Features of formation of pedestrian spaces in central part of Germany cities
This paper looks at the formation of pedestrian spaces in central part of the cities (on the example of central parts of cities in Germany). The characteristic of most major cities in Ukraine are congestion road network, growth indicators and trends of accidents, unsettled pedestrian spaces and their chaotic functional content. The efficiency of quality formed pedestrian spaces is considered in terms of creating individual appearance of the city as a whole, ensuring the integrity of the composition of the urban environment through rational use of urban areas, use urban design elements and monumental works of art. This chapter we determine the features of formation of pedestrian spaces in central part of the cities in Germany and apply these principles of pedestrian spaces in the cities of Ukraine (on the example of Lviv). Background. Recent years we have been seen both the growth of different types and forms of cultural and community services in central part of the cities and the number of cars. Therefore, the comfort pedestrian city walkability becomes one the city development achivement. There is the need of safe pedestrian spaces increase because of the socio-economic and cultural cities’ transformations by growing their activity. The question of the city pedestrian spaces organization haven’t been researched as the holistic fact from the scientific point of view. Recently, the works which reflect various specific aspects of the pedestrian spaces have been appeared. Today the organization of pedestrian spaces become the common practice for many European cities, which is based on serious scientific research. We should investigate the existing pedestrian spaces examples of West European cities which were redesigned during their re-urbanization. In Germany, based on Leipzig Charter, the pedestrian spaces are supported by development projects [1]. Thus, there is a need to examine examples of German experience and organize features of formation of pedestrian spaces. These data will provide an opportunity to 1) further identify or develop new principles of forming of pedestrian spaces or 2) identify the usefulness of these principles for the organization of pedestrian spaces in the cities of Ukraine. Objectives. The objectives of this study are to define features of formation of pedestrian spaces in central part of the cities on the example of German cities. To analyze the conditions of formation of pedestrian space, functional content, compositional structure and define the basic methods of formation of pedestrian spaces in German cities. Methods. In this article the review and the following analysis (analysis of architectural and internet-resources, urban and comparative analysis) and synthesis was used as the theoretical methods. Results. The results of the research show that the most of pedestrian German spaces were established in the mid-twentieth century within the historical pedestrian areas. There are multifunctional systems that primarily perform tasks such as recreation and rest of people, their safe movement, effective and profitable trade, creating an attractive environment for the promotion of tourism. In city-planning sense, they function as a combination of squares and important places, form a unique space near landmarks of history and architecture. After a detailed review of pedestrian German spaces we can see a certain analogies between the Nuremberg and Lviv pedestrian spaces, such as: the size of the cities (population of Nuremberg - 495 121, population of Lviv - 723 605), the specificity of pedestrian spaces (namely they extend from the historic center to the periphery), the combination of modern and contemporary architecture in the historical city center. Conclusions. We concluded that pedestrian German spaces compose a multifunctional system which execute the task such as: rest of people, their safe transportation, effective and profitable trade, creating an attractive environment for the promotion of tourism. The main types of pedestrian German spaces according their functional content are: the shopping streets, areas adjoined to recreational objects. The conditions of pedestrian spaces formation are: historical, urban, thematic and for needs of the inhabitants. The majority of investigated pedestrian spaces in urban sense have a linear structure that connects the city’s main nodal elements (such as historic buildings or church). Some of the pedestrian spaces serve not only as trade, but also have recreational character. The present results of analysis of pedestrian spaces of German cities will give an impetus to the creation of conception of pedestrian spaces in Ukraine, will improve the attractiveness of the urban environment, will contribute to a better preservation of historical and cultural heritage, historically valuable fund of residential and public buildings, will help to find additional space reserved for development functions of the center as a whole and involving investment.