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generate questions: Suffering (Pāli: दुक्ख dukkha; Sanskrit दुःख duḥkha) is also a central concept in Buddhism. The word roughly corresponds to a number of terms in English including suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness, sorrow, affliction, anxiety, dissatisfaction, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration. Although the term is often translated as "suffering", its philosophical meaning is more analogous to "disquietude" as in the condition of being disturbed. As such, "suffering" is too narrow a translation with "negative emotional connotations"[web 9] that can give the impression that the Buddhist view is pessimistic, but Buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic nor optimistic, but realistic. In English-language Buddhist literature translated from Pāli, "dukkha" is often left untranslated, so as to encompass its full range of meaning.[note 8]
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The term dukkha corresponds to what English terms? {sep_token} Dukkha is often translated as suffering, but the philosophical meaning of dukkha of more closely related to what term? {sep_token} Buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic or optimistic, but what? {sep_token} Suffering is a central concept in what? {sep_token} The philosophical meaning of suffering is close what term? {sep_token} The condition of being disturbed is what? {sep_token} In translation what term is often left untranslated to keep of fuller definition? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Not-self (Pāli: anatta; Sanskrit: anātman) is the third mark of existence. Upon careful examination, one finds that no phenomenon is really "I" or "mine"; these concepts are in fact constructed by the mind. In the Nikayas anatta is not meant as a metaphysical assertion, but as an approach for gaining release from suffering. In fact, the Buddha rejected both of the metaphysical assertions "I have a Self" and "I have no Self" as ontological views that bind one to suffering.[note 9] When asked if the self was identical with the body, the Buddha refused to answer. By analyzing the constantly changing physical and mental constituents (skandhas) of a person or object, the practitioner comes to the conclusion that neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self.
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What is the third mark of existence in Buddhism? {sep_token} The Buddha rejected the metaphysical assertions "I have a Self" and "I have no Self" as views that bind one to what? {sep_token} What was the answer given when the Buddha was asked if the body is the same as the self? {sep_token} What is the conclusion that one comes to when analyzing the changing physical and mental components or person or thing? {sep_token} What is the 3rd mark of existence? {sep_token} In what form is anatta not meant as a metaphysical assertion? {sep_token} Buddha rejected the assertion "I have a Self" and what other related assertion? {sep_token} What is the term for constantly changing physical and mental parts? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The doctrine of pratītyasamutpāda, (Sanskrit; Pali: paticcasamuppāda; Tibetan Wylie: rten cing 'brel bar 'byung ba; Chinese: 緣起) is an important part of Buddhist metaphysics. It states that phenomena arise together in a mutually interdependent web of cause and effect. It is variously rendered into English as "dependent origination", "conditioned genesis", "dependent relationship", "dependent co-arising", "interdependent arising", or "contingency".
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What is the name of the Buddhist doctrine that states that phenomena arise together in a mutually interdependent web of cause and effect? {sep_token} Translated into English, what does pratītyasamutpāda mean? {sep_token} The doctrine of pratityasumatupada is a important part of what type of metaphysics? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The best-known application of the concept of pratītyasamutpāda is the scheme of Twelve Nidānas (from Pāli "nidāna" meaning "cause, foundation, source or origin"), which explain the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth (saṃsāra) in detail.[note 10]
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What is the most common application of the concept of pratītyasamutpāda? {sep_token} What does the scheme of Twelve Nidānas explain? {sep_token} An application of the idea of pratityasamutpada is the scheme of what? {sep_token} What doe nidana mean? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The Twelve Nidānas describe a causal connection between the subsequent characteristics or conditions of cyclic existence, each one giving rise to the next:
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What describes the connection between the conditions of cyclic existence? {sep_token} What describes the causal connection between the subsequent conditions of cyclic existance? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Sentient beings always suffer throughout saṃsāra until they free themselves from this suffering (dukkha) by attaining Nirvana. Then the absence of the first Nidāna—ignorance—leads to the absence of the others.
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How are sentient beings freed from suffering? {sep_token} What is the first Nidāna? {sep_token} The absence of ignorance leads to what? {sep_token} Who always suffers throughout samsara? {sep_token} What is suffering also called? {sep_token} How do you free yourself of dukkha? {sep_token} What is the first Nidana? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Mahayana Buddhism received significant theoretical grounding from Nagarjuna (perhaps c. 150–250 CE), arguably the most influential scholar within the Mahayana tradition. Nagarjuna's primary contribution to Buddhist philosophy was the systematic exposition of the concept of śūnyatā, or "emptiness", widely attested in the Prajñāpāramitā sutras that emerged in his era. The concept of emptiness brings together other key Buddhist doctrines, particularly anatta and dependent origination, to refute the metaphysics of Sarvastivada and Sautrantika (extinct non-Mahayana schools). For Nagarjuna, it is not merely sentient beings that are empty of ātman; all phenomena (dharmas) are without any svabhava (literally "own-nature" or "self-nature"), and thus without any underlying essence; they are "empty" of being independent; thus the heterodox theories of svabhava circulating at the time were refuted on the basis of the doctrines of early Buddhism. Nagarjuna's school of thought is known as the Mādhyamaka. Some of the writings attributed to Nagarjuna made explicit references to Mahayana texts, but his philosophy was argued within the parameters set out by the agamas. He may have arrived at his positions from a desire to achieve a consistent exegesis of the Buddha's doctrine as recorded in the Canon. In the eyes of Nagarjuna the Buddha was not merely a forerunner, but the very founder of the Mādhyamaka system.
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Nagarjuna's main contribution was the exposition of the concept of what? {sep_token} What does sunyata mean? {sep_token} Nagarjuna said that sentient beings are empty of what? {sep_token} What does dharmas mean? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Sarvastivada teachings—which were criticized by Nāgārjuna—were reformulated by scholars such as Vasubandhu and Asanga and were adapted into the Yogacara school. While the Mādhyamaka school held that asserting the existence or non-existence of any ultimately real thing was inappropriate, some exponents of Yogacara asserted that the mind and only the mind is ultimately real (a doctrine known as cittamatra). Not all Yogacarins asserted that mind was truly existent; Vasubandhu and Asanga in particular did not.[web 11] These two schools of thought, in opposition or synthesis, form the basis of subsequent Mahayana metaphysics in the Indo-Tibetan tradition.
