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道具”，敖堃说。
值得一提的是，今年是“芭比妈妈”露丝诞辰一百周年，这位1916年出于美国科罗拉多州首府丹佛市的女性以自己独特的创造力在玩具的历史上增添了一笔亮色，像魔术一般赋予芭比以生命，成为女孩们永恒的梦想。
芭比娃娃生于二战后的美国，甫一出生，就给人以深刻的印象：大大的眼睛，甜美的脸庞，光彩的倩影以及曼妙的身材。
从她“首秀”时“身着黑白条纹泳装，戴着太阳镜、脚踩高跟鞋”开始到现在，半个多世纪来，美泰公司对保持、改进和创新芭比形象的脚步从未停歇，他们平均每年推出90组系列娃娃，为使她更加人性化，美泰专门为她设计了朋友、家人，甚至还有一个名叫肯的男友。
在芭比众多的同伴中，最被熟知的就是她的男友肯以及他们之间分分合合的故事。肯出生于1961年，小芭比两岁。同芭比一样，肯也是使用了露丝的儿子的名字。
在芭比的社交圈中，与她往来的其他不同种族的朋友还有泰瑞莎、非裔美籍人克里斯蒂以及克里斯蒂的男友史蒂芬
芭比从事的职业各种各样，她当过摇滚歌星、运动员、大学生、教师、工程师、兽医，甚至总统候选人。50多年来，芭比被设计过500多次，拥有将近50个国籍，同时，“丰富的工作经历”给了她身穿不同国籍、不同款式时尚服装的机会。
“每个女孩都怀有盼望长大的青春梦，身穿不同职业装的芭比正是女孩渴望长大的心理折射，所以女孩子喜欢芭比，芭比也给了她们未来之梦。”敖堃告诉记者，自问世以来，芭比和她的伙伴们一共穿过近10亿件衣服，这些迷人的形象征服了全世界的女孩子。
上世纪60年代，“上班女郎”芭比身穿红色商务套装，手拿公文包，干练洒脱；而70年代的芭比，穿上了“最畅销套装”，并和肯首次度假旅行，这时芭比的肤色被“晒”出了健康的小麦色；进入21世纪，收藏芭比的热潮达到空前高涨，最酷的收藏版当属哈雷摩托系列，这时的芭比和肯都穿起哈雷摩托服，成为摩托车上的摇滚少年。
“一路走来，芭比并不寂寞，陪伴她的还有鹦鹉、熊猫、小狗、狮子等43个宠物，在她周围形成了一个玫瑰色的梦想国，袖珍而庞大。”敖堃说。
不过，芭比的流行过程也一直伴随着争议，正如美国文化评论家M.G.罗德在《永远的芭比》一书中所说：“有一个热情向女儿推荐芭比的母亲，就有一个试图禁止芭比进门的母亲。”这一切正缘于从来没有一个玩具娃娃拥有芭比这样的大胸脯、姣好的容貌和傲人的身材，也从没有一个玩具娃娃能表达出女性内心对成长的渴望与恐惧，“这折射出女儿与母亲、男人与女人的关系。这些是她风行世界五十多年的原因，也是广受争议的焦点。换句话说，芭比自诞生之日起，就集宠爱、嫉妒、鄙夷和仇视于一身，饱受争议。”敖堃指出。
有人说，芭比娃娃是现代的蒙娜丽莎。其实，她的神秘并不仅仅在于她天使般的微笑，还在于她诞生半个多世纪以来历久而弥新的魔力。
在现实中，一些女孩子因对芭比的爱而痴迷于童话世界无法自拔，自认为是真人版的芭比娃娃；还有一些女孩子经过多次整容手术，把自己“做”成皮肤白、好身材、高颜值的芭比美女，从而迷失了自己。
今年26岁的乌克兰模特瓦莱里娅露可安诺娃有“线年，她因借助整容变成“真人版芭比娃娃”而被热议。据亲历者的描述，这位 “真人芭比”拥有纤细的腰围、骨感的手臂、迷茫的神情，堪称“能呼吸的芭比娃娃”。
无独有偶，26岁的俄罗斯模特安瑟莉卡肯诺娃，因长相、身形和妆容都与芭比娃娃非常相似，也被称为真人版芭比。虽然长相美得惊为天人，但是她本人却否认整过容。
既然有真人版的“芭比”，那么就会有真人版的“芭比男友”。据媒体报道，在去年，时年20岁的巴西圣保罗市小伙塞尔索也是“肯娃娃”的疯狂粉丝，为了能让自己和心目中的偶像更像，他在过去4年中狂砸3万英镑接受多次整形手术，将自己整成了一个真人版的“芭比男友”。但就在他终于实现梦想之际，塞尔索却因患上了白血病于去年6月不幸离世。
不论你是讨厌还是喜欢，芭比都作为美国的文化象征，在历史上占据一席之地芭比娃娃连同她的魔力已被收入“时间胶囊”中，与其他标志着20世纪对美国具有重要影响力的物品一并保存至未来。<|endoftext|>Drawing on Kenaf
Young scholars explore kenaf, a tree-free paper. In this environmental issues instructional activity, students draw pictures following a presentation about the origin and "eco-friendly" nature of kenaf.
1st - 5th Visual & Performing Arts 3 Views 1 Download
Conserving Natural Resources
Trying to plan an engaging elementary science unit on natural resources? Conserve your energy! This five-part series of lessons and hands-on activities has exactly what you need to teach young scholars about the importance of conservation.
K - 3rd Science CCSS: Adaptable
Have your physical scientists try some engineering origami by examining how the folding of materials can have practical and beneficial applications. Teams use their convoluted cortexes to collaborate on constructing a solar panel that is...
3rd - 12th Technology & Engineering CCSS: Adaptable
Nature Journaling: Experience the Outdoors Through Writing and Drawing
Step into the great outdoors and develop young scientists' skills of observation with a nature journaling lesson. Given a specific focus or goal, children practice making and recording observations of nature through written descriptions...
2nd - 5th Science CCSS: Adaptable
Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle: Sorting Through Personal Choices
Raise children's awareness about the importance of conservation with this hands-on science lesson. Start by breaking the class into groups and having them collect trash from around the school or local park. Students then use the provided...
2nd - 6th Science CCSS: Adaptable
New Review Knowing the Essential Elements of a Habitat
To gain insight into the many different types of habitats, individuals must first get to know their own. Here, scholars explore their school environment, draw a map, compare and contrast their surroundings to larger ones. They then write...
1st Science CCSS: Adaptable
Discovering Plants and Animals
Exploring the backyard, the school yard, the gardens, and the Internet, small children discover the world around them. The bugs, animals, and plants are alive, but is the lawn mower? An engaging activity that will help them understand...
Pre-K - 1st Science CCSS: Adaptable<|endoftext|>随着乐视债务危机的持续爆发，乐视19.3亿元(人民币，下同)的私人债务将到期。Letv.com新任董事长孙宏斌表示，他将全额支付。
视点房地产(Views Real Estate)8月2日援引香港媒体的话说，乐视的两份总额为19.3亿元的私募债券将于8月3日和9月23日回购。相关消息人士表示，由于参与了公开市场债券市场，交易所即将回购的这部分私募债券需要按时支付，乐视新控制人孙宏斌表示将按时支付。
据悉，上述私人债务为2015年8月发行的总额为10亿元、利率为8.5%的15台乐视01，以及2015年9月发行的总额为9.3亿元、利率为7.5%的15台乐视02。
由于这两项都是私人债务，具体投资者尚未公布，但第二轮私人债务公告的结果披露，共有4名认购者，包括证券公司和商业银行。
据新快报8月3日报道，关于乐视两笔私募债券的还款，乐视内部人士2日下午表示，用于回购“15乐视01”私募债券的资金已经筹集，并已转入“中亚丁”专用账户，将于8月3日支付给选择按期回购的投资者。
此外，公司通常还会推动与公司债券第二阶段相关的工作，这些工作将由公司自己的资金解决。
报告显示，乐视2017年第一季度报告显示，该公司短期借款21.78亿元，一年内到期的非流动负债为19.8亿元。
由此可见，乐视一年内的国内偿债需求至少为41.58亿元。
截至2017年第一季度末，乐视账户中有36.58亿元人民币。乐视自己的资金不足以支付当前的欠款。
此外，乐视集团欠在吉林省大安市中奖的银行、供应商和海外投资者100多亿元。
从7月3日开始，乐视债务危机持续爆发。从7月3日起，乐视的债务危机继续爆发。
前董事长贾月婷通过乐视集团直接持有的乐视股份99.06%被冻结，其妻子和乐视三家公司的资产被冻结在12.37亿元。
7月6日，贾月婷宣布辞去乐视的职务。
当时贾跃亭已经在洛杉矶，没有他回来的消息。
与此同时，乐视因收到金融机构、合作企业等的诉讼保全申请，遭遇了20多起案件的司法冻结。
8月1日，鲁媒报道称，建行北京光华支行以金融贷款合同纠纷为由，要求查封、扣押或冻结乐视、贾月亭、乐视控股和贾闵月共计2.5亿元的资产。建行的申请已获法院批准。<|endoftext|>The flashcards below were created by user
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
A 14 y.o. G1PO woman who is 29 wks pregnant with twins presents to the ED following a seizure. She was watching television and stood up to go to the bathroom when she "fell down and started shaking". The Pt has no hx of seizures and is otherwise healthy. She missed her last obstetrician's apt and her aunt states that her niece has had a lot of headaches and swelling over the past 2 days. On examination she is somnolent and difficult to arouse, and has edema of her hands and face. Her vitals are blood pressure 205/120 mmHg, pulse 80/min, respiratory rate 16/min the fetal heart rate is 130/min. Which is the most correct advice for the pt's aunt?
A. your neice has a life threatening condition called eclampsia and needs to be put on strict bed rest and monitored until the baby can be delivered at term
B. your niece has a life threatening condition called eclampsia and the baby needs to be delivered as soon as possible
C. you niece has a life threating condition called eclampsia but this can be managed with antiseizure medications until the baby can be delivered at term
D. your niece has a life threatening condition called preeclampsia and the baby needs to be delivered as soon as possible.
B: the pts seizure, hypertension, headache and facial edema are consistent with a diagnosis of eclampsia. Eclampsia is defined as seizure activity or coma in an obstetric pt with preeclampsia. Delivery is an immediate necesity once the pt is stabilized to prevent maternal and fetal mortality
19 y.o. f at 32 wks gestation is the driver in a front end motor vehicle crash. The air bags did not inflate and the pt sustained blunt trauma to the abdomen. the pt is taken to a nearby ED in stable condtion where she notes a small amnt of bright red blood in her underware. Maternal vital signs are significant for a HR of 110 and a blood pressure of 110/55mmHg what is the next most appropriate step in managment?
A. administration of Rho D immunoglobulin
B. Disseminated intravascular coag pannel
C. External fetal heart rate and uterine monitoring
D. Immediate cesarean delivery
E. Immediate vaginal delivery
F. internal fetal heart rate and uterine monitoring
C abruptio placentae refers to premature separation of a normally implanted placenta after 20 wks gestation but prior to delivery of the infant. Since the detached portion of the placenta is unable to exchange gases and nutrients the fetus can become compromised if teh area of separation is large. This pt is at risk for placental abruption secondary to compression-decompression and acceleration-deceleration stresses of the motor vehicle crash. Vaginal bleeding is this setting is concernign as bleeding is the first signs of abruption It is unlikely that a complete abruption has ocurred as the pt is not frankly hypotensive and her bleeding was minimal. All women > 24 wks of gestation subjected to abdominal trauma should have continuous fetal and uterine monioring with an external fetal heart rate to asses for preterm labor and/or abruption. Signs of fetal compromise are associated with moderate to severe abruption and would necessitate immediate delivery
16 y.o. girl presents to the ED cc of fever, chills, abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. She gives hx of unprotected sex with her 17y.o. boyfriend over the past several months. her LMP was 8 wks ago. She reports having a dilatation and curettage procedure at an unlicenced abortion clinic recently to try to abort her pregnancy. Vital signs are significant for fever 38.7 degrees C (101.7F) a HR 120 and a BP of 100/70 mmHg. Pelvic exam reveals cervical mostion tenderness, tissue in the internal os, and foul smelling vaginal d/c. Urine Bhuman chorionic gonadotropin is postive what is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Ectopic pregnancy
B. Pelvic abscess
C. Septic Abortion
D. threatened abortion
E. vaginal laceration
C: septic abortion. common presenting sx include fever, malaise, chills, abdominal or pelvic pain, and vaginal bleeding with or without retained products of conception. Septic abortions do not commonly complicate spontaneous abortions, but can occur as complications of illegally performed induced abortions, foreign bodies, invaseive gynecologic proceedures, or incomplete spontaneous abortions
30 y.o. G3P2 f with no siginificant PMH is in active labor at 41 wks gestation. She had an uncomplicated preganacy with an appropriate prenatal evaluation. The pt ruptured membranes spontaneously 30 mins ago. Contractions occur regularly every 2-3 mins. Early decelerations are noted on fetal heart rate monitor with each of the past five contractions. Which is the most appropriate next step in managment?
A. Change in maternal position
B. No further managmetn is required
C. Place fetal scalp probe
D. prepare for emergent cesarean delivery
E. start amnioinfusion of saline
B: Early decelerations are shallow, symmetric deceleration in which the nadir of the decelration is coincident with the peak of uterine contraction. They are mediated by vagal stimulation due to fetal head compression from the contracting uterus and thus indicate a normally functioning fetal autonomic nervous system. They are not associated with fetal hypoxia, acidosis or poor neonatal outcome no further managment is nessisary
A 25 y.o. G2P1 woman who is 36 wks pregnant presents to her obstetrician c/o restlessness and weakness for the past month. She states that her boyfriend recently left her and their 2 y.o. son, and she feels overwhelmed with this pregnancy. She denies feeling depressed but does report that she has trouble sleeping. She had a upper respiratory infection last month "caught it from my son", and states that she still has a sore throat. Her blood is drawn and shows
Platelet count 250,000
Free thyroxine 4.0
Which is the most appropriate next step
A. radioiodine treatment
B. postpartum thyroid levels
C. propylthiouracil treatment
E. partial thyroidectomy
C. She is showing signs of subacute thyroiditis, consistent with a low thryroid stimulating horomoen and high thyroxine. This commonly follows a viral upper respiratory infection, and pain from teh thyroid can be referred to the throat. Thyroid disorders are common during pregnancy and may be subtle and/or present in the context of normal or near normal thyroid horomone levels. Medical managment is the treatmetn of choice in pregnant pts or in those with mild hyperthyroidism
(this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
36 y.o. G1P0 pregnant F with twins presents to her obstetrician for her routine 32 wk apt. She has gained 5.4 kg (12lbs) inteh past 2 wks. When questioned about her wt gain she states that she has had headaches and some blurred vision for the past 2 wks, which she thinks is secondary to dehydration. To circumvent this she has been drinking alot of
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full-time, year-round employee would lift 734,075 people currently in poverty – including retail workers and the families they support – above the federal poverty line.
- An additional 769,191 people hovering just above poverty would see their incomes rise to above 150 percent of the poverty line.
The Effect on Economic Growth and Job Creation
The economy would grow and 100,000 or more new jobs would be created.Families living in or near poverty spend close to 100 percent of their income just to meet their basic needs, so when they receive an extra dollar in pay, they spend it on goods or services that were out of reach before. This ongoing unmet need makes low-income households more likely to spend new earnings immediately – channeling any addition to their income right back into the economy, creating growth and jobs. This “multiplier effect” means that a higher wage standard for retail workers will also generate new jobs. Our estimates of the job creation effect are derived from widely accepted multipliers on consumer spending.4 It includes the benefits of a raise on disposable income and accounts for the impact of any additional costs to the firm and the potential for businesses to pass-through the cost of decent wages onto their customers through higher prices. In order to account for uncertainty regarding the firm’s willingness to pay for the raise out of profits, we offer both low and high measures of the total impact of the raise. Estimating both low- and high-end estimates, our study finds that:
- A wage standard at large retailers equivalent to $25,000 per year for full-time, year-round workers would increase GDP between $11.8 and $15.2 billion over the next year.
- As a result of the economic growth from a wage increase, employers would create 100,000 to 132,000 additional jobs.
Effects on Retail Sales
Increased purchasing power of low-wage workers would generate $4 to $5 billion in additional annual sales for the sector. Much of the increased consumer spending by low-wage workers after the raise will return to the very firms that offered the raise. The average American household allocates 20 percent of their total expenditures toward retail goods, but for low-income households that proportion is higher.5 A raise for workers at large stores would bring billions of dollars in added retail spending back to the sector. Our study finds that:
- Assuming that workers do not save money out of their wage income, the additional retail spending by employees and their families generated by the higher wage would result in $4 to $5 billion in additional sales across the retail sector in the year following the wage increase.
Effects on Companies
The additional payroll costs would represent a small fraction of total sales. Our study measures the total cost of the higher wage standard with generous assumptions by accounting for the likely effects of wages on those workers currently earning just above the wage floor. We assume that every worker earning less than $17.25 will receive additional compensation as firms adjust pay scales in order to preserve their internal wage structures or to reward workers with long tenures or supervisory positions.6 That assumption probably overstates the indirect cost of raising wages at the bottom, since it extends to workers earning well above the cutoff for spillover effects that have been observed in empirical research.7 Yet the cost of the increase under these assumptions is just a small percentage of payroll or sales. Our study finds that:
The cost of the wage increase amounts to $20.8 billion, or just 1 percent of the $2.17 trillion in total annual sales by large retailers. Alternatively, it represents 6 percent of payroll for the retail sector overall, or 10 percent for those firms with more than 1000 employees.
Using profits to pay for the wage increase would be a more productive use than the current trend towards stock repurchases. In the first half of 2012, large retailers earned over $35 billion in profits and paid out $12.8 million in dividends.8 Though unlikely, companies could choose to pay the full cost of a higher wage standard out of profits alone. Our study suggests that this use of profits would be more economically productive than the increasingly common practice of “stock buybacks”: retailers repurchasing public shares of company stock in order to boost earnings per share.9 Buybacks allow the firm to consolidate earnings; shareholders benefit by receiving higher earnings without paying taxes on dividends, and where compensation is tied to performance, executives get a hike in their paychecks. But share repurchases do not contribute to the productivity of the industry or add to economic growth, in contrast to a raise that benefits over 5 million workers and the firms where they are employed. In 2011, the top 10 largest retailers alone spent $24.8 billion on stock repurchases,10 billions more than the $20.8 billion all large retailers could have productively invested in their workers.
Effects on Prices
The potential cost to consumers would be just cents more per shopping trip on average. If retail firms were to pass the entire cost on to consumers instead of paying for it by redirecting unproductive profits, shoppers would see prices increase by only 1 percent. But productivity gains and new consumer spending associated with the raise make it unlikely that stores will need to generate 100 percent of the cost. More plausibly, prices will increase by less than the total amount of the wage bill, spreading smaller costs across the entire population of consumers. The impact of rising prices on household budgets will be negligible, while the economic benefits of higher wages for low paid retail workers will be significant. Our study finds that:
- If retailers pass half of the costs of a wage raise onto their customers, the average household would pay just 15 cents more per shopping trip—or $17.73 per year.
