`Experiment 332Kuwait UniversityPhysics 105Physics DepartmentKinematics &amp; Newton's 2nd law IntroductionThe objective of this experiment is to study kinematics and Newton's 2nd law for a uniformly accelerated one-dimensional motion. The experiment is carried out using an air track equipped with two photo-gate timers and a glider. In part one of the experiment, the displacement versus time is investigated. Part two studies the relation between the instantaneous and the average velocity. Part three relates the velocity to time. Finally, in part four Newton's 2nd law is applied for a two bodies system.Objectives· To study displacement versus time for a uniformly accelerated motion. · To be able to diffrenciat between average and instantaneous velocities. · To acquire knowledge of using velocity-time graphs. · To understand and be able to apply Newton's 2nd Law. for a one-dimensional motion.Equipment· 2 m air track with glider, pulley, hanger, mass pieces and rubber bands. · Photo-gate timer with two photo-gates. · Laboratory Triple BalanceExperiment 333TheoryDisplacement versus time:If an object is set to move under the action of gravity on an inclined frictionless track, it will move with a constant accelerationa = g sin ,(1)were g is the acceleration due to gravity and  is the angle of inclination of the track. The displacement x at a given time t will be given asx = vo t +1 2 at , 2(2)were vo is the velocity at t = 0. If the motion starts from rest then Equation 2 reduces tox =1 2 at . 2(3)A plot of x versus t represents a parabola (a curve). See Figure 1.Figure 1Experiment 334Instantaneous versus average velocity:For a given interval of time t the object would have a displacement x, and the average velocity v for that interval is defined as ¯v = ¯x . t(4)The importance of the average velocity lies in the fact that if an object moves with a constant velocity equals the average velocity it would cover the same displacement in the same interval of time. The instantaneous velocity v at a given time is defined asv = limt0dx x . = t dt(5)Equation 5 indicates that the instantaneous velocity equals the slope of the tangent to the curve of x versus t at a given point. See Figure 2.Figure 2 By decreasing the displacement x about a specific position x and measuring the corresponding time interval t, if v is plotted against x, a curve would result, that ¯ saturates towards a limiting value as x  0. If the curve is extrapolated, it will intercept the v axis at a value equal to the instantaneous velocity v. See Figure 3. ¯Experiment 335.Figure 3Velocity versus time:The velocity of the object moving under a constant acceleration a at a given time t is given asv = vo + a t,also, the velocity at the end of a displacement x is given as2 v2 = vo + 2 a x.(6)(7)Therefore a plot of v versus t results in a straight line were the slope represents the acceleration a. See Figure 4. Also, if we plot v 2 versus x we would get a straight line were the slope equals 2 a. See Figure 5. Furthermore, Equation 3 can be used to a plot x vs t2, which also represents a straight line were the slope represents 2 .Figure 4Figure 5Experiment 336Newton's 2nd law:If an object with mass M, which is free to move on a frictionless horizontal track, is connected by a string parallel to the track to a hanging mass m after passing over a frictionless and massless pulley, It will move with a uniformly accelerated motion such thatF = (M + m) a,(8)were F = mg, and a is the acceleration that the two mass system will move with. Now, if mass is transferred from M to m such that the total mass (M + m) remains constant, F would increase, and consequently, the acceleration a, since F is directly proportional to a, therefore a plot of F versus a results in a straight line were the slope equals the total mass (M + m). See Figure 6.Figure 6Experiment 337ProcedurePart I: Displacement versus time:1) Let the air-track (see Fig. 7) be inclined by putting 50 g mass units beneath the legs of one side (in this case the inclination angle   0.8o and, the acceleration = a = (gsin )  0.14 m/s2 ). = 2) Put the main photo-gate timer at x1 = 10 cm and the accessory photo-gate timer at x2 = 20 cm, set the mode of the timer to pulse and the range to 1 ms. 3) Using a glider with the flag of 1 cm width mounted on top, adjust the height of each timer so that the flag of the glider blocks the photo beam when it passes through. 4) Hold the glider at the beginning of the track (such that the flag is just before the main photo-gate), reset the timer and, turn on the air pump then, release the glider. Record the time in Table I. 5) Repeat the step 4, two more times. 6) Change the position of the accessory photo-gate timer according to the table then, repeat steps 4 &amp; 5.Experiment 338Table I. x1 (cm) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 x2 (cm) 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 x (cm) 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 t1 (s) t2 (s) t3 (s) ¯ t (s)¯ 7) Plot x versus t, then determine the slope of the tangent to the curve at x = 90 cm (Note that x = 90 cm corresponds to x2 = 100 cm). What does the slope represents?...............................................................................................................8) Estimate the instantaneous velocity v at x2 = 100 cm using Equation 7................................................................................................................Experiment 3399) Determine the percentage error in the instantaneous velocity v: vestimated - vmeasured vestimated× 100 = .....................................................Part II: Instantaneous versus average velocity::1) Let the air-track be inclined as in part I. 2) Put the main photo-gate timer at x1 = 30 cm and the accessory photo-gate timer at x2 = 170 cm, set the mode of the timer to pulse and the range to 1 ms. 3) Using a glider with the flag of 1 cm width mounted on top, adjust the height of each timer so that the flag of the glider blocks the photo beam when it passes through. 