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generate questions: Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes: diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a diploid cell. The halving of the genetic material in gametes is accomplished by the segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. In haploid organisms, including cells of bacteria, archaea, and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts, or viruses, that similarly contain genes, the single or set of circular or linear chains of DNA (or RNA for some viruses), likewise constitute the genome. The term genome can be applied specifically to mean what is stored on a complete set of nuclear DNA (i.e., the "nuclear genome") but can also be applied to what is stored within organelles that contain their own DNA, as with the "mitochondrial genome" or the "chloroplast genome". Additionally, the genome can comprise non-chromosomal genetic elements such as viruses, plasmids, and transposable elements.
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A gamate has how many chromosomes relative to a somatic cell? {sep_token} What process splits the chromosome between gametes? {sep_token} What are two cellular organelles which contain genetic material? {sep_token} What are examples of terms used to describe a virus type? {sep_token} How many chromosomes do the organelles have compared to the chloroplasts? {sep_token} How is halving genetic material in linear chains of DNA accomplished? {sep_token} What is one thing the term transposable elements can be applied to mean? {sep_token} What three non-chromosomal genetic elements can bacteria comprise? {sep_token}
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generate questions: When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been "sequenced", typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as a "genome sequence" may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. Colloquially, the phrase "genetic makeup" is sometimes used to signify the genome of a particular individual or organism.[citation needed] The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes.
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What is the science that deals with the common genetic characteristics of related organisms called? {sep_token} In contrast to genomics, genetics usually studies what? {sep_token} What is the catalog of contents of a particular species' genetic makeup? {sep_token} In both sexes of a species what may a properties of genes be? {sep_token} What term is used to show how the sex chromosomes of a species are found? {sep_token} What is known as the study of autosomes of related organisms? {sep_token} What is known as the study of the properties of single or groups of sex chromosomes? {sep_token} What are people referring to when they say species exist in one sex? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome.
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What is the relation between the number of base pairs and total complement of genes in a species called? {sep_token} Which organism has the most genes? {sep_token} How many genes is the trichomoniasis estimated to have? {sep_token} Relative to the human genome, how many more genes does trichomoniasis have? {sep_token} What is the highest known number of species? {sep_token} How many genes are in the human genome? {sep_token} What two things vary in the protozoan causing trichomoniasis? {sep_token} What is the relationship between base pairs and trichomoniasis? {sep_token} What is the relation between base pairs and the human genome called? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid-1990s: The first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995. A few months later, the first eukaryotic genome was completed, with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae published as the result of a European-led effort begun in the mid-1980s. The first genome sequence for an archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii, was completed in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research.
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Who was the first person to sequence a viral genome? {sep_token} Which viral genome did Fiers sequence? {sep_token} Who was first to sequence a DNA-based genome? {sep_token} What organization first sequenced a bacterial genome? {sep_token} In what year was the archaeon genome sequenced? {sep_token} In what year did Fred Sanger first establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA genome? {sep_token} When was The Institute for Genome Research founded? {sep_token} What did Walter Fiers complete in 1996? {sep_token} What did Fred Sanger complete when part of a team in 1995? {sep_token} What was the name of the first bacterial genome sequenced by Fred Sanger in 1995? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave.
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Which U.S. government agency keeps a large amount of information on genomes? {sep_token} What is a mammal whose genome has been sequenced? {sep_token} What is a fish whose genome has been sequenced? {sep_token} When was the Neanderthal's genome sequenced? {sep_token} How old in years was the material that was used to sequence the Neanderthal genome? {sep_token} What has extracting genes from a Neanderthal made it easier for scientists to do? {sep_token} What is happening with the knowledge gained from sequencing a mouse? {sep_token} What have scientists been maintaining since 2013? {sep_token} Where has the bacteria E. coli been found to be sequenced? {sep_token} How old was the material used to sequence the Arabidopsis thaliana genome? {sep_token}
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generate questions: New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA.
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What is a recent development in sequencing methods? {sep_token} Which company has led the way in sequencing of individual genetic makeup? {sep_token} Whose complete genetic information was recorded in 2007? {sep_token} What is Watson famous for helping discover? {sep_token} What is Manteia Predictive Medicine famous for discovering? {sep_token} What technology did James D. Watson develop to sequence individual DNA? {sep_token} What has James D. Watson recently develop that may lead to personal genome sequencing? {sep_token} What did Manteia Predictive Medicine help discover the structure of in 2007? {sep_token} Who pioneered using the DNA structure as a diagnostic tool? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris.
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What is the term for something that lists the important and notable parts of a genome? {sep_token} Which group was created to generate a genome map of human genetic material? {sep_token} Whose genome map greatly aided the Human Genome Project? {sep_token} Where did Weissenbach and his colleagues work? {sep_token} What does a genome map list the order of? {sep_token} What does a genome sequence identify? {sep_token} What is a Genoscope less detailed than? {sep_token} What does a Genoscope help a scientist do? {sep_token} Why was the Genoscope created? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome.
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What is the term that accounts for the constituents of the haploid genome? {sep_token} What aspect of a genome can genome compositions help researchers in learning about? {sep_token} What is the history of a genome used for? {sep_token} What should be included in the history of a genome? {sep_token} What can scientists learn by comparing repetitive DNA and genome size? {sep_token} What term is used to describe the history of DNA? {sep_token} By comparing repetitive DNA, what can scientists understand the history of? {sep_token}
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generate questions: When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the contrary, eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high. In mammals and plants, the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA.
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What two types of organisms have remarkable differences in their genomic composition? {sep_token} What type of organizing can be observed in eukaryote genomes? {sep_token} In what types of eukaryotes is there a large amount of non-coding DNA? {sep_token} What should you distinguish between when talking about gene coding? {sep_token} How much of the genome is non-repetitive DNA in eukaryotes? {sep_token} What is a major part of contents structure made of in non-coding regions? {sep_token} What organization feature do prokaryotes have? {sep_token} What area do mammals and plants have differences in? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, "genome" describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.
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What is an example of an organism that has a portion of its genetic material outside of its chromosomes? {sep_token} What is an example of an organism whose full complement of genetic material resides in its chromosomes? {sep_token} Where is additional genetic material found in pathogenic microbes? {sep_token} What do viruses always carry within their structure? {sep_token} Where is additional genetic material found in a virus? {sep_token} What is another word used for genome? {sep_token} What organism has part of its genetic material inside a virus? {sep_token} What do most viruses more complex than plasmids carry? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, "genome" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the "mitochondrial genome". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the "plastome".
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What are examples of classes of eukaryotes where genome only refers to the information found in chromosomes? {sep_token} What is a name for the genetic material found within chloroplasts? {sep_token} What is a name for the genetic makeup of mitochondria? {sep_token} What are the eukaryotes found in the mitochondria called? {sep_token} What are examples of chloroplasts? {sep_token} What does genome mean when referring to eukaryotes such as mitochondria? {sep_token} What is not considered as part of the plastome? {sep_token} What do chloroplasts have that is referred to as the mitochondrial genome? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes.
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What is the name for the count of all DNA base pairs in a single haploid genome? {sep_token} What does genome size have a direct relationship with in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes? {sep_token} What accounts for the breakdown of the relation between genome size and morphological complexity in higher eukaryotes? {sep_token} What is the term for the total DNA base pairs in one lower eukaryote? {sep_token} What kind of relationship do copies of a haploid genome have with mollusks that isn't effective? {sep_token} What has a strong influence on DNA base pairs? {sep_token} What does a haploid genome have strong influence on? {sep_token} How many base pairs are in mollusks? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both in vivo and in silico.
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What is a name for the reduced complement of genetic material necessary for an organism to live? {sep_token} In what experimental contexts are experiments being carried out on minimal genomes? {sep_token} What is a research strategy to understand silico? {sep_token} What is being done on single cell silico? {sep_token} In what two ways are experiments being carried out to understand how genes survive? {sep_token} What do scientists want a silico to do in the experiment? {sep_token} What are scientists studying to understand how they survive a reduction in silico? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size in higher eukaryotes.
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What are two types of non-repetitive DNA? {sep_token} In higher eukaryotes, what has an inverse relationship with genome size? {sep_token} What is the size of non-repetitive DNA divided by to get the proportion of non-repetitive DNA? {sep_token} How is protein coding calculated? {sep_token} What are two examples of higher eukaryotes? {sep_token} What does having more protein coding genes not mean? {sep_token} What decreases if RNA coding genes are increased? {sep_token} What is the number of protein-coding genes divided by to get the proportion of non-repetitive DNA? {sep_token}
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generate questions: It had been found that the proportion of non-repetitive DNA can vary a lot between species. Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA, lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly, still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA. Higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitive DNA than non-repetitive ones. In some plants and amphibians, the proportion of non-repetitive DNA is no more than 20%, becoming a minority component.