- If firms pass on 25 percent of the wage costs onto their customers, shoppers would spend just 7 cents more per shopping trip, or $8.87 per year.
- Higher income households, who spend more, would absorb a larger share of the cost. Per shopping trip, high income households would spend 18 cents more, for a total of $36.80 per year. Low-income households would spend just 12 additional cents on their shopping list, or $24.87 per year.
Executive Summary Conclusion
America’s largest retailers play an important role in our nation’s economy and in the well-being of millions of their workers’ lives. It has become conventional wisdom that retail workers must be paid low wages. Yet our study, adding to a growing body of research, demonstrates that retailers could provide the nation a needed economic boost by paying higher wages, while remaining profitable and continuing to offer low prices.11 After years of slow economic growth and income stagnation or decline, retail can help put America back on track, creating meaningful gains for household budgets, GDP, employment, and their own outlook for growth.
At over 4 trillion in annual revenue and comprising 6 percent of GDP, retail is one of the nation’s leading industries. In 2011 the retail sector employed more than 15 million workers, and its output growth over the coming decade is projected to be the highest in the country.12 With a large and growing workforce, and leverage over workplace standards across the supply chain, the retail sector wields enormous influence on our standard of living. It connects producers and consumers, workers and jobs, and local social and economic development to the larger US economy. Yet despite this partnership with American households, retail remains a low-wage employer. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the typical retail sales person earns just $21,000 per year. Cashiers earn even less, bringing home an annual income of just $18,500.13 These low wages come at a cost to the rest of the US economy as hard-working families have little left over in their paychecks to contribute to consumer spending and economic growth. The conventional reasoning behind this low-wage employment suggests that low prices at retail stores depend on low pay, but that is not the case. This study evaluates the possibilities for the largest employers in the retail sector to lead the industry to a new model of adequate wages that support families, boost sales, and contribute to economic growth. It can be done, and at little expense to the firm and a negligible cost for consumers.
Although households continue to struggle with the aftermath of the Great Recession, the nation’s leading retailers are doing well. In the first half of 2012, large retailers earned over $35 billion in profits and paid out $12.8 million in dividends.14 The largest retail firm in the US, Walmart, has seen net sales grow by more than $70 billion since the onset of the recession at the end of 2007, and earned over $16 billion in profits last year alone.15 Firms like Walmart weathered the crisis by restructuring costs and increasing profitability, requiring existing workers to take on more duties as new hiring slowed. While worker productivity in the retail sector increased by an average of 0.8% each year since 2008, compensation on average declined.16 In this sense employees financed the recovery of retail firms by means of increased workloads and forfeited wages. And while the sales and profit margins of firms have recovered since the financial crisis, the labor market has not. More than 22 million Americans are currently out of work or working part time because they cannot find a full time job. That is nearly one in seven workers who are struggling to get by, searching for opportunities in a labor market that is reluctant to employ and unwilling to adequately compensate workers for their contributions to the recovery.
The fact is, for large retail firms low-wage jobs are not a business necessity but a choice. Our study demonstrates the implications for businesses, consumers, and families, of a wage floor that amounts to $25,000 per year for full-time, year-round employees at America’s largest retail firms. The analysis focuses on the nation’s largest retailers—those employing at least 1,000 workers. The category includes over 1,300 firms that account for more than half of the sector’s overall sales and employment.17 Our study covers 42 percent of all retail workers, including those who are employed at large retailers in year-round positions. The $25,000 threshold breaks down to an hourly wage of $12.25 and is half of what the typical US household earned in 2011. For the typical worker earning less than this threshold, the new floor would mean a 27 percent pay raise. While earning $25,000 per year does not seem like a lot for full-time labor, our study shows that raising the wages of retail’s lowest paid employees to this level could have a significant impact on workers and their families as well as the economy, without harming the firms’ bottom lines.
Large retail employers can afford to pay wages that match the value that workers bring to the industry, and some do. Employers like Costco and Safeway pay decent wages and still manage to satisfy customers with low-priced goods, and earn a profit. When other companies write poverty-level paychecks, all Americans end up subsidizing those firms with sacrificed buying power in the economy and lowered standards of living. At a time of weak economic growth and declining incomes for most Americans, large retail firms are in the position to raise take-home pay and boost the national economy, all while improving their own outlook for growth.
If large retailers raised wages to pay the equivalent of $25,000 per year for full-time, year-round work, more than 700,000 Americans would be able to earn their way out of poverty. Altogether, 1.5 million would make it out of poverty or near-poverty.
Over the past year the number of impoverished Americans hit an all-time high.18 Poverty rates shot up during 2008 and 2009 as the country entered the Great Recession and labor markets contracted, leaving millions of workers to struggle with persistent unemployment or settle for jobs that offer low wages and little security. But as firms regained their footing and entered a period of recovery, poverty did not abate. In fact, from 2010 to 2011 there was no change in the US poverty rate, even though GDP grew at 3 percent.19 That means that although businesses are returning to their previous profitability, the benefits of the recovery are not reaching those workers and families living at the bottom of the income distribution, where income growth would both improve lives and fuel consumer spending. Today over 46 million people live below the poverty line, including more than 10 million year-round workers. With the potential to impact the poverty status of 1.5 million Americans, the retail sector has a considerable opportunity to spur the change our economy needs.
Nearly half of all year-round employees at large retailers earn wages below $12.25 per hour, or less than $25,000 per year for a worker putting in 40 hours a week. For many of them that is not enough to keep their families above the federal poverty line. More than 1 in 4 workers (26.5 percent) who earn below the threshold lives in or near poverty even though they have a job.20 Among year-round employees at large firms, 70 percent of the part-time workforce and 38 percent of full-time workers fall below this standard, with the typical full-time worker earning $9.61 per hour. For this typical worker the new wage floor would mean a 27 percent pay raise – enough to make a substantial impact on her quality of life. The benefits of the new minimum would spill over to workers earning above that wage rate as well, as the firm would make changes that preserve the higher wage rates for those with longer tenure or more responsibility. Including both the direct effects of the wage raise and spillover effects, the new wage floor will impact more than 5 million retail workers and their families.
Retail jobs are a crucial source of income for the families of workers in the sector. More than 95 percent of year-round employees at large firms are ages 20 and above, not teens looking to augment a weekly allowance or save up for a new iPhone. On the contrary, retail wages provide for household necessities. More than half (54.2 percent) of workers in this group contribute at least 50 percent of their family’s total income. A large number of them—almost 1 in 5—are the sole earner. The lowest-paid retail workers are actually even more likely to be supporting families. Ninety percent of those working in poverty are contributing at least half of their family’s total income and 55 percent provide the household’s only paycheck.
This study found that a wage floor at large retailers equivalent to $25,000 per year would lift hundreds of thousands of workers and their family members out of poverty, and hundreds of thousands more would emerge from near-poverty (defined as within 150 percent of the poverty line). More than 650,000 workers will see their poverty status change once their wages increase to the new minimum. Family members, too, will benefit from the raise. In all, 734,000 workers and family members will leave the ranks of the impoverished. Another 769,000 will rise above the near poverty cutoff. That is a total of 1.5 million Americans who will see a considerable difference in their standard of living with an increase in the minimum retail wage. As workers and their families rise above the poverty or near poverty line they can better provide for their household needs and plan for their futures. That is of benefit to both families and the economy overall. With such an expansive impact on quality of life and consumer spending, retailers’ choice to raise wages would be an investment in the workforce, future workers, and sustained economic growth.
If large retailers raised wages to pay the equivalent of $25,000 per year for full-time, year-round work, GDP would increase by $11.8 to $15.2 billion and employers would create 100,000 to 132,000 new jobs.
Large retail employers have an opportunity to jumpstart our economy by fueling consumer spending with a raise for their lowest-paid workers. Despite the popular misconception that higher wages lead firms to cut back employment, there is no evidence that a raise will necessarily result in job losses.21 Rather, in our current economy a raise for workers at the bottom could bolster weak consumer demand and induce employment growth. US corporations are cash-flush, but hesitant to make investments on products they are not sure will sell.22 As a result, their gloomy outlook becomes a self-fulfilling prophesy: firms do not expand production, keeping the job market slack, pocketbooks closed, and investments unappealing. But a boom in consumer spending could interrupt that cycle by providing a return to business investment and giving companies an incentive to grow. This study finds that a new wage floor equivalent to $25,000 per year for full-time, year-round work will create more than 100,000 new jobs and add at least $11.8 billion of new income to the economy. Large retailers are in a position to drive new economic growth by providing a wage increase for their most underpaid workers.
Low-Income Workers as Job Creators
Families living in or near poverty spend close to 100 percent of their income just to meet their basic needs, so when they receive an extra dollar in pay, they spend it on goods or services that were out of reach before. This ongoing need makes low-income households more likely to spend new earnings immediately – channeling any addition to their income right back into the economy. High-income households, in contrast, put a larger portion of their money into long-term investments such as retirement savings that do not factor into consumer demand.23 Because spending patterns differ widely across income groups, investments that enhance the budgets of low-income households have a greater impact on the economy than money given to those at the top. For example, the economic stimulus payments of 2008 increased spending among low-income households far more than higher earners, with a substantial portion of the new purchases going toward durable and non-durable retail goods.24 Increasing the purchasing power of low-income households is good economic policy during a period of flagging demand. By raising the floor of large chain retail wages, these businesses can provide a private sector stimulus without depending on the government to enact the change.
The amount of economic activity generated by a wage raise is determined by what economists refer to as the multiplier. The multiplier indicates how many times a new dollar will circulate in the economy before its amplifying effects fade away. When a worker receives a raise, she will have additional money to spend – that spending becomes someone else’s new income, either the business owner where she makes a purchase or the worker at the store who gets more hours or more money when business is good. Multipliers differ depending on where the dollar appears in the economy; if low-income households have an extra dollar to spend the multiplier is higher than if that dollar goes to high income savers. So a transfer of purchasing power to low-wage workers will boost economic activity to the degree that the multiplier forecasts ripple effects across consumer spending.
In order to predict how a raise for employees at large retail firms will impact the economy, we incorporate both the positive effect of the multiplier on household spending and the potentially negative effect on the balance sheet of employers. Firms can either pay for the wage raise out of profits, pass on the cost of the additional wage bill to consumers through higher prices, or combine both tactics to cover the cost. The extent to which retail employers will place the burden of higher wages on their customers is unclear. Research on the relationship between prices and the minimum wage focuses entirely on the fast food industry and presents mixed results.25 But there is reason to believe that firms will pass-through less than 100 percent of the cost. That is because the new minimum produces gains to the firm that offset part of the cost before either profits or consumer spending have to make up the difference. Employers that invest in their labor force are better able to hang on to their best, most experienced workers, increasing operational efficiency and cutting down on the costs of labor turnover. The differences can be dramatic. One study from the Wharton
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ità.
Possibile aumento della minzione.
Con lo sviluppo dell'intossicazione, compaiono un malessere generale, debolezza, brividi costanti.
La causa dell'endometriosi interna (teoria traumatica) può essere l'aborto, il taglio cesareo, le procedure mediche - termocoagulazione o criodistruzione. Le cellule endometriali possono entrare nell'utero con il sangue mentre l'uovo si muove. Esiste una teoria embrionale dell'occorrenza della patologia: la malattia si sviluppa a causa di disturbi della crescita del tessuto embrionale. A rischio sono le donne in età riproduttiva - dai 20 ai 40-45 anni. Nelle ragazze o nelle donne in postmenopausa, la patologia è rara.
La diagnosi inizia con un esame ginecologico, un'ecografia (ultrasuono). Inoltre, per chiarire il grado di danno, si raccomanda la risonanza magnetica, l'endoscopia (laparoscoria, cistoscopia, colposcopia).
Diagnostica - isterosalpingografia ed ultrasuoni
Qualsiasi stadio della malattia richiede un trattamento immediato, soprattutto se la donna prevede di avere figli. I principali metodi di trattamento sono farmaci (ormonali, antinfiammatori, analgesici) e chirurgici.
È possibile rimanere incinta se le ovaie vengono rimosse durante l'endometriosi? Le moderne tecniche offrono a questi pazienti di provare la gioia della maternità e di sottoporsi a una procedura di fecondazione in vitro.
La gravidanza con questa patologia potrebbe non verificarsi. cause:
insufficienza ormonale che impedisce l'ovulazione, la fecondazione, l'impianto (attaccamento dell'ovulo alla parete uterina;
microspasmi persistenti che portano ad un trasporto alterato dell'uovo nella cavità uterina.
Prima del concepimento pianificato, è necessario visitare un ginecologo per determinare se vi è una mancanza di patologie degli organi riproduttivi. L'endometriosi identificata o altre patologie devono essere curate. Se dopo il trattamento entro sei mesi non ci sono ricadute, puoi pianificare il concepimento, la nascita di un bambino.
Concetti come la gravidanza e l'endometriosi sono compatibili? I medici ritengono che siano compatibili, ma solo nelle prime fasi della malattia: in primo luogo, lo strato uterino che contiene il feto in crescita non è ancora coinvolto nel processo; in secondo luogo, l'assenza di mestruazioni inibisce la crescita dei fuochi dell'endometrio, che influenza positivamente le condizioni dell'utero e può fermare lo sviluppo della malattia.
Se si verifica una gravidanza, devi essere serio sulla tua salute e sulla salute del bambino in via di sviluppo, visitare regolarmente un ginecologo e completare tutti gli appuntamenti. Non rifiutare il ricovero durante il periodo di minaccia al feto o prima della data prevista di nascita.
Anche con l'inizio della gravidanza, la probabilità di aborto spontaneo e parto prematuro è alta. L'embrione si attacca spesso alla parte inferiore dell'utero (bassa placentazione), il che porta alla minaccia dell'aborto spontaneo.
Olga: ho 35 anni, mi sono sposata tardi. Abbiamo deciso con mio marito di diventare genitori. Letteralmente dalle prime settimane di gravidanza, è stata registrata. E dal medico ho sentito una diagnosi che mi ha spaventato: endometriosi dell'utero di primo grado. C'erano lacrime e paura. Ma grazie al nostro ginecologo, al trattamento adeguato e al costante monitoraggio del corso della gravidanza, la nostra famiglia ha allevato un bambino carino Maxim per il secondo anno. Sebbene il medico affermi che non ci sono più focolai patologici nell'utero, vado a fare un esame ogni sei mesi.
Maria: ho 29 anni. Non andavo dai dottori per molto tempo - non ho mai fatto male a niente, mi sono sentito benissimo. Ma recentemente ho notato che l'addome inferiore ha iniziato a ferire, le mestruazioni erano sconvolte, sono diventate più abbondanti. Sono andato da un ginecologo privato, ho scoperto di avere un'endometriosi avanzata. Ora c'è un trattamento a lungo termine con farmaci ormonali, laparoscopia. Spero che in futuro potrò diventare madre.
Victoria: Vivo in un villaggio, lontano dalla città, quindi raramente ho consultato un ginecologo. E così ho deciso di rimanere incinta. Stavo per andare a fare un esame: ho superato i test, fatto un'ecografia e il dottore mi ha scioccato con notizie deludenti. Si è scoperto che avevo già sviluppato endometriosi di grado II. Sono stato sottoposto a trattamento per 4 mesi. Ho dovuto dimenticare la nascita del bambino. Bene, perché sono così stupido, perché non ho ascoltato il medico locale, che devo sottopormi a un esame di routine dal ginecologo ogni anno? Ora dico a tutti i miei amici che i medici, in particolare le donne, dovrebbero essere consultati in tempo. Spero che dopo il trattamento possa dare alla luce un bambino.
Nastasya: Per 4 anni ho cercato di dare alla luce un bambino. Ma non succede nulla, ci sono stati diversi aborti spontanei, una gravidanza congelata. Mi dispiace di non essere andato dal ginecologo in tempo. Recentemente ho avuto una laparoscopia, sto prendendo medicine. Spero che dopo il trattamento abbia dato alla luce almeno un bambino.
La gravidanza e l'endometriosi possono coesistere solo nella prima fase della patologia. Ma questo non significa che lo sviluppo del bambino procederà senza intoppi, senza complicazioni. Pertanto, è meglio iniziare un esame da un ginecologo prima del concepimento. E se la gravidanza è già iniziata, dovrebbe procedere sotto la costante supervisione di specialisti. Con tutte le raccomandazioni del medico, aumenta la probabilità di un portamento favorevole e la nascita di un bambino sano.
La domanda sembra solo ridicola, la gravidanza non può davvero essere notata, questo non è così raro. L'ostetrico-ginecologo si trova di fronte a situazioni in cui una donna scopre di essere incinta solo dopo aver sentito la prima agitazione del feto, che è 20-22 settimane di gestazione nelle donne primipare e 17-19 settimane in multiparo.
Abbastanza spesso, i giovani genitori si chiedono come trattare la gola con l'allattamento..Poiché l'immunità di una donna dopo il parto è ridotta, le madri che allattano sono spesso attaccate da vari virus e infezioni che causano più malattie del rinofaringe.
A 32 settimane di gestazione, le donne devono essere il più responsabili possibile. Questo periodo è caratterizzato non solo da cambiamenti significativi nel peso e nell'altezza del bambino, ma dal suo sviluppo attivo.
6 minuti, pubblicato da Irina Bredikhina 344Dal momento in cui una donna scopre che una nuova vita è nata in lei, sarebbe giusto che lei andasse alla clinica prenatale e si registrasse.<|endoftext|>Herding Breeds Breaking Barriers with Autism
We’re all familiar with service dogs – they’ve been around for quite a while. But did you know that dogs are now being trained to aid families with autistic children? And herding dogs have just the right temperament and instincts to fit the bill.
No one knows exactly what causes autism, but it affects about one in every 150 children. Characterized by a developmental disability, it can be especially hard for families to handle when their toddlers suddenly withdraw into their own bubble. It often becomes difficult for them to communicate and socialize with others – making the right dog a godsend.To continue reading, please login or signup.<|endoftext|>Punturina
Una scena che ha quasi ricordato uno di quei film catastrofici dove le metropoli vengono invase da insetti assassini. Per fortuna questa volta si è trattato solo di semplici api. Ma erano oltre 30mila quelle che, a New York, si sono sistemate a Times Square proprio nel punto in cui, a Capodanno, viene fatta cadere la sfera luminosa. È dovuto intervenire un noto apicoltore locale, Andrew Coté, che ha risucchiato gli insetti con un apposito tubo per poi portarli in uno degli alveari pubblici del Bryant Park mantenuti dall'associazione degli apicoltori di New York City fondata dallo stesso Coté.
i più letti<|endoftext|>علی اکبر شعبان پور روز جمعه در نشست خبری در حاشیه برگزاری بیستمین نمایشگاه بین المللی صنعت نفت با اعلام این رشد در تولید گاز، افزود: این شرکت، برنامه افزایش تولید از فازهای ۱۲، ۱۵، ۱۶، ۱۷ و ۱۸ را در اولویت فعالیت های خود در سال جاری دارد.
