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generate questions: By the late 20th century, the majority of the world's countries had a prime minister or equivalent minister, holding office under either a constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president. The main exceptions to this system have been the United States and the presidential republics in Latin America modelled on the U.S. system, in which the president directly exercises executive authority.
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In the U.S. and governments modeled on it, who holds executive power? {sep_token} What did most countries have by the late 2000's? {sep_token} Where in the Amaricas has the British system been adopted? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Bahrain's prime minister, Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1970, making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister.
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Which non-elected official has held the longest term as prime minister? {sep_token} When did Khalifa first take the post of prime minister? {sep_token} What country does Khalifah serve for as prime minister? {sep_token} who is the longest serving elected prime minister? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies (such as Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Malaysia, Morocco, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom), and in parliamentary republics in which the head of state is an elected official (such as Finland ,the Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Pakistan, Portugal, Montenegro, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Turkey). See also "First Minister", "Premier", "Chief Minister", "Chancellor", "Taoiseach", "Statsminister" and "Secretary of State": alternative titles usually equivalent in meaning to, or translated as, "prime minister".
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Greece, Finland, Romania and Turkey use what kind of government? {sep_token} In whic type of government is the leader elected? {sep_token} What other country besides Greece is a constitutional monarch? {sep_token} Who is elected in a constitutional monarch? {sep_token}
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generate questions: This contrasts with the presidential system, in which the president (or equivalent) is both the head of state and the head of the government. In some presidential or semi-presidential systems, such as those of France, Russia or South Korea, the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the president but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the president and managing the civil service. The head of government of the People's Republic of China is referred to as the Premier of the State Council and the premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is also appointed by the president, but requires no approval by the legislature.
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What is the term for the head of China's government? {sep_token} What is another name for the Republic of China? {sep_token} Whose consent is not required for the Taiwanese premier to take office? {sep_token} Who is both head of state and the head of government in France? {sep_token} Who is appointed by the president and approved by the legislature in Taiwan? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Appointment of the prime minister of France requires no approval by the parliament either, but the parliament may force the resignation of the government. In these systems, it is possible for the president and the prime minister to be from different political parties if the legislature is controlled by a party different from that of the president. When it arises, such a state of affairs is usually referred to as (political) cohabitation.
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What is the term for a situation in which the president and prime minister come from different political parties? {sep_token} What can the French parliament cause in order to oust the prime minister? {sep_token} What french official must be approved by the parliment? {sep_token} what can the prime minister force in order to oust the government in France? {sep_token} What is it called when the president and and legislature are controlled by the same party {sep_token}
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generate questions: Bangladesh's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.
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Which constitution details the role and abilities of the prime minister? {sep_token} What other considerations are included in the constitution of Bangladesh as regards the prime minister? {sep_token} What contry only vaugly outlines the role of prime minister? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The People's Republic of China constitution set a premier just one place below the National People's Congress in China. Premier read as (Simplified Chinese: 总理; pinyin: Zŏnglĭ) in Chinese.
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What is directly above the premier in the People's Republic of China? {sep_token} What is the pinyin form of premier? {sep_token} Who is directly below the premier in the People's Republic of China? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Canada's constitution, being a 'mixed' or hybrid constitution (a constitution that is partly formally codified and partly uncodified) originally did not make any reference whatsoever to a prime minister, with her or his specific duties and method of appointment instead dictated by "convention". In the Constitution Act, 1982, passing reference to a "Prime Minister of Canada" is added, though only regarding the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers.
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Which law first referred to the prime minister in Canada? {sep_token} When was the Constitution Act passed? {sep_token} The Constitution Act mentions the prime minister in the context of which kinds of other ministers? {sep_token} What country has completly uncodified constitution? {sep_token} What document in Canada has allowed for a prime minister since it was drafted? {sep_token} What act was passed in the 18th century? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Czech Republic's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.
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What document details the role and abilities given to the prime minister of the Czech Republic? {sep_token} Who's constitution is not clear on how a prime minster should be removed? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The United Kingdom's constitution, being uncodified and largely unwritten, makes no mention of a prime minister. Though it had de facto existed for centuries, its first mention in official state documents did not occur until the first decade of the twentieth century. Accordingly, it is often said "not to exist", indeed there are several instances of parliament declaring this to be the case. The prime minister sits in the cabinet solely by virtue of occupying another office, either First Lord of the Treasury (office in commission), or more rarely Chancellor of the Exchequer (the last of whom was Balfour in 1905).
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When was prime minister first mentioned in a government document in the UK? {sep_token} Who was the last prime minister to serve simultaneously as Chancellor of the Exchequer? {sep_token} When did Balfour last hold the titles of prime minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer? {sep_token} Who's constitution is well codefied? {sep_token} What office did not exist in any form in the UK until the early twentieth century? {sep_token} Who was the forst prime minister to also be Chancellor of the Exchequer? {sep_token} When did Balfour leave the offeice of Chancellor of the Exchequer to become Prime Minisater? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Most prime ministers in parliamentary systems are not appointed for a specific term in office and in effect may remain in power through a number of elections and parliaments. For example, Margaret Thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on one occasion, in 1979. She remained continuously in power until 1990, though she used the assembly of each House of Commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet.
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Which prime minister was appointed only one time? {sep_token} When was Thatcher appointed prime minister? {sep_token} When did Thatcher last hold power? {sep_token} What did Margaret Thatcher reconfigure following each general election? {sep_token} What leader of the cabinet has a limeted term? {sep_token} What Prime Minister was appointed multiple times? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Some states, however, do have a term of office of the prime minister linked to the period in office of the parliament. Hence the Irish Taoiseach is formally 'renominated' after every general election. (Some constitutional experts have questioned whether this process is actually in keeping with the provisions of the Irish constitution, which appear to suggest that a taoiseach should remain in office, without the requirement of a renomination, unless s/he has clearly lost the general election.) The position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament.