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What is an example of an organism which does not contain any repetitive DNA? {sep_token} What are two organisms that have more non-repetitive than repetitive DNA? {sep_token} What is the percentage of non-repetitive DNA in some plant and amphibian genomes? {sep_token} What is the percentage of non-repetitive DNA in E. coli? {sep_token} What one kind of DNA do fruit flies only have? {sep_token} What does E. coli tend to have more of than non-repetitive DNA? {sep_token} What is a minority component in E. coli? {sep_token} What do some plants and amphibians only have? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The proportion of repetitive DNA is calculated by using length of repetitive DNA divide by genome size. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats.
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What are two types of repetitive DNA found in genomes? {sep_token} What is found by dividing size of repetitive DNA by length of total genome? {sep_token} What are two examples of genome size? {sep_token} What do you use to calculate genome size? {sep_token} How do you calculate tandem repeats? {sep_token} What are interspersed repeats divided by to get the proportion of repetitive DNA? {sep_token} What do you get when dividing tandem repeats by interspersed repeats? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome. Although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome, the largest proportion in mammalian is the other type, interspersed repeats.
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Unequal crossing over can create what type of repetitive DNA? {sep_token} What are two examples of tandem repeats in DNA? {sep_token} What is the most common type of repetitive DNA in mammals? {sep_token} In what group are tandem repeats in the largest number? {sep_token} What causes interspersed repeats? {sep_token} What are two examples of interspersed repeats? {sep_token} How much satellite DNA is found in the genome? {sep_token} What is gene conversion caused by? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Interspersed repeats mainly come from transposable elements (TEs), but they also include some protein coding gene families and pseudogenes. Transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site within the cell. It is believed that TEs are an important driving force on genome evolution of higher eukaryotes. TEs can be classified into two categories, Class 1 (retrotransposons) and Class 2 (DNA transposons).
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What is the main source of interspersed repeats? {sep_token} What do researchers think transposable elements are key factors in when considering higher eukaryotes? {sep_token} What are the constituents of Class 1 transposable elements? {sep_token} What are the constituents of Class 2 transposable elements? {sep_token} How are pseudogenes classified? {sep_token} What two categories are pseudogenes classified into? {sep_token} Where do cells mainly come from? {sep_token} What do cells also include? {sep_token} What are pseudogenes able to do within the cell? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Retrotransposons can be transcribed into RNA, which are then duplicated at another site into the genome. Retrotransposons can be divided into Long terminal repeats (LTRs) and Non-Long Terminal Repeats (Non-LTR).
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What kind of genetic material can be produced from retrotransposons? {sep_token} What can long terminal repeats produce? {sep_token} What happens when long terminal repeats are transcribed into RNA? {sep_token} What is one thing RNA can be divided into? {sep_token} What can the genome also be divided into? {sep_token} Where are Long terminal repeats duplicated? {sep_token}
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generate questions: DNA transposons generally move by "cut and paste" in the genome, but duplication has also been observed. Class 2 TEs do not use RNA as intermediate and are popular in bacteria, in metazoan it has also been found.
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What is a term that can describe how DNA transposons move? {sep_token} DNA transposons do not use which genetic material used by Class 1 TEs? {sep_token} What term describes how duplication happens in the genome? {sep_token} What do genome not use as intermediate? {sep_token} What helps metozoan move? {sep_token} In what organism is duplication popular? {sep_token} What does cut and paste help metazoan do? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as chromosome number (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today (for recent overviews, see Brown 2002; Saccone and Pesole 2003; Benfey and Protopapas 2004; Gibson and Muse 2004; Reese 2004; Gregory 2005).
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What is another word for the total count of chromosomes? {sep_token} Aside from karyotype, what are other genomic traits studied by scientists? {sep_token} What were other traits besides karyotype studied by Brown in 2002? {sep_token} What is another word for gene order? {sep_token} What does GC-content have that can be measured? {sep_token} Why do researchers calculate the sum of an organisms genes? {sep_token} What are two things that Reese studied about karyotype in 2004? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplication may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplication of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty.
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What type of generation of genetic material has a big part in making the genome what it is? {sep_token} What is a possible product of duplications? {sep_token} What role does genetic novelty play in the genome? {sep_token} What is the first range of genetic novelty? {sep_token} What are gene clusters a large part of? {sep_token} How far can genetic novelty go? {sep_token} What is the first example of genetic novelty? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes.
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What is an explanation for the resemblance between disparate parts of the genome? {sep_token} In which organisms does horizontal gene transfer appear to occur commonly? {sep_token} Parts of which organelle genomes are thought to have ended up in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells via transfer? {sep_token} What helps explain why different parts of chloroplasts are similar? {sep_token} In what organism are eukaryotic cells common? {sep_token} What does horizontal gene transfer explain about nuclear chromosomes? {sep_token} Where do microbes transfer material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes? {sep_token} What do microbes transfer to chloroplasts? {sep_token}
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generate questions: A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965. About 90% of British secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools. They correspond broadly to the public high school in the United States and Canada and to the German Gesamtschule.[citation needed]
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What kind of school does not base its admissions on academic merit? {sep_token} What kind of school system uses academic success to judge admissions? {sep_token} What countries used comprehensive schools extensively? {sep_token} How many secondary school students attend comprehensive schools in England? {sep_token} What is the German analogue of the comprehensive school? {sep_token} What kind of school bases its admissions on academic merit? {sep_token} What kind of school system uses academic failure to judge admissions? {sep_token} What countries unused comprehensive schools extensively? {sep_token} How many secondary school students attend comprehensive schools in Scotland? {sep_token} What is the Austrian analogue of the comprehensive school? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Comprehensive schools are primarily about providing an entitlement curriculum to all children, without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment. A consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum, including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning, which were less common or non-existent in grammar schools. Providing post-16 education cost-effectively becomes more challenging for smaller comprehensive schools, because of the number of courses needed to cover a broader curriculum with comparatively fewer students. This is why schools have tended to get larger and also why many local authorities have organised secondary education into 11–16 schools, with the post-16 provision provided by Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges. Comprehensive schools do not select their intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude, but there are demographic reasons why the attainment profiles of different schools vary considerably. In addition, government initiatives such as the City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes have made the comprehensive ideal less certain.
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What are some areas of learning in comprehensive schools that were not found often in grammar schools? {sep_token} What two kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-16 comprehensive school education? {sep_token} Which types of school projects have called the model of comprehensive schools into question? {sep_token} What are some areas of learning in comprehensive schools that were found often in grammar schools? {sep_token} What are some areas of learning in comprehensive schools that were not found often in high schools? {sep_token} What two kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-18 comprehensive school education? {sep_token} What three kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-16 comprehensive school education? {sep_token} Which types of school projects haven't called the model of comprehensive schools into question? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In these schools children could be selected on the basis of curriculum aptitude related to the school's specialism even though the schools do take quotas from each quartile of the attainment range to ensure they were not selective by attainment. A problem with this is whether the quotas should be taken from a normal distribution or from the specific distribution of attainment in the immediate catchment area. In the selective school system, which survives in several parts of the United Kingdom, admission is dependent on selection criteria, most commonly a cognitive test or tests. Although comprehensive schools were introduced to England and Wales in 1965, there are 164 selective grammar schools that are still in operation.[citation needed] (though this is a small number compared to approximately 3500 state secondary schools in England). Most comprehensives are secondary schools for children between the ages of 11 to 16, but in a few areas there are comprehensive middle schools, and in some places the secondary level is divided into two, for students aged 11 to 14 and those aged 14 to 18, roughly corresponding to the US middle school (or junior high school) and high school, respectively. With the advent of key stages in the National Curriculum some local authorities reverted from the Middle School system to 11–16 and 11–18 schools so that the transition between schools corresponds to the end of one key stage and the start of another.
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How many selective grammar schools are still currently functioning in England and Wales? {sep_token} In what year were comprehensive schools first created? {sep_token} How many selective high schools are still currently functioning in England and Wales? {sep_token} How many selective grammar schools are still currently functioning in Scotland and Wales? {sep_token} How many selective grammar schools are no longer functioning in England and Wales? {sep_token} In what year weren't comprehensive schools first created? {sep_token} In what year were comprehensive schools first closed? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In principle, comprehensive schools were conceived as "neighbourhood" schools for all students in a specified catchment area. Current education reforms with Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges will no doubt have some impact on the comprehensive ideal but it is too early to say to what degree.
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What is a word that can be used to describe the scope of a comprehensive school's intake? {sep_token} What are some new initiatives that may impact the concept of comprehensive schools? {sep_token} What is a word that can't be used to describe the scope of a comprehensive school's intake? {sep_token} What is a word that can be used to describe the scope of an uncomprehensive school's intake? {sep_token} What is a word that can be used to describe the scope of a comprehensive school's discharge? {sep_token} What are some old initiatives that may impact the concept of comprehensive schools? {sep_token} What are some new initiatives that may impact the concept of uncomprehensive schools? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Finland has used comprehensive schools since the 1970s, in the sense that everyone is expected to complete the nine grades of peruskoulu, from the age 7 to 16. The division to lower comprehensive school (grades 1–6, ala-aste, alakoulu) and upper comprehensive school (grades 7–9, yläaste, yläkoulu) has been discontinued.