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What teaching were criticized by Nagarjuna? {sep_token} What scholars reformed Sarvastivada teachings? {sep_token} What is the doctrine that says that the mind and only the mind are real? {sep_token} What Yogacarins asserted that the mind was not truly existent? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Besides emptiness, Mahayana schools often place emphasis on the notions of perfected spiritual insight (prajñāpāramitā) and Buddha-nature (tathāgatagarbha). There are conflicting interpretations of the tathāgatagarbha in Mahāyāna thought. The idea may be traced to Abhidharma, and ultimately to statements of the Buddha in the Nikāyas. In Tibetan Buddhism, according to the Sakya school, tathāgatagarbha is the inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one's mind. In Nyingma, tathāgatagarbha also generally refers to inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one's mind. According to the Gelug school, it is the potential for sentient beings to awaken since they are empty (i.e. dependently originated). According to the Jonang school, it refers to the innate qualities of the mind that expresses themselves as omniscience etc. when adventitious obscurations are removed. The "Tathāgatagarbha Sutras" are a collection of Mahayana sutras that present a unique model of Buddha-nature. Even though this collection was generally ignored in India, East Asian Buddhism provides some significance to these texts.
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What does tathagatagarbha mean? {sep_token} what does prajnaparamita mean? {sep_token} According to what school is tathgatagarbha the inseparability of clairty and emptiness of one's mind? {sep_token} According to what school does it refer to the innate qualities of the mind that express themselves as omniscience? {sep_token} What type of sutras were generally ignored in india? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Nirvana (Sanskrit; Pali: "Nibbāna") means "cessation", "extinction" (of craving and ignorance and therefore suffering and the cycle of involuntary rebirths (saṃsāra)), "extinguished", "quieted", "calmed"; it is also known as "Awakening" or "Enlightenment" in the West. The term for anybody who has achieved nirvana, including the Buddha, is arahant.
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What term means cessation? {sep_token} What term means awakening? {sep_token} What is the term for someone who has achieved nirvana? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Bodhi (Pāli and Sanskrit, in devanagari: बॊधि) is a term applied to the experience of Awakening of arahants. Bodhi literally means "awakening", but it is more commonly translated into English as "enlightenment". In Early Buddhism, bodhi carried a meaning synonymous to nirvana, using only some different metaphors to describe the experience, which implies the extinction of raga (greed, craving),[web 12] dosa (hate, aversion)[web 13] and moha (delusion).[web 14] In the later school of Mahayana Buddhism, the status of nirvana was downgraded in some scriptures, coming to refer only to the extinction of greed and hate, implying that delusion was still present in one who attained nirvana, and that one needed to attain bodhi to eradicate delusion:
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What is the term applied to the experience of the awakening of arahants? {sep_token} In early Buddhism Bodhi used a meaning synonymous to what word? {sep_token} What is the term for greed or craving? {sep_token} what is the word for hate or aversion? {sep_token} What does moha mean? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Therefore, according to Mahayana Buddhism, the arahant has attained only nirvana, thus still being subject to delusion, while the bodhisattva not only achieves nirvana but full liberation from delusion as well. He thus attains bodhi and becomes a buddha. In Theravada Buddhism, bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning as in the early texts, that of being freed from greed, hate and delusion.
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What has achieved nirvana and also liberation from delusion? {sep_token} If bodhi is attained what do you become? {sep_token} In theravada buddhism, bodhi and what term have the same meaning? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The term parinirvana is also encountered in Buddhism, and this generally refers to the complete nirvana attained by the arahant at the moment of death, when the physical body expires.
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What term is used for the complete nirvana attained by the arahant at death? {sep_token}
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generate questions: According to Buddhist traditions a Buddha is a fully awakened being who has completely purified his mind of the three poisons of desire, aversion and ignorance. A Buddha is no longer bound by Samsara and has ended the suffering which unawakened people experience in life.
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Who is a fully awakened being who has purified his mind of the three poisons of desire, aversion, and ignorance? {sep_token} A Buddha is no longer bound by what? {sep_token} What do unawakend people experience? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Buddhists do not consider Siddhartha Gautama to have been the only Buddha. The Pali Canon refers to many previous ones (see List of the 28 Buddhas), while the Mahayana tradition additionally has many Buddhas of celestial, rather than historical, origin (see Amitabha or Vairocana as examples, for lists of many thousands Buddha names see Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō numbers 439–448). A common Theravada and Mahayana Buddhist belief is that the next Buddha will be one named Maitreya (Pali: Metteyya).
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How many Buddhas are considered to have existed in the Pali Canon? {sep_token} A Theravada and Mahayana belief is that the next Buddha will be one named what? {sep_token} Mahayana has many Buddhas of what origin? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In Theravada doctrine, a person may awaken from the "sleep of ignorance" by directly realizing the true nature of reality; such people are called arahants and occasionally buddhas. After numerous lifetimes of spiritual striving, they have reached the end of the cycle of rebirth, no longer reincarnating as human, animal, ghost, or other being. The commentaries to the Pali Canon classify these awakened beings into three types:
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A person can awaken from the "sleep of ignorance" by acknowledging the true nature of what? {sep_token} At the end of the cycle of rebirth a person is called what? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning, that of being freed from craving, hate, and delusion. In attaining bodhi, the arahant has overcome these obstacles. As a further distinction, the extinction of only hatred and greed (in the sensory context) with some residue of delusion, is called anagami.
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Nirvana and what term carry the same meaning? {sep_token} What is the term for extinction of only hatred and greed, with residue of delusion? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In the Mahayana, the Buddha tends not to be viewed as merely human, but as the earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being (see Dharmakaya) beyond the range and reach of thought. Moreover, in certain Mahayana sutras, the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha are viewed essentially as One: all three are seen as the eternal Buddha himself.
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In the Mahayana, who is thought to be an omnipresent being? {sep_token} Who is thought to be beyond the range and reach of thought? {sep_token} In what sutras are the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha viewed as One? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The Buddha's death is seen as an illusion, he is living on in other planes of existence, and monks are therefore permitted to offer "new truths" based on his input. Mahayana also differs from Theravada in its concept of śūnyatā (that ultimately nothing has existence), and in its belief in bodhisattvas (enlightened people who vow to continue being reborn until all beings can be enlightened).
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Buddha's death is seen as an illusion, as he is living in other planes of what? {sep_token} Who is permitted to offer "new truths" based on Buddhas input? {sep_token} What is the term for the idea of ultimately nothing has existance? {sep_token} Who are enlightened people who vow to continue being reborn? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The method of self-exertion or "self-power"—without reliance on an external force or being—stands in contrast to another major form of Buddhism, Pure Land, which is characterized by utmost trust in the salvific "other-power" of Amitabha Buddha. Pure Land Buddhism is a very widespread and perhaps the most faith-orientated manifestation of Buddhism and centres upon the conviction that faith in Amitabha Buddha and the chanting of homage to his name liberates one at death into the Blissful (安樂), Pure Land (淨土) of Amitabha Buddha. This Buddhic realm is variously construed as a foretaste of Nirvana, or as essentially Nirvana itself. The great vow of Amitabha Buddha to rescue all beings from samsaric suffering is viewed within Pure Land Buddhism as universally efficacious, if only one has faith in the power of that vow or chants his name.
