import unittest

def add_pad_of_512_bits(vector_block_holding_ascii_characters):
    length_of_message_in_bits = len(vector_block_holding_ascii_characters) * 8
    zeroes_to_add = 447 - length_of_message_in_bits
    t1_block = 0x80
    vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(t1_block)
    zeroes_to_add -= 7
    for _ in range(zeroes_to_add // 8):
        vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(0x00000000)
    the_big_64_blob_bit = format(length_of_message_in_bits, '064b')
    for i in range(0, 64, 8):
        temp_string_holder = the_big_64_blob_bit[i:i+8]
        vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(int(temp_string_holder, 2))
    return vector_block_holding_ascii_characters

class TestAddPadOf512Bits(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_empty_vector(self):
        result = add_pad_of_512_bits([])
        self.assertEqual(len(result), 64)  # 确保输出是 512 位，即 64 字节
        self.assertEqual(result[0], 0x80)  # 检查填充的开始标志
        self.assertEqual(result[-8:], [0] * 8)  # 检查最后 64 位是否为零

    def test_short_message(self):
        message = [ord(char) for char in "abc"]  # 用简短的消息进行测试
        result = add_pad_of_512_bits(message)
        self.assertEqual(len(result), 64)
        self.assertEqual(result[0], ord('a'))
        self.assertEqual(result[1], ord('b'))
        self.assertEqual(result[2], ord('c'))
        self.assertEqual(result[3], 0x80)  # 检查填充的开始标志
        # 确保其他部分都是零，除了最后的长度表示
        self.assertTrue(all(x == 0 for x in result[4:-8]))
        self.assertNotEqual(result[-8:], [0] * 8)  # 确保最后 64 位不全是零

    def test_boundary_condition(self):
        message = [0] * 55  # 创建一个刚好不需要额外填充的消息
        result = add_pad_of_512_bits(message)
        self.assertEqual(len(result), 64)
        self.assertEqual(result[55], 0x80)  # 检查填充的开始标志
        self.assertTrue(all(x == 0 for x in result[56:-8]))
        self.assertNotEqual(result[-8:], [0] * 8)

Given question below:
------------
Please write unittest test cases for the following python function using unittest:

def add_pad_of_512_bits(vector_block_holding_ascii_characters):
    length_of_message_in_bits = len(vector_block_holding_ascii_characters) * 8
    zeroes_to_add = 447 - length_of_message_in_bits
    t1_block = 0x80
    vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(t1_block)
    zeroes_to_add -= 7
    for _ in range(zeroes_to_add // 8):
        vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(0x00000000)
    the_big_64_blob_bit = format(length_of_message_in_bits, '064b')
    for i in range(0, 64, 8):
        temp_string_holder = the_big_64_blob_bit[i:i+8]
        vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(int(temp_string_holder, 2))
    return vector_block_holding_ascii_characters

The answer should meet the following requirements:
1. These unit test cases should correctly use the testing framework, have reasonable input and test result assertions.
2. Please write the test code in a markdown ```python``` wrapper.
3. Please only provide test code and unittest.main() to execute all test cases and output test results. There is no need to write the original function.
------------

We try to solve it with code:
```python
import unittest

def add_pad_of_512_bits(vector_block_holding_ascii_characters):
    length_of_message_in_bits = len(vector_block_holding_ascii_characters) * 8
    zeroes_to_add = 447 - length_of_message_in_bits
    t1_block = 0x80
    vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(t1_block)
    zeroes_to_add -= 7
    for _ in range(zeroes_to_add // 8):
        vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(0x00000000)
    the_big_64_blob_bit = format(length_of_message_in_bits, '064b')
    for i in range(0, 64, 8):
        temp_string_holder = the_big_64_blob_bit[i:i+8]
        vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(int(temp_string_holder, 2))
    return vector_block_holding_ascii_characters

class TestAddPadOf512Bits(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_empty_input(self):
        input_data = []
        expected_output = [0x80] + [0x00] * 55 + [0x00] * 8
        result = add_pad_of_512_bits(input_data)
        self.assertEqual(result, expected_output)

    def test_short_message(self):
        expected_output = [0x61, 0x80] + [0x00] * 54 + [0x00] * 7 + [0x08]
        result = add_pad_of_512_bits(input_data)
        self.assertEqual(result, expected_output)

    def test_exact_447_bits(self):
        input_data = [0x00] * 55 + [0x80]
        expected_output = input_data + [0x00] * 7 + [0x01, 0xBC] + [0x00] * 6
        result = add_pad_of_512_bits(input_data)
        self.assertEqual(result, expected_output)

    def test_near_512_bits(self):
        input_data = [0x00] * 62
        expected_output = input_data + [0x80] + [0x00] * 6 + [0x01, 0xF8]
        result = add_pad_of_512_bits(input_data)
        self.assertEqual(result, expected_output)
```

But some error occurs during execution:
------------
.FF.
======================================================================
FAIL: test_exact_447_bits (__main__.TestAddPadOf512Bits)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmptth7hbmj/tmpp4386rms.py", line 52, in test_exact_447_bits
    self.assertEqual(result, expected_output)
AssertionError: Lists differ: [0, 0[149 chars]0, 0, 0, 0, 128, 128, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 192] != [0, 0[149 chars]0, 0, 0, 0, 128, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 188, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

First differing element 56:
128
0

Second list contains 6 additional elements.
First extra element 65:
0

  [0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   128,
-  128,
+  0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   1,
-  192]
+  188,
+  0,
+  0,
+  0,
+  0,
+  0,
+  0]

======================================================================
FAIL: test_near_512_bits (__main__.TestAddPadOf512Bits)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmptth7hbmj/tmpp4386rms.py", line 58, in test_near_512_bits
    self.assertEqual(result, expected_output)
AssertionError: Lists differ: [0, 0[149 chars]0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 128, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 240] != [0, 0[149 chars]0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 128, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 248]

First differing element 70:
240
248

  [0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   128,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   1,
-  240]
?    ^

+  248]
?    ^

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 4 tests in 0.008s

FAILED (failures=2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmptth7hbmj/tmpp4386rms.py", line 76, in <module>
    assert tp.result.wasSuccessful()
AssertionError

------------

Please try to analyze the cause of the error and give the full code after the modification (with markdown code block format)

import unittest
import inspect
import coverage

def add_pad_of_512_bits(vector_block_holding_ascii_characters):
    length_of_message_in_bits = len(vector_block_holding_ascii_characters) * 8
    zeroes_to_add = 447 - length_of_message_in_bits
    t1_block = 0x80
    vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(t1_block)
    zeroes_to_add -= 7
    for _ in range(zeroes_to_add // 8):
        vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(0x00000000)
    the_big_64_blob_bit = format(length_of_message_in_bits, '064b')
    for i in range(0, 64, 8):
        temp_string_holder = the_big_64_blob_bit[i:i+8]
        vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(int(temp_string_holder, 2))
    return vector_block_holding_ascii_characters

#<INSERT>

if __name__ == '__main__':
    cov = coverage.Coverage()
    cov.start()
    tp = unittest.main(exit=False)
    cov.stop()

    all = []
    lines = inspect.getsourcelines(add_pad_of_512_bits)
    start_line, end_line = lines[1] + 1, lines[1] + len(lines[0])
    all.extend(range(start_line, end_line))
    _, exec_lines, miss_lines, _ = cov.analysis(__file__)
    r_exec = [n for n in exec_lines if n in all]
    r_miss = [n for n in miss_lines if n in all]
    percentage = (len(r_exec) - len(r_miss)) / len(r_exec) * 100
    print(f'[coverage] {percentage}%')
    assert tp.result.wasSuccessful()
    assert percentage > 59


import re
import json

def parse(logs):
    # Regular expression pattern to extract relevant information
    pattern = r'iteration\s+(\d+)/\s*\d+\s*\|\s*elapsed time per iteration \(ms\):\s*\d+\.\d+\s*\|\s*data fetch time \(ms\):\s*\d+\.\d+\s*\|\s*data sync across tp time \(ms\):\s*\d+\.\d+\s*\|\s*learning rate:\s*(\d+\.\d+E-\d+)\s*\|\s*global batch size:\s*(\d+)\s*\|\s*loss scale:\s*(\d+\.\d+)\s*\|\s*grad norm:\s*(\d+\.\d+)\s*\|\s*number of skipped iterations:\s*\d+\s*\|\s*number of nan iterations:\s*(\d+)\s*\|'

    # Extract information using regular expression
    matches = re.findall(pattern, logs)

    # Convert extracted information into JSON format
    json_data = []
    for match in matches:
        step, learning_rate, global_batch_size, loss_scale, grad_norm, num_of_nan = match
        json_data.append({
            "step": int(step),
            "grad_norm": float(grad_norm),
            "num_of_nan": int(num_of_nan),
            "learning_rate": float(learning_rate),
            "global_batch_size": int(global_batch_size),
            "loss_scale": float(loss_scale)
        })

    return json_data

Given question below:
------------
I have some logs as follows:

```
[2023-11-20 08:26:34][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
[2023-11-20 08:26:34][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
 iteration   111640/ 3572977 | elapsed time per iteration (ms): 4823.7 | data fetch time (ms): 0.705 | data sync across tp time (ms): 55.003 | learning rate: 3.885E-05 | global batch size:  1700 | loss scale: 1.0 | grad norm: 0.150 | number of skipped iterations:   0 | number of nan iterations:   0 |
[2023-11-20 08:29:43][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
[2023-11-20 08:29:43][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
[2023-11-20 08:29:43][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
 iteration   111680/ 3572977 | elapsed time per iteration (ms): 4723.8 | data fetch time (ms): 0.710 | data sync across tp time (ms): 53.727 | learning rate: 3.885E-05 | global batch size:  1700 | loss scale: 1.0 | grad norm: 0.128 | number of skipped iterations:   0 | number of nan iterations:   0 |
[2023-11-20 08:32:51][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
[2023-11-20 08:32:51][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
[2023-11-20 08:32:51][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
 iteration   111720/ 3572977 | elapsed time per iteration (ms): 4683.9 | data fetch time (ms): 0.684 | data sync across tp time (ms): 53.338 | learning rate: 3.885E-05 | global batch size:  1700 | loss scale: 1.0 | grad norm: 0.147 | number of skipped iterations:   0 | number of nan iterations:   0 |
[2023-11-20 08:36:00][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
[2023-11-20 08:36:00][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
[2023-11-20 08:36:00][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
 iteration   111760/ 3572977 | elapsed time per iteration (ms): 4738.6 | data fetch time (ms): 0.670 | data sync across tp time (ms): 53.951 | learning rate: 3.885E-05 | global batch size:  1700 | loss scale: 1.0 | grad norm:
------------

We try to solve it with code:
```python
import re
import json

def parse(log_text):
    iteration_pattern = re.compile(
        r'iteration\s+(\d+)/\s*\d+\s*\|\s*elapsed time per iteration \(ms\):\s*(\d+\.\d+)\s*\|\s*'
        r'data fetch time \(ms\):\s*(\d+\.\d+)\s*\|\s*data sync across tp time \(ms\):\s*(\d+\.\d+)\s*\|\s*'
        r'learning rate:\s*([\d.E+-]+)\s*\|\s*global batch size:\s*(\d+)\s*\|\s*loss scale:\s*([\d.E+-]+)\s*\|\s*'
        r'grad norm:\s*([\d.E+-]+)\s*\|\s*number of skipped iterations:\s*(\d+)\s*\|\s*number of nan iterations:\s*(\d+)\s*'
    )

    results = []
    for match in iteration_pattern.finditer(log_text):
        step = int(match.group(1))
        learning_rate = float(match.group(5))
        global_batch_size = int(match.group(6))
        loss_scale = float(match.group(7))
        grad_norm = float(match.group(8))
        num_of_nan = int(match.group(10))

        result_dict = {
            "step": step,
            "grad_norm": grad_norm,
            "num_of_nan": num_of_nan,
            "learning_rate": learning_rate,
            "global_batch_size": global_batch_size,
            "loss_scale": loss_scale
        }
        results.append(result_dict)

    return json.dumps(results, indent=4)
```

But some error occurs during execution:
------------
  File "/tmp/tmpqtlthoqe/tmp50ddvorv.py", line 48
    [2023-11-20 08:26:34][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
                ^
SyntaxError: leading zeros in decimal integer literals are not permitted; use an 0o prefix for octal integers

------------

Please try to analyze the cause of the error and give the full code after the modification (with markdown code block format)

Question: Write a piece of python code to achieve the following function.
Find the maximum perfect square number that is less than the nth Fibonacci number.
The function's name is max_square_number, and the input is an integer n.

Answer:
```python
def max_square_number(n):
    if n <= 2:
        return 0  # For the first two numbers in the Fibonacci sequence, no complete square numbers can be used.

