加速度本文重定向自 加速度

a

简述

直线运动中的平均加速度和瞬时加速度

${\displaystyle v(t)=\lim _{\Delta t\to 0}{\frac {x(t+\Delta t)-x(t)}{\Delta t}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} x}{\mathrm {d} t}}}$

${\displaystyle {\bar {a}}={\frac {v(t+\Delta t)-v(t)}{\Delta t}}}$

${\displaystyle a(t)=\lim _{\Delta t\to 0}{\frac {v(t+\Delta t)-v(t)}{\Delta t}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} v}{\mathrm {d} t}}={\frac {\mathrm {d^{2}} x}{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}}}$

${\displaystyle v(t_{1})=\int _{t_{0}}^{t_{1}}a(t)\mathrm {d} t+v(t_{0})}$

曲线运动中的加速度

${\displaystyle \mathbf {v} (t)={\frac {\mathrm {d} \mathbf {r} (t)}{\mathrm {d} t}}}$
${\displaystyle \mathbf {a} (t)={\frac {\mathrm {d} \mathbf {v} (t)}{\mathrm {d} t}}={\frac {\mathrm {d^{2}} \mathbf {r} (t)}{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}}}$

${\displaystyle \Delta t}$足够小时，可以将那一小段曲线运动（称作元弧）近似看作直线运动或圆周运动:30

伽利略变换

${\displaystyle \mathbf {a} =\mathbf {a} '+\mathbf {a} _{\text{rel}}}$

牛顿第二定律

${\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =m\mathbf {a} }$

惯性力

${\displaystyle \sum _{i}\mathbf {F} _{i}=m\mathbf {a} }$

${\displaystyle \sum _{i}\mathbf {F} _{i}-m\mathbf {a} =0}$

${\displaystyle \sum _{i}\mathbf {F} +\mathbf {I} =0}$

角加速度

${\displaystyle \alpha (t)={\frac {\mathrm {d} \omega (t)}{\mathrm {d} t}}={\frac {\mathrm {d^{2}} \theta (t)}{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}}}$

加速度的分解

按坐标系分解

平面直角坐标系

${\displaystyle \mathbf {a} (t)=a_{x}(t)\mathbf {i} +a_{y}(t)\mathbf {j} }$

极坐标系

${\displaystyle x=r\cos \theta }$
${\displaystyle y=r\sin \theta }$

${\displaystyle \mathbf {r} =r\mathbf {e} _{r}}$
${\displaystyle \mathbf {v} =r{\frac {\mathrm {d} \theta }{\mathrm {d} t}}\mathbf {e} _{\theta }+{\frac {dr}{\mathrm {d} t}}\mathbf {e} _{r}}$
${\displaystyle \mathbf {a} =\left[{\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}r}{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}}-r\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} \theta }{\mathrm {d} t}}\right)^{2}\right]\mathbf {e} _{r}+\left(2{\frac {\mathrm {d} r}{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\mathrm {d} \theta }{\mathrm {d} t}}+r{\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}\theta }{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}}\right)\mathbf {e} _{\theta }}$
极坐标系分解的推导

${\displaystyle \mathrm {d} \mathbf {e} _{r}=\mathrm {d} \theta \mathbf {e} _{\theta }}$
${\displaystyle \mathrm {d} \mathbf {e} _{\theta }=-\mathrm {d} \theta \mathbf {e} _{r}}$

${\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}(a\ b)=a\ {\frac {\mathrm {d} b}{\mathrm {d} t}}+b\ {\frac {\mathrm {d} a}{\mathrm {d} t}}}$