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What is characterized by the deep truts in the "other-power" of Amitabha Buddha {sep_token} What is perhaps the most faith-oriented for of Buddhism? {sep_token} What Buddha vowed to rescue all beings from samsaric suffering? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Buddhists believe Gautama Buddha was the first to achieve enlightenment in this Buddha era and is therefore credited with the establishment of Buddhism. A Buddha era is the stretch of history during which people remember and practice the teachings of the earliest known Buddha. This Buddha era will end when all the knowledge, evidence and teachings of Gautama Buddha have vanished. This belief therefore maintains that many Buddha eras have started and ended throughout the course of human existence.[web 15][web 16] The Gautama Buddha, therefore, is the Buddha of this era, who taught directly or indirectly to all other Buddhas in it (see types of Buddhas).
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Who is believed to have achieved enlightenment first? {sep_token} What is the term for the stretch of history during which people rmember and practice the teachings of the earliest known buddha? {sep_token} Who is the Buddha of this Buddha era? {sep_token} Who taught directly or indirectly to all other Buddhas? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In addition, Mahayana Buddhists believe there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes. A Theravada commentary says that Buddhas arise one at a time in this world element, and not at all in others. The understandings of this matter reflect widely differing interpretations of basic terms, such as "world realm", between the various schools of Buddhism.
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Who believes there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes? {sep_token} What buddhist belief says that Buddhas come one at a time and not within other eras? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The idea of the decline and gradual disappearance of the teaching has been influential in East Asian Buddhism. Pure Land Buddhism holds that it has declined to the point where few are capable of following the path, so it may be best to rely on the power of Amitābha.
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What form of Buddhism has declined to the point where few are capable of following the path? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Bodhisattva means "enlightenment being", and generally refers to one who is on the path to buddhahood. Traditionally, a bodhisattva is anyone who, motivated by great compassion, has generated bodhicitta, which is a spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings. Theravada Buddhism primarily uses the term in relation to Gautama Buddha's previous existences, but has traditionally acknowledged and respected the bodhisattva path as well.[web 17]
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What does Bodhisattva mean? {sep_token} What is the term for the spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all beings? {sep_token}
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generate questions: According to Jan Nattier, the term Mahāyāna "Great Vehicle" was originally even an honorary synonym for Bodhisattvayāna "Bodhisattva Vehicle." The Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra, an early and important Mahayana text, contains a simple and brief definition for the term bodhisattva: "Because he has enlightenment as his aim, a bodhisattva-mahāsattva is so called."
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What term means "great vehicle"? {sep_token} What is an honorary synonym for Bodhisattvayana? {sep_token} The Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Sutra is an important text of what type? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Mahayana Buddhism encourages everyone to become bodhisattvas and to take the bodhisattva vow, where the practitioner promises to work for the complete enlightenment of all beings by practicing the six pāramitās. According to Mahayana teachings, these perfections are: dāna, śīla, kṣanti, vīrya, dhyāna, and prajñā.
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What buddhism encourages everyone to become bodhisattvas? {sep_token} What is the idea there the practitioner promises to work for the complete enlightenment of all beings by practicing the six paramitas? {sep_token} What are the six perfections under Mahayana teachings? {sep_token}
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generate questions: A famous saying by the 8th-century Indian Buddhist scholar-saint Shantideva, which the 14th Dalai Lama often cites as his favourite verse, summarizes the Bodhisattva's intention (Bodhicitta) as follows: "For as long as space endures, and for as long as living beings remain, until then may I too abide to dispel the misery of the world."[citation needed]
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Which Dalai Lama cites Shantideva's famous saying? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Devotion is an important part of the practice of most Buddhists. Devotional practices include bowing, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting. In Pure Land Buddhism, devotion to the Buddha Amitabha is the main practice. In Nichiren Buddhism, devotion to the Lotus Sutra is the main practice.
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Devotion is an important part of the practice of most what? {sep_token} What are the devotional practices? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Buddhism traditionally incorporates states of meditative absorption (Pali: jhāna; Skt: dhyāna). The most ancient sustained expression of yogic ideas is found in the early sermons of the Buddha. One key innovative teaching of the Buddha was that meditative absorption must be combined with liberating cognition. The difference between the Buddha's teaching and the yoga presented in early Brahminic texts is striking. Meditative states alone are not an end, for according to the Buddha, even the highest meditative state is not liberating. Instead of attaining a complete cessation of thought, some sort of mental activity must take place: a liberating cognition, based on the practice of mindful awareness.
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Buddhism traditionally incorporates states of what type of absorption? {sep_token} The most acient yogic ideas is found in the early sermons of who? {sep_token} The difference between the Buddha's teaching and the yoga presented in what what type of texts is significant? {sep_token} According to the Buddha event he highest meditative state is not what? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Meditation was an aspect of the practice of the yogis in the centuries preceding the Buddha. The Buddha built upon the yogis' concern with introspection and developed their meditative techniques, but rejected their theories of liberation. In Buddhism, mindfulness and clear awareness are to be developed at all times; in pre-Buddhist yogic practices there is no such injunction. A yogi in the Brahmanical tradition is not to practice while defecating, for example, while a Buddhist monastic should do so.
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Meditation was an aspect of the practice of who? {sep_token} In Buddhism, what must be developed at all times? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Religious knowledge or "vision" was indicated as a result of practice both within and outside of the Buddhist fold. According to the Samaññaphala Sutta, this sort of vision arose for the Buddhist adept as a result of the perfection of "meditation" coupled with the perfection of "discipline" (Pali sīla; Skt. śīla). Some of the Buddha's meditative techniques were shared with other traditions of his day, but the idea that ethics are causally related to the attainment of "transcendent wisdom" (Pali paññā; Skt. prajñā) was original.[web 18]
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Religious knowledge is also known as what? {sep_token} What type of techniques were shared with other traditions of his day? {sep_token} There is an idea where ethics are causally related to the attainment of what? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The Buddhist texts are probably the earliest describing meditation techniques. They describe meditative practices and states that existed before the Buddha as well as those first developed within Buddhism. Two Upanishads written after the rise of Buddhism do contain full-fledged descriptions of yoga as a means to liberation.
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What are probably the earliest texts describing meditation techniques? {sep_token} What describes meditative states exising before the Buddha? {sep_token} What two items were written after the rise of Buddhism? {sep_token}
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generate questions: While there is no convincing evidence for meditation in pre-Buddhist early Brahminic texts, Wynne argues that formless meditation originated in the Brahminic or Shramanic tradition, based on strong parallels between Upanishadic cosmological statements and the meditative goals of the two teachers of the Buddha as recorded in the early Buddhist texts. He mentions less likely possibilities as well. Having argued that the cosmological statements in the Upanishads also reflect a contemplative tradition, he argues that the Nasadiya Sukta contains evidence for a contemplative tradition, even as early as the late Rig Vedic period.
