The theory of exploitation and empirical tendencies in distribution
The exploitation theory - one of the distribution theories, having a wide circulation in XIX century. The aim of article is to prove that weakness of the theory of cost of K. Marx is a consequence of using of average values only. At a substantiation of the labour theory of value by means of toolkit of limiting values the exploitation theory becomes its logically necessary consequence. As levelling of the prices for similar products and the remuneration rates for similar work is the result of a competition in a branch the distinction in structure of the advanced capital and applied technologies at the different enterprises should cause the difference in structure of the added value, that is a remuneration and profit ratio. This position sharply opposes K. Marx's position about standard rate of a surplus value at each enterprise and for each branch because of it's beeing various. It can be defined only from the empirical data reflecting the forms of curves of limiting and average expenses of work. It is by no means a constant, but an indicator formed in system of balance, as well as rate of return. Taking into account the above mentioned theoretical approach to a problem of exploitation of workers and distribution of incomes in a society, dynamics of real gross national product of Russia and the characteristics of its distribution during 1990 2009 is considered. The analysis reveals that the indicator of disproportions in a market evaluation of industrial and village work is resistant last years, being in the range from 5,3 to 5,6 times. The strong closeness of positive correlation between indicators of the gross added cost on one worker and payment of one worker (value of correlation coefficients from above 0,7) is established. Thus the sum of gross profit and net taxes grows both in absolute and in relative expression, remuneration grows in absolute expression, but decreases in relative expression.