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In what decade did Finland begin employing comprehensive schools? {sep_token} What age ranges does Finnish comprehensive school cover? {sep_token} In what decade didn't Finland begin employing comprehensive schools? {sep_token} In what decade did Sweden begin employing comprehensive schools? {sep_token} In what decade did Finland stop employing comprehensive schools? {sep_token} What age ranges does Swedish comprehensive school cover? {sep_token} What age ranges does Finnish uncomprehensive school cover? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Germany has a comprehensive school known as the Gesamtschule. While some German schools such as the Gymnasium and the Realschule have rather strict entrance requirements, the Gesamtschule does not have such requirements. They offer college preparatory classes for the students who are doing well, general education classes for average students, and remedial courses for those who aren't doing that well. In most cases students attending a Gesamtschule may graduate with the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur depending on how well they did in school.
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What type of school is the Gesamtschule? {sep_token} What kinds of courses are offered to students who are not experiencing academic success? {sep_token} What are the different kinds of certificates that Gesamtschule students can earn? {sep_token} What type of school isn't the Gesamtschule? {sep_token} What type of hospital is the Gesamtschule? {sep_token} What kinds of courses aren't offered to students who are not experiencing academic success? {sep_token} What kinds of courses are offered to students who are experiencing academic success? {sep_token} What are the different kinds of certificates that Gesamtschule students can't earn? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The percentage of students attending a Gesamtschule varies by Bundesland. In the State of Brandenburg more than 50% of all students attended a Gesamtschule in 2007, while in the State of Bavaria less than 1% did.
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What percentage of Brandenburg students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007? {sep_token} What percentage of Bavarian students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007? {sep_token} What percentage of Brandenburg teachers went to a Gesamtschule in 2007? {sep_token} What percentage of Brandenburg students went to a Gesamtschule in 2008? {sep_token} What percentage of Brandenburg students never went to a Gesamtschule in 2007? {sep_token} What percentage of Bavarian teachers went to a Gesamtschule in 2007? {sep_token} What percentage of Bavarian students went to a Gesamtschule in 2008? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Starting in 2010/2011, Hauptschulen were merged with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen to form a new type of comprehensive school in the German States of Berlin and Hamburg, called Stadtteilschule in Hamburg and Sekundarschule in Berlin (see: Education in Berlin, Education in Hamburg).
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What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Hamburg? {sep_token} What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Berlin? {sep_token} In what school year were Hauptschulen first combined with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen? {sep_token} What wasn't the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Hamburg? {sep_token} What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Hamburger? {sep_token} What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen not called in Berlin? {sep_token} What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Berlinberg? {sep_token} In what school year were Hauptschulen last combined with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The "Mittelschule" is a school in some States of Germany that offers regular classes and remedial classes but no college preparatory classes. In some States of Germany, the Hauptschule does not exist, and any student who has not been accepted by another school has to attend the Mittelschule. Students may be awarded the Hauptschulabschluss or the Mittlere Reife but not the Abitur.
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What kind of classes are not offered in Mittelschule? {sep_token} What certificate is not available to Mittelschule students? {sep_token} What kind of school is not available in some parts of Germany? {sep_token} What kind of classes are offered in Mittelschule? {sep_token} What kind of meetings are not offered in Mittelschule? {sep_token} What certificate is available to Mittelschule students? {sep_token} What certificate is not available to Mittelschule teachers? {sep_token} What kind of school is available in some parts of Germany? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Comprehensive schools have been accused of grade inflation after a study revealed that Gymnasium senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves at the very bottom of their class and had an average grade of "Five", which means "Failed". Gesamtschule senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves in the upper half of their class and had an average grade of "Three Plus". When a central Abitur examination was established in the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, it was revealed that Gesamtschule students did worse than could be predicted by their grades or class rank. Barbara Sommer (Christian Democratic Union), Education Minister of North Rhine-Westphalia, commented that: Looking at the performance gap between comprehensives and the Gymnasium [at the Abitur central examination] [...] it is difficult to understand why the Social Democratic Party of Germany wants to do away with the Gymnasium. [...] The comprehensives do not help students achieve [...] I am sick and tired of the comprehensive schools blaming their problems on the social class origins of their students. What kind of attitude is this to blame their own students? She also called the Abitur awarded by the Gymnasium the true Abitur and the Abitur awarded by the Gesamtschule "Abitur light". As a reaction, Sigrid Beer (Alliance '90/The Greens) stated that comprehensives were structurally discriminated against by the government, which favoured the Gymnasiums. She also said that many of the students awarded the Abitur by the comprehensives came from "underprivileged groups" and sneering at their performance was a "piece of impudence".
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What type of misconduct have comprehensive schools been alleged of engaging in? {sep_token} Which German minister criticized comprehensive schools' ability to help students succeed? {sep_token} Which German politician defended comprehensive schools? {sep_token} Which party does Barbara Sommer belong to? {sep_token} Which party does Sigrid Beer belong to? {sep_token} What type of misconduct have uncomprehensive schools been alleged of engaging in? {sep_token} Which German mWhich German minister criticized uncomprehensive schools' ability to help students succeed?inister criticized comprehensive schools' ability to help students succeed? {sep_token} Which German politician defended uncomprehensive schools? {sep_token} Which party doesn't Barbara Sommer belong to? {sep_token} Which party doesn't Sigrid Beer belong to? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Gesamtschulen might put bright working class students at risk according to several studies. It could be shown that an achievement gap opens between working class students attending a comprehensive and their middle class peers. Also working class students attending a Gymnasium or a Realschule outperform students from similar backgrounds attending a comprehensive. However it is not students attending a comprehensive, but students attending a Hauptschule, who perform the poorest.
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Who could be made vulnerable by the Gasemtschulen? {sep_token} From what group does an achievement gap separate working class students at comprehensive schools? {sep_token} At which school do students achieve the least success? {sep_token} Who couldn't be made vulnerable by the Gasemtschulen? {sep_token} Who could be protected by the Gasemtschulen? {sep_token} From what group doesn't an achievement gap separate working class students at comprehensive schools? {sep_token} From what group does an achievement gap separate working class students at uncomprehensive schools? {sep_token} At which school do students achieve the most success? {sep_token}
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generate questions: According to a study done by Helmut Fend (who had always been a fierce proponent of comprehensive schools) revealed that comprehensive schools do not help working class students. He compared alumni of the tripartite system to alumni of comprehensive schools. While working class alumni of comprehensive schools were awarded better school diplomas at age 35, they held similar occupational positions as working class alumni of the tripartite system and were as unlikely to graduate from college.
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Who conducted a study on comprehensive schools? {sep_token} To which system did Fend compare comprehensive school alumni? {sep_token} Who never conducted a study on comprehensive schools? {sep_token} Who conducted a study on uncomprehensive schools? {sep_token} To which system didn't Fend compare comprehensive school alumni? {sep_token} To which system did Fend compare uncomprehensive school alumni? {sep_token} To which system did Fend compare comprehensive school faculty? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Gibraltar opened its first comprehensive school in 1972. Between the ages of 12 and 16 two comprehensive schools cater for girls and boys separately. Students may also continue into the sixth form to complete their A-levels.
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When was the first comprehensive school opened in Gibraltar? {sep_token} Where can students go after finishing comprehensive school in Gibraltar? {sep_token} What examinations do students prepare for in the sixth form? {sep_token} When was the last comprehensive school opened in Gibraltar? {sep_token} When was the first comprehensive school closed in Gibraltar? {sep_token} Where can't students go after finishing comprehensive school in Gibraltar? {sep_token} Where can students go after finishing uncomprehensive school in Gibraltar? {sep_token} What examinations do students prepare for in the fifth form? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Comprehensive schools were introduced into Ireland in 1966 by an initiative by Patrick Hillery, Minister for Education, to give a broader range of education compared to that of the vocational school system, which was then the only system of schools completely controlled by the state. Until then, education in Ireland was largely dominated by religious persuasion, particularly the voluntary secondary school system was a particular realisation of this. The comprehensive school system is still relatively small and to an extent has been superseded by the community school concept. The Irish word for a comprehensive school is a 'scoil chuimsitheach.'
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When did Ireland first open comprehensive schools? {sep_token} Who was responsible for creating comprehensive schools in Ireland? {sep_token} What was the only state-run educational system in Ireland prior to comprehensive schools? {sep_token} What type of school has surpassed comprehensive schools in Ireland? {sep_token} When did Ireland last open comprehensive schools? {sep_token} When did Ireland first close comprehensive schools? {sep_token} Who was unresponsible for creating comprehensive schools in Ireland? {sep_token} What wasn't the only state-run educational system in Ireland prior to comprehensive schools? {sep_token} What type of school has surpassed uncomprehensive schools in Ireland? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In Ireland comprehensive schools were an earlier model of state schools, introduced in the late 1960s and largely replaced by the secular community model of the 1970s. The comprehensive model generally incorporated older schools that were under Roman Catholic or Protestant ownership, and the various denominations still manage the school as patrons or trustees. The state owns the school property, which is vested in the trustees in perpetuity. The model was adopted to make state schools more acceptable to a largely conservative society of the time.