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In pre-buddhist early Brahminic texts there is no evidence for what? {sep_token} The upanishads statements reflect what type of tradition? {sep_token} What contains evidence for a contemplative tradition? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, Pāli: ti-ratana)[web 19] as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most scholars as an early text (cf. Infant baptism). Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the lama. In Mahayana, the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge, considered the ultimate expression of compassion. In Mahayana, too, the Three Jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect: "The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence. Just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness, whether praised or reviled, so are the Three Jewels (Refuges), because they have an eternal and immutable essence. These Three Jewels bring a fruition that is changeless, for once one has reached Buddhahood, there is no possibility of falling back to suffering.
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What is the first step in a school of Buddhism? {sep_token} What mentions taking refuge on behalf of young or unborn children? {sep_token} What type of Buddhism adds a fourth refuge? {sep_token} The Three Jewels are preceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging what? {sep_token} What has an irreversable effect? {sep_token}
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generate questions: According to the scriptures, Gautama Buddha presented himself as a model. The Dharma offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering and the attainment of Nirvana. The Sangha is considered to provide a refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the Buddha and providing further examples that the truth of the Buddha's teachings is attainable.
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Who presented himself as a model? {sep_token} What offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering? {sep_token} What provides refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the Buddha? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Śīla (Sanskrit) or sīla (Pāli) is usually translated into English as "virtuous behavior", "morality", "moral discipline", "ethics" or "precept". It is an action committed through the body, speech, or mind, and involves an intentional effort. It is one of the three practices (sīla, samādhi, and paññā) and the second pāramitā. It refers to moral purity of thought, word, and deed. The four conditions of śīla are chastity, calmness, quiet, and extinguishment.
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What is an action committed through the body and involves intentional effort? {sep_token} Sila is the second what? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Śīla is the foundation of Samādhi/Bhāvana (Meditative cultivation) or mind cultivation. Keeping the precepts promotes not only the peace of mind of the cultivator, which is internal, but also peace in the community, which is external. According to the Law of Karma, keeping the precepts is meritorious and it acts as causes that would bring about peaceful and happy effects. Keeping these precepts keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four woeful realms of existence.
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What keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four realms of existance? {sep_token} What is the foundation of Samadhi/Bhavana? {sep_token} What promotes not only the peace of mind but also peace in the community? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Śīla refers to overall principles of ethical behavior. There are several levels of sīla, which correspond to "basic morality" (five precepts), "basic morality with asceticism" (eight precepts), "novice monkhood" (ten precepts) and "monkhood" (Vinaya or Patimokkha). Lay people generally undertake to live by the five precepts, which are common to all Buddhist schools. If they wish, they can choose to undertake the eight precepts, which add basic asceticism.
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What does sila refer to? {sep_token} Lay people tend to live by the five what? {sep_token} Schools can undertake eight precepts, which add basic what? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The precepts are not formulated as imperatives, but as training rules that laypeople undertake voluntarily to facilitate practice. In Buddhist thought, the cultivation of dana and ethical conduct themselves refine consciousness to such a level that rebirth in one of the lower heavens is likely, even if there is no further Buddhist practice. There is nothing improper or un-Buddhist about limiting one's aims to this level of attainment.
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Precepts are not created as imperatives, but as what? {sep_token} The cultivation of dana and what kind of conduct refine consciousness? {sep_token} Even if there is no further Buddhist practice, what heavens is still likely? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In the eight precepts, the third precept on sexual misconduct is made more strict, and becomes a precept of celibacy. The three additional precepts are:
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Of the eight precepts which one is on sexual misconduct? {sep_token} What is the third strict precept on sexual misconduct? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The complete list of ten precepts may be observed by laypeople for short periods. For the complete list, the seventh precept is partitioned into two, and a tenth added:
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How many precepts are on the list? {sep_token} In the complete list of precepts, which one is partitioned into two? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Vinaya is the specific moral code for monks and nuns. It includes the Patimokkha, a set of 227 rules for monks in the Theravadin recension. The precise content of the vinayapitaka (scriptures on Vinaya) differs slightly according to different schools, and different schools or subschools set different standards for the degree of adherence to Vinaya. Novice-monks use the ten precepts, which are the basic precepts for monastics.
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How many basic precepts are there for monastics? {sep_token} What is the specific moral code for monks and nuns? {sep_token} How many rules dows the patimokkha have? {sep_token} What are the scriptures on vinaya called? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Regarding the monastic rules, the Buddha constantly reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that counts. On the other hand, the rules themselves are designed to assure a satisfying life, and provide a perfect springboard for the higher attainments. Monastics are instructed by the Buddha to live as "islands unto themselves". In this sense, living life as the vinaya prescribes it is, as one scholar puts it: "more than merely a means to an end: it is very nearly the end in itself."
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Regarding the monastic rules, the Buddha reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that what? {sep_token} The rules themselves are designed to assure a satisfying what? {sep_token} The rules are a perfect springboard for what? {sep_token} Monastics are instructed by the Buddha to live as what? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In Eastern Buddhism, there is also a distinctive Vinaya and ethics contained within the Mahayana Brahmajala Sutra (not to be confused with the Pali text of that name) for Bodhisattvas, where, for example, the eating of meat is frowned upon and vegetarianism is actively encouraged (see vegetarianism in Buddhism). In Japan, this has almost completely displaced the monastic vinaya, and allows clergy to marry.
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Distinctive Vinaya and ethics are contained within what sutra? {sep_token} Bodhisattvas are not encouraged to eat what? {sep_token} Where is the monastic vinaya displaced and clergy is allowed to marry? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Buddhist meditation is fundamentally concerned with two themes: transforming the mind and using it to explore itself and other phenomena. According to Theravada Buddhism the Buddha taught two types of meditation, samatha meditation (Sanskrit: śamatha) and vipassanā meditation (Sanskrit: vipaśyanā). In Chinese Buddhism, these exist (translated chih kuan), but Chán (Zen) meditation is more popular. According to Peter Harvey, whenever Buddhism has been healthy, not only monks, nuns, and married lamas, but also more committed lay people have practiced meditation. According to Routledge's Encyclopedia of Buddhism, in contrast, throughout most of Buddhist history before modern times, serious meditation by lay people has been unusual. The evidence of the early texts suggests that at the time of the Buddha, many male and female lay practitioners did practice meditation, some even to the point of proficiency in all eight jhānas (see the next section regarding these).[note 11]
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In Chinese Buddhism what meditation is more popular? {sep_token} Evidence has shown some lay people got to proficiency in all eight what? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksamādhi is "right concentration". The primary means of cultivating samādhi is meditation. Upon development of samādhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous.
