Which driver mutations have been identified for Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG)?
['We found conservation of heterozygous K27M mutations in H3F3A (n\u2009=\u20094) or HIST1H3B (n\u2009=\u20093) across all primary, contiguous, and metastatic tumor sites in all DIPGs', 'ACVR1 (n\u2009=\u20092), PIK3CA (n\u2009=\u20092), FGFR1 (n\u2009=\u20092), and MET (n\u2009=\u20091) were also intra-tumorally conserved', ' TP53 aberrations (n\u2009=\u20093 patients) varied by type and location between primary and metastatic tumors sites but were intra-tumorally conserved.', 'Evolutionary reconstruction indicates histone 3 (H3) K27M--including H3.2K27M--mutations potentially arise first and are invariably associated with specific, high-fidelity obligate partners throughout the tumour and its spread, from diagnosis to end-stage disease, suggesting mutual need for tumorigenesis.', 'These H3K27M ubiquitously-associated mutations involve alterations in TP53 cell-cycle (TP53/PPM1D) or specific growth factor pathways (ACVR1/PIK3R1). ', 'Recently, sequencing of tumor cells revealed that histone H3 is frequently mutated in pediatric HGG, with up to 78\xa0% of diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs) carrying K27M and 36\xa0% of non-brainstem gliomas carrying either K27M or G34R/V mutations.', 'Moreover, in diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPG), recurrent somatic mutations of ACVR1 were found in association with HIST1H3B mutations', 'Recently, sequencing of tumor cells revealed that histone H3 is frequently mutated in pediatric HGG, with up to 78\xa0% of diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs) carrying K27M and 36\xa0% of non-brainstem gliomas carrying either K27M or G34R/V mutations', 'K27M mutation in histone H3.3 defines clinically and biologically distinct subgroups of pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas.', 'Recurrent mutations within the histone H3 genes H3F3A and HIST1H3B that convert K27 to methionine (H3K27M) and disrupt the global H3K27 methylation landscape and PRC2-dependent silencing, have recently been identified in pediatric high-grade gliomas including Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) and Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM; Type IV glioma).', 'Sequencing analysis showed c.83A>T mutations in the H3F3A or HIST1H3B gene in 77\xa0% of our DIPG cohort.', 'Recently, sequencing of tumor cells revealed that histone H3 is frequently mutated in pediatric HGG, with up to 78\xa0% of diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs) carrying K27M and 36\xa0% of non-brainstem gliomas carrying either K27M or G34R/V mutations.', 'K27M mutation in histone H3.3 defines clinically and biologically distinct subgroups of pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas.']
['We found conservation of heterozygous K27M mutations in H3F3A (n\u2009=\u20094) or HIST1H3B (n\u2009=\u20093) across all primary, contiguous, and metastatic tumor sites in all DIPGs', 'found conservation of heterozygous k27m mutations in h3f3a (n\u2009=\u20094) or hist1h3b (n\u2009=\u20093) across all primary , contiguous , and metastatic tumor sites in all dipgs . h3k27m ubiquitously-associated mutations involve alterations in tp53 cell-cycle (tp53/ppm1d) or specific growth factor pathways (acvr1/pik3r1) . reconstruction indicates histone 3 (h3) k27m--including h3.2k27m--mutations potentially arise first and are invariably associated with specific , high-fidelity obligate partners throughout the tumour and its spread , from diagnosis to end-stage disease , suggesting mutual need for tumorigenesis. . aberrations (n\u2009=\u20093 patients) varied by type and location between primary and metastatic tumors sites but were intra-tumorally conserved. . ', 'We found conservation of heterozygous K27M mutations in H3F3A (nâ\x80\x89=â\x80\x894) or HIST1H3B (nâ\x80\x89=â\x80\x893) across all primary, contiguous, and metastatic tumor sites in all DIPGs. Evolutionary reconstruction indicates histone 3 (H3) K27M--including H3.2K27M--mutations potentially arise first and are invariably associated with specific, high-fidelity obligate partners throughout the tumour and its spread, from diagnosis to end-stage disease, suggesting mutual need for tumorigenesis. These H3K27M ubiquitously-associated mutations involve alterations in TP53 cell-cycle (TP53/PPM1D) or specific growth factor pathways (ACVR1/PIK3R1).', 'We found conservation of heterozygous K27M mutations in H3F3A (n=4) or HIST1H3B (n=3) across all primary, contiguous, and metastatic tumor sites in all DIPGs. ACVR1 (n=2), PIK3CA (n=2), FGFR1 (n=2), and MET (n=1) were also intra-tumorally conserved. TP53 aberrations (n=3 patients) varied by type and location between primary and metastatic tumors sites but were intra-tumorally conserved. Evolutionary reconstruction indicates histone 3 (H3) K27M--including H3.2K27M--mutations potentially arise first and are invariably associated with specific, high-fidelity obligate partners throughout the tumour and its spread, from diagnosis to end-stage disease, suggesting mutual need for tumorigenesis. These H3K27M ubiquitously-associated mutations involve alterations in TP53 cell-cycle (TP53/PPM1D) or specific growth factor pathways (ACVR1/PIK3R1). ', 'Recurrent mutations within the histone H3 genes H3F3A and HIST1H3B that convert K27 to methionine (H3K27M) and disrupt the global H3K27 methylation landscape and PRC2-dependent silencing, have recently been identified in pediatric high-grade gliomas including Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) and Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM; Type IV glioma). The spatial and temporal homogeneity of main driver mutations in DIPG implies they will be captured by limited biopsies and emphasizes the need to develop therapies specifically targeting obligate oncohistone partnerships. TP53 aberrations (n\u2009=\u20093 patients) varied by type and location between primary and metastatic tumors sites but were intra-tumorally conserved.Spatial conservation of prognostically-relevant and therapeutically-targetable somatic mutations in DIPG and mHGG contrasts the significant heterogeneity of driver mutations seen in adult HGG and supports uniform implementation of diagnostic biopsy in DIPG and mHGG to classify molecular risk groups and guide therapeutic strategy. Recently, a subset of these same mutations of ACVR1 have been identified in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) tumors. Sequencing analysis showed c.83A>T mutations in the H3F3A or HIST1H3B gene in 77\xa0% of our DIPG cohort. Protein profiling identified 2,305 unique proteins indicating distinct DIPG protein expression patterns compared to other pediatric brain tumors. Two distinct subgroups of DIPG were identified.', 'We found conservation of heterozygous K27M mutations in H3F3A (n\u2009=\u20094) or HIST1H3B (n\u2009=\u20093) across all primary, contiguous, and metastatic tumor sites in all DIPGs ACVR1 (n\u2009=\u20092), PIK3CA (n\u2009=\u20092), FGFR1 (n\u2009=\u20092), and MET (n\u2009=\u20091) were also intra-tumorally conserved  TP53 aberrations (n\u2009=\u20093 patients) varied by type and location between primary and metastatic tumors sites but were intra-tumorally conserved.', 'Evolutionary reconstruction indicates histone 3 (H3) K27M--including H3.2K27M--mutations potentially arise first and are invariably associated with specific, high-fidelity obligate partners throughout the tumour and its spread, from diagnosis to end-stage disease, suggesting mutual need for tumorigenesis. Conservation of heterozygous K27M mutations in H3F3A (n\u2009=\u20094) or HIST1H3B (n\u2009=\u20093) was observed across all primary, contiguous, and metastatic tumor sites in all DIPGs. ACVR1 (n\u2009=\u20092), PIK3CA (n\u2009=\u20092), FGFR1 (n\u2009=\u20092), and MET (n\u2009=\u20091) were also intra-tumorally conserved.  TP53 aberrations (n\u2009=\u20093 patients) varied by type and location between primary and metastatic tumors sites but were intra-tumorally conserved.', 'We found conservation of heterozygous K27M mutations in H3F3A (n\u2009=\u20094) or HIST1H3B (n\u2009=\u20093) across all primary, contiguous, and metastatic tumor sites in all DIPGs  TP53 aberrations (n\u2009=\u20093 patients) varied by type and location between primary and metastatic tumors sites but were intra-tumorally conserved. These H3K27M ubiquitously-associated mutations involve alterations in TP53 cell-cycle (TP53/PPM1D) or specific growth factor pathways (ACVR1/PIK3R1).', 'We found conservation of heterozygous K27M mutations in H3F3A (n=4) or HIST1H3B (n=3) across all primary, contiguous, and metastatic tumor sites in all DIPGs. Evolutionary reconstruction indicates histone 3 (H3) K27M--including H3.2K27M--mutations potentially arise first and are invariably associated with specific, high-fidelity obligate partners throughout the tumour and its spread, from diagnosis to end-stage disease, suggesting mutual need for tumorigenesis. These H3K27M ubiquitously-associated mutations involve alterations in TP53 cell-cycle (TP53/PPM1D) or specific growth factor pathways (ACVR1/PIK3R1). TP53 aberrations (n=3 patients) varied by type and location between primary and metastatic tumors sites but were intra-tumorally conserved. ACVR1 (n=2), PIK3CA (n=2), FGFR1 (n=2), and MET (n=1) were also intra-tumorally conserved. ', 'We found conservation of heterozygous K27M mutations in H3F3A (n\u2009=\u20094) or HIST1H3B (n\u2009=\u20093) across all primary, contiguous, and metastatic tumor sites in all DIPGs These H3K27M ubiquitously-associated mutations involve alterations in TP53 cell-cycle (TP53/PPM1D) or specific growth factor pathways (ACVR1/PIK3R1). ']
['K27M in H3F3A', 'HIST1H3B']