import unittest

def file_name_check(file_name):
    suf = ['txt', 'exe', 'dll']
    lst = file_name.split(sep='.')
    if len(lst) != 2:
        return 'No'
    if not lst[1] in suf:
        return 'No'
    if len(lst[0]) == 0:
        return 'No'
    if not lst[0][0].isalpha():
        return 'No'
    t = len([x for x in lst[0] if x.isdigit()])
    if t > 3:
        return 'No'
    return 'Yes'

class TestFileNameCheck(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_file_name_check(self):
        self.assertEqual(file_name_check("example.txt"), 'Yes')
        self.assertEqual(file_name_check("1example.dll"), 'No')
        self.assertEqual(file_name_check('s1sdf3.asd'), 'No')
        self.assertEqual(file_name_check('K.dll'), 'Yes')
        self.assertEqual(file_name_check('MY16FILE3.exe'), 'Yes')
        self.assertEqual(file_name_check('His12FILE94.exe'), 'No')
        self.assertEqual(file_name_check('_Y.txt'), 'No')
        self.assertEqual(file_name_check('?aREYA.exe'), 'No')
        self.assertEqual(file_name_check('/this_is_valid.dll'), 'No')
        self.assertEqual(file_name_check('this_is_valid.wow'), 'No')
        self.assertEqual(file_name_check('this_is_valid.txt'), 'Yes')
        self.assertEqual(file_name_check('this_is_valid.txtexe'), 'No')
        self.assertEqual(file_name_check('#this2_i4s_5valid.ten'), 'No')
        self.assertEqual(file_name_check('@this1_is6_valid.exe'), 'No')
        self.assertEqual(file_name_check('this_is_12valid.6exe4.txt'), 'No')
        self.assertEqual(file_name_check('all.exe.txt'), 'No')
        self.assertEqual(file_name_check('I563_No.exe'), 'Yes')
        self.assertEqual(file_name_check('Is3youfault.txt'), 'Yes')
        self.assertEqual(file_name_check('no_one#knows.dll'), 'Yes')
        self.assertEqual(file_name_check('1I563_Yes3.exe'), 'No')
        self.assertEqual(file_name_check('I563_Yes3.txtt'), 'No')
        self.assertEqual(file_name_check('final..txt'), 'No')
        self.assertEqual(file_name_check('final132'), 'No')
        self.assertEqual(file_name_check('_f4indsartal132.'), 'No')
        self.assertEqual(file_name_check('.txt'), 'No')
        self.assertEqual(file_name_check('s.'), 'No')

Please use unittest to write unit test cases for the following python function:
def file_name_check(file_name):
    suf = ['txt', 'exe', 'dll']
    lst = file_name.split(sep='.')
    if len(lst) != 2:
        return 'No'
    if not lst[1] in suf:
        return 'No'
    if len(lst[0]) == 0:
        return 'No'
    if not lst[0][0].isalpha():
        return 'No'
    t = len([x for x in lst[0] if x.isdigit()])
    if t > 3:
        return 'No'
    return 'Yes'

The answer needs to meet the following requirements:
1. These unit test cases should use the test framework correctly, with reasonable inputs and test result assertions.
2. Please write the test code in a markdown ```python``` wrapper.
3. Please only provide test code and unittest.main(), to execute all test cases and output test results. There is no need to write or import the function being tested.

import unittest
import inspect
import coverage

def file_name_check(file_name):
    suf = ['txt', 'exe', 'dll']
    lst = file_name.split(sep='.')
    if len(lst) != 2:
        return 'No'
    if not lst[1] in suf:
        return 'No'
    if len(lst[0]) == 0:
        return 'No'
    if not lst[0][0].isalpha():
        return 'No'
    t = len([x for x in lst[0] if x.isdigit()])
    if t > 3:
        return 'No'
    return 'Yes'

#<INSERT>

if __name__ == '__main__':
    cov = coverage.Coverage()
    cov.start()
    tp = unittest.main(exit=False)
    cov.stop()

    all = []
    lines = inspect.getsourcelines(file_name_check)
    start_line, end_line = lines[1] + 1, lines[1] + len(lines[0])
    all.extend(range(start_line, end_line))
    _, exec_lines, miss_lines, _ = cov.analysis(__file__)
    r_exec = [n for n in exec_lines if n in all]
    r_miss = [n for n in miss_lines if n in all]
    percentage = (len(r_exec) - len(r_miss)) / len(r_exec) * 100
    print(f'[coverage] {percentage}%')
    assert tp.result.wasSuccessful()
    assert percentage > 59


import unittest

def add_pad_of_512_bits(vector_block_holding_ascii_characters):
    length_of_message_in_bits = len(vector_block_holding_ascii_characters) * 8
    zeroes_to_add = 447 - length_of_message_in_bits
    t1_block = 0x80
    vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(t1_block)
    zeroes_to_add -= 7
    for _ in range(zeroes_to_add // 8):
        vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(0x00000000)
    the_big_64_blob_bit = format(length_of_message_in_bits, '064b')
    for i in range(0, 64, 8):
        temp_string_holder = the_big_64_blob_bit[i:i+8]
        vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(int(temp_string_holder, 2))
    return vector_block_holding_ascii_characters

class TestAddPadOf512Bits(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_empty_vector(self):
        result = add_pad_of_512_bits([])
        self.assertEqual(len(result), 64)  # 确保输出是 512 位，即 64 字节
        self.assertEqual(result[0], 0x80)  # 检查填充的开始标志
        self.assertEqual(result[-8:], [0] * 8)  # 检查最后 64 位是否为零

    def test_short_message(self):
        message = [ord(char) for char in "abc"]  # 用简短的消息进行测试
        result = add_pad_of_512_bits(message)
        self.assertEqual(len(result), 64)
        self.assertEqual(result[0], ord('a'))
        self.assertEqual(result[1], ord('b'))
        self.assertEqual(result[2], ord('c'))
        self.assertEqual(result[3], 0x80)  # 检查填充的开始标志
        # 确保其他部分都是零，除了最后的长度表示
        self.assertTrue(all(x == 0 for x in result[4:-8]))
        self.assertNotEqual(result[-8:], [0] * 8)  # 确保最后 64 位不全是零

    def test_boundary_condition(self):
        message = [0] * 55  # 创建一个刚好不需要额外填充的消息
        result = add_pad_of_512_bits(message)
        self.assertEqual(len(result), 64)
        self.assertEqual(result[55], 0x80)  # 检查填充的开始标志
        self.assertTrue(all(x == 0 for x in result[56:-8]))
        self.assertNotEqual(result[-8:], [0] * 8)

Please write unittest for the following python function using unittest:

def add_pad_of_512_bits(vector_block_holding_ascii_characters):
    length_of_message_in_bits = len(vector_block_holding_ascii_characters) * 8
    zeroes_to_add = 447 - length_of_message_in_bits
    t1_block = 0x80
    vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(t1_block)
    zeroes_to_add -= 7
    for _ in range(zeroes_to_add // 8):
        vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(0x00000000)
    the_big_64_blob_bit = format(length_of_message_in_bits, '064b')
    for i in range(0, 64, 8):
        temp_string_holder = the_big_64_blob_bit[i:i+8]
        vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(int(temp_string_holder, 2))
    return vector_block_holding_ascii_characters

The answer needs to meet the following requirements:
1. These unit test cases should use the testing framework correctly, with reasonable inputs and test result assertions.
2. Please write the test code in a markdown ```python``` wrapper.
3. Please only provide test code and unittest.main() to run all test cases and output the test results. The original function does not need to be written out.

Question: Please write a unittest test case for the following python function:
```python
def upper_string(s):
    return s.upper()
```

Answer:
```python
import unittest

class TestUpperString(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_upper_string(self):
        self.assertEqual(upper_string("foo"), "FOO")
        self.assertEqual(upper_string("foo"), "BAR")

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()
```

----------------

Question: Please write a unittest test case for the following python function:
```python
def is_upper_string(s):
    return s.isupper()
```

Answer:
```python
import unittest
class TestIsUpperString(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_is_upper_string(self):
        self.assertTrue(is_upper_string('FOO'))
        self.assertFalse(is_upper_string('Foo'))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()
```

----------------

import unittest
import inspect
import coverage

def add_pad_of_512_bits(vector_block_holding_ascii_characters):
    length_of_message_in_bits = len(vector_block_holding_ascii_characters) * 8
    zeroes_to_add = 447 - length_of_message_in_bits
    t1_block = 0x80
    vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(t1_block)
    zeroes_to_add -= 7
    for _ in range(zeroes_to_add // 8):
        vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(0x00000000)
    the_big_64_blob_bit = format(length_of_message_in_bits, '064b')
    for i in range(0, 64, 8):
        temp_string_holder = the_big_64_blob_bit[i:i+8]
        vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(int(temp_string_holder, 2))
    return vector_block_holding_ascii_characters

#<INSERT>

if __name__ == '__main__':
    cov = coverage.Coverage()
    cov.start()
    tp = unittest.main(exit=False)
    cov.stop()

    all = []
    lines = inspect.getsourcelines(add_pad_of_512_bits)
    start_line, end_line = lines[1] + 1, lines[1] + len(lines[0])
    all.extend(range(start_line, end_line))
    _, exec_lines, miss_lines, _ = cov.analysis(__file__)
    r_exec = [n for n in exec_lines if n in all]
    r_miss = [n for n in miss_lines if n in all]
    percentage = (len(r_exec) - len(r_miss)) / len(r_exec) * 100
    print(f'[coverage] {percentage}%')
    assert tp.result.wasSuccessful()
    assert percentage > 59


Please write unit test cases for the following Python function using unittest:
```python
def minPath(grid, k):
    n = len(grid)
    val = n * n + 1
    for i in range(n):
        for j in range(n):
            if grid[i][j] == 1:
                temp = []
                if i != 0:
                    temp.append(grid[i - 1][j])

                if j != 0:
                    temp.append(grid[i][j - 1])

                if i != n - 1:
                    temp.append(grid[i + 1][j])

                if j != n - 1:
                    temp.append(grid[i][j + 1])

                val = min(temp)

    ans = []
    for i in range(k):
        if i % 2 == 0:
            ans.append(1)
        else:
            ans.append(val)
    return ans
```

Answer must meet these requirements:
1. These unit test cases should use the test framework correctly, with reasonable input and test result assertions.
2. Please write the test code in a markdown ```python``` wrapper.
3. Please only provide the test code and unittest.main(), for running all test cases and outputting test results. There is no need to write out or import the function under test.

import unittest
import inspect
import coverage

def minPath(grid, k):
    n = len(grid)
    val = n * n + 1
    for i in range(n):
        for j in range(n):
            if grid[i][j] == 1:
                temp = []
                if i != 0:
                    temp.append(grid[i - 1][j])

                if j != 0:
                    temp.append(grid[i][j - 1])

                if i != n - 1:
                    temp.append(grid[i + 1][j])

                if j != n - 1:
                    temp.append(grid[i][j + 1])

                val = min(temp)

    ans = []
    for i in range(k):
        if i % 2 == 0:
            ans.append(1)
        else:
            ans.append(val)
    return ans

#<INSERT>

if __name__ == '__main__':
    cov = coverage.Coverage()
    cov.start()
    tp = unittest.main(exit=False)
    cov.stop()

    all = []
    lines = inspect.getsourcelines(minPath)
    start_line, end_line = lines[1] + 1, lines[1] + len(lines[0])
    all.extend(range(start_line, end_line))
    _, exec_lines, miss_lines, _ = cov.analysis(__file__)
    r_exec = [n for n in exec_lines if n in all]
    r_miss = [n for n in miss_lines if n in all]
    percentage = (len(r_exec) - len(r_miss)) / len(r_exec) * 100
    print(f'[coverage] {percentage}%')
    assert tp.result.wasSuccessful()
    assert percentage > 59


import unittest
import pandas as pd
import pandasql as ps

class TestSalaryQueries(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_salary_query(self):
        # 模拟 employees 数据
        employees_data = {
            'e_id': [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
            'e_age': [25, 35, 45, 55, 29]
        }
        employees = pd.DataFrame(employees_data)

