ABOUT ESCTATOLOGIZM’S SPECIFICS IN THE RUSSIAN CULTURE
Eschatology is an integral part of Christian dogma about the person and the world, the main component of Christian philosophy of history. According to a position of N.A. Berdyaev and his followers, the Russian national type of the person is an eschatological type, and an eschatologizm is some kind of substantive element of the Russianness. The new reading of eschatologizm developed since the 1990s (A.S. Akhiyezer, etc.) contains the thesis about its central role in an institutionalization of special type of sociocultural dynamics of Russia. This inversion development, being characterized by a sharp transition from one pole of contrast to another, skipping the claiming or mediation, the idea which concretizes N.A. Berdyaev’s known thought of absence in Russians of a gift of “median culture” creation. In that and other case, the eschatologizm as a tendency to the end of history is urged to designate a certain primary element of the Russian religious and historical consciousness which, being the ecstatic all-Christian doctrine, is expressed in Russians. And though, in the general plan, it is possible to agree with it, however, from a position of the article authors, it is necessary to approach to a question of an eschatological dominant of the Russian religious consciousness historically. Two moments are most important. The first is a feature arriving from the Balkans in translations into Slavic language of the Christian literature, which majority was selected from monastic libraries of Byzantium. The subject of “a small eschatology” took in it an essential place and was strongly deposited in consciousness of monks of the Russian monasteries, an aristocratic top of the Kiev Rus, then next in the XIV-XV centuries when the real church conversion of simple people was carried out, it was introduced into consciousness of broad masses. The second moment, continuous influence of geopolitical making history of Russia, which was permanently generating imperative calls to the existence of the state and the people. Cumulative action of two specified factors caused a regular sharpening of eschatological moods in consciousness of broad masses of the population, happening at peaks of supertension of the people and the state for the sake of self-preservation and further development. Such an exact way “the eschatological complex” of the Russian consciousness was fixed. Since “the autocratic revolution” Ivan the Terrible and the following Distemper of the first two decades of the XVII century, which defined the most unfavorable for people (extensive, serf, autocratic) vector of economic and political development of the country, the eschatologizm acted as a means of channeling the real discontent and protest of broad masses in the sacral sphere. The diverse historical material given in the article opens details of this process. Thus, the idea of a certain substantive expectation of Russians on forming the “culture of the end” to “culture of the middle” the West can be estimated at a counterbalance only as an abstract, historiosophical design. From the historical point of view, all and in due time details defined concrete decisions of elite and unpredictable textures of geopolitical, natural and event factors, and also influences of mighty will of these or those sovereigns and church figures.