import unittest

def add_pad_of_512_bits(vector_block_holding_ascii_characters):
    length_of_message_in_bits = len(vector_block_holding_ascii_characters) * 8
    zeroes_to_add = 447 - length_of_message_in_bits
    t1_block = 0x80
    vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(t1_block)
    zeroes_to_add -= 7
    for _ in range(zeroes_to_add // 8):
        vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(0x00000000)
    the_big_64_blob_bit = format(length_of_message_in_bits, '064b')
    for i in range(0, 64, 8):
        temp_string_holder = the_big_64_blob_bit[i:i+8]
        vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(int(temp_string_holder, 2))
    return vector_block_holding_ascii_characters

class TestAddPadOf512Bits(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_empty_vector(self):
        result = add_pad_of_512_bits([])
        self.assertEqual(len(result), 64)  # 确保输出是 512 位，即 64 字节
        self.assertEqual(result[0], 0x80)  # 检查填充的开始标志
        self.assertEqual(result[-8:], [0] * 8)  # 检查最后 64 位是否为零

    def test_short_message(self):
        message = [ord(char) for char in "abc"]  # 用简短的消息进行测试
        result = add_pad_of_512_bits(message)
        self.assertEqual(len(result), 64)
        self.assertEqual(result[0], ord('a'))
        self.assertEqual(result[1], ord('b'))
        self.assertEqual(result[2], ord('c'))
        self.assertEqual(result[3], 0x80)  # 检查填充的开始标志
        # 确保其他部分都是零，除了最后的长度表示
        self.assertTrue(all(x == 0 for x in result[4:-8]))
        self.assertNotEqual(result[-8:], [0] * 8)  # 确保最后 64 位不全是零

    def test_boundary_condition(self):
        message = [0] * 55  # 创建一个刚好不需要额外填充的消息
        result = add_pad_of_512_bits(message)
        self.assertEqual(len(result), 64)
        self.assertEqual(result[55], 0x80)  # 检查填充的开始标志
        self.assertTrue(all(x == 0 for x in result[56:-8]))
        self.assertNotEqual(result[-8:], [0] * 8)

对于如下问题:
------------

请使用unittest为下述python函数编写单元测试用例:

def add_pad_of_512_bits(vector_block_holding_ascii_characters):
    length_of_message_in_bits = len(vector_block_holding_ascii_characters) * 8
    zeroes_to_add = 447 - length_of_message_in_bits
    t1_block = 0x80
    vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(t1_block)
    zeroes_to_add -= 7
    for _ in range(zeroes_to_add // 8):
        vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(0x00000000)
    the_big_64_blob_bit = format(length_of_message_in_bits, '064b')
    for i in range(0, 64, 8):
        temp_string_holder = the_big_64_blob_bit[i:i+8]
        vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(int(temp_string_holder, 2))
    return vector_block_holding_ascii_characters

回答需要满足一下要求：
1. 这些单元测试用例应当正确使用测试框架、有合理的输入和测试结果断言。
2. 请把测试代码写在一个markdown ```python```包裹中。
3. 请只提供测试代码和unittest.main()，用于执行所有的测试用例，并输出测试结果。 不需要写出原函数。

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
import unittest

def add_pad_of_512_bits(vector_block_holding_ascii_characters):
    length_of_message_in_bits = len(vector_block_holding_ascii_characters) * 8
    zeroes_to_add = 447 - length_of_message_in_bits
    t1_block = 0x80
    vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(t1_block)
    zeroes_to_add -= 7
    for _ in range(zeroes_to_add // 8):
        vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(0x00000000)
    the_big_64_blob_bit = format(length_of_message_in_bits, '064b')
    for i in range(0, 64, 8):
        temp_string_holder = the_big_64_blob_bit[i:i+8]
        vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(int(temp_string_holder, 2))
    return vector_block_holding_ascii_characters

class TestAddPadOf512Bits(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_empty_input(self):
        input_data = []
        expected_output = [0x80] + [0x00] * 55 + [0x00] * 8
        result = add_pad_of_512_bits(input_data)
        self.assertEqual(result, expected_output)

    def test_short_message(self):
        expected_output = [0x61, 0x80] + [0x00] * 54 + [0x00] * 7 + [0x08]
        result = add_pad_of_512_bits(input_data)
        self.assertEqual(result, expected_output)

    def test_exact_447_bits(self):
        input_data = [0x00] * 55 + [0x80]
        expected_output = input_data + [0x00] * 7 + [0x01, 0xBC] + [0x00] * 6
        result = add_pad_of_512_bits(input_data)
        self.assertEqual(result, expected_output)

    def test_near_512_bits(self):
        input_data = [0x00] * 62
        expected_output = input_data + [0x80] + [0x00] * 6 + [0x01, 0xF8]
        result = add_pad_of_512_bits(input_data)
        self.assertEqual(result, expected_output)
```

但执行时报错:
------------
.FF.
======================================================================
FAIL: test_exact_447_bits (__main__.TestAddPadOf512Bits)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmptth7hbmj/tmpp4386rms.py", line 52, in test_exact_447_bits
    self.assertEqual(result, expected_output)
AssertionError: Lists differ: [0, 0[149 chars]0, 0, 0, 0, 128, 128, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 192] != [0, 0[149 chars]0, 0, 0, 0, 128, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 188, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

First differing element 56:
128
0

Second list contains 6 additional elements.
First extra element 65:
0

  [0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   128,
-  128,
+  0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   1,
-  192]
+  188,
+  0,
+  0,
+  0,
+  0,
+  0,
+  0]

======================================================================
FAIL: test_near_512_bits (__main__.TestAddPadOf512Bits)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmptth7hbmj/tmpp4386rms.py", line 58, in test_near_512_bits
    self.assertEqual(result, expected_output)
AssertionError: Lists differ: [0, 0[149 chars]0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 128, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 240] != [0, 0[149 chars]0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 128, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 248]

First differing element 70:
240
248

  [0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   128,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   1,
-  240]
?    ^

+  248]
?    ^

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 4 tests in 0.008s

FAILED (failures=2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmptth7hbmj/tmpp4386rms.py", line 76, in <module>
    assert tp.result.wasSuccessful()
AssertionError

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）

import unittest
import inspect
import coverage

def add_pad_of_512_bits(vector_block_holding_ascii_characters):
    length_of_message_in_bits = len(vector_block_holding_ascii_characters) * 8
    zeroes_to_add = 447 - length_of_message_in_bits
    t1_block = 0x80
    vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(t1_block)
    zeroes_to_add -= 7
    for _ in range(zeroes_to_add // 8):
        vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(0x00000000)
    the_big_64_blob_bit = format(length_of_message_in_bits, '064b')
    for i in range(0, 64, 8):
        temp_string_holder = the_big_64_blob_bit[i:i+8]
        vector_block_holding_ascii_characters.append(int(temp_string_holder, 2))
    return vector_block_holding_ascii_characters

#<INSERT>

if __name__ == '__main__':
    cov = coverage.Coverage()
    cov.start()
    tp = unittest.main(exit=False)
    cov.stop()

    all = []
    lines = inspect.getsourcelines(add_pad_of_512_bits)
    start_line, end_line = lines[1] + 1, lines[1] + len(lines[0])
    all.extend(range(start_line, end_line))
    _, exec_lines, miss_lines, _ = cov.analysis(__file__)
    r_exec = [n for n in exec_lines if n in all]
    r_miss = [n for n in miss_lines if n in all]
    percentage = (len(r_exec) - len(r_miss)) / len(r_exec) * 100
    print(f'[coverage] {percentage}%')
    assert tp.result.wasSuccessful()
    assert percentage > 59


import re
import json

def parse(logs):
    # Regular expression pattern to extract relevant information
    pattern = r'iteration\s+(\d+)/\s*\d+\s*\|\s*elapsed time per iteration \(ms\):\s*\d+\.\d+\s*\|\s*data fetch time \(ms\):\s*\d+\.\d+\s*\|\s*data sync across tp time \(ms\):\s*\d+\.\d+\s*\|\s*learning rate:\s*(\d+\.\d+E-\d+)\s*\|\s*global batch size:\s*(\d+)\s*\|\s*loss scale:\s*(\d+\.\d+)\s*\|\s*grad norm:\s*(\d+\.\d+)\s*\|\s*number of skipped iterations:\s*\d+\s*\|\s*number of nan iterations:\s*(\d+)\s*\|'

    # Extract information using regular expression
    matches = re.findall(pattern, logs)

    # Convert extracted information into JSON format
    json_data = []
    for match in matches:
        step, learning_rate, global_batch_size, loss_scale, grad_norm, num_of_nan = match
        json_data.append({
            "step": int(step),
            "grad_norm": float(grad_norm),
            "num_of_nan": int(num_of_nan),
            "learning_rate": float(learning_rate),
            "global_batch_size": int(global_batch_size),
            "loss_scale": float(loss_scale)
        })

    return json_data

对于如下问题:
------------

我有一些如下的日志

```
[2023-11-20 08:26:34][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
[2023-11-20 08:26:34][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
 iteration   111640/ 3572977 | elapsed time per iteration (ms): 4823.7 | data fetch time (ms): 0.705 | data sync across tp time (ms): 55.003 | learning rate: 3.885E-05 | global batch size:  1700 | loss scale: 1.0 | grad norm: 0.150 | number of skipped iterations:   0 | number of nan iterations:   0 |
[2023-11-20 08:29:43][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
[2023-11-20 08:29:43][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
[2023-11-20 08:29:43][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
 iteration   111680/ 3572977 | elapsed time per iteration (ms): 4723.8 | data fetch time (ms): 0.710 | data sync across tp time (ms): 53.727 | learning rate: 3.885E-05 | global batch size:  1700 | loss scale: 1.0 | grad norm: 0.128 | number of skipped iterations:   0 | number of nan iterations:   0 |
[2023-11-20 08:32:51][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
[2023-11-20 08:32:51][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
[2023-11-20 08:32:51][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
 iteration   111720/ 3572977 | elapsed time per iteration (ms): 4683.9 | data fetch time (ms): 0.684 | data sync across tp time (ms): 53.338 | learning rate: 3.885E-05 | global batch size:  1700 | loss scale: 1.0 | grad norm: 0.147 | number of skipped iterations:   0 | number of nan iterations:   0 |
[2023-11-20 08:36:00][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
[2023-11-20 08:36:00][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
[2023-11-20 08:36:00][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
 iteration   111760/ 3572977 | elapsed time per iteration (ms): 4738.6 | data fetch time (ms): 0.670 | data sync across tp time (ms): 53.951 | learning rate: 3.885E-05 | global batch size:  1700 | loss scale: 1.0 | grad norm: 0.139 | number of skipped iterations:   0 | number of nan iterations:   0 |
[2023-11-20 08:39:11][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
```

我希望把含有 iteration loss, grad norm 的行抽取出来，变成一个json，格式如下：

```
{
    "step": 111760,
    "grad_norm": 0.139,
    "num_of_nan": 0,
    "learning_rate": 3.885E-05,
    "global_batch_size": 1700,
    "loss_scale": 1.0
}
```

请用python代码实现这个功能，定义函数parse，输入符合上面日志格式的日志，返回日志对应的json数据组成的数组。

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
import re
import json

def parse(log_text):
    iteration_pattern = re.compile(
        r'iteration\s+(\d+)/\s*\d+\s*\|\s*elapsed time per iteration \(ms\):\s*(\d+\.\d+)\s*\|\s*'
        r'data fetch time \(ms\):\s*(\d+\.\d+)\s*\|\s*data sync across tp time \(ms\):\s*(\d+\.\d+)\s*\|\s*'
        r'learning rate:\s*([\d.E+-]+)\s*\|\s*global batch size:\s*(\d+)\s*\|\s*loss scale:\s*([\d.E+-]+)\s*\|\s*'
        r'grad norm:\s*([\d.E+-]+)\s*\|\s*number of skipped iterations:\s*(\d+)\s*\|\s*number of nan iterations:\s*(\d+)\s*'
    )

    results = []
    for match in iteration_pattern.finditer(log_text):
        step = int(match.group(1))
        learning_rate = float(match.group(5))
        global_batch_size = int(match.group(6))
        loss_scale = float(match.group(7))
        grad_norm = float(match.group(8))
        num_of_nan = int(match.group(10))

        result_dict = {
            "step": step,
            "grad_norm": grad_norm,
            "num_of_nan": num_of_nan,
            "learning_rate": learning_rate,
            "global_batch_size": global_batch_size,
            "loss_scale": loss_scale
        }
        results.append(result_dict)

    return json.dumps(results, indent=4)
```

但执行时报错:
------------
  File "/tmp/tmpqtlthoqe/tmp50ddvorv.py", line 48
    [2023-11-20 08:26:34][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
                ^
SyntaxError: leading zeros in decimal integer literals are not permitted; use an 0o prefix for octal integers

