Pension Assurance: History and Present Days
This paper examines the stages of the evolution of the pension. The first pensions dating back to the period of Ancient Rus', were in kind as land allotments transferred by the prince to the warrior for rewarding service. Already during Tsarist Russia, it was a tool to reward loyalty and exemplary service, and later, as it expanded to include the entire population, it became an important social function, guaranteeing social and material protection to citizens who could not continue working. At the present stage, pension provision has the opposite tendency to the historical past: today's pension system seeks to limit the range of persons entitled to pensions and to form cumulative and voluntary mechanisms for forming pensions.