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What does the word samyaksamadhi mean? {sep_token} Meditation is the primary means of cultivating what? {sep_token} Upon development of samadhi, a person gets rid of what? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Once the meditator achieves a strong and powerful concentration (jhāna, Sanskrit ध्यान dhyāna), his mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight (vipassanā) into the ultimate nature of reality, eventually obtaining release from all suffering. The cultivation of mindfulness is essential to mental concentration, which is needed to achieve insight.
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What is powerful concentration called? {sep_token} What is the term when the mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight? {sep_token} Mindfulness is essential to concentration, which is neede to achieve what? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or idea, which is expanded to one's body, mind and entire surroundings, leading to a state of total concentration and tranquility (jhāna). There are many variations in the style of meditation, from sitting cross-legged or kneeling to chanting or walking. The most common method of meditation is to concentrate on one's breath (anapanasati), because this practice can lead to both samatha and vipassana'.
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Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or what? {sep_token} What is the term for tranquility? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna). When one is in jhana, all defilements are suppressed temporarily. Only understanding (prajñā or vipassana) eradicates the defilements completely. Jhanas are also states that Arahants abide in order to rest.
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In Buddhism, samatha meditation can calm the what? {sep_token} Vipassana meditation can reveal how the mind was what? {sep_token} What is the term for insight knowledge? {sep_token} What is the term for understanding? {sep_token} What eradicates the defilements completely? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In Theravāda Buddhism, the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving, which carries with it the various defilements. These various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed, hatred and delusion. These are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress. To be free from suffering and stress, these defilements must be permanently uprooted through internal investigation, analyzing, experiencing, and understanding of the true nature of those defilements by using jhāna, a technique of the Noble Eightfold Path. It then leads the meditator to realize the Four Noble Truths, Enlightenment and Nibbāna. Nibbāna is the ultimate goal of Theravadins.
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In Theravada Buddhism, what is the cause of human existence and suffering? {sep_token} What does craving carry with it? {sep_token} Deeply rooted afflictions of the mind create what? {sep_token} What is the ultimate goal for Theravadins? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Prajñā (Sanskrit) or paññā (Pāli) means wisdom that is based on a realization of dependent origination, The Four Noble Truths and the three marks of existence. Prajñā is the wisdom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about bodhi. It is spoken of as the principal means of attaining nirvāṇa, through its revelation of the true nature of all things as dukkha (unsatisfactoriness), anicca (impermanence) and anatta (not-self). Prajñā is also listed as the sixth of the six pāramitās of the Mahayana.
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How many Noble Truths are there? {sep_token} Prajna is the wisom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about what? {sep_token} What is listed as the sixth of the six paramitas of the mahayana? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Initially, prajñā is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to sermons (dharma talks), reading, studying, and sometimes reciting Buddhist texts and engaging in discourse. Once the conceptual understanding is attained, it is applied to daily life so that each Buddhist can verify the truth of the Buddha's teaching at a practical level. Notably, one could in theory attain Nirvana at any point of practice, whether deep in meditation, listening to a sermon, conducting the business of one's daily life, or any other activity.
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Initially prajna is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to what? {sep_token} In theory when can one attain Nirvana during practice? {sep_token} What can be applied to daily life once it is attained? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth.
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Zen Buddhism is known as what in Korea? {sep_token} What form of buddhism lays special emphasis on meditation? {sep_token} What form of Buddhism places less emphasis on scriptures? {sep_token} Zen focuses on what type of breakthroughs? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Zen Buddhism is divided into two main schools: Rinzai (臨済宗) and Sōtō (曹洞宗), the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the koan (公案, a meditative riddle or puzzle) as a device for spiritual break-through, and the latter (while certainly employing koans) focusing more on shikantaza or "just sitting".[note 13]
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Zen Buddhism is divided into how many main schools? {sep_token} Which schools of Zen likes the use of meditation on the koan for spiritual breakthroughs? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Zen Buddhist teaching is often full of paradox, in order to loosen the grip of the ego and to facilitate the penetration into the realm of the True Self or Formless Self, which is equated with the Buddha himself.[note 14] According to Zen master Kosho Uchiyama, when thoughts and fixation on the little "I" are transcended, an Awakening to a universal, non-dual Self occurs: "When we let go of thoughts and wake up to the reality of life that is working beyond them, we discover the Self that is living universal non-dual life (before the separation into two) that pervades all living creatures and all existence." Thinking and thought must therefore not be allowed to confine and bind one.
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What Buddhist teachings are often full of paradox? {sep_token} What type of self is equated with the Buddha? {sep_token} What is not allowed to confine and bind oneself? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Though based upon Mahayana, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism is one of the schools that practice Vajrayana or "Diamond Vehicle" (also referred to as Mantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Tantric Buddhism, or esoteric Buddhism). It accepts all the basic concepts of Mahāyāna, but also includes a vast array of spiritual and physical techniques designed to enhance Buddhist practice. Tantric Buddhism is largely concerned with ritual and meditative practices. One component of the Vajrayāna is harnessing psycho-physical energy through ritual, visualization, physical exercises, and meditation as a means of developing the mind. Using these techniques, it is claimed that a practitioner can achieve Buddhahood in one lifetime, or even as little as three years. In the Tibetan tradition, these practices can include sexual yoga, though only for some very advanced practitioners.