    fibs = [0, 1]  # Store the first two numbers of the Fibonacci sequence
    squares = []  # Store the list of perfect square numbers

    max_square = 0
    i = 2

    while i <= n:
        fibs.append(fibs[i-1] + fibs[i-2])  # Calculate the next Fibonacci number
        i += 1

    fib = fibs[-1]
    perfect_squares = [i**2 for i in range(1, int(math.sqrt(fib)) + 1)]
    max_square = max(filter(lambda x: x < fib, perfect_squares))
    return max_square
```

----------------

#<INSERT>

logs = """
[2023-11-20 08:26:34][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
 iteration   111640/ 3572977 | elapsed time per iteration (ms): 4823.7 | data fetch time (ms): 0.705 | data sync across tp time (ms): 55.003 | learning rate: 3.885E-05 | global batch size:  1700 | loss scale: 1.0 | grad norm: 0.150 | number of skipped iterations:   0 | number of nan iterations:   0 |
[2023-11-20 08:29:43][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
[2023-11-20 08:29:43][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
[2023-11-20 08:29:43][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
 iteration   111680/ 3572977 | elapsed time per iteration (ms): 4723.8 | data fetch time (ms): 0.710 | data sync across tp time (ms): 53.727 | learning rate: 3.885E-05 | global batch size:  1700 | loss scale: 1.0 | grad norm: 0.128 | number of skipped iterations:   0 | number of nan iterations:   0 |
[2023-11-20 08:32:51][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
[2023-11-20 08:32:51][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
[2023-11-20 08:32:51][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
 iteration   111720/ 3572977 | elapsed time per iteration (ms): 4683.9 | data fetch time (ms): 0.684 | data sync across tp time (ms): 53.338 | learning rate: 3.885E-05 | global batch size:  1700 | loss scale: 1.0 | grad norm: 0.147 | number of skipped iterations:   0 | number of nan iterations:   0 |
[2023-11-20 08:36:00][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
[2023-11-20 08:36:00][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
[2023-11-20 08:36:00][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
 iteration   111760/ 3572977 | elapsed time per iteration (ms): 4738.6 | data fetch time (ms): 0.670 | data sync across tp time (ms): 53.951 | learning rate: 3.885E-05 | global batch size:  1700 | loss scale: 1.0 | grad norm: 0.139 | number of skipped iterations:   0 | number of nan iterations:   0 |
[2023-11-20 08:39:11][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
"""
jl = (parse(logs))
assert(len(jl) == 4)
assert(jl[3]['step'] == 111760)
assert(abs(jl[3]['grad_norm'] - 0.139) < 1.0e-5)


import sys
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QMainWindow, QAction, QMenu

class MenuApp(QMainWindow):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

        self.init_ui()

    def init_ui(self):
        self.setGeometry(300, 300, 300, 200)
        self.setWindowTitle('Menubar example')

        self.menubar = self.menuBar()

        self.file_menu = self.menubar.addMenu('File')
        self.edit_menu = self.menubar.addMenu('Edit')
        self.view_menu = self.menubar.addMenu('View')
        self.window_menu = self.menubar.addMenu('Window')
        self.help_menu = self.menubar.addMenu('Help')

        self.file_menu.addAction('Open')
        self.file_menu.addAction('Close')
        self.file_menu.addAction('Exit')

        self.edit_menu.addAction('Undo')
        self.edit_menu.addAction('Redo')
        self.edit_menu.addAction('Copy')
        self.edit_menu.addAction('Paste')
        self.edit_menu.addAction('Delete')

        self.view_menu.addAction('Zoom In')
        self.view_menu.addAction('Zoom Out')

        self.window_menu.addAction('Minimize')
        self.window_menu.addAction('Maximize')
        self.window_menu.addAction('Close')

        self.help_menu.addAction('User Manual')
        self.help_menu.addAction('About')

        self.show()

Given question below:
------------
Creating a user interface with PyQt5 to build a multi-level menu bar
1. The first level of the menu bar includes "File", "Edit", "View", "Window", "Help"
2. The submenu of the File menu bar consists of "Open", "Close", "Exit"
3. The submenu of the Edit menu bar includes "Undo", "Redo", "Copy", "Paste", "Delete"
4. The submenu of the View menu bar consists of "Zoom In", "Zoom Out"
5. The submenu of the Window menu bar includes "Minimize", "Maximize", "Close"
6. The submenu of the Help menu bar consists of "User Manual", "About"
7. The coding format requires packing the whole UI code into a class named MenuApp, initializing the menu bar in the __init__ method, with the variables being file_menu, edit_menu, view_menu, window_menu, help_menu respectively.
------------

We try to solve it with code:
```python
import sys
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QMainWindow, QAction, qApp

class MenuApp(QMainWindow):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

        menubar = self.menuBar()

        file_menu = menubar.addMenu('File')
        open_action = QAction('Open', self)
        close_action = QAction('Close', self)
        exit_action = QAction('Exit', self)
        exit_action.triggered.connect(qApp.quit)
        file_menu.addAction(open_action)
        file_menu.addAction(close_action)
        file_menu.addAction(exit_action)

        edit_menu = menubar.addMenu('Edit')
        undo_action = QAction('Undo', self)
        redo_action = QAction('Redo', self)
        copy_action = QAction('Copy', self)
        paste_action = QAction('Paste', self)
        delete_action = QAction('Delete', self)
        edit_menu.addAction(undo_action)
        edit_menu.addAction(redo_action)
        edit_menu.addAction(copy_action)
        edit_menu.addAction(paste_action)
        edit_menu.addAction(delete_action)

        view_menu = menubar.addMenu('View')
        zoom_in_action = QAction('Zoom In', self)
        zoom_out_action = QAction('Zoom Out', self)
        view_menu.addAction(zoom_in_action)
        view_menu.addAction(zoom_out_action)

        window_menu = menubar.addMenu('Window')
        minimize_action = QAction('Minimize', self)
        maximize_action = QAction('Maximize', self)
        close_window_action = QAction('Close', self)
        window_menu.addAction(minimize_action)
        window_menu.addAction(maximize_action)
        window_menu.addAction(close_window_action)

        help_menu = menubar.addMenu('Help')
        user_manual_action = QAction('User Manual', self)
        about_action = QAction('About', self)
        help_menu.addAction(user_manual_action)
        help_menu.addAction(about_action)

        self.setWindowTitle('Multi-level Menu Example')
        self.setGeometry(300, 300, 300, 200)

def main():
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    ex = MenuApp()
    ex.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())
```

But some error occurs during execution:
------------
QStandardPaths: XDG_RUNTIME_DIR not set, defaulting to '/tmp/runtime-root'
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpy59bp2k5/tmpkbretaq0.py", line 97, in <module>
    check()
  File "/tmp/tmpy59bp2k5/tmpkbretaq0.py", line 77, in check
    file_menu = menu_app.file_menu
AttributeError: 'MenuApp' object has no attribute 'file_menu'

------------

Please try to analyze the cause of the error and give the full code after the modification (with markdown code block format)

#pyqt_test_4

#<INSERT>

def check():
    from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)

    # def test_menubar():
    menu_app = MenuApp()

    file_menu = menu_app.file_menu
    assert file_menu.title() == 'File'
    assert [action.text() for action in file_menu.actions()] == ['Open', 'Close', 'Exit']

    edit_menu = menu_app.edit_menu
    assert edit_menu.title() == 'Edit'
    assert [action.text() for action in edit_menu.actions()] == ['Undo', 'Redo', 'Copy', 'Paste', 'Delete']

    edit_menu = menu_app.view_menu
    assert edit_menu.title() == 'View'
    assert [action.text() for action in edit_menu.actions()] == ['Zoom In', 'Zoom Out']

    edit_menu = menu_app.window_menu
    assert edit_menu.title() == 'Window'
    assert [action.text() for action in edit_menu.actions()] == ['Minimize', 'Maximize', 'Close']

    edit_menu = menu_app.help_menu
    assert edit_menu.title() == 'Help'
    assert [action.text() for action in edit_menu.actions()] == ['User Manual', 'About']

check()


from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QMainWindow, QPushButton, QVBoxLayout, QLabel, QWidget
from PyQt5.QtGui import QPainter, QPainterPath, QPixmap, QBrush, QColor
from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt
import sys
import math

class ShapeDrawer(QMainWindow):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

        self.main_widget = QWidget()
        self.setCentralWidget(self.main_widget)

        vbox = QVBoxLayout()

        self.canvas = QLabel()
        self.pixmap = QPixmap(500, 500)
        self.pixmap.fill(Qt.white)
        self.canvas.setPixmap(self.pixmap)

        vbox.addWidget(self.canvas)

        self.triangle_button = QPushButton("Draw Triangle")
        self.triangle_button.clicked.connect(self.drawTriangle)
        vbox.addWidget(self.triangle_button)

        self.square_button = QPushButton("Draw Square")
        self.square_button.clicked.connect(self.drawSquare)
        vbox.addWidget(self.square_button)

        self.main_widget.setLayout(vbox)
        self.shape = 'nan'
        self.color = 'nan'
    def drawTriangle(self):
        painter = QPainter(self.pixmap)
        path = QPainterPath()

        path.moveTo(-100, -58)
        path.lineTo(100, -58)
        path.lineTo(0, 116)
        path.closeSubpath()

        painter.setBrush(QColor("red"))
        painter.drawPath(path)
        painter.end()

        self.canvas.setPixmap(self.pixmap)
        self.shape = 'triangle'
        self.color ='red'

    def drawSquare(self):
        painter = QPainter(self.pixmap)
        painter.setBrush(QColor("green"))
        painter.drawRect(-100, -100, 200, 200)
        self.color ='green'
        painter.end()
        self.shape ='square'

        self.canvas.setPixmap(self.pixmap)

Given question below:
------------
Implement Drawing Different Shapes on a Canvas Using PyQt5
1. The interface includes a canvas for displaying graphics, and two buttons for selecting the type of graphics to be drawn. When the user clicks a button, we will draw the corresponding graphics on the canvas.
2. Draw a red triangle, corresponding to the 'triangle_button'
3. Draw a green square, the corresponding button is 'square_button'
4. Code format requirements: encapsulate the entire UI code into a class named ShapeDrawer, using the 'shape' and 'color' properties to record the current shape and color to be drawn.
------------

We try to solve it with code:
```python
import sys
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QWidget, QPushButton, QVBoxLayout
from PyQt5.QtGui import QPainter, QBrush, QPen
from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt