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）

问题：写一段 python 代码实现以下功能。
找出小于第n个斐波那契数的最大完全平方数
函数命名为 max_square_number，输入为整数 n

答案：
```python
def max_square_number(n):
    if n <= 2:
        return 0  # 对于斐波那契数列的前两个数，没有完全平方数可用

    fibs = [0, 1]  # 存储斐波那契数列的前两个数
    squares = []  # 存储完全平方数的列表

    max_square = 0
    i = 2

    while i <= n:
        fibs.append(fibs[i-1] + fibs[i-2])  # 计算下一个斐波那契数
        i += 1

    fib = fibs[-1]
    perfect_squares = [i**2 for i in range(1, int(math.sqrt(fib)) + 1)]
    max_square = max(filter(lambda x: x < fib, perfect_squares))
    return max_square
```

----------------

#<INSERT>

logs = """
[2023-11-20 08:26:34][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
 iteration   111640/ 3572977 | elapsed time per iteration (ms): 4823.7 | data fetch time (ms): 0.705 | data sync across tp time (ms): 55.003 | learning rate: 3.885E-05 | global batch size:  1700 | loss scale: 1.0 | grad norm: 0.150 | number of skipped iterations:   0 | number of nan iterations:   0 |
[2023-11-20 08:29:43][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
[2023-11-20 08:29:43][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
[2023-11-20 08:29:43][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
 iteration   111680/ 3572977 | elapsed time per iteration (ms): 4723.8 | data fetch time (ms): 0.710 | data sync across tp time (ms): 53.727 | learning rate: 3.885E-05 | global batch size:  1700 | loss scale: 1.0 | grad norm: 0.128 | number of skipped iterations:   0 | number of nan iterations:   0 |
[2023-11-20 08:32:51][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
[2023-11-20 08:32:51][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
[2023-11-20 08:32:51][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
 iteration   111720/ 3572977 | elapsed time per iteration (ms): 4683.9 | data fetch time (ms): 0.684 | data sync across tp time (ms): 53.338 | learning rate: 3.885E-05 | global batch size:  1700 | loss scale: 1.0 | grad norm: 0.147 | number of skipped iterations:   0 | number of nan iterations:   0 |
[2023-11-20 08:36:00][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
[2023-11-20 08:36:00][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
[2023-11-20 08:36:00][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
 iteration   111760/ 3572977 | elapsed time per iteration (ms): 4738.6 | data fetch time (ms): 0.670 | data sync across tp time (ms): 53.951 | learning rate: 3.885E-05 | global batch size:  1700 | loss scale: 1.0 | grad norm: 0.139 | number of skipped iterations:   0 | number of nan iterations:   0 |
[2023-11-20 08:39:11][INFO][rank_zero.py:34][rank_zero][pid:410636] - CRS_PP_LAST_AS_RANK_ZERO is set. Rank0 is now on rank_12800, or worker_752
"""
jl = (parse(logs))
assert(len(jl) == 4)
assert(jl[3]['step'] == 111760)
assert(abs(jl[3]['grad_norm'] - 0.139) < 1.0e-5)


import sys
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QMainWindow, QAction, QMenu

class MenuApp(QMainWindow):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

        self.init_ui()

    def init_ui(self):
        self.setGeometry(300, 300, 300, 200)
        self.setWindowTitle('Menubar example')

        self.menubar = self.menuBar()

        self.file_menu = self.menubar.addMenu('File')
        self.edit_menu = self.menubar.addMenu('Edit')
        self.view_menu = self.menubar.addMenu('View')
        self.window_menu = self.menubar.addMenu('Window')
        self.help_menu = self.menubar.addMenu('Help')

        self.file_menu.addAction('Open')
        self.file_menu.addAction('Close')
        self.file_menu.addAction('Exit')

        self.edit_menu.addAction('Undo')
        self.edit_menu.addAction('Redo')
        self.edit_menu.addAction('Copy')
        self.edit_menu.addAction('Paste')
        self.edit_menu.addAction('Delete')

        self.view_menu.addAction('Zoom In')
        self.view_menu.addAction('Zoom Out')

        self.window_menu.addAction('Minimize')
        self.window_menu.addAction('Maximize')
        self.window_menu.addAction('Close')

        self.help_menu.addAction('User Manual')
        self.help_menu.addAction('About')

        self.show()

对于如下问题:
------------

使用 PyQt5 编写一个界面，实现多级菜单栏的构建
1. 菜单栏第一层为"File", "Edit", "View", "Window", "Help"
2. File菜单栏的子菜单有"Open", "Close", "Exit"
3. Edit菜单栏的子菜单有"Undo", "Redo", "Copy", "Paste", "Delete"
4. View菜单栏的子菜单有"Zoom In", "Zoom Out"
5. Window菜单栏的子菜单有"Minimize", "Maximize", "Close"
6. Help菜单栏的子菜单有"User Manual", "About"
7. 代码格式要求：将整块 ui 代码封装成一个名为 MenuApp 的类，并在__init__方法中初始化菜单栏，变量依此为file_menu，edit_menu，view_menu，window_menu，help_menu

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
import sys
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QMainWindow, QAction, qApp

class MenuApp(QMainWindow):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

        menubar = self.menuBar()

        file_menu = menubar.addMenu('File')
        open_action = QAction('Open', self)
        close_action = QAction('Close', self)
        exit_action = QAction('Exit', self)
        exit_action.triggered.connect(qApp.quit)
        file_menu.addAction(open_action)
        file_menu.addAction(close_action)
        file_menu.addAction(exit_action)

        edit_menu = menubar.addMenu('Edit')
        undo_action = QAction('Undo', self)
        redo_action = QAction('Redo', self)
        copy_action = QAction('Copy', self)
        paste_action = QAction('Paste', self)
        delete_action = QAction('Delete', self)
        edit_menu.addAction(undo_action)
        edit_menu.addAction(redo_action)
        edit_menu.addAction(copy_action)
        edit_menu.addAction(paste_action)
        edit_menu.addAction(delete_action)

        view_menu = menubar.addMenu('View')
        zoom_in_action = QAction('Zoom In', self)
        zoom_out_action = QAction('Zoom Out', self)
        view_menu.addAction(zoom_in_action)
        view_menu.addAction(zoom_out_action)

        window_menu = menubar.addMenu('Window')
        minimize_action = QAction('Minimize', self)
        maximize_action = QAction('Maximize', self)
        close_window_action = QAction('Close', self)
        window_menu.addAction(minimize_action)
        window_menu.addAction(maximize_action)
        window_menu.addAction(close_window_action)

        help_menu = menubar.addMenu('Help')
        user_manual_action = QAction('User Manual', self)
        about_action = QAction('About', self)
        help_menu.addAction(user_manual_action)
        help_menu.addAction(about_action)

        self.setWindowTitle('Multi-level Menu Example')
        self.setGeometry(300, 300, 300, 200)

def main():
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    ex = MenuApp()
    ex.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())
```

但执行时报错:
------------
QStandardPaths: XDG_RUNTIME_DIR not set, defaulting to '/tmp/runtime-root'
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpy59bp2k5/tmpkbretaq0.py", line 97, in <module>
    check()
  File "/tmp/tmpy59bp2k5/tmpkbretaq0.py", line 77, in check
    file_menu = menu_app.file_menu
AttributeError: 'MenuApp' object has no attribute 'file_menu'

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）

#pyqt_test_4

#<INSERT>

def check():
    from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)

    # def test_menubar():
    menu_app = MenuApp()

    file_menu = menu_app.file_menu
    assert file_menu.title() == 'File'
    assert [action.text() for action in file_menu.actions()] == ['Open', 'Close', 'Exit']

    edit_menu = menu_app.edit_menu
    assert edit_menu.title() == 'Edit'
    assert [action.text() for action in edit_menu.actions()] == ['Undo', 'Redo', 'Copy', 'Paste', 'Delete']

    edit_menu = menu_app.view_menu
    assert edit_menu.title() == 'View'
    assert [action.text() for action in edit_menu.actions()] == ['Zoom In', 'Zoom Out']

    edit_menu = menu_app.window_menu
    assert edit_menu.title() == 'Window'
    assert [action.text() for action in edit_menu.actions()] == ['Minimize', 'Maximize', 'Close']

    edit_menu = menu_app.help_menu
    assert edit_menu.title() == 'Help'
    assert [action.text() for action in edit_menu.actions()] == ['User Manual', 'About']

check()


from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QMainWindow, QPushButton, QVBoxLayout, QLabel, QWidget
from PyQt5.QtGui import QPainter, QPainterPath, QPixmap, QBrush, QColor
from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt
import sys
import math

class ShapeDrawer(QMainWindow):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

        self.main_widget = QWidget()
        self.setCentralWidget(self.main_widget)

        vbox = QVBoxLayout()

        self.canvas = QLabel()
        self.pixmap = QPixmap(500, 500)
        self.pixmap.fill(Qt.white)
        self.canvas.setPixmap(self.pixmap)

        vbox.addWidget(self.canvas)

        self.triangle_button = QPushButton("Draw Triangle")
        self.triangle_button.clicked.connect(self.drawTriangle)
        vbox.addWidget(self.triangle_button)

        self.square_button = QPushButton("Draw Square")
        self.square_button.clicked.connect(self.drawSquare)
        vbox.addWidget(self.square_button)

        self.main_widget.setLayout(vbox)
        self.shape = 'nan'
        self.color = 'nan'
    def drawTriangle(self):
        painter = QPainter(self.pixmap)
        path = QPainterPath()

        path.moveTo(-100, -58)
        path.lineTo(100, -58)
        path.lineTo(0, 116)
        path.closeSubpath()

        painter.setBrush(QColor("red"))
        painter.drawPath(path)
        painter.end()

        self.canvas.setPixmap(self.pixmap)
        self.shape = 'triangle'
        self.color ='red'

    def drawSquare(self):
        painter = QPainter(self.pixmap)
        painter.setBrush(QColor("green"))
        painter.drawRect(-100, -100, 200, 200)
        self.color ='green'
        painter.end()
        self.shape ='square'

        self.canvas.setPixmap(self.pixmap)

对于如下问题:
------------

使用 PyQt5 实现绘制不同的形状在画布上的绘制
1. 界面包含一个画布用于显示图形，以及2个按钮用于选择要绘制的图形类型。当用户点击按钮时，我们将在画布上绘制相应的图形。
2，绘制一个红色的三角形，对应为triangle_button
3. 绘制一个绿色的正方形，对应按钮为square_button
4. 代码格式要求：将整块 ui 代码封装成一个名为 ShapeDrawer 的类，使用属性shape和color记录当前要绘制的形状和颜色。

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
import sys
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QWidget, QPushButton, QVBoxLayout
from PyQt5.QtGui import QPainter, QBrush, QPen
from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt

class ShapeDrawer(QWidget):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.initUI()
        self.shape = None
        self.color = None

    def initUI(self):
        self.setGeometry(300, 300, 280, 270)
        self.setWindowTitle('Shape Drawer')

        layout = QVBoxLayout()

        self.triangle_button = QPushButton('Draw Triangle', self)
        self.triangle_button.clicked.connect(self.set_triangle)
        layout.addWidget(self.triangle_button)

        self.square_button = QPushButton('Draw Square', self)
        self.square_button.clicked.connect(self.set_square)
        layout.addWidget(self.square_button)

        self.setLayout(layout)

    def set_triangle(self):
        self.shape = 'triangle'
        self.color = Qt.red
        self.update()

    def set_square(self):
        self.shape = 'square'
        self.color = Qt.green
        self.update()

    def paintEvent(self, event):
        if self.shape and self.color:
            qp = QPainter(self)
            qp.setPen(QPen(self.color,  8, Qt.SolidLine))
            qp.setBrush(QBrush(self.color, Qt.SolidPattern))

            if self.shape == 'triangle':
                points = [
                    QPoint(140, 100),
                    QPoint(100, 200),
                    QPoint(180, 200)
                ]
                qp.drawPolygon(QPolygon(points))

            elif self.shape == 'square':
                qp.drawRect(100, 100, 100, 100)

            qp.end()

def main():
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    ex = ShapeDrawer()
    ex.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())
```

但执行时报错:
------------
QStandardPaths: XDG_RUNTIME_DIR not set, defaulting to '/tmp/runtime-root'
This plugin does not support propagateSizeHints()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmppf0gged1/tmpeiqcxao4.py", line 83, in <module>
    check()
  File "/tmp/tmppf0gged1/tmpeiqcxao4.py", line 76, in check
    assert shape_drawer.color == "red"
AssertionError

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）

#<INSERT>

def check():
    from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication
    from PyQt5.QtTest import QTest
    from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    shape_drawer = ShapeDrawer()
    shape_drawer.show()
    QTest.mouseClick(shape_drawer.triangle_button, Qt.LeftButton)
    assert shape_drawer.shape == "triangle"
    assert shape_drawer.color == "red"

    QTest.mouseClick(shape_drawer.square_button, Qt.LeftButton)
    assert shape_drawer.shape == "square"
    print(f'>>> {shape_drawer.color}')
    assert shape_drawer.color == "green"

check()


def solve(necklace):
    """
    Calculate the maximum number of beads that can be collected from both ends of a necklace.

