TOPONYMS "CARINO-HARINO" AS MARKERS OF THE SETTLEMENT OF THE KRIVICHI
The toponyms Karino and their derivatives (“Karino-Kharino”) originate from the name of the ancient profession “karya”, “karina”, “kharina” (“kar” - a craftsman making “karina” - the base of an ancient Russian dugout vessel) and from the name of their production sites - "kor" or "kri". According to the report of Constantine Porphyrogenitus (of the 10th century), ship's karinas were manufactured by the Krivichi (Κριβηταιηνοί), Lendzians (Λενζανηνοι) and other Slavs, which suggests a relationship between the settlements of the kars and these peoples. The purpose of this work is to investigate connections between the settlements of the kars-shipbuilders and the Krivichi and their descendants in the period from the 6th to the 18th centuries, that is from the emergence of the long burial mounds culture of the Krivichi and up to the decline of the traditional Russian shipbuilding technology under Peter the Great. For this purpose, the author has analyzed 152 toponyms of the kars, their historical-geographical position, historical and archaeological data, paleoclimate, etc. The toponyms “Karino-Kharino” are found to occur exclusively on the territories of the ancient habitation of the Krivichi or their descendants. Therefore, the toponyms "Karino-Kharino" can be called the markers of the settlement of this people. In the areas of early settlement of the Krivichi, 93% of the toponyms "Karino-Kharino" are located on the waterway "from the Varangians to the Persians", and 90% of the toponyms are located on the portages and navigationally dangerous parts of this route. An etymological hypothesis has been formulated about the ethnonym “Krivichi” as “living on kri” (karichi - k'rchi - krivichi, or, taking into account the origin of the word “kar” from “cut, hollow”, “Krivichi” = “shipcutter people”). Success of the Krivichi as vessel builders was presumably due to their use of a breakthrough technology for the Middle Ages: widening the sides of the boat by bending. This technology was unknown to Europe until the 17th century. The connection between "Karino-Kharino" and the Krivichi explains such mysterious features of this people as "settlement on elevations" - where portages were located; "slash-and-burn” farming - which is more forestry than agriculture; the elongated shape of burial mounds of the Krivichi - a symbolic boat for the boatbuilders, a.o. "Karino-Kharino" has no links with the Novgorod Slovenes: where there are Novgorodians, there is no" Karino-Kharino". Distribution of the "Karino-Kharino" toponyms generally coincides with the area of the snip R1a-YP569, which is commonly considered as the Krivichi's one).