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In what decade were community schools conceived? {sep_token} Who owns the land on which Irish comprehensive schools are found? {sep_token} In what decade weren't community schools conceived? {sep_token} In what decade were community schools closed? {sep_token} Who rents the land on which Irish comprehensive schools are found? {sep_token} Who owns the land on which Scotish comprehensive schools are found? {sep_token} Who owns the land on which Irish comprehensive schools aren't found? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The introduction of the community school model in the 1970s controversially removed the denominational basis of the schools, but religious interests were invited to be represented on the Boards of Management. Community schools are divided into two models, the community school vested in the Minister for Education and the community college vested in the local Education and Training Board. Community colleges tended to be amalgamations of unviable local schools under the umbrella of a new community school model, but community schools have tended to be entirely new foundations.
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What did the community school system remove from the comprehensive school model? {sep_token} What is a term for a grouping of local schools that cannot exist independently? {sep_token} What didn't the community school system remove from the comprehensive school model? {sep_token} What did the community school system add to the comprehensive school model? {sep_token} What did the community school system remove from the uncomprehensive school model? {sep_token} What is a term for a grouping of local schools that can exist independently? {sep_token} What is a term for a grouping of global schools that cannot exist independently? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The first comprehensives were set up after the Second World War. In 1946, for example, Walworth School was one of five 'experimental' comprehensive schools set up by the London County Council Another early comprehensive school was Holyhead County School in Anglesey in 1949. Other early examples of comprehensive schools included Woodlands Boys School in Coventry (opened in 1954) and Tividale Comprehensive School in Tipton.
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In what year was the Walworth School established? {sep_token} Who established the Walworth School? {sep_token} What comprehensive school was established in Anglesey? {sep_token} When was Holyhead County School established? {sep_token} Which comprehensive school openend in coventry? {sep_token} In what year was the Walworth School closed? {sep_token} Who closed the Walworth School? {sep_token} What uncomprehensive school was established in Anglesey? {sep_token} When was Holyhead County School closed? {sep_token} Which uncomprehensive school openend in coventry? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The largest expansion of comprehensive schools in 1965 resulted from a policy decision taken in 1965 by Anthony Crosland, Secretary of State for Education in the 1964–1970 Labour government. The policy decision was implemented by Circular 10/65, an instruction to local education authorities to plan for conversion. Students sat the 11+ examination in their last year of primary education and were sent to one of a secondary modern, secondary technical or grammar school depending on their perceived ability. Secondary technical schools were never widely implemented and for 20 years there was a virtual bipartite system which saw fierce competition for the available grammar school places, which varied between 15% and 25% of total secondary places, depending on location.[citation needed]
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Who was responsible for the proliferation of comprehensive schools in 1965? {sep_token} what was Anthony Crosland's role in government? {sep_token} Which type of school was not in widespread usage? {sep_token} Who was responsible for the proliferation of uncomprehensive schools in 1965? {sep_token} Who was responsible for the proliferation of comprehensive schools in 1956? {sep_token} Who wasn't responsible for the proliferation of comprehensive schools in 1965? {sep_token} what wasn't Anthony Crosland's role in government? {sep_token} Which type of school was in widespread usage? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In 1970 Margaret Thatcher became Secretary of State for Education of the new Conservative government. She ended the compulsion on local authorities to convert, however, many local authorities were so far down the path that it would have been prohibitively expensive to attempt to reverse the process, and more comprehensive schools were established under Mrs Thatcher than any other education secretary.
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Who was made Secretary of State for Education in 1970? {sep_token} What kind of school did Thatcher end the compulsion for existing schools to convert to? {sep_token} What party was in power when Margaret Thatcher was made Secretary of State for Education? {sep_token} Who wasn't made Secretary of State for Education in 1970? {sep_token} Who was made Secretary of State for Education in 1972? {sep_token} What kind of school didn't Thatcher end the compulsion for existing schools to convert to? {sep_token} What kind of school did Thatcher start the compulsion for existing schools to convert to? {sep_token} What party wasn't in power when Margaret Thatcher was made Secretary of State for Education? {sep_token}
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generate questions: By 1975 the majority of local authorities in England and Wales had abandoned the 11-plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system. Over that 10-year period many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives, whilst a number of new schools were built to accommodate a growing school population. By the mid-1970s the system had been almost fully implemented, with virtually no secondary modern schools remaining. Many grammar schools were either closed or changed to comprehensive status. Some local authorities, including Sandwell and Dudley in the West Midlands, changed all of its state secondary schools to comprehensive schools during the 1970s.
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By what year did the 11-plus exam mainly fall out of use? {sep_token} What did secondary modern and grammar schools combine to become? {sep_token} Grammar schools that did not close were converted to what? {sep_token} What are two locations in which all secondary schools were converted to comprehensives in the '70s? {sep_token} By what year didn't the 11-plus exam mainly fall out of use? {sep_token} By what year did the 21-plus exam mainly fall out of use? {sep_token} What didn't secondary modern and grammar schools combine to become? {sep_token} Grammar schools that closed were converted to what? {sep_token} What are two locations in which all secondary schools were converted to comprehensives in the '60s? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In 1976 the future Labour prime minister James Callaghan launched what became known as the 'great debate' on the education system. He went on to list the areas he felt needed closest scrutiny: the case for a core curriculum, the validity and use of informal teaching methods, the role of school inspection and the future of the examination system. Comprehensive school remains the most common type of state secondary school in England, and the only type in Wales. They account for around 90% of pupils, or 64% if one does not count schools with low-level selection. This figure varies by region.
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Who initiated the scrutiny of the educational system in 1976? {sep_token} What is the only kind of school operating in Wales? {sep_token} Which political party was James Callaghan a member of? {sep_token} Who ended the scrutiny of the educational system in 1976? {sep_token} Who initiated the scrutiny of the educational system in 1967? {sep_token} What is the only kind of school not operating in Wales? {sep_token} What is the only kind of school operating in England? {sep_token} Which political party was James Callaghan not a member of? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Since the 1988 Education Reform Act, parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead. The concept of "school choice" introduces the idea of competition between state schools, a fundamental change to the original "neighbourhood comprehensive" model, and is partly intended as a means by which schools that are perceived to be inferior are forced either to improve or, if hardly anyone wants to go there, to close down. Government policy is currently promoting 'specialisation' whereby parents choose a secondary school appropriate for their child's interests and skills. Most initiatives focus on parental choice and information, implementing a pseudo-market incentive to encourage better schools. This logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance.
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What law enables parents full control over their child's education? {sep_token} In what year was the Education Reform Act made into law? {sep_token} What concept does the government currently support for education? {sep_token} Parental choice has informed what controversial practice? {sep_token} What law disables parents full control over their child's education? {sep_token} What law enables parents no control over their child's education? {sep_token} In what year was the Education Reform Act scrapped? {sep_token} What concept does the government currently not support for education? {sep_token} Parental choice hasn't informed what controversial practice? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Scotland has a very different educational system from England and Wales, though also based on comprehensive education. It has different ages of transfer, different examinations and a different philosophy of choice and provision. All publicly funded primary and secondary schools are comprehensive. The Scottish Government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005.
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All public primary and secondary schools in Scotland are of what type? {sep_token} What has Scotland refused to adopt? {sep_token} When was Scotland's latest rejection of the specialist school model? {sep_token} All private primary and secondary schools in Scotland are of what type? {sep_token} All public primary and secondary schools in England are of what type? {sep_token} What has England refused to adopt? {sep_token} When was England's latest rejection of the specialist school model? {sep_token} When wasn't Scotland's latest rejection of the specialist school model? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Education in Northern Ireland differs slightly from systems used elsewhere in the United Kingdom, but it is more similar to that used in England and Wales than it is to Scotland.
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Which country is Northern England's school system most different from? {sep_token} Which countries have school systems somewhat similar to Northern Ireland? {sep_token} Which country isn't Northern England's school system most different from? {sep_token} Which country is Northern Ireland's school system most different from? {sep_token} Which country is Northern England's school system most same as? {sep_token} Which countries have school systems very different from Northern Ireland? {sep_token} Which countries have school systems somewhat similar to Northern England? {sep_token}
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generate questions: There is some controversy about comprehensive schools. As a rule of thumb those supporting The Left Party, the Social Democratic Party of Germany and Alliance '90/The Greens are in favour of comprehensive schools, while those supporting the Christian Democratic Union and the Free Democratic Party are opposed to them.
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What isn't some controversy about? {sep_token} What aren't generally in favor of comprehensive schools? {sep_token} What are generally in favor of uncomprehensive schools? {sep_token} What are generally in favor of comprehensive schools? {sep_token} What are generally in favor of comprehensive hospitals? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest.