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What type of Buddhism is Tibeto-Mongolian based on? {sep_token} What is the English term for Vajrayana? {sep_token} What type of Buddhism is concerned with ritual and meditative practices? {sep_token} Psycho-physical energy is harnessed through what? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient India during the second half of the first millennium BCE. That was a period of social and religious turmoil, as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of Vedic Brahmanism.[note 15] It was challenged by numerous new ascetic religious and philosophical groups and teachings that broke with the Brahmanic tradition and rejected the authority of the Vedas and the Brahmans.[note 16] These groups, whose members were known as shramanas, were a continuation of a non-Vedic strand of Indian thought distinct from Indo-Aryan Brahmanism.[note 17] Scholars have reasons to believe that ideas such as samsara, karma (in the sense of the influence of morality on rebirth), and moksha originated in the shramanas, and were later adopted by Brahmin orthodoxy.[note 18][note 19][note 20][note 21][note 22][note 23]
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What time period was the beginning of Buddhism? {sep_token} Scholars believe that karma originated in what? {sep_token} What groups broke with Brahmanic tradition? {sep_token} Shramanas were a continuation of what type of trand of Indian thought? {sep_token}
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generate questions: This view is supported by a study of the region where these notions originated. Buddhism arose in Greater Magadha, which stretched from Sravasti, the capital of Kosala in the north-west, to Rajagrha in the south east. This land, to the east of aryavarta, the land of the Aryas, was recognized as non-Vedic. Other Vedic texts reveal a dislike of the people of Magadha, in all probability because the Magadhas at this time were not Brahmanised.[page needed] It was not until the 2nd or 3rd centuries BCE that the eastward spread of Brahmanism into Greater Magadha became significant. Ideas that developed in Greater Magadha prior to this were not subject to Vedic influence. These include rebirth and karmic retribution that appear in a number of movements in Greater Magadha, including Buddhism. These movements inherited notions of rebirth and karmic retribution from an earlier culture[page needed]
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Buddhism arose in what area? {sep_token} Greater magadha stretched from Sravasti in the north-west to what area in the south-east? {sep_token} What time period did the eastward spread of Brahmanism start? {sep_token}
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generate questions: At the same time, these movements were influenced by, and in some respects continued, philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition as reflected e.g. in the Upanishads. These movements included, besides Buddhism, various skeptics (such as Sanjaya Belatthiputta), atomists (such as Pakudha Kaccayana), materialists (such as Ajita Kesakambali), antinomians (such as Purana Kassapa); the most important ones in the 5th century BCE were the Ajivikas, who emphasized the rule of fate, the Lokayata (materialists), the Ajnanas (agnostics) and the Jains, who stressed that the soul must be freed from matter. Many of these new movements shared the same conceptual vocabulary—atman ("Self"), buddha ("awakened one"), dhamma ("rule" or "law"), karma ("action"), nirvana ("extinguishing"), samsara ("eternal recurrence") and yoga ("spiritual practice").[note 24] The shramanas rejected the Veda, and the authority of the brahmans, who claimed they possessed revealed truths not knowable by any ordinary human means. Moreover, they declared that the entire Brahmanical system was fraudulent: a conspiracy of the brahmans to enrich themselves by charging exorbitant fees to perform bogus rites and give useless advice.
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Movements were influenced by philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition such as what? {sep_token} The movement included atomists such as what? {sep_token} What is the term for agnostics? {sep_token} What movement focused on the idea that the sould must be freed from matter? {sep_token}
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generate questions: A particular criticism of the Buddha was Vedic animal sacrifice.[web 18] He also mocked the Vedic "hymn of the cosmic man". However, the Buddha was not anti-Vedic, and declared that the Veda in its true form was declared by "Kashyapa" to certain rishis, who by severe penances had acquired the power to see by divine eyes. He names the Vedic rishis, and declared that the original Veda of the rishis[note 25] was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced animal sacrifices. The Buddha says that it was on this alteration of the true Veda that he refused to pay respect to the Vedas of his time. However, he did not denounce the union with Brahman,[note 26] or the idea of the self uniting with the Self. At the same time, the traditional Hindu itself gradually underwent profound changes, transforming it into what is recognized as early Hinduism.
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A criticism the Buddha gave dealing with animals was? {sep_token} The Buddha mocked what hymn of the Vedic? {sep_token} The original Veda of the rishis was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced what? {sep_token} The Buddha refused to pay respect to who, during their time of animal sacrifice? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Information of the oldest teachings may be obtained by analysis of the oldest texts. One method to obtain information on the oldest core of Buddhism is to compare the oldest extant versions of the Theravadin Pali Canon and other texts.[note 27] The reliability of these sources, and the possibility to draw out a core of oldest teachings, is a matter of dispute.[page needed][page needed][page needed][page needed] According to Vetter, inconsistencies remain, and other methods must be applied to resolve those inconsistencies.[note 28]
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What is in dispute regarding the research into the core of the teachings? {sep_token}
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generate questions: A core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between dhyana and insight. Schmithausen, in his often-cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight", which is attained after mastering the Rupa Jhanas, is a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36.[page needed]
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A large problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relationship of dhyana and what else? {sep_token} Liberating insight is attained after mastering what? {sep_token} Later edition of texts such as what has the Rupa Jhanas? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Bruce Matthews notes that there is no cohesive presentation of karma in the Sutta Pitaka, which may mean that the doctrine was incidental to the main perspective of early Buddhist soteriology. Schmithausen is a notable scholar who has questioned whether karma already played a role in the theory of rebirth of earliest Buddhism.[page needed][note 32] According to Vetter, "the Buddha at first sought "the deathless" (amata/amrta), which is concerned with the here and now. According to Vetter, only after this realization did he become acquainted with the doctrine of rebirth." Bronkhorst disagrees, and concludes that the Buddha "introduced a concept of karma that differed considerably from the commonly held views of his time." According to Bronkhorst, not physical and mental activities as such were seen as responsible for rebirth, but intentions and desire.
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According the Bronkhorst, intentions and desire are responsible for what? {sep_token} Bronkhurst says that Buddha had a view of 'what' much different then current day? {sep_token}
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generate questions: According to Tilmann Vetter, the core of earliest Buddhism is the practice of dhyāna. Bronkhorst agrees that dhyana was a Buddhist invention, whereas Norman notes that "the Buddha's way to release [...] was by means of meditative practices." Discriminating insight into transiency as a separate path to liberation was a later development.
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What was the earliest Buddhism type? {sep_token} Buddha's way to release was by means of what type of practices? {sep_token}
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generate questions: According to the Mahāsaccakasutta,[note 33] from the fourth jhana the Buddha gained bodhi. Yet, it is not clear what he was awakened to.[page needed] "Liberating insight" is a later addition to this text, and reflects a later development and understanding in early Buddhism.[page needed][page needed] The mentioning of the four truths as constituting "liberating insight" introduces a logical problem, since the four truths depict a linear path of practice, the knowledge of which is in itself not depicted as being liberating.[note 34]
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From which jhana did Buddha gain bodhi? {sep_token} A logic problem arises when noting that the four truths constitute what? {sep_token} The four truths depict what type of path of practice? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Although "Nibbāna" (Sanskrit: Nirvāna) is the common term for the desired goal of this practice, many other terms can be found throughout the Nikayas, which are not specified.[note 35]
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What is the Sanskrit form of Nibbana? {sep_token} Many terms for Nibbana can be found throughout the what? {sep_token} The desired goal for buddhism is what? {sep_token}
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generate questions: According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path.
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A description of the Buddhist path may have been as simplistic as what term? {sep_token} The description of buddhism was broadened resulting in what path? {sep_token}
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generate questions: According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson, the four truths became a substitution for prajna, or "liberating insight", in the suttas in those texts where "liberating insight" was preceded by the four jhanas. According to Bronkhorst, the four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of "liberating insight". Gotama's teachings may have been personal, "adjusted to the need of each person."
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Authors Bronkhorst and Anderson claim the four truths bacame a substitution for what? {sep_token} What is prajna called in english? {sep_token} Gotamas teachings may have been personal and adjusted to the need of each what? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The three marks of existence may reflect Upanishadic or other influences. K.R. Norman supposes that the these terms were already in use at the Buddha's time, and were familiair to his hearers.
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How many marks of existence reflect Upanishadic influences? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called Vajrayana Buddhism).