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What is the name of the prime ministerial position in Ireland? {sep_token} From where is the Irish prime minister usually selected? {sep_token} When is the Irish Taoiseach renominated? {sep_token} Who is chosen from the party that hold a minority of seats in the lower hhouse of parliment? {sep_token} Who is the Taoiseach in the UK? {sep_token} When is the Taoiseach reelected? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In parliamentary systems, governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament (though a small minority of parliaments, by giving a right to block supply to upper houses, in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses, though in reality upper houses, even when they have the power, rarely exercise it). Where they lose a vote of confidence, have a motion of no confidence passed against them, or where they lose supply, most constitutional systems require either:
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Most parliamentary governments need to have the support of what governmental body? {sep_token} Which political division does not often utilize its power, if it has any? {sep_token} What kind of referendum can the lower house of parliament take against the government? {sep_token} What needs the support of the upper house of parliment? {sep_token} What does the lower house seldom use? {sep_token} What kind of referendum can the lower house take against the upper house of parliment? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The latter in effect allows the government to appeal the opposition of parliament to the electorate. However, in many jurisdictions a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution, requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government. In most modern parliamentary systems, the prime minister is the person who decides when to request a parliamentary dissolution.
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Who can put a stop the parliamentary attempts at dissovling itself in some areas? {sep_token} If the head of state prevents the dissolution of parliament, what needs to happen? {sep_token} In contemporary parliamentary governments, which official is usually in charge of asking parliament to dissolve? {sep_token} who has the power to disolve parliment? {sep_token} Who can the prime minister damand a resignation from? {sep_token} what kind of dissalution can parliment request? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet. In the United Kingdom, for example, the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918. Prior to then, it was the entire government that made the request. Similarly, though the modern 1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the right to make the request, the earlier 1922 Irish Free State Constitution vested the power in the Executive Council (the then name for the Irish cabinet).
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When was the convention of prime ministers initiating the dissolution of parliament started? {sep_token} In Ireland, when was the power to dissolve parliament assigned to the prime minister? {sep_token} The 1922 Irish Free State Constitution previously gave what body the power to dissolve parliament? {sep_token} What was the Executive Council an alternate name for? {sep_token} Who lost the power to request a dissolution of parliment in 1918? {sep_token} since when has the power to request a dissalution belonged to the whole government? {sep_token} What does the Executive Council have the power to do in Ireland? {sep_token} What could the Taoiseach due prior to 1922 {sep_token}
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generate questions: In Australia, the Prime Minister is expected to step down if s/he loses the majority support of his/her party under a spill motion as have many such as Tony Abbott, Julia Gillard and Kevin Rudd.
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What process signals the need for the prime minister to resign in Australia? {sep_token} What motion requires the head of State to step down in Australia? {sep_token} Who sucefully stopped a spill motion in Australia? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach (which is rendered into English as prime minister), and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning "head of the government". In many cases, though commonly used, "prime minister" is not the official title of the office-holder; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno).
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What is the Russian term for prime minister? {sep_token} What is the Israeli term for prime minister? {sep_token} What is the term used in spain for prime minister? {sep_token} What is the Irish term for prime minister? {sep_token} Who is Chairmen of the government in Ireland? {sep_token} What is another termfor Rosh HaMemshalah in Russia? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Other common forms include president of the council of ministers (for example in Italy, Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), President of the Executive Council, or Minister-President. In the Scandinavian countries the prime minister is called statsminister in the native languages (i.e. minister of state). In federations, the head of government of subnational entities such as provinces is most commonly known as the premier, chief minister, governor or minister-president.
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What is the Italian term for the prime minister? {sep_token} What is the native term for prime minister in Scandinavia? {sep_token} What does the title Satsminister refer to in Italy? {sep_token} Who is nown as the prime minister in federations? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The convention in the English language is to call nearly all national heads of government "prime minister" (sometimes modified to the equivalent term of premier), regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country. The few exceptions to the rule are Germany and Austria, whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as Chancellor; Monaco, whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State; and Vatican City, for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State. In the case of Ireland, the head of government is occasionally referred to as the Taoiseach by English speakers. A stand-out case is the President of Iran, who is not actually a head of state, but the head of the government of Iran. He is referred to as "president" in both the Persian and English languages.
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What is a term that is used to mean prime minister? {sep_token} Which countries use the term chancellor to denote the head of government? {sep_token} What is the head of Monaco's government called? {sep_token} What is the term for the highest position in government in Vatican City? {sep_token} What is the head of Iran's government called? {sep_token} What is the secretary of State in Italy? {sep_token} Who is head of state and government in Iran? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a president. In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position, for example in the Prime Minister of Canada. In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled Right Honourable, however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.
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In what kinds of nations can the head of government attain the title of Excellency? {sep_token} What honorific title can be given to prime ministers in commonwealth nations? {sep_token} What are British prime ministers part of that grants them the title Right Honourable? {sep_token} What is an example of a country where prime ministers can be called Right Honourable solely because of their position? {sep_token} What is the prime minister entitled to in Commonwealth countries? {sep_token} Who is called Honourable in non Commonwealth countries? {sep_token} Who can not be part of the privy council? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In the UK, where devolved government is in place, the leaders of the Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister. In India, The Prime Minister is referred to as "Pradhan Mantri", meaning "prime minister". In Pakistan, the prime minister is referred to as "Wazir-e-Azam", meaning "Grand Vizier".
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What kind of government is in operation in the United Kingdom? {sep_token} What are the heads of government in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland called? {sep_token} What is the Indian term for Prime Minister? {sep_token} What is the term for prime minister in Pakistan? {sep_token} What does Wazir-e-Azam mean in English? {sep_token} what is undeveloped in the UK? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The Prime Minister's executive office is usually called the Office of the Prime Minister in the case of the Canada and other Commonwealth countries, it is called Cabinet Office in United Kingdom. Some Prime Minister's office do include the role of Cabinet. In other countries, it is called the Prime Minister's Department or the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet as for Australia.
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What is the head of government's office called in Canada? {sep_token} What is the head of government's office called in the UK? {sep_token} What is the Cabinet in Canada? {sep_token} What never includes the role of Cabinet? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The prestige of British institutions in the 19th century and the growth of the British Empire saw the British model of cabinet government, headed by a prime minister, widely copied, both in other European countries and in British colonial territories as they developed self-government. In some places alternative titles such as "premier", "chief minister", "first minister of state", "president of the council" or "chancellor" were adopted, but the essentials of the office were the same.
