AGING: THE NATURE AND MECHANISMS
Author examines the nature of aging from the perspective of his earlier proposed the concept of "elementary system of formalized description of aging" (ESFDA), as well as differentiation genes by their influence on overall survival (OSV), and the possibility of its increase due to the direct and indirect effects on genes. Thus, from the formalized description of aging proposed by the author should be dual nature of the OSV values, as well as OSV intraspecific differences. Earlier in the preceding parts of this article, the author mentioned that there are two components of variations in the OSV values of individuals of one species. One component is due to individual characteristics of the genotype, the second is caused by differences in living conditions, in other words, by the intensity of the spontaneous factors. Under optimal life conditions, intraspecific variations of ~max-OSV associated only with the genotype of individuals. For optimum conditions of life there are only two parameters in the formalized description of aging: the critical threshold of damage, which is entirely determined by the genome, and the protection of the defect in optimal conditions, which depends on the ability of the protective systems to counteract the spontaneous factors, continuing in the mode of the optimum (this capability is also incorporated in the genome). Thus, variations in the values of some of these parameters, but rather both once, are the ways by which an effect of the genome to the ~max-OSV value and implemented the genome's contribution in OSV intraspecific variation. By differentiating the genes according to their impact on overall survival, the author identifies four groups of genes: I. the so-called constitutive genes, which encode the bulk of the proteins, enzymes, structural and fundamental metabolic pathways; II. genes encoding proteins (enzymes) of protective systems; III. genes encoding regulatory proteins and enzymes of other regulators, IV. genes programmed death, apoptosis and phenoptosis. As for the prospects of increasing OSV by indirect effects on the genes, the author distinguishes two aspects. The first aspect is the targeted disable of transcription factors necessary for activation of phenoptosis genes and "aging genes", with antibodies or other agents. The second aspect is the restriction on the DNA damaging factors. Such factors include, first, oxidants and free radicals. With these factors are struggling with a variety of antioxidants. Second, this factor is the local energy fluctuations. The action of this factor is reduced due to a small decrease in body temperature, as well as moderate fasting. At the same time, the author points to the need to consider at least five factors: the complexity of the indirect effects on the genes, the applicability of the object (the genetic "operations" appears to apply only to improve future generations, but are not already living), the spectrum the main result (whether only increases OSV or more and ~ max-OSV), the magnitude of the effect achieved and the presence of adverse effects (such as infertility, low working capacity, etc.). Finally, the author presents a critical review of early (late XIX - early XX centuries) and contemporary ideas and approaches of gerontology.