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The periods of Buddhisma in India is divided into how many periods? {sep_token} What is the first period of Buddhism called? {sep_token} What is another name for Nikaya buddhism? {sep_token} What is the last period of Buddhism? {sep_token} What is Esoteric Buddhism also called? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Pre-sectarian Buddhism is the earliest phase of Buddhism, recognized by nearly all scholars. Its main scriptures are the Vinaya Pitaka and the four principal Nikayas or Agamas. Certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts, so most scholars conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught something similar to the Three marks of existence, the Five Aggregates, dependent origination, karma and rebirth, the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, and nirvana. Some scholars disagree, and have proposed many other theories.
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Was is the earliest phase of buddhism? {sep_token} Gautama Buddha most likely taught the idea of Karma and what? {sep_token} Gautama buddha taught what Path concept? {sep_token}
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generate questions: According to the scriptures, soon after the parinirvāṇa (from Sanskrit: "highest extinguishment") of Gautama Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held. As with any ancient Indian tradition, transmission of teaching was done orally. The primary purpose of the assembly was to collectively recite the teachings to ensure that no errors occurred in oral transmission. In the first council, Ānanda, a cousin of the Buddha and his personal attendant, was called upon to recite the discourses (sūtras, Pāli suttas) of the Buddha, and, according to some sources, the abhidhamma. Upāli, another disciple, recited the monastic rules (vinaya). Most scholars regard the traditional accounts of the council as greatly exaggerated if not entirely fictitious.[note 36]Richard Gombrich noted Sariputta led communal recitations of the Buddha's teaching for preservation in the Buddha's lifetime in Sangiti Sutta (Digha Nikaya #33), and something similar to the First Council must have taken place to compose Buddhist scriptures.
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Soon after the parinirvana of Gautama Buddha, what type of council was held? {sep_token} Who was cousin of the Buddha? {sep_token} What are the discourses of the Buddha called? {sep_token} Some sources say that discourse of who else were recited along with Buddha's? {sep_token}
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generate questions: According to most scholars, at some period after the Second Council the Sangha began to break into separate factions.[note 37] The various accounts differ as to when the actual schisms occurred. According to the Dipavamsa of the Pāli tradition, they started immediately after the Second Council, the Puggalavada tradition places it in 137 AN, the Sarvastivada tradition of Vasumitra says it was in the time of Ashoka and the Mahasanghika tradition places it much later, nearly 100 BCE.
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The Sangha began to break into separte factions after what council? {sep_token} According to the Dipavamsa they started immediately after what council? {sep_token} The Mahasanghika places the breakup at what time? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The root schism was between the Sthaviras and the Mahāsāṅghikas. The fortunate survival of accounts from both sides of the dispute reveals disparate traditions. The Sthavira group offers two quite distinct reasons for the schism. The Dipavamsa of the Theravāda says that the losing party in the Second Council dispute broke away in protest and formed the Mahasanghika. This contradicts the Mahasanghikas' own vinaya, which shows them as on the same, winning side. The Mahāsāṅghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand the vinaya and may also have challenged what they perceived were excessive claims or inhumanly high criteria for arhatship. Both parties, therefore, appealed to tradition.
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The major schism was between the Sthaviras and what other group? {sep_token} The Dipavamsa says that the losing party broke away in protest and formed what? {sep_token} The Mahasanghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand what? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The Sthaviras gave rise to several schools, one of which was the Theravāda school. Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over vinaya, and monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same monasteries, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were being caused by doctrinal disagreements too.
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Who gave rise to the Theravada school? {sep_token} Monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same what? {sep_token} By the latest at around 100 CE, schisms were being caused by what type of desagreements? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Saṅgha started to accumulate an Abhidharma, a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. These Abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or numerical lists. Scholars generally date these texts to around the 3rd century BCE, 100 to 200 years after the death of the Buddha. Therefore the seven Abhidharma works are generally claimed not to represent the words of the Buddha himself, but those of disciples and great scholars.[note 38] Every school had its own version of the Abhidharma, with different theories and different texts. The different Abhidharmas of the various schools did not agree with each other. Scholars disagree on whether the Mahasanghika school had an Abhidhamma Pitaka or not.[note 38]
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What is a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material called? {sep_token} The abhidharma texts do not contain treatises, but what? {sep_token} The Abhidharma texts are from what time? {sep_token} There is a disagreement on whether a school had an Abhidhamma or not, which school is it? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras, which are among the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras, developed among the Mahāsāṃghika along the Kṛṣṇa River in the Āndhra region of South India.
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Which sutras are among the earliest Mahayana sutras? {sep_token} The Prajnaparamita sutras were developed along the krsna river in what region of South India? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā genre, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably written down in the 1st century BCE in the south of India. Guang Xing states, "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahāsāṃghikas in southern India, in the Āndhra country, on the Kṛṣṇa River." A.K. Warder believes that "the Mahāyāna originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the Āndhra country."
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The earliest Mahayana sutra include the very first version of what genre? {sep_token} Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were written down in what century? {sep_token} Author Warder believes that the Mahayana originated in the south of India in what area? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Anthony Barber and Sree Padma note that "historians of Buddhist thought have been aware for quite some time that such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as Nāgārjuna, Dignaga, Candrakīrti, Āryadeva, and Bhavaviveka, among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in Āndhra." They note that the ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Kṛṣṇa Valley, including Amaravati, Nāgārjunakoṇḍā and Jaggayyapeṭa "can be traced to at least the third century BCE, if not earlier." Akira Hirakawa notes the "evidence suggests that many Early Mahayana scriptures originated in South India."
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The ancient buddhist site in the lower Krsna Valley can be traced to at least what century BCE? {sep_token} Evidence suggests that many Early mahayana scriptures originated in what part of India? {sep_token}
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generate questions: There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side.
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There is no evidence that Mahayana ever referred to a separate school of what? {sep_token} The mahayana never tried to have separte what? {sep_token} We know that both Mahayana and non Mahayana monks live in the same what? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mahāyāna comes from early Chinese translations of Mahāyāna texts. These Mahāyāna teachings were first propagated into China by Lokakṣema, the first translator of Mahāyāna sūtras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE.[note 39] Some scholars have traditionally considered the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā series, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably composed in the 1st century BCE in the south of India.[note 40]
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Most of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mhayana comes from what type of translations? {sep_token} The Mahayana teachings were first propagated into China by who? {sep_token} The earliest Mahayana sutras included the very first versions of what series? {sep_token} Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were probably composed in what century BCE? {sep_token}
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generate questions: During the period of Late Mahayana Buddhism, four major types of thought developed: Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic as the last and most recent. In India, the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were the Madhyamaka and the later Yogacara. According to Dan Lusthaus, Madhyamaka and Yogacara have a great deal in common, and the commonality stems from early Buddhism. There were no great Indian teachers associated with tathagatagarbha thought.
