORMATION OF THE LANDOWNER ECONOMY IN THE XIX - EARLY XX CENTURY ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE YUSHKOV ESTATE FROM THE MALMYZH DISTRICT OF THE VYATKA PROVINCE
The article, based on the methods of micro-history, examines the little-studied aspect of the local economy's development in the XIX - early XX century in regional historiography. On the analysis of archival sources, materials of the periodical press and statistical yearbooks, the main stages of the formation and development of the Yushkovs' landowner manufactories are characterized. At the end of the XVIII century, they bought up unproductive land on the territory of the Malmyzh district of the Vyatka province and created small enterprises (glass, potash and distillery ones) based on the labor of serfs. In the first half of the XIX century the factories operated in conditions of a commodity shortage and a low competitive environment. The post-reform period was marked by a rapid growth of industry. Noble enterprises could not withstand competition with capitalist institutions and were massively ruined. The Yushkovs also closed their manufactories. On their basis a new industrial direction was organized - straw and paper. At the beginning of the XX century, the enterprises underwent a successful modernization of the technical part, the volume of products was expanded and the number of jobs was increased. The concentration of capital and the consolidation of production led to the creation of MV “Yushkov K. A. N-ki”. The issue of paper continued after the nationalization of institutions in the Soviet period. The article focuses on the importance of the personal factor in the development of the landlord economy, in its ability to transform and transition from manufactories based on serf labor to factories that successfully compete in the capitalist market.