# 4.4 Graphs of logarithmic functions  (Page 3/8)

 Page 3 / 8

Given a logarithmic function with the form $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)={\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(x\right),$ graph the function.

1. Draw and label the vertical asymptote, $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x=0.$
2. Plot the x- intercept, $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(1,0\right).$
3. Plot the key point $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(b,1\right).$
4. Draw a smooth curve through the points.
5. State the domain, $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(0,\infty \right),$ the range, $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(-\infty ,\infty \right),$ and the vertical asymptote, $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x=0.$

## Graphing a logarithmic function with the form f ( x ) = log b ( x ).

Graph $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)={\mathrm{log}}_{5}\left(x\right).\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ State the domain, range, and asymptote.

Before graphing, identify the behavior and key points for the graph.

• Since $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}b=5\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ is greater than one, we know the function is increasing. The left tail of the graph will approach the vertical asymptote $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x=0,$ and the right tail will increase slowly without bound.
• The x -intercept is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(1,0\right).$
• The key point $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(5,1\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ is on the graph.
• We draw and label the asymptote, plot and label the points, and draw a smooth curve through the points (see [link] ).

The domain is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(0,\infty \right),$ the range is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(-\infty ,\infty \right),$ and the vertical asymptote is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x=0.$

Graph $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)={\mathrm{log}}_{\frac{1}{5}}\left(x\right).\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ State the domain, range, and asymptote.

The domain is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(0,\infty \right),$ the range is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(-\infty ,\infty \right),$ and the vertical asymptote is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x=0.$

## Graphing transformations of logarithmic functions

As we mentioned in the beginning of the section, transformations of logarithmic graphs behave similarly to those of other parent functions. We can shift, stretch, compress, and reflect the parent function $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}y={\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(x\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ without loss of shape.

## Graphing a horizontal shift of f ( x ) = log b ( x )

When a constant $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}c\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ is added to the input of the parent function $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)=lo{g}_{b}\left(x\right),$ the result is a horizontal shift     $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}c\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ units in the opposite direction of the sign on $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}c.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ To visualize horizontal shifts, we can observe the general graph of the parent function $f\left(x\right)={\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(x\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and for $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}c>0\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ alongside the shift left, $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}g\left(x\right)={\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(x+c\right),$ and the shift right, $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}h\left(x\right)={\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(x-c\right).$ See [link] .

## Horizontal shifts of the parent function y = log b ( x )

For any constant $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}c,$ the function $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)={\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(x+c\right)$

• shifts the parent function $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}y={\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(x\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ left $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}c\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ units if $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}c>0.$
• shifts the parent function $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}y={\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(x\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ right $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}c\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ units if $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}c<0.$
• has the vertical asymptote $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x=-c.$
• has domain $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(-c,\infty \right).$
• has range $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(-\infty ,\infty \right).$

Given a logarithmic function with the form $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)={\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(x+c\right),$ graph the translation.

1. Identify the horizontal shift:
1. If $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}c>0,$ shift the graph of $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)={\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(x\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ left $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}c\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ units.
2. If $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}c<0,$ shift the graph of $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)={\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(x\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ right $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}c\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ units.
2. Draw the vertical asymptote $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x=-c.$
3. Identify three key points from the parent function. Find new coordinates for the shifted functions by subtracting $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}c\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ from the $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ coordinate.
4. Label the three points.
5. The Domain is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(-c,\infty \right),$ the range is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(-\infty ,\infty \right),$ and the vertical asymptote is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x=-c.$

## Graphing a horizontal shift of the parent function y = log b ( x )

Sketch the horizontal shift $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)={\mathrm{log}}_{3}\left(x-2\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ alongside its parent function. Include the key points and asymptotes on the graph. State the domain, range, and asymptote.

Since the function is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)={\mathrm{log}}_{3}\left(x-2\right),$ we notice $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x+\left(-2\right)=x–2.$

Thus $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}c=-2,$ so $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}c<0.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ This means we will shift the function $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)={\mathrm{log}}_{3}\left(x\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ right 2 units.

The vertical asymptote is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x=-\left(-2\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ or $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x=2.$

Consider the three key points from the parent function, $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(\frac{1}{3},-1\right),$ $\left(1,0\right),$ and $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(3,1\right).$

The new coordinates are found by adding 2 to the $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ coordinates.