class ShapeDrawer(QWidget):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.initUI()
        self.shape = None
        self.color = None

    def initUI(self):
        self.setGeometry(300, 300, 280, 270)
        self.setWindowTitle('Shape Drawer')

        layout = QVBoxLayout()

        self.triangle_button = QPushButton('Draw Triangle', self)
        self.triangle_button.clicked.connect(self.set_triangle)
        layout.addWidget(self.triangle_button)

        self.square_button = QPushButton('Draw Square', self)
        self.square_button.clicked.connect(self.set_square)
        layout.addWidget(self.square_button)

        self.setLayout(layout)

    def set_triangle(self):
        self.shape = 'triangle'
        self.color = Qt.red
        self.update()

    def set_square(self):
        self.shape = 'square'
        self.color = Qt.green
        self.update()

    def paintEvent(self, event):
        if self.shape and self.color:
            qp = QPainter(self)
            qp.setPen(QPen(self.color,  8, Qt.SolidLine))
            qp.setBrush(QBrush(self.color, Qt.SolidPattern))

            if self.shape == 'triangle':
                points = [
                    QPoint(140, 100),
                    QPoint(100, 200),
                    QPoint(180, 200)
                ]
                qp.drawPolygon(QPolygon(points))

            elif self.shape == 'square':
                qp.drawRect(100, 100, 100, 100)

            qp.end()

def main():
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    ex = ShapeDrawer()
    ex.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())
```

But some error occurs during execution:
------------
QStandardPaths: XDG_RUNTIME_DIR not set, defaulting to '/tmp/runtime-root'
This plugin does not support propagateSizeHints()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmppf0gged1/tmpeiqcxao4.py", line 83, in <module>
    check()
  File "/tmp/tmppf0gged1/tmpeiqcxao4.py", line 76, in check
    assert shape_drawer.color == "red"
AssertionError

------------

Please try to analyze the cause of the error and give the full code after the modification (with markdown code block format)

#<INSERT>

def check():
    from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication
    from PyQt5.QtTest import QTest
    from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    shape_drawer = ShapeDrawer()
    shape_drawer.show()
    QTest.mouseClick(shape_drawer.triangle_button, Qt.LeftButton)
    assert shape_drawer.shape == "triangle"
    assert shape_drawer.color == "red"

    QTest.mouseClick(shape_drawer.square_button, Qt.LeftButton)
    assert shape_drawer.shape == "square"
    print(f'>>> {shape_drawer.color}')
    assert shape_drawer.color == "green"

check()


def solve(necklace):
    """
    Calculate the maximum number of beads that can be collected from both ends of a necklace.

    :param necklace: A string representing the necklace composed of 'r', 'b', and 'w' beads.
    :return: The maximum number of beads that can be collected.
    """
    def count_beads(s, color):
        count = 0
        for bead in s:
            if bead == 'w' or bead == color:
                count += 1
            else:
                break
        return count

    max_beads = 0
    n = len(necklace)

    for i in range(n):
        # Rotate the necklace to start from the ith bead
        rotated_necklace = necklace[i:] + necklace[:i]

        # Count beads from the left
        left_count_red = count_beads(rotated_necklace, 'r')
        left_count_blue = count_beads(rotated_necklace, 'b')

        # Count beads from the right
        right_count_red = count_beads(rotated_necklace[::-1], 'r')
        right_count_blue = count_beads(rotated_necklace[::-1], 'b')

        # Calculate maximum beads that can be collected
        max_beads = max(max_beads, max(left_count_red + right_count_blue, left_count_blue + right_count_red))

    return min(max_beads, n)

Given question below:
------------
Please write a Python function `solve(necklace)` to solve this problem:
You have a necklace represented by a string `necklace`, composed of red beads 'r', blue beads 'b' and white beads 'w', arranged at random and up to 350 beads in length.
Suppose you want to break this necklace, lay it out flat, and then start collecting beads of the same color from one end until you encounter a bead of a different color, doing the same at the other end (the color may be different from the previous collection).
While collecting the beads, a encountered white bead can be considered as either red or blue.
Please calculate and return the maximum number of beads that can be collected.

>>> solve('wwwbbrwrbrbrrbrbrwrwwrbwrwrrb')
11

"This problem can be solved by dynamic programming, with the main steps as follows:

1. **Define dp array and its corresponding meaning**: Define a two-dimensional array `dp[i][j]`, where i and j represent the index of two positions in the necklace, `dp[i][j]` represents the maximum number of beads that can be collected from position i to position j.

2. **Derive the Recursion Relation**: If `necklace[i]` and `necklace[j]` are the same color, then `dp[i][j] = dp[i + 1][j - 1] + 2`. If `necklace[i]` and `necklace[j]` are different colors, `dp[i][j] = max(dp[i + 1][j], dp[i][j - 1])`.

3. **dp Array Initialization**: When `i` and `j` are equal, `dp[i][j]` is 1 because there is only one bead. When `i` and `j` differ by 1, `dp[i][j]` is 2 because there are two beads of the same color.

4. **Determine the Traversal Order of the dp Array**: For each position `i` and`j`, choose to start collecting beads from position `i`, or position `j`. If you start collecting beads from position `i`, you can choose to collect to position `j`, or stop collecting when you encounter a bead of a different color. If you start collecting beads from position `j`, you can choose to collect to position `i`, or stop collecting when you encounter a bead of a different color.

5. **Result**: The maximum number of beads that can be collected is found by traversing the dp array."
------------

We try to solve it with code:
```python
def solve(necklace):
    n = len(necklace)
    if n == 0:
        return 0
    extended_necklace = necklace + necklace
    max_beads = 0
    for start in range(n):
        left = start
        right = start + n - 1
        count_r = 0
        count_b = 0
        max_local = 0
        left_color = None
        for i in range(left, left + n):
            if extended_necklace[i] == 'w':
                count_r += 1
                count_b += 1
            elif extended_necklace[i] == 'r':
                if left_color is None:
                    left_color = 'r'
                if left_color == 'r':
                    count_r += 1
                else:
                    break
            elif extended_necklace[i] == 'b':
                if left_color is None:
                    left_color = 'b'
                if left_color == 'b':
                    count_b += 1
                else:
                    break
        right_color = None
        for j in range(right, right - n, -1):
            if extended_necklace[j] == 'w':
                count_r += 1
                count_b += 1
            elif extended_necklace[j] == 'r':
                if right_color is None:
                    right_color = 'r'
                if right_color == 'r':
                    count_r += 1
                else:
                    break
            elif extended_necklace[j] == 'b':
                if right_color is None:
                    right_color = 'b'
                if right_color == 'b':
                    count_b += 1
                else:
                    break
        max_local = max(count_r, count_b)
        max_beads = max(max_beads, max_local)
    return max_beads
```

But some error occurs during execution:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpcn7z_uvx/tmpwqpz00p5.py", line 63, in <module>
    assert solve('wwwbbrwrbrbrrbrbrwrwwrbwrwrrb') == 11
AssertionError

------------

Please try to analyze the cause of the error and give the full code after the modification (with markdown code block format)

#<INSERT>

assert solve('wwwbbrwrbrbrrbrbrwrwwrbwrwrrb') == 11
assert solve('bbbbb') == 5
assert solve('bbbbbwwrrrrr') == 12
assert solve('bbbbwwb') == 7


from PyQt5.QtWidgets import  QWidget, QVBoxLayout, QLabel, QPushButton
from PyQt5.QtCore import QTimer, QTime

class TimerApp(QWidget):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

        self.timer = QTimer()
        self.time = QTime(0, 0)

        self.init_ui()

    def init_ui(self):
        self.timer.timeout.connect(self.update_timer)
        self.setGeometry(200, 200, 200, 200)
        self.setWindowTitle('Timer')

        self.layout = QVBoxLayout()
        self.setLayout(self.layout)

        self.label = QLabel('00:00:00')
        self.layout.addWidget(self.label)

        self.start_button = QPushButton('Start')
        self.start_button.clicked.connect(self.start_timer)
        self.layout.addWidget(self.start_button)

        self.stop_button = QPushButton('Stop')
        self.stop_button.clicked.connect(self.stop_timer)
        self.layout.addWidget(self.stop_button)

        self.clear_button = QPushButton('Clear')  # <-- 添加 Clear 按钮
        self.clear_button.clicked.connect(self.clear_timer)  # <-- 连接到新的 clear_timer 方法
        self.layout.addWidget(self.clear_button)

        self.show()

    def start_timer(self):
        self.timer.start(1000)

    def stop_timer(self):
        self.timer.stop()

    def clear_timer(self):   # <-- 新的 clear_timer 方法
        self.timer.stop()
        self.time = QTime(0, 0)
        self.label.setText(self.time.toString())

    def update_timer(self):
        self.time = self.time.addSecs(1)
        self.label.setText(self.time.toString())

Given question below:
------------
Create an interface using PyQt5 to implement a timer function with the following requirements:
1. Provide a text box to display the time, initialized to 00:00:00
2. There are three buttons under the text box, one to start timing (start), one to stop timing (stop), and one to reset the timer (clear)
3. When start is clicked, the timer starts and the time display in the text box starts to change; when stop is clicked, the timer stops and the text box displays the elapsed time; when clear is clicked, the text box resets to the initial time 00:00:00
4. Code format requirements: encapsulate the entire ui code into a class called TimerApp, with the start timing function named start_button, the stop timing function named stop_button, and the reset timing function named clear_button;
------------

We try to solve it with code:
```python
import sys
from PyQt5.QtCore import QTimer, QTime
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QWidget, QVBoxLayout, QPushButton, QLineEdit

class TimerApp(QWidget):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.initUI()

    def initUI(self):
        self.timer = QTimer(self)
        self.timer.timeout.connect(self.update_time)
        self.time = QTime(0, 0, 0)

        self.textbox = QLineEdit("00:00:00", self)
        self.textbox.setReadOnly(True)
        self.textbox.setAlignment(Qt.AlignCenter)

        self.start_button = QPushButton('Start', self)
        self.start_button.clicked.connect(self.start_timer)

        self.stop_button = QPushButton('Stop', self)
        self.stop_button.clicked.connect(self.stop_timer)

        self.clear_button = QPushButton('Clear', self)
        self.clear_button.clicked.connect(self.clear_timer)

        layout = QVBoxLayout(self)
        layout.addWidget(self.textbox)
        layout.addWidget(self.start_button)
        layout.addWidget(self.stop_button)
        layout.addWidget(self.clear_button)