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What istitutions were prestiges in the 1900's {sep_token} What empire expanded in the 1900's? {sep_token} Who avoided using the the British model o cabinet government? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Institute of technology (also: university of technology, polytechnic university, technikon, and technical college) is a designation employed for a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable levels of the educational system. It may be an institution of higher education and advanced engineering and scientific research or professional vocational education, specializing in science, engineering, and technology or different sorts of technical subjects. It may also refer to a secondary education school focused in vocational training.[citation needed] The term institute of technology is often abbreviated IT and is not to be confused with information technology.
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What's a common abbreviation for the term institute of technology? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the French École Polytechnique, an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The French term comes from the Greek πολύ (polú or polý) meaning "many" and τεχνικός (tekhnikós) meaning "arts".
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In what century did the term polytechnic first show up? {sep_token} What school founded in 1794 first used a form of the word polytechnic in its name? {sep_token} What language does the French word polytechnique come from? {sep_token}
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generate questions: While the terms "institute of technology" and "polytechnic" are synonymous, the preference concerning which one is the preferred term varies from country to country.[citation needed]
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What word means the same thing as "institute of technology"? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century, but became popular after World War II with the expansion of engineering and applied science education, associated with the new needs created by industrialization. The world's first institution of technology, the Berg-Schola (today its legal successor is the University of Miskolc) was founded by the Court Chamber of Vienna in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary in 1735 in order to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining according to the requirements of the industrial revolution in Hungary. The oldest German Institute of Technology is the Braunschweig University of Technology (founded in 1745 as "Collegium Carolinum"). Another exception is the École Polytechnique, which has educated French élites since its foundation in 1794. In some cases, polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges.
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What was the first institute of technology in the world? {sep_token} What war led to the increased popularity of institutes of technology and polytechnics? {sep_token} What was the founding name of the Braunschweig University of Technology? {sep_token} In what year was the École Polytechnique founded? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In several countries, like Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Turkey, institutes of technology and polytechnics are institutions of higher education, and have been accredited to award academic degrees and doctorates. Famous examples are the Istanbul Technical University, ETH Zurich, İYTE, Delft University of Technology and RWTH Aachen, all considered universities.[citation needed]
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What kind of institutions do countries like Germany and Switzerland consider institutes of technology to be? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In countries like Iran, Finland, Malaysia, Portugal, Singapore or the United Kingdom, there is often a significant and confused distinction between polytechnics and universities. In the UK a binary system of higher education emerged consisting of universities (research orientation) and Polytechnics (engineering and applied science and professional practice orientation). Polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees from bachelor's, master's and PhD that were validated and governed at the national level by the independent UK Council for National Academic Awards. In 1992 UK Polytechnics were designated as universities which meant they could award their own degrees. The CNAA was disbanded. The UK's first polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution (now the University of Westminster) was founded in 1838 in Regent Street, London. In Ireland the term institute of technology is the more favored synonym of a regional technical college though the latter is the legally correct term; however, Dublin Institute of Technology is a university in all but name as it can confer degrees in accordance with law, Cork Institute of Technology and another of other Institutes of Technology have delegated authority from HETAC to make awards to and including master's degree level—Level 9 of the National Framework for Qualifications (NFQ)—for all areas of study and Doctorate level in a number of others.
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In what year were polytechnics in the UK given the university designation? {sep_token} What is the name of the Royal Polytechnic Institution now? {sep_token} What street is the University of Westminster on? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In a number of countries, although being today generally considered similar institutions of higher learning across many countries, polytechnics and institutes of technology used to have a quite different statute among each other, its teaching competences and organizational history. In many cases polytechnic were elite technological universities concentrating on applied science and engineering and may also be a former designation for a vocational institution, before it has been granted the exclusive right to award academic degrees and can be truly called an institute of technology. A number of polytechnics providing higher education is simply a result of a formal upgrading from their original and historical role as intermediate technical education schools. In some situations, former polytechnics or other non-university institutions have emerged solely through an administrative change of statutes, which often included a name change with the introduction of new designations like institute of technology, polytechnic university, university of applied sciences, or university of technology for marketing purposes. Such emergence of so many upgraded polytechnics, former vocational education and technical schools converted into more university-like institutions has caused concern where the lack of specialized intermediate technical professionals lead to industrial skill shortages in some fields, being also associated to an increase of the graduate unemployment rate. This is mostly the case in those countries, where the education system is not controlled by the state and everybody can grant degrees.[citation needed] Evidence have also shown a decline in the general quality of teaching and graduate's preparation for the workplace, due to the fast-paced conversion of that technical institutions to more advanced higher level institutions. Mentz, Kotze and Van der Merwe (2008) argues that all the tools are in place to promote the debate on the place of technology in higher education in general and in Universities of Technology specifically. The aspects of this debate can follow the following lines: • To what degree is technology defined as a concept? • What is the scope of technology discourse? • What is the place and relation of science with technology? • How useful is the Mitcham framework in thinking about technology in South Africa? • Can a measure of cooperation as opposed to competition be achieved amongst higher education institutions? • Who ultimately is responsible for vocational training and what is the role of technology in this?
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What term was used in some countries to describe select universities that focus on technological education in applied science and engineering? {sep_token}
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generate questions: During the 1970s to early 1990s, the term was used to describe state owned and funded technical schools that offered both vocational and higher education. They were part of the College of Advanced Education system. In the 1990s most of these merged with existing universities, or formed new ones of their own. These new universities often took the title University of Technology, for marketing rather than legal purposes. AVCC report The most prominent such university in each state founded the Australian Technology Network a few years later.
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What name did some universities switch to in the 1990s for marketing purposes? {sep_token} What system were institutes of technology a part of during the seventies, eighties, and early nineties? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Since the mid-1990s, the term has been applied to some technically minded technical and further education (TAFE) institutes. A recent example is the Melbourne Polytechnic rebranding and repositioning in 2014 from Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE. These primarily offer vocational education, although some like Melbourne Polytechnic are expanding into higher education offering vocationally oriented applied bachelor degress. This usage of the term is most prevalent historically in NSW and the ACT. The new terminology is apt given that this category of institution are becoming very much like the institutes of the 1970s–1990s period.