{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {v} &={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}(r\mathbf {e} _{r})\\&=r{\frac {\mathrm {d} \theta }{\mathrm {d} t}}\mathbf {e} _{\theta }+{\frac {\mathrm {d} r}{\mathrm {d} t}}\mathbf {e} _{r}\\\end{aligned}}}
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {a} &={\frac {\mathrm {d} \mathbf {v} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\\&={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\left(r{\frac {\mathrm {d} \theta }{\mathrm {d} t}}\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\right)+{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} r}{\mathrm {d} t}}\mathbf {e} _{r}\right)\\&=r{\frac {\mathrm {d} \theta }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\mathrm {d} \mathbf {e} _{\theta }}{\mathrm {d} t}}+r{\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}\theta }{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}}\mathbf {e} _{\theta }+{\frac {\mathrm {d} r}{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\mathrm {d} \theta }{\mathrm {d} t}}\mathbf {e} _{\theta }+{\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}r}{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}}\mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {\mathrm {d} r}{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\mathrm {d} \mathbf {e} _{r}}{\mathrm {d} t}}\\&=-r\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} \theta }{\mathrm {d} t}}\right)^{2}\mathbf {e} _{r}+r{\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}\theta }{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}}\mathbf {e} _{\theta }+{\frac {\mathrm {d} r}{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\mathrm {d} \theta }{\mathrm {d} t}}\mathbf {e} _{\theta }+{\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}r}{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}}\mathbf {e} _{r}+{\frac {\mathrm {d} r}{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\mathrm {d} \theta }{\mathrm {d} t}}\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\\&=\left[{\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}r}{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}}-r\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} \theta }{\mathrm {d} t}}\right)^{2}\right]\mathbf {e} _{r}+\left(2{\frac {\mathrm {d} r}{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\mathrm {d} \theta }{\mathrm {d} t}}+r{\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}\theta }{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}}\right)\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\\\end{aligned}}}

按自然坐标系分解

${\displaystyle a_{\text{t}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} v}{\mathrm {d} t}}}$
${\displaystyle a_{\text{n}}={\frac {v^{2}}{\rho }}}$

按功能分解

匀速圆周运动 向心加速度

${\displaystyle a_{\text{n}}=\omega ^{2}r={\frac {v^{2}}{r}}}$

${\displaystyle \mathbf {a} _{\text{n}}=\mathbf {\omega } \times (\mathbf {\omega } \times \mathbf {r} )}$

向心加速度的推导

${\displaystyle a_{\text{n}}=v{\frac {\mathrm {d} \beta }{\mathrm {d} t}}=v\omega }$

${\displaystyle v=\omega r}$

${\displaystyle a_{\text{n}}=\omega ^{2}r={\frac {v^{2}}{r}}}$

科里奥利效应

${\displaystyle \mathbf {a} _{\text{cor}}=-2{\boldsymbol {\Omega }}\times \mathbf {v} }$
${\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{\text{cor}}=-2m{\boldsymbol {\Omega }}\times \mathbf {v} }$

欧拉力

${\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{\text{Euler}}=m\mathbf {a} _{\text{Euler}}}$

${\displaystyle \mathbf {a} _{\text{Euler}}=-{\frac {\mathrm {d} {\boldsymbol {\Omega }}}{\mathrm {d} t}}\times \mathbf {r} }$

${\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{\text{Euler}}=-m{\frac {\mathrm {d} \mathbf {\Omega } }{\mathrm {d} t}}\times \mathbf {r} }$

几种特殊的运动

匀变速直线运动

${\displaystyle v(t)=v_{0}+at\,.}$
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}s(t)&=v_{0}t+{\frac {1}{2}}at^{2}\\&={\frac {v(t)+v_{0}}{2}}t\\\end{aligned}}}

${\displaystyle a={\frac {v(t)^{2}-v_{0}^{2}}{2s(t)}}}$

简谐运动

${\displaystyle x=A\cos(\omega t+\phi _{0})\,.}$

${\displaystyle v=-A\omega \sin(\omega t+\phi _{0})\,}$
${\displaystyle a=-A\omega ^{2}\cos(\omega t+\phi _{0})}$

${\displaystyle a=-x\omega ^{2}\,}$
${\displaystyle A^{2}=\left({\frac {a}{\omega ^{2}}}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {v}{\omega }}\right)^{2}\,}$

加速度的应用

狭义相对论

${\displaystyle {\begin{cases}x=\gamma (x'+vt)\\y=y'\\z=z'\\t=\gamma \left(t'+{\cfrac {v}{c^{2}}}x\right)\\\end{cases}}}$

