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Content Periodic Functions Fourier Series
Complex Form of the Fourier Series Impulse Train Analysis of Periodic Waveforms Half-Range Expansion Least Mean-Square Error Approximation

Fourier Series Periodic Functions

The Mathematic Formulation
Any function that satisfies where T is a constant and is called the period of the function.

Example: Find its period. Fact: smallest T

Example: Find its period. must be a rational number

Example: Is this function a periodic one? not a rational number

Fourier Series Fourier Series

Introduction Decompose a periodic input signal into primitive periodic components. A periodic sequence T 2T 3T t f(t)

T is a period of all the above signals
Synthesis T is a period of all the above signals Even Part Odd Part DC Part Let 0=2/T.

Orthogonal Functions Call a set of functions {k} orthogonal on an interval a < t < b if it satisfies

Orthogonal set of Sinusoidal Functions
Define 0=2/T. We now prove this one

Proof m  n

Proof m = n

Orthogonal set of Sinusoidal Functions
Define 0=2/T. an orthogonal set.

Decomposition

Proof Use the following facts:

Example (Square Wave) 2 3 4 5 - -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 f(t) 1

Example (Square Wave) 2 3 4 5 - -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 f(t) 1

Example (Square Wave) 2 3 4 5 - -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 f(t) 1

T is a period of all the above signals
Harmonics T is a period of all the above signals Even Part Odd Part DC Part

Harmonics Define , called the fundamental angular frequency.
Define , called the n-th harmonic of the periodic function.

Harmonics

Amplitudes and Phase Angles
harmonic amplitude phase angle

Complex Form of the Fourier Series

Complex Exponentials

Complex Form of the Fourier Series

Complex Form of the Fourier Series

Complex Form of the Fourier Series

Complex Form of the Fourier Series
If f(t) is real,

Complex Frequency Spectra
|cn| amplitude spectrum n phase spectrum

Example t f(t) A

Example A/5 40 80 120 -40 -120 -80 50 100 150 -50 -100
-120 -80 A/5 50 100 150 -50 -100 -150

Example A/10 40 80 120 -40 -120 -80 100 200 300 -100 -200
-120 -80 A/10 100 200 300 -100 -200 -300

Example t f(t) A

Fourier Series Impulse Train

Dirac Delta Function and t Also called unit impulse function.

Property (t): Test Function

Impulse Train t T 2T 3T T 2T 3T

Fourier Series of the Impulse Train

Complex Form Fourier Series of the Impulse Train

Analysis of Periodic Waveforms
Fourier Series Analysis of Periodic Waveforms

Waveform Symmetry Even Functions Odd Functions

Decomposition Any function f(t) can be expressed as the sum of an even function fe(t) and an odd function fo(t). Even Part Odd Part

Example Even Part Odd Part

Half-Wave Symmetry and T T/2 T/2

Quarter-Wave Symmetry
Even Quarter-Wave Symmetry T T/2 T/2 Odd Quarter-Wave Symmetry T T/2 T/2

Hidden Symmetry The following is a asymmetry periodic function:
Adding a constant to get symmetry property. A/2 A/2 T T

Fourier Coefficients of Symmetrical Waveforms
The use of symmetry properties simplifies the calculation of Fourier coefficients. Even Functions Odd Functions Half-Wave Even Quarter-Wave Odd Quarter-Wave Hidden

Fourier Coefficients of Even Functions

Fourier Coefficients of Even Functions

Fourier Coefficients for Half-Wave Symmetry
and T T/2 T/2 The Fourier series contains only odd harmonics.

Fourier Coefficients for Half-Wave Symmetry
and

Fourier Coefficients for Even Quarter-Wave Symmetry

Fourier Coefficients for Odd Quarter-Wave Symmetry

Example Even Quarter-Wave Symmetry T T/2 T/2 1 1 T T/4 T/4

Example Even Quarter-Wave Symmetry T T/2 T/2 1 1 T T/4 T/4

Example Odd Quarter-Wave Symmetry T T/2 T/2 1 1 T T/4 T/4

Example Odd Quarter-Wave Symmetry T T/2 T/2 1 1 T T/4 T/4

Half-Range Expansions
Fourier Series Half-Range Expansions

Non-Periodic Function Representation
A non-periodic function f(t) defined over (0, ) can be expanded into a Fourier series which is defined only in the interval (0, ).

Without Considering Symmetry
T A non-periodic function f(t) defined over (0, ) can be expanded into a Fourier series which is defined only in the interval (0, ).

Expansion Into Even Symmetry
T=2 A non-periodic function f(t) defined over (0, ) can be expanded into a Fourier series which is defined only in the interval (0, ).

Expansion Into Odd Symmetry
T=2 A non-periodic function f(t) defined over (0, ) can be expanded into a Fourier series which is defined only in the interval (0, ).

Expansion Into Half-Wave Symmetry
T=2 A non-periodic function f(t) defined over (0, ) can be expanded into a Fourier series which is defined only in the interval (0, ).

Expansion Into Even Quarter-Wave Symmetry
T/2=2 T=4 A non-periodic function f(t) defined over (0, ) can be expanded into a Fourier series which is defined only in the interval (0, ).

Expansion Into Odd Quarter-Wave Symmetry
T/2=2 T=4 A non-periodic function f(t) defined over (0, ) can be expanded into a Fourier series which is defined only in the interval (0, ).

Least Mean-Square Error Approximation
Fourier Series Least Mean-Square Error Approximation

Approximation a function
Use to represent f(t) on interval T/2 < t < T/2. Define Mean-Square Error

Approximation a function
Show that using Sk(t) to represent f(t) has least mean-square property. Proven by setting Ek/ai = 0 and Ek/bi = 0.

Approximation a function

Mean-Square Error

Mean-Square Error

Mean-Square Error

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