EVOLUTION OF METHODS FOR GENOME EDITING
The article describes the evolution of the genomic editing methods, beginning since induced mutagenesis that causes random mutations in the genomes under the action of physical factors or chemical agents. Induced polyploidy is considered to be a genome mutation, and thus it can be viewed as a variant of editing of the genome in the form of a complete duplication. It is noted that for effective directional editing genomes of any organisms, it is necessary to introduce double-stranded breaks in the target site of DNA molecules. Methods of directed mutagenesis, using chimeric oligonucleotides, recombination with meganuclease, artificial molecular "scissors" ARCUT, "zinc fingers" nucleases, the nucleases on the basis of effector TAL proteins, as well as Cas nucleases, which is part of the forefront CRISPR/Cas technology for editing genomes are described. A significant contribution of Russian scientists in several areas of producing mutant plants is demonstrated, despite the obstacles created for them. References cover more than a century.