# Thread: proof of derivative of sin(x)

1. ## proof of derivative of sin(x)

d/dx sin x = cos x
is there any proof for this?

2. int sin x dx = -cos x + C
is there any proof for this too?
and why does always +c comes for any indefinite integration

3. i just got answer for one question
d/dx sin(x) = lim(d->0) ( sin(x+d) - sin(x) ) / d
= lim ( sin(x)cos(d) + cos(x)sin(d) - sin(x) ) / d
= lim ( sin(x)cos(d) - sin(x) )/d + lim cos(x)sin(d)/d
= sin(x) lim ( cos(d) - 1 )/d + cos(x) lim sin(d)/d
= sin(x) lim ( (cos(d)-1)(cos(d)+1) ) / ( d(cos(d)+1) ) + cos(x) lim sin(d)/d
= sin(x) lim ( cos^2(d)-1 ) / ( d(cos(d)+1 ) + cos(x) lim sin(d)/d
= sin(x) lim -sin^2(d) / ( d(cos(d) + 1) + cos(x) lim sin(d)/d
= sin(x) lim (-sin(d)) * lim sin(d)/d * lim 1/(cos(d)+1) + cos(x) lim sin(d)/d
= sin(x) * 0 * 1 * 1/2 + cos(x) * 1 = cos(x)
was my proof correct?

4. That works fine once you have $\lim_{d\to 0}\frac{cos(d)-1}{d}= 1$ and $\lim_{d\to 0}\frac{sin(d)}{d}= 1$.

Those often are deduced by a slightly "hand-waving" geometric argument, using the definition of sin(x) and cos(x) in terms of the unit circle.

It is also possible to define sin(x) to be $\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^n}{(2n+1)!}x^{2n+1}$ and define cos(x) to be $cos(x)= \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^n}{(2n)!}x^{2n}$. It is not difficult to show that those series converge uniformly for all x and so we can differentiate "term by term". That is, $(sin(x))'= \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^n}{(2n+1)!}((2n+1)x^{2n+1-1})$ $= \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^n}{(2n)!} x^{2n}= cos(x)$.

and why does always +c comes for any indefinite integration
An indefinite integration is an "anti-derivative": $\int f(x) dx$ is any function, F(x) such that F(x)'= f(x). Since the derivative of a constant is 0, if F(x)'= f(x), then (F(x)+ C)'= F'(x)+ 0= f(x) so adding any constant to F(x) gives us an anti- derivative.

(The other way can also be proved- that if F'(x)= f(x) and G'(x)= f(x), then F(x)- G(x) is a constant but that's a bit harder.)

5. ## thanks

thank you very much
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