        # 模拟 salaries 数据
        salaries_data = {
            'e_id': [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
            'salary': [30000, 40000, 50000, 60000, 35000]
        }
        salaries = pd.DataFrame(salaries_data)

        # SQL 查询
        query = """
        SELECT
            CASE
                WHEN e.e_age BETWEEN 18 AND 30 THEN '18-30'
                WHEN e.e_age BETWEEN 31 AND 40 THEN '31-40'
                WHEN e.e_age BETWEEN 41 AND 50 THEN '41-50'
                WHEN e.e_age > 50 THEN '50+'
                ELSE 'others'
            END AS age_group,
            SUM(s.salary) as total_salary
        FROM employees e
        JOIN salaries s ON e.e_id = s.e_id
        GROUP BY age_group;
        """

        # 执行查询
        result = ps.sqldf(query, locals())

        # 预期结果
        expected_data = {
            'age_group': ['18-30', '31-40', '41-50', '50+'],
            'total_salary': [65000, 40000, 50000, 60000]
        }
        expected = pd.DataFrame(expected_data)

        # 断言测试
        pd.testing.assert_frame_equal(result.sort_values('age_group').reset_index(drop=True),
                                      expected.sort_values('age_group').reset_index(drop=True))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main(argv=[''], verbosity=2, exit=False)

There is an employees table that includes the e_id and e_age field, and a salaries table that contains the e_id field and the salary field. The following is the SQL code for querying the total salary of each age group:

SELECT
    CASE
        WHEN e.e_age BETWEEN 18 AND 30 THEN '18-30'
        WHEN e.e_age BETWEEN 31 AND 40 THEN '31-40'
        WHEN e.e_age BETWEEN 41 AND 50 THEN '41-50'
        WHEN e.e_age > 50 THEN '50+'
        ELSE 'others'
    END AS age_group,
    SUM(s.salary) as total_salary
FROM employees e
JOIN salaries s ON e.e_id = s.e_id
GROUP BY age_group;

Please use unittest and pandasql to write unit test cases for the above SQL. The answer needs to meet the following requirements:
1. These unit test cases should correctly use the test framework, have reasonable input, and assert the test results.
2. Please write the test code in a markdown ```python``` wrapper.
3. Please only provide the test code and unittest.main() for running all the test cases and output the test results. You do not need to write the original function.
4. Data of employees and salaries cannot be defined as class variables, and can only be defined as local variables in the unit test function.

#<INSERT>

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()


import unittest
import pandas as pd
import pandasql as ps

class TestSalaryQueries(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_lowest_salaries_by_department(self):
        # 模拟 employees 数据
        employees_data = {
            'employeeid': [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8],
            'depid': [101, 101, 102, 102, 102, 103, 103, 103]
        }
        employees = pd.DataFrame(employees_data)

        # 模拟 salaries 数据
        salaries_data = {
            'employeeid': [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8],
            'salary': [3000, 2000, 4000, 3500, 3200, 2800, 2700, 2600]
        }
        salaries = pd.DataFrame(salaries_data)

        # SQL 查询
        query = """
        SELECT depid, employeeid, salary
        FROM (
            SELECT e.depid, e.employeeid, s.salary,
                   ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY e.depid ORDER BY s.salary ASC) as rn
            FROM employees e
            JOIN salaries s ON e.employeeid = s.employeeid
        ) as subquery
        WHERE rn <= 2;
        """

        # 执行查询
        result = ps.sqldf(query, locals())

        # 预期结果
        expected_data = {
            'depid': [101, 101, 102, 102, 103, 103],
            'employeeid': [2, 1, 5, 4, 8, 7],
            'salary': [2000, 3000, 3200, 3500, 2600, 2700]
        }
        expected = pd.DataFrame(expected_data)

        # 断言测试
        pd.testing.assert_frame_equal(result.sort_values(['depid', 'employeeid']).reset_index(drop=True),
                                      expected.sort_values(['depid', 'employeeid']).reset_index(drop=True))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main(argv=[''], verbosity=2, exit=False)

There is a table called employees, which contains the fields employeeid and depid, and another table called salaries, which contains the fields employeeid and salary. The following is the SQL code to query the two employees with the lowest salaries in each department:

SELECT depid, employeeid, salary
FROM (
    SELECT e.depid, e.employeeid, s.salary,
           ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY e.depid ORDER BY s.salary DESC) as rn
    FROM employees e
    JOIN salaries s ON e.employeeid = s.employeeid
) as subquery
WHERE rn <= 2;

Please use unittest and pandasql to write unit test cases for the above SQL. The answers need to meet the following requirements:
1. These unit test cases should use the test framework correctly, with reasonable input and test result assertions.
2. Please write the test code in a markdown ```python``` wrapper.
3. Please only provide test code and unittest.main() to execute all test cases and output test results. There is no need to write the original function.
4. The data from the employees and salaries tables cannot be defined as class variables, and can only be defined as local variables in the unit test functions.


import unittest

def get_closest_vowel(word):
    if len(word) < 3:
        return ""

    vowels = {"a", "e", "i", "o", "u", "A", "E", 'O', 'U', 'I'}
    for i in range(len(word)-2, 0, -1):
        if word[i] in vowels:
            if (word[i+1] not in vowels) and (word[i-1] not in vowels):
                return word[i]
    return ""

class TestClosestVowel(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_get_closest_vowel(self):
        self.assertEqual(get_closest_vowel("yogurt"), "u")
        self.assertEqual(get_closest_vowel("full"), "u")
        self.assertEqual(get_closest_vowel("easy"), "")
        self.assertEqual(get_closest_vowel("eAsy"), "")
        self.assertEqual(get_closest_vowel("ali"), "")
        self.assertEqual(get_closest_vowel("bad"), "a")
        self.assertEqual(get_closest_vowel("most"), "o")
        self.assertEqual(get_closest_vowel("ab"), "")
        self.assertEqual(get_closest_vowel("ba"), "")
        self.assertEqual(get_closest_vowel("quick"), "")
        self.assertEqual(get_closest_vowel("anime"), "i")
        self.assertEqual(get_closest_vowel("Asia"), "")
        self.assertEqual(get_closest_vowel("Above"), "o")

Please write unit test cases using unittest for the following python function:
def get_closest_vowel(word):
    if len(word) < 3:
        return ""

    vowels = {"a", "e", "i", "o", "u", "A", "E", 'O', 'U', 'I'}
    for i in range(len(word)-2, 0, -1):
        if word[i] in vowels:
            if (word[i+1] not in vowels) and (word[i-1] not in vowels):
                return word[i]
    return ""

The responses should meet the following requirements:
1. These unit test cases should correctly use the test framework, with reasonable inputs and test result assertions.
2. Please write your test codes enclosed in a markdown ```python```.
3. Please only provide the test codes and unittest.main(), which is used to execute all test cases and output test results. No need to write out or import the function under test.

import unittest
import inspect
import coverage

def get_closest_vowel(word):
    if len(word) < 3:
        return ""

    vowels = {"a", "e", "i", "o", "u", "A", "E", 'O', 'U', 'I'}
    for i in range(len(word)-2, 0, -1):
        if word[i] in vowels:
            if (word[i+1] not in vowels) and (word[i-1] not in vowels):
                return word[i]
    return ""

#<INSERT>

if __name__ == '__main__':
    cov = coverage.Coverage()
    cov.start()
    tp = unittest.main(exit=False)
    cov.stop()

    all = []
    lines = inspect.getsourcelines(get_closest_vowel)
    start_line, end_line = lines[1] + 1, lines[1] + len(lines[0])
    all.extend(range(start_line, end_line))
    _, exec_lines, miss_lines, _ = cov.analysis(__file__)
    r_exec = [n for n in exec_lines if n in all]
    r_miss = [n for n in miss_lines if n in all]
    percentage = (len(r_exec) - len(r_miss)) / len(r_exec) * 100
    print(f'[coverage] {percentage}%')
    assert tp.result.wasSuccessful()
    assert percentage > 59


import unittest

def encrypt(text, s):
    result = ""
    # 遍历文本
    for char in text:
        # 对每个字符应用转换
        # 加密大写字母
        if char.isupper():
            result += chr((ord(char) + s - 65) % 26 + 65)
        # 加密小写字母
        else:
            result += chr((ord(char) + s - 97) % 26 + 97)
    # 返回结果字符串
    return result

class TestEncrypt(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_encrypt_with_positive_shift(self):
        self.assertEqual(encrypt("ABC", 3), "DEF")  # 测试正常位移
        self.assertEqual(encrypt("xyz", 3), "abc")  # 测试小写字母

    def test_encrypt_with_negative_shift(self):
        self.assertEqual(encrypt("ABC", -3), "XYZ")  # 测试负位移
        self.assertEqual(encrypt("abc", -3), "xyz")  # 测试小写字母

    def test_encrypt_with_zero_shift(self):
        self.assertEqual(encrypt("ABC", 0), "ABC")  # 位移为0时应不变
        self.assertEqual(encrypt("abc", 0), "abc")

    def test_encrypt_non_alpha_characters(self):
        self.assertEqual(encrypt("A B-C", 3), "DqEdF")  # 测试非字母字符
        self.assertEqual(encrypt("123", 3), "hij")

    def test_encrypt_empty_string(self):
        self.assertEqual(encrypt("", 3), "")  # 空字符串应返回空字符串

Please write unittest cases for the following Python function using unittest:

def encrypt(text, s):
    result = ""
    # Traverse the text
    for char in text:
        # Apply transformation to each character
        # Encrypt uppercase letters
        if char.isupper():
            result += chr((ord(char) + s - 65) % 26 + 65)
        # Encrypt lowercase letters
        else:
            result += chr((ord(char) + s - 97) % 26 + 97)
    # Return the resulting string
    return result

Your answer should meet the following requirements:
1. These unit test cases should use the test framework correctly and have reasonable inputs and test result assertions.
2. Please write the test code in a markdown ```python``` wrapper.
3. Please only provide the test code and unittest.main() to execute all test cases and output the test result. There is no need to write out the original function.

import unittest
import inspect
import coverage

def encrypt(text, s):
    result = ""
    # 遍历文本
    for char in text:
        # 对每个字符应用转换
        # 加密大写字母
        if char.isupper():
            result += chr((ord(char) + s - 65) % 26 + 65)
        # 加密小写字母
        else:
            result += chr((ord(char) + s - 97) % 26 + 97)
    # 返回结果字符串
    return result

#<INSERT>

if __name__ == '__main__':
    cov = coverage.Coverage()
    cov.start()
    tp = unittest.main(exit=False)
    cov.stop()

    all = []
    lines = inspect.getsourcelines(encrypt)
    start_line, end_line = lines[1] + 1, lines[1] + len(lines[0])
    all.extend(range(start_line, end_line))
    _, exec_lines, miss_lines, _ = cov.analysis(__file__)
    r_exec = [n for n in exec_lines if n in all]
    r_miss = [n for n in miss_lines if n in all]
    percentage = (len(r_exec) - len(r_miss)) / len(r_exec) * 100
    print(f'[coverage] {percentage}%')
    assert tp.result.wasSuccessful()
    assert percentage > 59


import unittest
from typing import List

def rescale_to_unit(numbers: List[float]) -> List[float]:
    min_number = min(numbers)
    max_number = max(numbers)
    if max_number == min_number:
        return [0.0] * len(numbers)
    return [(x - min_number) / (max_number - min_number) for x in numbers]

class TestRescaleToUnit(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_rescale_to_unit(self):
        self.assertEqual(rescale_to_unit([2.0, 49.9]), [0.0, 1.0])
        self.assertEqual(rescale_to_unit([100.0, 49.9]), [1.0, 0.0])
        self.assertEqual(rescale_to_unit([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0]), [0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0])
        self.assertEqual(rescale_to_unit([2.0, 1.0, 5.0, 3.0, 4.0]), [0.25, 0.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.75])
        self.assertEqual(rescale_to_unit([12.0, 11.0, 15.0, 13.0, 14.0]), [0.25, 0.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.75])

