METHODOLOGY OF RECONSTRUCTING ARCHETYPE OF ANCIENT HYDRONYMS
Considering different methods used for reconstructing of the ancient hydronyms a leading place belongs to the methods and techniques of comparative and contrastive linguistics, aimed at large-scale historical and cultural investigation, using linguistic data of relative and unrelative languages and their dialects, involving materials on spiritual and material culture of neighbouring nations, information on ethnological and paleoanthropological investigations. Elimination of regionalethic and natural geographic data, requiring rigorous analysis and complicating the process of research, will inevitably lead to distortions and inaccuracies in the interpretation of the toponymic material. In this connection it should be noted more typical errors in the application of linguistic methods for analysis of onomastic material and appellative lexeme that is in a geographical name. The origin of a river name (potamonym) is often explained incorrectly because researchers identify multilingual words by external similarity, excluding genetic sources. Herewith, ethnohistorical, substrate and adstrate factors are not taken into account. In the etimological explanations inconsistencies and contradictions are often found in the interpretation of the content of ancient hydro- and topo- which are in the geographical objects of the Middle Volga. The reason for misunderstanding of the name is that modified on the basis of a different language it can be matched with its outlook with the other lexeme expanding the range of heterogeneous homonyms and after some time it can lose its original semantics incurring significant rethinking. The accuracy of the explanation of its original meaning is possible only on the basis of “chain” reconstruction relying on phonological occurringin the substrate lexemes, by their sporadic isoglosses, survivedin the dialects of Uralic, Turkic- Slavyano-Russian languages. It is impossible to operate with distorted forms when etimologyzation. Accuracy interpretation of the toponym origin and semantic content depends on how objectively and reasonably analyzed linguistic facts. The origin and meaning of individual content potamonimov restaurants incorrect due to the fact that investigators ignored arealno- linguistic isoglosses. Only some errors in the application of linguistic methods and interpretation techniques in the analysis of river names are marked here.