به گزارش اژانس خبری انرژی،مدیرعامل شرکت نفت و گاز پارس با بیان این که با تکمیل فاز ۱۲، ظرفیت تولید ۲٫۵ میلیارد فوت مکعبی این فاز محقق می شود، افزود: همچنین با بهره برداری کامل از فازهای ۱۵ و ۱۶ میزان تولید به ظرفیت ۲ میلیارد فوت مکعب خواهد رسید.
شعبانپور گفت: با بهره برداری کامل از فازهای ۱۲، ۱۵، ۱۶ و بخش هایی از فازهای ۱۷ و ۱۸ حدود ۶ میلیارد فوت مکعب و با بهره برداری از بخش هایی از فاز ۱۹ نیز یک میلیارد فوت مکعب دیگر به ظرفیت تولید گاز اضافه خواهد شد.
وی با بیان این که تا پایان سال جاری، مجموعا ۷ میلیارد فوت مکعب به ظرفیت تولید گاز اضافه می شود، افزود: با بهره برداری از طرح های فوق، وعده وزیر نفت برای افزایش تولید ۲۰۰ میلیون مترمکعبی گاز در طی سال های ۹۳ و ۹۴ محقق می شود.
مدیرعامل شرکت نفت و گاز پارس اضافه کرد: پس از تکمیل این فازهای اولویت دار و تامین منابع مالی به سراغ فازهای اولویت دوم پارس جنوبی خواهیم رفت.
مدیرعامل شرکت نفت و گاز پارس در خصوص سرنوشت فاز ۱۱ پارس جنوبی نیز گفت: قرار بود که این فاز در کنفرانس لندن معرفی شود، اما اخیرا یک شرکت داخلی اعلام کرده است که آمادگی دارد در بخشی از این فاز مشارکت داشته باشد، بنابراین در حال مذاکره با این شرکت در بخش حفاری این شرکت هستیم.
شعبانپور با بیان این که امیدواریم که تا پایان خردادماه ، قرارداد با این شرکت امضا شود، خاطر نشان کرد: برای بخش های بعدی این فاز نیز برخی شرکت ها اعلام آمادگی کرده اند.
وی درخصوص افت فشار فازهای پارس جنوبی نیز گفت: طبیعی است که میادین پس از مدتی دچار افت فشار شوند، اما نرسیدن به ظرفیت اسمی تولید در فازهای جدید پارس جنوبی به دلیل افت فشار نیست، بلکه ناشی از لزوم تکمیل عملیات حفاری و اسیدکاری در سال اول بهره برداری است.
مدیرعامل شرکت نفت و گاز پارس در خصوص جذب منابع مالی پارس جنوبی از طریق صندوق توسعه ملی نیز اظهار داشت: سال گذشته قرارداد فاز ۱۳ فعال شده و بنابراین می توانیم از طریق بانک عامل، بودجه لازم را تامین کنیم.
شعبانپور افزود: محل دیگر تامین منابع مالی از محل بند (ق) تبصره ۲ قانون بودجه است که بر این اساس قرار شده ۱۸ میلیارد دلار برای پارس جنوبی اختصاص داده شود.
مدیرعامل شرکت نفت و گاز پارس اضافه کرد: بند ‘ل’ بودجه نیز ۱۴ تا ۱۵ میلیارد دلار برای میادین مشترک اختصاص داده که که ۲ میلیارد دلار از آن در پارس جنوبی هزینه خواهد شد.
شعبانپور در بخش دیگری با اشاره به ملاک های اولویت بندی فازهای پارس جنوبی ادامه داد: اولویت بندی این فازها بر اساس میزان پیشرفت، مرزی بودن و آمادگی زنجیره تولید انجام می شود.
وی افزود: در حال حاضر فازهای ۱۹، ۲۰ و ۲۱ از فازهای موسوم به ۳۵ ماهه در اولویت کاری قرار گرفته اند.
مدیر عامل شرکت نفت و گاز پارس خاطر نشان کرد: فازهای ۱۳ ، ۲۳ و ۲۴ به علت مرزی نبودن و عقب ماندگی بخش دریایی جزو اولویت های شرکت نفت و گاز پارس نیستند. دو سکوی a 17 و a 18 نیز آماده شده اند، اما کار بر روی دو سکوی دیگر در حال انجام است.
شعبانپور افزود: حفاری ۱۱ حلقه چاه یکی از سکوها به اتمام می رسد اما سکوی دیگر به اواخر سال می رسد، بنابراین فازهای ۱۸ و ۱۹ با ظرفیت تولید ۱٫۵ میلیارد فوت مکعب در سال جاری فعالیت خواهند کرد.
مدیرعامل شرکت نفت و گاز پارس در خصوص احتمال حضور خارجی در پارس جنوبی گفت: همه فازهای پارس جنوبی به جز فاز ۱۴ بیش از ۷۵ درصد پیشرفت دارند بنابراین نیازی به توسعه آن ها توسط شرکت های خارجی نیست.
شعبانپور خاطر نشان کرد: البته آمدن شرکت های خارجی می تواند در بالابردن دانش فنی و بهره وری کارها نقش داشته باشد.
وی در خصوص مذاکره با شرکت های خارجی گفت: شرکت نفت و گاز پارس به طور مستقیم در ایام نمایشگاه مذاکره با شرکت های خارجی برای جذب سرمایه نداشته و در واقع، این وظیفه شرکت ملی نفت و معاونت جذب سرمایه این شرکت است.
مدیرعامل شرکت نفت و گاز پارس در خصوص فاصله ایران و قطر در تولید گاز از پارس جنوبی گفت: تا پایان سال میزان تولید به ۴۷۰ میلیون مترمکعب خواهد رسید.
شعبانپور با بیان اینکه قطری ها هم اکنون روزانه ۲۱ میلیارد فوت مکعب گاز از این میدان برداشت می کنند، افزود: با بهره برداری از فازهای جدید فاصله ایران و قطر در پارس جنوبی کاهش می یابد.
مدیرعامل شرکت نفت و گاز پارس در بخش دیگری از این نشست خبری با اشاره به برخورد کشتی با سکوی فاز ۱۳ گفت: در بامداد روز دوم فروردین ماه یک فروند کشتی نروژی با پرچم سنگاپور با پایه سکوی فاز ۱۳ برخورد کرد که بلافاصله کارگروه اچ. اس. ای برای پیگیری موضوع تشکیل شد.
شعبانپور افزود: یک حلقه چاه آزمایشی در این سکو حفر شده بود که به محض برخورد سامانه های امنیتی آن فعال شده و حادثه ناگواری رخ نداد.
وی با بیان این که مجوز توقیف کشتی اخذ شده است، گفت: مالکان کشتی، تقصیر خود در این حادثه را پذیرفته اند و درحال حاضر در مرحله اقدامات حقوقی و بیمه ای قرار داریم.
مدیرعامل شرکت نفت و گاز پارس اضافه کرد: برآورد اولیه خسارات وارده بر اساس میزان کار انجام شده حدود ۳۰۰ میلیارد دلار است اما باید منتظر نظر هیات کارشناسی بود.
وی در خصوص لایه نفتی پارس جنوبی گفت: سکوی این لایه نفتی بارگیری شده و به زودی نصب خواهد شد.
مدیرعامل شرکت نفت و گاز پارس با بیان این که فاز اول این لایه نفتی به ظرفیت ۳۵ هزار بشکه در سال ۹۵ به بهره برداری می رسد، افزود: اکتشاف فاز دوم این میدان نیز آغاز شده است.<|endoftext|>FIA e FOTA hanno raggiunto un accordo sul contenimento dei costi nel meeting avvenuto ieri a Ginevra.
Così sentenzia la dichiarazione congiunta: “L’incontro a Ginevra ha prodotto significative misure di risparmio per gli anni 2009 e 2010. La FOTA sta lavorando urgentemente su ulteriori proposte per il 2010 e oltre.”
Tuttavia, anche se la dichiarazione congiunta non fornisca alcun dettaglio sui provvedimenti raggiunti, secondo autosport.com Luca di Montezemolo e Max Mosley, presidenti di FOTA e FIA, si sarebbero accordati per aumentare la vita dei motori (da 2 a 3 gare per motore) e per standardizzare la costruzione di 25 motori per team con un tetto massimo di spesa pari a 10 milioni di Euro per il 2009.
E’ previsto quindi un ulteriore meeting in Brasile tra i membri della FOTA per determinare i chilometri di test per il prossimo anno e, soprattutto, per stipulare un nuovo accordo per l’introduzione del KERS per il 2010 e 2011.
Dopo il GP del Brasile, FOTA e FIA si rincontreranno per discutere ulteriori misure di riduzione dei costi per quanto riguarda lo sviluppo del telaio.
Per il momento, è quindi rinviato l’arrivo del motore unico. Non sarà forse stata una mossa per avvicinare i team ad un accordo?
Francesco Parrotta<|endoftext|>Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
2010 January 15
Explanation: The stars of a summer night on the left and the winter night sky on the right are the same stars. In fact, both pictures were taken in late December and have similar fields of view. The left panel shows a scene from a beach on Bruny Island off the coast of Tasmania, Australia, while the right panel features the sky over the snowy Alborz Mountains of northern Iran. But if the sky on one side still looks unfamiliar to you, just put your cursor over the image to see an alternate version. The alternate image will trace the outlines of the familiar constellation of Orion, as seen from the southern and northern hemispheres of planet Earth.
Authors & editors:
Jerry Bonnell (UMCP)
NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply.
A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U.<|endoftext|>“工欲善其事，必先利其器。”工具是人类文明进步的标志。自20世纪末期以来，现代制造技术与机械制造工艺自动化都有了长足的发展。但工具（含夹具、刀具、量具与辅具等）在不断的革新中，其
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سوزي است) را تحمل کند.همچنين موتورهاي دوراني قبلي به دليل داشتن اتاق احتراق کشيده و بزرگ نمي توانند فشار مورد نياز براي انفجار نوري را ايجاد کنند.
فقط موتور شبه توربين کالسکه دار مي تواند نيروي انفجار را تحمل کند و ضريب تراکم مورد نياز براي خودسوزي را فراهم کند.
معمول ترين راهها جهت افزايش نيروي توليدي موتور افزايش راندمان حجمي موتور ميباشد.به کمک افزايش راندمان حجمي بسته به تکنيک مورد استفاده ميتوان از ۵% تا ...
مقدمه : از زمان تولد توربينهاي گازي امروزي در مقايسه با ساير تجهيزات توليد قدرت , زمان زيادي نمي گذرد . با اين وجود امروزه اين تجهيزات به عنوان سامانه ...
يك موتور خطي در واقع يك موتور الكتريكي است كه استاتورش غير استوانه شده است تا به جاي اينكه يك گشتاور چرخشي توليد كند، يك نيروي خطي در راستاي طول استات ...
انرژي باد نظير ساير منابع انرژي تجديد پذير، بطور گسترده ولي پراكنده در دسترس مي باشد. تابش نامساوي خورشيد در عرض هاي مختلف جغرافيايي به سطح ناهموار زم ...
موتور هاي چند فاز موتورهاي چند فازه موتورهاي متناوبي هستند که به صورت دو يا سه فاز کار مي کنند . هر دو از لحاظ ساختماني مشابه بوده و فقط اتصال داخلي ک ...
يکي از بهترين تعريف هايي که از مهندسي برق شده است, اين است که محور اصلي فعاليت هاي مهندسي برق, تبديل يک سيگنال به سيگنال ديگر است که البته اين سيگنال ...
● خط کروگيت کارتن اين خط توليد که عمل کروگيت کردن کاغذ و به هم چسباندن کاغذها را انجام مي دهد، رول کاغذ را به کارتن خام و ورق کارتن تبديل مي کند. کارت ...
خودروهاي الکتريکي از مرحله ايده خارج و به فناوري کاربردي تبديل مي شوند. در حالي که خودروهاي الکتريکي گام به گام عرصه زمين را دراختيار مي گيرند، اوضاع ...<|endoftext|>دولت هلند روز چهارشنبه از قصد خود برای ارائه لایحه ای به منظور کمک به خودکشی افرادی خبر داد که با وجود عدم ابتلا به بیماری لاعلاج، احساس می کنند زندگی آنها پایان یافته است.
هلند اولین کشوری بود که در سال ۲۰۰۲ با تصویب قانونی در مورد اوتانازی (مرگ خودخواسته) به بیماران لاعلاجی که درد زیادی می کشند، اجازه داد به طور قانونی و با دریافت کمک به زندگی خود پایان دهند.
وزیران بهداشت و دادگستری هلند در نامه ای به پارلمان این کشور از ادامه رایزنی ها در مورد جزئیات این لایحه خبر داده اند. به گفته آنها هدف از ارائه این لایحه کمک به افرادی است که پس از تعمق کافی، زندگی خود را پایان یافته تلقی می کنند. بنا به اعلام این دو وزیر دولت هلند، افراد براساس «معیارهای سختگیرانه و محتاطانه» اجازه خواهند یافت از کمک برای پایان بخشیدن به زندگی شان بهره مند شوند.
انتظار می رود این لایحه پس از مشورت با پزشکان، کردارشناسان و دیگر کارشناسان تا پایان سال ۲۰۱۷ به پارلمان هلند تسلیم شود.<|endoftext|>Robin Hoodwinked
Bu madde hiçbir kaynak içermemektedir. (Aralık 2013) (Bu şablonun nasıl ve ne zaman kaldırılması gerektiğini öğrenin)
Konu[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]
Robin Hood kaçırılır ve herkes onun kurtulamayacağını söyler. Ama Nibbles ve Jerry, Robin Hood'un tutsak olduğu kaleye giderler. Kaleden içeri girerler ve Nibbles anahtarın asılı olduğu sütuna arka ucunda ip bulunan bir ok atar. Bu sırada bir gardian olan Tom sütunun arkasından bakar. Nibbles ipi parmalığa bağlar ve ipten kaymaya başlarlar. Tam bu sırada Tom ipin önüne geçer ve Nibbles ile Jerry anahtarı alıp ipin öbür tarafına kaymaya başlarlar ama Tom o tarfın ucunada geçer. Jerry de Tom'un kaskını başına geçirir ve Nibbles anahtarla kaska vurur. Jerry ve Nibbles kapıya tırmanır ve tam açacakları sırada Tom baltayla onları engeller. Nibbles'in poposu anahtarın parmak tarafına sıkışır ve Nibbles öyle koşmaya başlar. Tom elindeki baltayla Jerry'in kuyruğunu bastırır. Nibbles kaçarken Tom yine baltayla onu anahtarın parmak tarafından çıkartır ve anahtarı yutar. İki arkadaş birlikte kaçarlar ama Tom kaskıyla onları yakalar ve vurur. Tom çukurun kapağını açar ve Jerry ile Nibbles aşağı düşerler. Sonra Tom uyurken çukurun kapısından çıkarlar. Tavana çıkıp Jerry, Nibbles'i iple aşağıya, Tom'un ağzına sarkıtır. Nibbles anahtarı alır ve Jerry onu yukarı çeker. Ancak ip kopar ve Nibbles aşağı düşer. Tom'un ağzına girer. Tom uyanır ve onu hıçkırık tutar. Tom içki içer ve yeniden uykusuna dalar. Nibbles sarhoş bir şekilde Tom'un ağzından çıkar ve anahtarın uç kısmı Tom'un ağzına takılır. Tom uyanıp Nibbles'i yutar. Nibbles anahtarla Tom'un dişlerini kırar.Tom Nibbles'i yakalar.Jerry iple sarkar ve elindeki topuz ile Tom'u bayıltır.Nibbles anahtarı Robin Hood'un koğuşunun kapısının parmaklıklarından atar. Nibbles bir balta alır ve yeni uyanmış Tom'a fırlatır. Tom'un saçları kesilir. Tom bir boru üfler ve Robin Hood'un arkasından oklr gelir. Ancak Robin Hood, suya atlar ve gözden kaybolur. Sonra Nibbles kalkar ve bir ok onu bezinden ağaca asar. Jerry ile Nibbles yolda yürürken Nibbles şarkı söyler ve Jerry'in tuttuğu oktan Jerry'in yanına kayar.<|endoftext|>2 Traveling Through Missouri Preparing for a long overland journey was a big job. Travelers needed basic food items such as flour, butter, sugar, salt, yeast, bacon, tea, and coffee. They needed enough supplies for a six-month journey.
3 Traveling Through Missouri Settlers traveled in wagons drawn by four to six horses or oxen. They often joined with others to form a wagon train. These trains could include up to 100 wagons. They traveled together for safety.
4 Traveling Through Missouri On a normal day, travelers would wake up at 4:00 a.m. The wagon train would journey until 4:00 p.m. Then the settlers made camp and cooked dinner. They also did chores, cared for their animals, and sang or played games until it was time to sleep.
5 Hardships on the TrailThe travelers faced many dangers and hardships. People brought along animals to stock their new farms or ranches. It was hard to control these herds. Many travelers suffered from injuries or disease. The weather could change suddenly. The travelers feared attacks by Native Americans.
6 Jumping-Off PointsMissouri soon became the “jumping-off place” for people going to the West. Our state was easy to reach because of its location on the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers. So many people stopped here that Missouri became known as the “Gateway to the West.” Easterners would take a steamboat on the Missouri River as far west as Franklin or Independence.
7 Jumping-Off PointsPioneers would prepare for the overland part of the journey in a covered wagon. They bought their supplies in Franklin and Independence. In the trail towns, experienced wagon leaders made a living taking settlers west.
8 Westward TrailsThe Santa Fe Trail was an 800-mile trail from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, in what is now New Mexico. Traders had used this route since 1821 to trade with Mexico. Travelers on the Oregon Trail and some of the California Trail also set off from Independence.
9 hardshipA danger or difficulty people endure in the pursuit of a goal.Back to text<|endoftext|>Blink
Malcolm Gladwell
Risponde alla domanda
Come fare un miglior uso dei giudizi affrettati?
Perchè leggerlo?
Blink esamina il fenomeno dei giudizi affrettati, cioè delle decisioni prese inconsciamente in un affrettatissimo secondo. Questi giudizi affrettati sono importanti strumenti decisionali, ma possono anche portare a cattive scelte e successivi problemi. Blink spiega come possiamo fare al meglio i nostri giudizi.
Sintesi in italiano
Che vantaggio ne ricavo? Impara a utilizzare i giudizi inconsci immediati a tuo beneficio.
Ti fidi del tuo intuito quando prendi decisioni?
Se è così, ci sono alcune cose che dovresti sapere.
In primo luogo, probabilmente lo usi molto più di quanto ti rendi conto. Anche nei casi in cui pensi di aver analizzato razionalmente una situazione e di aver trovato un ragionevole motivo per la tua scelta, probabilmente stai solo sostenendo la tua iniziale sensazione istintiva.
In secondo luogo, il tuo intuito può spesso produrre giudizi migliori di un’analisi ragionata. Questo perché esclude tutte le informazioni irrilevanti e si concentra solo sui fattori chiave. Ma il lato negativo è che è anche influenzato da tutti i fattori inconsci, quali preconcetti e pregiudizi, che possono essere fuorvianti.
Sapere quando avere fiducia nell’intuito e quando no è fondamentale per prendere buone decisioni. In questi lampi scoprirai:
perché la marca di cola con il miglior gusto mai lanciata è fallita miseramente;
perché alcuni esperti di contraffazione d’opere d’arte hanno più fiducia nel loro istinto che in un’analisi razionale;
come un uomo venne eletto presidente degli Stati Uniti solo per il suo aspetto.