4) Hold the glider at the beginning of the track, reset the timer and turn on the air pump then, release the glider. Record the time in Table II. 5) Repeat the step 4, two more times. 6) Set the position of each timer according to Table II and repeat steps 4 &amp; 5.Experiment 340Table II. x1 (cm) x2 (cm) x (cm) t1 (s) t2 (s) t3 (s) ¯ t (s) v (m/s) ¯30 40 60 70 80 90170 160 140 130 120 110140 120 80 60 40 207) Change the timer mode to gate and the range to 0.1 ms. 8) Replace the 1 cm flag with the 10 cm (black) flag. 9) Put the main photo-gate timer at x = 95 cm, and remove the accessory photogate timer. Repeat steps 4 &amp; 5, but record the time in Table III. 10) Replace the 10 cm flag with the 1 cm one, put the main photo-gate timer at x = 99.5 cm, repeat steps 4 &amp; 5 but, record the time in Table III.Table III. Flag width 10 cm 1 cm Timer Position x 95 cm 99.5 cm x (cm) t1 (s) t2 (s) t3 (s) ¯ t (s) v (m/s) ¯10 1Experiment 34111) Plot v versus x, using the data from both the Tables II &amp; III then, estimate ¯ the value of the instantaneous velocity at x = 100 cm. Does it equal the value of vinst that was estimated in part I?...............................................................................................................12) Determine the percentage error in the instantaneous velocity v:vestimated - vmeasured × 100 = ......................................................... vestimatedPart III: Velocity versus time:1) Let the air-track be inclined as in part I. 2) Put the accessory photo-gate timer at x1 = 10 cm and the main photo-gate timer at x2 = 60 cm. 3) Using a glider with the flag of 1 cm width mounted on top, adjust the height of each timer so that the flag of the glider blocks the photo beam when it passes through. 4) Set the mode of the timer to pulse and the range to 1 ms. 5) Hold the glider at the beginning of the track, reset the timer and, turn on the air pump then, release the glider. Record the time in Table IV. 6) Repeat the step 5, two more times. 7) Change the mode to gate and the range to 0.1 ms.Experiment 3428) Remove accessory photo-gate timer then, repeat steps 5 &amp; 6, but record the measured time under t. 9) Return the accessory photo-gate timer to its previous position (i.e. at x1 = 10 cm then, change the position of the main photo-gate timer according to Table IV and, repeat steps 4-8. 10) For each x in the table, calculate: v = 0.01 ¯ t and a = v ¯ tTable IV: x1 = 10 cmPulse Mode , 1 ms Gate Mode , 0.1 msx2 (cm)x (cm)t1 (s)t2 (s)t3 (s)¯ t (s)t1 (s)t2 (s)t3 (s)¯ t (s)v (m/s)a (m/s2 )60 80 100 120 140a = ....................................................... ¯¯ 11) Plot a graph for v versus t , from which determine the slope. What does the slope represents? ...............................................................................................................Experiment 34312) Determine the percentage error in the acceleration a: aestimated - ameasured aestimated× 100 = .....................................................Part IV: Newton's 2nd Law:1) Level the air track such that it is completely horizontal, by balancing a glider in the middle of the air-track while the air pump is on. 2) Put the accessory photo-gate timer at x1 = 70 cm and the main photo-gate timer at x2 = 130 cm. See Figure 8. 3) Using a glider with the flag of 1 cm width mounted on top, adjust the height of each timer so that the flag of the glider blocks the photo beam when it passes through. 4) Put 40 g mass of 10 g units on each side of the glider (i.e. net mass of 80 g). 5) Use a suitable length string, connect the glider to a mass hanger through the pulley such that the flag of the glider is to be located at x = 68 cm while the mass hanger is at maximum height from the ground. 6) Set the mode of the timer to pulse and the range to 1 ms. 7) Hold the glider such that its flag is at x = 68 cm, reset the timer and, turn on the air pump then, release the glider. Record the time in Table V. 8) Repeat the step 7, two more times. 9) Change the mode to gate and the range to 0.1 ms.Experiment 34410) Remove accessory photo-gate timer then, repeat steps 7 &amp; 8, but record the measured time under t. 11) Return the accessory photo-gate timer to its previous position (i.e. at x1 = 70 cm) and, move 20 g from the glider to the mass hanger (take 10 g from each side), then repeat steps 6-10. 12) For each combination of M &amp; m determine: v = 0.01 ¯ t and a = v ¯ t13) Plot a graph of F versus a, determine the slope. What does the slope represents? ...............................................................................................................Table V: x1 = 70 cm, x2 = 130 cm, xf lag = 68 cmPulse Mode , 1 ms Gate Mode , 0.1 msM (kg)m (kg)F (N)t1 (s)t2 (s)t3 (s)¯ t (s)t1 (s)t2 (s)t3 (s)¯ t (s)v (m/s)a (m/s2 )a = ....................................................... ¯Experiment 345.Figure 7. Air Track setup used in Part I: Displacement versus timeFigure 8. Air Track setup used in Part IV: Newton's 2nd Law`

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