    :param necklace: A string representing the necklace composed of 'r', 'b', and 'w' beads.
    :return: The maximum number of beads that can be collected.
    """
    def count_beads(s, color):
        count = 0
        for bead in s:
            if bead == 'w' or bead == color:
                count += 1
            else:
                break
        return count

    max_beads = 0
    n = len(necklace)

    for i in range(n):
        # Rotate the necklace to start from the ith bead
        rotated_necklace = necklace[i:] + necklace[:i]

        # Count beads from the left
        left_count_red = count_beads(rotated_necklace, 'r')
        left_count_blue = count_beads(rotated_necklace, 'b')

        # Count beads from the right
        right_count_red = count_beads(rotated_necklace[::-1], 'r')
        right_count_blue = count_beads(rotated_necklace[::-1], 'b')

        # Calculate maximum beads that can be collected
        max_beads = max(max_beads, max(left_count_red + right_count_blue, left_count_blue + right_count_red))

    return min(max_beads, n)

对于如下问题:
------------

请写一个Python函数`solve(necklace)` 解决这个问题:
你有一条由字符串表示的项链necklace，由红色的珠子'r'，蓝色的珠子'b'，白色的珠子'w'组成，珠子是随意安排的，项链长度最长可达350。
假如你要打断这个项链, 展开成一条直线，然后从一端开始收集同颜色的珠子直到你遇到一个不同的颜色珠子，在另一端做同样的事(颜色可能与在这之前收集的不同)。
当收集珠子的时候，一个被遇到的白色珠子可以被当做红色也可以被当做蓝色。
请计算并返回能够收集的最大数目的珠子的数目。

>>> solve('wwwbbrwrbrbrrbrbrwrwwrbwrwrrb')
11
"在这个问题中，可以通过动态规划的方法来解决这个问题，主要步骤如下：

1.**定义 dp 数组及其对应的含义**：定义一个二维数组 `dp[i][j]`，其中i和j分别表示项链中两个位置的索引，`dp[i][j]` 表示从位置i到位置j能够收集到的最大数目的珠子。

2.**推导递推公式**：如果 `necklace[i]` 和 `necklace[j]` 的颜色相同，那么 `dp[i][j] = dp[i + 1][j - 1] + 2`。如果 `necklace[i]` 和 `necklace[j]` 的颜色不同，那么 `dp[i][j] = max(dp[i + 1][j], dp[i][j - 1]`)。

3.**dp 数组初始化**：当 `i` 和 `j` 相等时，`dp[i][j]` 为1，因为只有一个珠子。当 `i` 和 `j` 相差1时，`dp[i][j]` 为2，因为有两个同色的珠子。

4.**确定 dp 数组遍历顺序**：对于每个位置 `i` 和`j`，选择从位置 `i` 开始收集珠子，或者从位置 `j` 开始收集珠子。如果从位置 `i` 开始收集珠子，那么可以选择收集到位置 `j`，或者在遇到不同颜色的珠子时停止收集。如果从位置 `j` 开始收集珠子，那么可以选择收集到位置 `i`，或者在遇到不同颜色的珠子时停止收集。

5.**结果**：通过遍历 dp 数组来找到能够收集到的最大数目的珠子。"

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
def solve(necklace):
    n = len(necklace)
    if n == 0:
        return 0
    extended_necklace = necklace + necklace
    max_beads = 0
    for start in range(n):
        left = start
        right = start + n - 1
        count_r = 0
        count_b = 0
        max_local = 0
        left_color = None
        for i in range(left, left + n):
            if extended_necklace[i] == 'w':
                count_r += 1
                count_b += 1
            elif extended_necklace[i] == 'r':
                if left_color is None:
                    left_color = 'r'
                if left_color == 'r':
                    count_r += 1
                else:
                    break
            elif extended_necklace[i] == 'b':
                if left_color is None:
                    left_color = 'b'
                if left_color == 'b':
                    count_b += 1
                else:
                    break
        right_color = None
        for j in range(right, right - n, -1):
            if extended_necklace[j] == 'w':
                count_r += 1
                count_b += 1
            elif extended_necklace[j] == 'r':
                if right_color is None:
                    right_color = 'r'
                if right_color == 'r':
                    count_r += 1
                else:
                    break
            elif extended_necklace[j] == 'b':
                if right_color is None:
                    right_color = 'b'
                if right_color == 'b':
                    count_b += 1
                else:
                    break
        max_local = max(count_r, count_b)
        max_beads = max(max_beads, max_local)
    return max_beads
```

但执行时报错:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpcn7z_uvx/tmpwqpz00p5.py", line 63, in <module>
    assert solve('wwwbbrwrbrbrrbrbrwrwwrbwrwrrb') == 11
AssertionError

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）

#<INSERT>

assert solve('wwwbbrwrbrbrrbrbrwrwwrbwrwrrb') == 11
assert solve('bbbbb') == 5
assert solve('bbbbbwwrrrrr') == 12
assert solve('bbbbwwb') == 7


from PyQt5.QtWidgets import  QWidget, QVBoxLayout, QLabel, QPushButton
from PyQt5.QtCore import QTimer, QTime

class TimerApp(QWidget):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

        self.timer = QTimer()
        self.time = QTime(0, 0)

        self.init_ui()

    def init_ui(self):
        self.timer.timeout.connect(self.update_timer)
        self.setGeometry(200, 200, 200, 200)
        self.setWindowTitle('Timer')

        self.layout = QVBoxLayout()
        self.setLayout(self.layout)

        self.label = QLabel('00:00:00')
        self.layout.addWidget(self.label)

        self.start_button = QPushButton('Start')
        self.start_button.clicked.connect(self.start_timer)
        self.layout.addWidget(self.start_button)

        self.stop_button = QPushButton('Stop')
        self.stop_button.clicked.connect(self.stop_timer)
        self.layout.addWidget(self.stop_button)

        self.clear_button = QPushButton('Clear')  # <-- 添加 Clear 按钮
        self.clear_button.clicked.connect(self.clear_timer)  # <-- 连接到新的 clear_timer 方法
        self.layout.addWidget(self.clear_button)

        self.show()

    def start_timer(self):
        self.timer.start(1000)

    def stop_timer(self):
        self.timer.stop()

    def clear_timer(self):   # <-- 新的 clear_timer 方法
        self.timer.stop()
        self.time = QTime(0, 0)
        self.label.setText(self.time.toString())

    def update_timer(self):
        self.time = self.time.addSecs(1)
        self.label.setText(self.time.toString())

对于如下问题:
------------

使用 PyQt5 编写一个界面，实现计时器的功能，并有如下要求
1. 给定一个文本框，用于显示时间，初始化为00:00:00
2. 文本框下方有三个按钮，一个为开始计时start，一个为停止计时stop，一个为重置计时按钮clear
3. 点击开始后，开始计时，文本框内时间示数开始变化；点击停止后，停止计时，文本框显示耗时；点击clear后，文本框重置为初始化计时00:00:00
4. 代码格式要求：将整块 ui 代码封装成一个名为 TimerApp 的类，开始计时函数为start_button，停止计时为stop_button，重置计时为clear_button;

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
import sys
from PyQt5.QtCore import QTimer, QTime
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QWidget, QVBoxLayout, QPushButton, QLineEdit

class TimerApp(QWidget):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.initUI()

    def initUI(self):
        self.timer = QTimer(self)
        self.timer.timeout.connect(self.update_time)
        self.time = QTime(0, 0, 0)

        self.textbox = QLineEdit("00:00:00", self)
        self.textbox.setReadOnly(True)
        self.textbox.setAlignment(Qt.AlignCenter)

        self.start_button = QPushButton('Start', self)
        self.start_button.clicked.connect(self.start_timer)

        self.stop_button = QPushButton('Stop', self)
        self.stop_button.clicked.connect(self.stop_timer)

        self.clear_button = QPushButton('Clear', self)
        self.clear_button.clicked.connect(self.clear_timer)

        layout = QVBoxLayout(self)
        layout.addWidget(self.textbox)
        layout.addWidget(self.start_button)
        layout.addWidget(self.stop_button)
        layout.addWidget(self.clear_button)

        self.setLayout(layout)
        self.setWindowTitle('Timer App')
        self.show()

    def start_timer(self):
        self.timer.start(1000)

    def stop_timer(self):
        self.timer.stop()

    def clear_timer(self):
        self.timer.stop()
        self.time.setHMS(0, 0, 0)
        self.textbox.setText("00:00:00")

    def update_time(self):
        self.time = self.time.addSecs(1)
        self.textbox.setText(self.time.toString("hh:mm:ss"))
```

但执行时报错:
------------
QStandardPaths: XDG_RUNTIME_DIR not set, defaulting to '/tmp/runtime-root'
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpr7laq9da/tmpw74w_2ev.py", line 86, in <module>
    check()
  File "/tmp/tmpr7laq9da/tmpw74w_2ev.py", line 66, in check
    window = TimerApp()
  File "/tmp/tmpr7laq9da/tmpw74w_2ev.py", line 10, in __init__
    self.initUI()
  File "/tmp/tmpr7laq9da/tmpw74w_2ev.py", line 20, in initUI
    self.textbox.setAlignment(Qt.AlignCenter)
NameError: name 'Qt' is not defined

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）

#pyqt_test_3

#<INSERT>

def check():

    from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication
    from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt
    from PyQt5.QtTest import QTest

    app = QApplication([])

    window = TimerApp()
    QTest.mouseClick(window.start_button, Qt.LeftButton)
    QTest.qWait(2000)
    # print(window.time)
    assert window.time > QTime(0, 0)

    QTest.mouseClick(window.start_button, Qt.LeftButton)
    QTest.qWait(1000)
    QTest.mouseClick(window.stop_button, Qt.LeftButton)
    time_when_stopped = window.time
    QTest.qWait(1000)
    assert window.time == time_when_stopped

    QTest.mouseClick(window.start_button, Qt.LeftButton)
    QTest.qWait(1000)
    QTest.mouseClick(window.clear_button, Qt.LeftButton)

    assert window.time == QTime(0, 0)

check()


import unittest

def triples_sum_to_zero(l: list):
    for i in range(len(l)):
        for j in range(i + 1, len(l)):
            for k in range(j + 1, len(l)):
                if l[i] + l[j] + l[k] == 0:
                    return True
    return False

class TestSum(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_triples_sum_to_zero(self):
        self.assertEqual(triples_sum_to_zero([1, 3, 5, 0]), False)
        self.assertEqual(triples_sum_to_zero([1, 3, 5, -1]), False)
        self.assertEqual(triples_sum_to_zero([1, 3, -2, 1]), True)
        self.assertEqual(triples_sum_to_zero([1, 2, 3, 7]), False)
        self.assertEqual(triples_sum_to_zero([1, 2, 5, 7]), False)
        self.assertEqual(triples_sum_to_zero([2, 4, -5, 3, 9, 7]), True)
        self.assertEqual(triples_sum_to_zero([1]), False)
        self.assertEqual(triples_sum_to_zero([1, 3, 5, -100]), False)
        self.assertEqual(triples_sum_to_zero([100, 3, 5, -100]), False)

对于如下问题:
------------

请使用unittest为下述python函数编写单元测试用例:
def triples_sum_to_zero(l: list):
    for i in range(len(l)):
        for j in range(i + 1, len(l)):
            for k in range(j + 1, len(l)):
                if l[i] + l[j] + l[k] == 0:
                    return True
    return False

回答需要满足一下要求：
1. 这些单元测试用例应当正确使用测试框架、有合理的输入和测试结果断言。
2. 请把测试代码写在一个markdown ```python```包裹中。
3. 请只提供测试代码和unittest.main()，用于执行所有的测试用例，并输出测试结果。 不需要写出或import被测函数。