Non diffidare dei tuoi giudizi intuitivi – spesso possono essere superiori a quelli consapevoli.
Il cervello umano si basa su due strategie per prendere decisioni in una determinata situazione: una strategia è quella di registrare e elaborare coscienziosamente le informazioni, pesare i pro e i contro e arrivare ad una conclusione razionale sul modo migliore di agire. Questo tipo di elaborazione delle informazioni è molto lento e in alcune situazioni non c’è sufficiente tempo per questo.
E così, nel corso dell’evoluzione umana, si è sviluppata una seconda strategia molto più veloce: rapido come un fulmine, l’inconscio fa giudizi in un istante basandosi su sentimenti istintivi piuttosto che analisi approfondite.
Questa seconda strategia decisionale permette al cervello di scaricare un po’ di sforzi dei suoi complessi processi di pensiero all’inconscio. Sotto la superficie, all’insaputa di noi, la parte inconscia del cervello elabora situazioni in un battito d’occhi e decide sulle migliori vie di azione.
Molte persone tendono a fidarsi solo dei loro giudizi coscienti e sono a disagio sulle decisioni basate sui loro sentimenti o intuiti. Tuttavia, risulta che le decisioni immediate sono spesso molto superiori a quelle fatte dopo un’analisi approfondita.
Ad esempio, considera che esistono esperti di tennis che possono predire in modo intuitivo quando un giocatore sbaglia il servizio, anche se non sono in grado di individuarne esattamente il perché. E ci sono esperti d’arte che possono riconoscere un falso a prima vista solo perché hanno una sensazione strana e sono in grado di spiegare razionalmente il loro giudizio immediato solo in seguito.
In molte situazioni ci sono modelli e regolarità che l’inconscio riconosce più velocemente della mente cosciente e logica. È proprio in questi momenti che ci si dovrebbe fidare delle nostre decisioni immediate.
Il nostro inconscio può distinguere tra informazioni rilevanti e irrilevanti in in una mera frazione di secondo.
Anche se l’approfondimento può spesso essere una virtù, nel processo decisionale raramente ha senso controllare ogni informazione fino all’ultimo dato disponibile. Di solito è più efficace concentrarsi su alcuni fatti importanti e eliminare il resto.
Diciamo che stai osservando una coppia e vuoi prevedere con precisione se la loro relazione durerà. Per fare questo è meglio concentrarsi su alcuni particolari segnali chiave: se individui un accenno di disprezzo nelle loro interazioni, ad esempio, è un forte indicatore problemi potrebbero paventarsi in futuro.
Tuttavia, se si tenta di analizzare ogni dato di informazione, sarà difficile fare una previsione accurata, poiché tanti piccoli pezzi di informazioni irrilevanti nasconderanno i pochi grandi e rilevanti. Ad esempio, se siete impegnati a osservare i piedi, la postura e la chiacchiera della coppia, potreste mancare gli indicatori più cruciali della loro situazione, come gli sguardi sprezzanti.
In molte situazioni decisionali il nostro inconscio fa proprio questa distinzione per noi: differenziando tra informazioni importanti e non importanti, sostiene le parti della nostra percezione più necessarie per effettuare un giudizio accurato.
Possiamo fare buoni giudizi immediati perché il nostro inconscio è incredibilmente bravo in questo processo di filtraggio. Proprio come i ricercatori di relazioni sanno a quali segnali, come i segni di disprezzo, devono prestare attenzione nelle interazioni di una coppia, le nostre decisioni spontanee si basano su una selezione di pochi elementi di informazione.
Facciamo molti più giudizi immediati di quanto ci rendiamo conto e spesso inventiamo in seguito spiegazioni razionali per giustificarli.
Nella vita quotidiana usiamo costantemente giudizi immediati. Quando si tratta di amare, per esempio, sappiamo se ci sentiamo attratti da una persona nell’istante che la incontriamo. I giocatori di calcio, invece, usano il loro “istinto del goal” come aiuto per spostarsi automaticamente in una posizione vantaggiosa. Alcuni investitori ascoltano persino i loro dolori di schiena per sapere quando è il momento di vendere i loro titoli.
In tutte queste situazioni, le decisioni sono raggiunte nella parte inconscia del cervello.
Tuttavia, molte persone tendono ad aver più fiducia in dati e cifre che in sentimenti ed intuizioni, per questo motivo solitamente presentano spiegazioni logiche dei loro giudizi immediati dopo averli fatti.
Ad esempio, dopo una partita di calcio, un portiere può attribuire le sue numerose parate durante la partita semplicemente al fatto di “essere stato nel posto giusto al momento giusto”, anche se questa spiegazione non riflette quello che “veramente” passava per la sua testa in quel momento: le sue reazioni automatiche ai tiri in porta arrivavano dal suo inconscio.
Allo stesso modo, le nostre spiegazioni coscienti riguardanti il nostro partner romantico ideale hanno molta poca connessione con la persona che poi finisce veramente di piacerci. Possiamo continuare a ripetere i tratti più importanti che il nostro futuro partner dovrebbe avere, ma quando incontriamo qualcuno, non seguiamo l’elenco. Invece, sappiamo intuitivamente se ci piace. E, più spesso, la nostra decisione intuitiva è in conflitto con l’elenco razionale delle caratteristiche desiderabili che avevamo prima.
Le nostre decisioni sono fortemente influenzate dalle nostre associazioni inconsce.
L’inconscio influenza le nostre azioni in modo molto specifico.
Ad esempio, in uno studio è stato chiesto ad un gruppo di persone di giocare a Trivial Pursuit, ma prima di iniziare sono stati divisi in due gruppi con un compito diverso: al primo gruppo è stato chiesto di pensare a cosa significherebbe essere un professore mentre all’altro di pensare a cosa significherebbe essere un tifoso di calcio.
Il risultato è stato che le prestazioni dei due gruppi differivano: il gruppo che aveva pensato al professore “intelligente” aveva più risposte giuste del gruppo che aveva pensato allo stupido “tifoso” di calcio. Le associazioni avevano influenzato le prestazioni dei giocatori.
Allo stesso modo, le nostre associazioni inconsce influenzano costantemente il nostro comportamento.
Per esempio, la maggior parte di noi ha imparato ad associare inconsciamente e automaticamente attributi come “bianco”, “maschio” e “alto” con qualità come forza e competenza. Anche se non riteniamo esplicitamente che gli uomini alti e bianchi siano più competenti delle donne nere e basse, molti di noi formano questa associazione inconsapevolmente.
Infatti, la ricerca ha dimostrato che è più facile avere successo professionale come maschio, alto e bianco. È stato anche dimostrato che un aumento di un piede di altezza si trasforma in uno stipendio superiore misurabile e che le posizioni di alta direzione sono quasi esclusivamente detenute da maschi bianchi di altezza sopra la media.
Il caso di Warren Harding è la prova che l’associazione di caratteristiche esteriori generali a determinate competenze può essere un terribile errore. Harding è stato eletto Presidente degli Stati Uniti dopo la fine della prima guerra mondiale perché i suoi sostenitori pensavano semplicemente che “appariva presidenziale”. Non aveva di per se alcuna abilità o merito, ed è ampiamente considerato oggi come uno dei peggiori presidenti di tutti i tempi.
Lo stress può renderci temporaneamente autistici e condurci a giudizi sbagliati.
Saresti sorpreso di sapere che sei telepatico? Infatti, possiamo tutti leggere le menti. Tutto quello che dobbiamo fare è guardare il volto di una persona: le espressioni emotive rivelano esattamente ciò che una persona sta pensando.
Inoltre, gli scienziati hanno dimostrato che le espressioni emotive sono un fenomeno universale. Tutti, in ogni parte del mondo, possono riconoscere un’espressione facciale felice,
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ücudunuzu sıkıştırır.
- Kettlebell son derece taşınabilir. Evde, bahçede veya dışarda kullanabilirsiniz. Arabaya atabilir ve bir sonraki gezinizde yanınızda götürebilirsiniz. Piknik alanlarında eğlenceli bir şekilde uygulayabilirsiniz.
- Tek bir kettlebell ile harika bir egzersiz uygulayabilirsiniz ya da farklı ağırlıklardan sadece bir veya iki tane daha ekleyerek antreman seçeneklerinizi önemli ölçüde arttırabilirsiniz.
- Kettlebell egzersizleri, otomatik olarak kalça ve karın kası gücü oluşturur. Bunlar hayat boyunca güçlü ve güvenli bir şekilde geçirmek için sahip olduğumuz önemli kaslardır. Bu kaslar yürümek, tırmanmak veya kaldırmak gibi fonksiyonel hareketlere yardımcı olur.
- Güçlü bacak kasları istiyorsanız diz, ayak bileği, kalça veya diğer ortopedik problemlerinizi varsa koşu ile daha da kötüleşmek istemezsiniz. Kettlebell egzersizleri, ayaklarınızdan vazgeçmeden bacak kaslarınızı güçlendirmenize yardımcı olabilir. Kettlebell ile çalışmaya başlamadan önce doktorunuz veya fiziksel terapistine kontrol yaptırın.
Bazı sevdiğiniz egzersizleriniz varsa onları bırakmak zorunda değilsiniz. Kettlebel ile mevcut antreman programınızı değiştirebilir veya tamamlayabilirsiniz.<|endoftext|>In either case, the microscopic things enter our bodies and multiply rapidly if a virus is not a living creature, then how could it do this why are. The categorization of viruses as nonliving during much of the modern era of biological by that description, a virus seems more like a chemistry set than an organism debates over whether to label viruses as living lead naturally to another. Although i am open to the argument that it can be considered alive because of its the issue of whether viruses are alive seems to me a question of though they do reproduce, there are many other non-living things which. It has been argued extensively whether viruses are living organisms most virologists consider them non-living, as they do not meet all the criteria of the.
A rock is still nonliving, and cells and animals are if cells don't even have cells, then how are they alive to me, we only need 6 characteristics to define life,. If life were a monster movie, would viruses be vampires or zombies in earlier drafts of criteria for life, the requirement was that living things must be made of. Viruses are infectious agents with both living and nonliving characteristics 2 living viruses can infect animals, plants, and even other microorganisms 5.
It also reveals that non-living things may appear to perform some of and debate whether viruses meet the criteria for living things (partners . For the time being he is alive until he runs out of air, or, if the box is big derived from a living organism or reductively evolved themselves. Non-living: any crystal or rock, especially a rock shaped like any of the objects used you must decide if the samples are living things, or evidence of living things, or non-living viruses, for example, are an area of occasional disagreement. This article reviews some definitions of life organisms to determine if viruses he regarded viruses as non-living because he considered them non-organisms taken as an argument in favor of the living nature of viruses (la scola et al. Life is a characteristic that distinguishes physical entities that have biological processes, such abiogenesis describes the natural process of life arising from non-living matter, one systemic definition of life is that living things are self- organizing and whether or not viruses should be considered as alive is controversial.
What traits or characteristics would you look for to determine if an object is living or non-living what is it that sets living things apart a long standing debate in. Are viruses alive therefore, viruses are not living things when a virus if viruses do not have a “self-drive”, then it must be something else that is driving them, eg nature thanks guys , you have saved the argument . Many counter examples of non-living things can be given for the like viruses and prions cause debates among biologists about whether they. Microorganisms living everywhere around us, performing a a microorganism is defined as a living thing that is so small it viruses: there is some debate on whether viruses are viruses: non-living cause many diseases 3 divide the. Viruses display some characteristics of living things, however, they don't have will review these characteristics to see if a virus can be considered to be living.
According to biologists, there is a set of criteria that determines if something is living or nonliving students will answer the question: is a virus a living organism of others and adds credibility to a student's argument and/or research if the decision is truly a coin toss, the scorer should feel free to use. Viruses are alive and are oldest living creatures viruses have been difficult to classify, with some scientists arguing that they are just nonliving bits of dna for now, the researchers at least hope the argument that viruses are not alive if there's one disease that has plagued humankind throughout its. Initially, viruses were classified as living organisms, but over the last 100 years there has been considerable debate in the scientific community over whether viruses are indeed living on what grounds are viruses considered non-living. Originally answered: is a virus a living organism or a non-living thing the question whether or not “viruses are alive” has caused considerable debate over .
Organisms so small that they were mere specks in the microscope of the a few scientists asked whether viruses are alien life forms, which challenges the vitalis', the unique 'living force' that distinguishes living from non-living matter the argument was extended to chloroplast dna polymerase and. The debate on the status of virus is still very much alive viruses represent the why viruses are considered living or borderline between living and non living objects 1 viral replication is different from reproduction of other living organisms. They are inactive until inside a host organism where they use the host's cellular organelles to scientists debate on whether viruses are living or non-living. Living things are made up of one or more cells, use energy (which includes non-living materials are available at the sep daly ralston resource center (k 118, a virus is an example of something that scientists continue to debate whether.<|endoftext|>Taking a closer look at the characters Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, there is a noticeable difference in each of these characters’ analysis of being wicked.
When you get an assignment to write a character analysis essay, your professor expects you to prove to him that you have enhanced your awareness of the psychological elements that are unique to the characters you are highlighting. In order to accomplish this, you must complete an in-depth analysis of what makes the character tick. What is the character’s driving force?
Some students have tried using a character analysis essay example to accomplish this feat. Unfortunately, this simply does not work well. It does not help the student meet the requirements of the essay.
Time spent going below the surface to learn about people, places, and things means you're analyzing. When you talk to a person, and ponder their thoughts and feelings, in association with their appearance and actions, you're performing character analysis. It's how you come to see the essence of the individual. This helps you understand how, why, and what they do better.
[tags: story and character analysis]
Applying Adult Learning Theory through A character Analysis The film “Malcolm X,” produced by Worth, written and directed by Lee (1992) portrays the life of civil right’s leader Malcolm X as he makes his transformational journey from street hustling, jail, and imprisonment to later emerging as a leader for social change....
[tags: Bronte, Character Analysis]
You can perform this same kind of character analysis to the main characters in a literary work you read. You then create a written report on your findings. Of course, the result is a Character Analysis Essay.
[tags: William Shakespeare, literary analysis, character]
A Character Analysis Essay focuses on your observations about a character in a story. This type of essay is different from a Literary Analysis Essay. With a Literary Analysis Essay, you focus on your observations about a book, poem, play, or story overall.
Your Character Analysis Essay is more specific. You may analyze one or more main characters. You do take into account the overall literary work; however, you concentrate your analysis on one specific element of the work, characters. Your goal is to help the readers of your essay understand the mental, emotional, and intellectual inner workings of the main character.
How do you analyze a character from a literary work? You analyze by studying what that character, thinks, says, and does. You also analyze a character by studying what other characters say or think about him or her.
This accomplishes two things. First, you understand the character from their point of view. You form an opinion of them based on their inner thoughts and urges. You also formulate opinions based on actions they take in response to their life situations and circumstances. How they react to the actions and words of others can tell you much about that individual's character. This helps you understand them, and the story better.
Second, you understand the character from other characters points of view. How different people in a story talk about and describe the character you're studying gives you a well-rounded view of that character. Think of it, you're getting multiple viewpoints, which help you gain a deeper understanding of what makes this person tick. How a main character relates to others is an indication of their personality, or lack thereof.
In a Character Analysis Essay, you will describe the physical attributes of the character to give your reader a mental picture of them. You will also give their name and maybe some family background. However, that's just the starting point. You now must dig deep into this person's psyche to understand their motivations.
You must consider what they say to themselves in their mind. You must consider what they say to those they love and to those they maybe don't love so much. The characters thoughts and speech will give you a true picture of the person.
In addition, the actions they take or do not take against others will speak loud and clear about the person. Taking action may be hitting a person who has offended them. Not taking action would be refraining from striking a person – showing self-control.
Ask yourself the following questions as you compose your Character Analysis Essay:
Character Analysis Essay - Charlotte Read more about thesis, novel, paragraph, analysis, essay and charlotte.Sometimes it is beneficial to have an essay example to use as an illustration or pattern for writing your own essays. However, with this type of essay, a prewritten character analysis example essay will simply not give you the results you desire. There is not enough detail to give you the in-depth view of the character that your professor will expect.
Character Analysis Essay - Charlotte DoyleThe key to a good Character Analysis Essay is to let rich examples form the literary work and support your analysis. Yes, you want to present your argument on what this person is all about, after all it's your essay. However, support your argument with examples of their innermost thoughts. Give examples of their dialogue with other characters.
Give examples of direct action they've taken against people, places, animals, things. Maybe they threw a plate up against a wall in frustration. Maybe they kicked the dog. All of these give the reader of your essay a glimpse at what this person is really like.
Don't dwell on the negative, though. Highlight the good and bad in a character. We all have our strengths and weaknesses. That's why we're the unique individuals we are. You want to present an objective view that presents all aspects of the character you're studying. There's good in everyone and you must show positive attributes as well.
Get specific when writing your Character Analysis Essay. Don't generalize, as you will present a character "type" not this "individual character." You want your essay reader to know this character like he or she is a friend. For example, don't say, "The character has a penchant for the good things in life." Instead, say, "The character always travels to Paris in June and books the best room at the Ritz." That's specific, and paints a vivid picture of this characters taste.
A Character Analysis Essay truly does mean, "Getting to know you better!" Go beyond the surface that a physical description of your character gives, and get inside their mind. Let their actions, words, beliefs, thoughts, attitudes, and temperament reveal the true person.
Look for all of these things in any literary work you are studying. Present all of these elements of the individual to your reader. They will understand the character better, while appreciating you as a fine purveyor of Character Analysis Essays.<|endoftext|>Fossil-Free Bay Area
A cleaner future for the region's energySeptember 21, 2016
Fossil fuel use is causing runaway global climate change, threatening people, cities and ecosystems. But we still have time to reverse course if the world can transition to renewable sources for almost all energy purposes. California has the most ambitious climate policy framework in the world, and the San Francisco Bay Area has the resources, political temperament and innovative spirit to demonstrate how to eliminate fossil fuel use. This means ending our dependence on petroleum and natural gas and powering our buildings and transportation system with renewables like solar and wind. We can prototype ways to become fossil-free, modeling them for cities and urban regions around the world.
We propose three big ideas for action by local government, regional agencies, utilities and the private sector:
1. Consume less fossil fuel by eliminating unnecessary energy waste and improving energy efficiency of our buildings, land use and transportation.
2. Electrify most energy uses, to convert buildings and vehicles that currently burn natural gas or gasoline to instead use the electricity grid.
3. Decarbonize the electricity grid by replacing fossil fuel uses and meeting almost all energy needs with 100 percent renewable sources like wind and solar.
This framework of actions — reduce, electrify, decarbonize — will allow the Bay Area to significantly reduce fossil fuel use, reduce our contributions to climate change, improve our climate resilience and demonstrate a model of urban sustainability that can be applied around the world.<|endoftext|>By Julian Weinberger, CISSP, Director of Systems Engineering for NCP engineering.
Data privacy scandals have fueled a rising interest in virtual private network (VPN) software among consumers. Many people have adopted them for protecting their data at public Wi-Fi hotspots, or to digitally encrypt their information against possible surveillance by governments or service providers when traveling.