Please write unittest cases for the following python function using unittest:
from typing import List

def rescale_to_unit(numbers: List[float]) -> List[float]:
    min_number = min(numbers)
    max_number = max(numbers)
    if max_number == min_number:
        return [0.0] * len(numbers)
    return [(x - min_number) / (max_number - min_number) for x in numbers]

The answer needs to meet the following requirements:
1. These unit test cases should correctly use the test framework, with reasonable input and test result assertions.
2. Please write the test code in a markdown ```python``` wrapper.
3. Please only provide the test code and unittest.main(), to execute all test cases and output test results. You don't need to write or import the tested function.

from typing import List
import unittest
import inspect
import coverage

def rescale_to_unit(numbers: List[float]) -> List[float]:
    min_number = min(numbers)
    max_number = max(numbers)
    if max_number == min_number:
        return [0.0] * len(numbers)
    return [(x - min_number) / (max_number - min_number) for x in numbers]

#<INSERT>

if __name__ == '__main__':
    cov = coverage.Coverage()
    cov.start()
    tp = unittest.main(exit=False)
    cov.stop()

    all = []
    lines = inspect.getsourcelines(rescale_to_unit)
    start_line, end_line = lines[1] + 1, lines[1] + len(lines[0])
    all.extend(range(start_line, end_line))
    _, exec_lines, miss_lines, _ = cov.analysis(__file__)
    r_exec = [n for n in exec_lines if n in all]
    r_miss = [n for n in miss_lines if n in all]
    percentage = (len(r_exec) - len(r_miss)) / len(r_exec) * 100
    print(f'[coverage] {percentage}%')
    assert tp.result.wasSuccessful()
    assert percentage > 59


def min_edit_distance(word1: str, word2: str) -> int:
    len_word1 = len(word1)
    len_word2 = len(word2)

    # Create a distance matrix
    distance_matrix = [[0] * (len_word2 + 1) for _ in range(len_word1 + 1)]

    # Initialize the distance matrix
    for i in range(len_word1 + 1):
        distance_matrix[i][0] = i
    for j in range(len_word2 + 1):
        distance_matrix[0][j] = j

    for i in range(1, len_word1 + 1):
        for j in range(1, len_word2 + 1):
            cost = 0 if word1[i - 1] == word2[j - 1] else 1
            distance_matrix[i][j] = min(
                distance_matrix[i - 1][j] + 1,     # Deletion
                distance_matrix[i][j - 1] + 1,     # Insertion
                distance_matrix[i - 1][j - 1] + cost  # Substitution
            )
            if i > 1 and j > 1 and word1[i - 1] == word2[j - 2] and word1[i - 2] == word2[j - 1]:
                # Transposition
                distance_matrix[i][j] = min(distance_matrix[i][j], distance_matrix[i - 2][j - 2] + cost)

    return distance_matrix[len_word1][len_word2]

Write a python function with markdown code block format to solve this problem:
Calculate the minimum number of operations required to convert word1 to word2.
the operations include insert, delete, replace and exchange two adjacent characters.

Args:
word1 (str): The first string to compare.
word2 (str): The second string to compare.

Returns:
int: The minimum number of operations required to convert word1 to word2.
Example:
assert min_edit_distance("hors", "ros") == 2

Question: Write a piece of python code to achieve the following function.
Find the maximum perfect square number that is less than the nth Fibonacci number.
The function's name is max_square_number, and the input is an integer n.

Answer:
```python
def max_square_number(n):
    if n <= 2:
        return 0  # For the first two numbers in the Fibonacci sequence, no complete square numbers can be used.

    fibs = [0, 1]  # Store the first two numbers of the Fibonacci sequence
    squares = []  # Store the list of perfect square numbers

    max_square = 0
    i = 2

    while i <= n:
        fibs.append(fibs[i-1] + fibs[i-2])  # Calculate the next Fibonacci number
        i += 1

    fib = fibs[-1]
    perfect_squares = [i**2 for i in range(1, int(math.sqrt(fib)) + 1)]
    max_square = max(filter(lambda x: x < fib, perfect_squares))
    return max_square
```

----------------

#<INSERT>
assert min_edit_distance("hors", "ros") == 2
assert min_edit_distance("hors", "hros") == 1
assert min_edit_distance("hors", "hors") == 0
assert min_edit_distance("hors", "horss") == 1
assert min_edit_distance("hors", "hroe") == 2
assert min_edit_distance("hsgo", "horssse") == 5


from typing import List, Optional

class TreeNode:
    def __init__(self, val=0, left=None, right=None):
        self.val = val
        self.left = left
        self.right = right

def count_leaf_nodes(preorder: List[int], inorder: List[int]) -> int:
    def build_tree(preorder: List[int], inorder: List[int]) -> TreeNode:
        if not preorder or not inorder:
            return None

        root_val = preorder.pop(0)
        root = TreeNode(root_val)
        inorder_index = inorder.index(root_val)

        root.left = build_tree(preorder, inorder[:inorder_index])
        root.right = build_tree(preorder, inorder[inorder_index+1:])
        return root

    def count_leaves(root: TreeNode) -> int:
        if root is None:
            return 0
        if root.left is None and root.right is None:
            return 1
        else:
            return count_leaves(root.left) + count_leaves(root.right)

    root = build_tree(preorder, inorder)
    return count_leaves(root)

Write a python function with markdown code block format to solve this problem:
Given a binary tree's preorder and inorder traversals, compute the number of leaf nodes of the tree.

Args:
preorder (List[int]): The preorder traversal of the binary tree.
inorder (List[int]): The inorder traversal of the binary tree.

Returns:
int: the number of leaf nodes of the tree.
Example:
assert count_leaf_nodes([3,9,20,15,7], [9,3,15,20,7]) == 3


import unittest

def reverse_delete(s,c):
    s = ''.join([char for char in s if char not in c])
    return (s,s[::-1] == s)

class TestReverseDelete(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_reverse_delete(self):
        self.assertEqual(reverse_delete("abcde","ae"), ('bcd',False))
        self.assertEqual(reverse_delete("abcdef", "b"), ('acdef',False))
        self.assertEqual(reverse_delete("abcdedcba","ab"), ('cdedc',True))
        self.assertEqual(reverse_delete("dwik","w"), ('dik',False))
        self.assertEqual(reverse_delete("a","a"), ('',True))
        self.assertEqual(reverse_delete("abcdedcba",""), ('abcdedcba',True))
        self.assertEqual(reverse_delete("abcdedcba","v"), ('abcdedcba',True))
        self.assertEqual(reverse_delete("vabba","v"), ('abba',True))
        self.assertEqual(reverse_delete("mamma", "mia"), ("", True))

Please write unittest cases for the following python function using unittest:
def reverse_delete(s,c):
    s = ''.join([char for char in s if char not in c])
    return (s,s[::-1] == s)

The answer should satisfy the following requirements:
1. These unittest cases should correctly use the test framework, and have reasonable input and test result assertions.
2. Please write the test code in a markdown ```python``` wrapper.
3. Please only provide the test code and unittest.main(), to execute all test cases and output the test results. You don't need to write or import the function under test.

import unittest
import inspect
import coverage

def reverse_delete(s,c):
    s = ''.join([char for char in s if char not in c])
    return (s,s[::-1] == s)

#<INSERT>

if __name__ == '__main__':
    cov = coverage.Coverage()
    cov.start()
    tp = unittest.main(exit=False)
    cov.stop()

    all = []
    lines = inspect.getsourcelines(reverse_delete)
    start_line, end_line = lines[1] + 1, lines[1] + len(lines[0])
    all.extend(range(start_line, end_line))
    _, exec_lines, miss_lines, _ = cov.analysis(__file__)
    r_exec = [n for n in exec_lines if n in all]
    r_miss = [n for n in miss_lines if n in all]
    percentage = (len(r_exec) - len(r_miss)) / len(r_exec) * 100
    print(f'[coverage] {percentage}%')
    assert tp.result.wasSuccessful()
    assert percentage > 59


from typing import List

def four_sum_count(nums1: List[int], nums2: List[int], nums3: List[int], nums4: List[int]) -> int:
    from collections import defaultdict
    sums_dict = defaultdict(int)
    count = 0

    # Calculate all possible i * nums1[i] + j * nums2[j] values and store in dict
    for i in range(len(nums1)):
        for j in range(len(nums2)):
            sums_dict[i * nums1[i] + j * nums2[j]] += 1

    # Calculate all possible k * nums3[k] + l * nums4[l] values and check
    # if their negative is in the sums_dict to satisfy the equation.
    for k in range(len(nums3)):
        for l in range(len(nums4)):
            count += sums_dict[-(k * nums3[k] + l * nums4[l])]

    return count

Write a python function with markdown code block format to solve this problem:
Given four integer arrays nums1, nums2, nums3, and nums4 all of length n, return the number of tuples (i, j, k, l) such that:
0 <= i, j, k, l < n
i * nums1[i] + j * nums2[j] + k * nums3[k] + l * nums4[l] == 0

Args:
nums1 (List[int]): First integer array.
nums2 (List[int]): Second integer array.
nums3 (List[int]): Third integer array.
nums4 (List[int]): Fourth integer array.

Returns:
int: The number of tuples that satisfy the condition.
Example:
assert four_sum_count([1,2], [-2,-1], [-1,2], [0,2]) == 1


import unittest

def prod_signs(arr):
    if not arr: return None
    prod = 0 if 0 in arr else (-1) ** len(list(filter(lambda x: x < 0, arr)))
    return prod * sum([abs(i) for i in arr])

class TestProdSigns(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_prod_signs(self):
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([1, 2, 2, -4]), -9)
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([0, 1]), 0)
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([1, 1, 1, 2, 3, -1, 1]), -10)
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([]), None)
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([2, 4,1, 2, -1, -1, 9]), 20)
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([-1, 1, -1, 1]), 4)
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([-1, 1, 1, 1]), -4)
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([-1, 1, 1, 0]), 0)

Please write unittest cases for the following Python function using unittest:
def prod_signs(arr):
    if not arr: return None
    prod = 0 if 0 in arr else (-1) ** len(list(filter(lambda x: x < 0, arr)))
    return prod * sum([abs(i) for i in arr])

The answer needs to meet the following requirements:
1. The unit test cases should correctly use the test framework, and have reasonable inputs and assertive test results.
2. Please write the test code in a markdown ```python``` wrapper.
3. Please only provide the test code and unittest.main() to run all test cases and output the test results. You do not need to write out or import the tested function.

import unittest
import inspect
import coverage

def prod_signs(arr):
    if not arr: return None
    prod = 0 if 0 in arr else (-1) ** len(list(filter(lambda x: x < 0, arr)))
    return prod * sum([abs(i) for i in arr])

#<INSERT>

if __name__ == '__main__':
    cov = coverage.Coverage()
    cov.start()
    tp = unittest.main(exit=False)
    cov.stop()

    all = []
    lines = inspect.getsourcelines(prod_signs)
    start_line, end_line = lines[1] + 1, lines[1] + len(lines[0])
    all.extend(range(start_line, end_line))
    _, exec_lines, miss_lines, _ = cov.analysis(__file__)
    r_exec = [n for n in exec_lines if n in all]
    r_miss = [n for n in miss_lines if n in all]
    percentage = (len(r_exec) - len(r_miss)) / len(r_exec) * 100
    print(f'[coverage] {percentage}%')
    assert tp.result.wasSuccessful()
    assert percentage > 59


import unittest

def pluck(arr):
    if(len(arr) == 0): return []
    evens = list(filter(lambda x: x%2 == 0, arr))
    if(evens == []): return []
    return [min(evens), arr.index(min(evens))]

class TestPluck(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_pluck(self):
        self.assertEqual(pluck([4,2,3]), [2, 1])
        self.assertEqual(pluck([1,2,3]), [2, 1])
        self.assertEqual(pluck([]), [])
        self.assertEqual(pluck([5, 0, 3, 0, 4, 2]), [0, 1])
        self.assertEqual(pluck([1, 2, 3, 0, 5, 3]), [0, 3])
        self.assertEqual(pluck([5, 4, 8, 4 ,8]), [4, 1])
        self.assertEqual(pluck([7, 6, 7, 1]), [6, 1])
        self.assertEqual(pluck([7, 9, 7, 1]), [])