Label the points $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(\frac{7}{3},-1\right),$ $\left(3,0\right),$ and $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(5,1\right).$

The domain is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(2,\infty \right),$ the range is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(-\infty ,\infty \right),$ and the vertical asymptote is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x=2.$

#### Questions & Answers

can I get some pretty basic questions
Ama Reply
In what way does set notation relate to function notation
Ama
is precalculus needed to take caculus
Amara Reply
It depends on what you already know. Just test yourself with some precalculus questions. If you find them easy, you're good to go.
Spiro
the solution doesn't seem right for this problem
Mars Reply
what is the domain of f(x)=x-4/x^2-2x-15 then
Conney Reply
x is different from -5&3
Seid
how to prroved cos⁴x-sin⁴x= cos²x-sin²x are equal
jeric Reply
Don't think that you can.
Elliott
how do you provided cos⁴x-sin⁴x = cos²x-sin²x are equal
jeric Reply
What are the question marks for?
Elliott
Someone should please solve it for me Add 2over ×+3 +y-4 over 5 simplify (×+a)with square root of two -×root 2 all over a multiply 1over ×-y{(×-y)(×+y)} over ×y
Abena Reply
For the first question, I got (3y-2)/15 Second one, I got Root 2 Third one, I got 1/(y to the fourth power) I dont if it's right cause I can barely understand the question.
Is under distribute property, inverse function, algebra and addition and multiplication function; so is a combined question
Abena
find the equation of the line if m=3, and b=-2
Ashley Reply
graph the following linear equation using intercepts method. 2x+y=4
Ashley
how
Wargod
what?
John
ok, one moment
UriEl
how do I post your graph for you?
UriEl
it won't let me send an image?
UriEl
also for the first one... y=mx+b so.... y=3x-2
UriEl
y=mx+b you were already given the 'm' and 'b'. so.. y=3x-2
Tommy
Please were did you get y=mx+b from
Abena
y=mx+b is the formula of a straight line. where m = the slope & b = where the line crosses the y-axis. In this case, being that the "m" and "b", are given, all you have to do is plug them into the formula to complete the equation.
Tommy
thanks Tommy
Nimo
0=3x-2 2=3x x=3/2 then . y=3/2X-2 I think
Given
co ordinates for x x=0,(-2,0) x=1,(1,1) x=2,(2,4)
neil
"7"has an open circle and "10"has a filled in circle who can I have a set builder notation
Fiston Reply
x=-b+_Гb2-(4ac) ______________ 2a
Ahlicia Reply
I've run into this: x = r*cos(angle1 + angle2) Which expands to: x = r(cos(angle1)*cos(angle2) - sin(angle1)*sin(angle2)) The r value confuses me here, because distributing it makes: (r*cos(angle2))(cos(angle1) - (r*sin(angle2))(sin(angle1)) How does this make sense? Why does the r distribute once
Carlos Reply
so good
abdikarin
this is an identity when 2 adding two angles within a cosine. it's called the cosine sum formula. there is also a different formula when cosine has an angle minus another angle it's called the sum and difference formulas and they are under any list of trig identities
Brad
strategies to form the general term
carlmark
consider r(a+b) = ra + rb. The a and b are the trig identity.
Mike
How can you tell what type of parent function a graph is ?
Mary Reply
generally by how the graph looks and understanding what the base parent functions look like and perform on a graph
William
if you have a graphed line, you can have an idea by how the directions of the line turns, i.e. negative, positive, zero
William
y=x will obviously be a straight line with a zero slope
William
y=x^2 will have a parabolic line opening to positive infinity on both sides of the y axis vice versa with y=-x^2 you'll have both ends of the parabolic line pointing downward heading to negative infinity on both sides of the y axis
William
y=x will be a straight line, but it will have a slope of one. Remember, if y=1 then x=1, so for every unit you rise you move over positively one unit. To get a straight line with a slope of 0, set y=1 or any integer.
Aaron
yes, correction on my end, I meant slope of 1 instead of slope of 0
William
what is f(x)=
Karim Reply
I don't understand
Joe
Typically a function 'f' will take 'x' as input, and produce 'y' as output. As 'f(x)=y'. According to Google, "The range of a function is the complete set of all possible resulting values of the dependent variable (y, usually), after we have substituted the domain."
Thomas
Sorry, I don't know where the "Â"s came from. They shouldn't be there. Just ignore them. :-)
Thomas
GREAT ANSWER THOUGH!!!
Darius
Thanks.
Thomas
Â
Thomas
It is the Â that should not be there. It doesn't seem to show if encloses in quotation marks. "Â" or 'Â' ... Â
Thomas
Now it shows, go figure?
Thomas
what is this?
unknown Reply
i do not understand anything
unknown
lol...it gets better
Darius
I've been struggling so much through all of this. my final is in four weeks 😭
Tiffany
this book is an excellent resource! have you guys ever looked at the online tutoring? there's one that is called "That Tutor Guy" and he goes over a lot of the concepts
Darius
thank you I have heard of him. I should check him out.
Tiffany
is there any question in particular?
Joe
I have always struggled with math. I get lost really easy, if you have any advice for that, it would help tremendously.
Tiffany
Sure, are you in high school or college?
Darius
Hi, apologies for the delayed response. I'm in college.
Tiffany
how to solve polynomial using a calculator
Ef Reply

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