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What's the four-letter abbreviation for technically minded technical and further education institutes? {sep_token} What is the new name of the Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In Tasmania in 2009 the old college system and TAFE Tasmania have started a 3-year restructure to become the Tasmanian Polytechnic www.polytechnic.tas.edu.au, Tasmanian Skills Institute www.skillsinstitute.tas.edu.au and Tasmanian Academy www.academy.tas.edu.au
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TAFE Tasmania started a three-year restructuring in what year? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In the higher education sector, there are seven designated Universities of Technology in Australia (though, note, not all use the phrase "university of technology", such as the Universities of Canberra and South Australia, which used to be Colleges of Advanced Education before transitioning into fully-fledged universities with the ability - most important of all - to confer doctorates):
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In Australia, how many universities are recognized as Universities of Technology? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Fachhochschule is a German type of tertiary education institution and adopted later in Austria and Switzerland. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.
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What's the German word for a tertiary education institution? {sep_token} In addition to Bachelor's degrees, what other kind of degree can one earn from a Fachhochschule? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Hogeschool is used in Belgium and in the Netherlands. The hogeschool has many similarities to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas and to the ammattikorkeakoulu in Finland.
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What term is used in Belgium and the Netherlands to refer to an institution like a German Fachhochschule? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Hogeschool institutions in the Flemish Community of Belgium (such as the Erasmus Hogeschool Brussel) are currently undergoing a process of academization. They form associations with a university and integrate research into the curriculum, which will allow them to deliver academic master's degrees.
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What term refers to the process that a hogeschool undergoes before it's able to award Master's degrees? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In the Netherlands, four former institutes of technology have become universities over the past decades. These are the current three Technical Universities (at Delft, Eindhoven and Enschede), plus the former agricultural institute in Wageningen. A list of all hogescholen in the Netherlands, including some which might be called polytechnics, can be found here.
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How many institutes of technology in the Netherlands have converted into full-fledged universities in the past few decades? {sep_token} How many Technical Universities are there in the Netherlands today? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In Cambodia, there are Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: certificates, diplomas, and degrees. Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes and Universities tend to be independent institutions.
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What country has Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes from which students can earn certificates, diplomas, and degrees? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In Canada, there are Affiliate Schools, Colleges, Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: engineering and applied science degrees, apprenticeship and trade programs, certificates, and diplomas. Affiliate Schools are polytechnic divisions belonging to a national university and offer select technical and engineering programs. Colleges, Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities tend to be independent institutions.
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What are polytechnic divisions of national universities called in Canada? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Credentials are typically conferred at the undergraduate level, however university-affiliated schools like the École de technologie supérieure and the École Polytechnique de Montréal (both of which are located in Quebec), also offer graduate and postgraduate programs, in accordance with provincial higher education guidelines. Canadian higher education institutions, at all levels, undertake directed and applied research with financing allocated through public funding, private equity, or industry sources.
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In what city is the École Polytechnique de Montréal located? {sep_token} In addition to private equity and industry sources, what's a third source of research funding for institutions of higher learning in Canada? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Some of Canada's most esteemed colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute-industry projects, leading to technology commercialization, made possible through the scope of Polytechnics Canada; a national alliance of eleven leading research-intensive colleges and institutes of technology.
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What is Canada's national alliance of 11 research-focused schools called? {sep_token} What kind of projects does Polytechnics Canada sponsor that can lead to technology commercialization? {sep_token}
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generate questions: China's modern higher education began in 1895 with the Imperial Tientsin University which was a polytechnic plus a law department. Liberal arts were not offered until three years later at Capital University. To this day, about half of China's elite universities remain essentially polytechnical.
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In what year was the Imperial Tientsin University founded in China? {sep_token} What was the first university to offer courses in liberal arts? {sep_token} What portion of China's elite universities still have a primary polytechnical focus today? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In Croatia there are many polytechnic institutes and colleges that offer a polytechnic education. The law about polytechnic education in Croatia was passed in 1997.
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What year did Croatia pass a law regarding polytechnic education? {sep_token}
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generate questions: EPN is known for research and education in the applied science, astronomy, atmospheric physics, engineering and physical sciences. The Geophysics Institute monitors over the country`s seismic, tectonic and volcanic activity in the continental territory and in the Galápagos Islands.
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What institution is in charge of tracking volcanic activity in the Galápagos Islands? {sep_token}
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generate questions: One of the oldest observatories in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory. Founded in 1873 and located 12 minutes south of the Equator in Quito, Ecuador. The Quito Astronomical Observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador and is located in the Historic Center of Quito and is managed by the National Polytechnic School.
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What observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador? {sep_token} What school oversees the Quito Astronomical Observatory? {sep_token} When was the Quito Astronomical Observatory founded? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The Nuclear Science Department at EPN is the only one in Ecuador and has the large infrastructure, related to irrradiation factilities like cobalt-60 source and Electron beam processing.
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EPN's Nuclear Science Department is among how many of its kind in Ecuador? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Its mission is to provide high quality education, training and research in the areas of science and technology to produce qualified professionals that can apply their knowledge and skills in the country's development.
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If the mission is achieved, professionals will apply what they've learned to what goal? {sep_token}
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generate questions: MIT raises funds from non-governmental organizations and individuals who support the mission and objectives of the Institute. Tigray Development Association, its supporters, and REST have provided the initial funds for the launching of the Institute. As a result of the unstinting efforts made by the Provisional Governing Board to obtain technical and financial assistance, the Institute has so far secured financial and material support as well as pledges of sponsorship for 50 students, covering their tuition fees, room and board up to graduation. The MIT has also been able to create linkages with some universities and colleges in the United States of America, which have provided manpower and material support to MIT. The institute is governed by a provisional governing board.