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What is the French term for the Republic of the Congo? {sep_token} Which country lies on Congo's northeast border? {sep_token} Whic country lies on Congo's western border? {sep_token} Which country lies on Congo's northwest border? {sep_token} In what part of Africa is the Congo located? {sep_token} What is the Angolan name for The Republic of the Congo? {sep_token} What country borders the west of Gabon? {sep_token} What borders northwest Cameroon? {sep_token} What is the French name for Gabon? {sep_token} What is the Central African Republic also known as? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist–Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years.
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What language was spoken in the area that became the Congo? {sep_token} When did the Congo gain its independence from colonial rule? {sep_token} Who is the ruler of the Congo? {sep_token} What title does Nguesso hold? {sep_token} What language dominated Equatorial Africa? {sep_token} When did the Congo lose its independence from colonial rule? {sep_token} What year was President Denis Sassou Nguesso ousted? {sep_token} What conflict removed President Denis Sassou Nguesso from power? {sep_token} How many years did President Denis Sassou Nguesso rule the democratically elected government? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made Republic of Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues.
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What is the Congo's rank among other oil generating nations in the Gulf of Guinea? {sep_token} What income is subject to uneven distribution in the Congo? {sep_token} What factors led to the Republic of Congo being the third largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea? {sep_token} What is the Congo's rank among all the oil generating nations of the world? {sep_token} What income is evenly distributed in the Congo? {sep_token} What economic status did oil revenue fail to provide for the Congo? {sep_token} What kind of services in the Congo are in good shape? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region, the Pygmy people, about 1500 BC. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms—notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke—built trade links leading into the Congo River basin.
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What group of people were living in the area that would become the Congo prior to the arrival of Bantu tribes? {sep_token} When did Bantu tribes arrive in the area formerly populated by the Pygmy people? {sep_token} The Bakongo were a group derived from which tribes? {sep_token} What language did the Pygmy people speak? {sep_token} When did the Pygmy people displace the Bantu? {sep_token} What did the Pygmy people form a basis for? {sep_token} What Bantu kingdom never traded with the Congo River basin? {sep_token} What Pygmy kingdom built trade links with the Congo River basin? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484. Commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands. After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region.
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Whose expedition arrived at the mouth of the Congo River in 1484? {sep_token} What was Diogo Cao's nationality? {sep_token} What did European traders exchange with Bantu people? {sep_token} When did formal colonization of the Congo River delta begin? {sep_token} Colonization reduced the power of what groups in the Congo River basin? {sep_token} What Bantu explorer reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484? {sep_token} What is an example of something that was not traded between the Bantu and European merchants? {sep_token} What was responsible for the power of Bantu societies growing in the late 19th century? {sep_token} What area did the Bantu colonize in the late 19th century? {sep_token} Colonization increased the power of what group in the Congo River basin? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The area north of the Congo River came under French sovereignty in 1880 as a result of Pierre de Brazza's treaty with Makoko of the Bateke. This Congo Colony became known first as French Congo, then as Middle Congo in 1903. In 1908, France organized French Equatorial Africa (AEF), comprising Middle Congo, Gabon, Chad, and Oubangui-Chari (the modern Central African Republic). The French designated Brazzaville as the federal capital. Economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in Congo centered on natural-resource extraction. The methods were often brutal: construction of the Congo–Ocean Railroad following World War I has been estimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives.
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When did the French take control of the region to the north of the Congo River? {sep_token} Who brokered a traty with the Makoko people? {sep_token} What was the French Congo's name changed to in 1903? {sep_token} What group of French colonies was created in 1908? {sep_token} How many people are estimated to have died as a result of the creation of the Congo-Ocean Railroad? {sep_token} When did the area south of the Congo River come under French sovereignty? {sep_token} When did Middle Congo become known as French Congo? {sep_token} What did the Bateke designate as the federal capital? {sep_token} What did economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule ignore? {sep_token} How many lives were lost building the Congo-Ocean Railroad before World War I? {sep_token}
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generate questions: During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of Free France between 1940 and 1943. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic.
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What served as the capital of France in spirit during the Occupation? {sep_token} What meeting brought about changes in France's policy towards its colonies? {sep_token} When did Brazzaville get its own local government? {sep_token} What did the 1946 constitution establish Brazzaville as? {sep_token} What served as the symbolic capital of France during World War I? {sep_token} When was Brazzaville established as the Third Republic? {sep_token} What was the symbolic capital of the Nazis from 1940 to 1943? {sep_token} What stopped Congo from benefiting from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending? {sep_token} What kind of legislature did Brazzaville receive prior to 1946? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Following the revision of the French constitution that established the Fifth Republic in 1958, the AEF dissolved into its constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the French Community. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958 and published its first constitution in 1959. Antagonism between the pro-Opangault Mbochis and the pro-Youlou Balalis resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which the French Army subdued.
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When was the Fifth Republic founded? {sep_token} What was disbanded in 1958? {sep_token} In 1958, what did the Middle Congo change its name to? {sep_token} When did the Congo establish its first constitution? {sep_token} When was the Second Republic established? {sep_token} What established the Third Republic? {sep_token} When did the Republic of the Congo become known as Middle Congo? {sep_token} Where did the Mbochis subdue a riot? {sep_token} Who subdued a series of riots in 1959? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The Republic of the Congo received full independence from France on August 15, 1960. Fulbert Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him. The Congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-Débat.
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On what date was the Congo made fully independent from colonial rule? {sep_token} Who was the first leader of the independent Congo? {sep_token} Who replaced Youlou? {sep_token} Who were responsible for the revolts that ended with Youlou's removal? {sep_token} Who took control of the company during the transition from Youlou to Debat? {sep_token} When did the Congo lose independence from colonial rule? {sep_token} What ousted Alphonse Massamba-Débat from power? {sep_token} Who installed Fulbert Youlou as head of the civilian provisional government? {sep_token} What took charge of the country for a long time? {sep_token} When did France receive independence from the Republic of Congo? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Under the 1963 constitution, Massamba-Débat was elected President for a five-year term. During Massamba-Débat's term in office the regime adopted "scientific socialism" as the country's constitutional ideology. In 1965, Congo established relations with the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, North Korea and North Vietnam. Massamba-Débat's regime also invited several hundred Cuban army troops into the country to train his party's militia units and these troops helped his government survive a coup in 1966 led by paratroopers loyal to future President Marien Ngouabi. Nevertheless, Massamba-Débat was unable to reconcile various institutional, tribal and ideological factions within the country and his regime ended abruptly with a bloodless coup d'état in September 1968.
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Who became president of the Congo in 1963? {sep_token} What was a term that could describe the political philosophy of the Congo under Massamba-Debat? {sep_token} Soldiers from which country were brought to the Congo? {sep_token} When did Massamba-Debat lose power in the Congo? {sep_token} What was the country's ideology before Massamba-Débat's term in office? {sep_token} When did the Soviet Union establish relations with North Korea? {sep_token} Who was elected president for a 10 year term? {sep_token} How many Chinese troops were invited into the Congo? {sep_token} When was there a coup led by paratroopers loyal to Massamba-Débat? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Marien Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on December 31, 1968. One year later, President Ngouabi proclaimed Congo Africa's first "people's republic", the People's Republic of the Congo, and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the Congolese Labour Party (PCT). Ngouabi survived an attempted coup in 1972 but was assassinated on March 16, 1977. An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was then named to head an interim government with Joachim Yhombi-Opango to serve as President of the Republic. Two years later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the new president.
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Who became president of the Congo in 1968? {sep_token} What did the Congo's name become under Ngouabi? {sep_token} What did the National Revolutionary Movement's name become? {sep_token} In what year was a coup attempted against Ngouabi? {sep_token} On what date was Ngouabi assassinated? {sep_token} Who left the presidency on December 31, 1968? {sep_token} Who became president after Denis Sassou Nguesso? {sep_token} What did the Congo's name change to under Denis Sassou Nguesso? {sep_token} When did Denis Sassou Nguesso survive a coup? {sep_token} When was Joachim Yhombi-Opango assassinated? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship.
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Which group of nations did Nguesso side the Congo with? {sep_token} Which Eastern Bloc nation did Nguesso sign a pact with? {sep_token} What is a word that can be used to describe Sassou's type of government? {sep_token} What was an important tool of the Sassou government? {sep_token} Who aligned the country with the Western Bloc? {sep_token} Who relied more on patronage to maintain his dictatorship? {sep_token} What was the least important tool of the Sassou government? {sep_token} What did Sassou sign a ten year friendship pact with? {sep_token} How long was the friendship pact Sassou signed with the Eastern Bloc? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Pascal Lissouba, who became Congo's first elected president (1992–1997) during the period of multi-party democracy, attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalise the economy. In June 1996 the IMF approved a three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on the verge of announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in mid-1997.