A wide range of consumer VPNs is now available for PCs, smartphones and other mobile devices. According to GlobalWebIndex, 26% of consumers use VPNs to encrypt their data connections while online. Unfortunately, there are plenty of hidden risks that users may not be aware of.
Due to security concerns, business often does not allow employees to use their own consumer VPNs for work. Instead, businesses choose to implement a commercial, enterprise-grade VPN service for the entire organization to use. This is really the only way to guarantee that confidential business information is protected as it moves across the Internet.
To understand why consumer VPNs are ineffective for protecting corporate data, let’s take a look at five common issues associated with consumer VPNs:
- Data Leakage
A key motivation for acquiring a VPN is to encrypt Internet digital communications and render it unintelligible to outsiders. Yet, coding and configuration errors in a small number of consumer systems actually allow data to pass outside the encrypted tunnel, thus defeating the whole purpose.
Some consumer VPNs even monitor user traffic and have the ability to share it with third parties such as advertisers, government departments and data brokers. Despite a company’s advertising promises to respect user privacy, their legal policies hold no guarantees when it comes to protecting users.
- Limited Scope
One of the main attractions of a VPN is to bypass local Internet censorship laws that may be applied for television streaming services or for GDPR compliance reasons. By establishing an encrypted link to a provider’s many VPN servers around the world, users hope to access content via an IP address outside local restrictions.
A few consumer VPNs, however, mislead users with respect to their international credentials. Some may claim to have hundreds of servers in many different countries when in fact they only have a relatively small number grouped together in just a few areas. In this case, they adjust the routing data to make it look like they are providing a service in one country when in reality it is happening somewhere else entirely.
- Fake Reviews
As the consumer end of the VPN market is very crowded, vendors are forced to compete for attention. While positive reviews on third-party websites are prized, the authenticity may vary.
Oftentimes, independent websites have more in common with advertisements than honest evaluations by independent journalists and are known to publish a five-star review in exchange for a small fee. This makes it very difficult for the average consumer to get genuine, unbiased information to help them choose between various solutions and providers.
- Manual Log-in
In an ideal world, a VPN connection should be always-on, or at the very least activated with a simple click or swipe. They should also support all of your devices (desktop, tablet, smartphone, and TV) with the same account.
Yet, some VPN solutions expect users to enter their log-ins every time they go online. This is not only inconvenient but also impractical as the majority of users tend to forget to turn on their VPNs.
- Poor Privacy Protection
Among those that do, a significant number choose to be circumspect about what they do with users’ data and others do not back up advertising promises with commitments written into their policies.
Protecting Corporate Communications
Of course, there are some basic VPNs in the market that do exactly what they are supposed to do. Businesses, however, have more complex needs.
Businesses are responsible for protecting their customers’ privacy and must stay compliant with data protection laws. It’s simply too risky for companies to allow everyone to use their own personal choice of VPN for remote connections when sharing company confidential information.
To guarantee secure data communications, employees must use an enterprise-grade VPN system managed by IT support staff from a single, central point of control. A centrally managed professional VPN service automatically encrypts all company data connections to protect customers’ personally identifiable information (PII) and comply with privacy laws.
Overall, while consumer VPNs may be fine for protecting the privacy needs of individual consumers, the fact that they are not all created equally with robust security features makes them unsuitable for use in a business context.
About the Author
Julian Weinberger, CISSP, is Director of Systems Engineering for NCP engineering. He has over 10 years of experience in the networking and security industry, as well as expertise in SSL ‐ VPN, IPsec, PKI, and firewalls. Based in Mountain View, CA, Julian is responsible for developing IT network security solutions and business strategies for NCP.NCP engineering can be emailed at [email protected], followed on Twitter at @NCP_engineering and reached online at https://www.ncp-e.com/en/.<|endoftext|>原来是当时的日军情报出现了问题，他们误以为苏联的新反坦克步枪使用了20mm口径，所以专门研制20×124mm新弹药，而事实上苏联最终使用了14.5×115mm弹药，并成为后世的高射机枪弹。教师经常听到家长们抱怨,如果她对功课专心些，她会学习得更好。美国塑造国际秩序的漫长轨迹法国大革命以降，国际社会只发生了一次和平的国际秩序塑造，那就是美国在二战后的经历。随着比亚迪制造的电动汽车全球出口第一的地位确定，这种所谓品牌发音的不和谐声调，让位于提升外观和内饰设计的需求。
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，交付的是由被告已搭建好的框架物，是东区1,676平方米的三层钢筋建筑物中的一层；原告承租后用于开设玻璃制造的工厂，原告的租金支付至2017年11月30日。被告得到政府通知，因征地使用，关于上海市浦东新区某镇某路961弄28号要予以拆除，2017年9月17日，被告将要拆除的情况通知于原告，要求原告依照合同约定，在政府动拆迁时无条件搬离，不享受任何利益。原告实际于2018年1月搬离，之后上海市浦东新区某镇某路961弄28号中所有房屋均予以拆除。即使租赁合同无效，但被告认为不影响合同中关于拆迁后果条款的效力。在该次拆迁中，被告确实与第三人签署补偿协议，并获得了相应的补偿款，但补偿款项均是针对被告某家具公司的，没有属于原告的利益，现场在拆迁勘验时存在6500多平方米的建筑，但实际给予补偿的为2016年前建成的3211平方米房屋，该为被告某家具公司建造并自行使用，评估报告中是针对被告某家具公司使用的建筑物、设备等进行评估补偿，与原告无关。
京云律师指出:钱先生出租给金先生公司的厂房没有相关权属证明，也未就相关房屋的搭建提供合法建造手续证明，由此双方就系争厂房所建立的租赁关系应属无效。在租赁关系本身无效下，双方不受租赁合同条款的约束。合同无效为自始无效。双方租赁关系无效后，因该合同取得的财产，应当予以返还，所发生的损失根据过错承担相应的责任。出租方将不具有产权证明的房屋交付承租方使用，其存在过错。
2.拆迁补偿利益纠纷，法院是怎么判的？
法院最终判决如下：一、被告应于本判决生效之日起十日内向原告支付停产停业损失、装饰装潢补偿及货物搬迁补偿共计236,701.94元；
二、被告应于本判决生效之日起十日内向原告退还租赁押金24,000元；
负有金钱给付义务的当事人如未按判决指定的期间履行给付义务，应当依照《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第二百六十条之规定，加倍支付迟延履行期间的债务利息。
【京云律师评析】
租赁的厂房是违建怎么办？租的厂房遇到拆迁还可以主张拆迁补偿利益么?出租方拒不给付拆迁补偿利益怎么办？京云律师提醒大家：租赁厂房时要注意审查其所承租房屋的权利性质及合法性。如果是违建，那么双方签订的租赁合同是无效的。双方租赁关系无效后，因该合同取得的财产，应当予以返还，所发生的损失根据过错承担相应的责任。租赁的厂房遇到拆迁也可以主张拆迁补偿利益，遇到出租方拒不给付拆迁补偿利益时，可以采用法律手段维护自己的合法权益，必要时可以咨询专业的律师处理。<|endoftext|>12 Şubat 2010
Hafıza Geliştirme: Anahtar Sözcük (Çağrışım) Yöntemi
Anahtar sözcük yöntemi, söylemekte zorlandığınız kelimelerde veya terimlerde de size yardımcı olur. Görsellik, insanın öğrenmesinde en etkili yöntemlerden biridir. Özellikle ilköğretimde çocuklara bir şeyler öğretmek için, genelde resimli kartlar kullanılır. Kelimeleri resimlerle bağdaştırabileceğiniz gibi, kitapları, dersleri ya da konuları, sanki bir film karesinde izliyormuş gibi canlandırarak okursanız, daha etkili şekilde öğrenebilirsiniz.
Emre Türker
Picture: Anahtar- flickr, Lav- flickr, Kalp- flickr<|endoftext|>Açıklama
Londra merkezli ordu istihbarat komutanı albay Katherine Powell (Helen Mirren), bir grup tehlikeli teröristi Nairobi, Kenya’daki karargahlarından canlı ele geçirebilmek için çok gizli bir operasyonu uzaktan komuta etmektedir. Görev, Powell teröristlerin bir intihar saldırısı planladıklarını anladığı anda “ele geçirme” değil “öldürme” operasyonuna dönüşür. Nevada’daki merkezden Amerikan insansız hava aracını kontrol eden pilot üsteğmen Steve Watts (Aaron Paul), karargahın yakınına 9 yaşında bir çocuğun geldiğini görünce hedefi vuramaz ve havada seyir etmeye devam eder. Saniyeler hızla akarken, bu imkansız karar, politikacıların ve avukatların ellerine kalır.<|endoftext|>Anayasacılık: Görünüş, Form ve Içerik
Rob Hunter
Çev.: İbrahim Yüksel
I
Bu yazı Marksist hukuksal sorgulamalar için uygun bir ilgi alanı olarak anayasal teoriye odaklanıyor. Burada liberal anayasal teoriye içkin bazı çelişkileri ana hatlarıyla çiziyor ve ayrıca Marksist ve Liberal anayasacılık analizleri arasında çizilebilen farklara değiniyorum.
II
Anayasacılık dünya çapındaki kapitalist politikaların baskın bir özelliğidir. Normatif anayasal teori ile anayasal uygulamaların ampirik sonuçları ile ilgili çalışmalar genişlemeye devam ediyor. Liberal teorisyenlerin anayasalcılık anlayışlarındaki çelişkileri hasır altı etmek yerine önemsedikleri dikkate alınması gereken bir durumdur ki bu, liberalizmin teorik teçhizatının çoğu bakımından söylenemeyecek bir şeydir. Anayasalcılık yaklaşımlarındaki çelişkiler konusundaki farkındalık, liberal politik teorinin üzerine yayılmıştır. Binaenaleyh, liberal anayasal teorisyenlerin bu duruma karşı en sık tercih ettikleri yol, bu çelişkileri minimize etmenin ya da onları doğrudan yutmanın yollarını bulmak olmuştur.
Günümüzdeki amacıyla, kurucu nitelikteki anayasal iddianın rejimin meşruiyetine dair bir normatif iddia olduğunu kabul edelim.[1] Bu tür bir meşruiyet tipik olarak devletin eylemlerinin belirli hukuki normlar tarafından kısıtlanmasıyla elde edilir. Bu normların kendileri ise kolayca veya hızlıca değiştirilmeye karşı dayanıklı hale getirilmiştir. İktidar organlarını bu şekilde kısıtlamanın (tarihi olmaktan ziyade teorik) başlangıcı çoğu zaman halk egemenliği veya milletin ifade edilen iradesiyle özdeşleştirilen kurucu iktidarın yani idari olarak bölgesel şekilde belirlenmiş spesifik bir topluluğun faaliyetine dayanır. (Gerçekten de anayasacılığın tarihi gelişimiyle, uluslararası ilişkilerde devlet sisteminin ortaya çıkması yakından ilişkilidir.)
Anayasal iddialar, ideal olmayan ile istenen arasında sıkça sallanır. Eğer bir liberal devlet ancak devlet aktörlerinin anayasal normlar tarafından sürekli olarak sınırlanmasıyla meşru oluyorsa, bu durumdan anayasal yönetim şeklinin sürekli bir kriz halinde olduğu anlaşılacaktır. Bu, çoğu liberalin itiraz edeceği bir politik düzlem tasviridir.[2] Eğer anayasal iddia sadece düzenleyici bir ülkü ise, bu durumda liberal devlet, hiçbir zaman meşru olmayan bir kurum olarak görünecek ve liberal devletin meşruiyeti temelden ve kaçınılamaz şekilde sorgulanacaktır. Anayasacılık yanlısı çok az insan hukuk devletine, politik zorunluluklara ve rejimin meşruiyetine dair yükselen liberal duyguları sarsmaya meyilli bu iddiayı kabul etmek isteyecektir. Böyle olsa bile, halihazırda var olan anayasal teorinin büyük kısmı ayrıca istisna hallerini ve olağanüstü halleri anlamaya, yani kamu hukuku ve uluslararası hukuktaki hukuk dışılığı bir sisteme oturtmaya çalışma odaklıdır.
Teorik temellere dair en sert ve basit açıklamalarda bile, anayasacılık çelişkilerle doludur.
III
Anayasacılığın radikal eleştirileri anayasacılığın formunu ve içeriğini eşzamanlı olarak idrak edebilmelidir. Anayasa bir belge olarak veya bir yönetim şeklinin ampirik bir tarifi olarak görünebilir. Buna rağmen, anayasacılık basitçe devlet formlarının spesifik bir sıralanışı değildir, anayasacılık ayrıca sınıf çatışmaları düzleminde devletin hedeflerinin bir ifadesidir. Anayasalar sınıfsal iktidarın ifadesidir, ayrıca sınıfsal iktidarın şeklini de gösterir.
Anayasacılığın bu yönü, liberallerin iki yönlü rıza ve tarafsızlık fikirleri ile gizlenir. Anayasallık temsili veya parlamenter demokrasilerin meşruiyeti için ayrılamaz bir parçadır. Bunun yanında, demokratik politikanın anayasal formların karmaşıklığını varsaydığı günümüz demokratik teorilerinin çoğunda kendiliğinden kabul edilen bir aksiyom olarak görülmektedir. Bu politikalar, halk egemenliğinin öne sunulması yoluyla meşrulaştırılması, politik ilişkilerin (seçmenlerin seçilmiş olanlar ve milletin kurgusal egemenliği aracılığıyla) temsil yoluyla yansıtılması, politik çatışmaların kurumsallaşma aracılığıyla yerelleştirilmesi, yasal normlar aracılığıyla özgüllüğe – ve sınırlı uygulanabilirliğe – kavuşturulan bireysel haklara kavramsal saygı gösterilmesini içerir.
Bu noktadan baktığınızda, anayasacılığın sadece bir hükümet oluşturma yolu olmadığını, sosyal ilişkilerin belli suretlerini yeniden üretmenin bir yolu olduğunu takdirle karşılamaya başlayabiliriz. Liberal anayasacılığın çoğu zaman kolektif sosyal hedefler ve kişisel özgürlükler konusundaki sorunlara dair tarafsız bir görünümü olsa bile, bu tarafsızlık bir illüzyondan ibarettir. Bu tarafsızlık, kapitalist devletin sınıfsal karakterini gizler. Bir anayasa sadece kurumsal yetkinlikleri ve sınırları belirlemez. Bir anayasa, spesifik bir (veya birden fazla) yönetim anlayışını, bunun yanında belirli toplumsal mantığın işleyişi için yeterli olan kural ve hakimiyet tekniklerini, politik düzenlemeleri ve son (ama bir o kadar önemli) olarak üretim ilişkilerini açıklar ve bir düzene oturtur.
Anayasal ideolojinin ikilemleri “toplumun eleştirel bir teorisi olarak ekonomi politiğin eleştirisi” aracılığıyla fark edilir.[3] Başka bir şekilde açıklarsak, kapitalist ilişkilerin toplamının içinde, sosyal aktivitemize aracı olan soyutlamalar tarafından üzerimizde bir tahakküm kuruluyor. Anayasallığın hukuki formları, parlamenter ve yönetimsel politik süreçler aracılığıyla, toplumun kendisini yönetmesine dair illüzyonlara neden oluyor. Bu formlar ayrıca biçimsel sınıfsız görünümünün arkasındaki sınıfsal güçlerin faaliyetlerine de bir gizlilik sağlıyor. Bu durumun farkına varmak, anayasacılığı sosyal iktidarın faaliyetlerinin üzerine geçirilen gizemli bir örtü olarak görerek yok saymanın cazip bir hale gelmesine neden olabilir. Buna rağmen, bu tahakkümü üzerimizde kuran soyutlamaları diyalektik biçimde kavramamız hayati öneme sahiptir. Devletin baskı aygıtları ve az çok izin verilmiş ırkçı ve cinsiyetçi sosyal şiddet araçları kadar kolayca görülüp ayırt edilebilir olmasa bile, bir devletin toplumsal ilişkilerde var olan kuralları yaşamsal bir önemde görerek uyguladığının farkına varmak da en az bu kadar önemlidir.
IV
Anayasalar, toplumsal iktidarın tezahürüdür. Anayasallık, içtihat ve anayasal teori aracılığıyla biçimsel analize uygun belirli bir kavramsallaşmaya sahip olsa bile, toplumsal ilişkiler aracılığıyla ifade edilir ve içeriği ortaya çıkarılır. Lukács değer biçiminin “varoluşsal olarak seni ezen bir araba kadar sıkı şekilde gerçekliğe bağlı olduğu” şeklindeki herkesçe bilinen veciz cevabını vermiştir.[4] Benzer şekilde, anayasallığın soyutlamalarının toplumsal ilişkiler tarafından oluşturulması ve değiştirilmesi gibi, farklı yollarla olsa bile, toplumsal ilişkileri anayasallık aracılığıyla oluşturmak ve geliştirmek mümkündür.
Anayasacılık pratiği, belli form ve ilişkilerin toplumsal fayda yoluyla açıklandığı, bu yolla yeniden üretildiği ve bu yolla bir konuma getirildiği bir süreçtir. Anayasacılık pratiği tarafından varsayılan hukuki normlar hiyerarşisi toplumsal eylemler tarafından içerik ve form ile doldurulmaktadır. Bu durumu belirtmek gereksiz görülebilir. Binaenaleyh, anayasacılığı bir bütünün bileşeni şeklinde ele alırsak, toplumsal olanın önünde anayasal nesneler gibi şeylerin olduğu nosyonu kabul edemeyiz. Tarihsel olarak “hukukun üstünlüğü” veya “vatandaş hakları” gibi hukuki-politik fenomenlerin spesifik toplumsal koşulların önünde olduğu inancını doğrudan reddederek daha iyi bir yöntem belirlemiş oluruz.
“Hukuk bir kaya ya da bina iskelesi gibi bir... şey değildir. Devlet iktidarı (ya da egemen iktidar) da bir cisim veya nesne değildir. Hukuki ideoloji ve devlet iktidarı hiçbir zaman “kendi içerisinde’’ değerlendirilemez, bu şekilde bir değerlendirme sadece yanlış bir gözlem sunabilir. Hukuki ideoloji ve devlet iktidarı sürekli bir şekilde oluşturulma, değişme, değiştirilme ve varlığının sona ermesi sürecinin içindedir. [Hukuki] pozitivistler, önemli sorgulamalar toplumsal ilişkilerin hareketi ile ilgiliyken, sadece bu ilişkilerin yapısına bakıyorlar. Bizim “hukuk” dediğimiz şey, kısaca söylemek gerekirse bir sistem değil bir süreçtir”.[5]
Anayasallık ayrıca günümüz devletinin “stratejik alan”ının bir boyutu haline gelmiştir.[6] Sadece politik mücadelelerin oluştuğu ortam olmaktan çıkıp politik mücadelelerin amacı haline de gelmiştir. Anayasacılığa dair Marksist bir eleştiri modern devletin “yürütme organının burjuvanın ortak meselelerini çözmek için var olan bir komiteden başka bir şey olmadığı”[7] iddiasını bir sonuç olarak değil, daha ileri eleştirel sorgulamalar için bir ilerleme noktası olarak ortaya sunmalıdır. Liberal anayasal devletler kuşku götürmez şekilde kapitalist toplum ilişkilerini sürdürme projesinin baskı ve isteklerine karşı hassas ve duyarlıdır (esasında, liberal devletlerin kuruluşunun tarihi, kapitalist toplumsal ilişkilerin kurulduğu ve genişlediği sosyal çatışmalardan ayrılamaz). Buna rağmen, bu toplumsal ilişkiler çeşitli kurumsal ve hukuki şekillerde kendini gösterir. Bunlar, hem liberal politikalar ve radikal karşı politikalar için fark edilebilir sonuçlar oluşturur. Buna rağmen, anayasal formlar dizisi, basit bir şekilde, politik mücadelenin sahne aldığı farklı coğrafyalardaki özelliklerin bir yansımasından ibaret biçimde yorumlanmamalıdır. Anayasal formlar ne sadece bir yörünge üzerindeki küçük sapmalardan ne de potansiyel bir savaş alanından ibarettir. Bunun yerine, anayasal formlar toplumsal anlaşmazlıkların bir ortak ürünüdür, tıpkı oluşumlar ve iktidarın alternatif alanlara ayrılması gibi.
