EFFECTIVENESS OF WINTER RYE AND WINTER WHEAT CULTIVATION IN THE CENTRAL ZONE OF ORENBURZHYE
The article presents the results of long-term stationary studies on the comparative yields of winter rye and winter wheat and their extra fertilization, applying the two basic nutrition grounds in spring. Based on the data obtained the main factors, influencing the yields of winter crops, such as soil moisture, temperature and rainfalls, have been identified. The main causes of winter wheat crops destruction as result of spring frosts have been revealed and the effectiveness of applying the basic fertilizers and spring top dressing on winter crop yields has been ascertained. It is shown that in the years with abundant rainfalls and lack of warmth in the fall and spring, because of lack of biological nitrogen in soil, the effect of fertilizers is high, since the plants use them for their nutrition. Under favorable conditions of temperature and moisture active biological processes occur in soil, with the release of large amount of nitrate nitrogen. In such years, the effectiveness of fertilizers is reduced. And this is the result of low water reserves in soil because of high concentration of soil solution.