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MIT raised money to cover tuition, room and board for what number of students? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Universities of Technology are categorised as universities, are allowed to grant B.Sc. (Tech.), M.Sc. (Tech.), Lic.Sc. (Tech.), Ph.D. and D.Sc.(Tech.) degrees and roughly correspond to Instituts de technologie of French-speaking areas and Technische Universität of Germany in prestige. In addition to universities of technology, some universities, e.g. University of Oulu and Åbo Akademi University, are allowed to grant the B.Sc. (tech.), M.Sc. (tech.) and D.Sc. (Tech.) degrees.
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What's the equivalent of Universities of Technology in French-speaking areas? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Universities of Technology are academically similar to other (non-polytechnic) universities. Prior to Bologna process, M.Sc. (Tech.) required 180 credits, whereas M.Sc. from a normal university required 160 credits. The credits between Universities of Technology and normal universities are comparable.
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How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. (Tech.) degree before the Bologna Process? {sep_token} How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. from a traditional university prior to the Bologna Process? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in Finland. Ammattikorkeakoulu is the common term in Finland, as is the Swedish alternative "yrkeshögskola" – their focus is on studies leading to a degree (for instance insinööri, engineer; in international use, Bachelor of Engineering) in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic bachelor's degree awarded by a university. Since 2006 the polytechnics have offered studies leading to master's degrees (Master of Engineering). After January 1, 2006, some Finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched the English term "polytechnic" to the term "university of applied sciences" in the English translations of their legal names. The ammattikorkeakoulu has many similarities to the hogeschool in Belgium and in the Netherlands and to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas.
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In what country are polytechnic schools designated uniquely from academic universities? {sep_token} What word means polytechnic school in Finnish? {sep_token} What's the Swedish word for a polytechnic school? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Collegiate universities grouping several engineering schools or multi-site clusters of French grandes écoles provide sciences and technology curricula as autonomous higher education engineering institutes. They include :
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Universities that encompass several engineering schools provide curricula in sciences and what other field? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In addition, France's education system includes many institutes of technology, embedded within most French universities. They are referred-to as institut universitaire de technologie (IUT). Instituts universitaires de technologie provide undergraduate technology curricula. 'Polytech institutes', embedded as a part of eleven French universities provide both undergraduate and graduate engineering curricula.
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What are an institute of technology called in France? {sep_token} What's the three-letter acronym for institut universitaire de technologie? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In the French-speaking part of Switzerland exists also the term haute école specialisée for a type of institution called Fachhochschule in the German-speaking part of the country. (see below).
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What's the term in German for what those in French-speaking Switzerland call haute école specialisée? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Higher education systems, that are influenced by the French education system set at the end of the 18th century, use a terminology derived by reference to the French École polytechnique. Such terms include Écoles Polytechniques (Algeria, Belgium, Canada, France, Switzerland, Tunisia), Escola Politécnica (Brasil, Spain), Polytechnicum (Eastern Europe).
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In Eastern Europe, what is the word for an institute of technology? {sep_token} What century in France's history included the French École polytechnique that influenced education systems in other countries? {sep_token} What term in Brasil and Spain refers to a polytechnic institute? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Fachhochschulen were first founded in the early 1970s. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.
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Fachhochschulen first came about in the early years of what decade? {sep_token} Fachhochschulen favor an education in what, as opposed to research? {sep_token} In addition to technology, Fachhochschulen offer courses in social science, medicine, design, and what other discipline? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Technische Universität (abbreviation: TU) are the common terms for universities of technology or technical university. These institutions can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research.
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What's the abbreviation for a Technische Universität? {sep_token} What's the main focus of a Technische Universität? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The nine largest and most renowned Technische Universitäten in Germany have formed TU9 German Institutes of Technology as community of interests. Technische Universitäten normally have faculties or departements of natural sciences and often of economics but can also have units of cultural and social sciences and arts. RWTH Aachen, TU Dresden and TU München also have a faculty of medicine associated with university hospitals (Klinikum Aachen, University Hospital Dresden, Rechts der Isar Hospital).
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Which department's faculty can be associated with university hospitals? {sep_token} How many Technische Universitäten make up the TU9 German Institutes of Technology? {sep_token}
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generate questions: There are 17 universities of technology in Germany with about 290,000 students enrolled. The four states of Bremen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony-Anhalt and Schleswig-Holstein are not operating a Technische Universität. Saxony and Lower Saxony have the highest counts of TUs, while in Saxony three out of four universities are universities of technology.
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How many institutes of technology are there in Germany? {sep_token} What's the approximate number of students in Germany who are enrolled in a university of technology? {sep_token} Which German state has the highest ratio of universities of technology to standard universities? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Niedersächsische Technische Hochschule is a joint-venture of TU Clausthal, TU Braunschweig and University of Hanover. Some universities in Germany can also be seen as institutes of technology due to comprising a wide spread of technical sciences and having a history as a technical university. Examples are
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What's the joint project of TU Clausthal, TU Braunschweig, and the University of Hanover called? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In Greece, there are 2 "Polytechnics" part of the public higher education in Greece and they confer a 5-year Diplom Uni (300E.C.T.S – I.S.C.E.D. 5A), the National Technical University of Athens and the Technical University of Crete. Also, there are Greek Higher Technological Educational Institutes (Ανώτατα Τεχνολογικά Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα – Α.T.E.I). After the N.1404/1983 Higher Education Reform Act (Ν.1404/1983 - 2916/2001 - Ν. 3549/2007 - N. 3685/2008 - N. 4009/2011) the Technological Educational Institute constitute, a parallel and equivalent with universities part of the public higher education in Greece. They confer 4-year bachelor's degree (Diplom FH) (240E.C.T.S – I.S.C.E.D. 5A).
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What's the name of the Act that changed how Greek public institutes of technology were designated? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The first polytechnic in Hong Kong is The Hong Kong Polytechnic, established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947). The second polytechnic, the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, was founded in 1984. These polytechnics awards diplomas, higher diplomas, as well as academic degrees. Like the United Kingdom, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994, and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong respectively. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991.