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
import unittest

class TestTriplesSumToZero(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_triples_sum_to_zero_true(self):
        self.assertTrue(triples_sum_to_zero([-1, 0, 1, 2]))

    def test_triples_sum_to_zero_false(self):
        self.assertFalse(triples_sum_to_zero([1, 2, 3, 4]))

    def test_triples_sum_to_zero_empty(self):
        self.assertFalse(triples_sum_to_zero([]))

    def test_triples_sum_to_zero_single_element(self):
        self.assertFalse(triples_sum_to_zero([0]))

    def test_triples_sum_to_zero_two_elements(self):
        self.assertFalse(triples_sum_to_zero([-1, 1]))

    def test_triples_sum_to_zero_negatives(self):
        self.assertTrue(triples_sum_to_zero([-1, -2, 3]))

    def test_triples_sum_to_zero_zeros(self):
        self.assertTrue(triples_sum_to_zero([0, 0, 0]))

    def test_triples_sum_to_zero_large_numbers(self):
        self.assertFalse(triples_sum_to_zero([1000, -500, -500, 1000]))

    def test_triples_sum_to_zero_mixed(self):
        self.assertTrue(triples_sum_to_zero([-10, 5, 1, 4, 0, 5]))

    def test_triples_sum_to_zero_duplicates(self):
        self.assertTrue(triples_sum_to_zero([2, 2, -4, 3]))
```

但执行时报错:
------------
...F......
======================================================================
FAIL: test_triples_sum_to_zero_large_numbers (__main__.TestTriplesSumToZero)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmp5n2rkdfn/tmpix7pp8vp.py", line 39, in test_triples_sum_to_zero_large_numbers
    self.assertFalse(triples_sum_to_zero([1000, -500, -500, 1000]))
AssertionError: True is not false

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 10 tests in 0.001s

FAILED (failures=1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmp5n2rkdfn/tmpix7pp8vp.py", line 63, in <module>
    assert tp.result.wasSuccessful()
AssertionError

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）

import unittest
import inspect
import coverage

def triples_sum_to_zero(l: list):
    for i in range(len(l)):
        for j in range(i + 1, len(l)):
            for k in range(j + 1, len(l)):
                if l[i] + l[j] + l[k] == 0:
                    return True
    return False

#<INSERT>

if __name__ == '__main__':
    cov = coverage.Coverage()
    cov.start()
    tp = unittest.main(exit=False)
    cov.stop()

    all = []
    lines = inspect.getsourcelines(triples_sum_to_zero)
    start_line, end_line = lines[1] + 1, lines[1] + len(lines[0])
    all.extend(range(start_line, end_line))
    _, exec_lines, miss_lines, _ = cov.analysis(__file__)
    r_exec = [n for n in exec_lines if n in all]
    r_miss = [n for n in miss_lines if n in all]
    percentage = (len(r_exec) - len(r_miss)) / len(r_exec) * 100
    print(f'[coverage] {percentage}%')
    assert tp.result.wasSuccessful()
    assert percentage > 59


import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
import math

class MultiHeadSelfAttention(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, n_head, dim, p_drop=0.1):
        super(MultiHeadSelfAttention, self).__init__()
        self.dim = dim
        self.n_head = n_head
        self.head_dim = dim // n_head
        assert self.head_dim * n_head == dim, "dim must be divisible by n_head"

        self.qkv = nn.Linear(dim, dim * 3)  # 生成Q, K, V
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(p_drop)
        self.out = nn.Linear(dim, dim)

    def forward(self, x):
        B, T, C = x.shape
        qkv = self.qkv(x).reshape(B, T, 3, self.n_head, self.head_dim).permute(2, 0, 3, 1, 4)
        q, k, v = qkv[0], qkv[1], qkv[2]  # 分离查询、键、值

        # 计算注意力分数
        attn = (q @ k.transpose(-2, -1)) * (1.0 / math.sqrt(self.head_dim))
        attn = F.softmax(attn, dim=-1)
        attn = self.dropout(attn)

        # 应用注意力机制
        weighted_avg = attn @ v
        weighted_avg = weighted_avg.transpose(1, 2).reshape(B, T, C)

        return self.out(weighted_avg)

对于如下问题:
------------

用pytorch实现一个Transformer模型中用的的Multi-Head Self Attention模块。
定义一个叫做 MultiHeadSelfAttention的Module：
1. 初始化时，依次指定head数量n_head，dim大小dim，dropout比例p_drop
2. forward的时候，输入一个shape为[batch_size, seq_len, dim]的tensor，输出同样shape的tensor

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F

class MultiHeadSelfAttention(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, n_head, dim, p_drop):
        super(MultiHeadSelfAttention, self).__init__()
        assert dim % n_head == 0, "Dimension must be divisible by the number of heads."

        self.n_head = n_head
        self.dim = dim
        self.d_k = dim // n_head

        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(p_drop)

    def forward(self, x):
        batch_size, seq_len, dim = x.size()

        qkv = self.qkv_linear(x)  # [batch_size, seq_len, 3 * dim]
        qkv = qkv.view(batch_size, seq_len, 3, self.n_head, self.d_k)
        qkv = qkv.permute(2, 0, 3, 1, 4)  # [3, batch_size, n_head, seq_len, d_k]
        query, key, value = qkv[0], qkv[1], qkv[2]

        scores = torch.matmul(query, key.transpose(-2, -1)) / math.sqrt(self.d_k)
        attention = F.softmax(scores, dim=-1)
        attention = self.dropout(attention)

        out = torch.matmul(attention, value)  # [batch_size, n_head, seq_len, d_k]
        out = out.transpose(1, 2).contiguous().view(batch_size, seq_len, dim)

        result = self.output_linear(out)  # [batch_size, seq_len, dim]

        return result
```

但执行时报错:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpv9weg36w/tmpou3ud8za.py", line 60, in <module>
    y = attn(x)
  File "/root/miniconda3/envs/sandbox-runtime/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/nn/modules/module.py", line 1518, in _wrapped_call_impl
    return self._call_impl(*args, **kwargs)
  File "/root/miniconda3/envs/sandbox-runtime/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/nn/modules/module.py", line 1527, in _call_impl
    return forward_call(*args, **kwargs)
  File "/tmp/tmpv9weg36w/tmpou3ud8za.py", line 28, in forward
    scores = torch.matmul(query, key.transpose(-2, -1)) / math.sqrt(self.d_k)
NameError: name 'math' is not defined

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）


def compute_gae(rewards, values, next_value, masks, gamma=0.99, tau=0.95):
    values.append(next_value)
    gaes = []
    gae = 0
    for step in reversed(range(len(rewards))):
        delta = rewards[step] + gamma * values[step + 1] * masks[step] - values[step]
        gae = delta + gamma * tau * masks[step] * gae
        gaes.append(gae)
    return gaes[::-1]

对于如下问题:
------------

Implement function `compute_gae(rewards, values, next_value, masks, gamma, tau)`, where `rewards` is a list of rewards, `values` is a list of value predictions, `next_value` is the value prediction of the next state of the last state in the trajectory, `masks` is a list of booleans indicating whether the current time step is non-terminal, `gamma` is the discount factor, and `tau` is the exponential weight. The function should return a list of GAE estimations for each time step.

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
def compute_gae(rewards, values, next_value, masks, gamma, tau):
    gae = 0
    returns = []

    for step in reversed(range(len(rewards))):
        if step == len(rewards) - 1:
            delta = rewards[step] + gamma * next_value * masks[step] - values[step]
        else:
            delta = rewards[step] + gamma * values[step + 1] * masks[step] - values[step]

        gae = delta + gamma * tau * masks[step] * gae

    return returns
```

但执行时报错:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmp2ebilte8/tmph0r1wqqs.py", line 45, in <module>
    check()
  File "/tmp/tmp2ebilte8/tmph0r1wqqs.py", line 39, in check
    np.testing.assert_almost_equal(compute_gae(rewards, values, next_value, masks, gamma=0.99, tau=0.95), [4.342481538104812, 0.5023727146249994, 5.9036392499999994, 2.0985, -3.0], decimal=8)
  File "/root/miniconda3/envs/sandbox-runtime/lib/python3.10/contextlib.py", line 79, in inner
    return func(*args, **kwds)
  File "/root/miniconda3/envs/sandbox-runtime/lib/python3.10/site-packages/numpy/testing/_private/utils.py", line 521, in assert_almost_equal
    return assert_array_almost_equal(actual, desired, decimal, err_msg)
  File "/root/miniconda3/envs/sandbox-runtime/lib/python3.10/contextlib.py", line 79, in inner
    return func(*args, **kwds)
  File "/root/miniconda3/envs/sandbox-runtime/lib/python3.10/site-packages/numpy/testing/_private/utils.py", line 1034, in assert_array_almost_equal
    assert_array_compare(compare, x, y, err_msg=err_msg, verbose=verbose,
  File "/root/miniconda3/envs/sandbox-runtime/lib/python3.10/contextlib.py", line 79, in inner
    return func(*args, **kwds)
  File "/root/miniconda3/envs/sandbox-runtime/lib/python3.10/site-packages/numpy/testing/_private/utils.py", line 797, in assert_array_compare
    raise AssertionError(msg)
AssertionError:
Arrays are not almost equal to 8 decimals

Mismatched elements: 5 / 5 (100%)
Max absolute difference: 13.
Max relative difference: 25.87720157
 x: array([14.34248154, 13.50237271, 10.90363925,  9.0985    ,  5.        ])
 y: array([ 4.34248154,  0.50237271,  5.90363925,  2.0985    , -3.        ])

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）

#<INSERT>

def check():
    import numpy as np
    rewards = [1, 3, 2, 4, 5]
    values = [10, 13, 5, 7, 8]
    next_value = 1
    masks = [True, True, True, True, False]
    np.testing.assert_almost_equal(compute_gae(rewards, values, next_value, masks, gamma=0.99, tau=0.95), [4.342481538104812, 0.5023727146249994, 5.9036392499999994, 2.0985, -3.0], decimal=8)
    rewards = [1, 7, 10]
    values = [-2, 3, 6]
    next_value = 8
    masks = [True, True, True]
    np.testing.assert_almost_equal(compute_gae(rewards, values, next_value, masks, gamma=0.99, tau=0.95), [25.86228978, 21.150760000000002, 11.920000000000002], decimal=8)
check()


import unittest

def prod_signs(arr):
    if not arr: return None
    prod = 0 if 0 in arr else (-1) ** len(list(filter(lambda x: x < 0, arr)))
    return prod * sum([abs(i) for i in arr])

class TestProdSigns(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_prod_signs(self):
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([1, 2, 2, -4]), -9)
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([0, 1]), 0)
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([1, 1, 1, 2, 3, -1, 1]), -10)
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([]), None)
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([2, 4,1, 2, -1, -1, 9]), 20)
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([-1, 1, -1, 1]), 4)
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([-1, 1, 1, 1]), -4)
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([-1, 1, 1, 0]), 0)

对于如下问题:
------------

请使用unittest为下述python函数编写单元测试用例:
def prod_signs(arr):
    if not arr: return None
    prod = 0 if 0 in arr else (-1) ** len(list(filter(lambda x: x < 0, arr)))
    return prod * sum([abs(i) for i in arr])

回答需要满足一下要求：
1. 这些单元测试用例应当正确使用测试框架、有合理的输入和测试结果断言。
2. 请把测试代码写在一个markdown ```python```包裹中。
3. 请只提供测试代码和unittest.main()，用于执行所有的测试用例，并输出测试结果。 不需要写出或import被测函数。

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
import unittest

class TestProdSigns(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_empty_list(self):
        self.assertIsNone(prod_signs([]), "Should be None for empty list")

    def test_all_positive_numbers(self):
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([1, 2, 3]), 6, "Should return the sum 6")

    def test_all_negative_numbers(self):
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([-1, -2, -3]), -6, "Should return the negative sum -6")

    def test_mixed_sign_numbers(self):
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([-1, 2, -3]), -6, "Should return the negative sum -6")

    def test_contains_zero(self):
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([0, 1, -2]), 0, "Should return 0 if array contains zero")

    def test_single_positive_number(self):
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([5]), 5, "Should return the number itself")

    def test_single_negative_number(self):
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([-5]), -5, "Should return the negative number itself")

    def test_single_zero(self):
        self.assertEqual(prod_signs([0]), 0, "Should return 0 for single zero")
```

但执行时报错:
------------
....F...
======================================================================
FAIL: test_mixed_sign_numbers (__main__.TestProdSigns)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpu_bg8fod/tmpac3m32lh.py", line 23, in test_mixed_sign_numbers
    self.assertEqual(prod_signs([-1, 2, -3]), -6, "Should return the negative sum -6")
AssertionError: 6 != -6 : Should return the negative sum -6

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 8 tests in 0.001s

FAILED (failures=1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpu_bg8fod/tmpac3m32lh.py", line 53, in <module>
    assert tp.result.wasSuccessful()
AssertionError

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）

import unittest
import inspect
import coverage

def prod_signs(arr):
    if not arr: return None
    prod = 0 if 0 in arr else (-1) ** len(list(filter(lambda x: x < 0, arr)))
    return prod * sum([abs(i) for i in arr])