Please write unittests for the following python function using unittest:
def pluck(arr):
    if(len(arr) == 0): return []
    evens = list(filter(lambda x: x%2 == 0, arr))
    if(evens == []): return []
    return [min(evens), arr.index(min(evens))]

Responses should meet the following requirements:
1. These unit test cases should correctly use the testing framework, have reasonable inputs and assert test results.
2. Please write the test code wrapped in markdown ```python```.
3. Please only provide the test code and unittest.main() to execute all test cases and output the test results. No need to write or import the tested function.

import unittest
import inspect
import coverage

def pluck(arr):
    if(len(arr) == 0): return []
    evens = list(filter(lambda x: x%2 == 0, arr))
    if(evens == []): return []
    return [min(evens), arr.index(min(evens))]

#<INSERT>

if __name__ == '__main__':
    cov = coverage.Coverage()
    cov.start()
    tp = unittest.main(exit=False)
    cov.stop()

    all = []
    lines = inspect.getsourcelines(pluck)
    start_line, end_line = lines[1] + 1, lines[1] + len(lines[0])
    all.extend(range(start_line, end_line))
    _, exec_lines, miss_lines, _ = cov.analysis(__file__)
    r_exec = [n for n in exec_lines if n in all]
    r_miss = [n for n in miss_lines if n in all]
    percentage = (len(r_exec) - len(r_miss)) / len(r_exec) * 100
    print(f'[coverage] {percentage}%')
    assert tp.result.wasSuccessful()
    assert percentage > 59


import unittest

def is_bored(S):
    import re
    sentences = re.split(r'[.?!]\s*', S)
    return sum(sentence[0:2] == 'I ' for sentence in sentences)

class TestIsBored(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_is_bored(self):
        self.assertEqual(is_bored("Hello world"), 0, "Test 1")
        self.assertEqual(is_bored("Is the sky blue?"), 0, "Test 2")
        self.assertEqual(is_bored("I love It !"), 1, "Test 3")
        self.assertEqual(is_bored("bIt"), 0, "Test 4")
        self.assertEqual(is_bored("I feel good today. I will be productive. will kill It"), 2, "Test 5")
        self.assertEqual(is_bored("You and I are going for a walk"), 0, "Test 6")

Please use unittest to write unit test cases for the following python function:
def is_bored(S):
    import re
    sentences = re.split(r'[.?!]\s*', S)
    return sum(sentence[0:2] == 'I ' for sentence in sentences)

The answer should meet the following requirements:
1. These unit test cases should correctly use the test framework, with reasonable input and test result assertions.
2. Please write the test code in a markdown ```python``` wrapper.
3. Please only provide test code and unittest.main() for executing all test cases and outputting test results. There is no need to write or import the function under test.

import unittest
import inspect
import coverage

def is_bored(S):
    import re
    sentences = re.split(r'[.?!]\s*', S)
    return sum(sentence[0:2] == 'I ' for sentence in sentences)

#<INSERT>

if __name__ == '__main__':
    cov = coverage.Coverage()
    cov.start()
    tp = unittest.main(exit=False)
    cov.stop()

    all = []
    lines = inspect.getsourcelines(is_bored)
    start_line, end_line = lines[1] + 1, lines[1] + len(lines[0])
    all.extend(range(start_line, end_line))
    _, exec_lines, miss_lines, _ = cov.analysis(__file__)
    r_exec = [n for n in exec_lines if n in all]
    r_miss = [n for n in miss_lines if n in all]
    percentage = (len(r_exec) - len(r_miss)) / len(r_exec) * 100
    print(f'[coverage] {percentage}%')
    assert tp.result.wasSuccessful()
    assert percentage > 59


def longest_alphabetical_order_substring(s: str) -> int:
    if not s:
        return 0

    max_length = 1  # At least every char is a substring of length 1.
    current_length = 1  # Start by looking at the first char, hence length is 1.

    # Iterate through the string by comparing each character with its predecessor.
    for i in range(1, len(s)):
        if s[i] > s[i - 1]:  # Check if current char is greater than or equal to previous.
            current_length += 1  # If so, extend the current substring by 1.
            max_length = max(max_length, current_length)  # Update max_length if needed.
        else:
            current_length = 1  # Reset current_length if characters are not in order.

    return max_length

Translate the following text into English, ensuring that
1. Only translate the text portion, and keep the code and table parts unchanged.
2. Maintain the original format of the document.
3. Do not output anything other than the translated text.

---

Use a Python function and present it in a markdown code block format to solve the following problem:

Calculate the length of the longest alphabetical order substring in the input string.
Note: The characters in the substring should be in alphabetical order (not necessarily the same), but the letters do not need to be consecutive in the alphabet.

:param s: A string composed only of lowercase letters.
:type s: str
:return: The length of the longest alphabetical order substring.
:rtype: int

Example 1:

>>> longest_alphabetical_order_substring("abacaba")
2
Example 2:
>>> longest_alphabetical_order_substring("abacefcaaba")
4

#<INSERT>
assert longest_alphabetical_order_substring("abacaba") == 2
assert longest_alphabetical_order_substring("abacefcaaba") == 4
assert longest_alphabetical_order_substring("") == 0
assert longest_alphabetical_order_substring("a") == 1
assert longest_alphabetical_order_substring("abcaefg") == 4
assert longest_alphabetical_order_substring("aaa") == 1


class Solution:
    def is_sorted(self,lst):
        count_digit = dict([(i, 0) for i in lst])
        for i in lst:
            count_digit[i]+=1
        if any(count_digit[i] > 2 for i in lst):
            return False
        if all(lst[i-1] <= lst[i] for i in range(1, len(lst))):
            return True
        else:
            return False

Please translate the following code into Python, and adhere to the following requirements:
1. Only generate the translated code.
2. Function names should be in lowercase and words should be separated by underscores.
3. Please write the code wrapped in a markdown ```python```.

The code that needs to be translated is as follows:

import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;

class Solution {
    public boolean isSorted(List<Integer> lst) {
        List<Integer> sorted_lst = new ArrayList<>(lst);
        Collections.sort(sorted_lst);
        if (!lst.equals(sorted_lst)) {
            return false;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < lst.size() - 2; i++) {
            if (lst.get(i) == lst.get(i + 1) && lst.get(i) == lst.get(i + 2)) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
}

Question: Please translate the following code into Python:
```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <sstream>
#include <unordered_map>

std::unordered_map<std::string, int> word_count(const std::string& text) {
    std::unordered_map<std::string, int> counts;
    std::istringstream iss(text);
    std::string word;

    while (iss >> word) {
        // Increment the count for each word
        counts[word]++;
    }

    return counts;
}
```

Answer:
```python
def word_count(text):
    counts = {}
    words = text.split()

    for word in words:
        counts[word] = counts.get(word, 0) + 1

    return counts
```

----------------

Question: Please translate the following code into Python:
```java
import java.util.List;
public class ListSum {
    public static int calculateSum(List<Integer> numbers) {
        int sum = 0;
        for (int num : numbers) {
            sum += num;
        }
        return sum;
    }
}
```

Answer:
```python
class ListSum:
    @staticmethod
    def calculateSum(numbers):
        return sum(numbers)
```

----------------

#<INSERT>

def check(is_sorted):

    # Check some simple cases
    assert is_sorted([5]) == True
    assert is_sorted([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) == True
    assert is_sorted([1, 3, 2, 4, 5]) == False
    assert is_sorted([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]) == True
    assert is_sorted([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]) == True
    assert is_sorted([1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7]) == False, "This prints if this assert fails 1 (good for debugging!)"
    assert is_sorted([]) == True, "This prints if this assert fails 2 (good for debugging!)"
    assert is_sorted([1]) == True, "This prints if this assert fails 3 (good for debugging!)"
    assert is_sorted([3, 2, 1]) == False, "This prints if this assert fails 4 (good for debugging!)"

    # Check some edge cases that are easy to work out by hand.
    assert is_sorted([1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4]) == False, "This prints if this assert fails 5 (good for debugging!)"
    assert is_sorted([1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4]) == False, "This prints if this assert fails 6 (good for debugging!)"
    assert is_sorted([1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4]) == True, "This prints if this assert fails 7 (good for debugging!)"
    assert is_sorted([1, 2, 3, 4]) == True, "This prints if this assert fails 8 (good for debugging!)"

try:
    check(is_sorted)
except NameError:
    try:
        check(Solution().is_sorted)
    except TypeError:
        check(Solution.is_sorted)


import unittest
from typing import List

def string_xor(a: str, b: str) -> str:
    def xor(i, j):
        if i == j:
            return '0'
        else:
            return '1'

    return ''.join(xor(x, y) for x, y in zip(a, b))

class TestStringXor(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_string_xor(self):
        self.assertEqual(string_xor('111000', '101010'), '010010')
        self.assertEqual(string_xor('1', '1'), '0')
        self.assertEqual(string_xor('0101', '0000'), '0101')

Please use unittest to write unit test cases for the following python function:
from typing import List

def string_xor(a: str, b: str) -> str:
    def xor(i, j):
        if i == j:
            return '0'
        else:
            return '1'

    return ''.join(xor(x, y) for x, y in zip(a, b))

The answer should meet the following requirements:
1. These unit test cases should use the testing framework correctly, with reasonable input and assertion of test results.
2. Please write the test code in a markdown ```python``` wrapper.
3. Please only provide test code and unittest.main(), to execute all test cases and output test results. There is no need to write or import the function under test.

from typing import List
import unittest
import inspect
import coverage

def string_xor(a: str, b: str) -> str:
    def xor(i, j):
        if i == j:
            return '0'
        else:
            return '1'

    return ''.join(xor(x, y) for x, y in zip(a, b))

#<INSERT>

if __name__ == '__main__':
    cov = coverage.Coverage()
    cov.start()
    tp = unittest.main(exit=False)
    cov.stop()

    all = []
    lines = inspect.getsourcelines(string_xor)
    start_line, end_line = lines[1] + 1, lines[1] + len(lines[0])
    all.extend(range(start_line, end_line))
    _, exec_lines, miss_lines, _ = cov.analysis(__file__)
    r_exec = [n for n in exec_lines if n in all]
    r_miss = [n for n in miss_lines if n in all]
    percentage = (len(r_exec) - len(r_miss)) / len(r_exec) * 100
    print(f'[coverage] {percentage}%')
    assert tp.result.wasSuccessful()
    assert percentage > 59


import unittest

def below_threshold(l: list, t: int):
    for e in l:
        if e >= t:
            return False
    return True

class TestBelowThreshold(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_below_threshold(self):
        self.assertTrue(below_threshold([1, 2, 4, 10], 100))
        self.assertFalse(below_threshold([1, 20, 4, 10], 5))
        self.assertTrue(below_threshold([1, 20, 4, 10], 21))
        self.assertTrue(below_threshold([1, 20, 4, 10], 22))
        self.assertTrue(below_threshold([1, 8, 4, 10], 11))
        self.assertFalse(below_threshold([1, 8, 4, 10], 10))

Please use unittest to write unit test cases for the following python function:

def below_threshold(l: list, t: int):
    for e in l:
        if e >= t:
            return False
    return True

The answer needs to meet the following requirements:

1. These unit test cases should correctly use the testing framework, with reasonable inputs and test results assertions.
2. Please write the test codes in a markdown ```python``` wrapper.
3. Please only provide test codes and unittest.main(), to execute all test cases and output test results. There is no need to write or import the function under test.

import unittest
import inspect
import coverage

def below_threshold(l: list, t: int):
    for e in l:
        if e >= t:
            return False
    return True

#<INSERT>

if __name__ == '__main__':
    cov = coverage.Coverage()
    cov.start()
    tp = unittest.main(exit=False)
    cov.stop()

    all = []
    lines = inspect.getsourcelines(below_threshold)
    start_line, end_line = lines[1] + 1, lines[1] + len(lines[0])
    all.extend(range(start_line, end_line))
    _, exec_lines, miss_lines, _ = cov.analysis(__file__)
    r_exec = [n for n in exec_lines if n in all]
    r_miss = [n for n in miss_lines if n in all]
    percentage = (len(r_exec) - len(r_miss)) / len(r_exec) * 100
    print(f'[coverage] {percentage}%')
    assert tp.result.wasSuccessful()
    assert percentage > 59


def count_trailing_zeros_and_significant_figures(n: int) -> int:
    def count_trailing_zeros(n: int) -> int:
        count = 0
        i = 5
        while n // i >= 1:
            count += n // i
            i *= 5
        return count

    def count_significant_figures(n: int) -> int:
        import math
        if n == 0:
            return 1  # 0! = 1 has 1 significant figure
        log_approx = 0.5 * math.log(2 * math.pi * n) + n * math.log(n / math.e)
        significant_figures = int(log_approx / math.log(10)) + 1
        return significant_figures

    return count_trailing_zeros(n), count_significant_figures(n)

Write a python function with markdown code block format to solve this problem:
Computes the number of trailing zeros in n factorial.
Besides compute the number of significant figures in n factorial.

