# Mechanical Energy

When you do work to lift an object and then release it, the energy converts back to kinetic energy as the object falls. This process appears similar to the storage and release of elastic potential energy that we learned about in the previous unit and suggests that we define a gravitational potential energy (). It’s not obvious where gravitational  potential energy is stored, but for our purposes can treat it as being stored within the system comprised of the Earth and an object that has been raised. The elastic potential energygravitational potential energy and kinetic energy are forms of mechanical energy.  Forces and corresponding work that convert mechanical energy from one form to another are known as conservative forces and conservative work. We introduce these new terms because there are many cases when only conservative forces are acting and so energy just transfers between the various forms of mechanical energy within the system. For such cases, any increase in potential energy is offset by a decease in kinetic energy and vice versa, so we know . Non-conservative forces do work that converts between mechanical energy, thermal energy, or chemical potential energy (we will learn more about chemical potential energy soon). Friction, drag force, air resistance,  forces caused by muscular contractions, and any forces applied by materials as they are permanently deformed are examples of non-conservative forces.

### Reinforcement Exercises

Check out this simulation, which shows how energy is transferred among different types.

# Conservation of Energy

Considering the Principle of Conservation of Energy,  we expect that any change to the total energy of a system must be provided by  work on the system from the outside ().  Our observations have confirmed this expectation and are summarized by the Law of Conservation of Energy:

(1)

Conservative forces between objects in the system do work to convert energy between mechanical types within the system. Non-conservative forces work to convert energy between mechanical energy and other forms within the system, such as thermal energy (TE) and chemical potential energy. In order to increase the total energy of the system, positive work must be done on the system from the outside.

# Gravitational Potential Energy

According to the Law of Conservation of Energy, if we do work to lift an object farther from the Earth without increasing its kinetic energy or thermal energy we must have increased the gravitational potential energy by the same amount as the work. The force we need to apply is the object’s weight, or () and the distance we over which we apply the force is the change in height . Therefore the work we did was: and this must be the same the amount that we have changed the gravitational potential energy.

(2)

Note that the previous equation automatically gives a decrease in gravitational potential energy when an object gets lower because the change in height will be negative. The work done to lift an object is an example of useful work, or work done by the body on the external environment.[1]

### Everyday Example: Rock Climbing Fall

A rock climber is 3.5 m above their last anchor point and fall. They will fall back 3.5 m back to the anchor point and then another 3.5 m below it before the rope comes tight for a total fall distance of 7.0 m (there was 3.5 m of  rope out when they fell, so they will have to end up hanging by 3.5 m of rope). Neglecting air resistance, how fast will they be moving when the rope begins to come tight?

We will apply the Law of Conservation of Energy during the fall.

(3)

Neglecting air resistance there  are no forces other than gravity on the person during the fall, so only conservative forces are acting and we know mechanical energy is conserved):

(4)

Next we write out the changes in each type of energy:

(5)

We recognize the initial speed was zero at the start of the fall and that we can divide every term in our equation by mass mass to cancel it out:

(6)

Then we isolate the speed:

(7)

Finally we take the square root:

(8)

The climber fell 7.0 m, so the change in height was actually -7.0 m. We are ready to calculate the final speed:

(9)

### Reinforcement Exercises

1. OpenStax, College Physics. OpenStax CNX. May 13, 2019 http://cnx.org/contents/031da8d3-b525-429c-80cf-6c8ed997733a@16.4
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