#<INSERT>

if __name__ == '__main__':
    cov = coverage.Coverage()
    cov.start()
    tp = unittest.main(exit=False)
    cov.stop()

    all = []
    lines = inspect.getsourcelines(prod_signs)
    start_line, end_line = lines[1] + 1, lines[1] + len(lines[0])
    all.extend(range(start_line, end_line))
    _, exec_lines, miss_lines, _ = cov.analysis(__file__)
    r_exec = [n for n in exec_lines if n in all]
    r_miss = [n for n in miss_lines if n in all]
    percentage = (len(r_exec) - len(r_miss)) / len(r_exec) * 100
    print(f'[coverage] {percentage}%')
    assert tp.result.wasSuccessful()
    assert percentage > 59


def auroc(truth, pred):
    """
    Compute the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUROC).
    """
    # Create a list of tuples (prediction, truth)
    data = list(zip(pred, truth))
    # Sort the tuples by prediction in descending order
    data.sort(key=lambda x: x[0], reverse=True)

    # Initialize counters for true positives and false positives
    tp, fp = 0, 0
    # Total number of positives and negatives
    total_positives = sum(truth)
    total_negatives = len(truth) - total_positives

    # Variables to store the previous TPR and FPR
    prev_tpr = prev_fpr = 0
    # Variable to store the area under curve
    auc = 0

    for i in range(len(data)):
        if data[i][1] == 1:  # If the point is a true positive
            tp += 1
        else:  # If the point is a false positive
            fp += 1

        # Calculate true positive rate and false positive rate
        tpr = tp / total_positives if total_positives else 0
        fpr = fp / total_negatives if total_negatives else 0

        # Calculate the area using trapezoidal rule
        auc += (fpr - prev_fpr) * (tpr + prev_tpr) / 2

        # Update previous TPR and FPR
        prev_tpr, prev_fpr = tpr, fpr

    return auc

对于如下问题:
------------

请写一个Python函数`auroc(truth, pred)` 解决这个问题:
对于一个二分类问题，给定真值truth（0或者1），和预测值pred，请计算并返回它的area under receiver operating characteristic curve。
请不要使用numpy或者scipy等库简化这个问题。
>>> auroc([0, 0, 1, 1], [0.1, 0.4, 0.35, 0.8])
0.75

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
def auroc(truth, pred):
    data = list(zip(truth, pred))
    data.sort(key=lambda x: x[1])

    n_pos = sum(1 for t, _ in data if t == 1)
    n_neg = len(data) - n_pos

    previous_pred = None

    for i in range(len(data)):
        if data[i][1] != previous_pred:
            if previous_pred is not None:
                tpr_prev = tp_prev / n_pos if n_pos != 0 else 0
                tpr = tp / n_pos if n_pos != 0 else 0
                fpr_prev = fp_prev / n_neg if n_neg != 0 else 0
                fpr = fp / n_neg if n_neg != 0 else 0
                auc += (fpr - fpr_prev) * (tpr + tpr_prev) / 2

            tp_prev = tp
            fp_prev = fp
            previous_pred = data[i][1]

        if data[i][0] == 1:
            tp += 1
        else:
            fp += 1

    tpr_prev = tp_prev / n_pos if n_pos != 0 else 0
    tpr = tp / n_pos if n_pos != 0 else 0
    fpr_prev = fp_prev / n_neg if n_neg != 0 else 0
    fpr = fp / n_neg if n_neg != 0 else 0
    auc += (fpr - fpr_prev) * (tpr + tpr_prev) / 2

    return auc
```

但执行时报错:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpwr058rr3/tmp3ttgp760.py", line 51, in <module>
    check()
  File "/tmp/tmpwr058rr3/tmp3ttgp760.py", line 49, in check
    assert auroc([0, 0, 1, 1], [0.1, 0.4, 0.35, 0.8]) == 0.75
AssertionError

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）


def convolution_operator(image, kernel):
    """
    Apply a convolution operator to an image.

    :param image: A 2D array or list representing the image.
    :param kernel: A 2D array or list representing the convolution kernel.
    :return: A 2D array representing the result of the convolution.
    """
    import numpy as np

    # Convert image and kernel to numpy arrays
    image = np.array(image)
    kernel = np.array(kernel)

    # Get the dimensions of the image and kernel
    i_height, i_width = image.shape
    k_height, k_width = kernel.shape

    # Determine the size of the output array
    output_height = i_height - k_height + 1
    output_width = i_width - k_width + 1
    output = np.zeros((output_height, output_width))

    # Perform convolution
    for i in range(output_height):
        for j in range(output_width):
            output[i, j] = np.sum(image[i:i+k_height, j:j+k_width] * kernel)

    return output

对于如下问题:
------------

请用Python实现一个简单的卷积算子。函数定义为 def convolution_operator(image, kernel)，其中 image 是一个二维数组或列表，表示待处理的图像，kernel 是一个二维数组或列表，表示卷积核。函数的返回值应该是一个二维数组，表示卷积操作后的结果。

注意：为了简化问题，你可以假设图像和卷积核的尺寸适当，不需要额外的填充(padding)，且卷积步长为1。

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
import numpy as np

def convolution_operator(image, kernel):
    image_height, image_width = image.shape
    kernel_height, kernel_width = kernel.shape

    output_height = image_height - kernel_height + 1
    output_width = image_width - kernel_width + 1

    output = np.zeros((output_height, output_width))

    for i in range(output_height):
        for j in range(output_width):
            image_region = image[i:i+kernel_height, j:j+kernel_width]
            output[i, j] = np.sum(image_region * kernel)

    return output

image = np.array([
    [1, 2, 3, 4],
    [5, 6, 7, 8],
    [9, 10, 11, 12],
    [13, 14, 15, 16]
])

kernel = np.array([
    [0, 1],
    [1, 0]
])

result = convolution_operator(image, kernel)
print(result)
```

但执行时报错:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpztgysz28/tmplbikvzni.py", line 66, in <module>
    convoluted_image = convolution_operator(image, kernel)
  File "/tmp/tmpztgysz28/tmplbikvzni.py", line 5, in convolution_operator
    image_height, image_width = image.shape
AttributeError: 'list' object has no attribute 'shape'

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）

#<INSERT>

# Function to perform a naive convolution operation
def naive_convolution(image, kernel):
    image_height, image_width = len(image), len(image[0])
    kernel_height, kernel_width = len(kernel), len(kernel[0])
    output_height, output_width = image_height - kernel_height + 1, image_width - kernel_width + 1

    output = [[0 for _ in range(output_width)] for _ in range(output_height)]

    for i in range(output_height):
        for j in range(output_width):
            for ki in range(kernel_height):
                for kj in range(kernel_width):
                    output[i][j] += image[i + ki][j + kj] * kernel[ki][kj]
    return output

image = [[1, 2, 3, 4],
            [5, 6, 7, 8],
            [9, 10, 11, 12],
            [13, 14, 15, 16]]
kernel = [[-1, 0, 1],
            [-2, 0, 2],
            [-1, 0, 1]]

convoluted_image = convolution_operator(image, kernel)
expected_output = naive_convolution(image, kernel)

assert len(convoluted_image) == len(expected_output), "The convolution result is not as expected."
assert len(convoluted_image[0]) == len(expected_output[0]), "The convolution result is not as expected."
for i in range(len(expected_output)):
    for j in range(len(expected_output[i])):
        assert expected_output[i][j] == convoluted_image[i][j], f"The expected result is {expected_output}, but we got {convoluted_image} instead"


from io import StringIO
import pandas as pd
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.optim as optim

class IrisNet(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, num_classes):
        super(IrisNet, self).__init__()
        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(input_size, hidden_size)
        self.relu = nn.ReLU()
        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(hidden_size, num_classes)

    def forward(self, x):
        out = self.fc1(x)
        out = self.relu(out)
        out = self.fc2(out)
        return out

def train_and_predict(train_csv_str, test_csv_str):
    df_train = pd.read_csv(StringIO(train_csv_str), sep=',')
    df_train['label'] = pd.factorize(df_train['species'], sort=True)[0]
    label_map = dict(df_train.groupby(['label', 'species']).size().to_dict().keys())
    X_train = df_train[['sepal_length', 'sepal_width', 'petal_length', 'petal_width']].to_numpy()
    Y_train = df_train['label'].to_numpy()

    df_test = pd.read_csv(StringIO(test_csv_str), sep=',')
    X_test = df_test[['sepal_length', 'sepal_width', 'petal_length', 'petal_width']].to_numpy()

    model = IrisNet(4, 16, 3)
    criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
    optimizer = optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=0.1)

    X_train = torch.FloatTensor(X_train)
    Y_train = torch.LongTensor(Y_train)
    X_test = torch.FloatTensor(X_test)

    num_epochs = 50
    for epoch in range(num_epochs):
        Y_pred = model(X_train)
        loss = criterion(Y_pred, Y_train)
        optimizer.zero_grad()
        loss.backward()
        optimizer.step()

    with torch.no_grad():
        Y_test_pred = model(X_test)
        Y_test_label = torch.argmax(Y_test_pred, dim=-1)
        df_test['label'] = Y_test_label
        df_test['species'] = df_test['label'].apply(lambda x: label_map[x])
    return df_test

iris数据集是一个关于鸢尾花分类的数据集，这里面对每一种鸢尾花记录了4种数值特征：
sepal_length,sepal_width,petal_length,petal_width

有一个csv文件存储了这个数据集，样例如下

sepal_length,sepal_width,petal_length,petal_width,species
5.1,3.5,1.4,0.2,setosa
4.9,3.0,1.4,0.2,setosa
4.7,3.2,1.3,0.2,setosa
4.6,3.1,1.5,0.2,setosa
5.0,3.6,1.4,0.2,setosa

实现 python 函数 train_and_predict(train_csv_str, test_csv_str), 输入训练集csv文件的内容字符串 train_csv_str 和测试集csv文件的内容字符串 test_csv_str, 定义一个pytorch的神经网络，用训练数据训练，并预测测试数据每个样本的species，返回测试集对应的dateframe。
测试集的species这列输入时不存在，输出时需要加上这一列，并填上预测结果。


def apply_permutation(perm, element):
    """应用置换perm到元素element上"""
    return tuple(perm[i-1] for i in element)

def find_inverse(perm):
    """找到置换的逆"""
    inverse = [0] * 3
    for i, p in enumerate(perm):
        inverse[p-1] = i+1
    return tuple(inverse)

def is_subgroup_of_S3(H):
    """检查集合H是否是S3的子群"""
    S3 = {(1, 2, 3), (2, 1, 3), (1, 3, 2), (3, 2, 1), (2, 3, 1), (3, 1, 2)}
    if (1, 2, 3) not in H:  # 检查是否包含单位元素
        return False
    for a in H:
        if a not in S3:
            return False
        for b in H:
            # 检查闭合性
            if apply_permutation(a, b) not in H:
                return False
        # 检查每个元素是否有逆元素
        if find_inverse(a) not in H:
            return False
    return True

对于如下问题:
------------

S3 是包含3个元素的所有置换的群。
让我们用 set of tuple 的格式来表示它：S3 = {(1, 2, 3), (2, 1, 3), (1, 3, 2), (3, 2, 1), (2, 3, 1), (3, 1, 2)}。
其中每个 tuple 代表一个置换：
(1, 2, 3) 表示恒等置换。
(2, 1, 3) 表示交换1和2。
(1, 3, 2) 表示交换2和3。
(3, 2, 1) 表示交换1和3。
(2, 3, 1) 表示循环置换（1到2，2到3，3到1）。
(3, 1, 2) 表示循环置换（1到3，3到2，2到1）。

请用 python 实现一个 is_subgroup_of_S3 函数，用于判断给定的一个 set of tuple 输入是否为 S3 的子群。

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
def compose_permutations(p1, p2):
    return tuple(p2[p1[i] - 1] for i in range(len(p1)))

def inverse_permutation(p):
    inverse = list(range(len(p)))
    for i, v in enumerate(p):
        inverse[v - 1] = i + 1
    return tuple(inverse)

def is_subgroup_of_S3(H):
    S3 = {(1, 2, 3), (2, 1, 3), (1, 3, 2), (3, 2, 1), (2, 3, 1), (3, 1, 2)}

        return False

        return False

    for p1 in H:
            return False
        for p2 in H:
                return False

    return True

```

但执行时报错:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpgq_3sxae/tmp6kgv6hbs.py", line 59, in <module>
    assert (not is_subgroup_of_S3(t))
  File "/tmp/tmpgq_3sxae/tmp6kgv6hbs.py", line 27, in is_subgroup_of_S3
    if compose_permutations(p1, p2) not in H:  # 检查是否封闭
  File "/tmp/tmpgq_3sxae/tmp6kgv6hbs.py", line 4, in compose_permutations
    return tuple(p2[p1[i] - 1] for i in range(len(p1)))
  File "/tmp/tmpgq_3sxae/tmp6kgv6hbs.py", line 4, in <genexpr>
    return tuple(p2[p1[i] - 1] for i in range(len(p1)))
IndexError: tuple index out of range

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）


import requests
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
def fetch_url(url):
    response = requests.get(url)
    return response.status_code

def execute_concurrently(func, urls, max_workers=5):
    with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=max_workers) as executor:
        results = executor.map(func, urls)
    return list(results)

对于如下问题:
------------

根据以下示例，利用python编写一个页并发请求的函数，
1. 网页请求函数为fetch_url，输入为url的list，返回为网页的status_code
2. 并发请求的函数为execute_concurrently，输入为函数fetch_url和url_list

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
import requests
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed

def fetch_url(url):
    try:
        response = requests.get(url)
        return response.status_code
    except requests.RequestException as e:
        print(f"Error fetching {url}: {e}")
        return None

def execute_concurrently(function, url_list, max_workers=5):
    results = {}
    with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=max_workers) as executor:
        future_to_url = {executor.submit(function, url): url for url in url_list}

        for future in as_completed(future_to_url):
            url = future_to_url[future]
            try:
                result = future.result()
                results[url] = result
                print(f"URL {url} fetched with status code {result}")
            except Exception as exc:
                print(f"{url} generated an exception: {exc}")
                results[url] = None
    return results

urls = [
    "http://example.com",
    "http://nonexistent.domain",
    "https://httpbin.org/status/404",
    "https://httpbin.org/status/200"
]

results = execute_concurrently(fetch_url, urls)
print("Final results:", results)
```

