Has protein citrullination been implicated in rheumatoid arthritis?
[': Citrullination has become a hot topic within recent years due to its involvement in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis and fibrosis. ', 'Current literature suggests that increased levels of citrullinated proteins are found in several if not all inflammatory diseases. ', 'Antibodies directed against citrullinated proteins and peptides (ACPAs) are the most specific serological markers available for diagnosing RA. ', 'Citrullination of proteins is well described in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and hypercitrullination of proteins may be related to inflammation in general. ', 'Some ACPA are remarkably effective as diagnostics in autoimmune disorders, most notably rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Several ACPA can be observed before other clinical RA manifestations are apparent. ', 'Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated protein/peptide autoantibodies (ACPAs). ', 'Anti-citrullinated peptides as autoantigens in rheumatoid arthritis-relevance to treatment.', 'The implications of citrullination affecting integrin binding in disease open up a new area of study and might have implications for the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis.', 'In this paper, we will review the three of the main classes of PTMs already associated with RA: citrullination, carbamylation, and oxidation.', 'Citrullinated collagen II (CII) is a well-known autoantigen in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). ', 'Among the RA-associated autoantibodies, especially anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) have been studied intensively in the last decade.', 'Protein citrullination is a posttranslational modification that has attracted increased attention, especially for its involvement in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).', 'Identification of citrullinated cellular fibronectin in synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.', 'Cellular fibronectin (cFn) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and we previously demonstrated the presence of citrullinated cFn in rheumatoid synovial tissues. ', '. In rheumatoid arthritis, PAD4 and protein citrullination are increased in inflamed joints, and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) form against citrullinated antigens are formed. ']
['Yes, protein citrullination been implicated in rheumatoid arthritis.']
['yes']