        self.setLayout(layout)
        self.setWindowTitle('Timer App')
        self.show()

    def start_timer(self):
        self.timer.start(1000)

    def stop_timer(self):
        self.timer.stop()

    def clear_timer(self):
        self.timer.stop()
        self.time.setHMS(0, 0, 0)
        self.textbox.setText("00:00:00")

    def update_time(self):
        self.time = self.time.addSecs(1)
        self.textbox.setText(self.time.toString("hh:mm:ss"))
```

But some error occurs during execution:
------------
QStandardPaths: XDG_RUNTIME_DIR not set, defaulting to '/tmp/runtime-root'
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpr7laq9da/tmpw74w_2ev.py", line 86, in <module>
    check()
  File "/tmp/tmpr7laq9da/tmpw74w_2ev.py", line 66, in check
    window = TimerApp()
  File "/tmp/tmpr7laq9da/tmpw74w_2ev.py", line 10, in __init__
    self.initUI()
  File "/tmp/tmpr7laq9da/tmpw74w_2ev.py", line 20, in initUI
    self.textbox.setAlignment(Qt.AlignCenter)
NameError: name 'Qt' is not defined

------------

Please try to analyze the cause of the error and give the full code after the modification (with markdown code block format)

#pyqt_test_3

#<INSERT>

def check():

    from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication
    from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt
    from PyQt5.QtTest import QTest

    app = QApplication([])

    window = TimerApp()
    QTest.mouseClick(window.start_button, Qt.LeftButton)
    QTest.qWait(2000)
    # print(window.time)
    assert window.time > QTime(0, 0)

    QTest.mouseClick(window.start_button, Qt.LeftButton)
    QTest.qWait(1000)
    QTest.mouseClick(window.stop_button, Qt.LeftButton)
    time_when_stopped = window.time
    QTest.qWait(1000)
    assert window.time == time_when_stopped

    QTest.mouseClick(window.start_button, Qt.LeftButton)
    QTest.qWait(1000)
    QTest.mouseClick(window.clear_button, Qt.LeftButton)

    assert window.time == QTime(0, 0)

check()


import unittest

def triples_sum_to_zero(l: list):
    for i in range(len(l)):
        for j in range(i + 1, len(l)):
            for k in range(j + 1, len(l)):
                if l[i] + l[j] + l[k] == 0:
                    return True
    return False

class TestSum(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_triples_sum_to_zero(self):
        self.assertEqual(triples_sum_to_zero([1, 3, 5, 0]), False)
        self.assertEqual(triples_sum_to_zero([1, 3, 5, -1]), False)
        self.assertEqual(triples_sum_to_zero([1, 3, -2, 1]), True)
        self.assertEqual(triples_sum_to_zero([1, 2, 3, 7]), False)
        self.assertEqual(triples_sum_to_zero([1, 2, 5, 7]), False)
        self.assertEqual(triples_sum_to_zero([2, 4, -5, 3, 9, 7]), True)
        self.assertEqual(triples_sum_to_zero([1]), False)
        self.assertEqual(triples_sum_to_zero([1, 3, 5, -100]), False)
        self.assertEqual(triples_sum_to_zero([100, 3, 5, -100]), False)

Given question below:
------------
Please write unittest cases for the following python function:

def triples_sum_to_zero(l: list):
    for i in range(len(l)):
        for j in range(i + 1, len(l)):
            for k in range(j + 1, len(l)):
                if l[i] + l[j] + l[k] == 0:
                    return True
    return False

The answer should meet the following requirements:
1. These unit test cases should correctly use the testing framework, have reasonable inputs and test result assertions.
2. Please write the test code in a markdown ```python``` wrapper.
3. Please only provide the test code and unittest.main() to execute all test cases and output test results. There is no need to write or import the function to be tested.
------------

We try to solve it with code:
```python
import unittest

class TestTriplesSumToZero(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_triples_sum_to_zero_true(self):
        self.assertTrue(triples_sum_to_zero([-1, 0, 1, 2]))

    def test_triples_sum_to_zero_false(self):
        self.assertFalse(triples_sum_to_zero([1, 2, 3, 4]))

    def test_triples_sum_to_zero_empty(self):
        self.assertFalse(triples_sum_to_zero([]))

    def test_triples_sum_to_zero_single_element(self):
        self.assertFalse(triples_sum_to_zero([0]))

    def test_triples_sum_to_zero_two_elements(self):
        self.assertFalse(triples_sum_to_zero([-1, 1]))

    def test_triples_sum_to_zero_negatives(self):
        self.assertTrue(triples_sum_to_zero([-1, -2, 3]))

    def test_triples_sum_to_zero_zeros(self):
        self.assertTrue(triples_sum_to_zero([0, 0, 0]))

    def test_triples_sum_to_zero_large_numbers(self):
        self.assertFalse(triples_sum_to_zero([1000, -500, -500, 1000]))

    def test_triples_sum_to_zero_mixed(self):
        self.assertTrue(triples_sum_to_zero([-10, 5, 1, 4, 0, 5]))

    def test_triples_sum_to_zero_duplicates(self):
        self.assertTrue(triples_sum_to_zero([2, 2, -4, 3]))
```

But some error occurs during execution:
------------
...F......
======================================================================
FAIL: test_triples_sum_to_zero_large_numbers (__main__.TestTriplesSumToZero)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmp5n2rkdfn/tmpix7pp8vp.py", line 39, in test_triples_sum_to_zero_large_numbers
    self.assertFalse(triples_sum_to_zero([1000, -500, -500, 1000]))
AssertionError: True is not false

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 10 tests in 0.001s

FAILED (failures=1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmp5n2rkdfn/tmpix7pp8vp.py", line 63, in <module>
    assert tp.result.wasSuccessful()
AssertionError

------------

Please try to analyze the cause of the error and give the full code after the modification (with markdown code block format)

import unittest
import inspect
import coverage

def triples_sum_to_zero(l: list):
    for i in range(len(l)):
        for j in range(i + 1, len(l)):
            for k in range(j + 1, len(l)):
                if l[i] + l[j] + l[k] == 0:
                    return True
    return False

#<INSERT>

if __name__ == '__main__':
    cov = coverage.Coverage()
    cov.start()
    tp = unittest.main(exit=False)
    cov.stop()

    all = []
    lines = inspect.getsourcelines(triples_sum_to_zero)
    start_line, end_line = lines[1] + 1, lines[1] + len(lines[0])
    all.extend(range(start_line, end_line))
    _, exec_lines, miss_lines, _ = cov.analysis(__file__)
    r_exec = [n for n in exec_lines if n in all]
    r_miss = [n for n in miss_lines if n in all]
    percentage = (len(r_exec) - len(r_miss)) / len(r_exec) * 100
    print(f'[coverage] {percentage}%')
    assert tp.result.wasSuccessful()
    assert percentage > 59


import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
import math

class MultiHeadSelfAttention(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, n_head, dim, p_drop=0.1):
        super(MultiHeadSelfAttention, self).__init__()
        self.dim = dim
        self.n_head = n_head
        self.head_dim = dim // n_head
        assert self.head_dim * n_head == dim, "dim must be divisible by n_head"

        self.qkv = nn.Linear(dim, dim * 3)  # 生成Q, K, V
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(p_drop)
        self.out = nn.Linear(dim, dim)

    def forward(self, x):
        B, T, C = x.shape
        qkv = self.qkv(x).reshape(B, T, 3, self.n_head, self.head_dim).permute(2, 0, 3, 1, 4)
        q, k, v = qkv[0], qkv[1], qkv[2]  # 分离查询、键、值

        # 计算注意力分数
        attn = (q @ k.transpose(-2, -1)) * (1.0 / math.sqrt(self.head_dim))
        attn = F.softmax(attn, dim=-1)
        attn = self.dropout(attn)

        # 应用注意力机制
        weighted_avg = attn @ v
        weighted_avg = weighted_avg.transpose(1, 2).reshape(B, T, C)

        return self.out(weighted_avg)

Given question below:
------------
Implement a Multi-Head Self Attention module used in a Transformer model with PyTorch.
Define a Module called MultiHeadSelfAttention:
1. During initialization, specify the number of heads n_head, the size of dim, and the dropout ratio p_drop in sequence.
2. During forward, input a tensor with a shape of [batch_size, seq_len, dim] and output a tensor with the same shape.
------------

We try to solve it with code:
```python
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F

class MultiHeadSelfAttention(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, n_head, dim, p_drop):
        super(MultiHeadSelfAttention, self).__init__()
        assert dim % n_head == 0, "Dimension must be divisible by the number of heads."

        self.n_head = n_head
        self.dim = dim
        self.d_k = dim // n_head

        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(p_drop)

    def forward(self, x):
        batch_size, seq_len, dim = x.size()

        qkv = self.qkv_linear(x)  # [batch_size, seq_len, 3 * dim]
        qkv = qkv.view(batch_size, seq_len, 3, self.n_head, self.d_k)
        qkv = qkv.permute(2, 0, 3, 1, 4)  # [3, batch_size, n_head, seq_len, d_k]
        query, key, value = qkv[0], qkv[1], qkv[2]

        scores = torch.matmul(query, key.transpose(-2, -1)) / math.sqrt(self.d_k)
        attention = F.softmax(scores, dim=-1)
        attention = self.dropout(attention)

        out = torch.matmul(attention, value)  # [batch_size, n_head, seq_len, d_k]
        out = out.transpose(1, 2).contiguous().view(batch_size, seq_len, dim)

        result = self.output_linear(out)  # [batch_size, seq_len, dim]

        return result
```

But some error occurs during execution:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpv9weg36w/tmpou3ud8za.py", line 60, in <module>
    y = attn(x)
  File "/root/miniconda3/envs/sandbox-runtime/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/nn/modules/module.py", line 1518, in _wrapped_call_impl
    return self._call_impl(*args, **kwargs)
  File "/root/miniconda3/envs/sandbox-runtime/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/nn/modules/module.py", line 1527, in _call_impl
    return forward_call(*args, **kwargs)
  File "/tmp/tmpv9weg36w/tmpou3ud8za.py", line 28, in forward
    scores = torch.matmul(query, key.transpose(-2, -1)) / math.sqrt(self.d_k)
NameError: name 'math' is not defined

------------

Please try to analyze the cause of the error and give the full code after the modification (with markdown code block format)


def compute_gae(rewards, values, next_value, masks, gamma=0.99, tau=0.95):
    values.append(next_value)
    gaes = []
    gae = 0
    for step in reversed(range(len(rewards))):
        delta = rewards[step] + gamma * values[step + 1] * masks[step] - values[step]
        gae = delta + gamma * tau * masks[step] * gae
        gaes.append(gae)
    return gaes[::-1]

Given question below:
------------
Implement the function `compute_gae(rewards, values, next_value, masks, gamma, tau)`, where `rewards` is a list of rewards, `values` is a list of value predictions, `next_value` is the value prediction of the next state of the last state in the trajectory, `masks` is a list of Booleans indicating whether the current time step is non-terminal, `gamma` is the discount factor, and `tau` is the exponential weight. The function should return a list of GAE estimations for each time step.
------------

We try to solve it with code:
```python
def compute_gae(rewards, values, next_value, masks, gamma, tau):
    gae = 0
    returns = []