Args:
n (int): The integer of which the factorial's trailing zeros need to be calculated.

Returns:
int: The number of trailing zeros in n factorial.
int: The number of significant figures in n factorial.
Example:
assert count_trailing_zeros_and_significant_figures(3) == (0, 1)

#<INSERT>
assert count_trailing_zeros_and_significant_figures(3) == (0, 1)
assert count_trailing_zeros_and_significant_figures(10) == (2, 7)
assert count_trailing_zeros_and_significant_figures(100) == (24, 158)


def distinct_substring(s: str, t: str) -> int:
    count = 0
    index = 0
    t_len = len(t)

    # Loop through the string 's'. If a match is found, skip past the end of the found substring
    # and continue searching for the next distinct match.
    while index <= len(s) - t_len:
        if s[index:index + t_len] == t:
            count += 1
            index += t_len  # Skip past the end of the match to ensure non-overlapping
        else:
            index += 1

    return count

Write a Python function and use Markdown code block format to solve the following problem:
Given two strings s and t, return the number of distinct substrings of s that are equal to t.

Parameters:
s (str): The first string.
t (str): The second string.

Return value:
int: The number of distinct substrings of s that are equal to t.

Example:
distinct_substring("rabbbit", "rabbit") = 0
distinct_substring("sasxrabbitttesxarabbites", "rabbit") = 2

#<INSERT>
assert distinct_substring("rabbbit", "rabbit") == 0
assert distinct_substring("sasxrabbitttesxarabbites", "rabbit") == 2
assert distinct_substring('abcsss', 'acs') == 0


from math import floor , pow
import sys
def digitSum ( n ) :
    ans = 0
    while ( n ) :
        ans += n % 10
        n = int ( n / 10 )
    return ans
def findInt ( n , m ) :
    minDigit = floor ( m / 9 )
    start = ( int ( pow ( 10 , minDigit ) ) - int ( pow ( 10 , minDigit ) ) % n )
    while ( start < sys.maxsize ) :
        if ( digitSum ( start ) == m ) :
            return start
        else :
            start += n
    return - 1
if __name__ == '__main__':
    n = 13
    m = 32
    print ( findInt ( n , m ) )

Please write a python program with the function:
Smallest integer with digit sum M and multiple of N
Given two positive integers N and M, the task is to find the smallest positive integer which is divisible by N and whose digit sum is M. Print -1 if no such integer exists within the range of int.
The function signature is `findInt(n, m)`

Question: Please write a python program with the function discussed here. | Find the maximum perfect square number that is less than the nth Fibonacci number . | The function signature is max_square_number ( n )  | Python3 implementation of the approach ; Function to return the nth Fibonacci number ; Function to return the maximum perfect square number that is less than the nth Fibonacci number.

Answer:
```python
import math

def fibonacci(n):
    if n <= 0:
        return 0
    elif n == 1:
        return 1
    else:
        a, b = 0, 1
        for _ in range(2, n + 1):
            a, b = b, a + b
        return b

def max_square_number(n):
    fib = fibonacci(n)
    perfect_squares = [i**2 for i in range(1, int(math.sqrt(fib)) + 1)]
    max_square = max(filter(lambda x: x < fib, perfect_squares))
    return max_square
```

----------------

Question: Please write a python program with the function discussed here. | Count the distinct items of given list. | The function signature is distinct_items (items )  | Function to generate the number of distinct items.

Answer:
```python
def distinct_items(items):
    return len(set(items))
```

----------------

#<INSERT>

assert findInt(3, 9) == 9
assert findInt(15, 45) == 499995
assert findInt(7, 28) == 2989
assert findInt(11, 11) == 209


from typing import List

def longest_increasing_subsequence(nums: List[int]) -> int:
    max_length = 0
    current_length = 1 if nums else 0

    for i in range(1, len(nums)):
        if nums[i] > nums[i - 1]:
            current_length += 1
        else:
            max_length = max(max_length, current_length)
            current_length = 1

    return max(max_length, current_length)

Write a python function with markdown code block format to solve this problem:
Find the length of the longest strictly increasing continuous subsequence in the given list of integers.

Args:
nums (List[int]): A list of integers where 1 <= len(nums) <= 2500 and -10^4 <= nums[i] <= 10^4

Returns:
int: The length of the longest strictly increasing continuous subsequence.
Example:
assert longest_increasing_subsequence([10, 9, 2, 5, 3, 7, 101, 18]) == 3

#<INSERT>
assert longest_increasing_subsequence([10, 9, 2, 5, 3, 7, 101, 18]) == 3
assert longest_increasing_subsequence([1,5]) == 2
assert longest_increasing_subsequence([7,4,5,1,8,12,4,7]) == 3
assert longest_increasing_subsequence([4,2,1,4,3,4,5,8,15]) == 5
assert longest_increasing_subsequence([]) == 0


from math import *
def maxResult ( n , a , b , c ) :
    maxVal = 0
    for i in range ( 0 , n + 1 , a ) :
        for j in range ( 0 , n - i + 1 , b ) :
            z = ( n - ( i + j ) ) / c
            if ( floor ( z ) == ceil ( z ) ) :
                x = i // a
                y = j // b
                maxVal = max ( maxVal , x + y + int ( z ) )
    return maxVal
if __name__ == '__main__':
    n = 10
    a = 5
    b = 3
    c = 4
    print ( maxResult ( n , a , b , c ) )

Please write a python program with the function:
Maximize the value of x + y + z such that ax + by + cz = n
Given integers n, a, b and c, the task is to find the maximum value of x + y + z such that ax + by + cz = n.
The function signature is `maxResult(n, a, b, c)`

#<INSERT>

assert maxResult(30, 2, 3, 5) == 15
assert maxResult(100, 10, 15, 25) == 10
assert maxResult(7, 1, 2, 3) == 7
assert maxResult(50, 7, 4, 1) == 50
assert maxResult(23, 3, 1, 7) == 23


def EqualNumbers ( a , n ) :
    for i in range ( 0 , n ) :
        while a [ i ] % 2 == 0 :
            a [ i ] //= 2
        while a [ i ] % 3 == 0 :
            a [ i ] //= 3
        if a [ i ] != a [ 0 ] :
            return False
    return True
if __name__ == '__main__':
    a = [ 50 , 75 , 150 ]
    n = len ( a )
    if EqualNumbers ( a , n ) :
        print ( " Yes " )
    else :
        print ( " No " )

Write a python program with the following functionality:
Change all the numbers in the array to the same value
Given an array arr[], the task is to make all array elements equal by the given operations. In a single operation, any element of the array can be multiplied by 2 or 3. If all array elements can be made equal through the given operations, then return True; otherwise, return False.
The function signature is `EqualNumbers(a, n)`.

#<INSERT>

assert EqualNumbers([50, 75, 150], 3) == True
assert EqualNumbers([4, 8, 16], 3) == True
assert EqualNumbers([10, 20, 40, 80], 4) == True
assert EqualNumbers([18, 54, 81], 3) == True
assert EqualNumbers([2, 3, 4, 5, 6], 5) == False


from typing import List

def can_make_arithmetic_progression(arr: List[int]) -> list:
    arr = sorted(enumerate(arr), key=lambda x: x[1])
    difference = arr[1][1] - arr[0][1]
    for i in range(2, len(arr)):
        if arr[i][1] - arr[i - 1][1] != difference:
            return []
    return [a[0] for a in arr]

Write a python function with markdown code block format to solve this problem:
Check if the given array can be rearranged to form an arithmetic progression.
If so, return the index of the elements that can be rearranged to form an arithmetic progression. Otherwise, return [].

Args:
arr (List[int]): The input sequence of integers.

Returns:
list: the index of the elements that can be rearranged to form an arithmetic progression. Otherwise, return []
Example:
assert can_make_arithmetic_progression([3, 5, 1]) == [2, 0, 1]

#<INSERT>
assert can_make_arithmetic_progression([3, 5, 1]) == [2, 0, 1]
assert can_make_arithmetic_progression([2,4,1,2,3]) == []
assert can_make_arithmetic_progression([1, 2, 4]) == []
assert can_make_arithmetic_progression([3, 2, 1, 5,6,9, 8,4, 7]) == [2,1,0,7,3,4,8,6,5]


def add_digits(num: int) -> int:
    def sum_of_digits(n):
        return sum(int(digit) for digit in str(n))

    transform_count = 0

    while num >= 10:  # Continue until num is a single digit
        num = sum_of_digits(num)
        transform_count += 1

    return transform_count

Write a python function with markdown code block format to solve this problem:
Given an integer num, repeatedly add all its digits until the result has only one digit, and return the number of times that num should be transformed until it has only one digit.

Args:
num (int): An integer in the range of 0 to 2**31 - 1.

Returns:
int: the number of times that num should be transformed until it has only one digit.
Example:
add_digits(38) == 2, because 38 -> 3 + 8 -> 11, 11 -> 1 + 1 -> 2. So we return 2.

#<INSERT>
assert add_digits(38) == 2
assert add_digits(2) == 0
assert add_digits(99999999999) == 3


def factorial ( n ) :
    if n == 1 or n == 0 :
        return 1
    else :
        return factorial ( n - 1 ) * n
def gcdOfFactorial ( arr , n ) :
    minm = arr [ 0 ]
    for i in range ( 1 , n ) :
        if minm > arr [ i ] :
            minm = arr [ i ]
        else :
            arr [ i ] = minm
    return factorial ( minm )
arr = [ 9 , 12 , 122 , 34 , 15 ]
n = len ( arr )
print ( gcdOfFactorial ( arr , n ) )

Please write a python program with the function:
Find GCD of factorial of elements of given array
Given an array with N positive integers. Find the GCD of factorials of all elements of array.
The function signature is `gcdOfFactorial(arr, n)`, n is the length of arr


def maxAND ( L , R ) :
    if ( L == R ) :
        return L
    elif ( ( R - L ) == 1 ) :
        return ( R & L )
    else :
        if ( ( ( R - 1 ) & R ) > ( ( R - 2 ) & ( R - 1 ) ) ) :
            return ( ( R - 1 ) & R )
        else :
            return ( ( R - 2 ) & ( R - 1 ) )
L = 1
R = 632
print ( maxAND ( L , R ) )

Please write a python program with the function:
Maximum Bitwise AND pair from given range
Given a range [L, R], the task is to find a pair (X, Y) such that L <= X < Y <= R and X & Y is the maximum among all the possible pairs then print the bitwise AND of the found pair.
The function signature is `maxAND(L, R)`

#<INSERT>

assert maxAND(10, 15) == 14
assert maxAND(8, 8) == 8
assert maxAND(5, 7) == 6
assert maxAND(100, 105) == 104
assert maxAND(0, 1023) == 1022


import math
def fib ( n ) :
    phi = ( 1 + math.sqrt ( 5 ) ) / 2
    return int ( round ( pow ( phi , n ) / math.sqrt ( 5 ) ) )
def calculateSum ( l , r ) :
    sum = fib ( r + 2 ) - fib ( l + 1 )
    return sum
l = 4
r = 8
print ( calculateSum ( l , r ) )

Please write a python program with the function:
Sum of Fibonacci Numbers in a range(l, r)
Given a range [l, r], the task is to find the sum fib(l) + fib(l + 1) + fib(l + 2) + ….. + fib(r) where fib(n) is the nth Fibonacci number.
The function signature is `calculateSum(l, r)`

#<INSERT>

assert calculateSum(0, 5) == 12
assert calculateSum(10, 20) == 17622
assert calculateSum(3, 7) == 31
assert calculateSum(15, 25) == 195431
assert calculateSum(1, 30) == 2178308


def count_special_integers(n: int) -> int:
    def is_special(num: int) -> bool:
        digits = set(str(num))
        return len(digits) == len(str(num))

    return n - sum(is_special(i) for i in range(1, n + 1))

Write a python function with markdown code block format to solve this problem:
Returns the number of special integers within the interval [1, n]. A special integer is a positive integer
in which at least one of its digits are same.