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Who was elected president of the Congo in 1992? {sep_token} Who supported the measures of liberalisation Lissouba tried to employ to reform the economy? {sep_token} What interrupted the renewal of the IMF agreement with the Congo? {sep_token} What does ESAF stand for? {sep_token} Who was Congo's last elected president? {sep_token} What year did the IMF turn down a three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility? {sep_token} When did civil war end in Congo? {sep_token} Who was president during the period of single party democracy? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997 when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight for power in the civil war. As presidential elections scheduled for July 1997 approached, tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou camps mounted. On June 5, President Lissouba's government forces surrounded Sassou's compound in Brazzaville and Sassou ordered members of his private militia (known as "Cobras") to resist. Thus began a four-month conflict that destroyed or damaged much of Brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths. In early October, the Angolan socialist régime began an invasion of Congo to install Sassou in power. In mid-October, the Lissouba government fell. Soon thereafter, Sassou declared himself president.
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Which two figures clashed over leadership of the Congo in 1997? {sep_token} What is the name of Sassou's personal army? {sep_token} What nationality were the forces that invaded the Congo to assist Sassou in taking control of the country? {sep_token} In what month did Sassou regain the presidency? {sep_token} When did Congo's democratic progress get back on track? {sep_token} When did the tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou camps start to dissipate? {sep_token} When did government forces surround Lissouba's compound? {sep_token} Where was Lissouba's compound located? {sep_token} What were members of Lissouba's militia called? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In the controversial elections in 2002, Sassou won with almost 90% of the vote cast. His two main rivals, Lissouba and Bernard Kolelas, were prevented from competing and the only remaining credible rival, Andre Milongo, advised his supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race. A new constitution, agreed upon by referendum in January 2002, granted the president new powers, extended his term to seven years, and introduced a new bicameral assembly. International observers took issue with the organization of the presidential election and the constitutional referendum, both of which were reminiscent in their organization of Congo's era of the one-party state. Following the presidential elections, fighting restarted in the Pool region between government forces and rebels led by Pastor Ntumi; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in April 2003.
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Which politican left the presidential race after supporting a boycott by voters? {sep_token} How long did the presidential term become under the new constitution? {sep_token} When was the new constitution ratified? {sep_token} When was an end brought to the fighting between the government and Ntumi's rebels? {sep_token} Who won more than 90% of the vote? {sep_token} When did Bernard Kolelas win the election? {sep_token} What did Lissouba advise his supporters to do? {sep_token} What did international observers see no problem with? {sep_token} What reduced the president's term to seven years? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Sassou also won the following presidential election in July 2009. According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by "very low" turnout and "fraud and irregularities".
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Who won the presidential election in 2009? {sep_token} Which group provided oversight for the electoral process in 2009? {sep_token} What kind of turnout did the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights experience in the 2009 elections? {sep_token} What election did Sassou lose? {sep_token} What year did Sassou lose re-election? {sep_token} Who said the election was marked by very high turnout? {sep_token} What governmental organization commented on the election? {sep_token} What month did Sassou lose an election in? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Congo-Brazzaville has had a multi-party political system since the early 1990s, although the system is heavily dominated by President Denis Sassou Nguesso; he has lacked serious competition in the presidential elections held under his rule. Sassou Nguesso is backed by his own Congolese Labour Party (French: Parti Congolais du Travail) as well as a range of smaller parties.
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What kind of political system has existed in Congo-Brazzaville since the '90s? {sep_token} Which party does Sassou belong to? {sep_token} What is the French term for Sassou's political party? {sep_token} Since when has Congo-Brazzaville has a single party political system? {sep_token} Who has serious competition in the presidential elections? {sep_token} What is the Congolese Labour Party called in German? {sep_token} What party does not back Sassou? {sep_token} What is not dominated by Sassou? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Internationally, Sassou's regime has been hit by corruption revelations despite attempts to censor them. One French investigation found over 110 bank accounts and dozens of lavish properties in France; Sassou denounced embezzlement investigations as "racist" and "colonial".
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What has Sassou's regime attempted to censor? {sep_token} What country found bank accounts and real estate owned by the Sassou regime? {sep_token} What did Sassou's regime not attempt to censor? {sep_token} What has Sassou's regime been hit by nationally? {sep_token} What did one German investigation find? {sep_token} What did France denounce embezzlement investigations as? {sep_token} What country were no lavish properties found in? {sep_token}
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generate questions: On March 27, 2015 Sassou Nguesso announced that his government would hold a referendum to change the country's 2002 constitution and allow him to run for a third consecutive term in office. On October 25 the government held a referendum to allow Sassou Nguesso to run in the next election. The government claimed that the proposal as approved by 92 percent of voters with 72 percent of eligible voters participating. The opposition, who had boycotted the referendum claimed that the government's statistics were false and that the vote was a sham.
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When did Sassou reveal that there would be a vote to alter the 2002 constitution? {sep_token} Which term did the new constitution allow Sassou to pursue? {sep_token} When did Sassou announce that his government would not change the 2002 constitution? {sep_token} What changed the 2015 constitution? {sep_token} What percentage of people did the government claim opposed the proposal? {sep_token} What percentage of people did the government claim did not vote? {sep_token} What allowed Sassou to run for a second term? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In 2008, the main media were owned by the government, but many more privately run forms of media were being created. There is one government-owned television station and around 10 small private television channels.
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Who controlled the media in the Congo in 2008 {sep_token} How many government TV stations exist? {sep_token} How many smaller stations exist that are not government-run? {sep_token} When was the main media not owned by the government? {sep_token} When were many privately run forms of media being destroyed? {sep_token} How many large private television channels were there? {sep_token} How many government owned radio stations were there? {sep_token} How many privately owned radio stations were running? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Many Pygmies belong from birth to Bantus in a relationship many refer to as slavery. The Congolese Human Rights Observatory says that the Pygmies are treated as property the same way "pets" are. On December 30, 2010, the Congolese parliament adopted a law for the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples. This law is the first of its kind in Africa, and its adoption is a historic development for indigenous peoples on the continent.
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Who is considered to own members of the Pygmies? {sep_token} The treatment of Pygmies has been compared to the treatment of what? {sep_token} When did the government of the Congo pass a law to assist indigenous people? {sep_token} Who do many Bantus belong to? {sep_token} When did the Congolese parliament strike down a law to protect indigenous people? {sep_token} What is the last of its kind in Africa? {sep_token} What does the Congolese Human Rights Observatory say Bantus are treated as? {sep_token} What does no one refer to as slavery? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Congo is located in the central-western part of sub-Saharan Africa, along the Equator, lying between latitudes 4°N and 5°S, and longitudes 11° and 19°E. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is also bounded by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest. It has a short coast on the Atlantic Ocean.
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Between which two lines of latitude is the Congo located? {sep_token} Between which two lines of longitude is the Congo located? {sep_token} What ocean connects to the Congo? {sep_token} Which country lies southwest of the Congo? {sep_token} What is another name for Cabinda? {sep_token} What is located in the northern part of sub-Saharan Africa? {sep_token} What is outside of latitudes 4°N and 5°S? {sep_token} What is to the west of Gabon? {sep_token} What is to the north of Cameroon? {sep_token} What has a long coast on the Atlantic Ocean? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The capital, Brazzaville, is located on the Congo River, in the south of the country, immediately across from Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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What is the capital of the Congo? {sep_token} On what river can Brazzaville be found? {sep_token} What lies directly across the Congo River from Brazzaville? {sep_token} What country does Kinshasa serve as capital of? {sep_token} Where is Kinshasa located? {sep_token} What is located in the north of the Congo? {sep_token} What is located in the south of the Republic of the Congo? {sep_token} What city is not located on the Congo River? {sep_token} What city is located far away from Brazzaville? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the Kouilou-Niari River; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north. Forests are under increasing exploitation pressure.
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What kind of terrain is found in the southwest part of the Congo? {sep_token} Which river serves as drainage for the southwest plain of the Congo? {sep_token} The middle of the country features what kind of geography? {sep_token} What areas are facing pressure to be used for commercial gain? {sep_token} What is not under increasing exploitation pressure? {sep_token} What river is the source of drainage for the interior of the country? {sep_token} What kind of geography does the northeast of the country have? {sep_token} How many basins are located outside of the country? {sep_token} What do forests in the Congo not have to face? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Since the country is located on the Equator, the climate is consistent year-round, with the average day temperature being a humid 24 °C (75 °F) and nights generally between 16 °C (61 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F). The average yearly rainfall ranges from 1,100 millimetres (43 in) in south in the Niari Valley to over 2,000 millimetres (79 in) in central parts of the country. The dry season is from June to August while in the majority of the country the wet season has two rainfall maxima: one in March–May and another in September–November.
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On what major line of latitude is the Congo located? {sep_token} What is the average temperature in the Congo when the sun is up? {sep_token} What is the average temperature range in the Congo during the night time? {sep_token} When does the Congo experience dry season? {sep_token} Why does the country's climate vary year-round? {sep_token} What is the temperature on an unusual day? {sep_token} What is the yearly rainfall in the north of the country? {sep_token} How many rainfall maxima does the minority of the country have? {sep_token} What is not located on the Equator? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In 2006–07, researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society studied gorillas in heavily forested regions centered on the Ouesso district of the Sangha Region. They suggest a population on the order of 125,000 Western Lowland Gorillas, whose isolation from humans has been largely preserved by inhospitable swamps.