    for step in reversed(range(len(rewards))):
        if step == len(rewards) - 1:
            delta = rewards[step] + gamma * next_value * masks[step] - values[step]
        else:
            delta = rewards[step] + gamma * values[step + 1] * masks[step] - values[step]

        gae = delta + gamma * tau * masks[step] * gae

    return returns
```

But some error occurs during execution:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmp2ebilte8/tmph0r1wqqs.py", line 45, in <module>
    check()
  File "/tmp/tmp2ebilte8/tmph0r1wqqs.py", line 39, in check
    np.testing.assert_almost_equal(compute_gae(rewards, values, next_value, masks, gamma=0.99, tau=0.95), [4.342481538104812, 0.5023727146249994, 5.9036392499999994, 2.0985, -3.0], decimal=8)
  File "/root/miniconda3/envs/sandbox-runtime/lib/python3.10/contextlib.py", line 79, in inner
    return func(*args, **kwds)
  File "/root/miniconda3/envs/sandbox-runtime/lib/python3.10/site-packages/numpy/testing/_private/utils.py", line 521, in assert_almost_equal
    return assert_array_almost_equal(actual, desired, decimal, err_msg)
  File "/root/miniconda3/envs/sandbox-runtime/lib/python3.10/contextlib.py", line 79, in inner
    return func(*args, **kwds)
  File "/root/miniconda3/envs/sandbox-runtime/lib/python3.10/site-packages/numpy/testing/_private/utils.py", line 1034, in assert_array_almost_equal
    assert_array_compare(compare, x, y, err_msg=err_msg, verbose=verbose,
  File "/root/miniconda3/envs/sandbox-runtime/lib/python3.10/contextlib.py", line 79, in inner
    return func(*args, **kwds)
  File "/root/miniconda3/envs/sandbox-runtime/lib/python3.10/site-packages/numpy/testing/_private/utils.py", line 797, in assert_array_compare
    raise AssertionError(msg)
AssertionError:
Arrays are not almost equal to 8 decimals

Mismatched elements: 5 / 5 (100%)
Max absolute difference: 13.
Max relative difference: 25.87720157
 x: array([14.34248154, 13.50237271, 10.90363925,  9.0985    ,  5.        ])
 y: array([ 4.34248154,  0.50237271,  5.90363925,  2.0985    , -3.        ])

------------

Please try to analyze the cause of the error and give the full code after the modification (with markdown code block format)

#<INSERT>

def check():
    import numpy as np
    rewards = [1, 3, 2, 4, 5]
    values = [10, 13, 5, 7, 8]
    next_value = 1
    masks = [True, True, True, True, False]
    np.testing.assert_almost_equal(compute_gae(rewards, values, next_value, masks, gamma=0.99, tau=0.95), [4.342481538104812, 0.5023727146249994, 5.9036392499999994, 2.0985, -3.0], decimal=8)
    rewards = [1, 7, 10]
    values = [-2, 3, 6]
    next_value = 8
    masks = [True, True, True]
    np.testing.assert_almost_equal(compute_gae(rewards, values, next_value, masks, gamma=0.99, tau=0.95), [25.86228978, 21.150760000000002, 11.920000000000002], decimal=8)
check()


import unittest

def prod_signs(arr):
    if not arr: return None
    prod = 0 if 0 in arr else (-1) ** len(list(filter(lambda x: x < 0, arr)))
    return prod * sum([abs(i) for i in arr])

class TestProdSigns(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_prod_signs(self):
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([1, 2, 2, -4]), -9)
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([0, 1]), 0)
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([1, 1, 1, 2, 3, -1, 1]), -10)
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([]), None)
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([2, 4,1, 2, -1, -1, 9]), 20)
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([-1, 1, -1, 1]), 4)
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([-1, 1, 1, 1]), -4)
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([-1, 1, 1, 0]), 0)

Given question below:
------------
Please write unit test cases for the following python function using unittest:
```python
def prod_signs(arr):
    if not arr: return None
    prod = 0 if 0 in arr else (-1) ** len(list(filter(lambda x: x < 0, arr)))
    return prod * sum([abs(i) for i in arr])
```

Answers should meet the following requirements:
1. These unit test cases should be correctly utilizing the test framework, with appropriate input and test result assertions.
2. Please write your test code in a markdown ```python``` wrapper.
3. Please only provide test codes and unittest.main() for running all test cases and outputting test results. There is no need to write out or import the function being tested.
------------

We try to solve it with code:
```python
import unittest

class TestProdSigns(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_empty_list(self):
        self.assertIsNone(prod_signs([]), "Should be None for empty list")

    def test_all_positive_numbers(self):
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([1, 2, 3]), 6, "Should return the sum 6")

    def test_all_negative_numbers(self):
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([-1, -2, -3]), -6, "Should return the negative sum -6")

    def test_mixed_sign_numbers(self):
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([-1, 2, -3]), -6, "Should return the negative sum -6")

    def test_contains_zero(self):
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([0, 1, -2]), 0, "Should return 0 if array contains zero")

    def test_single_positive_number(self):
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([5]), 5, "Should return the number itself")

    def test_single_negative_number(self):
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([-5]), -5, "Should return the negative number itself")

    def test_single_zero(self):
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([0]), 0, "Should return 0 for single zero")
```

But some error occurs during execution:
------------
....F...
======================================================================
FAIL: test_mixed_sign_numbers (__main__.TestProdSigns)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpu_bg8fod/tmpac3m32lh.py", line 23, in test_mixed_sign_numbers
    self.assertEqual(prod_signs([-1, 2, -3]), -6, "Should return the negative sum -6")
AssertionError: 6 != -6 : Should return the negative sum -6

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 8 tests in 0.001s

FAILED (failures=1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpu_bg8fod/tmpac3m32lh.py", line 53, in <module>
    assert tp.result.wasSuccessful()
AssertionError

------------

Please try to analyze the cause of the error and give the full code after the modification (with markdown code block format)

import unittest
import inspect
import coverage

def prod_signs(arr):
    if not arr: return None
    prod = 0 if 0 in arr else (-1) ** len(list(filter(lambda x: x < 0, arr)))
    return prod * sum([abs(i) for i in arr])

#<INSERT>

if __name__ == '__main__':
    cov = coverage.Coverage()
    cov.start()
    tp = unittest.main(exit=False)
    cov.stop()

    all = []
    lines = inspect.getsourcelines(prod_signs)
    start_line, end_line = lines[1] + 1, lines[1] + len(lines[0])
    all.extend(range(start_line, end_line))
    _, exec_lines, miss_lines, _ = cov.analysis(__file__)
    r_exec = [n for n in exec_lines if n in all]
    r_miss = [n for n in miss_lines if n in all]
    percentage = (len(r_exec) - len(r_miss)) / len(r_exec) * 100
    print(f'[coverage] {percentage}%')
    assert tp.result.wasSuccessful()
    assert percentage > 59


def auroc(truth, pred):
    """
    Compute the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUROC).
    """
    # Create a list of tuples (prediction, truth)
    data = list(zip(pred, truth))
    # Sort the tuples by prediction in descending order
    data.sort(key=lambda x: x[0], reverse=True)

    # Initialize counters for true positives and false positives
    tp, fp = 0, 0
    # Total number of positives and negatives
    total_positives = sum(truth)
    total_negatives = len(truth) - total_positives

    # Variables to store the previous TPR and FPR
    prev_tpr = prev_fpr = 0
    # Variable to store the area under curve
    auc = 0

    for i in range(len(data)):
        if data[i][1] == 1:  # If the point is a true positive
            tp += 1
        else:  # If the point is a false positive
            fp += 1

        # Calculate true positive rate and false positive rate
        tpr = tp / total_positives if total_positives else 0
        fpr = fp / total_negatives if total_negatives else 0

        # Calculate the area using trapezoidal rule
        auc += (fpr - prev_fpr) * (tpr + prev_tpr) / 2

        # Update previous TPR and FPR
        prev_tpr, prev_fpr = tpr, fpr

    return auc

Given question below:
------------
Please write a Python function `auroc(truth, pred)` to solve this problem:
For a binary classification problem, given the truth values (either 0 or 1) and predicted values, please calculate and return its area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.
Do not use libraries such as numpy or scipy to simplify this problem.
>>> auroc([0, 0, 1, 1], [0.1, 0.4, 0.35, 0.8])
0.75
------------

We try to solve it with code:
```python
def auroc(truth, pred):
    data = list(zip(truth, pred))
    data.sort(key=lambda x: x[1])

    n_pos = sum(1 for t, _ in data if t == 1)
    n_neg = len(data) - n_pos

    previous_pred = None

    for i in range(len(data)):
        if data[i][1] != previous_pred:
            if previous_pred is not None:
                tpr_prev = tp_prev / n_pos if n_pos != 0 else 0
                tpr = tp / n_pos if n_pos != 0 else 0
                fpr_prev = fp_prev / n_neg if n_neg != 0 else 0
                fpr = fp / n_neg if n_neg != 0 else 0
                auc += (fpr - fpr_prev) * (tpr + tpr_prev) / 2

            tp_prev = tp
            fp_prev = fp
            previous_pred = data[i][1]

        if data[i][0] == 1:
            tp += 1
        else:
            fp += 1

    tpr_prev = tp_prev / n_pos if n_pos != 0 else 0
    tpr = tp / n_pos if n_pos != 0 else 0
    fpr_prev = fp_prev / n_neg if n_neg != 0 else 0
    fpr = fp / n_neg if n_neg != 0 else 0
    auc += (fpr - fpr_prev) * (tpr + tpr_prev) / 2

    return auc
```

But some error occurs during execution:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpwr058rr3/tmp3ttgp760.py", line 51, in <module>
    check()
  File "/tmp/tmpwr058rr3/tmp3ttgp760.py", line 49, in check
    assert auroc([0, 0, 1, 1], [0.1, 0.4, 0.35, 0.8]) == 0.75
AssertionError

------------

Please try to analyze the cause of the error and give the full code after the modification (with markdown code block format)


def convolution_operator(image, kernel):
    """
    Apply a convolution operator to an image.

    :param image: A 2D array or list representing the image.
    :param kernel: A 2D array or list representing the convolution kernel.
    :return: A 2D array representing the result of the convolution.
    """
    import numpy as np

    # Convert image and kernel to numpy arrays
    image = np.array(image)
    kernel = np.array(kernel)

    # Get the dimensions of the image and kernel
    i_height, i_width = image.shape
    k_height, k_width = kernel.shape

    # Determine the size of the output array
    output_height = i_height - k_height + 1
    output_width = i_width - k_width + 1
    output = np.zeros((output_height, output_width))

    # Perform convolution
    for i in range(output_height):
        for j in range(output_width):
            output[i, j] = np.sum(image[i:i+k_height, j:j+k_width] * kernel)

    return output

Given question below:
------------
Please implement a simple convolution operator in Python. The function definition is def convolution_operator(image, kernel), where image is a two-dimensional array or list, representing the image to be processed, and kernel is a two-dimensional array or list, representing the convolution kernel. The return value of the function should be a two-dimensional array, representing the result after the convolution operation.

Note: To simplify the problem, you can assume that the size of the image and the convolution kernel is appropriate, no additional padding is needed, and the convolution stride is 1.
------------

We try to solve it with code:
```python
import numpy as np

