# Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning

(Jeff_L) #1

Mathematical notation

I have tried to keep the mathematical content of the book to the minimum neces-
sary to achieve a proper understanding of the field. However, this minimum level is
nonzero, and it should be emphasized that a good grasp of calculus, linear algebra,
and probability theory is essential for a clear understanding of modern pattern recog-
nition and machine learning techniques. Nevertheless, the emphasis in this book is
on conveying the underlying concepts rather than on mathematical rigour.
I have tried to use a consistent notation throughout the book, although at times
this means departing from some of the conventions used in the corresponding re-
search literature. Vectors are denoted by lower case bold Roman letters such as
x, and all vectors are assumed to be column vectors. A superscriptTdenotes the
transpose of a matrix or vector, so thatxTwill be a row vector. Uppercase bold
roman letters, such asM, denote matrices. The notation(w 1 ,...,wM)denotes a
row vector withMelements, while the corresponding column vector is written as
w=(w 1 ,...,wM)T.
The notation[a, b]is used to denote theclosedinterval fromatob, that is the
interval including the valuesaandbthemselves, while(a, b)denotes the correspond-
ingopeninterval, that is the interval excludingaandb. Similarly,[a, b)denotes an
interval that includesabut excludesb. For the most part, however, there will be
little need to dwell on such refinements as whether the end points of an interval are
included or not.
TheM×Midentity matrix (also known as the unit matrix) is denotedIM,
which will be abbreviated toIwhere there is no ambiguity about it dimensionality.
It has elementsIijthat equal 1 ifi=jand 0 ifi=j.
A functional is denotedf[y]wherey(x)is some function. The concept of a
functional is discussed in Appendix D.
The notationg(x)=O(f(x))denotes that|f(x)/g(x)|is bounded asx→∞.
For instance ifg(x)=3x^2 +2, theng(x)=O(x^2 ).
The expectation of a functionf(x, y)with respect to a random variablexis de-
noted byEx[f(x, y)]. In situations where there is no ambiguity as to which variable
is being averaged over, this will be simplified by omitting the suffix, for instance

``xi``
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