Philanthropic Support for Science in Russia during the Second Half of the 19th Century
After the Great Reforms in Russia, a growing philanthropic movement united scientists, businessmen, and the intelligentsia. This paper describes the movement's historical roots and the social conditions of its development during the second half of the 19th century, as well as its main activities and leaders. Philanthropy contributed to the signifi cant growth of scientifi c research and the founding of new chairs, laboratories, observatories, and clinics at institutes of higher learning. Private funds also aided in the establishment of independent research centers outside the system of higher education. Thousands of people, ranging from rich and famous patrons to humble subscribers of modest means, contributed to help fi nance scientifi c societies, organize expeditions, hold public lectures, and found museums, both in the center and in the provinces.