def convolution_operator(image, kernel):
    image_height, image_width = image.shape
    kernel_height, kernel_width = kernel.shape

    output_height = image_height - kernel_height + 1
    output_width = image_width - kernel_width + 1

    output = np.zeros((output_height, output_width))

    for i in range(output_height):
        for j in range(output_width):
            image_region = image[i:i+kernel_height, j:j+kernel_width]
            output[i, j] = np.sum(image_region * kernel)

    return output

image = np.array([
    [1, 2, 3, 4],
    [5, 6, 7, 8],
    [9, 10, 11, 12],
    [13, 14, 15, 16]
])

kernel = np.array([
    [0, 1],
    [1, 0]
])

result = convolution_operator(image, kernel)
print(result)
```

But some error occurs during execution:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpztgysz28/tmplbikvzni.py", line 66, in <module>
    convoluted_image = convolution_operator(image, kernel)
  File "/tmp/tmpztgysz28/tmplbikvzni.py", line 5, in convolution_operator
    image_height, image_width = image.shape
AttributeError: 'list' object has no attribute 'shape'

------------

Please try to analyze the cause of the error and give the full code after the modification (with markdown code block format)

#<INSERT>

# Function to perform a naive convolution operation
def naive_convolution(image, kernel):
    image_height, image_width = len(image), len(image[0])
    kernel_height, kernel_width = len(kernel), len(kernel[0])
    output_height, output_width = image_height - kernel_height + 1, image_width - kernel_width + 1

    output = [[0 for _ in range(output_width)] for _ in range(output_height)]

    for i in range(output_height):
        for j in range(output_width):
            for ki in range(kernel_height):
                for kj in range(kernel_width):
                    output[i][j] += image[i + ki][j + kj] * kernel[ki][kj]
    return output

image = [[1, 2, 3, 4],
            [5, 6, 7, 8],
            [9, 10, 11, 12],
            [13, 14, 15, 16]]
kernel = [[-1, 0, 1],
            [-2, 0, 2],
            [-1, 0, 1]]

convoluted_image = convolution_operator(image, kernel)
expected_output = naive_convolution(image, kernel)

assert len(convoluted_image) == len(expected_output), "The convolution result is not as expected."
assert len(convoluted_image[0]) == len(expected_output[0]), "The convolution result is not as expected."
for i in range(len(expected_output)):
    for j in range(len(expected_output[i])):
        assert expected_output[i][j] == convoluted_image[i][j], f"The expected result is {expected_output}, but we got {convoluted_image} instead"


from io import StringIO
import pandas as pd
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.optim as optim

class IrisNet(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, num_classes):
        super(IrisNet, self).__init__()
        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(input_size, hidden_size)
        self.relu = nn.ReLU()
        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(hidden_size, num_classes)

    def forward(self, x):
        out = self.fc1(x)
        out = self.relu(out)
        out = self.fc2(out)
        return out

def train_and_predict(train_csv_str, test_csv_str):
    df_train = pd.read_csv(StringIO(train_csv_str), sep=',')
    df_train['label'] = pd.factorize(df_train['species'], sort=True)[0]
    label_map = dict(df_train.groupby(['label', 'species']).size().to_dict().keys())
    X_train = df_train[['sepal_length', 'sepal_width', 'petal_length', 'petal_width']].to_numpy()
    Y_train = df_train['label'].to_numpy()

    df_test = pd.read_csv(StringIO(test_csv_str), sep=',')
    X_test = df_test[['sepal_length', 'sepal_width', 'petal_length', 'petal_width']].to_numpy()

    model = IrisNet(4, 16, 3)
    criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
    optimizer = optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=0.1)

    X_train = torch.FloatTensor(X_train)
    Y_train = torch.LongTensor(Y_train)
    X_test = torch.FloatTensor(X_test)

    num_epochs = 50
    for epoch in range(num_epochs):
        Y_pred = model(X_train)
        loss = criterion(Y_pred, Y_train)
        optimizer.zero_grad()
        loss.backward()
        optimizer.step()

    with torch.no_grad():
        Y_test_pred = model(X_test)
        Y_test_label = torch.argmax(Y_test_pred, dim=-1)
        df_test['label'] = Y_test_label
        df_test['species'] = df_test['label'].apply(lambda x: label_map[x])
    return df_test

The iris dataset is a dataset for the classification of Iris flowers, which records 4 numerical features for each type of Iris: sepal_length, sepal_width, petal_length, petal_width.

A csv file stores this dataset, with a sample as follows:

sepal_length,sepal_width,petal_length,petal_width,species
5.1,3.5,1.4,0.2,setosa
4.9,3.0,1.4,0.2,setosa
4.7,3.2,1.3,0.2,setosa
4.6,3.1,1.5,0.2,setosa
5.0,3.6,1.4,0.2,setosa

Implement a Python function, train_and_predict(train_csv_str, test_csv_str). It takes in the string content of the training set csv file, train_csv_str, and the string content of the test set csv file, test_csv_str. Define a PyTorch neural network, train it with the training data, and predict the species for each sample in the test data. The function should return a DataFrame corresponding to the test set.
During input, the species column is not present in the test set, but it needs to be added and filled with the prediction results in the output.


def apply_permutation(perm, element):
    """应用置换perm到元素element上"""
    return tuple(perm[i-1] for i in element)

def find_inverse(perm):
    """找到置换的逆"""
    inverse = [0] * 3
    for i, p in enumerate(perm):
        inverse[p-1] = i+1
    return tuple(inverse)

def is_subgroup_of_S3(H):
    """检查集合H是否是S3的子群"""
    S3 = {(1, 2, 3), (2, 1, 3), (1, 3, 2), (3, 2, 1), (2, 3, 1), (3, 1, 2)}
    if (1, 2, 3) not in H:  # 检查是否包含单位元素
        return False
    for a in H:
        if a not in S3:
            return False
        for b in H:
            # 检查闭合性
            if apply_permutation(a, b) not in H:
                return False
        # 检查每个元素是否有逆元素
        if find_inverse(a) not in H:
            return False
    return True

Given question below:
------------
S3 is a group of all permutations of 3 elements.
Let's represent it in the format of a set of tuples: S3 = {(1, 2, 3), (2, 1, 3), (1, 3, 2), (3, 2, 1), (2, 3, 1), (3, 1, 2)}.
Each tuple represents a permutation:
(1, 2, 3) represents the identity permutation.
(2, 1, 3) represents the exchange of 1 and 2.
(1, 3, 2) represents the exchange of 2 and 3.
(3, 2, 1) represents the exchange of 1 and 3.
(2, 3, 1) represents the cyclic permutation (1 to 2, 2 to 3, 3 to 1).
(3, 1, 2) represents the cyclic permutation (1 to 3, 3 to 2, 2 to 1).

Please use Python to implement an is_subgroup_of_S3 function to judge whether the given set of tuple input is a subgroup of S3.
------------

We try to solve it with code:
```python
def compose_permutations(p1, p2):
    return tuple(p2[p1[i] - 1] for i in range(len(p1)))

def inverse_permutation(p):
    inverse = list(range(len(p)))
    for i, v in enumerate(p):
        inverse[v - 1] = i + 1
    return tuple(inverse)

def is_subgroup_of_S3(H):
    S3 = {(1, 2, 3), (2, 1, 3), (1, 3, 2), (3, 2, 1), (2, 3, 1), (3, 1, 2)}

        return False

        return False

    for p1 in H:
            return False
        for p2 in H:
                return False

    return True

```

But some error occurs during execution:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpgq_3sxae/tmp6kgv6hbs.py", line 59, in <module>
    assert (not is_subgroup_of_S3(t))
  File "/tmp/tmpgq_3sxae/tmp6kgv6hbs.py", line 27, in is_subgroup_of_S3
    if compose_permutations(p1, p2) not in H:  # 检查是否封闭
  File "/tmp/tmpgq_3sxae/tmp6kgv6hbs.py", line 4, in compose_permutations
    return tuple(p2[p1[i] - 1] for i in range(len(p1)))
  File "/tmp/tmpgq_3sxae/tmp6kgv6hbs.py", line 4, in <genexpr>
    return tuple(p2[p1[i] - 1] for i in range(len(p1)))
IndexError: tuple index out of range

------------

Please try to analyze the cause of the error and give the full code after the modification (with markdown code block format)


import requests
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
def fetch_url(url):
    response = requests.get(url)
    return response.status_code

def execute_concurrently(func, urls, max_workers=5):
    with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=max_workers) as executor:
        results = executor.map(func, urls)
    return list(results)

Given question below:
------------
Following the example below, use Python to write a function that makes concurrent page requests,
1. The web page request function is fetch_url, the input is a list of urls, and the return is the status code of the webpage
2. The concurrent request function is execute_concurrently, the input is the function fetch_url and url_list.
------------

We try to solve it with code:
```python
import requests
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed

def fetch_url(url):
    try:
        response = requests.get(url)
        return response.status_code
    except requests.RequestException as e:
        print(f"Error fetching {url}: {e}")
        return None

def execute_concurrently(function, url_list, max_workers=5):
    results = {}
    with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=max_workers) as executor:
        future_to_url = {executor.submit(function, url): url for url in url_list}

        for future in as_completed(future_to_url):
            url = future_to_url[future]
            try:
                result = future.result()
                results[url] = result
                print(f"URL {url} fetched with status code {result}")
            except Exception as exc:
                print(f"{url} generated an exception: {exc}")
                results[url] = None
    return results

urls = [
    "http://example.com",
    "http://nonexistent.domain",
    "https://httpbin.org/status/404",
    "https://httpbin.org/status/200"
]

results = execute_concurrently(fetch_url, urls)
print("Final results:", results)
```

But some error occurs during execution:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpha0_yi_j/tmp21_trloq.py", line 65, in <module>
    check()
  File "/tmp/tmpha0_yi_j/tmp21_trloq.py", line 60, in check
    assert results == expected_results, f"Expected {expected_results}, but got {results}"
AssertionError: Expected [200, 200, 200, 200], but got {'http://www.bing.com': 200, 'https://www.bytedance.com/zh/news': 200, 'https://www.bytedance.com/zh/': 200, 'https://www.bytedance.com': 200}

------------

Please try to analyze the cause of the error and give the full code after the modification (with markdown code block format)

#<INSERT>

def check():
    import time
    urls = [#"http://www.baidu.com",
            "https://www.bytedance.com",
            "http://www.bing.com",
            "https://www.bytedance.com/zh/",
            "https://www.bytedance.com/zh/news",]
    expected_results = [200, 200, 200, 200]  # Assuming all URLs return HTTP 200 status code

    start_time = time.time()
    results = execute_concurrently(fetch_url, urls)
    elapsed_time = time.time() - start_time

    assert results == expected_results, f"Expected {expected_results}, but got {results}"
    assert elapsed_time < 2 * len(urls), f"Execution took longer than expected. Expected less than {2 * len(urls)} seconds, but took {elapsed_time} seconds."

    print("All tests passed.")

check()


from multiprocessing import Pool

def is_prime(n):
    """
    This function checks if the provided number n is a prime number.
    """
    if n <= 1:
        return False
    if n <= 3:
        return True
    if n % 2 == 0 or n % 3 == 0:
        return False
    i = 5
    while (i * i <= n):
        if n % i == 0 or n % (i + 2) == 0:
            return False
        i += 6
    return True

def main(start, end):
    prime_numbers = []

    with Pool() as pool:
        for number, prime in enumerate(pool.imap(is_prime, range(start, end)), start):
            if prime:
                prime_numbers.append(number)

    return prime_numbers

Given question below:
------------
In Python, parallel computation can be accomplished using the Pool object from the multiprocessing module. First, create a function named is_prime(n), where the parameter is a number and the return value is a boolean. This boolean value represents whether the number is a prime number or not.

Then, define another function named main(start, end), which accepts two parameters that depict the range within which prime numbers need to be found. Make use of the multiprocessing.Pool object to create a pool of processes, and utilize the imap() function to calculate all prime numbers within the specified range in parallel.

The imap() function spawns a new process for each number within the range and uses the is_prime function to calculate whether the number is a prime number or not. The result of each number is acquired via enumerate, and if the number happens to be a prime number, it is added to a list named prime_numbers.

Finally, the main() function returns the prime_numbers list, which contains all prime numbers found within the given range.

Remember to write your code within markdown ```python``` wrapping.
------------

We try to solve it with code:
```python
import multiprocessing