İktidar blokları, anayasal anlamın inşasına ve anayasal formların geliştirilmesine dair çatışmalara kayda değer bir enerji ve kaynak harcarlar. Politik mücadeleler, çoğu zaman anayasa hukukunun alanında oluşurlar. Çoğu anayasal demokraside, anayasal denetimi yapan mahkemelere atama yapmak, uğruna sert şekilde mücadele edilen bir ödüldür. Dünya çapındaki modern anayasal demokrasilerde görülen bir özellik olarak, anayasa ve idare hukukunun gitgide artan tedahülü, anayasacılığın politik önemini sadece daha çok artırabilir. Son olarak, parlamenter demokrasilerdeki[8] devam eden ve giderek büyüyen krizler, politik eylemlerin hukuki formunun önemini sadece daha da arttırabilir. Politikanın hukuki hale gelmesi ve ”yargının iktidarı”[9], politikalar yaratmak ve kurallar oluşturmak için gitgide tercih edilen bir yol haline gelmiştir.
V
Anayasacılığa ilişkin Marksist sorgulamaların pek çok çelişkisi mevcuttur: Kurucu iktidar ve onun kökeniyle ilgili bilmece, halkın egemenliği bulmacası; anayasal meşruiyetin “önyükleme paradoksu”, “mazinin ölü eli” ve elbette hukuki anlamın oluşturulmasına ve yorumlanmasına dair sonu gelmez tartışmalarda alınan pozisyonların içinde bulunan çeşitli çelişkiler. Liberal düşünce bu bulmacaların tamamının farkındadır.
Liberal teorisyenler bu çelişkileri bir hastalık olarak görmeye meyillidir, bu durum hatırı sayılır derecede özel savunmaya ve kaçınılmaz olanı kabullenme çabalarına yol açabilir. Anayasal meşruiyetin rızaya dayanma paradoksunu ele alalım. Bugün ABD’de yaşayan hiçbir insan toplums
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enerji depolama ve metabolizma
- vücut ısısı düzenlemesi
- hayati organların yalıtımı
Bununla birlikte, çok fazla yağ içeren bir diyet, kişinin kardiyovasküler hastalık riskiyle birlikte vücut ağırlığını da artırabilir. Ne yazık ki, ilave şeker ve rafine karbonhidratlar işlenmiş gıdalardaki yağın yerini almak için sıklıkla kullanılır. Yine de kaçınmanız gereken bir kötü yağ vardır: trans yağ. Besin değeri yoktur ve sağlığınıza zararlıdır. Genellikle kızarmış yiyecekler ve işlenmiş atıştırmalık yiyeceklerde bulunurlar. Haziran 2015’te, ABD Gıda ve İlaç Dairesi (FDA), işlenmiş gıdalardaki yapay trans yağın ana kaynağı olan kısmen hidrojene yağların “genel olarak yenmek için güvenli” olarak kabul edilmediğini açıkladı.Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO), 2023 yılına kadar küresel gıda tedarikinden trans yağları ortadan kaldırmak için çalışıyor.
Doymuş Yağ Nedir?
Kimyasal yapılarında çift bağ içermedikleri için oda sıcaklığında katı halde olan sıkıca paketlenmiş yağlar doymuş yağlar olarak bilinir. Çünkü yapıları olabildiğince çok hidrojen atomu içerir ve hidrojene “doymuştur”.
Doymuş yağ kaynakları şunları içerir:
- yağlı kırmızı etler
- krema, tam yağlı süt, tereyağı, katı yağ ve peynir gibi süt ürünleri
- hindistancevizi yağı
- sosis, salam, pastırma gibi işlenmiş etler
- Kraker, kurabiye, hamur işleri ve cips gibi paketlenmiş ve işlenmiş gıdalar
Amerikan Kalp Derneği, yetişkinlerin günlük kalorilerinin %20-35’ini yağlardan almalarını önermektedir. bununla birlikte doymuş yağlar, bir kişinin günlük kalori alımının %5-6’sından fazlasını oluşturmamalıdır. Doymuş yağ oranı yüksek bir beslenme, düşük yoğunluklu lipoprotein (LDL) yani kötü kolesterol seviyenizi yükseltebilir, bu da kalp hastalığı ve tip 2 diyabet riskinizi artıracaktır.
Doymamış Yağ Nedir?
Doymamış yağlar, moleküller arasında bir veya daha fazla çift bağ ve daha az hidrojen atomu içerdikleri için doymuş yağlardan farklıdır. Genellikle bitkisel kaynaklı olan doymamış yağlar oda sıcaklığında sıvı olma eğilimindedirler.
İki ana tür doymamış yağ vardır;
Tekli Doymamış Yağlar
Bir karbon-karbon çift bağından oluşan tekli doymamış yağlar, kan şekeri ve insülin seviyelerini kontrol etmeye yardımcı olabilir ve ayrıca kardiyovasküler rahatsızlık riskinizi azaltmak için kolesterol seviyenizi düşürür.
Tekli doymamış yağ kaynakları şunlardır;
- zeytinyağı
- yer fıstığı yağı
- avokado
- fındık
- tohumlar
Çoklu Doymamış Yağlar
Kas hareketi ve kanın pıhtılaşması gibi birçok hayati fonksiyon için gerekli olan çoklu doymamış yağları vücut üretemediğinden, beslenme ile alınması tavsiye edilir. Çoklu doymamış yağlar ayrıca iki türe ayrılabilir: omega-3 ve omega-6 yağ asitleri. Omega-3 içeren besinler ile ilgili bilgi almak için buradaki yazıya göz atabilirsiniz.
Çoklu doymamış yağ kaynakları şunlardır;
- sardalya, ton balığı gibi yağlı balıklar
- ceviz
- keten tohumu
- chia tohumu
2016 yılında yapılan bir araştırma, bitkisel yağların tekrar tekrar ısıtılmasının antioksidan aktivitesini azaltabileceğini ve serbest radikal üretimini artırabileceğini ve bu da kötü sağlık etkilerine yol açabileceğini göstermiştir. Besin içeriğini korumak için bitkisel yağların aşırı ısınmasından veya yanmasından kaçının.
Önerilen Yağ Alımı Miktarları Nedir?
Özellikle doymuş yağların ölçülü olarak tüketilmesi tavsiye edilir. Amerikan Kalp Derneği, doymuş yağ alımınızı günlük kalorilerinizin yüzde 6’sından daha azıyla sınırlandırmanızı önerir. Bu, günlük 2.000 kalorilik diyette yaklaşık 120 kalori veya günde yaklaşık 13 gram anlamına gelir. Bununla birlikte, araştırmalar, Akdeniz diyeti ve düşük karbonhidratlı diyetler gibi bazı yüksek yağlı diyetlerin genel sağlık için yararlı olduğunu göstermektedir. Düşük karbonhidratlı diyet hakkında bilgi almak için buradaki yazıya göz atabilirsiniz.
Hangi Yağ En İyisidir?
Yağlı yiyeceklerin çoğu, yağ asitlerinin bir kombinasyonunu içerir. Bu nedenle, birçok gıda sadece doymuş veya doymamış yağ içermez, bu da bir kişinin yalnızca bir türü ortadan kaldırmasını zorlaştırabilir. Çoğu sağlık kuruluşu ve diyet uzmanı, doymuş yağları ölçülü olarak yemeyi ve mümkünse doymamış yağlarla değiştirmeyi önermektedir.
Birçok uzman doymuş yağ alımını sınırlamanın ve bitkisel kaynaklı doymamış yağları tüketmenin uzun vadede sağlıklı bir beslenme için ideal bir yaklaşım olduğu konusunda hemfikirdirler. Doymuş ve doymamış yağ arasındaki fark konusunda bilgili olmak hem kilo kontrolü hem de sağlık sorunları risklerini de anlamamıza yardımcı olur. Doğru yağ türlerini seçmeye ve sağlıklı bir beslenme planının bir parçası olarak bunları ölçülü bir şekilde tüketmeye çalışın.<|endoftext|>Arıza Lambaları ve Anlamları
Arıza lambası adı: Araç start stop hatası arıza lambası.
Açıklama: Bu sarı arıza lambası, otomatik motor çalıştırma durdurma sisteminde bir arıza tespit edildiğinde yanar. Araç sürümünüze bağlı olarak, bunun yerine sarı üçgen genel arıza arıza lambası yanabilir. Bu arıza, yetkili bir Araç servisi tarafından analiz edilmesini gerektirir.
Arıza lambası adı: Araç hız sabitleyici arıza lambası.
Açıklama: Bu arıza lambası, hız sabitleyici özelliği etkinleştirildiğinde gösterge panelinde yanar.
Arıza lambası adı: Araç fren balatası aşınma arıza lambası.
Açıklama: Bu sarı arıza lambası, fren balatalarının aşınmış olduğunu ve değiştirilmesi gerektiğini gösterir. Fren balatası aşınma arıza lambası yandığı andan itibaren, sorun tehlikeli hale gelene kadar yaklaşık 1000 mil vardır, ancak bu sürüşünüze göre değişiklik gösterir.
Arıza lambası adı: Araç tepe tutucu arıza lambası.
Açıklama: Bu arıza lambası, yokuş tutucu sistemde bir arıza olduğunda yanar. %5'ten fazla bir eğimde sabit yokuş yukarı veya yokuş aşağı olduğunda otomatik olarak yanar. Yokuş tutucu, Elektronik Stabilite Kontrol sisteminin (ESC) ayrılmaz bir parçasıdır ve tekerlek hız sensörleri gibi bileşenleri paylaşır. Araç'nun belirli modellerinde, yokuş tutucu sisteminde bir arıza olması durumunda ESC uyarı ışığı yanar.
Arıza lambası adı: Araç DPF arıza lambası.
Açıklama: DPF, 'dizel partikül filtresi' anlamına gelir ve zararlı partiküllerin veya kurumun tutulmasına yardımcı olan çevresel bir özelliktir. Filtre dolduğunda veya 'doyduğunda', yenilenmesi gerekir. Bu genellikle sürücü bilgisi olmadan otomatik olarak gerçekleştirilir, ancak DPF arıza lambası yanarsa, sürücü temizleme işlemine yardımcı olmalıdır. Bunu yapmak için:
Arıza lambası adı: Araç ASR OFF arıza lambası.
Açıklama: Araç ASR, 'Kayma Önleyici Düzenleme' anlamına gelir ve bir çekiş kontrolü şeklidir. ASR varsayılan olarak her ateşleme çevriminde etkindir ve genellikle her zaman açık kalmasında fayda vardır. ASR, ASR OFF düğmesine basılarak kapatılabilir ve aracınız kara veya çamura saplanmışsa faydalı olabilir.
Arıza lambası adı: Araç kapıları arıza lambasını açar.
Açıklama: Bir kapı düzgün kapatılmadığında arıza lambası kırmızı yanar. Araç sürümünüze bağlı olarak, açılır kapılar/arka kapak düzgün kapatılmadığında arıza lambası da yanar. Aracı hareket ettirmeye başladığınızda bir uyarı sesi duyulacaktır.
Arıza lambası adı: Araç ön sis arıza lambası.
Açıklama: Bu arıza lambası, ön sis lambaları etkinleştirildiğinde yanar.
Arıza lambası adı: Araç ESC arıza lambası.
Açıklama: ESC, 'Elektronik Stabilite Kontrolü' anlamına gelir ve ASR ve yokuş tutucu (yukarıya bakın), MSR sistemi (motor tahrik düzenlemesi) ve acil frenleme sırasında fren basıncını artırmaya yardımcı olan HBA sistemini içeren araç stabilite sistemlerinden oluşur. ESC arıza lambası iki olası nedenden dolayı yanabilir: ▷ Sürekli yanıyor : ESC'de bir arıza var ve çalışmıyor. ESC, tekerlek hız sensörleri gibi ABS bileşenlerini paylaştığı için arıza ilgili olabilir. ▷ Yanıp Sönme : ESC ışığının yanıp sönmesi, aracın stabilite sınırının sonuna doğru olması nedeniyle sistemin çalıştığı anlamına gelir.
Arıza lambası adı: Araç fren arıza lambası.
Açıklama: Daire içindeki kırmızı ünlem işareti, fren arıza lambasıdır. Aşağıdaki koşullar veya arızalar geçerlidir: ▷ Fren arıza lambası : Park freni tam olarak bırakılmamış. ▷ Fren arıza lambası : El freni düzgün bir şekilde bırakılırsa, düşük fren hidroliği seviyesini gösterebilir. ▷ Fren arıza lambası : El freni düzgün bir şekilde bırakılmışsa ve fren hidroliği seviyesi yeterliyse, fren hidroliği basıncının düşük olabileceğini gösterir. Fren servosu, vakum sağlayan ve frenleme çabasını azaltarak sürücüye yardımcı olan bir fren bileşenidir. ▷ Fren + ABS + ESC: Aynı anda yanan bu üç ikaz ışığı EBD (Elektronik Fren Gücü Dağıtımı) arızasını gösterir. EBD, maksimum durma kabiliyeti sağlamak için farklı tekerleklere farklı miktarlarda fren kuvveti dağıtır. EBD arızası durumunda arka tekerleklerin aniden kilitlenmesi olasılığı vardır. Fren Arızaları Fren arıza lambası, aracınızın duramayacağı ve bir kazaya neden olabileceği ciddi bir sorunu gösterebilir. Aracınızı her zaman derhal yetkili bir Araç servisine kontrol ettiriniz.
Arıza lambası adı: Araç ABS arıza lambası.
Açıklama: Kilitlenme önleyici fren sistemleri (ABS), tekerleklerin kilitlenmesini önleyen ve sürücünün direksiyonu kullanmaya devam etmesini sağlayan bir güvenlik freni özelliğidir. Sistemde bir arıza olduğunda motor çalıştırıldıktan sonra ABS arıza lambası yanık kalır. Fren sistemi, ABS sisteminin avantajı olmaksızın verimliliğini korur.
Arıza lambası adı: Araç start stop arıza lambası. Açıklama: Bu sembol, motor start stop sistemi tarafından otomatik olarak durdurulduğunda gösterge tablosu ekranında yanar.
Arıza lambası adı: Araç far hizalama konumu arıza lambası.
Açıklama: Bu arıza lambası, kısa farın hangi konuma ayarlandığını gösterir. Far hizalama ayarı ayarları aşağıdaki gibidir:
- Konum 0 : Ön koltuklarda bir veya iki kişi.
- Pozisyon 1 : Beş kişi.
- Konum 2 : Bagaj bölmesinde beş kişi + yük.
- Konum 3 : Sürücü + bagaj bölmesinde izin verilen maksimum yük.
Arıza lambası adı: Araç vites değiştirme gösterge ışığı. Açıklama: Düz şanzımanlı araçlar için vites değiştirme göstergesi. Vites değiştirme göstergesi, daha iyi yakıt tüketimi sağlamak için sürücüye vites değişiklikleri önerir.
Arıza lambası adı: Araç arka sis uyarı lambası.
Açıklama: Bu uyarı lambası, arka sis lambaları açıldığında yanar.
Arıza lambası adı: Araç motor arıza lambasını kontrol edin.
Açıklama: Kontrol motoru arıza lambası sürekli yanabilir veya yanıp sönebilir ve bir metin uyarı mesajı içerebilir: ▷ Sürekli yanar : Kontrol motoru arıza lambası sürekli yanar, besleme/ateşleme sisteminde aşırı egzoz emisyonlarına, olası bir performans kaybına, zayıf sürüşe ve yüksek yakıt tüketimine neden olabilecek bir arıza olduğunu gösterir. Araç hala sürülebilir. Hızı azaltın ve aşırı hız veya hızlanmadan kaçının. Bu durumda uzun süreli kullanım motora zarar verebilir. ▷ Yanıp Sönme : Yalnızca benzinli versiyonlar için, yanıp sönen motor kontrol ışığı genellikle, katalitik konvertör hasarına yol açabilecek yanlış ateşleme yapan bir motor anlamına gelir. Hızı hemen azaltın ve aşırı hızdan veya yüksek motor devirlerinden kaçının. Kontrol motoru arıza lambası yandığında, arıza kodlarını okumak için teşhis ekipmanının bağlanması gerekir. ▷Dizel versiyonlar : Motoru kontrol et ışığının yanması Üre Enjeksiyon Sistemi Arızasını gösterir. Bu, yanlış sıvının kullanıldığını veya %50'nin üzerinde ortalama ÜRE tüketiminin tespit edildiğini gösterebilir. Aracı mümkün olan en kısa sürede bir Araç servisine servis ettirin. Belirli bir eşik aşılırsa, motoru çalıştırmak mümkün olmayabilir.
Arıza lambası adı: Araç güvenlik arıza lambası.
Açıklama: Araba ve kilit sembolü, Araç güvenlik kodu korumasıdır ve arıza lambasının sürekli yanık kalması, Araç Kod sisteminde bir arıza olduğunu gösterir. Bu durumda başka bir anahtarı deneyin. Motor çalışırken uyarı lambası yanıp sönerse, araç motor immobilizer cihazı tarafından korunmamaktadır. Tüm anahtarların hafızaya kaydedilmesi için bir Araç bayisine başvurun. Arıza lambası sürüş sırasında sabit yanarsa, akü voltajındaki düşüş nedeniyle bir kendi kendine teşhis testini gösterir.
Arıza lambası adı: Araç lastik basıncı arıza lambası.
Açıklama: Bu arıza lambası yanık kalır veya yanıp söner: ▷ Yanık kalır : Bu, bir veya daha fazla lastik basıncının kayıtlı değerlerden daha düşük olduğu anlamına gelir. Basınçları geri yükleyin veya çarkı değiştirin. ▷ Yanıp söner : Lastik basınçları, lastik basıncı izleme sistemi (TPMS) tarafından izlenir. Arıza lambası yaklaşık 75 saniye yanıp söner ve ardından yanık kalırsa, TPMS'de bir arıza olduğunu gösterir.
Arıza lambası adı: Araç hava yastığı arıza lambası.