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What was the very first polytechnic school in Hong Kong? {sep_token} What was the original name of Hong Kong Polytechnic? {sep_token} In what year was the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong founded? {sep_token} What Hong Kong university was created in 1991? {sep_token} When did the two polytechnic schools in Hong Kong receive status as universities? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The world's first Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola (Bergschule) established in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary by the Court Chamber of Vienna in 1735 providing Further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining. In 1762 the institute ranked up to be Academia providing Higher Education courses. After the Treaty of Trianon the institute had to be moved to Sopron.
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What kind of mining did the world's first institute of technology prepare students for? {sep_token} What's the founding year of the first institute of technology ever? {sep_token} Who established the Berg-Schola? {sep_token}
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generate questions: There are 16 autonomous Indian Institutes of Technology in addition to 30 National Institutes of Technology which are Government Institutions. In addition to these there are many other Universities which offer higher technical courses. The Authority over technical education in India is the AICTE.
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How many private institutes of technology are there in India? {sep_token} How many government-affiliated institutes of technology are there in India? {sep_token} What organization oversees India's technical education institutions? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In India there are many polytechnic institutes and collages that offer a polytechnic education. In India a Diploma in Engineering is a specific academic award usually awarded in technical or vocational courses e.g. Engineering, Pharmacy, Designing, etc. These Institutions offer three year diploma in engineering post Tenth class. These institutes have affiliation from state bord of technical education of respective state governments. after which one can apply for post of junior engineer or continue higher studies by appearing for exams of AMIE to become an engineering graduate.
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What's the name of the diploma awarded in India for technical or vocational coursework? {sep_token}
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generate questions: There are four public institutes of technology in Indonesia that owned by the government of Indonesia. Other than that, there are hundreds other institute that owned by private or other institutions.
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How many government-owned public institutes of technology does Indonesia have? {sep_token}
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generate questions: However, in Bahasa Indonesia, Politeknik carries a rather different meaning than Institut Teknologi. Politeknik provides vocational education and typically offers three-year Diploma degrees, which is similar to associate degrees, instead of full, four-year bachelor's degree and the more advanced Master's and doctoral degrees being offered by an Institut Teknologi.
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Rather than four-year Bachelor's degrees, Politeknik offer a diploma after how many years? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Ireland has an "Institute of Technology" system, formerly referred to as Regional Technical College (RTCs) system. The terms "IT" and "IT's" are now widely used to describe an Institute(s) of Technology. These institutions offer sub-degree, degree and post-graduate level studies. Unlike the Irish university system an Institute of Technology also offers sub-degree programmes such as 2-year Higher Certificate programme in various academic fields of study. Some institutions have "delegated authority" that allows them to make awards in their own name, after authorisation by the Higher Education & Training Awards Council.
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What was the original name of Ireland's Institute of Technology system? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Dublin Institute of Technology developed separately from the Regional Technical College system, and after several decades of association with the University of Dublin, Trinity College it acquired the authority to confer its own degrees.
|
What Irish institute of technology evolved independently of the Regional Technical College System? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In higher education, Politecnico refers to a technical university awarding degrees in engineering. Historically there were two Politecnici, one in each of the two largest industrial cities of the north:
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What term in higher education refers to technical universities that award engineering degrees? {sep_token} Traditionally, how many Politecnici were there? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In 2003, the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research and the Ministry of Economy and Finance jointly established the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (Italian Institute of Technology), headquartered in Genoa with 10 laboratories around Italy, which however focuses on research and does not offer undergraduate degrees.
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What city houses the headquarters of the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In Japan, an institute of technology (工業大学, kōgyō daigaku?) is a type of university that specializes in the sciences. See also the Imperial College of Engineering, which was the forerunner of the University of Tokyo's engineering faculty.
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What college was the forerunner for the engineering faculty at the University of Tokyo? {sep_token} What area of discipline do Japan's institutes of technology specialize in? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Polytechnics in Malaysia has been operated for almost 44 years. The institutions provide courses for bachelor's degree & Bachelor of Science (BSc) (offer at Premier Polytechnics for September 2013 intake & 2014 intake), Advanced Diploma, Diploma and Special Skills Certificate. It was established by the Ministry of Education with the help of UNESCO in 1969. The amount of RM24.5 million is used to fund the pioneer of Politeknik Ungku Omar located in Ipoh, Perak from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).
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What country has operated polytechnic institutes for nearly 44 years? {sep_token} What international organization partnered with Malaysia's Ministry of Education in 1969? {sep_token} In what city in the state of Perak is the Politeknik Ungku Omar located? {sep_token}
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generate questions: At present, Malaysia have developed 32 polytechnic at all over states in engineering, agriculture, commerce, hospitality and design courses with 60,840 students in 2009 to 87,440 students in 2012.
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How many polytechnic institutes does Malaysia have now? {sep_token} How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2009? {sep_token} How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2012? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The only technical university in Mauritius is the University of Technology, Mauritius with its main campus situated in La Tour Koenig, Pointe aux Sables. It has a specialized mission with a technology focus. It applies traditional and beyond traditional approaches to teaching, training, research and consultancy. The university has been founded with the aim to play a key role in the economic and social development of Mauritius through the development of programmes of direct relevance to the country’s needs, for example in areas like technology, sustainable development science, and public sector policy and management.
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What's the name of Mauritius's sole technical university? {sep_token} What's the focus of Mauritius's University of Technology's specialized mission? {sep_token}
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generate questions: New Zealand polytechnics are established under the Education Act 1989 as amended, and are considered state-owned tertiary institutions along with universities, colleges of education, and wānanga; there is today often much crossover in courses and qualifications offered between all these types of Tertiary Education Institutions. Some have officially taken the title 'institute of technology' which is a term recognized in government strategies equal to that of the term 'polytechnic'. One has opted for the name 'Universal College of Learning' (UCOL), and another 'Unitec New Zealand'. These are legal names but not recognized terms like 'polytechnic' or 'institute of technology'. Many if not all now grant at least bachelor-level degrees.
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What country considers their polytechnics, universities, and colleges state-owned institutions? {sep_token} What does UCOL stand for? {sep_token} In what year was the Education Act originally passed in New Zealand? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Since the 1990s, there has been consolidation in New Zealand's state-owned tertiary education system. In the polytechnic sector: Wellington Polytechnic amalgamated with Massey University. The Central Institute of Technology explored a merger with the Waikato Institute of Technology, which was abandoned, but later, after financial concerns, controversially amalgamated with Hutt Valley Polytechnic, which in turn became Wellington Institute of Technology. Some smaller polytechnics in the North Island, such as Waiarapa Polytechnic, amalgamated with UCOL. (The only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education.)