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Which group studied gorillas in 2006-07? {sep_token} What region is home to the gorillas studied by the Wildlife Conservation Society? {sep_token} What was responsible for maintaining the separation between the gorillas and humans? {sep_token} When did researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society study chimps? {sep_token} Where did researchers study chimps in heavily forested regions? {sep_token} How many chimpanzees live in the area? {sep_token} What has kept the chimps isolated from humans? {sep_token} In what kind of regions did researchers not find any gorillas? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, an industrial sector based largely on petroleum, support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. Petroleum extraction has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy. In 2008, oil sector accounted for 65% of the GDP, 85% of government revenue, and 92% of exports. The country also has large untapped mineral wealth.
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What is the focus of the Congo's industrial production? {sep_token} What are two issues in the Congolese government? {sep_token} What did petroleum production replace as the focus of the economy? {sep_token} What percentage of the Congo's gross domestic product did petroleum account for in 2008? {sep_token} What percentage of exported goods did oil account for in 2008? {sep_token} What is not a part of Congo's economy? {sep_token} What is the smallest part of the industrial sector? {sep_token} What is characterized by under staffing? {sep_token} What percent of the GDP did forestry account for in 2008? {sep_token} What percent of exports in 2008 were handicrafts? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In the early 1980s, rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5% annually, one of the highest rates in Africa. The government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its petroleum earnings, contributing to a shortage of revenues. January 12, 1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50% resulted in inflation of 46% in 1994, but inflation has subsided since.
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What did income from petroleum allow the government to fund in the early '80s? {sep_token} What was the Congo's annual increase in gross domestic product in the early '80s? {sep_token} By how much were Franc Zone currencies devalued in January of 1994? {sep_token} How much inflation did the Congo experience as a result of the devaluation of the Franc? {sep_token} When did oil revenues rapidly decline? {sep_token} What enabled the government to finance small development projects? {sep_token} What was financed by rising forestry revenues? {sep_token} What contributed to an excess of revenues? {sep_token} What year was inflation at its lowest point? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations, notably the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The reform program came to a halt in June 1997 when civil war erupted. When Sassou Nguesso returned to power at the end of the war in October 1997, he publicly expressed interest in moving forward on economic reforms and privatization and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions. However, economic progress was badly hurt by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in December 1998, which worsened the republic's budget deficit.
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What caused reform efforts to cease in 1997? {sep_token} What are two reasons why the economy was not able to progress following the civil war? {sep_token} When did military conflict resume in the Congo? {sep_token} What organization never supported economic reform efforts? {sep_token} When did the reform program start? {sep_token} When did Sassou leave power? {sep_token} What was helped by slumping oil prices? {sep_token} Who did not express interest in economic reforms? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The current administration presides over an uneasy internal peace and faces difficult economic problems of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty, despite record-high oil prices since 2003. Natural gas and diamonds are also recent major Congolese exports, although Congo was excluded from the Kimberley Process in 2004 amid allegations that most of its diamond exports were in fact being smuggled out of the neighboring Democratic Republic of Congo; it was re-admitted to the group in 2007.
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What are two economic issues faced by the Congolese government? {sep_token} What two exports has the Congo begun producing recently? {sep_token} When was the Congo allowed back into the Kimberley Process? {sep_token} Who presides over a stable peace? {sep_token} When were oil prices at a record low? {sep_token} What country allegedly smuggled diamonds out of the Congo? {sep_token} What is not a Congolese export? {sep_token} When was the Democratic Republic of Congo excluded from the Kimberly process? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The Republic of the Congo also has large untapped base metal, gold, iron and phosphate deposits. The country is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). The Congolese government signed an agreement in 2009 to lease 200,000 hectares of land to South African farmers to reduce its dependence on imports.
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What precious metals and minerals have yet to be utilized in the Republic of the Congo? {sep_token} What business organization is the Congo a member of? {sep_token} How much land did the Congolese government agree to lease to South Africans in 2009? {sep_token} What country doesn't have many metal deposits? {sep_token} When did the South African government sign an agreement to lease land to Congolese farmers? {sep_token} What country did the South African government lease land to? {sep_token} How much land did South Africa lease to the Congo? {sep_token} Why did South Africa lease land to the Democratic Republic of Congo? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Transport in the Republic of the Congo includes land, air and water transportation. The country's rail system was built by forced laborers during the 1930s and largely remains in operation. There are also over 1000 km of paved roads and two major international airports (Maya-Maya Airport and Pointe Noire Airport) which have flights to Paris and many African cities. The country also has a large port on the Atlantic Ocean at Pointe-Noire and others along the Congo River at Brazzaville and Impfondo.
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What forms of transport are available in the Congo? {sep_token} When was the Congo's train system built? {sep_token} What is a common destination outside of Africa for Congolese airlines? {sep_token} On what ocean is a major port located? {sep_token} What method of transport is not available in the Republic of the Congo? {sep_token} When did the country's rail system get taken out of operation? {sep_token} How many kilometers of unpaved roads are in the Congo? {sep_token} How many domestic airports are located in the Republic of the Congo? {sep_token} Which ocean does the Congo have no ports on? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The Republic of the Congo's sparse population is concentrated in the southwestern portion of the country, leaving the vast areas of tropical jungle in the north virtually uninhabited. Thus, Congo is one of the most urbanized countries in Africa, with 70% of its total population living in a few urban areas, namely in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire or one of the small cities or villages lining the 534-kilometre (332 mi) railway which connects the two cities. In rural areas, industrial and commercial activity has declined rapidly in recent years, leaving rural economies dependent on the government for support and subsistence.
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In what part of the country can most of the Congo's citizens be found? {sep_token} How long is the track connecting Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire? {sep_token} What percent of the population of the Congo lives outside urban areas? {sep_token} What is one of the small cities in the Congo? {sep_token} How long is the road that connects the largest cities? {sep_token} Where has commercial activity increased rapidly? {sep_token} What are urban economies dependent on the government for? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Ethnically and linguistically the population of the Republic of the Congo is diverse—Ethnologue recognises 62 spoken languages in the country—but can be grouped into three categories. The Kongo are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population. The most significant subgroups of the Kongo are Laari in Brazzaville and Pool regions and Vili around Pointe-Noire and along the Atlantic coast. The second largest group are the Teke who live to the north of Brazzaville with 17% of the population. Boulangui (M’Boshi) live in the northwest and in Brazzaville and form 12% of the population. Pygmies make up 2% of Congo's population.
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How many languages are used in the Congo? {sep_token} What is the most populous ethnicity in the Congo? {sep_token} How much of the population is constituted by Pygmies? {sep_token} What percentage of the population of the Congo is Boulangui? {sep_token} What country has a narrow range of languages? {sep_token} How many languages are spoken outside of the Congo? {sep_token} What amount of the Kongo are Laari? {sep_token} What group lives on the Pacific coast? {sep_token} How many groups can the Teke be categorized into? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were French; only a fraction of this number remains. Around 300 American expatriates reside in the Congo.
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Prior to the civil war in '97, how many non-Africans lived in the Republic of the Congo? {sep_token} What was the dominant nationality among Europeans living in the Congo prior to the civil war? {sep_token} How many Americans live in the Congo? {sep_token} How many Americans lived in the Congo before 1997? {sep_token} How many French expatriates reside in the Congo? {sep_token} How many Congolese expatriates live in America? {sep_token} Where did 9000 Europeans and other non-Africans live after the 1997 war? {sep_token}
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generate questions: According to CIA World Factbook, the people of Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of Catholics (33.1%), Awakening Lutherans (22.3%) and other Protestants (19.9%). Followers of Islam make up 1.6%, and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers.
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What is the most commonly practiced religion in the Congo? {sep_token} What percentage of Congolese citizens identify as Awakening Lutherans? {sep_token} What portion of the Congolese population is Protestant? {sep_token} What is the percentage of Muslims living in the Congo? {sep_token} Who form the majority of Islamic residents of the Congo? {sep_token} What religion is notable due to an influx of foreign workers in the rural areas? {sep_token} What percentage of Congolese are atheist? {sep_token} What is the most popular religion in South Africa, according to the CIA World Factbook? {sep_token} What religion is not found in the Congo? {sep_token} What is the percentage of Protestants in South Africa? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Public expenditure health was at 8.9% of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure was at 1.3%. As of 2012, the HIV/AIDS prevalence was at 2.8% among 15- to 49-year-olds. Health expenditure was at US$30 per capita in 2004. A large proportion of the population is undernourished, with malnutrition being a problem in Congo-Brazzaville. There were 20 physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s (decade).
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How much of the gross domestic product was spent on public health in 2004? {sep_token} What was the overall incidence of HIV or AIDS throughout the 15 to 49 year old population? {sep_token} How much was spent per capita on health in 2004 as measured in US dollars? {sep_token} For every 100,000 people, how many phyisicians were there in the Congo in the early '00s? {sep_token} What percentage of the GDP was public expenditure health after 2004? {sep_token} What was the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in people over 49? {sep_token} How much was spent on health per capita after 2004? {sep_token} What is happening to only a small portion of the population? {sep_token} How many physicians per 100,000 people were there in the late 2000s? {sep_token}
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generate questions: As of 2010, the maternal mortality rate was 560 deaths/100,000 live births, and the infant mortality rate was 59.34 deaths/1,000 live births. Female genital mutilation (FGM) is rare in the country, being confined to limited geographic areas of the country.