def is_prime(n):
    if n <= 1:
        return False
    elif n <= 3:
        return True
    elif n % 2 == 0 or n % 3 == 0:
        return False
    i = 5
    while i * i <= n:
        if n % i == 0 or n % (i + 2) == 0:
            return False
        i += 6
    return True

def main(start, end):
    pool = multiprocessing.Pool()
    prime_numbers = []

    result = pool.imap(is_prime, range(start, end + 1))

    for number, is_prime in enumerate(result, start):
        if is_prime:
            prime_numbers.append(number)

    pool.close()
    pool.join()

    return prime_numbers
```

But some error occurs during execution:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmp9jh24sz4/tmpq03tj6c4.py", line 41, in <module>
    check(main)
  File "/tmp/tmp9jh24sz4/tmpq03tj6c4.py", line 2, in check
    result = main(1,10)
  File "/tmp/tmp9jh24sz4/tmpq03tj6c4.py", line 29, in main
    result = pool.imap(is_prime, range(start, end + 1))
UnboundLocalError: local variable 'is_prime' referenced before assignment

------------

Please try to analyze the cause of the error and give the full code after the modification (with markdown code block format)

def check(main):
    result = main(1,10)
    assert result == [2, 3, 5, 7]
    result = main(1,1)
    assert result == []
    result = main(1,0)
    assert result == []
#<INSERT>

if __name__ == '__main__':
    check(main)


from tree_sitter import Language, Parser
from tree_sitter_languages import get_language, get_parser

def find_function_name_by_pattern(code):
    parser = get_parser("python")
    PY_LANGUAGE = get_language("python")

    tree = parser.parse(bytes(code, "utf8"))
    query = PY_LANGUAGE.query(
        """
        (function_definition
            name: (identifier) @function.name)
        """
    )
    function_names = []
    captures = query.captures(tree.root_node)
    for capture in captures:
        capture_node = capture[0]
        function_names.append(capture_node.text.decode("utf8"))
    return function_names

Given question below:
------------
Given a segment of python code, use the tree-sitter library to find all function names via pattern matching. The function is named as find_function_name_by_pattern, taking a string of code as input, and returns a list of function names. Please note to use the tree_sitter_languages library to get the language and parser.
------------

We try to solve it with code:
```python
from tree_sitter import Language, Parser
import tree_sitter_languages as tsl

def find_function_name_by_pattern(code):
    Language.build_library(
        'build/my-languages.so',
        [tsl.PYTHON.language_source]
    )

    PY_LANGUAGE = Language('build/my-languages.so', 'python')
    parser = Parser()
    parser.set_language(PY_LANGUAGE)

    tree = parser.parse(bytes(code, "utf8"))
    root_node = tree.root_node

    query = PY_LANGUAGE.query('''
    (function_definition
        name: (identifier) @function.name)
    ''')

    captures = query.captures(root_node)

    function_names = [capture[0].text.decode('utf8') for capture in captures]

    return function_names

code = '''
def foo():
    pass

def bar(x, y):
    return x + y

class Baz:
    def method(self):
        pass
'''

function_names = find_function_name_by_pattern(code)
```

But some error occurs during execution:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpv0huw0fu/tmplde9shka.py", line 49, in <module>
    function_names = find_function_name_by_pattern(code)
  File "/tmp/tmpv0huw0fu/tmplde9shka.py", line 10, in find_function_name_by_pattern
    [tsl.PYTHON.language_source]
AttributeError: module 'tree_sitter_languages' has no attribute 'PYTHON'

------------

Please try to analyze the cause of the error and give the full code after the modification (with markdown code block format)

#<INSERT>

def check():
    code = """
def my_function():
    pass

def another_function(param1, param2):
    return param1 + param2
"""
    ret = find_function_name_by_pattern(code)
    function_names = ["my_function", "another_function"]
    assert len(function_names) == len(ret)
    for res in ret:
        assert res in function_names

check()


def auc(data):
    # Sort the data by the predicted probability in descending order
    data_sorted = sorted(data, key=lambda x: x[0], reverse=True)

    # Calculate the number of positive and negative examples
    n_positives = sum(1 for score, label in data if label == 1)
    n_negatives = len(data) - n_positives

    # Initialize variables to calculate AUC
    auc_ret = 0.0
    n_tp = 0  # number of true positives
    n_fp = 0  # number of false positives

    # Calculate AUC using the trapezoidal rule
    for i in range(len(data_sorted)):
        # If the label is 1, it's a true positive
        if data_sorted[i][1] == 1:
            n_tp += 1
        # If the label is 0, it's a false positive
        else:
            n_fp += 1
            # Update AUC for each false positive by the fraction of true positives so far
            auc_ret += n_tp / n_positives

    # Normalize AUC by the total number of pairs
    auc_ret /= n_negatives
    return auc_ret

Given question below:
------------
Given an array that contains tuples of (prediction, label), where label = 0 indicates negative samples, label = 1 indicates positive samples, and prediction represents the probability that a machine learning model predicts this sample as a positive sample.
Write a Python function, auc, that takes this array as input and returns the corresponding AUC. The use of third-party libraries is not allowed.
------------

We try to solve it with code:
```python
def auc(data):
    sorted_data = sorted(data, key=lambda x: x[0], reverse=True)

    positive_count = sum(1 for _, label in data if label == 1)
    negative_count = sum(1 for _, label in data if label == 0)

    for prob, label in sorted_data:
        if prob != prev_prob:
            area += tp * fp
            prev_prob = prob

        if label == 1:
            tp += 1
        else:
            fp += 1

    area += tp * fp

    auc_value = area / (positive_count * negative_count)

    return auc_value

data = [(0.9, 1), (0.8, 0), (0.7, 1), (0.6, 1), (0.5, 0), (0.4, 0), (0.3, 1), (0.2, 0), (0.1, 0)]
print("AUC:", auc(data))
```

But some error occurs during execution:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpk6ya0fll/tmpl6r1y2l8.py", line 50, in <module>
    assert(abs(auc(data) - 0.7083333) < 1.0e-5)
AssertionError

------------

Please try to analyze the cause of the error and give the full code after the modification (with markdown code block format)


def to_camel_case(text):
    s = text.replace("-", " ").replace("_", " ")
    s = s.split()
    if len(text) == 0:
        return text
    return s[0] + ''.join(i.capitalize() for i in s[1:])

Given question below:
------------
This is a question from Codewars: Complete the method/function so that it converts dash/underscore delimited words into camel casing. The first word within the output should be capitalized only if the original word was capitalized (known as Upper Camel Case, also often referred to as Pascal case).
The input test cases are as follows:

```python
test.describe("Testing function to_camel_case")
test.it("Basic tests")
test.assert_equals(to_camel_case(''), '', "An empty string was provided but not returned")
test.assert_equals(to_camel_case("the_stealth_warrior"), "theStealthWarrior", "to_camel_case('the_stealth_warrior') did not return correct value")
test.assert_equals(to_camel_case("The-Stealth-Warrior"), "TheStealthWarrior", "to_camel_case('The-Stealth-Warrior') did not return correct value")
test.assert_equals(to_camel_case("A-B-C"), "ABC", "to_camel_case('A-B-C') did not return correct value")
```

Please write a function `to_camel_case` in Python, which takes a string variable `text` as arguments and returns the camel case string.

Function signature is: `to_camel_case(text)`
------------

We try to solve it with code:
```python
import re

def to_camel_case(text):
    words = re.split('[-_]', text)
    if not words:
        return ""

    first_word_capitalized = words[0][0].isupper() if words[0] else False

    if not first_word_capitalized:
        return words[0] + ''.join(word.capitalize() for word in words[1:])
    else:
        return ''.join(word.capitalize() for word in words)

```

But some error occurs during execution:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpcse9je4m/tmp4aw4aehx.py", line 35, in <module>
    assert f(s2) == to_camel_case(s2)
AssertionError

------------

Please try to analyze the cause of the error and give the full code after the modification (with markdown code block format)

#<INSERT>

def f(text):
    s = text.replace("-", " ").replace("_", " ")
    s = s.split()
    if len(text) == 0:
        return text
    return s[0] + ''.join(i.capitalize() for i in s[1:])

s1 = "the_stealth_warrior"
s2 = '23_fg wre sf+ w_we'
s3 = '1_2_3_4 5 6 7'
assert f(s1) == to_camel_case(s1)
assert f(s2) == to_camel_case(s2)
assert f(s3) == to_camel_case(s3)


#L1_C_3
from rdkit import Chem

def solve(smiles):
    mol = Chem.MolFromSmiles(smiles, sanitize=False)
    for atom in mol.GetAtoms():
        if not atom.IsInRing():
            if atom.GetIsAromatic():
                atom.SetIsAromatic(False)
                for bond in atom.GetBonds():
                    bond.SetBondType(Chem.BondType.SINGLE)
    new_smi = Chem.MolToSmiles(mol)
    return new_smi

Given question below:
------------
It is known in rdkit that `atom.SetIsAromatic` can be used to set the aromaticity of an atom, atom.IsInRing can be used to determine whether an atom is in a ring, `bond.SetBondType` can modify the type of a chemical bond.
Please write a complete Python function `solve(smiles)`, which takes a SMILES as input (note that parsing this SMILES may require setting sanitize=False). If there are aromatic atoms in the molecular structure that are not in a ring, please write code to change these non-ring aromatic atoms to non-aromatic ones, and also change the chemical bonds connected with these atoms to single bonds. The function should finally return the SMILES of the modified molecular structure.
------------

We try to solve it with code:
```python
from rdkit import Chem

def solve(smiles):
    mol = Chem.MolFromSmiles(smiles, sanitize=False)