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What school did Massey University combine with? {sep_token} In what decade did New Zealand's tertiary education institutions begin consolidation? {sep_token} What school considered a merger with Waikato Institute of Technology that was later abandoned? {sep_token} What island was Waiarapa Polytechnic located on before it merged with UCOL? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The Auckland University of Technology is the only polytechnic to have been elevated to university status; while Unitec has had repeated attempts blocked by government policy and consequent decisions; Unitec has not been able to convince the courts to overturn these decisions.
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What's the only polytechnic school in New Zealand to be designated a university? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The Polytechnic institutes in Pakistan, offer a diploma spanning three years in different branches. Students are admitted to the diploma program based on their results in the 10th grade standardized exams. The main purpose of Polytechnic Institutes is to train people in various trades.
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In Pakistan, a student's tests in what grade determine their admission to a diploma program? {sep_token} What are people being trained for, mainly, in Pakistan's polytechnic institutes? {sep_token} How many years does it usually take to earn a diploma from polytechnic schools in Pakistan? {sep_token}
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generate questions: After successfully completing a diploma at a polytechnic, students can gain lateral entry to engineering degree (under graduate) courses called BE, which are conducted by engineering colleges affiliated to universities or University of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences.
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What two-letter abbreviation is used for undergraduate engineering courses? {sep_token}
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generate questions: University of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are the recognized universities that grant Bachelor's and master's degrees in undergraduate and graduate studies respectively. The Bachelor of Science degree awarded by Universities of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are 4 years full-time program after finishing 13 years of education (international high school certificate) in Pakistan known as F.Sc equivalent to British system A-Level.
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What's Pakistan's program called that's comparable to the British A Level? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Politechnika (translated as a "technical university" or "university of technology") is a main kind of technical university name in Poland. There are some biggest Polytechnic in Poland:
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What word do they use in Poland for an institute of technology? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The designation "Institute of Technology" is not applied at all, being meaningless in Portugal. However, there are higher education educational institutions in Portugal since the 1980s, which are called polytechnics. After 1998 they were upgraded to institutions which are allowed to confer bachelor's degrees (the Portuguese licenciatura). Before then, they only awarded short-cycle degrees which were known as bacharelatos and did not provide further education. After the Bologna Process in 2007, they have been allowed to offer 2nd cycle (master's) degrees to its students. The polytechnical higher education system provides a more practical training and is profession-oriented, while the university higher education system has a strong theoretical basis and is highly research-oriented.
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What is the Portuguese word for the short-cycle degrees awarded prior to 1988? {sep_token} What process was instituted in 2007 that brought Master's degrees to the polytechnic education system? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Polytechnics in Singapore provides industry oriented education equivalent to a junior college or sixth form college in the UK. Singapore retains a system similar but not the same as in the United Kingdom from 1970–1992, distinguishing between polytechnics and universities. Unlike the British Polytechnic (United Kingdom) system Singapore Polytechnics do not offer bachelors, masters or PhD degrees. Under this system, most Singaporean students sit for their O-Level examinations after a four or five years of education in secondary school, and apply for a place at either a technical school termed ITE, a polytechnic or a university-preparatory school (a junior college or the Millennia Institute, a centralized institute). Polytechnic graduates may be granted transfer credits when they apply to local and overseas universities, depending on the overall performance in their grades, as well as the university's policies on transfer credits. A few secondary schools are now offering six-year program which leads directly to university entrance.
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What's the name of Singapore's centralized institute that students can attend before university? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Polytechnics offer three-year diploma courses in fields such as information technology, engineering subjects and other vocational fields, like psychology and nursing. There are 5 polytechnics in Singapore. They are namely:
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How many polytechnics are there in Singapore? {sep_token} How many years of study would it take to obtain a degree from a polytechnic in Singapore? {sep_token}
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generate questions: The world's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the Banská Akadémia in Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762 established by queen Maria Theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood. Teaching started in 1764. Later the department of Mathematics, Mechanics and Hydraulics and department of Forestry were settled. University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching. University has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world.
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What queen set up the Banská Akadémia? {sep_token} What year was the Banská Akadémia founded? {sep_token} The Banská Akadémia was originally intended for training workers in what two precious metals? {sep_token} What year did teaching start at the Banská Akadémia? {sep_token} What are the university buildings still standing at the Banská Akadémia used for now? {sep_token}
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generate questions: South Africa has completed a process of transforming its "higher education landscape". Historically a division has existed in South Africa between Universities and Technikons (polytechnics) as well between institutions servicing particular racial and language groupings. In 1993 Technikons were afforded the power to award certain technology degrees.
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What are polytechnics called in South Africa? {sep_token} What year did Technikons gain the ability to give out technology degrees? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Beginning in 2004 former Technikons have either been merged with traditional Universities to form Comprehensive Universities or have become Universities of Technology, however the Universities of Technology have not to date acquired all of the traditional rights and privileges of a University (such as the ability to confer a wide range of degrees).
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When did Technikons start being integrated with traditional South African universities? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Most of Thailand's institutes of technology were developed from technical colleges, in the past could not grant bachelor's degrees; today, however, they are university level institutions, some of which can grant degrees to the doctoral level. Examples are Pathumwan Institute of Technology (developed from Pathumwan Technical School), King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (Nondhaburi Telecommunications Training Centre), and King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Bangkok (Thai-German Technical School).
|
Most institutes of technology in Thailand were born out of what other type of institutions? {sep_token} What type of degree were Thailand's technical colleges historically not allowed to confer? {sep_token} What's the new name of Pathumwan Technical School? {sep_token}
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generate questions: There are two former institutes of technology, which already changed their name to "University of Technology": Rajamangala University of Technology (formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Thonburi Technology Institute).
