Modern methods of recovery, reuse and safe disposal of hazardous metal-containing waste
The purpose of this review is to summarize the latest trends in the processing of metal-containing waste, primarily waste from galvanic production, and to identify the problems that researchers face in the development of methods for the recovery of valuable and disposal of hazardous components. Many types of metal-containing waste, such as galvanic waste, mine drainage, metalworking waste, metallurgical waste, etc. used to be classified as hard-to-recover waste and, at best, were subject to burial at landfills, which, in addition to economic inexpediency, is a powerful factor of environmental pollution. The development of the most complete recovery of valuable components, reuse and safe disposal of hazardous substances is currently under way. The paper discusses the currently used and developed methods for the maximum extraction of valuable metals from waste, their advantages and disadvantages. The possibility of unification of the applied methods of multicomponent and mixed waste is evaluated. Attention is paid to the use of sludge as additives in various materials for household purposes. At the same time, both the influence of the introduced additives on the physical and mechanical properties of the final product and the degree of inertization of hazardous substances and the environmental safety of materials are considered. The problems of immobilization of metals in the matrix of the base material, associated with the peculiarities of the chemical and phase composition, the geochemical distribution of elements, the processes occurring during hightemperature processing in the process of obtaining the target product are highlighted.