Args:
n (int): The upper limit of the interval [1, n].

Returns:
int: The number of special integers in the interval [1, n].
Example:
assert count_special_integers(20) == 1

#<INSERT>
assert count_special_integers(20) == 1
assert count_special_integers(102) == 11
assert count_special_integers(1000) == 262
assert count_special_integers(100000) == 67510


def NumbersofWays ( n ) :
    x = ( n * ( n - 1 ) * ( n - 2 ) * ( n - 3 ) ) // ( 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 )
    y = n * ( n - 1 ) * ( n - 2 ) * ( n - 3 )
    return x * y
n = 4
print ( NumbersofWays ( n ) )

Please write a python program with the function:
Ways to place 4 items in n ^ 2 positions such that no row / column contains more than one
Given an integer N where 4 <= N <= 100. There are N lines vertically and N lines horizontally. So, There are N^2 intersections. The task is find the number of ways to place 4 items in these N^2 positions such that each row and column contain not more than one item.
The function signature is `NumbersofWays(n)`

#<INSERT>

assert NumbersofWays(5) == 600
assert NumbersofWays(10) == 1058400
assert NumbersofWays(1) == 0
assert NumbersofWays(7) == 29400
assert NumbersofWays(15) == 44717400


def count_sorted_nonvowel_strings(n: int) -> int:
    dp = [1] * 21
    for _ in range(n - 1):
        for i in range(1, 21):
            dp[i] += dp[i - 1]
    return sum(dp)

Write a Python function that uses markdown code block format to solve the problem of:
Calculating the number of length-n strings composed of all letters (except the vowels a, e, i, o, u) and sorted in lexicographical order.

Parameters:
n (int): The length of the strings considered.

Returns:
int: The number of lexicographically sorted non-vowel strings of length n.
Example:
assert count_sorted_nonvowel_strings(1) == 21

#<INSERT>
assert count_sorted_nonvowel_strings(1) == 21
assert count_sorted_nonvowel_strings(5) == 53130
assert count_sorted_nonvowel_strings(10) == 30045015
assert count_sorted_nonvowel_strings(15) == 3247943160


def sum_series ( n ) :
    if n == 1 :
        return 1
    else :
        return pow ( n , n ) + sum_series ( n - 1 )
n = 2
print ( sum_series ( n ) )

Please write a python program with the function:
Sum of the series 1 ^ 1 + 2 ^ 2 + 3 ^ 3 + ... . . + n ^ n using recursion
Given an integer n, the task is to find the sum of the series 1^1 + 2^2 + 3^3 + ….. + n^n using recursion.
The function signature is `sum_series(n)`

#<INSERT>

assert sum_series(1) == 1
assert sum_series(3) == 32
assert sum_series(5) == 3413
assert sum_series(10) == 10405071317
assert sum_series(15) == 449317984130199828


def shortest_valid_parentheses(s: str) -> int:
    ans = 0
    if '(' in s and ')' in s: ans += 2
    return ans

Write a python function with markdown code block format to solve this problem:
Returns the length of the shortest valid (well-formed) parentheses substring in a given string.

Args:
s (str): The input string containing only '(' and ')' characters.

Returns:
int: The length of the shortest valid parentheses substring.
Example:
assert shortest_valid_parentheses("(()") == 2

#<INSERT>
assert shortest_valid_parentheses("(()") == 2
assert shortest_valid_parentheses("((((") == 0
assert shortest_valid_parentheses("))))") == 0
assert shortest_valid_parentheses("()") == 2
assert shortest_valid_parentheses("()()") == 2
assert shortest_valid_parentheses("(()())") == 2
assert shortest_valid_parentheses("(()()())") == 2
assert shortest_valid_parentheses("(((())))") == 2


def decimal_to_binary(decimal):
    return "db" + bin(decimal)[2:] + "db"

Please translate the following code into Python, adhering to the following requirements:
1. Only need to generate the translated code.
2. Function names should use lowercase letters separated by underscores.
3. Please wrap the code in a markdown ```python```.

The code to be translated is as follows:

const decimalToBinary = (decimal) => {
  return "db" + decimal.toString(2) + "db";
}

#<INSERT>

def check(decimal_to_binary):

    # Check some simple cases
    assert decimal_to_binary(0) == "db0db"
    assert decimal_to_binary(32) == "db100000db"
    assert decimal_to_binary(103) == "db1100111db"
    assert decimal_to_binary(15) == "db1111db", "This prints if this assert fails 1 (good for debugging!)"

    # Check some edge cases that are easy to work out by hand.
    assert True, "This prints if this assert fails 2 (also good for debugging!)"

check(decimal_to_binary)


def nthTerm ( N ) :
    nth = 0
    nth = ( N * N * ( N + 1 ) ) // 2
    return nth
N = 5
print ( nthTerm ( N ) )

Please write a python program with the function:
Find Nth term of the series 1 , 6 , 18 , 40 , 75 , ... .
Given a number n, the task is to find the n-th term in series 1, 6, 18, 40, 75, …
The function signature is `nthTerm ( N )`

#<INSERT>

assert nthTerm(1) == 1
assert nthTerm(3) == 18
assert nthTerm(7) == 196
assert nthTerm(10) == 550
assert nthTerm(15) == 1800


def numbers ( n ) :
    return pow ( 2 , n + 1 ) - 2
n = 2
print ( numbers ( n ) )

Please write a python program with the function:
Find the count of numbers that can be formed using digits 3 , 4 only and having length at max N
Given a number N. Find the count of such numbers that can be formed using digits 3 and 4 only and having length at max N.
The function signature is `numbers(n)`

#<INSERT>

assert numbers(1) == 2
assert numbers(3) == 14
assert numbers(5) == 62
assert numbers(10) == 2046
assert numbers(15) == 65534


use std::collections::HashMap;
fn check_dict_case(dict: HashMap<String, String>) -> bool {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please implement the following code in Rust, with the function signature `fn check_dict_case(dict: HashMap<String, String>) -> bool`. Note:
1. Only implement the target function and import necessary packages, do not generate other code.

#<INSERT>

fn main() {
    let candidate = check_dict_case;
    assert_eq!(candidate(HashMap::from([(String::from("p"), String::from("pineapple")), (String::from("b"), String::from("banana"))])), true);
    assert_eq!(candidate(HashMap::from([(String::from("p"), String::from("pineapple")), (String::from("A"), String::from("banana")), (String::from("B"), String::from("banana"))])), false);
    assert_eq!(candidate(HashMap::from([(String::from("p"), String::from("pineapple")), (String::from("5"), String::from("banana")), (String::from("a"), String::from("apple"))])), false);
    assert_eq!(candidate(HashMap::from([(String::from("Name"), String::from("John")), (String::from("Age"), String::from("36")), (String::from("City"), String::from("Houston"))])), false);
    assert_eq!(candidate(HashMap::from([(String::from("STATE"), String::from("NC")), (String::from("ZIP"), String::from("12345"))])), true);
    assert_eq!(candidate(HashMap::from([(String::from("fruit"), String::from("Orange")), (String::from("taste"), String::from("Sweet"))])), true);
    assert_eq!(candidate(HashMap::from([])), false);
}


fn find_closest_elements(numbers: Vec<f64>) -> (f64, f64) {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please implement the following code using Rust. The function signature should be `fn find_closest_elements(numbers: Vec<f64>) -> (f64, f64)`.
Note:
1. Only implement the target function and include necessary imports. Do not generate any other code.

```python
from typing import List, Tuple

def find_closest_elements(numbers: List[float]) -> Tuple[float, float]:

    closest_pair = None
    distance = None

    for idx, elem in enumerate(numbers):
        for idx2, elem2 in enumerate(numbers):
            if idx != idx2:
                if distance is None:
                    distance = abs(elem - elem2)
                    closest_pair = tuple(sorted([elem, elem2]))
                else:
                    new_distance = abs(elem - elem2)
                    if new_distance < distance:
                        distance = new_distance
                        closest_pair = tuple(sorted([elem, elem2]))

    return closest_pair

```


fn minPath(grid: Vec<Vec<isize>>, k: isize) -> Vec<isize> {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please modify the following code to be implemented in Rust, with the function signature `fn minPath(grid: Vec<Vec<isize>>, k: isize) -> Vec<isize>`.
Note:
1. Only implement the target function and import the required packages, do not generate other code.

```rust

def minPath(grid, k):

    n = len(grid)
    val = n * n + 1
    for i in range(n):
        for j in range(n):
            if grid[i][j] == 1:
                temp = []
                if i != 0:
                    temp.append(grid[i - 1][j])

                if j != 0:
                    temp.append(grid[i][j - 1])

                if i != n - 1:
                    temp.append(grid[i + 1][j])

                if j != n - 1:
                    temp.append(grid[i][j + 1])

                val = min(temp)

    ans = []
    for i in range(k):
        if i % 2 == 0:
            ans.append(1)
        else:
            ans.append(val)
    return ans

```


fn fix_spaces(text: String) -> String {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please rewrite the following code in Rust, with the function signature `fn fix_spaces(text: String) -> String`.
Note:
1. Only implement the target function and import necessary packages, do not generate other code.

```python

def fix_spaces(text):

    new_text = ""
    i = 0
    start, end = 0, 0
    while i < len(text):
        if text[i] == " ":
            end += 1
        else:
            if end - start > 2:
                new_text += "-"+text[i]
            elif end - start > 0:
                new_text += "_"*(end - start)+text[i]
            else:
                new_text += text[i]
            start, end = i+1, i+1
        i+=1
    if end - start > 2:
        new_text += "-"
    elif end - start > 0:
        new_text += "_"
    return new_text

```

#<INSERT>

fn main() {
    let candidate = fix_spaces;
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("Example")), String::from("Example"));
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("Mudasir Hanif ")), String::from("Mudasir_Hanif_"));
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("Yellow Yellow  Dirty  Fellow")), String::from("Yellow_Yellow__Dirty__Fellow"));
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("Exa   mple")), String::from("Exa-mple"));
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("   Exa 1 2 2 mple")), String::from("-Exa_1_2_2_mple"));
}


fn is_nested(string: String) -> bool {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please convert the following code into Rust and implement the function signature `fn is_nested(string: String) -> bool`.
Note:
1. Only implement the target function and import necessary packages, do not generate any other code.

```python

def is_nested(string):

    opening_bracket_index = []
    closing_bracket_index = []
    for i in range(len(string)):
        if string[i] == '[':
            opening_bracket_index.append(i)
        else:
            closing_bracket_index.append(i)
    closing_bracket_index.reverse()
    cnt = 0
    i = 0
    l = len(closing_bracket_index)
    for idx in opening_bracket_index:
        if i < l and idx < closing_bracket_index[i]:
            cnt += 1
            i += 1
    return cnt >= 2