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As measured in 2010, how many deaths occurred for every 100,000 live births in the Congo? {sep_token} What does FGM stand for? {sep_token} How many infants die for every 1,000 live births? {sep_token} What was the maternal mortality rate of the Congo in the year 2000? {sep_token} What was the infant mortality rate of the Congo in 1990? {sep_token} What procedure is common in the country? {sep_token} Where is female genital mutilation not found in the Congo? {sep_token} What is the infant mortality rate in South Africa? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Public expenditure of the GDP was less in 2002–05 than in 1991. Public education is theoretically free and mandatory for under-16-year-olds, but in practice, expenses exist. Net primary enrollment rate was 44% in 2005, much less than the 79% in 1991. The country has universities. Education between ages six and sixteen is compulsory. Pupils who complete six years of primary school and seven years of secondary school obtain a baccalaureate. At the university, students can obtain a bachelor's degree in three years and a master's after four. Marien Ngouabi University—which offers courses in medicine, law and several other fields—is the country's only public university. Instruction at all levels is in French, and the educational system as a whole models the French system. The educational infrastructure has been seriously degraded as a result of political and economic crises. There are no seats in most classrooms, forcing children to sit on the floor. Enterprising individuals have set up private schools, but they often lack the technical knowledge and familiarity with the national curriculum to teach effectively. Families frequently enroll their children in private schools only to find they cannot make the payments.
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Public schooling is required for people under what age? {sep_token} What was the school enrollment rate in 2005? {sep_token} What do students who finish 13 years of schooling receive? {sep_token} What language is used in Congolese schools? {sep_token} What was higher in 2002 than in 1991? {sep_token} What is theoretically free for people over 16? {sep_token} When is education not compulsory? {sep_token} What is the country's only private university? {sep_token} What courses are not offered at Marien Ngouabi University? {sep_token}
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generate questions: A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet. In a minority of systems, notably in semi-presidential systems of government, a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state.
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What branch of government does the prime minister lead? {sep_token} What group is the prime minister usually in charge of? {sep_token} In some political models like semi-presidential systems, what does the prime minister manage? {sep_token} Who is the senior minister of the judicial branch? {sep_token} What group oversees the Prime Minister? {sep_token} Who selects the Prime Minister? {sep_token} In what type of system is the prime minister the head of state? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (i.e. the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a largely ceremonial position, although often with reserve powers.
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What is a parliamentary model on which other systems have been based? {sep_token} What kind of role is the head of state in Westminster-based parliamentary governments? {sep_token} In wich parlimentry system is the monarch the head of state? {sep_token} In what system does the prime minister have reserve powers? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of parliament[clarification needed] and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive powers (known as the royal prerogative) that are constitutionally vested in the crown and may be exercised without the approval of parliament.
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What is a central duty of the prime minister? {sep_token} What is it called when a monarch has a share of executive powers? {sep_token} Using royal prerogative does not require the consent of which body? {sep_token} Who has no reponsibility for passing bills with the rest of the cabinet? {sep_token} What is it called when the monarch has all the executive powers? {sep_token} Who must consent to the use of royal perogative? {sep_token}
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generate questions: As well as being head of government, a prime minister may have other roles or titles—the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, for example, is also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service. Prime ministers may take other ministerial posts—for example, during the Second World War, Winston Churchill was also Minister of Defence (although there was then no Ministry of Defence), and in the current cabinet of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu also serves as Minister of Communications, Foreign Affairs, Regional Cooperation, Economy and Interior
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What are two other job titles of the Prime Minister of the UK? {sep_token} In addition to being Prime Minister, what other role did Winston Churchill serve during World War II? {sep_token} What are former titles once held by the Prime Minister of the UK? {sep_token} What role did Winton Churchhill serve in during World War II rather than Prime Minister? {sep_token} What roles did Benjamin Netanyahu serve in prior to serving on the cabinet of Israel? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The first actual usage of the term prime minister or Premier Ministre[citation needed] was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France. Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers.
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When was the title of prime minister first used? {sep_token} Who coined the term prime minister? {sep_token} What country did Richelieu serve as prime minister for? {sep_token} Who started a tradition of naming the head ministers something other than prime minister? {sep_token} What term was first used in the 16th century? {sep_token} Who used the term Prme Minister in the 16th century? {sep_token} Who was named head of the royal council in the 16th century {sep_token} Who avoided giving the title of Prime Minister to their chief ministers? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century.
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When did the modern usage of prime minister come into being? {sep_token} Who was referenced as prime minister in a negative manner when the term was first used in its modern sense? {sep_token} What came into use in the 1800's? {sep_token} Who was the first person to be called Prime Minister? {sep_token} What title is no longer honorific? {sep_token} What term was used negatively in the 1800's? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII; William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne. These ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as "the minister", the "chief minister", the "first minister" and finally the "prime minister".
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Who occupied the role that would later become prime minister under Henry VIII? {sep_token} Who held the equivalent of the post of prime minister under Queen Anne? {sep_token} Who served as the head minister under Charles II? {sep_token} Who did the monarchs of England and the United Kingdom not trust? {sep_token} What position did Thomas Cromwell hold under Queen Anne? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the necessary skills of holding high office, they did not depend on a parliamentary majority for their power. Although there was a cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the monarch, and the monarch usually presided over its meetings.
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From whom did ministers derive their power? {sep_token} Who was responsible for naming people to serve in the cabinet? {sep_token} What majority was the prime minister dependent on? {sep_token} What body did the monarch have no control over? {sep_token} What body had life long membership? {sep_token}
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generate questions: When the monarch grew tired of a first minister, he or she could be dismissed, or worse: Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful. Late in Anne's reign, for example, the Tory ministers Harley and St John shared power.
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Who are the two ministers used by Queen Anne simultaneously? {sep_token} Who was exiled when he lost the favor of the monarch? {sep_token} What two ministers fought for power uner Anne? {sep_token} Who exiled the monarch? {sep_token} Who did the monarch refuse to have executed? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In the mid 17th century, after the English Civil War (1642–1651), Parliament strengthened its position relative to the monarch then gained more power through the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights in 1689. The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the House of Commons became a part of the government. It is at this point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge.
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What 1688 event helped the parliament solidy its power against the monarch? {sep_token} What 1689 law contributed to parliament's growing power? {sep_token} What body was incorporated into the government as a result of the Bill of Rights? {sep_token} What war took place in the 1700's? {sep_token} What war strenthened the monarchs position? {sep_token} What Revolution took place in the 17th century? {sep_token} What bill was passed in the 17th century? {sep_token} What bill gave the monarch the power to establish law and impose taxes? {sep_token}
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generate questions: A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the accession of George I to the throne. George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government. In these circumstances it was inevitable that the king's first minister would become the de facto head of the government.
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The reign of which king was a turning point in the growth of the position of prime minister? {sep_token} In what year did Queen Anne die? {sep_token} Where was George I's home? {sep_token} When did George I die? {sep_token} What language did George speak? {sep_token} Who did George appoint head of the government? {sep_token}
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generate questions: From 1721 this was the Whig politician Robert Walpole, who held office for twenty-one years. Walpole chaired cabinet meetings, appointed all the other ministers, dispensed the royal patronage and packed the House of Commons with his supporters. Under Walpole, the doctrine of cabinet solidarity developed. Walpole required that no minister other than himself have private dealings with the king, and also that when the cabinet had agreed on a policy, all ministers must defend it in public, or resign. As a later prime minister, Lord Melbourne, said, "It matters not what we say, gentlemen, so long as we all say the same thing."
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For how long did Robert Walpole serve as prime minister? {sep_token} What party did Walpole belong to? {sep_token} What concept took shape during Walpole's tenure as prime minister? {sep_token} What would a minister have to do if he did not publicly support a cabinet policy? {sep_token} Who is another prime minister who reiterated the principles of cabinet solidarity? {sep_token} Who was the prime minister in the 17th century? {sep_token} Who waited 21 years to become Prime minister? {sep_token} Who's opponents packed the House of Commons? {sep_token} Who did the monarch declare could see him in private? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Walpole always denied that he was "prime minister", and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the Constitution. George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch, but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary. The long tenure of the wartime prime minister William Pitt the Younger (1783–1801), combined with the mental illness of George III, consolidated the power of the post. The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905.
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Aside from Walpole, who else denied that there was no such thing as the prime minister? {sep_token} Which kings tried to get power back to the monarchy? {sep_token} During whose government did prime minister first see use on official state documents? {sep_token} When was the position of prime minister finally formalized? {sep_token} Who tried to prove the exitence of the Prime Minister? {sep_token} What monarch gave more power to the prime minister? {sep_token} Who was loyal to the Commons? {sep_token} What prime minster was mentally ill? {sep_token}
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