但执行时报错:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpha0_yi_j/tmp21_trloq.py", line 65, in <module>
    check()
  File "/tmp/tmpha0_yi_j/tmp21_trloq.py", line 60, in check
    assert results == expected_results, f"Expected {expected_results}, but got {results}"
AssertionError: Expected [200, 200, 200, 200], but got {'http://www.bing.com': 200, 'https://www.bytedance.com/zh/news': 200, 'https://www.bytedance.com/zh/': 200, 'https://www.bytedance.com': 200}

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）

#<INSERT>

def check():
    import time
    urls = [#"http://www.baidu.com",
            "https://www.bytedance.com",
            "http://www.bing.com",
            "https://www.bytedance.com/zh/",
            "https://www.bytedance.com/zh/news",]
    expected_results = [200, 200, 200, 200]  # Assuming all URLs return HTTP 200 status code

    start_time = time.time()
    results = execute_concurrently(fetch_url, urls)
    elapsed_time = time.time() - start_time

    assert results == expected_results, f"Expected {expected_results}, but got {results}"
    assert elapsed_time < 2 * len(urls), f"Execution took longer than expected. Expected less than {2 * len(urls)} seconds, but took {elapsed_time} seconds."

    print("All tests passed.")

check()


from multiprocessing import Pool

def is_prime(n):
    """
    This function checks if the provided number n is a prime number.
    """
    if n <= 1:
        return False
    if n <= 3:
        return True
    if n % 2 == 0 or n % 3 == 0:
        return False
    i = 5
    while (i * i <= n):
        if n % i == 0 or n % (i + 2) == 0:
            return False
        i += 6
    return True

def main(start, end):
    prime_numbers = []

    with Pool() as pool:
        for number, prime in enumerate(pool.imap(is_prime, range(start, end)), start):
            if prime:
                prime_numbers.append(number)

    return prime_numbers

对于如下问题:
------------
在Python中，利用multiprocessing模块的Pool对象实现并行计算。首先，创建一个名为is_prime(n)的函数，此函数的参数是一个数字，其返回值是一个布尔值，表示这个数字是否为素数。

然后，定义一个名为main(start, end)的函数，此函数接受两个参数，分别表示了查找素数的范围。使用multiprocessing.Pool对象创建一个进程池，并使用imap()函数并行计算给定范围内所有的素数。

imap()函数会为范围内的每个数字启动一个新的进程，并使用is_prime函数计算该数字是否为素数。通过enumerate获取每个数字的结果，如果该数字为素数，那么将其添加到一个名为prime_numbers的列表中。

最后，main()函数返回包含所有在给定范围内的素数的prime_numbers列表。

请把代码写在一个markdown ```python```包裹中

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
import multiprocessing

def is_prime(n):
    if n <= 1:
        return False
    elif n <= 3:
        return True
    elif n % 2 == 0 or n % 3 == 0:
        return False
    i = 5
    while i * i <= n:
        if n % i == 0 or n % (i + 2) == 0:
            return False
        i += 6
    return True

def main(start, end):
    pool = multiprocessing.Pool()
    prime_numbers = []

    result = pool.imap(is_prime, range(start, end + 1))

    for number, is_prime in enumerate(result, start):
        if is_prime:
            prime_numbers.append(number)

    pool.close()
    pool.join()

    return prime_numbers
```

但执行时报错:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmp9jh24sz4/tmpq03tj6c4.py", line 41, in <module>
    check(main)
  File "/tmp/tmp9jh24sz4/tmpq03tj6c4.py", line 2, in check
    result = main(1,10)
  File "/tmp/tmp9jh24sz4/tmpq03tj6c4.py", line 29, in main
    result = pool.imap(is_prime, range(start, end + 1))
UnboundLocalError: local variable 'is_prime' referenced before assignment

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）

def check(main):
    result = main(1,10)
    assert result == [2, 3, 5, 7]
    result = main(1,1)
    assert result == []
    result = main(1,0)
    assert result == []
#<INSERT>

if __name__ == '__main__':
    check(main)


from tree_sitter import Language, Parser
from tree_sitter_languages import get_language, get_parser

def find_function_name_by_pattern(code):
    parser = get_parser("python")
    PY_LANGUAGE = get_language("python")

    tree = parser.parse(bytes(code, "utf8"))
    query = PY_LANGUAGE.query(
        """
        (function_definition
            name: (identifier) @function.name)
        """
    )
    function_names = []
    captures = query.captures(tree.root_node)
    for capture in captures:
        capture_node = capture[0]
        function_names.append(capture_node.text.decode("utf8"))
    return function_names

对于如下问题:
------------

给定一段 python 代码，使用 tree-sitter 库，要求用模式匹配的方式找出所有的函数定义的函数名，函数名定义为 find_function_name_by_pattern ，输入字符串类型的代码，输出函数名的字符串列表。
注意使用 tree_sitter_languages 库获取 language 及 parser

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
from tree_sitter import Language, Parser
import tree_sitter_languages as tsl

def find_function_name_by_pattern(code):
    Language.build_library(
        'build/my-languages.so',
        [tsl.PYTHON.language_source]
    )

    PY_LANGUAGE = Language('build/my-languages.so', 'python')
    parser = Parser()
    parser.set_language(PY_LANGUAGE)

    tree = parser.parse(bytes(code, "utf8"))
    root_node = tree.root_node

    query = PY_LANGUAGE.query('''
    (function_definition
        name: (identifier) @function.name)
    ''')

    captures = query.captures(root_node)

    function_names = [capture[0].text.decode('utf8') for capture in captures]

    return function_names

code = '''
def foo():
    pass

def bar(x, y):
    return x + y

class Baz:
    def method(self):
        pass
'''

function_names = find_function_name_by_pattern(code)
```

但执行时报错:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpv0huw0fu/tmplde9shka.py", line 49, in <module>
    function_names = find_function_name_by_pattern(code)
  File "/tmp/tmpv0huw0fu/tmplde9shka.py", line 10, in find_function_name_by_pattern
    [tsl.PYTHON.language_source]
AttributeError: module 'tree_sitter_languages' has no attribute 'PYTHON'

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）

#<INSERT>

def check():
    code = """
def my_function():
    pass

def another_function(param1, param2):
    return param1 + param2
"""
    ret = find_function_name_by_pattern(code)
    function_names = ["my_function", "another_function"]
    assert len(function_names) == len(ret)
    for res in ret:
        assert res in function_names

check()


def auc(data):
    # Sort the data by the predicted probability in descending order
    data_sorted = sorted(data, key=lambda x: x[0], reverse=True)

    # Calculate the number of positive and negative examples
    n_positives = sum(1 for score, label in data if label == 1)
    n_negatives = len(data) - n_positives

    # Initialize variables to calculate AUC
    auc_ret = 0.0
    n_tp = 0  # number of true positives
    n_fp = 0  # number of false positives

    # Calculate AUC using the trapezoidal rule
    for i in range(len(data_sorted)):
        # If the label is 1, it's a true positive
        if data_sorted[i][1] == 1:
            n_tp += 1
        # If the label is 0, it's a false positive
        else:
            n_fp += 1
            # Update AUC for each false positive by the fraction of true positives so far
            auc_ret += n_tp / n_positives

    # Normalize AUC by the total number of pairs
    auc_ret /= n_negatives
    return auc_ret

对于如下问题:
------------

给定一个数组，里面含有 (prediction, label) 的元组，其中 label = 0 表示负样本，label = 1 表示正样本，prediction表示一个机器学习模型预估这个样本是正样本的概率。
写一个python函数auc，输入这个数组，返回对应的AUC。不允许调用第三方库。

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
def auc(data):
    sorted_data = sorted(data, key=lambda x: x[0], reverse=True)

    positive_count = sum(1 for _, label in data if label == 1)
    negative_count = sum(1 for _, label in data if label == 0)

    for prob, label in sorted_data:
        if prob != prev_prob:
            area += tp * fp
            prev_prob = prob

        if label == 1:
            tp += 1
        else:
            fp += 1

    area += tp * fp

    auc_value = area / (positive_count * negative_count)

    return auc_value

data = [(0.9, 1), (0.8, 0), (0.7, 1), (0.6, 1), (0.5, 0), (0.4, 0), (0.3, 1), (0.2, 0), (0.1, 0)]
print("AUC:", auc(data))
```

但执行时报错:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpk6ya0fll/tmpl6r1y2l8.py", line 50, in <module>
    assert(abs(auc(data) - 0.7083333) < 1.0e-5)
AssertionError

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）


def to_camel_case(text):
    s = text.replace("-", " ").replace("_", " ")
    s = s.split()
    if len(text) == 0:
        return text
    return s[0] + ''.join(i.capitalize() for i in s[1:])

对于如下问题:
------------

This is a question from Codewars: Complete the method/function so that it converts dash/underscore delimited words into camel casing. The first word within the output should be capitalized only if the original word was capitalized (known as Upper Camel Case, also often referred to as Pascal case).
The input test cases are as follows:

```python
test.describe("Testing function to_camel_case")
test.it("Basic tests")
test.assert_equals(to_camel_case(''), '', "An empty string was provided but not returned")
test.assert_equals(to_camel_case("the_stealth_warrior"), "theStealthWarrior", "to_camel_case('the_stealth_warrior') did not return correct value")
test.assert_equals(to_camel_case("The-Stealth-Warrior"), "TheStealthWarrior", "to_camel_case('The-Stealth-Warrior') did not return correct value")
test.assert_equals(to_camel_case("A-B-C"), "ABC", "to_camel_case('A-B-C') did not return correct value")
```

Please write a function `to_camel_case` in Python, which takes a string variable `text` as arguments and returns the camel case string.

Function signature is: `to_camel_case(text)`

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
import re

def to_camel_case(text):
    words = re.split('[-_]', text)
    if not words:
        return ""

    first_word_capitalized = words[0][0].isupper() if words[0] else False

    if not first_word_capitalized:
        return words[0] + ''.join(word.capitalize() for word in words[1:])
    else:
        return ''.join(word.capitalize() for word in words)

```

但执行时报错:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpcse9je4m/tmp4aw4aehx.py", line 35, in <module>
    assert f(s2) == to_camel_case(s2)
AssertionError

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）

#<INSERT>

def f(text):
    s = text.replace("-", " ").replace("_", " ")
    s = s.split()
    if len(text) == 0:
        return text
    return s[0] + ''.join(i.capitalize() for i in s[1:])

s1 = "the_stealth_warrior"
s2 = '23_fg wre sf+ w_we'
s3 = '1_2_3_4 5 6 7'
assert f(s1) == to_camel_case(s1)
assert f(s2) == to_camel_case(s2)
assert f(s3) == to_camel_case(s3)


#L1_C_3
from rdkit import Chem

def solve(smiles):
    mol = Chem.MolFromSmiles(smiles, sanitize=False)
    for atom in mol.GetAtoms():
        if not atom.IsInRing():
            if atom.GetIsAromatic():
                atom.SetIsAromatic(False)
                for bond in atom.GetBonds():
                    bond.SetBondType(Chem.BondType.SINGLE)
    new_smi = Chem.MolToSmiles(mol)
    return new_smi

对于如下问题:
------------

已知在rdkit中可以使用`atom.SetIsAromatic`设置原子的芳香性，atom.IsInRing可以判断原子是否在环内，`bond.SetBondType`可以修改化学键的类型。
请写一个完整的Python函数`solve(smiles)`, 输入一个SMILES(注意解析这个SMILES可能需要设置sanitize=False)， 如果分子结构中存在不在环里的芳香原子，
请编写代码将分子中不在环里的芳香原子改为非芳香的，并且将与这些原子相连的化学键也改为单键，最终返回修改后的分子结构的SMILES