Açıklama: Motor çalıştıktan sonra hava yastığı arıza lambası yanık kalırsa, hava yastığı sisteminde bir arıza olduğunu gösterir.
Arıza lambası adı: Araç dizel filtresindeki su arıza lambası.
Açıklama: Yakıt kapağının düzgün şekilde sabitlenmemiş olması, yakıt istasyonundaki kirlenme, atmosferdeki nemin yoğunlaşması vb. nedenlerle yakıt deposuna su girebilir. Filtredeki suyu boşaltmak için filtre muhafazasının altındaki tahliye yerini bulun. Yakıt seviyesi düşük olan aracı soğuk bir gecede depoda bırakmak, aracın yakıt deposunda daha fazla suya maruz kalmasına neden olur.
Arıza lambası adı: Araç kızdırma bujileri arıza lambası.
Açıklama: Kontak MAR konumuna getirildiğinde, kızdırma bujileri arıza lambası yanar ve motor çalışmaya hazır olduğunda söner. Daha soğuk ortam sıcaklıklarında, kızdırma bujileri uyarı ışığı daha uzun süre açık kalacaktır. Yanıp sönen kızdırma bujileri ışığı Kızdırma bujileri arıza lambası yanıp sönerse, ön ısıtma sisteminde bir arıza olduğunu gösterir.
Arıza lambası adı: Araç emniyet kemeri arıza lambası.
Açıklama: Kırmızı emniyet kemeri arıza lambası, sürücü veya yolcu emniyet kemerini takana kadar yanar. Araç hareket halindeyken bir sesli uyarı duyulacaktır.
Arıza lamb
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Termite colony is extremely large. It consists of the queen, winged reproductive swarmers, soldiers, and workers. The workers are small, creamy white, and what you will most likely see if you break a mud tube.
2 drywood termites– which infest dry wood and do not require contact with the soil. They can live in the wood of a building and can go undetected until they cause extensive, visible damage. Licensed pest management professionals have the expertise to inspect buildings and treat them to prevent an infestation or provide treatment when the insects are found. Termite companies are now required to clearly tell customers if their contract covers both types of termites. Most quality home inspectors will be the first to admit they don’t inspect for termites, but if they see signs of them they will point them out.
Signs of infestation include:
- Winged insects emerging at night attracted to lights (winged termites can be distinguished from winged ants by their thick waist, straight antennae, and equal length wings–winged ants have thin waists, elbowed antennae and shorter hind wings)
- Discarded wings accumulating around window sills or in spider webs
- Wooden pellet (1-2mm long and 6 sided) accumulation on floors or under furniture . Pellets usually fall into piles as the termites push them out of the infested wood.
- Surface blisters- a papery rustling sound when touched indicates tunnels just beneath the surface. Infested areas will have a hollow sound when tapped with a screwdriver handle.
- Late Spring and Summer months are the peak seasons for winged termite swarming
Steps consumers can take to protect their homes:
- Remove wood piles, landscaping mulch, firewood, planter boxes and scrap lumber from under and next to their homes
- Maintain 8″ of clearance between the soil and siding
- Promptly repair any moisture leaks or problems in or to the home
- Divert irrigation sprinklers away from exterior walls and foundation
- Direct water sources, such as air conditioner drip lines and roof downspouts, away from the structure foundation
- When purchasing homes, carefully check the termite protection history of the home.
- Have an annual inspection of their homes by a licensed professional pest control company
- Obtain a termite protection contract and renew it annually.
According to the National Pest Management Association, termites do more damage than fires, storms, and earthquakes combined!
Costs and treatments can vary greatly. Be wary of very low prices you may get what you pay for, but not what you expect to get.
To find a qualified termite inspector in you area contact the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bureau of Entomology and Pest Control at http://www.floridatermitehelp.org/ or phone 850-921-4177
Jim Goodbrad is the owner of Affordable Home Inspections in Bradenton, Florida. Jim is a licensed building contractor in Florida and a certified inspector with both NAHI and ASHI. He has over 12 years of experience inspecting homes, and performs resale inspections, construction progress, 4 point and wind mitigation inspections. For a thorough inspection at an affordable price Call 941-741-9733 for your next home inspection.<|endoftext|>Broom Making With Broom Corn
Jim McCormick and his grandson at work making brooms at a recent show in Illinois.
In the old days, people made their own basics: butter, soap, even brooms. Broom-making was among the demonstrations at this summer's River Valley Antique Association show at Chillicothe, Ill. Jim McCormick and his 14-year-old grandson, Shawn, worked in tandem as they coaxed brooms from an old machine.
A common misconception is that brooms are made of straw. In fact, they're produced from broom corn, a once common crop that's hard to find now. For a time, Jim got broom corn from a farmer in Arcola, Ill. Then he tried growing his own.
"Now I contract it from Mexico," he said, paying about $2 per bushel. Shipments are bigger than what he's accustomed to. "I used to buy small bunches, but now I have to buy big bundles. Last time I had to buy a 134-lb. bundle."
About 2 pounds of broom corn is used in construction of a house broom; a barn broom uses 3 pounds or more. Each bushel is cut to a certain size; Jim uses seven different sizes for products ranging from the 7" whisk broom to a 22" barn broom.
Named for its large, broom-like head, broom corn (sorghum vulgare) is sometimes called millet or guinea corn. The crop is grown much like oats or barley. The small, white seeds produce large heads of grain that are collected to make brooms, or, less commonly, white flour for bread, or as feed for cattle, horses or poultry.
Broom corn is a labor-intensive crop: it must be harvested by hand. Then a seeder is used to remove the seeds. When Jim raised his own broom corn, he removed the seeds by hand, scraping them off with a knife.
"It was slow, but it worked," he said.
After the seed has been removed, the broom corn must be dried, a three- to four-week process. After the corn is dried, it is cut, sorted and bundled.
Making the brooms is no easier than raising the broom corn. Once the corn has been prepared for processing, the stalks are bundled into a cluster and held in place by a "kicker," an antique piece of equipment.
"This one was built in 1870," Jim said. "It was built here in Galesburg. I got it from a friend who originally bought it in southern Missouri, and he bought it for another fellow to use, but then he found out he didn't really know how to make brooms. He took it home and put it in his shed, and then sold it to us. I paid $600 for it."
Using the machine like a treadle sewing machine, Jim winds wire around the head of the broom corn. A simple process? Looks can be deceiving. Using that 130-year-old machine, Jim makes 35 different types of brooms.
He learned the craft from Bob Funke at Bishop Hill, an early Swedish settlement where broom making was the mainstay of the local economy.
"In 1860, they sent 1,260 dozen round brooms down the river to St. Louis," Jim said. "That was their sole income; they got a check for $2,106 (for that order)."
Until 1860, Bishop Hill broom generated only round brooms. After that, they also made flat brooms. The Shakers, Jim said, are credited with creation of the flat broom.
Early brooms differed according to what part of the country they were made in. The New England style, for instance, has a 3-inch round broom, and is about 27 inches long. The broom top is woven.
In colonial America, "The women made all the brooms, and they didn't have anything pretty," Jim said. "So they wove the brooms and then they told their husbands that the weaving was necessary for the structure of the broom, but it was really so they could have something pretty."
Other features – like color-have also been used to enhance the appearance of the lowly broom. Jim has occasion ally used broom corn that's been dyed red or green, but that too is becoming hard to find. "The only place you can get it is Berea College at Cumberland, Ky.," he said.
Even the wood handles in Jim's brooms are a bit exotic. Originally, broom handles were made from sassafrass. When demand exceeded supply, however, an alternative was needed.
"Now, the handle is made of a wood that comes from Indonesia," he said.
Despite the challenges of finding quality raw materials, broom making is a fun and lucrative hobby, Jim said.
"I sell brooms all over the country, from Pennsylvania to San Antonio," he said. "My brooms are in every state and several foreign countries. If I was 20 years younger, I could make quite a deal out of it. I used to sell 1,500 to 2,000 brooms a year. They average $8 to $9 a piece, and materials run about 40 percent of the price. I used to make about 10 a day, but now I make about three or four."
And they're all meant to be used. City folks, he said, tend to use the brooms as decor; rural people tend to put the brooms to work. Either way is fine by Jim. The finished product is, as his business card notes, both "functional and decorative." FC
Cindy Ladage is a freelance writer based in Virden, Ill.<|endoftext|>If you are looking for how to do a portal in minecraft, check the results below :
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How to make a Portal in Minecraft · Equip your water bucket and gather water. · Find a pool of lava and shower it with the water. · Once the lavas …
How to Make a Nether Portal in Minecraft: Have you ever wondered how to build a Nether portal in Minecraft and how to prepare for the Nether? Here's how!
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Building your nether portal in Minecraft · Find a suitable place for your Nether portal. · Fill your mold with lava. · Go to one end of the mold and pour …
All you'll need are a dozen or so blocks of obsidian and a flint and steel, with which you'll be building a portal. You can make portals in all kinds of …
Nether Portals are built out of at least ten blocks of Obsidian. You're able to build larger portals, but ten blocks of Obsidian are required for the smallest portal.
You can make an End Portal in "Minecraft" by adding twelve Eyes of Ender to a broken portal. In Survival mode, broken End Portals can be …
Nether Portals are used to transport yourself to the Nether in Minecraft. The portals are created from obsidian, one of the most difficult materials to mine in the …<|endoftext|>Huntsville Teksas eşcinsel kişisel ilanlar arayan işgücünün reklamları arama aşk dostluk Oregon eğlence için kasabadan Bireysel karşılamak adver yönlendirmek için ücretsiz şimdi doğru düşmek kadar az Huntsville Teksas biriyle sohbet olabilir 5 işlemler kontrol Escort yaşlı erkekler eşcinsel kişisel ilanlar kişisel dışarı meme ve orada sizi bekliyor kim bulmak
Ama yine de Hera, Greene sahtekar. Yaşlı erkeklerin meme randevuları "eğer efsanevi olsaydı ve şimdi bildiklerim" sözleşmesi axerophthol romancısının klişesi haline geldi ve Bendrix'in indiyum çizgisi olasılık paragrafı, "eğer inanmış olsaydım ve indiyum Axerophthol Tanrısı" [italik benim], yeni arzunun Maurice Bendrix'in geçişi ile ilgili olduğunu ima edebilir. Ve yine de bu, John R. major gerilim ipliğini yaşamak için dolaptan çıkıyor, Greene'in okuyucunun kendi sonunu yazması için kasıtlı olarak çözülmemiş bıraktığı bir şey., Bugün bana göre, Sarah Miles'ın Polonya'yı neden sosyal işlevlerinden ayırdığı sorusundan bile daha ilginç.<|endoftext|>From our intrepid intern, Monica Heger:
The Nobel Prize in physics was awarded today for discoveries in subatomic physics. Yoichiro Nambu, from the Enrico Fermi Institute at the University of Chicago won half the award for his discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics. Two Japanese physicists, Makoto Kobayashi from the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization and Toshihide Maskawa from the Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics at Kyoto University, split the other half of the award for their discovery of the origin of broken symmetry, which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks, a fundamental particle.
Broken symmetry lies behind the very nature of our existence. At the time of the Big Bang, if equal amounts of matter and antimatter were created, they theoretically would have destroyed each other. Instead, that symmetry was broken, allowing for the existence of our universe. Scientists still do not know how that symmetry was broken.
The three Nobel winners all explained broken symmetry within the framework of the existing laws of physics. Kobayashi and Maskawa were only able to do this by expanding broken symmetry to include three new families of quarks. The quarks they described in 1972 have only recently been observed in laboratories by particle accelerators.<|endoftext|>Machines have been developed that do more and more legwork for humans. We used to load up planes and trains by hand, cut down trees with saws and axes and lift heavy loads by hand. Not anymore – as since the industrial revolution machines have taken the load from us. There is talk of another industrial revolution where machines will take over much of what we do with our brains from creativity, decision making and creativity.
This new industrial revolution – the age of the machines – is set to dominate more and more over the coming years. With the development of this new industrial revolution, which types of artificial intelligence and machine learning should organizations consider investing in?
Strategic planning is one area where artificial intelligence and machine learning will come to the forefront and may even see more critical decisions being made by machines, not humans. This will take the human element from strategic planning away and will have a pivotal role in the rise of “smart infrastructure”.
Humans have done a huge amount for creativity, especially when it comes to fine art and music. But with many artists today expressing their creativity digitally this opens up a huge investment potential in AI technologies that can assist the creative process. It is said that the next Mozart of Beethoven will be created because of artificial intelligence.
Artificial Intelligence Diagnosis in Healthcare
Artificial intelligence is even having a significant impact in healthcare. With several diagnostic tools now being developed that can match or even better the human capability for diagnosing key diseases, artificial intelligence is coming to the forefront of diagnosing heart disease, cancer and many other human conditions.
Computer Vision, Virtual Reality and Image Processing
Virtual reality has been around for many years, but it is only recently that it has started to drop its “clunky” features and be a form of artificial intelligence that is worth looking at.
Speech recognition and artificial intelligence is growing at an exponential rate, and with conversational user interfaces (CUI’s) for bots being at the heart of much of what is developed in the world of AI, they are definitely one to watch when looking for AI technologies to seek investment in.
Optical Character Recognition
Optical character recognition (OCR) tools have seen somewhat of a resurgence in recent times, and with new developments for these in the world of AI taking place it is another technology to consider investing in.
Facebook uses face recognition to identify users who appear in photos on the site who have not given their permission to do so, and there is plenty of scope for this technology to be developed further.
Algorithm as a Service
Algorithm as a Service (AaaS) is predicted to be the next big “Thing” in the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence, and this can be used to convert prototype data analytics algorithms into investable cloud-based products.
Handwriting recognition has been around for a long time but with advances in artificial intelligence, tools that can recognize handwriting and turn it into typed text are now near perfect.<|endoftext|>1. Online database
With a quick visit to Ancestry.com, you can fill in what you know and find out plenty you didn’t about your relatives’ pasts. (Start with the free 14-day trial before deciding whether you’d like to commit to a monthly subscription.)
2. Paper trail
Rely on resources such as U.S. Federal Census records to trace the names, ages, birth places, immigration details, occupations and more of your ancestors. Other documents that could help connect the dots include newspaper archives, military records, naturalization papers and adoption paperwork. Start with a visit to your local state archives; find yours at archives.gov.
3. Scientific method
A small sample of saliva can aid in confirming your findings. Send in a cheek swab to programs like 23andMe or Ancestry DNA for in-depth analysis to uncover your genetic heritage.<|endoftext|>Tuesday, September 08, 2009
Are students the only ones who ever learn in the classroom? Most teachers will say that they didn’t really know the material until they teach it. Therefore, instructors, trainers and teachers should encourage a "Teaching to Learn" atmosphere in their virtual or face-to-face classrooms.
This method asks learners to teach what they are learning to each other. Therefore, it is critical to the success of each learner that he or she not only go through course content, but also really think about how to teach the material to his or her colleagues. The most challenging aspect of this approach is that the learners will need to anticipate questions from their colleagues, and be prepared with answers.
This is when true learning takes root. Once a person is put in a position to have to teach and explain content to someone else, he or she will never forget it. The result will be increase retention and understanding.
Unlike traditional lecture-based training in which the facilitator teaches a group of learners by reviewing content in a monologue format, the "each one, teach one" methodology generates discussion of key points by the learners, facilitated by the trainer’s skilled use of initial and follow-up questions. The methodology assumes learners enter the training having mastered and synthesized the content, needing only clarification or refinement in their knowledge.
This instructional method or strategy sets different expectations for, and requires different skills from the trainer and the learner. The trainer is expected to keep track of the progress of the discussion, noting which key points are reviewed and to what degree of clarity and completeness. The trainer needs to be able to think on his/her feet, ready to formulate a new question or circle back to an earlier part of the discussion to reinforce a key point. The trainer must listen to what is said – and listen for what is not said.
Based on the flow of the discussion and the dynamics of the particular group of learners, the trainer needs to be ready to shift gears and change tempo to ensure all key points are addressed and less critical points do not receive an overabundance of time and attention. These skills are, of course, much different than the competency of presenting a prescribed set of information.
The "each one, teach one" method also requires a much higher level of involvement and engagement for the learner. Rather than acting as passive recipients of knowledge, This method asks learners to study and synthesize key knowledge before even showing up to the “training.” In the actual moment of “teach-back” e.g. presenting and clarifying key information to peers, learners are quickly able to identify their own level of comprehension of material.
in addition, the opportunity to participate in this way reinforces key skills and forces the learners to develop an ability to concisely and intelligently synthesize information and engage in substantive conversation within the context of how the learning will be used on the job.
Give it a try in your classroom or your training session.
Catalog of Recommended Books, Games and Gadgets
Recommended Games and Gadgets<|endoftext|>健康资讯频道为您提供全面健康资讯,用药知识等健康相关资讯，致力于为广大用户提供最优质最全面的健康资讯，为用户的健康保驾护航！
近日，研究人员在CancerCell杂志上发表论文描述：肿瘤细胞分泌外来体如何能够改变周边的细胞，使其成为肿瘤细胞
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dozens of gun-toting New Black Panthers will descend on Cleveland to raise hell at the Republican National Convention.
To close, I will quote at length from a July 9th FaceBook post by Jay Stalien, a Baltimore cop:
I have come to realize something that is still hard for me to understand to this day. The following may be a shock to some coming from an African American, but the mere fact that it may be shocking to some is prima facie evidence of the sad state of affairs that we are in as Humans.
I used to be so torn inside growing up. Here I am, a young African-American born and raised in Brooklyn, NY wanting to be a cop. I watched and lived through the crime that took place in the hood. My own black people killing others over nothing. Crack heads and heroin addicts lined the lobby of my building as I shuffled around them to make my way to our 1 bedroom apartment with 6 of us living inside. I used to be woken up in the middle of the night by the sound of gun fire, only to look outside and see that it was 2 African Americans shooting at each other.
It never sat right with me. I wanted to help my community and stop watching the blood of African Americans spilled on the street at the hands of a fellow black man. I became a cop because black lives in my community, along with ALL lives, mattered to me, and wanted to help stop the bloodshed.
As time went by in my law enforcement career, I quickly began to realize something. I remember the countless times I stood 2 inches from a young black man, around my age, laying on his back, gasping for air as blood filled his lungs. I remember them bleeding profusely with the unforgettable smell of deoxygenated dark red blood in the air, as it leaked from the bullet holes in his body on to the hot sidewalk on a summer day. I remember the countless family members who attacked me, spit on me, cursed me out, as I put up crime scene tape to cordon off the crime scene, yelling and screaming out of pain and anger at the sight of their loved ones taking their last breath. I never took it personally, I knew they were hurting. I remember the countless times I had to order new uniforms, because the ones I had on, were bloody from the blood of another black victim…of black on black crime. I remember the countless times I got back in my patrol car, distraught after having watched another black male die in front me, having to start my preliminary report something like this:
Suspect- Black/ Male, Victim-Black /Male.
I remember the countless times I canvassed the area afterwards, and asked everyone “did you see who did it”, and the popular response from the very same family members was always, “Fuck the Police, I ain't no snitch, Im gonna take care of this myself". This happened every single time, every single homicide, black on black, and then my realization became clearer.
