The Reception of the Classical Ancient Tradition of Consolatio in Medieval Arabic Christian Literature
This paper deals with three texts written in the genre of “consolation”, or consolatio, by the medieval Christian Arab authors Elias al-Jawhari, Severus ibn al-Muqaﬀ a, and Elias bar Shinaya of Nisibis. The goal of this study is to reveal their connection to works of the Arab tradition, including the treatise by the Muslim Arab philosopher al-Kindi. This treatise serves as a link connecting the works of al-Jawhari, ibn al-Muqaﬀa and bar Shinaya with the Ancient Greek consolatio. The analysis oﬀ ered in the paper leads to the conclusion that Christian Arab writers adopted the literary form of the epistolary treatise, but modiﬁed its content. All of the three authors theologise the content of consolatio, but choose diﬀerent strategies. Elias bar Shinaya brings the problem to a generalised ethical level considering it in the context of virtues and vices and organising the material mainly as a collection of sayings and short stories. Elias al-Jawhari and Severus ibn al-Muqaﬀa try to combine the argumentation typical for ancient consolations with arguments based on texts known to the Christian reader, ﬁrst and foremost Biblical. Furthermore, Elias al-Jawhari mostly employs themes from the Old Testament that could also be relevant for Muslim readers, whereas Severus ibn al-Muqaﬀa actively synthesises Classical and Christian material. The latter allows us to suggest the development of a theoretic treatise in the genre of consolatio, containing Christian content for the ﬁrst time. This paper also puts forward the idea that this phenomenon may be related to the powerful impetus gained by Arab writers during the so-called Abbasid Renaissance.