To the issues of improvement of grain crops sowing technology
The increase in productivity of grain crops is possible as a result of production intensification by improvement of cultivation technology, in particular the most important technological operation of sowing, which lays the foundation for growth and development of cultural plants. The purpose of the research concerns the improvement of technology of grain crops sowing, and improvement of working organs of sowing machines. The scheme of technology of soil conservation farming is presented. It is revealed that high-quality sowing is characterized by two components: the uniform distribution of seed material on the feeding area and depth of seeding, and the application of mineral fertilizers lower than the level of seeds of main crop. The form of rational feeding area is determined; the scheme of rational distribution of seeds on the area is given. The issue of joint and dual-level application of mineral fertilizers when sowing is considered. It is established that joint application of seeds and fertilizers leads to a toxic burn of seeds and decrease in productivity, while dual-level application provides gradual perception of nitrate and promotes the accelerated development of root system. The common faults of most of openers are marked, these are the uneven distribution of seeds on the feeding area, and the application of fertilizers together with seeds on the same depth. The design of a dual-level opener is proposed, providing two-tape sowing with a width of tapes up to 40 mm at a distance between them not less than 80 mm. At the same time, the application of mineral fertilizers is carried out lower than the level of seeds of main crop. The use of proposed opener allows to increase the germinating ability of seeds and, as a consequence, the productivity of cultivated crop.