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
from rdkit import Chem

def solve(smiles):
    mol = Chem.MolFromSmiles(smiles, sanitize=False)

    Chem.SanitizeMol(mol, Chem.SanitizeFlags.SANITIZE_FINDRADICALS |
                     Chem.SanitizeFlags.SANITIZE_KEKULIZE |
                     Chem.SanitizeFlags.SANITIZE_SETAROMATICITY)

    for atom in mol.GetAtoms():
        if atom.GetIsAromatic() and not atom.IsInRing():
            atom.SetIsAromatic(False)
            for bond in atom.GetBonds():
                bond.SetBondType(Chem.BondType.SINGLE)

    updated_smiles = Chem.MolToSmiles(mol)
    return updated_smiles

result_smiles = solve(input_smiles)
print(result_smiles)
```

但执行时报错:
------------
[11:02:03] non-ring atom 6 marked aromatic
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmp_6ub1d8a/tmpaejb853g.py", line 38, in <module>
    check(solve)
  File "/tmp/tmp_6ub1d8a/tmpaejb853g.py", line 32, in check
    assert solve('c1ccccc1ccCCOCnC') == 'CNCOCCCCc1ccccc1'
  File "/tmp/tmp_6ub1d8a/tmpaejb853g.py", line 8, in solve
    Chem.SanitizeMol(mol, Chem.SanitizeFlags.SANITIZE_FINDRADICALS |
rdkit.Chem.rdchem.AtomKekulizeException: non-ring atom 6 marked aromatic

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）

#<INSERT>

def check(solve):
    assert solve('c1ccccc1ccCCOCnC') == 'CNCOCCCCc1ccccc1'
    assert solve('CCOc(c1ccccc1)C') == 'CCOC(C)c1ccccc1'
    assert solve('CCC(C1CC1)CoCC') == 'CCOCC(CC)C1CC1'
    assert solve('NCc1ccccc1') == 'NCc1ccccc1'

check(solve)


#L1_C_24
from rdkit import Chem

def neutralize_atoms(mol):
    pattern = Chem.MolFromSmarts("[+1!h0!$([*]~[-1,-2,-3,-4]),-1!$([*]~[+1,+2,+3,+4])]")
    at_matches = mol.GetSubstructMatches(pattern)
    at_matches_list = [y[0] for y in at_matches]
    if len(at_matches_list) > 0:
        for at_idx in at_matches_list:
            atom = mol.GetAtomWithIdx(at_idx)
            chg = atom.GetFormalCharge()
            hcount = atom.GetTotalNumHs()
            atom.SetFormalCharge(0)
            atom.SetNumExplicitHs(hcount - chg)
            atom.UpdatePropertyCache()
    return mol

def solve(smiles):
    mol = Chem.MolFromSmiles(smiles)
    mol = neutralize_atoms(mol)
    new_smiles = Chem.MolToSmiles(mol)
    return new_smiles

对于如下问题:
------------

已知带电原子的smarts为"[+1!h0!$([*]~[-1,-2,-3,-4]),-1!$([*]~[+1,+2,+3,+4])]", 同时在rkdit中可以通过`atom.SetNumExplicitHs`来修改显式氢的数目，通过`atom.SetFormalCharge`来修改原子的形式电荷。
请写一个完整的Python函数`solve(smiles)`，输入一个SMILES，将分子中性化，并相应的为被修改的原子补上/去除氢原子，使化合价正确。 例如将COO-基团变为COOH基团，或NH3+基团变为NH2基团。最终返回中性化之后分子的标准化SMILES (canonical SMILES)。

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
from rdkit import Chem

def solve(smiles):
    mol = Chem.MolFromSmiles(smiles)
    if mol is None:
        return None

    for atom in mol.GetAtoms():
        charge = atom.GetFormalCharge()
        num_explicit_hs = atom.GetNumExplicitHs()

        if charge > 0:
            if num_explicit_hs > 0:
                atom.SetNumExplicitHs(max(0, num_explicit_hs - charge))
            atom.SetFormalCharge(0)
        elif charge < 0:
            atom.SetNumExplicitHs(num_explicit_hs - charge)
            atom.SetFormalCharge(0)

    neutralized_smiles = Chem.MolToSmiles(mol, isomericSmiles=True)
    return neutralized_smiles
```

但执行时报错:
------------
/bin/bash: 1: Syntax error: end of file unexpected

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）

#<INSERT>

def check(solve):
    assert solve('C[NH+](C)CC[S-]') == 'CN(C)CCS'
    assert solve('CP([O-])(=O)OC[NH3+]') == 'CP(=O)(O)OCN'

check(solve)


import math
def MaxSubarrayLength ( arr , n , k ) :
    left = - 1
    sum = 0
    for i in range ( n ) :
        if ( ( arr [ i ] % k ) != 0 ) :
            if ( left == - 1 ) :
                left = i
            right = i
        sum += arr [ i ]
    if ( ( sum % k ) != 0 ) :
        return n
    elif ( left == - 1 ) :
        return - 1
    else :
        prefix_length = left + 1
        suffix_length = n - right
        return n - min ( prefix_length , suffix_length )

对于如下问题:
------------

Please write a python program with the function:
Length of longest subarray whose sum is not divisible by integer K
Given an array arr[] of size N and an integer k, our task is to find the length of longest subarray whose sum of elements is not divisible by k. If no such subarray exists then return -1.
The function signature is `MaxSubarrayLength(arr, n, k)`

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
def MaxSubarrayLength(arr, n, k):
    mod_map = {}
    max_length = 0
    current_sum = 0

    for i in range(n):
        current_sum += arr[i]
        mod_value = current_sum % k

        if mod_value != 0:
            max_length = i + 1
        else:
            if mod_value in mod_map:
                subarray_length = i - mod_map[mod_value]
                if subarray_length > max_length:
                    max_length = subarray_length
            else:
                mod_map[mod_value] = i

    if max_length == 0:
        return -1
    else:
        return max_length
```

但执行时报错:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpbl05kdno/tmp6n_0faqq.py", line 31, in <module>
    assert MaxSubarrayLength([6, 3, 12, 15], 4, 3) == -1
AssertionError

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）


from git import Repo

def git_commit(repo_path):
    commit_message = "Initial commit"
    repo = Repo(repo_path)
    if repo.active_branch.name != 'master':
        repo.git.checkout('master')
    if repo.is_dirty(untracked_files=True):
        repo.git.add(A=True)
        repo.index.commit(commit_message)
        print('Changes have been committed to master branch.')
    else:
        print('No changes detected on master branch.')

对于如下问题:
------------

给定一个 git 仓库的路径，其中包含未提交的变更。 要求用 git python sdk 将这些变更提交到 master 分支，函数名定义为 `git_commit(repo_path)`

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
from git import Repo

def git_commit(repo_path):
    repo = Repo(repo_path)

    if repo.is_dirty():
        try:
            author = repo.config_reader().get_value('user', 'name')
            email = repo.config_reader().get_value('user', 'email')
            author = f"{author} <{email}>"
        except:
            author = "Default User <default@example.com>"

        repo.git.add(A=True)

        commit_message = "Commit all changes"
        repo.git.commit(m=commit_message, author=author)

        if repo.active_branch.name != 'master':
            repo.git.checkout('master')

        repo.remotes.origin.push('master')

        print("Changes committed and pushed to master branch successfully.")
    else:
        print("No changes to commit.")

```

但执行时报错:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpq9dpsr2n/tmph7foay2j.py", line 75, in <module>
    check()
  File "/tmp/tmpq9dpsr2n/tmph7foay2j.py", line 73, in check
    assert test_filename in files_changed
AssertionError

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）

#<INSERT>

from git import Repo

def check():
    import os
    check_repo_path = "./git_python_test"
    test_filename = 'test.txt'
    if not os.path.exists(check_repo_path):
        os.makedirs(check_repo_path)
    repo = Repo.init(check_repo_path)

    # Make sure we have an initial commit on master branch
    if not repo.heads:
        # Create an empty commit as an initial commit
        repo.git.commit('--allow-empty', '-m', 'Initial empty commit')
        print('Created initial empty commit on master branch.')

    # Now we can safely create the master branch if it doesn't exist
    if 'master' not in repo.heads:
        master = repo.create_head('master')
    else:
        master = repo.heads['master']
    repo.head.reference = master
    repo.head.reset(index=True, working_tree=True)

    # Make a change in the repository by creating a new file

    filename = os.path.join(check_repo_path, test_filename)
    with open(filename, 'w') as file:
        file.write('This is a test file. ')
    # Commit the change using the git_commit function
    git_commit(check_repo_path)
    # Check if the commit was successful by looking for the test file in the latest commit
    repo = Repo(check_repo_path)
    latest_commit = next(repo.iter_commits('master', max_count=1))
    files_changed = [item for item in latest_commit.stats.files]
    assert test_filename in files_changed

check()


class Solution(object):
    def distributeCandies(self, n, limit):
        """
        :type n: int
        :type limit: int
        :rtype: int
        """
        exit(0)

对于如下问题:
------------

给你两个正整数 `n` 和 `limit` 。

请你将 `n` 颗糖果分给 `3` 位小朋友，确保没有任何小朋友得到超过 `limit` 颗糖果，请你返回满足此条件下的 **总方案数** 。

**示例 1：**

```

**输入：**n = 5, limit = 2
**输出：**3
**解释：**总共有 3 种方法分配 5 颗糖果，且每位小朋友的糖果数不超过 2 ：(1, 2, 2) ，(2, 1, 2) 和 (2, 2, 1) 。

```

**示例 2：**

```

**输入：**n = 3, limit = 3
**输出：**10
**解释：**总共有 10 种方法分配 3 颗糖果，且每位小朋友的糖果数不超过 3 ：(0, 0, 3) ，(0, 1, 2) ，(0, 2, 1) ，(0, 3, 0) ，(1, 0, 2) ，(1, 1, 1) ，(1, 2, 0) ，(2, 0, 1) ，(2, 1, 0) 和 (3, 0, 0) 。

```

**提示：**

* `1 <= n <= 106`
* `1 <= limit <= 106`

请完成以下实现
```python
class Solution(object):
    def distributeCandies(self, n, limit):
        '''
        :type n: int
        :type limit: int
        :rtype: int
        '''
```

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
class Solution(object):
    def distributeCandies(self, n, limit):
        '''
        :type n: int
        :type limit: int
        :rtype: int
        '''
        if n < 0 or limit < 0:
            return 0

        if 3 * limit < n:
            return 0

        dp = [[0] * (4) for _ in range(n + 1)]

        for j in range(4):
            dp[0][j] = 1

        for i in range(1, n + 1):
            if i <= limit:
                dp[i][1] = 1
            else:
                dp[i][1] = 0

```

但执行时报错:
------------
  File "/tmp/tmp72r4zw9f/tmpwjpwpyns.py", line 39
    my_solution = Solution()
IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'for' statement on line 37

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）

#<INSERT>

my_solution = Solution()

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[5, 2]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[3, 3]) == 10

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 1]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 2]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 3]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 4]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 5]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 6]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 7]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 8]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 9]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 10]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 11]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 12]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 13]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 14]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 15]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 16]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 17]) == 3

assert my_solution.distributeCandies(*[1, 18]) == 3


#L0_B_54
from rdkit import Chem
from rdkit.Chem import rdMolDescriptors

def solve(smiles):
    mol = Chem.MolFromSmiles(smiles)
    numring = rdMolDescriptors.CalcNumRings(mol)
    numbridge = rdMolDescriptors.CalcNumBridgeheadAtoms(mol)
    numspiro = rdMolDescriptors.CalcNumSpiroAtoms(mol)
    return [numring, numbridge, numspiro]

对于如下问题:
------------

实现一个python完整函数`solve(smiles)`，输入为一个分子的SMILES，分别计算分子中的环数目、桥头原子数目和螺原子数，将三个数依次放入列表并返回。

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
from rdkit import Chem

def solve(smiles):
    mol = Chem.MolFromSmiles(smiles)
    if not mol:
        raise ValueError("Invalid SMILES string")

    ring_info = mol.GetRingInfo()
    num_rings = ring_info.NumRings()

    bridgehead_atoms = 0
    atom_ring_counts = [len(ring_info.AtomRings(atomIdx)) for atomIdx in range(mol.GetNumAtoms())]
    bridgehead_atoms = sum(1 for count in atom_ring_counts if count > 1)

    return [num_rings, bridgehead_atoms, spiral_atoms]