```

#<INSERT>

fn main() {
    let candidate = is_nested;
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("[[]]")), true);
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("[]]]]]]][[[[[]")), false);
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("[][]")), false);
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("[]")), false);
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("[[[[]]]]")), true);
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("[]]]]]]]]]]")), false);
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("[][][[]]")), true);
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("[[]")), false);
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("[]]")), false);
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("[[]][[")), true);
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("[[][]]")), true);
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("")), false);
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("[[[[[[[[")), false);
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("]]]]]]]]")), false);
}


fn has_close_elements(numbers: Vec<f64>, threshold: f64) -> bool {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please convert the following code to be implemented in Rust, with the function signature `fn has_close_elements(numbers: Vec<f64>, threshold: f64) -> bool`.
Note:
1. Only implement the target function and include necessary packages, do not generate additional code.

```rust
use std::vec::Vec;

fn has_close_elements(numbers: Vec<f64>, threshold: f64) -> bool {

    for (idx, elem) in numbers.iter().enumerate() {
        for (idx2, elem2) in numbers.iter().enumerate() {
            if idx != idx2 {
                let distance = (elem - elem2).abs();
                if distance < threshold {
                    return true;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    false
}
```


fn prime_fib(n: isize) -> isize {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please convert the following code to Rust, with the function signature `fn prime_fib(n: isize) -> isize`
Note:
1. Only implement the target function and introduce necessary packages, do not generate other code

```python

def prime_fib(n: int):

    import math

    def is_prime(p):
        if p < 2:
            return False
        for k in range(2, min(int(math.sqrt(p)) + 1, p - 1)):
            if p % k == 0:
                return False
        return True
    f = [0, 1]
    while True:
        f.append(f[-1] + f[-2])
        if is_prime(f[-1]):
            n -= 1
        if n == 0:
            return f[-1]

```

#<INSERT>

fn main() {
    let candidate = prime_fib;
    assert_eq!(candidate(1), 2);
    assert_eq!(candidate(2), 3);
    assert_eq!(candidate(3), 5);
    assert_eq!(candidate(4), 13);
    assert_eq!(candidate(5), 89);
    assert_eq!(candidate(6), 233);
    assert_eq!(candidate(7), 1597);
    assert_eq!(candidate(8), 28657);
    assert_eq!(candidate(9), 514229);
    assert_eq!(candidate(10), 433494437);
}


fn count_up_to(n: isize) -> Vec<isize> {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please implement the following code in Rust, with the function signature `fn count_up_to(n: isize) -> Vec<isize>`.
Note:
1. Only implement the target function and import the necessary packages, do not generate other code.

```python

def count_up_to(n):

    primes = []
    for i in range(2, n):
        is_prime = True
        for j in range(2, i):
            if i % j == 0:
                is_prime = False
                break
        if is_prime:
            primes.append(i)
    return primes

```


fn solve(s: String) -> String {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please implement the following code in Rust, with the function signature `fn solve(s: String) -> String`.
Note:
1. Only implement the target function and import necessary packages, do not generate other code.

```python

def solve(s):

    flg = 0
    idx = 0
    new_str = list(s)
    for i in s:
        if i.isalpha():
            new_str[idx] = i.swapcase()
            flg = 1
        idx += 1
    s = ""
    for i in new_str:
        s += i
    if flg == 0:
        return s[len(s)::-1]
    return s

```

#<INSERT>

fn main() {
    let candidate = solve;
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("AsDf")), String::from("aSdF"));
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("1234")), String::from("4321"));
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("ab")), String::from("AB"));
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("#a@C")), String::from("#A@c"));
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("#AsdfW^45")), String::from("#aSDFw^45"));
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("#6@2")), String::from("2@6#"));
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("#$a^D")), String::from("#$A^d"));
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("#ccc")), String::from("#CCC"));
}


fn how_many_times(string: String, substring: String) -> isize {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please convert the following code into Rust, with the function signature `fn how_many_times(string: String, substring: String) -> isize`
Note:
1. Only implement the target function and import the necessary package, do not generate other code

```python

def how_many_times(string: str, substring: str) -> int:

    times = 0

    for i in range(len(string) - len(substring) + 1):
        if string[i:i+len(substring)] == substring:
            times += 1

    return times

```

#<INSERT>

fn main() {
    let candidate = how_many_times;
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from(""), String::from("x")), 0);
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("xyxyxyx"), String::from("x")), 4);
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("cacacacac"), String::from("cac")), 4);
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("john doe"), String::from("john")), 1);
}


fn words_string(s: String) -> Vec<String> {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please convert the following code to Rust, with the function signature as `fn words_string(s: String) -> Vec<String>`.
Note:
1. Only implement the target function and import required packages, do not generate other code.

```python

def words_string(s):

    if not s:
        return []

    s_list = []

    for letter in s:
        if letter == ',':
            s_list.append(' ')
        else:
            s_list.append(letter)

    s_list = "".join(s_list)
    return s_list.split()

```

#<INSERT>

fn main() {
    let candidate = words_string;
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("Hi, my name is John")), vec![String::from("Hi"), String::from("my"), String::from("name"), String::from("is"), String::from("John")]);
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("One, two, three, four, five, six")), vec![String::from("One"), String::from("two"), String::from("three"), String::from("four"), String::from("five"), String::from("six")]);
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("Hi, my name")), vec![String::from("Hi"), String::from("my"), String::from("name")]);
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("One,, two, three, four, five, six,")), vec![String::from("One"), String::from("two"), String::from("three"), String::from("four"), String::from("five"), String::from("six")]);
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("")), Vec::<String>::new());
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("ahmed     , gamal")), vec![String::from("ahmed"), String::from("gamal")]);
}


fn order_by_points(nums: Vec<isize>) -> Vec<isize> {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please rewrite the following code in Rust, with the function signature `fn order_by_points(nums: Vec<isize>) -> Vec<isize>`
Note:
1. Only implement the target function and the necessary imports, do not generate any other code.

```python

def order_by_points(nums):

    def digits_sum(n):
        neg = 1
        if n < 0: n, neg = -1 * n, -1
        n = [int(i) for i in str(n)]
        n[0] = n[0] * neg
        return sum(n)
    return sorted(nums, key=digits_sum)

```


fn odd_count(lst: Vec<String>) -> Vec<String> {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please convert the following code into Rust, with the function signature `fn odd_count(lst: Vec<String>) -> Vec<String>`
Note:
1. You only need to implement the target function and import the necessary packages, do not generate any other code.

```python

def odd_count(lst):

    res = []
    for arr in lst:
        n = sum(int(d)%2==1 for d in arr)
        res.append("the number of odd elements " + str(n) + "n the str"+ str(n) +"ng "+ str(n) +" of the "+ str(n) +"nput.")
    return res

```

#<INSERT>

fn main() {
    let candidate = odd_count;
    assert_eq!(candidate(vec![String::from("1234567")]), vec![String::from("the number of odd elements 4n the str4ng 4 of the 4nput.")]);
    assert_eq!(candidate(vec![String::from("3"), String::from("11111111")]), vec![String::from("the number of odd elements 1n the str1ng 1 of the 1nput."), String::from("the number of odd elements 8n the str8ng 8 of the 8nput.")]);
    assert_eq!(candidate(vec![String::from("271"), String::from("137"), String::from("314")]), vec![String::from("the number of odd elements 2n the str2ng 2 of the 2nput."), String::from("the number of odd elements 3n the str3ng 3 of the 3nput."), String::from("the number of odd elements 2n the str2ng 2 of the 2nput.")]);
}


fn triangle_area(a: isize, b: isize, c: isize) -> f64 {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please implement the following code in Rust, with the function signature `fn triangle_area(a: isize, b: isize, c: isize) -> f64`.
Note:
1. Only implement the target function and import necessary packages, do not generate other code.

```python

def triangle_area(a, b, c):

    if a + b <= c or a + c <= b or b + c <= a:
        return -1
    s = (a + b + c)/2
    area = (s * (s - a) * (s - b) * (s - c)) ** 0.5
    area = round(area, 2)
    return area

```

#<INSERT>

fn main() {
    let candidate = triangle_area;
    assert_eq!(candidate(3, 4, 5), 6.0);
    assert_eq!(candidate(1, 2, 10), -1.0);
    assert_eq!(candidate(4, 8, 5), 8.18);
    assert_eq!(candidate(2, 2, 2), 1.73);
    assert_eq!(candidate(1, 2, 3), -1.0);
    assert_eq!(candidate(10, 5, 7), 16.25);
    assert_eq!(candidate(2, 6, 3), -1.0);
    assert_eq!(candidate(1, 1, 1), 0.43);
    assert_eq!(candidate(2, 2, 10), -1.0);
}


fn do_algebra(operator: Vec<String>, operand: Vec<isize>) -> isize {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please convert the following code to Rust, with the function signature `fn do_algebra(operator: Vec<String>, operand: Vec<isize>) -> isize`
Note:
1. Only implement the target function and include any necessary imports, do not generate any other code

```rust

fn do_algebra(operator: Vec<String>, operand: Vec<isize>) -> isize {

    let mut expression = operand[0].to_string();
    for (oprt, oprn) in operator.iter().zip(operand.iter().skip(1)) {
        expression.push_str(&format!("{}{}", oprt, oprn));
    }
    eval(&expression)
}

```

#<INSERT>

fn main() {
    let candidate = do_algebra;
    assert_eq!(candidate(vec![String::from("**"), String::from("*"), String::from("+")], vec![2, 3, 4, 5]), 37);
    assert_eq!(candidate(vec![String::from("+"), String::from("*"), String::from("-")], vec![2, 3, 4, 5]), 9);
    assert_eq!(candidate(vec![String::from("//"), String::from("*")], vec![7, 3, 4]), 8);
}


fn encode(message: String) -> String {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please convert the following code to Rust, with the function signature `fn encode(message: String) -> String`
Note:
1. Only implement the target function and import necessary packages, do not generate other code

```python

def encode(message):

    vowels = "aeiouAEIOU"
    vowels_replace = dict([(i, chr(ord(i) + 2)) for i in vowels])
    message = message.swapcase()
    return ''.join([vowels_replace[i] if i in vowels else i for i in message])

```

#<INSERT>

fn main() {
    let candidate = encode;
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("TEST")), String::from("tgst"));
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("Mudasir")), String::from("mWDCSKR"));
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("YES")), String::from("ygs"));
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("This is a message")), String::from("tHKS KS C MGSSCGG"));
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("I DoNt KnOw WhAt tO WrItE")), String::from("k dQnT kNqW wHcT Tq wRkTg"));
}


fn strange_sort_list(lst: Vec<isize>) -> Vec<isize> {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please convert the following code to Rust, with the function signature `fn strange_sort_list(lst: Vec<isize>) -> Vec<isize>`.