${\displaystyle {\begin{cases}{\cfrac {\mathrm {d} x}{\mathrm {d} t}}=u_{x}\\{\cfrac {\mathrm {d} u_{x}}{\mathrm {d} t}}=a_{x}\end{cases}}}$

y、z方向的定义式与之类似。综合该定义式，利用坐标转换的t部分，将坐标转换的x、y、z连续两次进行一阶求导:501

${\displaystyle {\begin{cases}a_{x}={\cfrac {a'_{x}}{\gamma ^{3}\left(1+{\frac {vu'_{x}}{c^{2}}}\right)^{3}}}\\a_{y}={\cfrac {1}{\gamma ^{2}}}\left[{\cfrac {a'_{y}}{\left(1+{\frac {vu'_{x}}{c^{2}}}\right)^{2}}}-{\cfrac {{\frac {vu'_{y}}{c^{2}}}a'_{x}}{\left(1+{\frac {vu'_{x}}{c^{2}}}\right)^{3}}}\right]\\a_{z}={\cfrac {1}{\gamma ^{2}}}\left[{\cfrac {a'_{z}}{\left(1+{\frac {vu'_{x}}{c^{2}}}\right)^{2}}}-{\cfrac {{\frac {vu'_{z}}{c^{2}}}a'_{x}}{\left(1+{\frac {vu'_{x}}{c^{2}}}\right)^{3}}}\right]\\\end{cases}}}$

参考文献

1. 赵凯华，罗蔚茵. 《新概念物理教程·力学（第二版）》. 北京: 高等教育出版社. 2004. ISBN 7-04-015201-0.
2. 郑永令，贾起民，方小敏. 《力学（第二版）》. 北京: 高等教育出版社. 2002. ISBN 978-7-04-011084-5.
3. Beer, Ferdinand; Johnston, Jr., E. Russ, Vector Mechanics for Engineers:dynamics 7th: pp. 699, 2004, ISBN 978-0-072-93079-5
4. Lanczos, Cornelius, The Variational Principles of Mechanics, Dovers Publications, Inc, 1970, ISBN 978-0-486-65067-8
5. ^ 存档副本. [2013-02-19]. （原始内容存档于2013-05-18）.
6. ^ 黄沛天，马善钧，徐学翔，胡利云．变加速动力学纵横，2010年7月5日查询
7. ^ Sprott JC. Some simple chaotic jerk functions (PDF). Am J Phys. 1997, 65 (6): 537–43 [2009-09-28]. Bibcode:1997AmJPh..65..537S. doi:10.1119/1.18585. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-06-13）.
8. ^ Baum, Steven K，1997年1月20日，The Glossary: Cn-Cz.. Glossary of Oceanography and the Related Geosciences with References. Texas A&M University，于2006年11月29日。（英文）
9. ^ Tropical cyclone: Tropical cyclone tracks.. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008-02-25 [2009-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2012-06-22）.
10. ^ NOAA FAQ: How much energy does a hurricane release?. National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. August 2001 [2009-06-30]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-02）.
11. ^ 竖直向下，又称铅直向下，被定义为重力加速度的方向。但其具体方向因重力加速度的两种定义不同而异，分别为指向地心与纬度有关，参见万有引力#两者的微妙差别
12. ^ g在不同地区稍有不同，并且g有两种不同的定义（见上一条注释）。一般需要更精确的计算中g可近似的取作标准重力加速度，即g=gn=9.80665 ms-2，这个值是已经包括了和地球自转的向心力的。该数值来自气象港，http://qxg.com.cn/n/?cid=44&nid=764&fc=nd，2010年5月18日查阅。页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆
13. ^ 这里并没有用到准确的物理术语。准确地说，是辐射的能流密度与粒子加速度的平方成正比。赵凯华，陈熙谋. 《新概念物理教程·电磁学》. 北京: 高等教育出版社. 2003: pp.417–419. ISBN 7-04-011693-6.
14. ^ French, Anthony, Special Relativity (Mit Introductory Physics Series), United States of America: W. W. Norton: pp. 153–154, 1968, ISBN 978-0748764228 （英语）
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