How is active neurotoxin of Clostridium botulinum detected?
['The neurotoxin detection is based on the mouse lethality assay. ', 'which could be shown by bioassay to produce biologically active type B toxin in culture.', 'Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) hold great promise for providing various differentiated cell models for in vitro toxigenicity testing. ', 'A direct comparison of BoNT detection using primary rat spinal cord cells and hiPSC-derived neurons showed equal or increased sensitivity', 'BoNT/A intoxication studies demonstrate that the hiPSC-derived neurons reproducibly and quantitatively detect biologically active BoNT/A with high sensitivity (EC(50) ∼0.3 U).', ' these data suggest that neurons derived from hiPSCs provide an ideal and highly sensitive platform for BoNT potency determination, neutralizing antibody detection and for mechanistic studies.', 'Detection of botulinum neurotoxin-A activity in food by peptide cleavage assay.', 'his study reports the successful use of an enzymatic assay employing an internally quenched fluorogenic peptide as a fast, simple and inexpensive alternative to the mouse bioassay. ', 'BoNT endopeptidase assays', "in vivo mouse bioassay has for years been the 'gold standard' assay used for this purpose", 'Cell-based assays are currently the only in vitro alternative that detect fully functional BoNTs in a single assay and have been utilized for years for research purposes.', 'mouse bioassay (MBA) is traditionally used to confirm the presence of toxin in serum or food', 'A novel FDC (functional dual coating) microtitre plate immuno-biochemical assay,', 'This report demonstrates a novel assay that utilises the endopeptidase activity of the toxin to detect Botulinum neurotoxin in a pharmaceutical sample. The cleaving of SNAP-25 is monitored via UV-Visible spectroscopy with a limit of detection of 373 fg/mL and has been further developed into a high throughput method using a microplate reader detecting down to 600 fg/mL of active toxin. ']
['Active neurotoxin of Clostridium botulinum can be detected by:\nmouse lethality assay\nby mass spectrometry\nbioassay\ndifferentiated cell models\npeptide cleavage assay\nFDC (functional dual coating) microtitre plate immuno-biochemical assay\nendopeptidase activity monitored via UV-Visible spectroscopy']
['mouse lethality assay', 'by mass spectrometry', 'bioassay', 'differentiated cell models', 'peptide cleavage assay', 'FDC (functional dual coating) microtitre plate immuno-biochemical assay', 'endopeptidase activity monitored via UV-Visible spectroscopy']