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What four types of thought developed during the period of late mahayna buddhism? {sep_token} What was the latest thought type? {sep_token} In India the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were Madhyamaka and what else? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more stūpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to efforts to spread Buddhism throughout the enlarged Maurya empire and even into neighboring lands—particularly to the Iranian-speaking regions of Afghanistan and Central Asia, beyond the Mauryas' northwest border, and to the island of Sri Lanka south of India. These two missions, in opposite directions, would ultimately lead, in the first case to the spread of Buddhism into China, and in the second case, to the emergence of Theravāda Buddhism and its spread from Sri Lanka to the coastal lands of Southeast Asia.
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Buddhism may have spread quickly because of what Mauryan emperor? {sep_token} The support of Asoka and his descendants led to what being built more? {sep_token} What does stupas mean in English? {sep_token}
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generate questions: This period marks the first known spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of Aśoka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to spread Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. It is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries.
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Emissaries were sent to various countries to what direct from India? {sep_token} Scholars disagree on whether emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist what? {sep_token} What were the emissaries used for? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon.
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The gradual spread of Buddhism exposed it to a variety of influences including what civilization? {sep_token} Who was the Greek king immortalized in Buddhist canon? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The Theravada school spread south from India in the 3rd century BCE, to Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma and later also Indonesia. The Dharmagupta school spread (also in 3rd century BCE) north to Kashmir, Gandhara and Bactria (Afghanistan).
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The Theravada school spread south from india in what century BCE? {sep_token} The Dharmagupta schol spread in what century to Kashmir? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The Silk Road transmission of Buddhism to China is most commonly thought to have started in the late 2nd or the 1st century CE, though the literary sources are all open to question.[note 41] The first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China were in the 2nd century CE, probably as a consequence of the expansion of the Kushan Empire into the Chinese territory of the Tarim Basin.
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When was the first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In the 2nd century CE, Mahayana Sutras spread to China, and then to Korea and Japan, and were translated into Chinese. During the Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and Mongolia.
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Mahayana Sutras spread to China during what century? {sep_token} What two countries after China was the Mahayana sutras spread? {sep_token} When did Buddhism apread from India to Tibet? {sep_token}
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generate questions: By the late Middle Ages, Buddhism had become virtually extinct in India, although it continued to exist in surrounding countries. It is now again gaining strength worldwide. China and India are now starting to fund Buddhist shrines in various Asian countries as they compete for influence in the region.[web 20]
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China and India are now starting to fund what type of shrines in various Asian countries? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). At the present time, the teachings of all three branches of Buddhism have spread throughout the world, and Buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages. While in the West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and progressive, in the East it is regarded as familiar and traditional. Buddhists in Asia are frequently well organized and well funded. In countries such as Cambodia and Bhutan, it is recognized as the state religion and receives government support. Modern influences increasingly lead to new forms of Buddhism that significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices.
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What is the Dharma? {sep_token} What is the Sangha? {sep_token} West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and what? {sep_token} New forms of Buddhism are created because of what reason? {sep_token}
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generate questions: A number of modern movements or tendencies in Buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th Century, including the Dalit Buddhist movement (also sometimes called 'neo-Buddhism'), Engaged Buddhism, and the further development of various Western Buddhist traditions.
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When did a number of modern movement in Buddhism emerge? {sep_token} What is the Dalit buddhist movement sometimes called? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and spread further to other countries. Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world, and is currently described as "the most diverse" and "the largest lay Buddhist movement in the world".[web 21]
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What Buddhism emerged in the second half of the 20th century in Japan? {sep_token} What does Soka Gakkai mean in English? {sep_token} What Buddhist movement has linked more than 12 million people? {sep_token} What is the largest Buddhist movement in the world? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Buddhism is practiced by an estimated 488 million,[web 1] 495 million, or 535 million people as of the 2010s, representing 7% to 8% of the world's total population.
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What religion is practiced by an estimated 488 to 535 million people? {sep_token}
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generate questions: China is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million or 18.2% of its total population.[web 1] They are mostly followers of Chinese schools of Mahayana, making this the largest body of Buddhist traditions. Mahayana, also practiced in broader East Asia, is followed by over half of world Buddhists.[web 1]
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What country has the largest population of Buddhists? {sep_token} How many Buddhists are in China? {sep_token}
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generate questions: According to a demographic analysis reported by Peter Harvey (2013): Mahayana has 360 million adherents; Theravada has 150 million adherents; and Vajrayana has 18,2 million adherents. Seven million additional Buddhists are found outside of Asia.
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How may adherents does Mahayana have? {sep_token} How many adherents does Thervada have? {sep_token} How many Buddists are outside of Asia? {sep_token}
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generate questions: According to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and several Western European countries (1910–2010). More recently (2000–2010), the countries with highest growth rates are Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran and some African countries.
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How many Buddhists were there in 1910? {sep_token} How many Buddhists are there in 2010? {sep_token} How many buddhists are in Asia? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Some scholars[note 44] use other schemes. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. Hinayana (literally "lesser vehicle") is used by Mahayana followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravada emerged, but as this term is rooted in the Mahayana viewpoint and can be considered derogatory, a variety of other terms are increasingly used instead, including Śrāvakayāna, Nikaya Buddhism, early Buddhist schools, sectarian Buddhism, conservative Buddhism, mainstream Buddhism and non-Mahayana Buddhism.
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What does Hinayana mean in English? {sep_token} What is used by Mahayana followers to name the early schools? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook, or treat the same concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can be drawn between them. For example, according to one Buddhist ecumenical organization,[web 23] several concepts common to both major Buddhist branches:
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Each tradition has its own core what? {sep_token} there are common concepts to both major buddhist branches according to what organization? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Theravada ("Doctrine of the Elders", or "Ancient Doctrine") is the oldest surviving Buddhist school. It is relatively conservative, and generally closest to early Buddhism. The name Theravāda comes from the ancestral Sthāvirīya, one of the early Buddhist schools, from which the Theravadins claim descent. After unsuccessfully trying to modify the Vinaya, a small group of "elderly members", i.e. sthaviras, broke away from the majority Mahāsāṃghika during the Second Buddhist council, giving rise to the Sthavira sect. Sinhalese Buddhist reformers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries portrayed the Pali Canon as the original version of scripture. They also emphasized Theravada being rational and scientific.
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What is the oldest surviving Buddhist school? {sep_token} Where does the name theravada come from? {sep_token} Sinhalese buddhist reformer portrayed what Canon as the original version of scripture? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Theravāda is primarily practiced today in Sri Lanka, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia as well as small portions of China, Vietnam, Malaysia and Bangladesh. It has a growing presence in the west.
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Where is there a growing presence of Theravada? {sep_token}
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