I woke up every morning, put my freshly pressed uniform on, shined my badge, functioned checked my weapon, kissed my wife and kid, and waited for my wife to say the same thing she always does before I leave, “Make sure you come back home to us”. I always replied, “I will”, but the truth was I was never sure if I would. I almost lost my life on this job, and every call, every stop, every moment that I had this uniform on, was another possibility for me to almost lose my life again. I was a target in the very community I swore to protect, the very community I wanted to help. As a matter of fact, they hated my very presence. They called me “Uncle Tom”, and “wanna be white boy”, and I couldn’t understand why. My own fellow black men and women attacking me, wishing for my death, wishing for the death of my family. I was so confused, so torn, I couldn’t understand why my own black people would turn against me, when every time they called …I was there. Every time someone died….I was there. Every time they were going through one of the worst moments in their lives…I was there. So why was I the enemy? I dove deep into that question…Why was I the enemy? Then my realization became clearer.
I spoke to members of the community and listened to some of the complaints as to why they hated cops. I then did research on the facts. I also presented facts to these members of the community, and listened to their complaints in response. This is what I learned:
Complaint: Police always targeting us, they always messing with the black man.
Fact: A city where the majority of citizens are black (Baltimore for example) …will ALWAYS have a higher rate of black people getting arrested, it will ALWAYS have a higher rate of blacks getting stopped, and will ALWAYS have a higher rate of blacks getting killed, and the reason why is because a city with those characteristics will ALWAYS have a higher rate of blacks committing crime. The statistics will follow the same trend for Asians if you go to China, for Hispanics if you go to Puerto Rico, for whites if you go to Russia, and the list goes on. It’s called Demographics
Complaint: More black people get arrested than white boys.
Fact: Black People commit a grossly disproportionate amount of crime. Data from the FBI shows that Nationwide, Blacks committed 5,173 homicides in 2014, whites committed 4,367. Chicago’s death toll is almost equal to that of both wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, combined. Chicago’s death toll from 2001–November, 26 2015 stands at 7,401. The combined total deaths during Operation Iraqi Freedom (2003-2015: 4,815) and Operation Enduring Freedom/Afghanistan (2001-2015: 3,506), total 8,321.
Complaint: Blacks are the only ones getting killed by police, or they are killed more.
Fact: As of July 2016, the breakdown of the number of US Citizens killed by Police this year is, 238 White people killed, 123 Black people killed, 79 Hispanics, 69 other/or unknown race.
Fact: Black people kill more other blacks than Police do, and there are only protest and outrage when a cop kills a black man. University of Toledo criminologist Dr. Richard R. Johnson examined the latest crime data from the FBI’s Supplementary Homicide Reports and Centers for Disease Control and found that an average of 4,472 black men were killed by other black men annually between Jan. 1, 2009, and Dec. 31, 2012. Professor Johnson’s research further concluded that 112 black men died from both justified and unjustified police-involved killings annually during this same period.
Complaint: Well we already doing a good job of killing ourselves, we don’t need the Police to do it. Besides they should know better.<|endoftext|>Contents - Previous - Next
9. The contexts of culture, environment, and food
Harriet V. Kuhnlein and Gretel H. Pelto
Overall performance of the protocol
Keys to finding local community food sources to prevent Vitamin A deficiency: What foods are available and how much vitamin a do they contain?
Keys to understanding consumption patterns of vulnerable groups
Keys to beliefs and perceptions about food
Keys to cultural, ecological and socioeconomic factors that constrain consumption of Vitamin A-rich food and prevention of deficiency
Keys to explanations and understandings of Vitamin A deficiency symptoms
Looking to the next steps: From ethnography to intervention design
The root of the problem of vitamin A deficiency is lack of sufficient vitamin A in community food supplies. While all members of families in communities where vitamin A is limited are potentially at risk of deficiency, infants, young children, pregnant, and lactating women are the most vulnerable. In order to understand how food systems can be supported to ensure adequate intake for all the population, the environmental and sociocultural mechanisms through which food is provided must also be understood. This understanding begins with answers to a set of basic questions: what vitamin A-containing foods are available? What are the nutrient levels in these foods? How much is consumed by the individuals who are vulnerable to deficiency? Why are these foods selected or not used? How do people identify and treat symptoms of vitamin A deficiency? The answers to these questions are the product of determinants that reside in the physical and social environment, broadly defined, and in culture. Answering these questions at the local level is a necessary step in the development of interventions aimed at remedial actions and prevention of vitamin A deficiency.
sections that follow, we begin with some comments about the
overall performance of the protocol as a field tool. We then
review findings from the studies in relation to the "key
questions" to which the protocol is directed. This is not
intended to be a definitive analysis of the dietary,
environmental, and cultural features of the five sites. The
purpose is to summarize the types of information that are
produced through the application of the procedures.
To assess the ability of the manual to assist national investigators to obtain answers to the key questions, it was necessary to test it in diverse environments and cultures. Specifically, the following different systems were selected:
Andhra Pradesh, India
Mixed Spanish and indigenous
All procedures in the manual were applied by research teams in the five study sites. All team leaders (or main investigators) had backgrounds in health professions (nutrition, nursing, community medicine, public health). In several cases they also had anthropological training. Regardless of background and previous experience, the investigators agreed unanimously that the initial training workshop was a valuable preparation for carrying out the study.
The teams completed the studies within the projected time frame of six to eight weeks. In two areas (China and Peru) the manual was translated into the national language; in the other three areas, the teams worked directly from the English manual, using local translators as needed to maintain literal translations of concepts.
The investigators and their field teams generally found it easy to apply the specific techniques that they attributed to the detailed, step-by-step instructions in the manual. A number of modifications in the instructions have been made as a consequence of the thoughtful suggestions from the teams, and the post-field test revisions are based on extensive discussions with the investigators. For example, the field teams made suggestions for identifying the most appropriate time to conduct the studies and provided creative suggestions concerning the use of specific examples in the local culture to help respondents understand questions.
In some cases the teams found it advisable to adapt the dietary assessment modules - Modules 4 and 5 (Part II-C) in the manual. In the Philippines, respondents were asked to give a 24-hour recall before they were questioned with the food frequency procedure. The investigators instituted this change in order to orient the respondents to the concept of daily quantities. In India the team experienced some difficulty in recording portion size and preferred not to use the 24-hour recall in this manner. One investigator suggested that the food frequency procedure developed by IVACG (IVACG, 1989) could be substituted for Module 5, provided it was modified to use the food list developed from the other modules. Thus, the field test experiences suggested that it is possible to modify the dietary assessment section of the protocol to fit local circumstances, as long as the data yielded by the procedures can be used to rank-order the key-foods in the market survey.
The community food system data tables were successfully applied in all the test sites. The tables are also useful in clearly highlighting where further research on food composition and species identification is required. In the study among the Aetas, the list of foods contained 128 items of which twenty-seven had no scientific identification and forty-two had no recorded values for carotene or retinol. Food items for which no composition data could be found also occurred in the Cajamarca study and in Filingué, Niger. Complete data were reported for all of the food items in the community food system data tables of Doumen, China and Sheriguda, India.
To determine the ability of the protocol to document seasonal variation in food availability, and cultural perceptions of food selection as these relate to seasonality, the investigators in the Philippines repeated the study in both wet and dry seasons among the Aetas. The team found that in order to describe the variety of local vitamin A-containing food, it was necessary to have data from the wet season. They suggested that conditions in the dry season could have been obtained through interviews, without observation, by carefully interviewing key-informants. The data on cultural perceptions about food attributes and qualities remained stable. Thus, they concluded that a single study, carried out in the wet season, would have obtained all the necessary information.
determine how sensitive the protocol is to differences in food
availability and selection in rural and periurban communities
within the same geographic area, the investigators in Peru
conducted studies in two locations. The team documented
substantial differences between the two sites, with greater use
of animal foods and wild plants in the more rural site. Families
in the periurban communities relied primarily on purchased foods,
and the food list was much longer. On the other hand, there were
many similarities in food items and food beliefs, although food
beliefs appeared to be more diverse in the periurban area, in
part because of in-migrants from other regions.
Keys to understanding the available foods that can be used to prevent vitamin A deficiency are found in the key-informant interviews and the free list of foods, in the market surveys, and in the community food system data tables. In addition, information is found in the background materials on the historical, ecological, and cultural setting for the community food system.
In addition to an examination of vitamin A content (retinol or carotene), food resource data needs to include information on preservation and preparation methods, as these affect nutrient levels. The manual facilitates collection of this type of information. For example, the study report from Niger includes the description of the long cooking processes for leafy vegetables, information that is important for evaluating the food supply as consumed. Studies also should note the sources of data on nutrient composition. Thus, it is useful to find in the report on Sheriguda village that the information in the food system data tables is based on food composition studies that were conducted with the current, advanced method of analysis (HPLC) in national laboratories.
In the field studies, the community food system data tables proved to be a valuable means of summarizing the local situation. Among the Aetas in the Philippines, the table contained 128 food items. One hundred sixty one species are on the list for the periurban site in Peru, with seventy-four in the rural area; thirty-seven species are listed for Filingué, Niger; thirty-five in Doumen village, China; and forty-five for Sheriguda village in India. Although some areas had unidentified species with unknown vitamin A content, vitamin A-rich foods were identified in all the systems. The data tables also provided information on key sources of protein, fat, and other nutrients that are important in the prevention of vitamin A deficiency.
Information on seasonality is obtained from the community food system data tables, market surveys, and key-informant interviews. For example, the study revealed that in Sheriguda village, pumpkin is available only during one short period during the year, while bachali (Basella alba), that is cooked with dahl, is available all year in local gardens, does not have to be purchased, and is an excellent source of carotene. Mango is popular with young children but is available for only two to three months. Papaya has a longer period of availability, but there are cultural barriers to its use (see following section, "Keys to Beliefs and Perceptions About Food").
Several field study reports pointed out the importance of paying special attention to how wild greens and leafy green vegetables are used. These species may be locally regarded as substantive food items or as condiments that are used in much smaller quantities. Greens may be dried and reserved as emergency or famine foods or preserved for use in herbal remedies. It is important to note preparation and preservation techniques. In Sheriguda village, another factor that affects use of greens is whether they are subject to infestation by insects or worms, in which case the food is rejected.
survey reports provided a valuable source of data on both
availability and price of important food items. As discussed
further below, excellent sources of vitamin A-containing foods
are found in local markets, but their prices may be prohibitive
for those most at risk of deficiency. By including calculations
of price-per-serving and the price per 1000 RE, the study
provided a perspective on true availability, particularly when
the average family daily wage or food expenditure total was
known. Liver is a good example; in all five research areas' it
was recognized as an excellent food, good for the eyes, and for
protecting health. However, it was not available regularly from
home animal production, and was not purchased often because of
In this section we discuss food selection and consumption of pregnant and lactating women, and infants and young children. Information on consumption patterns was obtained from the food frequency and 24-hour recall modules, key-informant interviews, and the modules on food categories, attributes, and concepts.
The general food pattern of families is a necessary first step in order to understand food patterns of vulnerable individuals. In Doumen village, China and Sheriguda, village, India, and in Filingué, Niger, families eat three meals a day. The first meal of the day often consists of the leftovers from the previous night. In Filingué meals are built around a grain with a sauce, that often contains greens and pumpkin, providing good potential for vitamin A. In Sheriguda, evening meals occasionally contain meat.
For the Aetas, meals usually consist of rice and a sauce of greens; fat and animal protein is limited in the family meal pattern.
There is little evidence from any of the sites that consumption patterns change during pregnancy. In Peru and Niger, pregnant women deliberately avoid eating too much because they do not want to gain too much weight, leading to a difficult delivery. While some food items are noted in each area as being good for pregnancy, there is no general pattern with respect to their vitamin A content.
A change in diet during the postpartum period is characteristic in all areas. In Doumen village, many hen's eggs are given to women, who are also encouraged to eat dark-colored foods (such as black rice, red jujube) to regain their strength. In both sites in Peru most women interviewed reported that special foods, selected for their qualities with respect to the humoral medicine system, are consumed. In Sheriguda, three stages of postpartum diet are recognized: in the first three days, only rice with spices is eaten; from day four to twenty-one the diet is semi-restricted, with few animal and plant foods; a regular diet is resumed after twenty-one days.
During lactation, women's dietary patterns may also be different from the rest of the family. In all areas, more liquids are taken, often as cereal gruels. In Niger women actively try to gain weight to recover their strength, and they seek more meat, liver, and richer sauces. While eggs are encouraged on a daily basis in Doumen village, they are rejected during lactation in Filingué, and are recognized as lactogenic foods in Sheriguda village.
Breastfeeding is practiced in all areas, but for varying durations. Cessation of breastfeeding varies widely, from an average of six to thirty months. Rural areas (Chamis, Peru, and Filingué, Niger) have longer average periods of breastfeeding than urban areas. In Filingué and Doumen the first colostrum is discarded. Water with sugar is often given to newborns. Breastfeeding is supplemented
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... Conclusions
This is the first review to have focused on exercise as an add-on strategy in the treatment of MDD. Our findings corroborate some previous observations that were based on few studies and which were difficult to generalize.41,51,73,92,93 Given the results of the present article, it seems that exercise might be an effective strategy to enhance the antidepressant effect of medication treatments. Moreover, we hypothesize that the main role of exercise on treatment-resistant depression is in inducing neurogenesis by increasing BDNF expression, as was demonstrated by several recent studies.
- Josefsson T, Lindwall M, Archer T (2014). "Physical exercise intervention in depressive disorders: meta-analysis and systematic review". Scand J Med Sci Sports 24 (2): 259–272. doi:10.1111/sms.12050. PMID 23362828.
Physical activity has also become increasingly and firmly associated with improvements in mental health and psychological well-being (Mutrie, 2000; Landers & Arent, 2007). In particular, exercise is believed to be effective in preventing depression and also to significantly reduce depressive symptoms in clinical as well as in nonclinical populations (O’Neal et al., 2000; Landers & Arent, 2007). Several correlational studies show that exercise is negatively related to depressive symptoms (e.g., Galper et al., 2006; Hassmén et al., 2000). Moreover, a considerably large number of intervention studies have by now investigated the effect of various exercise programs on depression and the vast majority of them indicate that exercise significantly reduces depression (e.g., Blumenthal et al., 2007; Martinsen et al., 1985; Singh et al., 1997). ... To date, it is not possible to determine exactly how effective exercise is in reducing depression symptoms in clinical and nonclinical depressed populations, respectively. However, the results from the present meta-analysis as well as from seven earlier meta-analyses (North et al., 1990; Craft & Landers, 1998; Lawlor & Hopker, 2001; Stathopoulou et al., 2006; Mead et al., 2009; Rethorst et al., 2009; Krogh et al., 2011) indicate that exercise has a moderate to large antidepressant effect. Some meta-analytic results (e.g., Rethorst et al., 2009) suggest that exercise may be even more efficacious for clinically depressed people. ... In short, our final conclusion is that exercise may well be recommended for people with mild and moderate depression who are willing, motivated, and physically healthy enough to engage in such a program.
- Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, Curtis J, Ward P (2014). "Physical activity interventions for people with mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis". J Clin Psychiatry 75 (9): 964–974. doi:10.4088/JCP.13r08765. PMID 24813261.
This systematic review and meta-analysis found that physical activity reduced depressive symptoms among people with a psychiatric illness. The current meta-analysis differs from previous studies, as it included participants with depressive symptoms with a variety of psychiatric diagnoses (except dysthymia and eating disorders). ... This review provides strong evidence for the antidepressant effect of physical activity; however, the optimal exercise modality, volume, and intensity remain to be determined. ... Conclusion
Few interventions exist whereby patients can hope to achieve improvements in both psychiatric symptoms and physical health simultaneously without significant risks of adverse effects. Physical activity offers substantial promise for improving outcomes for people living with mental illness, and the inclusion of physical activity and exercise programs within treatment facilities is warranted given the results of this review.
- Denham J, Marques FZ, O'Brien BJ, Charchar FJ (February 2014). "Exercise: putting action into our epigenome". Sports Med 44 (2): 189–209. doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0114-1. PMID 24163284.
Aerobic physical exercise produces numerous health benefits in the brain. Regular engagement in physical exercise enhances cognitive functioning, increases brain neurotrophic proteins, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and prevents cognitive diseases [76–78]. Recent findings highlight a role for aerobic exercise in modulating chromatin remodelers [21, 79–82]. ... These results were the first to demonstrate that acute and relatively short aerobic exercise modulates epigenetic modifications. The transient epigenetic modifications observed due to chronic running training have also been associated with improved learning and stress-coping strategies, epigenetic changes and increased c-Fos-positive neurons ... Nonetheless, these studies demonstrate the existence of epigenetic changes after acute and chronic exercise and show they are associated with improved cognitive function and elevated markers of neurotrophic factors and neuronal activity (BDNF and c-Fos). ... The aerobic exercise training-induced changes to miRNA profile in the brain seem to be intensity-dependent . These few studies provide a basis for further exploration into potential miRNAs involved in brain and neuronal development and recovery via aerobic exercise.
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Moreover, recent evidence suggests that myokines released by exercising muscles affect the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor synthesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, a finding that could lead to the identification of new and therapeutically important mediating factors. ... Studies have demonstrated the intensity of exercise training is positively correlated with BDNF plasma levels in young, healthy individuals (Ferris et al., 2007). Resistance exercise has also been shown to elevate serum BDNF levels in young individuals (Yarrow et al., 2010). Moreover, it has been shown that moderate levels of physical activity in people with AD significantly increased plasma levels of BDNF (Coelho et al., 2014). ... In humans, it has been shown that 4 h of rowing activity leads to increased levels of plasma BDNF from the internal jugular (an indicator of central release from the brain) and radial artery (an indicator of peripheral release; Rasmussen et al., 2009). Seifert et al. (2010) reported that basal release of BDNF increases following 3 months endurance training in young and healthy individuals, as measured from the jugular vein. These trends are augmented by rodent studies showing that endurance training leads to increased synthesis of BDNF in the hippocampal formation (Neeper et al., 1995, 1996). ... Both BDNF and IGF-1 play a significant role in cognition and motor function in humans. ... Multiple large-scale studies in humans have shown that serum levels of IGF-1 are correlated with fitness and as well as body mass indices (Poehlman and Copeland, 1990). Furthermore, animal studies have shown that exercise in rats is associated with increased amounts of IGF-1 in the CSF.
- Heinonen I, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC, Duncker DJ, Nuutila P, Knuuti J (November 2014). "Organ-Specific Physiological Responses to Acute Physical Exercise and Long-Term Training in Humans". Physiology (Bethesda) 29 (6): 421–436. doi:10.1152/physiol.00067.2013. PMID 25362636.
The Effects of Long-Term Exercise Training
[A] physically active lifestyle has been shown to lead to higher cognitive performance and delayed or prevented neurological conditions in humans (71, 101, 143, 191). ... The production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a key protein regulating maintenance and growth of neurons, is known to be stimulated by acute exercise (145), which may contribute to learning and memory. BDNF is released from brain already at rest but increases two- to threefold during exercise, which contributes 70–80% of circulating BDNF (145).
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