Anthropogenic relief change during the economic development of Yamal
Using the seven islands of the North Paciﬁc with a large breeding aggregations of sea bird colonies, features of structural and functional organization of island geosystems are analyzed. In the absence of terrestrial predators and humans birds may colonize the whole island and have a major impact on most natural components. Under the inﬂuence of centuries of ornithogenicpressure,the top partof the lithogenic base, land cover, soils, and productivity of plant communities of small biological cycle had been changed,forming biogeochemical anomalies and establishing new inter-component relationships. Ornithogenic inﬂuence can be seen as a landscape-forming factor, creatingpeculiar ornithogenicgeosys- tems signiﬁcantly different in structure, function, and evolution from continental landscapes and similar islands without the bird population.