Note:
1. Only implement the target function and import necessary packages, do not generate other code.

```rust

fn strange_sort_list(mut lst: Vec<isize>) -> Vec<isize> {

    let mut res = Vec::new();
    let mut switch = true;

    while !lst.is_empty() {
        if switch {
            if let Some(min_val) = lst.iter().min().cloned() {
                res.push(min_val);
                if let Some(pos) = lst.iter().position(|&x| x == min_val) {
                    lst.remove(pos);
                }
            }
        } else {
            if let Some(max_val) = lst.iter().max().cloned() {
                res.push(max_val);
                if let Some(pos) = lst.iter().position(|&x| x == max_val) {
                    lst.remove(pos);
                }
            }
        }
        switch = !switch;
    }

    res
}

```


fn all_prefixes(string: String) -> Vec<String> {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please convert the following code to Rust with the function signature `fn all_prefixes(string: String) -> Vec<String>`.
Note:
1. Only implement the target function and import necessary packages, do not generate any additional code.

```python
from typing import List

def all_prefixes(string: str) -> List[str]:

    result = []

    for i in range(len(string)):
        result.append(string[:i+1])
    return result

```

#<INSERT>

fn main() {
    let candidate = all_prefixes;
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("")), Vec::<String>::new());
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("asdfgh")), vec![String::from("a"), String::from("as"), String::from("asd"), String::from("asdf"), String::from("asdfg"), String::from("asdfgh")]);
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("WWW")), vec![String::from("W"), String::from("WW"), String::from("WWW")]);
}


fn sort_array(array: Vec<isize>) -> Vec<isize> {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please convert the following code to Rust, with the function signature as `fn sort_array(array: Vec<isize>) -> Vec<isize>`
Note:
1. Only implement the target function and import the necessary packages, do not generate any other code

```python

def sort_array(array):

    return [] if len(array) == 0 else sorted(array, reverse= (array[0]+array[-1]) % 2 == 0)

```


fn double_the_difference(lst: Vec<f64>) -> isize {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please convert the following code to Rust with the function signature `fn double_the_difference(lst: Vec<f64>) -> isize`.
Note:
1. Only implement the target function and include necessary imports, do not generate any other code.

```rust

```


fn maximum(arr: Vec<isize>, k: isize) -> Vec<isize> {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please translate the following code into Rust with the function signature `fn maximum(arr: Vec<isize>, k: isize) -> Vec<isize>`. Note: 1. Only implement the target function and import necessary packages, do not generate other code.

```rust

fn maximum(arr: Vec<isize>, k: isize) -> Vec<isize> {
    if k == 0 {
        return vec![];
    }
    let mut arr = arr;
    arr.sort();
    let ans = arr[arr.len() - k as usize..].to_vec();
    ans
}

```


fn is_bored(S: String) -> isize {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please convert the following code to Rust with the function signature `fn is_bored(S: String) -> isize`
Note:
1. Only implement the target function and import the necessary packages, do not generate other code

```python

def is_bored(S):

    import re
    sentences = re.split(r'[.?!]\s*', S)
    return sum(sentence[0:2] == 'I ' for sentence in sentences)

```

#<INSERT>

fn main() {
    let candidate = is_bored;
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("Hello world")), 0);
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("Is the sky blue?")), 0);
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("I love It !")), 1);
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("bIt")), 0);
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("I feel good today. I will be productive. will kill It")), 2);
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("You and I are going for a walk")), 0);
}


fn remove_vowels(text: String) -> String {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please implement the following code in rust, with the function signature `fn remove_vowels(text: String) -> String`
Note:
1. Only implement the target function and import necessary packages, do not generate other code

```python

def remove_vowels(text):

    return "".join([s for s in text if s.lower() not in ["a", "e", "i", "o", "u"]])

```

#<INSERT>

fn main() {
    let candidate = remove_vowels;
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("")), String::from(""));
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("abcdef
ghijklm")), String::from("bcdf
ghjklm"));
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("fedcba")), String::from("fdcb"));
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("eeeee")), String::from(""));
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("acBAA")), String::from("cB"));
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("EcBOO")), String::from("cB"));
    assert_eq!(candidate(String::from("ybcd")), String::from("ybcd"));
}


fn largest_divisor(n: isize) -> isize {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please convert the following code to Rust, with the function signature `fn largest_divisor(n: isize) -> isize`.
Note:
1. Only implement the target function and import necessary crates, do not generate other code.

```python

def largest_divisor(n: int) -> int:

    for i in reversed(range(n)):
        if n % i == 0:
            return i

```

#<INSERT>

fn main() {
    let candidate = largest_divisor;
    assert_eq!(candidate(3), 1);
    assert_eq!(candidate(7), 1);
    assert_eq!(candidate(10), 5);
    assert_eq!(candidate(100), 50);
    assert_eq!(candidate(49), 7);
}


fn max_element(l: Vec<isize>) -> isize {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please implement the following code using Rust, with the function signature `fn max_element(l: Vec<isize>) -> isize`.
Note:
1. Only implement the target function and import the necessary packages, do not generate other code.

```rust
fn max_element(l: Vec<isize>) -> isize {
    let mut m = l[0];
    for &e in &l {
        if e > m {
            m = e;
        }
    }
    m
}
```

#<INSERT>

fn main() {
    let candidate = max_element;
    assert_eq!(candidate(vec![1, 2, 3]), 3);
    assert_eq!(candidate(vec![5, 3, -5, 2, -3, 3, 9, 0, 124, 1, -10]), 124);
}


fn decimal_to_binary(decimal: isize) -> String {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Translate the following code into Rust with the function signature `fn decimal_to_binary(decimal: isize) -> String`.
Note:
1. You only need to implement the target function and import necessary packages. Do not generate any other code.

```rust

fn decimal_to_binary(decimal: isize) -> String {

    return format!("db{:b}db", decimal);
}

```

#<INSERT>

fn main() {
    let candidate = decimal_to_binary;
    assert_eq!(candidate(0), String::from("db0db"));
    assert_eq!(candidate(32), String::from("db100000db"));
    assert_eq!(candidate(103), String::from("db1100111db"));
    assert_eq!(candidate(15), String::from("db1111db"));
}


fn derivative(xs: Vec<isize>) -> Vec<isize> {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please convert the following code into Rust, with the function signature `fn derivative(xs: Vec<isize>) -> Vec<isize>`
Note:
1. Only implement the target function and import necessary packages; do not generate any other code.

```python

def derivative(xs: list):

    return [(i * x) for i, x in enumerate(xs)][1:]

```

#<INSERT>

fn main() {
    let candidate = derivative;
    assert_eq!(candidate(vec![3, 1, 2, 4, 5]), vec![1, 4, 12, 20]);
    assert_eq!(candidate(vec![1, 2, 3]), vec![2, 6]);
    assert_eq!(candidate(vec![3, 2, 1]), vec![2, 2]);
    assert_eq!(candidate(vec![3, 2, 1, 0, 4]), vec![2, 2, 0, 16]);
    assert_eq!(candidate(vec![1]), Vec::<isize>::new());
}


fn iscube(a: isize) -> bool {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please implement the following code in Rust, with the function signature `fn iscube(a: isize) -> bool`.
Note:
1. Only implement the target function and include necessary imports, do not generate other code.

```python

def iscube(a):

    a = abs(a)
    return int(round(a ** (1. / 3))) ** 3 == a

```

#<INSERT>

fn main() {
    let candidate = iscube;
    assert_eq!(candidate(1), true);
    assert_eq!(candidate(2), false);
    assert_eq!(candidate(-1), true);
    assert_eq!(candidate(64), true);
    assert_eq!(candidate(180), false);
    assert_eq!(candidate(1000), true);
    assert_eq!(candidate(0), true);
    assert_eq!(candidate(1729), false);
}


fn solve(N: isize) -> String {
    std::process::exit(0)
}

Please translate the following code into Rust, with the function signature as `fn solve(N: isize) -> String`
Note:
1. Only implement the target function and import the necessary packages, do not generate other code

```rust

fn solve(N: isize) -> String {

    return format!("{:b}", str(N).chars().map(|c| c.to_digit(10).unwrap()).sum::<u32>());
}

```

#<INSERT>

fn main() {
    let candidate = solve;
    assert_eq!(candidate(1000), String::from("1"));
    assert_eq!(candidate(150), String::from("110"));
    assert_eq!(candidate(147), String::from("1100"));
    assert_eq!(candidate(333), String::from("1001"));
    assert_eq!(candidate(963), String::from("10010"));
}


import cv2
import numpy as np

def detect_circles():
    image = cv2.imread("color_geometry.png", cv2.IMREAD_COLOR)
    gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
    gray_blurred = cv2.GaussianBlur(gray, (9, 9), 2)

    circles = cv2.HoughCircles(
        gray_blurred,
        cv2.HOUGH_GRADIENT,
        dp=1,
        minDist=50, #检测到的圆的中心之间的最小距离。
        param1=50, #Canny边缘检测的高阈值
        param2=30, #Hough变换的累加器阈值。它越小，检测到的圆就越多（包括伪圆）；越大，检测到的就越少但质量更高。
        minRadius=0,
        maxRadius=0
    )

    # 检查是否有圆圈被检测到
    if circles is not None:
        # 把圆心和半径转为整数
        circles = np.round(circles[0, :]).astype("int")
        circle_count = len(circles)
    else:
        circle_count = 0

    return circle_count

Please use the OpenCV library to solve the following problem: Given a color image, count the number of circles in the image.
The response must meet the following requirements:
1. Define a Python function detect_circles(), which does not require any input parameters and returns the number of circles.
2. The image file is "color_geometry.png" and is stored in the same path as the code.
3. The input image contains noise, and the edges of the patterns in the image are not sharp. The minimum distance between two circles is 400.

问题：写一段 python 代码实现以下功能。
找出小于第n个斐波那契数的最大完全平方数
函数命名为 max_square_number，输入为整数 n

答案：
```python
def max_square_number(n):
    if n <= 2:
        return 0  # 对于斐波那契数列的前两个数，没有完全平方数可用

    fibs = [0, 1]  # 存储斐波那契数列的前两个数
    squares = []  # 存储完全平方数的列表

    max_square = 0
    i = 2

    while i <= n:
        fibs.append(fibs[i-1] + fibs[i-2])  # 计算下一个斐波那契数
        i += 1

    fib = fibs[-1]
    perfect_squares = [i**2 for i in range(1, int(math.sqrt(fib)) + 1)]
    max_square = max(filter(lambda x: x < fib, perfect_squares))
    return max_square
```

----------------

#<INSERT>
if __name__ == '__main__':
    assert detect_circles()==2


import cv2
import numpy as np
def detect_rectangles():
    # 读取图片
    image = cv2.imread("blackwhite_geometry.png", cv2.IMREAD_COLOR)
    if image is None:
        return 0

    gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
    _, thresh = cv2.threshold(gray, 128, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY_INV)
    contours, _ = cv2.findContours(thresh, cv2.RETR_EXTERNAL, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)

    rectangle_count = 0
    for contour in contours:
        # 逼近多边形曲线
        epsilon = 0.02 * cv2.arcLength(contour, True)
        approx = cv2.approxPolyDP(contour, epsilon, True)

        if len(approx) == 4:
            angles = []
            for i in range(4):
                p1 = approx[i][0]
                p2 = approx[(i+1) % 4][0]
                p3 = approx[(i+2) % 4][0]
                v1 = p1 - p2
                v2 = p3 - p2
                cos_angle = abs(np.dot(v1, v2) / (np.linalg.norm(v1) * np.linalg.norm(v2)))
                angles.append(cos_angle)
            if all(a < 0.1 for a in angles):
                rectangle_count += 1
    return rectangle_count

Please use the OpenCV library to solve the following problem: Given a black and white image with a black background and white foreground, count the number of rectangles in the image.
Answering the question needs to meet the following requirements:
1. Define a Python function detect_rectangles() that does not require any input parameters and returns the number of rectangles.
2. The image file is "blackwhite_geometry.png" and is stored in the same path as the code.
3. The image contains various geometric shapes: trapezoids, triangles, circles, rectangles, etc.
4. Use the vector dot product method to calculate the cosine angle.

#<INSERT>
if __name__ == '__main__':
    assert detect_rectangles()==4


import cv2
import numpy as np

def find_triangles():
    # 读取图片
    img = cv2.imread("blackwhite_geometry.png", cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)

    # 二值化图像
    _, thresh = cv2.threshold(img, 128, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY)

    # 查找轮廓
    contours, _ = cv2.findContours(thresh, cv2.RETR_EXTERNAL, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)

    triangle_count = 0

    for cnt in contours:
        epsilon = 0.04 * cv2.arcLength(cnt, True)
        approx = cv2.approxPolyDP(cnt, epsilon, True)

        # 如果是三角形，approx 的长度应为 3
        if len(approx) == 3:
            triangle_count += 1

    return triangle_count

Please solve the following problem using the OpenCV library: Given a black and white image, where the background color is black and the foreground is white, count the number of triangles in the image.
Responding to the problem requires meeting the following requirements:
1. Define the Python function find_triangles(), which has no input parameters and returns the number of triangles.
2. The image file is "blackwhite_geometry.png", located in the same path as the code.
3. The image contains various geometric shapes: triangles, polygons, etc.

#<INSERT>
if __name__ == '__main__':
    assert find_triangles()==1