```

但执行时报错:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmp_rzb3o59/tmp3483jnpj.py", line 24, in <module>
    print(solve("C1CCC2CC1CC2"))  # 应该输出包含两个环和至少一个桥头原子的列表
  File "/tmp/tmp_rzb3o59/tmp3483jnpj.py", line 15, in solve
    atom_ring_counts = [len(ring_info.AtomRings(atomIdx)) for atomIdx in range(mol.GetNumAtoms())]
  File "/tmp/tmp_rzb3o59/tmp3483jnpj.py", line 15, in <listcomp>
    atom_ring_counts = [len(ring_info.AtomRings(atomIdx)) for atomIdx in range(mol.GetNumAtoms())]
Boost.Python.ArgumentError: Python argument types in
    RingInfo.AtomRings(RingInfo, int)
did not match C++ signature:
    AtomRings(RDKit::RingInfo const* self)

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）

#<INSERT>

def check(solve):
    assert solve("c1ccccc1") == [1, 0, 0]
    assert solve("C1CCCC12CCC2") == [2, 0, 1]
    assert solve("C1C3CC(CCCC3)CC12CCC2") == [3, 2, 1]

check(solve)


#L0_A_7
from rdkit.Chem import AllChem
from rdkit import Chem

def solve(smiles):
    mol = Chem.MolFromSmiles(smiles)
    patt = Chem.MolFromSmarts('[CH3]')
    repl = Chem.MolFromSmiles('[CH2]F')
    rms = AllChem.ReplaceSubstructs(mol, patt, repl, replaceAll=True)
    return Chem.CanonSmiles(Chem.MolToSmiles(rms[0]))

对于如下问题:
------------

请写一个完整的Python函数`solve(smiles)`，输入一个SMILES，将所有末端的碳都连上一个氟原子，返回结果的SMILES

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
from rdkit import Chem
from rdkit.Chem import AllChem

def solve(smiles):
    mol = Chem.MolFromSmiles(smiles)

    emol = Chem.EditableMol(mol)

    for atom in mol.GetAtoms():
        if atom.GetSymbol() == 'C':
            if len(atom.GetNeighbors()) == 1:
                fluorine_atom = Chem.Atom('F')
                emol.AddAtom(fluorine_atom)
                emol.AddBond(atom.GetIdx(), mol.GetNumAtoms(), Chem.BondType.SINGLE)

    modified_mol = emol.GetMol()

    Chem.SanitizeMol(modified_mol)

    modified_smiles = Chem.MolToSmiles(modified_mol)

    return modified_smiles

test_smiles = "CC(C)C"
result_smiles = solve(test_smiles)
print("Input SMILES:", test_smiles)
print("Modified SMILES:", result_smiles)
```

但执行时报错:
------------
[10:51:14] Explicit valence for atom # 4 F, 3, is greater than permitted
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpqpsv86iw/tmp876jt85a.py", line 35, in <module>
    result_smiles = solve(test_smiles)
  File "/tmp/tmpqpsv86iw/tmp876jt85a.py", line 26, in solve
    Chem.SanitizeMol(modified_mol)
rdkit.Chem.rdchem.AtomValenceException: Explicit valence for atom # 4 F, 3, is greater than permitted

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）

#<INSERT>

from rdkit import Chem

def check(solve):
    assert Chem.CanonSmiles(solve('CC(C)CO')) == 'OCC(CF)CF'
    assert Chem.CanonSmiles(solve('Cc1ccccc1')) == 'FCc1ccccc1'
    assert Chem.CanonSmiles(solve('CC(C)C')) == 'FCC(CF)CF'

check(solve)


import numpy
from pyscf import gto, dft, lib

def solve(mol):

    mf = dft.RKS(mol)

    HF_X, LDA_X = .6, .08
    B88_X = 1. - HF_X - LDA_X
    LYP_C = .81
    VWN_C = 1. - LYP_C

    mf.xc = f'{HF_X:} * HF + {LDA_X:} * LDA + {B88_X:} * B88, {LYP_C:} * LYP + {VWN_C:} * VWN'
    energy = mf.kernel()
    return energy

对于如下问题:
------------

write a python function `solve(mol)`. The input is a Pyscf mole object.
The output is energy caculated by dft. please define the exchange functional as combination
of hartree-fock(with fraction=0.6), lda(with fraction=0.08) and B88. the correlation functional
is the combination of LYP (fraction=0.81) and VMN.

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
from pyscf import dft

def solve(mol):
    mf = dft.RKS(mol)

    mf.xc = '0.6*HF + 0.08*LDA + B88, 0.81*LYP + VWN'

    energy = mf.kernel()

    return energy

```

但执行时报错:
------------
/root/miniconda3/envs/sandbox-runtime/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pyscf/dft/libxc.py:771: UserWarning: Since PySCF-2.3, B3LYP (and B3P86) are changed to the VWN-RPA variant, corresponding to the original definition by Stephens et al. (issue 1480) and the same as the B3LYP functional in Gaussian. To restore the VWN5 definition, you can put the setting "B3LYP_WITH_VWN5 = True" in pyscf_conf.py
  warnings.warn('Since PySCF-2.3, B3LYP (and B3P86) are changed to the VWN-RPA variant, '
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmp6n390qdh/tmp9a84f1o_.py", line 36, in <module>
    check(solve)
  File "/tmp/tmp6n390qdh/tmp9a84f1o_.py", line 34, in check
    assert abs(solve(mol) + 76.331166) < 1e-6
AssertionError

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）

#<INSERT>

from pyscf import gto

def check(solve):
    mol = gto.M(
    verbose = 0,
    atom = '''
    o    0    0.       0.
    h    0    -0.757   0.587
    h    0    0.757    0.587''',
    basis = '6-31g')
    assert abs(solve(mol) + 76.331166) < 1e-6

check(solve)


#L0_A_1
from rdkit import Chem
from rdkit.Chem import AllChem

def solve(smiles):
    mol = Chem.MolFromSmiles(smiles)
    patt = Chem.MolFromSmarts('C(O)=O')
    repl = Chem.MolFromSmiles('c1ccccc1')
    rms = AllChem.ReplaceSubstructs(mol, patt, repl, replaceAll=True)
    return Chem.MolToSmiles(rms[0])

对于如下问题:
------------

请写一个完整的Python函数`solve(smiles)`, 输入一个分子的SMILES，将分子中的所有羧基都替换为苯环, 返回结果的SMILES（如果分子结构中没有羧基，则不对结构做修改）。

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
from rdkit import Chem
from rdkit.Chem import AllChem

def solve(smiles):
    mol = Chem.MolFromSmiles(smiles)

    carboxylic_acid_smarts = "[CX3](=O)[OX2H1]"

    carboxylic_acid_pattern = Chem.MolFromSmarts(carboxylic_acid_smarts)

    matches = mol.GetSubstructMatches(carboxylic_acid_pattern)

    for match in reversed(matches):
        carboxyl_carbon_idx = match[0]

        mol.RemoveAtom(match[2])

        phenyl_smiles = "c1ccccc1"
        phenyl_mol = Chem.MolFromSmiles(phenyl_smiles)

        emol = Chem.EditableMol(mol)

        mol = emol.GetMol()

    Chem.SanitizeMol(mol)

    modified_smiles = Chem.MolToSmiles(mol)

    return modified_smiles
```

但执行时报错:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmps68a6iir/tmpqcz7tb08.py", line 52, in <module>
    check(solve)
  File "/tmp/tmps68a6iir/tmpqcz7tb08.py", line 47, in check
    assert solve('O=C(O)Cc1ccccc1') == 'c1ccc(Cc2ccccc2)cc1'
  File "/tmp/tmps68a6iir/tmpqcz7tb08.py", line 23, in solve
    mol.RemoveAtom(match[2])
AttributeError: 'Mol' object has no attribute 'RemoveAtom'

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）

#<INSERT>

def check(solve):
    assert solve('O=C(O)Cc1ccccc1') == 'c1ccc(Cc2ccccc2)cc1'
    assert solve('CCC(C)N') == 'CCC(C)N'
    assert solve('Cc1ccc(C(=O)O)c(C)c1') == 'Cc1ccc(-c2ccccc2)c(C)c1'
    assert solve('Cc1cc(C)c(C(=O)O)cc1CC(=O)O') == 'Cc1cc(C)c(-c2ccccc2)cc1Cc1ccccc1'

check(solve)


def is_valid_parentheses(s):
    # 定义括号对应关系和优先级
    bracket_map = {')': '(', ']': '[', '}': '{'}
    priority = {'(': 1, '[': 2, '{': 3}

    stack = []

    for char in s:
        if char in "([{":
            # 如果栈不为空，检查当前括号是否在更大的括号内
            if stack and priority[char] > priority[stack[-1]]:
                return False
            stack.append(char)
        elif char in ")]}":
            # 如果栈为空或栈顶括号不匹配当前闭括号
            if not stack or stack[-1] != bracket_map[char]:
                return False
            stack.pop()

    return not stack

对于如下问题:
------------

请用Python写一个函数验证一个只包含括号的字符串是否合法，函数名为is_valid_parentheses()。一个字符串合法需要满足两个条件：（1）每个类型的括号都是配对的；（2）小括号（“("和")"）必须在中括号（"["和"]"）里，中括号必须在大括号（"{"和"}"）里，但同一级别的括号可以嵌套多层。该函数的输入是一个字符串，其中只包含三种括号，输出是一个布尔型变量。

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
def is_valid_parentheses(s: str) -> bool:
    stack = []
    bracket_map = {'(': ')', '[': ']', '{': '}'}
    bracket_level = {'(': 1, '[': 2, '{': 3}

    for char in s:
        if char in bracket_map:
            if stack:
                last_bracket = stack[-1]
                if bracket_level[char] <= bracket_level[last_bracket]:
                    return False
            stack.append(char)
        else:
            if not stack or bracket_map[stack.pop()] != char:
                return False

    return not stack

```

但执行时报错:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmp1hak7uxq/tmpib73_nnw.py", line 39, in <module>
    check(is_valid_parentheses)
  File "/tmp/tmp1hak7uxq/tmpib73_nnw.py", line 33, in check
    assert func("{[()]}") == True
AssertionError

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）

#<INSERT>

def check(func):
    assert func("{[()]}") == True
    assert func("{[(])}") == False
    assert func("{[]}") == True
    assert func("({[]})") == False
    assert func("([])") == False

check(is_valid_parentheses)


#L0_B_51
from rdkit import Chem
from rdkit.Chem import Descriptors

def solve(smiles):
    mol = Chem.MolFromSmiles(smiles)
    MW = Descriptors.MolWt(mol)
    HBA = Descriptors.NOCount(mol)
    HBD = Descriptors.NHOHCount(mol)
    LogP = Descriptors.MolLogP(mol)
    conditions = [MW <= 500, HBA <= 10, HBD <= 5, LogP <= 5]
    pass_ro5 = conditions.count(True) >= 3
    return pass_ro5

对于如下问题:
------------

实现一个完整的Python函数`solve(smiles)`，输入为一个分子的SMILES，分析分子是否满足Lipinski Rule of 5。

------------

尝试以下代码:
```python
from rdkit import Chem
from rdkit.Chem import Descriptors, Crippen, rdMolDescriptors as Des

def solve(smiles):
    mol = Chem.MolFromSmiles(smiles)

    if mol is None:
        return "Invalid SMILES"

    mol_weight = Des.CalcExactMolWt(mol)
    logP = Crippen.MolLogP(mol)
    h_donors = Descriptors.NumHDonors(mol)
    h_acceptors = Descriptors.NumHAcceptors(mol)

    violations = 0
    if mol_weight >= 500:
        violations += 1
    if logP >= 5:
        violations += 1
    if h_donors > 5:
        violations += 1
    if h_acceptors > 10:
        violations += 1

    if violations == 0:
        return "The molecule satisfies Lipinski's Rule of 5"
    else:
        return f"The molecule violates {violations} of Lipinski's Rule of 5"
```

但执行时报错:
------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/tmpjxn97apq/tmp5912swsv.py", line 41, in <module>
    check(solve)
  File "/tmp/tmpjxn97apq/tmp5912swsv.py", line 37, in check
    assert not solve('COc1ccc2nc(S(=O)Cc3nc(CC(C)Cc4ccc(C(C)C)cc4)c(C)c(OC)c3C)[nH]c2c1')
AssertionError

------------

请尝试分析错误原因并给出修改后的完整代码（使用 markdown code block 格式）

#<INSERT>

def check(solve):
    assert solve('CC(=O)Nc1ccc(O)cc1')
    assert solve('COc1ccc2nc(S(=O)Cc3ncc(C)c(OC)c3C)[nH]c2c1')
    assert not solve('COc1ccc2nc(S(=O)Cc3nc(CC(C)Cc4ccc(C(C)C)cc4)c(C)c(OC)c3C)[nH]c2c1')
    assert not solve('c1c(C(=O)O)c(C(=O)O)c(CCNCc2c(C(=O)O)cc(C(=O)O)cc2)c(C(=O)O)c1')
    assert not solve('c1(C(N)Cc2c(N)c(N)c(C(=O)O)c(N)c2(CCCN))c(N)c(N)c(CN)c(N)c1')

check(solve)