    Chem.SanitizeMol(mol, Chem.SanitizeFlags.SANITIZE_FINDRADICALS |
                     Chem.SanitizeFlags.SANITIZE_KEKULIZE |
                     Chem.SanitizeFlags.SANITIZE_SETAROMATICITY)

    for atom in mol.GetAtoms():
        if atom.GetIsAromatic() and not atom.IsInRing():
            atom.SetIsAromatic(False)
            for bond in atom.GetBonds():
                bond.SetBondType(Chem.BondType.SINGLE)

    updated_smiles = Chem.MolToSmiles(mol)
    return updated_smiles

result_smiles = solve(input_smiles)
print(result_smiles)
```

But some error occurs during execution:
------------
[11:02:03] non-ring atom 6 marked aromatic
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmp_6ub1d8a/tmpaejb853g.py", line 38, in <module>
    check(solve)
  File "/tmp/tmp_6ub1d8a/tmpaejb853g.py", line 32, in check
    assert solve('c1ccccc1ccCCOCnC') == 'CNCOCCCCc1ccccc1'
  File "/tmp/tmp_6ub1d8a/tmpaejb853g.py", line 8, in solve
    Chem.SanitizeMol(mol, Chem.SanitizeFlags.SANITIZE_FINDRADICALS |
rdkit.Chem.rdchem.AtomKekulizeException: non-ring atom 6 marked aromatic

------------

Please try to analyze the cause of the error and give the full code after the modification (with markdown code block format)

#<INSERT>

def check(solve):
    assert solve('c1ccccc1ccCCOCnC') == 'CNCOCCCCc1ccccc1'
    assert solve('CCOc(c1ccccc1)C') == 'CCOC(C)c1ccccc1'
    assert solve('CCC(C1CC1)CoCC') == 'CCOCC(CC)C1CC1'
    assert solve('NCc1ccccc1') == 'NCc1ccccc1'

check(solve)


#L1_C_24
from rdkit import Chem

def neutralize_atoms(mol):
    pattern = Chem.MolFromSmarts("[+1!h0!$([*]~[-1,-2,-3,-4]),-1!$([*]~[+1,+2,+3,+4])]")
    at_matches = mol.GetSubstructMatches(pattern)
    at_matches_list = [y[0] for y in at_matches]
    if len(at_matches_list) > 0:
        for at_idx in at_matches_list:
            atom = mol.GetAtomWithIdx(at_idx)
            chg = atom.GetFormalCharge()
            hcount = atom.GetTotalNumHs()
            atom.SetFormalCharge(0)
            atom.SetNumExplicitHs(hcount - chg)
            atom.UpdatePropertyCache()
    return mol

def solve(smiles):
    mol = Chem.MolFromSmiles(smiles)
    mol = neutralize_atoms(mol)
    new_smiles = Chem.MolToSmiles(mol)
    return new_smiles

Given question below:
------------
The known smarts of the charged atom is "[+1!h0!$([*]~[-1,-2,-3,-4]),-1!$([*]~[+1,+2,+3,+4])]". At the same time, in rkdit, the number of explicit hydrogens can be modified by `atom.SetNumExplicitHs`, and the formal charge of the atom can be modified by `atom.SetFormalCharge`.
Please write a complete Python function `solve(smiles)`. Input a SMILES, neutralize the molecule, and add/remove hydrogen atoms as needed to correct the valence of the modified atoms. For example, change the COO- group to the COOH group, or the NH3+ group to the NH2 group. Finally, return the normalized SMILES (canonical SMILES) of the neutralized molecule.
------------

We try to solve it with code:
```python
from rdkit import Chem

def solve(smiles):
    mol = Chem.MolFromSmiles(smiles)
    if mol is None:
        return None

    for atom in mol.GetAtoms():
        charge = atom.GetFormalCharge()
        num_explicit_hs = atom.GetNumExplicitHs()

        if charge > 0:
            if num_explicit_hs > 0:
                atom.SetNumExplicitHs(max(0, num_explicit_hs - charge))
            atom.SetFormalCharge(0)
        elif charge < 0:
            atom.SetNumExplicitHs(num_explicit_hs - charge)
            atom.SetFormalCharge(0)

    neutralized_smiles = Chem.MolToSmiles(mol, isomericSmiles=True)
    return neutralized_smiles
```

But some error occurs during execution:
------------
/bin/bash: 1: Syntax error: end of file unexpected

------------

Please try to analyze the cause of the error and give the full code after the modification (with markdown code block format)

#<INSERT>

def check(solve):
    assert solve('C[NH+](C)CC[S-]') == 'CN(C)CCS'
    assert solve('CP([O-])(=O)OC[NH3+]') == 'CP(=O)(O)OCN'

check(solve)


import math
def MaxSubarrayLength ( arr , n , k ) :
    left = - 1
    sum = 0
    for i in range ( n ) :
        if ( ( arr [ i ] % k ) != 0 ) :
            if ( left == - 1 ) :
                left = i
            right = i
        sum += arr [ i ]
    if ( ( sum % k ) != 0 ) :
        return n
    elif ( left == - 1 ) :
        return - 1
    else :
        prefix_length = left + 1
        suffix_length = n - right
        return n - min ( prefix_length , suffix_length )

Given question below:
------------
Please write a python program with the function:
Length of longest subarray whose sum is not divisible by integer K
Given an array arr[] of size N and an integer k, our task is to find the length of longest subarray whose sum of elements is not divisible by k. If no such subarray exists then return -1.
The function signature is `MaxSubarrayLength(arr, n, k)`
------------

We try to solve it with code:
```python
def MaxSubarrayLength(arr, n, k):
    mod_map = {}
    max_length = 0
    current_sum = 0

    for i in range(n):
        current_sum += arr[i]
        mod_value = current_sum % k

        if mod_value != 0:
            max_length = i + 1
        else:
            if mod_value in mod_map:
                subarray_length = i - mod_map[mod_value]
                if subarray_length > max_length:
                    max_length = subarray_length
            else:
                mod_map[mod_value] = i

    if max_length == 0:
        return -1
    else:
        return max_length
```

But some error occurs during execution:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpbl05kdno/tmp6n_0faqq.py", line 31, in <module>
    assert MaxSubarrayLength([6, 3, 12, 15], 4, 3) == -1
AssertionError

------------

Please try to analyze the cause of the error and give the full code after the modification (with markdown code block format)


from git import Repo

def git_commit(repo_path):
    commit_message = "Initial commit"
    repo = Repo(repo_path)
    if repo.active_branch.name != 'master':
        repo.git.checkout('master')
    if repo.is_dirty(untracked_files=True):
        repo.git.add(A=True)
        repo.index.commit(commit_message)
        print('Changes have been committed to master branch.')
    else:
        print('No changes detected on master branch.')

Given question below:
------------
Given a path to a git repository that contains uncommitted changes. It is required to use the git python sdk to commit these changes to the master branch. The function name is defined as `git_commit(repo_path)`.
------------

We try to solve it with code:
```python
from git import Repo

def git_commit(repo_path):
    repo = Repo(repo_path)

    if repo.is_dirty():
        try:
            author = repo.config_reader().get_value('user', 'name')
            email = repo.config_reader().get_value('user', 'email')
            author = f"{author} <{email}>"
        except:
            author = "Default User <default@example.com>"

        repo.git.add(A=True)

        commit_message = "Commit all changes"
        repo.git.commit(m=commit_message, author=author)

        if repo.active_branch.name != 'master':
            repo.git.checkout('master')

        repo.remotes.origin.push('master')

        print("Changes committed and pushed to master branch successfully.")
    else:
        print("No changes to commit.")

```

But some error occurs during execution:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpq9dpsr2n/tmph7foay2j.py", line 75, in <module>
    check()
  File "/tmp/tmpq9dpsr2n/tmph7foay2j.py", line 73, in check
    assert test_filename in files_changed
AssertionError

------------

Please try to analyze the cause of the error and give the full code after the modification (with markdown code block format)

#<INSERT>

from git import Repo

def check():
    import os
    check_repo_path = "./git_python_test"
    test_filename = 'test.txt'
    if not os.path.exists(check_repo_path):
        os.makedirs(check_repo_path)
    repo = Repo.init(check_repo_path)

    # Make sure we have an initial commit on master branch
    if not repo.heads:
        # Create an empty commit as an initial commit
        repo.git.commit('--allow-empty', '-m', 'Initial empty commit')
        print('Created initial empty commit on master branch.')

    # Now we can safely create the master branch if it doesn't exist
    if 'master' not in repo.heads:
        master = repo.create_head('master')
    else:
        master = repo.heads['master']
    repo.head.reference = master
    repo.head.reset(index=True, working_tree=True)

    # Make a change in the repository by creating a new file

    filename = os.path.join(check_repo_path, test_filename)
    with open(filename, 'w') as file:
        file.write('This is a test file. ')
    # Commit the change using the git_commit function
    git_commit(check_repo_path)
    # Check if the commit was successful by looking for the test file in the latest commit
    repo = Repo(check_repo_path)
    latest_commit = next(repo.iter_commits('master', max_count=1))
    files_changed = [item for item in latest_commit.stats.files]
    assert test_filename in files_changed

check()


class Solution(object):
    def distributeCandies(self, n, limit):
        """
        :type n: int
        :type limit: int
        :rtype: int
        """
        exit(0)

Given question below:
------------
You are given two positive integers `n` and `limit`.

Please distribute `n` candies among `3` children, ensuring that no child receives more than `limit` candies. Please return the **total number of plans** that meet this condition.

**Example 1:**

```
**Input:** n = 5, limit = 2
**Output:** 3
**Explanation:** There are 3 ways to distribute 5 candies, and each child gets no more than 2 candies: (1, 2, 2), (2, 1, 2) and (2, 2, 1).
```

**Example 2:**

```
**Input:** n = 3, limit = 3
**Output:** 10
**Explanation:** There are 10 ways to distribute 3 candies, and each child gets no more than 3 candies: (0, 0, 3), (0, 1, 2), (0, 2, 1), (0, 3, 0), (1, 0, 2), (1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 0), (2, 0, 1), (2, 1, 0), and (3, 0, 0).
```

**Note:**

* `1 <= n <= 106`
* `1 <= limit <= 106`

Please complete the following implementation
```python
class Solution(object):
    def distributeCandies(self, n, limit):
        '''
        :type n: int
        :type limit: int
        :rtype: int
        '''
```
------------

We try to solve it with code:
```python
class Solution(object):
    def distributeCandies(self, n, limit):
        '''
        :type n: int
        :type limit: int
        :rtype: int
        '''
        if n < 0 or limit < 0:
            return 0

        if 3 * limit < n:
            return 0

        dp = [[0] * (4) for _ in range(n + 1)]

        for j in range(4):
            dp[0][j] = 1

        for i in range(1, n + 1):
            if i <= limit:
                dp[i][1] = 1
            else:
                dp[i][1] = 0

```

But some error occurs during execution:
------------
  File "/tmp/tmp72r4zw9f/tmpwjpwpyns.py", line 39
    my_solution = Solution()
IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'for' statement on line 37

------------

Please try to analyze the cause of the error and give the full code after the modification (with markdown code block format)

#<INSERT>

my_solution = Solution()

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[5, 2]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[3, 3]) == 10

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 1]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 2]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 3]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 4]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 5]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 6]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 7]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 8]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 9]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 10]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 11]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 12]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 13]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 14]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 15]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 16]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 17]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 18]) == 3