TO THE QUESTION OF ESTIMATE MAPPING OF THE DEGREE OF POLLUTION, THE QUALITY OF SURFACE WATER
The article deals with the issues of estimation mapping in hydrochemical research. Mapping of pollution and surface water quality is highlighted as one of the most important areas in this segment. The long-term experience of mapping the chemical composition of surface waters is analyzed, taking into account both the basic chemical composition and the composition of pollutants, including those characteristic of most water bodies of the Russian Federation. Separate issues of the development of the evaluation direction in hydrochemical mapping, its methodological aspects are considered. The specificity of the chemical composition of surface waters as an object of mapping is emphasized, which consists in the diversity and variability of the composition of polluting chemicals both in time and in space, which requires mandatory consideration in evaluation studies. The most characteristic features of it are highlighted. A particular concept of evaluation hydrochemical maps, the most common evaluation criteria, estimated periods of generalization, image methods used, the most characteristic methods of generalization of initial data, etc. are formulated. In order to increase the validity and informativeness of the maps developed in hydrochemical studies, the expediency of using integrated assessment of pollution and water quality of water bodies, the information capacity of which, as a rule, is very high, is briefly characterized. It is proposed to use in the preparation of hydrochemical maps a system of indicators for a comprehensive assessment of pollution, surface water quality, implemented throughout the country by the state observation network. The possibility and expediency of using the specific combinatorial index of water pollution (UKIZV), quality classes, critical indicators of water pollution (KPZ), coefficient of complexity, categories of complexity of water pollution, etc. for the construction of estimated hydrochemical maps is substantiated. Examples of the construction of maps of a comprehensive assessment of the degree of water pollution are given. An approach to the technology of estimated mapping of the degree of pollution, surface water quality using integrated assessments for large river basins, hydrographic areas, various administrative-territorial entities, such as the region, economic district, federal district, etc. is formulated.