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What did the Thonburi Technology Institute become after its name change? {sep_token} What was the previous name of Rajamangala University of Technology? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Institutes of technology with different origins are Asian Institute of Technology, which developed from SEATO Graduate School of Engineering, and Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, an engineering school of Thammasat University. Suranaree University of Technology is the only government-owned technological university in Thailand that was established (1989) as such; while Mahanakorn University of Technology is the most well known private technological institute. Technology/Technical colleges in Thailand is associated with bitter rivalries which erupts into frequent off-campus brawls and assassinations of students in public locations that has been going on for nearly a decade, with innocent bystanders also commonly among the injured and the military under martial law still unable to stop them from occurring.
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What is the name of Thammasat University's engineering school? {sep_token} What is Thailand's only government-established and owned institute of technology? {sep_token} What year was Suranaree University of Technology founded? {sep_token} What is the name of the best-known private institute of technology in Thailand? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In Turkey and the Ottoman Empire, the oldest technical university is Istanbul Technical University. Its graduates contributed to a wide variety of activities in scientific research and development. In 1950s, 2 technical universities were opened in Ankara and Trabzon. In recent years, Yildiz University is reorganized as Yildiz Technical University and 2 institutes of technology were founded in Kocaeli and Izmir. In 2010, another technical university named Bursa Technical University was founded in Bursa. Moreover, a sixth technical university is about to be opened in Konya named Konya Technical University.
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What institute of technology opened in Bursa in 2010? {sep_token} When Konya Technical University opens, how many total institutes of technology will there be in Turkey and the Ottoman Empire? {sep_token} What two cities in Turkey acquired institutes of technology in the 1950s? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Polytechnics were tertiary education teaching institutions in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Since 1970 UK Polytechnics operated under the binary system of education along with universities. Polytechnics offered diplomas and degrees (bachelor's, master's, PhD) validated at the national level by the UK Council for National Academic Awards CNAA. They particularly excelled in engineering and applied science degree courses similar to technological universities in the USA and continental Europe. The comparable institutions in Scotland were collectively referred to as Central Institutions. Britain's first Polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution later known as the Polytechnic of Central London (now the University of Westminster) was established in 1838 at Regent Street in London and its goal was to educate and popularize engineering and scientific knowledge and inventions in Victorian Britain "at little expense." The London Polytechnic led a mass movement to create numerous Polytechnic institutes across the UK in the late 19th Century. Most Polytechnic institutes were established at the centre of major metropolitan cities and their focus was on engineering, applied science and technology education.
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What year did UK polytechnics start functioning in a binary education system? {sep_token} What organization validates degrees received from polytechnic schools? {sep_token} What two-word term does Scotland use to describe their technological universities? {sep_token} What was the first polytechnic in Britain originally named? {sep_token}
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generate questions: In 1956, some colleges of technology received the designation College of Advanced Technology. They became universities in the 1960s meaning they could award their own degrees. The designation "Institute of Technology" was occasionally used by polytechnics (Bolton), Central Institutions (Dundee, Robert Gordon's), and postgraduate universities, (Cranfield and Wessex), most of which later adopted the designation University, and there were two "Institutes of Science and Technology": UMIST and UWIST, part of the University of Wales. Loughborough University was called Loughborough University of Technology from 1966 to 1996, the only institution in the UK to have had such a designation.
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How many Institutes of Science and Technology were affiliated with the University of Wales? {sep_token} What was the name Loughborough University was known by from 1966 to 1996? {sep_token} In what decade did colleges of technology gain the University designation? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Polytechnics were granted university status under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. This meant that Polytechnics could confer degrees without the oversight of the national CNAA organization. These institutions are sometimes referred to as post-1992 universities.
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What act allowed polytechnic schools to become universities? {sep_token} The Further and Higher Education Act 1992 allows polytechnics to award degrees without what organization's approval? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Schools called "technical institute" or "technical school" that were formed in the early 20th century provided further education between high school and University or Polytechnic. Most technical institutes have been merged into regional colleges and some have been designated university colleges if they are associated with a local university.
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If a technical institute is affiliated with a local university, what does its designation become? {sep_token} What century brought the advent of technical schools or technical institutes? {sep_token} A student would attend a technical institute before a university or polytechnic but after what? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Polytechnic Institutes are technological universities, many dating back to the mid-19th century. A handful of world-renowned Elite American universities include the phrases "Institute of Technology", "Polytechnic Institute", "Polytechnic University", or similar phrasing in their names; these are generally research-intensive universities with a focus on engineering, science and technology. The earliest and most famous of these institutions are, respectively, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI, 1824), New York University Tandon School of Engineering (1854) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, 1861). Conversely, schools dubbed "technical colleges" or "technical institutes" generally provide post-secondary training in technical and mechanical fields, focusing on training vocational skills primarily at a community college level—parallel and sometimes equivalent to the first two years at a bachelor's degree-granting institution.
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In what year was Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute founded? {sep_token} Which of the three earliest technological universities was founded most recently, in 1861? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Institutes of technology in Venezuela were developed in the 1950s as an option for post-secondary education in technical and scientific courses, after the polytechnic French concepts. At that time, technical education was considered essential for the development of a sound middle class economy.
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What type of economy was technical education in Venezuela intended to support? {sep_token} When did Venezuela begin to create institutes of technology? {sep_token}
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generate questions: Most of these institutes award diplomas after three or three and a half years of education. The Institute of technology implementation (IUT from Instituto universitario de tecnologia on Spanish) began with the creation of the first IUT at Caracas, capital city of Venezuela, called IUT. Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio adopted the French "Institut Universitaire de Technologie"s system, using French personnel and study system based on three-year periods, with research and engineering facilities at the same level as the main national universities to obtain French equivalent degrees. This IUT is the first and only one in Venezuela having French equivalent degrees accepted, implementing this system and observing the high-level degrees some other IUT's were created in Venezuela, regardless of this the term IUT was not used appropriately resulting in some institutions with mediocre quality and no equivalent degree in France. Later, some private institutions sprang up using IUT in their names, but they are not regulated by the original French system and award lower quality degrees.
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What city in Venezuela had the first IUT? {sep_token} Who pioneered using the French system of technological education? {sep_token}
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